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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futwah%E2%80%93Islampur_Light_Railway	Martin's Light Railways	["1 Arrah–Sasaram light railway","2 Barasat–Basirhat light railway","3 Bakhtiarpur–Bihar Sharif light railway","4 Fatuha–Islampur light railway","5 Howrah–Amta light railway","6 Howrah–Seakhala light railway","7 Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway","8 Classification","9 References","10 External links"]	Narrow-gauge railroads in India Martin's Light RailwaysOverviewOwnerMartin's Light RailwaysLocaleWest Bengal, Bihar and Uttar PradeshServiceOperator(s)Martin's Light RailwaysHistoryOpened1897Closed1987TechnicalLine length388 mi (624 km)Track gauge2 ft 6 in (762 mm) and 2 ft (610 mm) Martin's Light Railways (MLR) consisted of seven narrow-gauge railway lines in the states of West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in India. The railways were built and owned by Martin & Co., which was a British company. Later, it was being operated by Indian government and was permanently shut down in 80's. Arrah–Sasaram light railway The Arrah–Sasaram light railway connecting Arrah and Sasaram in Bihar in India was opened in 1914. The railway was built in 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge and total length was 102.2 kilometres (63.5 mi). Due to increasing losses, the railway was closed in 1978. In 2006–07, the railway was converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) and train services were resumed. The Broad gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) railway line is 97.3 kilometres (60.5 mi) long Barasat–Basirhat light railway vteBarasat–Basirhat Light Railway Martin's Light Railways Legend mi Sealdah-Bangaon line 35 Barasat Junction to Patipukur 33 Kazipara 32 Bamanmura 30 Kadambagachi 28 Golabari to Barasat 44 Shyambazar (Belgachia) 43 Patipukur Sealdah South lines 41 Baguiati 40 Hatiara 39 Narainpur Colony 36 Rajarahat Bishnupur 35 Langalpota 33 Haroakhal 31 Kharibaria 29 Aminpur 26 Beliaghata Bridge 23 Deganga 21 Barchampa 18 Swarupnagar 16 Dhakuria G. Garden 16 Arbalia 14 Shikra Kulingram 12 Kholapota 10 Maitra Bagan 9 Basirhat 8 Basirhat Kutchery 6 Dandirhat 3 Sankchura 2 Taki Road 0 Hasnabad mi Key Broad gauge (1676 mm) Narrow gauge (762 mm) in use out of use, planned, orunder construction (u/c) tunnel See also: Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line The Barasat–Basirhat light railway connecting Barasat and Basirhat in West Bengal in India was opened in 1914. The railway was built in 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge and The line was later extended to Hasnabad increasing total length to 52 kilometres (32 mi). But due to increasing losses, the railway was closed in 1955. In 1962, the 53 kilometres (33 mi) long Barasat-Hasnabad section converted to Broad Gauge with a new alignment.1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) and train services were resumed. The route is now part of the Kolkata Suburban railway. The old Shyambazar (Belgachia)-Beliaghata Bridge branch line was abandoned. An extension of 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) to Hingalganj was proposed in the Railway Budget of 2011. Bakhtiarpur–Bihar Sharif light railway The Bakhtiarpur–Bihar light railway connecting Bakhtiarpur in Bihar and Bihar Sharif in state of Bihar in India was opened in 1902. The line was later extended to Rajgir. The railway was built in 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge and total length was 30 kilometres (19 mi). It was further extended 24 kilometres (15 mi) to Rajgir. In 1962, the railway was converted to Broad Gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) and train services were resumed. New 135.95 kilometres (84.48 mi) long railway tracks from Bihar Sharif to Sheikhpura, Bihar Sharif to Daniyawan, Rajgir to Tillaiya & Islampur to Natesar have been made. Fatuha–Islampur light railway The Fatuha–Islampur light railway connecting Fatuha and Islampur in Bihar was opened in 1922. The railway was built in 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge and total length was 43 kilometres (27 mi). The railway ran parallel to road for almost its entire route. The line operated three 0-6-2T locomotives constructed by Manning Wardle of Leeds. Due to increasing losses, the railway was closed in 1987. Later, the railway was converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) Broad Gauge and train services were resumed. Futwah station is now called Fatuha. New 135.95 km (84.48 mi) long railway tracks from Bihar Sharif to Sheikhpura, Bihar Sharif to Daniyawan, Rajgir to Tillaiya & Islampur to Natesar have been made. Howrah–Amta light railway vteHowrah–Amta Light Railway Martin's Light Railways Legend mi 44 Amta 40 Harishdadpur 39 Panpur 36 Jalalsi 35 Dakshin Maju 33 Maju 29 Munsirhat 26 Pantihal 51 Champadanga 46 Piyasara 43 Hawakhana 40 Autpur 37 Jangipara 35 Bahirgarh 33 Prosadpur 30 Sitapur Hat 29 Echhanuguree 27 Jagatballabpur 24 Bargachia Junction 18 Dakshinbari 15 Domjur 12 Makardaha 11 Kantalia 9 Shalap Bankra Workshop Gate 8 Bankra 6 Baltikuri to Howrah–Sheakhala Light Railway 6 C.T.I Halt 5 Dasnagar Junction 6 Uttar Bantra 4 Kadamtala Junction line abandoned post 1939 3 Bantra 2 Belilios Park 1 Howrah Maidan 0 Telkal Ghat (Howrah Ghat) mi Sharp, Stewart (N° 4826 of 1902) 2 ft (610 mm) gauge locomotive built for Martin & Co. of Calcutta and used on the Howrah Amta Light Railway The waiting room of Chamrail station, now used by the Chamrail Athletic Club near Howrah, Sept. 2013See also: Santragachi-Amta Branch Line The Howrah–Amta light railway had its origin in an agreement, dated 12 June 1889 between the District Board of Howrah and Messrs. Walsh, Lovett & Co., which was subsequently renewed with Messrs. Martin & Co., and sanctioned by Government notification in the Calcutta Gazette of 27 March 1895. This was one of the Martin lines which was on 2'0" gauge instead of the more common 2'6". The railway connecting Howrah and Amta in West Bengal was opened up to Domjur in 1897, and to Amta in 1900. An extension from Bargachhia (Bargachha) Junction to Antpur was opened in 1903, and a further extension to Champadanga in 1905. The total length of the railway was 79.7 kilometres (49.5 mi). Both the Howrah- Amta and Howrah-Seakhala lines used to start from Howrah NG (Telkal Ghat) Station (near Howrah Rail Museum) on the Hooghly river, running to Dasnagar station. Here they separate, the Howrah-Seakhala & Janai line running North-West along the Benaras Road to Seakhala & Janai in Hooghly district. The Howrah–Amta line runs west, chiefly along the side of the Jagatballavpur Road, and then goes south-west 49 kilometres (30 mi) to Amta, with a 30.7 kilometres (19.1 mi) long branch line to Champadanga from Bargachhia (Bargachha) Junction. At various times of the narrow gauge operations, the passenger trains started from different places. In the 1943 Indian Bradshaw they were shown as running from Kadamtala with Dasnagar as junction where line bifurcates towards Amta/Champadanga & Seakhala. Martin Rail Company planned to link Champadanga with Seakhala in 1945 but the 1946 Calcutta Riots put a stop to the plan. Now West Bengal State Highway 15 (Rani Ahilyabai Holkar Road) runs in place of old Narrow Gauge line connecting Champadanga with Seakhala. The management decided to close the line from 1 January 1971 and in view of the growing demand of local people for a railway service, the Indian Railways agreed to construct a broad-gauge-way from Howrah to Amta & Champadanga. The railway was converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) Broad Gauge in phase starting from 1984 and completing in 2000 with a slightly different alignment. Only the Howrah–Amta 49 kilometres (30 mi) long section was rebuilt, while the 30.7 kilometres (19.1 mi) long branch line from Bargachhia Junction to Champadanga with 8.8 kilometres (5.5 mi) extension to Tarakeswar is under planning since 2001. Work in 39.5 kilometres (24.5 mi) long line from Bargachhia (Bargachha) Junction to Tarakeswar via Antpur & Champadanga is delayed. There was some construction of a new alignment from Howrah station which utilized the existing route up to Santragachhi Junction and skipped some of the older stations up to Makardaha, while new stations came up on this alignment at Bankra Nayabaz, Baltikuri Junction, Kona, Dansi and Jhaluarber. While some stations from the old line have been retained, some stations on the rebuilt line are at new locations. But the new BG alignment measures the exact 49 kilometres (30 mi) as the old NG alignment. This route is now part of Kolkata Suburban Railway. It has been electrified and EMU local trains run between Howrah and Amta. This route now comes under the jurisdiction of the South Eastern Railway. Howrah–Seakhala light railway vteHowrah–Sheakhala Light Railway Martin's Light Railways Legend mi 31 Sheakhala 28 Suchia Halt 27 Moshat 25 Jangalpara 24 Krishnarampur 22 Kumirmora 20 Kalachhara 22 Janai 19 Panchanandatala 17 Chanditala Junction 16 Kalipur 14 Ramkrishnabati 12 Jagdispur Baluhati 10 Chamrail 9 Ekshara 7 Kona to Howrah–Amta Light Railway 6 C.T.I Halt 5 Dasnagar 6 Uttar Bantra 4 Kadamtala Junction line abandoned post 1939 3 Bantra 2 Belilios Park 1 Howrah Maidan 0 Telkal Ghat (Howrah Ghat) mi Howrah-Sheakhala Light Railway, 2 ft gauge 0-4-2T Hunslet locomotive No 17 'Eva' built in 1908 The Howrah–Sheakhala light railway had its origin in an agreement, dated 12 June 1889 between the District Board of Howrah and Messrs. Walsh, Lovett & Co., which was subsequently renewed with Messrs. Martin & Co., and sanctioned by Government notification in the Calcutta Gazette of 27 March 1895. Like the Howrah–Amta light railway, this was of 2'0" gauge. The railway connecting Howrah and Seakhala in West Bengal was opened in November 1897 and the 16.5 kilometres (10.3 mi) long Chanditala-Janai Branch Line was opened in 1898. The total length of the railway was 53 kilometres (33 mi). Both the 49 kilometres (30 mi) long Howrah- Amta and the 36.5 kilometres (22.7 mi) long Howrah-Seakhala lines started from Howrah NG (Telkal Ghat) Station (near Howrah rail Museum) on the Hooghly river, running to Dasnagar station. Here they separate, the Howrah-Seakhala line running north-west along the Benaras road to Seakhala in Hooghly district. The Howrah–Amta line runs west, chiefly along the side of the Jagatballabhpur road, and then goes south-west to Amta. In the 1943 Indian Bradshaw they were shown as running from Kadamtala with Dasnagar as junction where line bifurcates towards Amta/Champadanga & Seakhala. Martin Rail Company planned to link Champadanga with Seakhala in 1945 but the 1946 Calcutta Riots put a stop to the plan. Now West Bengal State Highway 15 (Rani Ahilyabai Holkar Road) runs in place of old Narrow Gauge line connecting Champadanga with Seakhala. While the 49 kilometres (30 mi) Howrah–Amta section was reopened as Broad Gauge in 2000, the Howrah-Seakhala light railway was permanently closed. The Old alignment of Howrah-Seakhala light railway is made into a State Highway. In 2009, the then Railway minister proposed restoration of Howrah Seakhala NG line in Broad Gauge from Dankuni Junction to Seakhala via Chanditala, Janai, Mosat & Furfura Sharif, covering 32.6 kilometres (20.3 mi) stretch. But this project is facing land problem, political interference & resistance from Furfura Sharif. Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway vteDelhi–Shamli–Saharanpur line Martin's Light Railways Legend 165 Saharanpur on Moradabad–Ambala line 158 Tapri to Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line State Highway 57 147 Manani 142 Bhankala (Halt) State Highway 57 137 Rampur Maniharan Rampur-Badgaon-Deoband Road 132 Sona Arjunpur State Highway 57 129 Nanauta 113 Thana Bhawan 108 Hahar Fatehpur 105 Heend 101 Silawar State Highway 12 94 Shamli 89 Gujran Balwa 86 Khandrawali 80 Kandhla 75 Ailam 72 Asra (Halt) 68 Bhudpur 64 Qasimpur Kheri 60 Baoli 55 Baraut 52 Barka 48 Alwalpur 45 Sujra 39 Baghpat Road State Highway 14 36 Ahera (Halt) 33 Sanhera (Halt) 29 Khekra 26 Fakharpur (Halt) 23 Gotra (Halt) 18 Nursatbad Kharkhar 15 Noli 12 Behta Hazipur (Halt) Uttar PradeshDelhi Grand Trunk Road to Delhi–Kalka line to Delhi–Fazilka line 0 Delhi 6 Delhi Shahdara / Yamuna 8 Vivek Vihar Uttar Pradesh-Delhi border 5 Sahibabad 12 Ghaziabad 23 New Delhi 24 Shivaji Bridge 26 Tilak Bridge Chander Nagar 28 Pragati Maidan Yamuna Anand Vihar Terminal 30 Hazrat Nizamuddin NH 2 to Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line to Delhi–Moradabad line to Agra Chord to Kanpur–Delhi section The Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway connecting Shahdara in Delhi and Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh was opened to traffic in 1907. The railway was built in 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge and total length was 94.24 miles (151.66 km). Due to increasing losses, the railway was closed in 1970. It was later converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge by Indira Gandhi's Government on the strong recommendation of then Congress Member of Parliament Ram Chandra Vikal from Baghpat Lok Sabha. After gauge conversion it was reopened in the late 1970s. Although the broad gauge largely follows the same trackbed and alignment as the erstwhile narrow gauge, there is a 10.6 miles (17.1 km) deviation near Saharanpur. The 104.84 miles (168.72 km) long broad gauge line takes off south towards Delhi from Tapri Junction on the main line, while the narrow gauge line did not touch Tapri at all. Tapri Junction is located 4.25 miles (6.84 km) from Saharanpur. Other than that, all the stations are the same as before. Classification The Martin's Light Railways were labeled as Class III railways according to Indian Railway Classification System of 1926. Only the Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway was classified as Class II. References ^ Saha, Arnab (21 February 2021). "আজও স্মৃতিপথে এই ট্রেনের আসা-যাওয়া" . anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Kolkata: Anandabazar Patrika. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2023. ^ " Indian Railways FAQ: Non-IR Railways". IRFCA. Retrieved 27 January 2009. ^ a b R.P.Saxena. "Indian Railway History timeline". Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011. ^ "Non-IR Railways in India". IRFCA. Retrieved 1 December 2011. ^ "Speech of Shri Lalu Prasad Introducing the Railway Budget 2006-07 On 24th February 2006". New lines. Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 1 December 2011. ^ "The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian". railindia. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2012. ^ "Non-IR Railways in India". IRFCA. Retrieved 10 February 2012. ^ Indian Railways FAQ: Non-IR Railways ^ consultant ^ a b Whetham, Bob 1996 In Search of the Narrow Gauge. Sono Nis Press, Victoria BC. ^ a b Hughes, Hugh 1994 Indian Locomotives Pt. 3, Narrow Gauge 1863-1940. Continental Railway Circle. ^ a b c d "Howrah District (1909)". IRFCA. Retrieved 19 January 2009. ^ Indian Railways. 1974. p. 37. ^ "Howrah–Amta BG line section inaugurated". The Hindu Business Line, 24 July 2000. Retrieved 27 January 2009. ^ "Lalu remote-launches 2 S-E Rly projects". The Hindu Business Line, 1 January 2005. Retrieved 27 January 2009. ^ "RAJYA SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 2689 TO BE ANSWERED ON 15.12.2006". Retrieved 27 January 2009. ^ "Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway". fibis. Retrieved 2 March 2014. ^ a b c R. Sivaramakrishnan. "Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway". IRFCA. Retrieved 2 March 2014. ^ a b "IR History Part V (1970–1995)". IRFCA. Retrieved 8 March 2014. ^ "Speech of Shri Lalit Narayan Mishra introducing the Railway Budget for 1973-74, on 20th February 1973" (PDF). Light Railways. Indian Railways. Retrieved 8 March 2014. ^ "Indian Railway Classification". Retrieved 16 March 2023. ^ Directory of Railway Officials & Yearbook. Tothill Press. 1947. p. 495. External links List of trains between Barasat and Hasanabad Junction. Trains at Shamli vteRailways in Eastern IndiaNational network/trunk lines Howrah–Delhi main line Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line Howrah–Chennai main line Sahibganj loop Grand Chord Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line Barauni–Guwahati line Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line Other lines/sectionsInterstate Asansol–Gaya section Asansol–Patna section Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines Barkakana–Son Nagar line Barsoi–New Farakka section Barsoi–Radhikapur branch line Dumka–Bhagalpur line Gaya–Mughalsarai section Hatia–Rourkela line Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line Katihar–Siliguri line Kharagpur–Puri line Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section Kothavalasa–Kirandul line New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section Tatanagar–Bilaspur section Bihar Bakhtiyarpur–Tilaiya line Barauni–Katihar section Barauni–Samastipur section Fatuha–Tilaiya line Gaya–Kiul line Mokama–Barauni section Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur line (via Hajipur, Raxaul and Sitamarhi) Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line Muzaffarpur–Sitamarhi section Muzaffarpur–Hajipur section Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori branch line Neora–Jatdumari–Daniyawan–Bihar Sharif–Sheikhpura line Patna–Gaya line Patna–Mughalsarai section Patna–Sonepur–Hajipur section Raxaul–Sagauli line Samastipur–Muzaffarpur section Jharkhand Barkakana–Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh line Barkakana–Muri–Chandil line Dhanbad–Chandrapura line Railways in Jharia Coalfield Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana–Ranchi line Madhupur–Giridih–Koderma line Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia line Odisha Khurda Road–Bolangir line Cuttack–Sambalpur line West Bengal Ahmadpur–Katwa line Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line Andal–Sainthia branch line Andal–Sitarampur loop line Bandel–Katwa line Bankura–Masagram line Bardhaman–Asansol section Bardhaman–Katwa line Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Eklakhi–Balurghat branch line Haldibari–New Jalpaiguri line Howrah–Barddhaman main line Howrah–Bardhaman chord Howrah–Kharagpur line Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line New Mal–Changrabandha–New Cooch Behar line Santragachi–Amta branch line Sealdah Main and North section Calcutta Chord link line Kolkata Circular Railway Sealdah–Bangaon line Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola line Sealdah South section Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line Suburbanrail transport Kolkata Metro Kolkata Suburban Railway Kolkata Circular Railway Monorail Kolkata Monorail Patna Monorail Defunct linesRevived/Under revival Ahmedpur–Katwa Railway Bankura–Damodar Railway Barasat–Basirhat Light Railway Burdwan–Katwa Railway Bakhtiarpur–Bihar Light Railway Futwah–Islampur Light Railway Inactive Bengal Provincial Railway East Coast State Railway Kalighat Falta Railway Mayurbhanj State Railway Dehri Rohtas Light Railway Patna–Digha Ghat line Parlakimedi Light Railway Zones & DivisionsEastern Asansol Howrah Malda Sealdah East Central Danapur Dhanbad Mughalsarai Samastipur Sonpur East Coast Sambalpur Khurda Road Waltair North Eastern Varanasi Northeast Frontier Katihar Alipurduar South Eastern Adra Chakradharpur Kharagpur Ranchi Production units/workshops Chittaranjan Locomotive Works Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Braithwaite & Co. Burn Standard Company Bharat Wagon and Engineering Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company Carriage Repair Workshop, Harnaut Transit pointswith BangladeshActive Haldibari–Chilahati Singhabad–Rohanpur Radhikapur–Biral Gede–Darshana Petrapole–Benapole Defunct Mahisasan–Shahbajpur Changrabandha–Burimari Gitaldaha–Mogalhat Indian railheadsnear India–Nepal border Raxaul Junction Bairgania Jaynagar Jogbani Laukaha Bazar Thakurganj Railway companies East Indian Railway Company Bengal Nagpur Railway Indian Branch Railway Company Indian Railways Martin's Light Railways See also Bholu (mascot) Suburban rail in India vteRailways in Northern IndiaNational network/trunk lines Howrah–Delhi main line New Delhi–Chennai main line New Delhi–Mumbai main line Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line Delhi–Jaipur line Jaipur–Ahmedabad line Branch lines/ sections Agra–Bhopal section Ahmedabad–Udaipur line Allahabad–Mau–Gorakhpur main line Ambala–Attari line Amritsar–Khem Karan line Amritsar–Pathankot line Aunrihar–Jaunpur line Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines Bathinda–Rewari line Bathinda–Rajpura line Bikaner–Rewari line Bhanupli–Leh line Chandigarh–Sahnewal line Delhi–Fazilka line Delhi–Kalka line Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line Delhi–Moradabad line Jalandhar–Firozpur line Jalandhar–Jammu line Jammu–Baramulla line Jodhpur–Bathinda line Jodhpur–Jaisalmer line Kanpur–Delhi section Laksar–Dehradun line Lucknow–Gorakhpur line Lucknow–Moradabad line Ludhiana–Fazilka line Ludhiana–Jakhal line Marwar Junction–Munabao line Mathura–Vadodara section Mau–Ghazipur–Dildarnagar main line Merta Road–Rewari line Moradabad–Ambala line Mughalsarai–Kanpur section Rewari–Rohtak line Shri Ganganagar–Sadulpur line Suratgarh–Bathinda line Varanasi–Chhapra line Varanasi–Lucknow main line Varanasi–Rae Bareli–Lucknow line Varanasi–Sultanpur–Lucknow line Urban and suburbanrail transport Delhi Suburban Railway Delhi Metro (Blue Green Grey Magenta Orange Pink Red Violet Yellow) Rapid Metro Gurgaon Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway Delhi–Meerut RRTS Heritage railways Kalka–Shimla Railway Monorails Patiala State Monorail Trainways Defunct lines Jammu–Sialkot line Manufacturing unitsand workshops Banaras Locomotive Works Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli Railway companies Northern Railway North Eastern Railway North Central Railway North Western Railway East Indian Railway Company Kangra Valley Railway Rajputana–Malwa Railway Tirhut Railway Oudh and Tirhut Railway Indian Branch Railway Company Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway Cawnpore–Burhwal Railway Cawnpore–Barabanki Railway Lucknow–Bareilly Railway Bengal and North Western Railway Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway Mashrak–Thawe Extension Railway Lucknow–Sitapur–Seramow Provincial State Railway Bareilly–Pilibheet Provincial State Railway Segowlie–Raxaul Railway Delhi Metro Rail Corporation National Capital Region Transport Corporation See also Indian Railways Bholu (mascot) 1974 railway strike in India Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor vteKolkata topicsHistory Bengali Renaissance Black Hole of Calcutta Bhurshut Calcutta flag Dihi Panchannagram Direct Action Day Dutch Bengal Gobindapur History of Kolkata Presidency division Job Charnock Kalighat–Falta Railway Kalikata Robert Clive Sabarna Roy Choudhury Siege of Calcutta Sutanuti State Archaeological Museum Warren Hastings Battle of Biderra/Chinsurah Nabakrishna Deb Rabindranath Tagore Localities Kolkata metropolitan area Neighbourhoods list Streets (list) Buildings Belvedere Estate Indian Museum Jorasanko Thakur Bari Calcutta High Court Currency Building Bankshall Court Marble Palace National Library of India Netaji Bhawan Raj Bhavan, Kolkata Sabarna Sangrahashala Shaheed Minar Victoria Memorial St. Paul's Cathedral Metcalfe Hall Writers' Building Metropolitan Building Grand Hotel Shobhabazar Rajbari Esplanade Mansions Highrises Chatterjee International Center South City Tata Centre Industry House Everest House Jeevan Sudha Government of India Building Hiland Park The 42 Urbana Uniworld City EducationSecondary Armenian College and Philanthropic Academy B. 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School Calcutta Boys' School Calcutta Girls' High School Don Bosco School, Park Circus Hare School Hindu School, Kolkata Kendriya Vidyalaya La Martiniere Calcutta Loreto Schools Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School Ramakrishna, Narendrapur Scottish Church Collegiate School South Point School St. Xavier's Collegiate School St. James' School (Kolkata) Higher Aliah University Asiatic Society Asutosh College Marine Engineering and Research Institute Bethune College Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology Government College of Art & Craft Medical College and Hospital Calcutta National Medical College Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur IIM IISER Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management Indian Statistical Institute Jadavpur University Maulana Azad College Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology Netaji Subhas Open University National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Presidency University Rabindra Bharati University Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics School of Tropical Medicine Scottish Church College St. Xavier's College University of Calcutta West Bengal University of Health Sciences West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences Calcutta School of Music Narula Institute of Technology Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute Vivek Tirtha Industry andeconomy ABP Group Allahabad Bank AMRI Hospitals Andrew Yule and Company Baidyanath Group Balmer Lawrie Batanagar Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Berger Paints Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Biecco Lawrie Birds Jute and Export Birla Corporation Braithwaite & Co. Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company Bridge and Roof Company Britannia Industries Burn & Company Burnpur Burn Standard Company Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC) Calcutta Stock Exchange Chandras' Chemical Factory Coal India Damodar Valley Corporation Emami Exide Industries Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers GKB Opticals Hawkers Hind Motor Hindustan Ambassador IISCO Steel Plant India Government Mint, Kolkata ITC Limited Jai Balaji group Jessop & Company Kolkata Port Trust Lexulous Limtex Lux Industries Magma Fincorp National Insurance Company Peerless Group Saregama Sinclairs Hotels Limited Tata Global Beverages The Park Hotels UCO Bank United Bank of India VISA Steel TransportationRoad Calcutta Tramways Company Calcutta State Transport Corporation Kalyani Expressway Kolkata Bus Rapid Transit System West Bengal Transport Corporation South Bengal State Transport Corporation Howrah Bridge (Rabindra Setu) Belghoria Expressway Vidyasagar Setu Vivekananda Setu Nivedita Setu Golden Quadrilateral Rickshaw Hand-pulled rickshaw Rail Kolkata Metro Kolkata Suburban Railway Eastern Railway South Eastern Railway Trams in Kolkata Kolkata LRTS Howrah railway station Kolkata railway station Sealdah railway station Shalimar railway station Kolkata Monorail Sea Port of Kolkata Air Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport List of airports Culture Kolkata Book Fair Kolkata Rainbow Pride Walk Calcutta Youth Choir Coffee House Dwarkin Festivals Kolkata International Film Festival Dover Lane Music Conference Kolkata in the media Music of Bengal Nandan Priya Rabindra Nritya Natya Rabindra Sangeet Ritwik Ghatak Satyajit Ray Feluda Byomkesh Bakshi Ghanada Prostitution in Kolkata Tenida Tollywood Ghosts in Bengali culture Adda Rabindra Tirtha Nazrul Tirtha Mishti Hub Football Kolkata derby Group theatre of Kolkata Ethnic enclaves Bow Barracks (Anglo-Indian) Chinatown, Kolkata (Chinese) Tangra, Kolkata (Chinese) Zakaria Street (Bihari Muslim) Armani-para (Armenian) Places ofworshipHindu Belur Math Birla Mandir, Kolkata Dakshineswar Kali Temple Kalighat Kripamayee Kali Temple Baranagar Math Alambazar Math Christian St. Paul's Cathedral Holy Rosary Cathedral (Portuguese Church) St. John's Church Parasnath Temple Others Nakhoda Mosque Tipu Sultan Mosque Chinese temples in Kolkata Magen David Synagogue Sports ATK Barasat Stadium B.C. Roy Trophy Beighton Cup Bengal cricket team Bhawanipore FC Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Calcutta Polo Club Calcutta South Club Bengal Tigers Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Calcutta Football League Dalhousie AC East Bengal FC East Bengal Ground Eastern Railway FC Eden Gardens Indian Football Association IFA Shield Kalighat Milan Sangha FC Kishore Bharati Krirangan Kolkata derby Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Police Friendship Cup Football Tournament Kolkata Vipers Mohammedan Sporting Club Mohammedan Sporting Ground Mohun Bagan Super Giant Mohun Bagan Ground Netaji Indoor Stadium Indian Arrows United SC Rabindra Sarobar Stadium Royal Bengal Tigers Salt Lake Stadium Sunfeast Open Southern Samity Subroto Cup Aryan FC Tollygunge Agragami FC West Bengal football team Other topics Adwaita Zoological Garden, Alipore Bengal Club Calcutta Club Calcutta Rowing Club Central Forensic Science Laboratory Chinese of Calcutta Early phase of printing in Calcutta Electoral constituencies List of people from Kolkata Fort William Hooghly River Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden Maidan Missionaries of Charity Princeton Club Rabindra Sarobar Royal Calcutta Golf Club Sonagachi South Park Street Cemetery Tollygunge Club Tala tank Category vteNorth 24 Parganas district topicsGeneral Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary Dakshineswar Kali Temple Gangaridai Air Force Station Kanchrapara Marichjhanpi Sundarbans Reserve Forest Sundarban National Park Kripamayee Kali Temple Baranagar Math Alambazar Math Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School Chandraketugarh North 24 Parganas: minority concentrated district Subdivisions Bangaon Barrackpore Barasat Sadar Basirhat Bidhannagar Municipalities Ashoknagar Kalyangarh Baduria Baranagar Barasat Barrackpore Basirhat Bhatpara Bidhannagar Garulia Gobardanga Habra Halisahar Kamarhati Kanchrapara Khardaha Madhyamgram Naihati North Barrackpur North Dum Dum Panihati Rajarhat South Dum Dum Taki Titagarh Community development blocksBarasat Sadar subdivision Amdanga Deganga Barasat I Barasat II Habra I Habra II Rajarhat Basirhat subdivision Baduria Basirhat I Basirhat II Haroa Hasnabad Hingalganj Minakhan Sandeshkhali I Sandeshkhali II Swarupnagar Bangaon subdivision Bagdah Bangaon Gaighata Barrackpore subdivision Barrackpore I Barrackpore II Rivers Bidyadhari Hariabhanga Hooghly Ichhamati Kalindi Raimangal Jamuna Transport NH 12 NH 112 Belghoria Expressway Kalyani Expressway Barrackpore Trunk Road Jubilee Bridge Vivekananda Setu Nivedita Setu Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport Barasat–Basirhat light railway Eastern Railway Kolkata Suburban Railway Sealdah–Ranaghat line Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line Lalgola and Gede branch lines Railway stations Bangaon Junction Barasat Junction Barrackpore Dum Dum Junction Hasnabad Kankinara Madhyamgram Naihati Junction Baranagar RoadInstitutes of higher learning Adamas University Amity University Brainware University Narula Institute of Technology Camellia Institute of Technology Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Harichand Guruchand University JIS University Indian Statistical Institute Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology Techno India University University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara West Bengal State University West Bengal University of Health Sciences West Bengal National University of Juridical SciencesLok Sabha constituencies Bangaon Barrackpore Barasat Basirhat Dum Dum Vidhan Sabha constituencies Bagdah Bangaon Uttar Bangaon Dakshin Gaighata Swarupnagar Baduria Habra Ashoknagar Amdanga Bijpur Naihati Bhatpara Jagatdal Noapara Barrackpur Khardaha Dum Dum Uttar Panihati Kamarhati Baranagar Dum Dum Rajarhat New Town Bidhannagar Rajarhat Gopalpur Madhyamgram Barasat Deganga Haroa Minakhan Sandeshkhali Basirhat Dakshin Basirhat Uttar Hingalganj Former Vidhan Sabha constituencies Titagarh Hasnabad See also Cities, towns and locations in North 24 Parganas district People from North 24 Parganas district	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"narrow-gauge railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Martin's Light Railways (MLR) consisted of seven narrow-gauge railway lines in the states of West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in India. The railways were built and owned by Martin & Co., which was a British company.[1] Later, it was being operated by Indian government and was permanently shut down in 80's.[2]","title":"Martin's Light Railways"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrah"},{"link_name":"Sasaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasaram"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"2 ft 6 in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_ft_6_in_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Broad gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_gauge"}],"text":"The Arrah–Sasaram light railway connecting Arrah and Sasaram in Bihar in India was opened in 1914. The railway was built in 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge and total length was 102.2 kilometres (63.5 mi).[3][4]Due to increasing losses, the railway was closed in 1978. In 2006–07, the railway was converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) and train services were resumed.[5] The Broad gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) railway line is 97.3 kilometres (60.5 mi) long","title":"Arrah–Sasaram light railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdah%E2%80%93Hasnabad%E2%80%93Bangaon%E2%80%93Ranaghat_line"},{"link_name":"Barasat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barasat"},{"link_name":"Basirhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basirhat"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"2 ft 6 in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_ft_6_in_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge"},{"link_name":"Hasnabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasnabad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-6"},{"link_name":"Broad Gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Gauge"},{"link_name":"new alignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdah%E2%80%93Hasnabad%E2%80%93Bangaon%E2%80%93Ranaghat_line"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"See also: Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat lineThe Barasat–Basirhat light railway connecting Barasat and Basirhat in West Bengal in India was opened in 1914. The railway was built in 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge and The line was later extended to Hasnabad increasing total length to 52 kilometres (32 mi).[3] But due to increasing losses, the railway was closed in 1955.[6] In 1962, the 53 kilometres (33 mi) long Barasat-Hasnabad section converted to Broad Gauge with a new alignment.1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) and train services were resumed.[7] The route is now part of the Kolkata Suburban railway. The old Shyambazar (Belgachia)-Beliaghata Bridge branch line was abandoned. An extension of 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) to Hingalganj was proposed in the Railway Budget of 2011.","title":"Barasat–Basirhat light railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bakhtiarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhtiarpur"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Bihar Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Rajgir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajgir"},{"link_name":"2 ft 6 in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_ft_6_in_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rajgir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajgir"},{"link_name":"Broad Gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Gauge"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bihar Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Sheikhpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikhpura"},{"link_name":"Bihar Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Rajgir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajgir"},{"link_name":"Islampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islampur,_Nalanda"}],"text":"The Bakhtiarpur–Bihar light railway connecting Bakhtiarpur in Bihar and Bihar Sharif in state of Bihar in India was opened in 1902. The line was later extended to Rajgir. The railway was built in 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge and total length was 30 kilometres (19 mi).[8] It was further extended 24 kilometres (15 mi) to Rajgir. In 1962, the railway was converted to Broad Gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) and train services were resumed.[9] New 135.95 kilometres (84.48 mi) long railway tracks from Bihar Sharif to Sheikhpura, Bihar Sharif to Daniyawan, Rajgir to Tillaiya & Islampur to Natesar have been made.","title":"Bakhtiarpur–Bihar Sharif light railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islampur,_Nalanda"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"2 ft 6 in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_ft_6_in_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whetham-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes-11"},{"link_name":"Manning Wardle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning_Wardle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whetham-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes-11"},{"link_name":"Broad Gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Gauge"}],"text":"The Fatuha–Islampur light railway connecting Fatuha and Islampur in Bihar was opened in 1922. The railway was built in 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge and total length was 43 kilometres (27 mi).[10][11] The railway ran parallel to road for almost its entire route.The line operated three 0-6-2T locomotives constructed by Manning Wardle of Leeds.[10][11]Due to increasing losses, the railway was closed in 1987. Later, the railway was converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) Broad Gauge and train services were resumed. Futwah station is now called Fatuha. New 135.95 km (84.48 mi) long railway tracks from Bihar Sharif to Sheikhpura, Bihar Sharif to Daniyawan, Rajgir to Tillaiya & Islampur to Natesar have been made.","title":"Fatuha–Islampur light railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sharp,_Stewart_(N%C2%B0_4826_of_1902)_2ft_gauge_locomotive_built_for_Martin_%26_Co._of_Calcutta_and_used_on_the_Howrah_Amta_Light_Railway.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waiting_Room_-_Chamrail_Station_-_Martin%27s_Light_Railways_-_Chamrail_Athletic_Club_-_Benaras_Road_-_Chamrail_-_Howrah_2013-09-08_2350.JPG"},{"link_name":"Santragachi-Amta Branch Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santragachi-Amta_Branch_Line"},{"link_name":"Amta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amta_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Martin & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Burn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRFCA-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Howrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah"},{"link_name":"Amta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amta"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Domjur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domjur"},{"link_name":"Antpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antpur"},{"link_name":"Champadanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champadanga"},{"link_name":"Champadanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champadanga"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRFCA-12"},{"link_name":"Amta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amta"},{"link_name":"Champadanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champadanga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Champadanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champadanga"},{"link_name":"Narrow Gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_Gauge"},{"link_name":"Champadanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champadanga"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Broad Gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Gauge"},{"link_name":"Champadanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champadanga"},{"link_name":"Tarakeswar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarakeswar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tarakeswar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarakeswar"},{"link_name":"Antpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antpur"},{"link_name":"Champadanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champadanga"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Suburban Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Suburban_Railway"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Sharp, Stewart (N° 4826 of 1902) 2 ft (610 mm) gauge locomotive built for Martin & Co. of Calcutta and used on the Howrah Amta Light RailwayThe waiting room of Chamrail station, now used by the Chamrail Athletic Club near Howrah, Sept. 2013See also: Santragachi-Amta Branch LineThe Howrah–Amta light railway had its origin in an agreement, dated 12 June 1889 between the District Board of Howrah and Messrs. Walsh, Lovett & Co., which was subsequently renewed with Messrs. Martin & Co., and sanctioned by Government notification in the Calcutta Gazette of 27 March 1895.[12]\nThis was one of the Martin lines which was on 2'0\" gauge instead of the more common 2'6\".[citation needed]The railway connecting Howrah and Amta in West Bengal was opened up to Domjur in 1897, and to Amta in 1900. An extension from Bargachhia (Bargachha) Junction to Antpur was opened in 1903, and a further extension to Champadanga in 1905. The total length of the railway was 79.7 kilometres (49.5 mi). Both the Howrah- Amta and Howrah-Seakhala lines used to start from Howrah NG (Telkal Ghat) Station (near Howrah Rail Museum) on the Hooghly river, running to Dasnagar station. Here they separate, the Howrah-Seakhala & Janai line running North-West along the Benaras Road to Seakhala & Janai in Hooghly district. The Howrah–Amta line runs west, chiefly along the side of the Jagatballavpur Road, and then goes south-west 49 kilometres (30 mi) to Amta, with a 30.7 kilometres (19.1 mi) long branch line to Champadanga from Bargachhia (Bargachha) Junction.[12] At various times of the narrow gauge operations, the passenger trains started from different places. In the 1943 Indian Bradshaw they were shown as running from Kadamtala with Dasnagar as junction where line bifurcates towards Amta/Champadanga & Seakhala.[citation needed] Martin Rail Company planned to link Champadanga with Seakhala in 1945 but the 1946 Calcutta Riots put a stop to the plan. Now West Bengal State Highway 15 (Rani Ahilyabai Holkar Road) runs in place of old Narrow Gauge line connecting Champadanga with Seakhala.The management decided to close the line from 1 January 1971 and in view of the growing demand of local people for a railway service, the Indian Railways agreed to construct a broad-gauge-way from Howrah to Amta & Champadanga.[13]The railway was converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) Broad Gauge in phase starting from 1984 and completing in 2000 with a slightly different alignment. Only the Howrah–Amta 49 kilometres (30 mi) long section was rebuilt, while the 30.7 kilometres (19.1 mi) long branch line from Bargachhia Junction to Champadanga with 8.8 kilometres (5.5 mi) extension to Tarakeswar is under planning since 2001.[citation needed] Work in 39.5 kilometres (24.5 mi) long line from Bargachhia (Bargachha) Junction to Tarakeswar via Antpur & Champadanga is delayed.There was some construction of a new alignment from Howrah station which utilized the existing route up to Santragachhi Junction and skipped some of the older stations up to Makardaha, while new stations came up on this alignment at Bankra Nayabaz, Baltikuri Junction, Kona, Dansi and Jhaluarber. While some stations from the old line have been retained, some stations on the rebuilt line are at new locations. But the new BG alignment measures the exact 49 kilometres (30 mi) as the old NG alignment. This route is now part of Kolkata Suburban Railway. It has been electrified and EMU local trains run between Howrah and Amta. This route now comes under the jurisdiction of the South Eastern Railway.[14][15][16]","title":"Howrah–Amta light railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Howrah-Sheakhala_Light_Railway,_No_17_%27Eva%27,_2_ft_gauge_0-4-2T_Hunslet_of_1908.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martin & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Burn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRFCA-12"},{"link_name":"Howrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Chanditala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanditala"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRFCA-12"},{"link_name":"Amta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amta"},{"link_name":"Champadanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champadanga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Champadanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champadanga"},{"link_name":"Narrow Gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_Gauge"},{"link_name":"Champadanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champadanga"},{"link_name":"Broad Gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Gauge"},{"link_name":"Broad Gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Gauge"},{"link_name":"Chanditala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanditala"},{"link_name":"Janai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janai"}],"text":"Howrah-Sheakhala Light Railway, 2 ft gauge 0-4-2T Hunslet locomotive No 17 'Eva' built in 1908The Howrah–Sheakhala light railway had its origin in an agreement, dated 12 June 1889 between the District Board of Howrah and Messrs. Walsh, Lovett & Co., which was subsequently renewed with Messrs. Martin & Co., and sanctioned by Government notification in the Calcutta Gazette of 27 March 1895.[12]Like the Howrah–Amta light railway, this was of 2'0\" gauge. The railway connecting Howrah and Seakhala in West Bengal was opened in November 1897 and the 16.5 kilometres (10.3 mi) long Chanditala-Janai Branch Line was opened in 1898. The total length of the railway was 53 kilometres (33 mi). Both the 49 kilometres (30 mi) long Howrah- Amta and the 36.5 kilometres (22.7 mi) long Howrah-Seakhala lines started from Howrah NG (Telkal Ghat) Station (near Howrah rail Museum) on the Hooghly river, running to Dasnagar station. Here they separate, the Howrah-Seakhala line running north-west along the Benaras road to Seakhala in Hooghly district. The Howrah–Amta line runs west, chiefly along the side of the Jagatballabhpur road, and then goes south-west to Amta.[12] In the 1943 Indian Bradshaw they were shown as running from Kadamtala with Dasnagar as junction where line bifurcates towards Amta/Champadanga & Seakhala.[citation needed] Martin Rail Company planned to link Champadanga with Seakhala in 1945 but the 1946 Calcutta Riots put a stop to the plan. Now West Bengal State Highway 15 (Rani Ahilyabai Holkar Road) runs in place of old Narrow Gauge line connecting Champadanga with Seakhala.While the 49 kilometres (30 mi) Howrah–Amta section was reopened as Broad Gauge in 2000, the Howrah-Seakhala light railway was permanently closed. The Old alignment of Howrah-Seakhala light railway is made into a State Highway. In 2009, the then Railway minister proposed restoration of Howrah Seakhala NG line in Broad Gauge from Dankuni Junction to Seakhala via Chanditala, Janai, Mosat & Furfura Sharif, covering 32.6 kilometres (20.3 mi) stretch. But this project is facing land problem, political interference & resistance from Furfura Sharif.","title":"Howrah–Seakhala light railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shahdara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahdara_district"},{"link_name":"Saharanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharanpur_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"2 ft 6 in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_ft_6_in_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shahdara-Saharanpur_Light_Railway-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lightrailway-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IR_V-19"},{"link_name":"Ram Chandra Vikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Vikal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lightrailway-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IR_V-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Saharanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharanpur_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lightrailway-18"}],"text":"The Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway connecting Shahdara in Delhi and Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh was opened to traffic in 1907. The railway was built in 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge and total length was 94.24 miles (151.66 km).[17][18][19]Due to increasing losses, the railway was closed in 1970. It was later converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge by Indira Gandhi's Government on the strong recommendation of then Congress Member of Parliament Ram Chandra Vikal from Baghpat Lok Sabha. After gauge conversion it was reopened in the late 1970s.[18][19][20] Although the broad gauge largely follows the same trackbed and alignment as the erstwhile narrow gauge, there is a 10.6 miles (17.1 km) deviation near Saharanpur. The 104.84 miles (168.72 km) long broad gauge line takes off south towards Delhi from Tapri Junction on the main line, while the narrow gauge line did not touch Tapri at all. Tapri Junction is located 4.25 miles (6.84 km) from Saharanpur. Other than that, all the stations are the same as before.[18]","title":"Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Railway Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railway_Classification"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The Martin's Light Railways were labeled as Class III railways according to Indian Railway Classification System of 1926.[21] Only the Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway was classified as Class II.[22]","title":"Classification"}]	[{"image_text":"Sharp, Stewart (N° 4826 of 1902) 2 ft (610 mm) gauge locomotive built for Martin & Co. of Calcutta and used on the Howrah Amta Light Railway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sharp%2C_Stewart_%28N%C2%B0_4826_of_1902%29_2ft_gauge_locomotive_built_for_Martin_%26_Co._of_Calcutta_and_used_on_the_Howrah_Amta_Light_Railway.jpg/220px-Sharp%2C_Stewart_%28N%C2%B0_4826_of_1902%29_2ft_gauge_locomotive_built_for_Martin_%26_Co._of_Calcutta_and_used_on_the_Howrah_Amta_Light_Railway.jpg"},{"image_text":"The waiting room of Chamrail station, now used by the Chamrail Athletic Club near Howrah, Sept. 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Waiting_Room_-_Chamrail_Station_-_Martin%27s_Light_Railways_-_Chamrail_Athletic_Club_-_Benaras_Road_-_Chamrail_-_Howrah_2013-09-08_2350.JPG/220px-Waiting_Room_-_Chamrail_Station_-_Martin%27s_Light_Railways_-_Chamrail_Athletic_Club_-_Benaras_Road_-_Chamrail_-_Howrah_2013-09-08_2350.JPG"},{"image_text":"Howrah-Sheakhala Light Railway, 2 ft gauge 0-4-2T Hunslet locomotive No 17 'Eva' built in 1908","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Howrah-Sheakhala_Light_Railway%2C_No_17_%27Eva%27%2C_2_ft_gauge_0-4-2T_Hunslet_of_1908.jpg/220px-Howrah-Sheakhala_Light_Railway%2C_No_17_%27Eva%27%2C_2_ft_gauge_0-4-2T_Hunslet_of_1908.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Baranagar_Road_railway_station.jpg/50px-Baranagar_Road_railway_station.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Narula_Institute_of_Technology_%28NiT%29.jpg/50px-Narula_Institute_of_Technology_%28NiT%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Saha, Arnab (21 February 2021). \"আজও স্মৃতিপথে এই ট্রেনের আসা-যাওয়া\" [The coming and going of this train is still remembered today]. anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Kolkata: Anandabazar Patrika. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210221050404/https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/historical-train/cid/1267569","url_text":"\"আজও স্মৃতিপথে এই ট্রেনের আসা-যাওয়া\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandabazar_Patrika","url_text":"Anandabazar Patrika"},{"url":"https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/historical-train/cid/1267569","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Non-IR Railways\". IRFCA. Retrieved 27 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html","url_text":"\"[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Non-IR Railways\""}]},{"reference":"R.P.Saxena. \"Indian Railway History timeline\". Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm","url_text":"\"Indian Railway History timeline\""},{"url":"http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Non-IR Railways in India\". IRFCA. Retrieved 1 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html","url_text":"\"Non-IR Railways in India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Speech of Shri Lalu Prasad Introducing the Railway Budget 2006-07 On 24th February 2006\". New lines. Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 1 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=15847","url_text":"\"Speech of Shri Lalu Prasad Introducing the Railway Budget 2006-07 On 24th February 2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian\". railindia. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html","url_text":"\"The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian\""},{"url":"http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Non-IR Railways in India\". IRFCA. Retrieved 10 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html","url_text":"\"Non-IR Railways in India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IRFCA&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"IRFCA"}]},{"reference":"\"Howrah District (1909)\". IRFCA. Retrieved 19 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/howrah-district.html","url_text":"\"Howrah District (1909)\""}]},{"reference":"Indian Railways. 1974. p. 37.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2yGAdvKaJnsC","url_text":"Indian Railways"}]},{"reference":"\"Howrah–Amta BG line section inaugurated\". The Hindu Business Line, 24 July 2000. Retrieved 27 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blonnet.com/2000/07/24/stories/142460l2.htm","url_text":"\"Howrah–Amta BG line section inaugurated\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lalu remote-launches 2 S-E Rly projects\". The Hindu Business Line, 1 January 2005. Retrieved 27 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010101151700.htm","url_text":"\"Lalu remote-launches 2 S-E Rly projects\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAJYA SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 2689 TO BE ANSWERED ON 15.12.2006\". Retrieved 27 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/Website/quest.asp?qref=120859","url_text":"\"RAJYA SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 2689 TO BE ANSWERED ON 15.12.2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway\". fibis. Retrieved 2 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php/Shahdara-Saharanpur_Light_Railway","url_text":"\"Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway\""}]},{"reference":"R. Sivaramakrishnan. \"Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway\". IRFCA. Retrieved 2 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irfca.org/steam/sslr.html","url_text":"\"Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway\""}]},{"reference":"\"IR History Part V (1970–1995)\". IRFCA. Retrieved 8 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html","url_text":"\"IR History Part V (1970–1995)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Speech of Shri Lalit Narayan Mishra introducing the Railway Budget for 1973-74, on 20th February 1973\" (PDF). Light Railways. Indian Railways. Retrieved 8 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1973-74.pdf","url_text":"\"Speech of Shri Lalit Narayan Mishra introducing the Railway Budget for 1973-74, on 20th February 1973\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indian Railway Classification\". Retrieved 16 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Indian_Railway_Classification","url_text":"\"Indian Railway Classification\""}]},{"reference":"Directory of Railway Officials & Yearbook. Tothill Press. 1947. p. 495.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210221050404/https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/historical-train/cid/1267569","external_links_name":"\"আজও স্মৃতিপথে এই ট্রেনের আসা-যাওয়া\""},{"Link":"https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/historical-train/cid/1267569","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html","external_links_name":"\"[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Non-IR Railways\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm","external_links_name":"\"Indian Railway History timeline\""},{"Link":"http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html","external_links_name":"\"Non-IR Railways in India\""},{"Link":"http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=15847","external_links_name":"\"Speech of Shri Lalu Prasad Introducing the Railway Budget 2006-07 On 24th February 2006\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html","external_links_name":"\"The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian\""},{"Link":"http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html","external_links_name":"\"Non-IR Railways in India\""},{"Link":"http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-nonir.html","external_links_name":"[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Non-IR Railways"},{"Link":"http://fauzaspandher.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"consultant"},{"Link":"http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/howrah-district.html","external_links_name":"\"Howrah District (1909)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2yGAdvKaJnsC","external_links_name":"Indian Railways"},{"Link":"http://www.blonnet.com/2000/07/24/stories/142460l2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Howrah–Amta BG line section inaugurated\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010101151700.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lalu remote-launches 2 S-E Rly projects\""},{"Link":"http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/Website/quest.asp?qref=120859","external_links_name":"\"RAJYA SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 2689 TO BE ANSWERED ON 15.12.2006\""},{"Link":"http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php/Shahdara-Saharanpur_Light_Railway","external_links_name":"\"Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway\""},{"Link":"http://www.irfca.org/steam/sslr.html","external_links_name":"\"Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway\""},{"Link":"http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html","external_links_name":"\"IR History Part V (1970–1995)\""},{"Link":"http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1973-74.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Speech of Shri Lalit Narayan Mishra introducing the Railway Budget for 1973-74, on 20th February 1973\""},{"Link":"https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Indian_Railway_Classification","external_links_name":"\"Indian Railway Classification\""},{"Link":"http://indiarailinfo.com/search/7870/7862","external_links_name":"List of trains between Barasat and Hasanabad Junction"},{"Link":"http://indiarailinfo.com/search/old-delhi-dli-to-shamli-smql/349/0/5435","external_links_name":"Trains at Shamli"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Battle_Mountain_II	Downtown Battle Mountain II	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 References","5 External links"]	2011 studio album by Dance Gavin DanceDowntown Battle Mountain IIStudio album by Dance Gavin DanceReleasedMarch 8, 2011 (2011-03-08)RecordedNovember–December 2010 Interlace Audio Recording Studios in Portland, OregonGenre Post-hardcore experimental rock math rock progressive rock punk rock screamo Length42:41LabelRiseProducerKris CrummettDance Gavin Dance chronology Happiness(2009) Downtown Battle Mountain II(2011) Acceptance Speech(2013) Singles from Downtown Battle Mountain II "Heat Seeking Ghost of Sex"Released: January 24, 2011 "The Robot with Human Hair Pt. 2½"Released: January 28, 2011 "Pounce Bounce"Released: June 7, 2011 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicAbsolutepunk(80%)Sputnikmusic3.6/5 Downtown Battle Mountain II is the fourth studio album by American rock band Dance Gavin Dance, released on March 8, 2011, on Rise Records. The album is a non-direct sequel to the band's full-length debut studio album, Downtown Battle Mountain (2007), and sees the return of original members, vocalists Jonny Craig and Jon Mess, and bass guitarist Eric Lodge. It also serves as a follow-up to the band's third studio album, Happiness (2009) and was produced by Kris Crummett. The album is the group's second studio album, and third and final release overall, to feature Jonny Craig upon rejoining the band in 2010. Craig later departed from the line-up in August 2012. Upon its release, the album debuted at No. 82 on the Billboard 200 while the Hot Topic deluxe version debuted at No. 190 on the Billboard 200 in the same week. Downtown Battle Mountain II was announced in late-2010. Before this album was released, the band had privilously replaced Craig with vocalist Kurt Travis. After two album releases with Travis, the band ultimately decided to part ways with him due to alleged personal and creative differences. With no vocalist, an uncertain future and low morale among its members, the band had considered the possibility of breaking up. Jon Mess stated, "Then basically came up with the idea that could just break up the band whenever, but do this record first and see what happens. So we’re at the point where we'll see how long we can do this without Jonny dying or whatever." The lead single, "Heat Seeking Ghost of Sex", was released on January 24, 2011. The second single, "The Robot with Human Hair, Pt. 2½", was released shortly after, on January 28. The third and final single, "Pounce Bounce", was released on June 7, to promote the 2011 Vans Warped Tour compilation album. The band toured on the Downtown Battle Mountain II Tour in Europe and North America and also toured on the 2011 Vans Warped Tour and the 2012 All Stars Tour. On September 27, 2019, the band released an instrumental version of the album to streaming and digital download platforms. It was a very significant album release in the band's ever-evolving and complicated history. Track listing No.TitleLength1."Spooks"4:042."Pounce Bounce"2:263."The Robot with Human Hair, Pt. 2½"4:364."Thug City"3:175."Need Money"3:086."Elder Goose"3:447."Heat Seeking Ghost of Sex"4:078."Blue Dream"4:419."Privilously Poncheezied"3:5410."Swan Soup"4:0111."Purple Reign"4:43Total length:42:41 Hot Topic ExclusiveNo.TitleLength12."People You Knew"2:3513."Perfect"2:59Total length:48:15 Notes In "Blue Dream" Jonny Craig is heard making a phone-call to a woman who he infamously asks "What color are your fucking eyes?" According to Craig himself, at the time of recording this album he was abusing heroine to the point of being oblivious to his actions. The woman on the other end of the call was Craig's at-the-time girlfriend, whose eye color Craig could legitimately not recall as a result of his drug abuse. Personnel Dance Gavin Dance Jonny Craig – clean vocals Jon Mess – unclean vocals Will Swan – guitar, rapping (on "Spooks", "Heat Seeking Ghost of Sex", & "Privilously Poncheezied"), unclean vocals (on "Need Money" & "People You Knew") Eric Lodge – bass guitar Matt Mingus – drums, percussion Production Kris Crummett – production, engineering, mixing, mastering Brian Obedowski – mixing assistant Kyle Hubbard – trumpet on track 5 Mattias Adolfsson – album artwork Phill Mamula – layout Management by Eric Rushing Charts Chart (2011) Peakposition US Billboard 200 82 US Independent Albums 13 US Hard Rock Albums 4 References ^ Ilvonen, Keagan (24 January 2011). "New Dance Gavin Dance Song – News Article". AbsolutePunk. Retrieved 24 January 2011. ^ "Track Listing Revealed For 2011 "Vans Warped Tour" Compilation". 19 September 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2011. ^ Tim DiGravina. "Downtown Battle Mountain II - Dance Gavin Dance : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards : AllMusic". Allmusic. Retrieved August 21, 2013. ^ Gardner, Ryan. "Dance Gavin Dance - Downtown Battle Mountain II - Absolutepunk". Absolutepunk. Retrieved August 21, 2013. ^ Jacob Royal. "Dance Gavin Dance - Downtown Battle Mountain II - Sputnikmusic". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved August 21, 2013. ^ Manley, Brendan. "What A Mess: Dance Gavin Dance's Jon Mess opens up". Alternative Press Magazine. Retrieved 2024-04-24. ^ "Downtown Battle Mountain ll (Instrumental) by Dance Gavin Dance". 15 May 2007. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dx9670Y0ZFc&list=LL&index=4&ab_channel=DBM4L ^ a b c "Billboard.com". Billboard. Retrieved 2011-03-22. External links Downtown Battle Mountain II Artwork – AbsolutePunk.net Dance Gavin Dance Myspace vteDance Gavin Dance Will Swan Jon Mess Matt Mingus Tilian Pearson Andrew Wells Sean O'Sullivan Jason Ellis Zachary Garren Jonny Craig Kurt Travis Eric Lodge Josh Benton Tim Feerick Studio albums Downtown Battle Mountain Dance Gavin Dance Happiness Downtown Battle Mountain II Acceptance Speech Instant Gratification Mothership Artificial Selection Afterburner Jackpot Juicer Singles "Head Hunter" "Blood Wolf" "Prisoner" "Synergy" Live albums Tree City Sessions Tree City Sessions 2 EPs Whatever I Say Is Royal Ocean Other albums Acceptance Speech 2.0 Other topics Discography Blue Swan Records Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Dance Gavin Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Gavin_Dance"},{"link_name":"Rise Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Records"},{"link_name":"Downtown Battle Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Battle_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Jonny Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Craig"},{"link_name":"Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness_(Dance_Gavin_Dance_album)"},{"link_name":"Kris Crummett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Crummett"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Hot Topic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Topic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2011 Vans Warped Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped_Tour"},{"link_name":"streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_streaming"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Downtown Battle Mountain II is the fourth studio album by American rock band Dance Gavin Dance, released on March 8, 2011, on Rise Records. The album is a non-direct sequel to the band's full-length debut studio album, Downtown Battle Mountain (2007), and sees the return of original members, vocalists Jonny Craig and Jon Mess, and bass guitarist Eric Lodge. It also serves as a follow-up to the band's third studio album, Happiness (2009) and was produced by Kris Crummett. The album is the group's second studio album, and third and final release overall, to feature Jonny Craig upon rejoining the band in 2010. Craig later departed from the line-up in August 2012. Upon its release, the album debuted at No. 82 on the Billboard 200 while the Hot Topic deluxe version debuted at No. 190 on the Billboard 200 in the same week.Downtown Battle Mountain II was announced in late-2010. Before this album was released, the band had privilously replaced Craig with vocalist Kurt Travis. After two album releases with Travis, the band ultimately decided to part ways with him due to alleged personal and creative differences. With no vocalist, an uncertain future and low morale among its members, the band had considered the possibility of breaking up. Jon Mess stated, \"Then [we] basically came up with the idea that [we] could just break up the band whenever, but do this record first and see what happens. So we’re at the point where we'll see how long we can do this without Jonny dying or whatever.\"[6] The lead single, \"Heat Seeking Ghost of Sex\", was released on January 24, 2011. The second single, \"The Robot with Human Hair, Pt. 2½\", was released shortly after, on January 28. The third and final single, \"Pounce Bounce\", was released on June 7, to promote the 2011 Vans Warped Tour compilation album. The band toured on the Downtown Battle Mountain II Tour in Europe and North America and also toured on the 2011 Vans Warped Tour and the 2012 All Stars Tour. On September 27, 2019, the band released an instrumental version of the album to streaming and digital download platforms.[7] It was a very significant album release in the band's ever-evolving and complicated history.","title":"Downtown Battle Mountain II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Spooks\"4:042.\"Pounce Bounce\"2:263.\"The Robot with Human Hair, Pt. 2½\"4:364.\"Thug City\"3:175.\"Need Money\"3:086.\"Elder Goose\"3:447.\"Heat Seeking Ghost of Sex\"4:078.\"Blue Dream\"4:419.\"Privilously Poncheezied\"3:5410.\"Swan Soup\"4:0111.\"Purple Reign\"4:43Total length:42:41Hot Topic ExclusiveNo.TitleLength12.\"People You Knew\"2:3513.\"Perfect\"2:59Total length:48:15NotesIn \"Blue Dream\" Jonny Craig is heard making a phone-call to a woman who he infamously asks \"What color are your fucking eyes?\" According to Craig himself, at the time of recording this album he was abusing heroine to the point of being oblivious to his actions. The woman on the other end of the call was Craig's at-the-time girlfriend, whose eye color Craig could legitimately not recall as a result of his drug abuse.[8]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonny Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Craig"},{"link_name":"clean vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"Jon Mess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Mess"},{"link_name":"unclean vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screaming_(music)"},{"link_name":"Will Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Swan_(musician)"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"rapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping"},{"link_name":"unclean vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screaming_(music)"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_(guitar)"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"},{"link_name":"Kris Crummett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Crummett"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"album artwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_cover"}],"text":"Dance Gavin Dance\nJonny Craig – clean vocals\nJon Mess – unclean vocals\nWill Swan – guitar, rapping (on \"Spooks\", \"Heat Seeking Ghost of Sex\", & \t\"Privilously Poncheezied\"), unclean vocals (on \"Need Money\" & \"People You Knew\")\nEric Lodge – bass guitar\nMatt Mingus – drums, percussion\n\n\nProduction\nKris Crummett – production, engineering, mixing, mastering\nBrian Obedowski – mixing assistant\nKyle Hubbard – trumpet on track 5\nMattias Adolfsson – album artwork\nPhill Mamula – layout\nManagement by Eric Rushing","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ilvonen, Keagan (24 January 2011). \"New Dance Gavin Dance Song – News Article\". AbsolutePunk. Retrieved 24 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t=2141152&page=1","url_text":"\"New Dance Gavin Dance Song – News Article\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbsolutePunk","url_text":"AbsolutePunk"}]},{"reference":"\"Track Listing Revealed For 2011 \"Vans Warped Tour\" Compilation\". 19 September 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theprp.com/2011/05/11/news/track-listing-revealed-for-2011-vans-warped-tour-compilation/","url_text":"\"Track Listing Revealed For 2011 \"Vans Warped Tour\" Compilation\""}]},{"reference":"Tim DiGravina. \"Downtown Battle Mountain II - Dance Gavin Dance : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards : AllMusic\". Allmusic. Retrieved August 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/downtown-battle-mountain-ii-mw0002095635","url_text":"\"Downtown Battle Mountain II - Dance Gavin Dance : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards : AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Ryan. \"Dance Gavin Dance - Downtown Battle Mountain II - Absolutepunk\". Absolutepunk. Retrieved August 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t=2204652","url_text":"\"Dance Gavin Dance - Downtown Battle Mountain II - Absolutepunk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutepunk","url_text":"Absolutepunk"}]},{"reference":"Jacob Royal. \"Dance Gavin Dance - Downtown Battle Mountain II - Sputnikmusic\". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved August 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/59385/Dance-Gavin-Dance-Downtown-Battle-Mountain-II/","url_text":"\"Dance Gavin Dance - Downtown Battle Mountain II - Sputnikmusic\""}]},{"reference":"Manley, Brendan. \"What A Mess: Dance Gavin Dance's Jon Mess opens up\". Alternative Press Magazine. Retrieved 2024-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/what_a_mess_dance_gavin_dances_jon_mess_opens_up/","url_text":"\"What A Mess: Dance Gavin Dance's Jon Mess opens up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown Battle Mountain ll (Instrumental) by Dance Gavin Dance\". 15 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/downtown-battle-mountain-ll-instrumental/1481088804","url_text":"\"Downtown Battle Mountain ll (Instrumental) by Dance Gavin Dance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard.com\". Billboard. Retrieved 2011-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/dance-gavin-dance/chart-history/","url_text":"\"Billboard.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t=2141152&page=1","external_links_name":"\"New Dance Gavin Dance Song – News Article\""},{"Link":"http://www.theprp.com/2011/05/11/news/track-listing-revealed-for-2011-vans-warped-tour-compilation/","external_links_name":"\"Track Listing Revealed For 2011 \"Vans Warped Tour\" Compilation\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/downtown-battle-mountain-ii-mw0002095635","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Battle Mountain II - Dance Gavin Dance : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards : AllMusic\""},{"Link":"http://www.absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t=2204652","external_links_name":"\"Dance Gavin Dance - Downtown Battle Mountain II - Absolutepunk\""},{"Link":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/59385/Dance-Gavin-Dance-Downtown-Battle-Mountain-II/","external_links_name":"\"Dance Gavin Dance - Downtown Battle Mountain II - Sputnikmusic\""},{"Link":"https://www.altpress.com/what_a_mess_dance_gavin_dances_jon_mess_opens_up/","external_links_name":"\"What A Mess: Dance Gavin Dance's Jon Mess opens up\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/downtown-battle-mountain-ll-instrumental/1481088804","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Battle Mountain ll (Instrumental) by Dance Gavin Dance\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dx9670Y0ZFc&list=LL&index=4&ab_channel=DBM4L","external_links_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dx9670Y0ZFc&list=LL&index=4&ab_channel=DBM4L"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/dance-gavin-dance/chart-history/","external_links_name":"\"Billboard.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t=2132881","external_links_name":"Downtown Battle Mountain II Artwork"},{"Link":"https://www.myspace.com/dancegavindance","external_links_name":"Dance Gavin Dance Myspace"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/1a55a6ee-8bab-4994-87a7-53c92253a6ff","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Noakowski	Stanisław Noakowski	["1 Biography","2 References","3 Selected books","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	Polish painter and architect Self-portrait (date unknown) Stanisław Noakowski (21 March 1867, Nieszawa - 1 October 1928, Warsaw) was a Polish architect, watercolorist and art historian. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Biography Polish Baroque architecture His father was a civil law notary and translator. His first art studies were at the realschule in Włocławek from 1877 to 1884, with the painter and critic, Ludwik Bouchard. From 1884 to 1886, he attended the gymnasium in Łowicz, then studied architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts in Saint Petersburg. Upon graduating in 1895, he was awarded a stipend that enabled him to continue his studies Upon returning, he failed to obtain a position at the Warsaw University of Technology and went to Russia to teach at the Stroganov School for Technical Drawing, where he was appointed curator of its museum in 1899. He was also associated with a group of young Russian artists organized around the magazine Mir iskusstva. In 1906, he was named a Professor at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. In 1915, he became a member of the academy. After World War I, he was appointed to the Moscow College of Arts, a division of the Ministry of Education. In 1919, after the establishment of the Second Polish Republic, he was able to return to Warsaw and begin teaching at the University of Technology. From 1920 to 1923, he served as dean of the Faculty of Architecture. That year, he became a Professor at the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts. He received the Order of Saint Stanislaus in 1907, the Order of Polonia Restituta in 1923 and the Prime Minister's Award in 1926. In 1934, the house in Nieszawa where his family lived from 1868 to 1877 was turned into a museum. Streets have been named after him in Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Gliwice, Józefów, Ostrów Mazowiecka, Piastów, Szczecin, Włocławek and Wrocław. Largely known for his watercolor sketches of notable buildings, he also worked in ink and completed thousands of drawings. Among his architectural projects, the most interesting involve designs for the chapel at the Polish Museum, Rapperswil, which contained an urn with Tadeusz Kościuszko's heart (now at the Royal Castle, Warsaw); and bishoprical tombs at the Cathedral of the Assumption in Włocławek. He also participated in a project to reconstruct the hallways at Belvedere Palace. The interior of Wawel Castle References ^ "Stanisław Noakowski". Olympedia. Retrieved 26 July 2020. ^ a b c Brief biography @ Agra Art. Selected books Architektura Polska. Szkice kompozycyjne, Warsaw, 1920 Pisma (Drawings), Wydawnictwo Budownictwo i Architektura, Warsaw, 1957 Further reading Mieczysław Wallis, Lata nauki i mistrzostwa Stanisława Noakowskiego, Czytelnik, 1971 Piotr Biegański (ed.), O Stanislawie Noakowskim: Praca Zbiorowa, Panstwowe Wydawn, 1959 Aleksander Wojciechowski, Stanisław Noakowski, 20 reprodukcji, Wydawnictwo „Sztuka”, 1953 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stanisław Noakowski. The Noakowski Museum in Nieszawa @ MZKiD Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland Academics CiNii Artists Musée d'Orsay RKD Artists ULAN Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noakowski-Self.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nieszawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieszawa"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"painting event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_competitions_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics#Painting"},{"link_name":"art competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_competitions_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1928 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Self-portrait (date unknown)Stanisław Noakowski (21 March 1867, Nieszawa - 1 October 1928, Warsaw) was a Polish architect, watercolorist and art historian. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Stanisław Noakowski"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noakowski_Zespol_architektury_barokowej_1916.jpg"},{"link_name":"civil law notary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_notary"},{"link_name":"realschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realschule"},{"link_name":"Włocławek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek"},{"link_name":"Ludwik Bouchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Bouchard"},{"link_name":"gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"Łowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81owicz"},{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-2"},{"link_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Stroganov School for Technical Drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroganov_Moscow_State_University_of_Arts_and_Industry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-2"},{"link_name":"Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_School_of_Painting,_Sculpture_and_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_in_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-2"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Stanislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_(Imperial_House_of_Romanov)"},{"link_name":"Order of Polonia Restituta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Gliwice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliwice"},{"link_name":"Józefów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Ostrów Mazowiecka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Mazowiecka"},{"link_name":"Piastów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Polish Museum, Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Museum,_Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Kościuszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko"},{"link_name":"Royal Castle, Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Belvedere Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvedere_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noakowski_Wn%C4%99trze_wawelskie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wawel Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawel_Castle"}],"text":"Polish Baroque architectureHis father was a civil law notary and translator. His first art studies were at the realschule in Włocławek from 1877 to 1884, with the painter and critic, Ludwik Bouchard. From 1884 to 1886, he attended the gymnasium in Łowicz, then studied architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts in Saint Petersburg.[2] Upon graduating in 1895, he was awarded a stipend that enabled him to continue his studiesUpon returning, he failed to obtain a position at the Warsaw University of Technology and went to Russia to teach at the Stroganov School for Technical Drawing,[2] where he was appointed curator of its museum in 1899. He was also associated with a group of young Russian artists organized around the magazine Mir iskusstva. In 1906, he was named a Professor at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. In 1915, he became a member of the academy. After World War I, he was appointed to the Moscow College of Arts, a division of the Ministry of Education.In 1919, after the establishment of the Second Polish Republic, he was able to return to Warsaw and begin teaching at the University of Technology. From 1920 to 1923, he served as dean of the Faculty of Architecture. That year, he became a Professor at the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts.[2]He received the Order of Saint Stanislaus in 1907, the Order of Polonia Restituta in 1923 and the Prime Minister's Award in 1926. In 1934, the house in Nieszawa where his family lived from 1868 to 1877 was turned into a museum. Streets have been named after him in Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Gliwice, Józefów, Ostrów Mazowiecka, Piastów, Szczecin, Włocławek and Wrocław.Largely known for his watercolor sketches of notable buildings, he also worked in ink and completed thousands of drawings. Among his architectural projects, the most interesting involve designs for the chapel at the Polish Museum, Rapperswil, which contained an urn with Tadeusz Kościuszko's heart (now at the Royal Castle, Warsaw); and bishoprical tombs at the Cathedral of the Assumption in Włocławek. He also participated in a project to reconstruct the hallways at Belvedere Palace.The interior of Wawel Castle","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Architektura Polska. Szkice kompozycyjne, Warsaw, 1920\nPisma (Drawings), Wydawnictwo Budownictwo i Architektura, Warsaw, 1957","title":"Selected books"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mieczysław Wallis, Lata nauki i mistrzostwa Stanisława Noakowskiego, Czytelnik, 1971\nPiotr Biegański (ed.), O Stanislawie Noakowskim: Praca Zbiorowa, Panstwowe Wydawn, 1959\nAleksander Wojciechowski, Stanisław Noakowski, 20 reprodukcji, Wydawnictwo „Sztuka”, 1953","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Self-portrait (date unknown)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Noakowski-Self.jpg/200px-Noakowski-Self.jpg"},{"image_text":"Polish Baroque architecture","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Noakowski_Zespol_architektury_barokowej_1916.jpg/215px-Noakowski_Zespol_architektury_barokowej_1916.jpg"},{"image_text":"The interior of Wawel Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Noakowski_Wn%C4%99trze_wawelskie.jpg/300px-Noakowski_Wn%C4%99trze_wawelskie.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Stanisław Noakowski\". Olympedia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_KickStart	BlackBerry Pearl	["1 Specifications","1.1 8100 series","1.2 8200 series","1.3 9100 series","2 Comparison with other BlackBerry devices","3 Availability","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Series of smartphones developed by Research In Motion BlackBerry PearlA red Blackberry Pearl (February 14, 2008)Compatible networksCDMA (8130 only), EDGE (GSM models), GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 (8100, 8110, 8120, 8220)First releasedSeptember 12, 2006; 17 years ago (2006-09-12)RelatedBlackberry 7100tForm factorBar (8100 series),Flip (8200 series)Dimensions107 × 51 × 15 mmMass90.7gOperating systemOriginal: BlackBerry 4.5Memory64 MB (8100 series) or 128 MB (8220) Internal, MicroSD slotDisplay240x260 pixel, 57 mm (2.25 in) diagonal, 62 pixels/cm (157 ppi), 65536 colors (16-bit) TFT LCD (8100 series)240x320, 66 mm (2.6 in) diagonal, 61 pixels/cm (154 ppi), and 128x160, 41 mm (1.6 in), 50 pixels/cm (128 ppi) TFT LCDs (8200 series)ConnectivityWi-Fi (8120 and 8220 only), Bluetooth, USB (with Mass Storage Mode support) The BlackBerry Pearl (8100 / 8110 / 8120 / 8130 / 8220 / 8230 / 9100 / 9105) was a series of smartphones developed by Research In Motion, and was the first BlackBerry device with a camera and media player. It was originally released on September 12, 2006. T-Mobile was the first US carrier to release the phone as a carrier device. The last BlackBerry Pearl released was the 9100 series on May 13, 2010. After this model was cleared out, RIM discontinued the Pearl series. Specifications Disassembled BlackBerry Pearl revealing the hardware inside 8100 series Dimensions (W × D × H): 2 in × 0.6 in × 4.2 in Weight: 3.2 oz Talk Time: Up to 210 Minutes (3.5 hours) Standby time: Up to 360 hours (15 days) The Pearl comes with the following standard features: 1.33 (8100) or 2.0 (8110/8120/8130) megapixel camera with flash, self-portrait mirror, and 5x digital zoom Media player with support for MP3, AAC/M4A, AMR, WMA, polyphonic MIDI and WAV sound formats Supports LTP-encoded AAC audio Media player with support for MPEG-4, Xvid, DivX, WMV and H.263 video formats Bluetooth 2.0 Wi-Fi Access (only for 8120 & 8220) UMA support (only for 8120 & 8220) High-Speed Westbridge USB (8110, 8120 and 8130) Address book and calendar HTML Web browser GPS assisted BlackBerry Maps (8130, 8230) Push e-mail Voice Dialing Speakerphones SMS and MMS text messaging (However, MMS requires WAP service) Instant messaging Supports up to 16 GB MicroSDHC with BlackBerry Device Software 4.5.0.81 The BlackBerry Pearl is aimed towards both business users and consumers. Its advertising campaign features several people including Mariska Hargitay and Douglas Coupland. The BlackBerry Pearl provides Quad-Band network support on 850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS and EDGE networks to allow for international roaming between North America, Europe and Asia Pacific. The BlackBerry 8130 includes EV-DO high speed CDMA data capabilities and the BlackBerry 8120 is the first Pearl model to support Wi-Fi. BlackBerry Pearl 8110, 8120 and 8130 use the Antioch chip from Cypress Semiconductor, a Westbridge peripheral controller enabling "direct connection between peripherals, creating ultra-fast transfers". This upgrade from 8100 provides faster USB sideloading than older phones, and fast connection to the microSDHC card, capable of transferring 1 GB file in less than 70 seconds - over 16Mbyte/s transfer rate. This speed significantly surpasses that of the earlier iPhone, Motorola RAZR or Sony Ericsson Walkman. In mid-2010, the Pearl 81xx had a successor with 3g capabilities- 9100. 8200 series The BlackBerry Pearl 8220 is RIM's first flip phone. It is thus often referred to as the "Pearl Flip" or "BlackBerry Flip". The Pearl Flip is available in the United States through U.S. Cellular, T-Mobile, Verizon and Cellular South and in the UK through O2, in Indonesia through Indosat, and in Canada through Rogers, Telus, and Bell Mobility. The phone has been known by many names, from the original codename BlackBerry "Kickstart" name to the current BlackBerry Pearl 8220 Smartphone name. A CDMA version is available for Verizon and Alltel known as the 8230. The Pearl Flip is very similar to the original Pearl and uses the same predictive text input that the Pearl uses. It has a 2.0-megapixel camera and video recording. It is the first BlackBerry to feature Wi-Fi and mobile calling in a new flip design. Games - Yes Picture Messaging - Yes Video - Yes Internet - Yes. HTML Browser Voice Memo - Yes Voice Dialing - Yes Bluetooth - Yes (Media files, Headset and Name Card only) Music Player - Yes Three-Way Calling - Yes (Network Dependent) Call Waiting - Yes (Network Dependent) SD Card - Yes. 16 GB SIM Card - Yes (No if using CDMA version) Polyphonic Ringtones - Yes Real Ringtones - Yes. Any song on the phone can be used. GPS - Yes (Location chip must be turned on for use and you must subscribe to use VZ Navigator if Verizon. BlackBerry Maps will work fine without VZ Navigator subscription) 9100 series This 3G line came with 360 x 400, 2.25" TFT display (built on 110 μm pixel). Comparison with other BlackBerry devices Most BlackBerry devices have a full keyboard. The Pearl uses a modified QWERTY layout on a 4-row, 5-column keypad, with a proprietary predictive input algorithm called SureType. The 9105 features a traditional alphanumeric keypad and also utilises the SureType facility for predictive text with the option to use the traditional typing method. The Pearl supports the full range of BlackBerry enterprise functionality. Unlike previous BlackBerry devices, the Pearl includes a music player, camera, as well as other multimedia functions. It requires the purchase of a MicroSD memory card to support storage of multimedia files beyond the 64 MB provided internally. Most notably, the Pearl uses a translucent trackball (the "Pearl"), which facilitates horizontal and vertical scrolling, instead of the traditional BlackBerry scroll wheel. The backlit color of the 8100 trackball is controlled by a series of LEDs and may be changed by software loaded on the phone; the 8110, 8120 and 8130 models trackball is lit only in white. The color customization capabilities also extend to the notification LED in the top right corner of the device. This LED can be programmed to blink different colors depending on which contact has called, texted or emailed. Availability The Pearl was previously available with Entel PCS in Chile, Cellcom, Sprint, T-Mobile, AT&T Mobility, Cincinnati Bell Wireless, Verizon Wireless, Alltel, US Cellular, Centennial Wireless, MOSH Mobile, nTelos, Cellular One, Cellular South and BlueGrass Cellular in the United States; TIM, Vodafone and Wind in Italy; Turkcell and Avea in Turkey; Claro, Vivo in Brazil, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico; Airtel, Vodafone and Reliance Communications in India; Iusacell, Telcel and Movistar in Mexico; Rogers Wireless, Telus, SaskTel, MTS, TBayTel, Bell Mobility, Wind Mobile, and Virgin Mobile Canada in Canada; Telstra, Optus and Vodafone in Australia; Indosat in Indonesia; KPN and Vodafone in the Netherlands; Globe Telecom in the Philippines; Grameenphone in Bangladesh; Vodafone in New Zealand; Singtel in Singapore; Mobilink in Pakistan and all networks in the UK; MTN, Globacom and Zain in Nigeria. Tigo, Comcel in Colombia; Movistar, Digicel, Claro and Cable & Wireless in Panama See also For a list of all Pearl models, see List of BlackBerry Products. References ^ a b Harris, Rebecca (2006-11-20). "Homegrown Icon". Rogers Publishing Limited. Retrieved 2012-11-03. This year, for the first time, Research in Motion launched a campaign aimed at the consumer market. Print ads show how the Pearl fits into people's lives, and feature author Douglas Coupland, Martin Eberhard, CEO of electric car maker Tesla Motors, and actress Mariska Hargitay. ^ Under the Hood: BlackBerry wins handset data-rate bakeoff http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=203101718 ^ "Kickstart: First Blackberry Flip Phone Needs a Kick in the Design Pants". May 2008. ^ "$149.99 for BlackBerry Pearl 8220 Flip - High Tech Lounge". Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-09-18. ^ "Flip Mobile Phones: BlackBerry, Motorola, LG » STOKENG.com". Archived from the original on 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2009-01-19. ^ "Unlocked Cell Phones". Bigtimewireless.com. Retrieved 2009-06-10. ^ Gizmodo. Accessed 14 May 2007. https://gizmodo.com/gadgets/cellphones/diy-change-the-color-of-blackberry-pearl-trackball-239814.php ^ http://www.pepper.pk/lednotifier/ Archived 2009-12-27 at the Wayback Machine LED Notifier Blackberry LED colors to identify callers External links High resolution pictures of BlackBerry Pearl 8220 Flip at BestBoyZ.de BlackBerry Pearl (official site) BlackBerry Specifications Consumer-focused review of the BlackBerry Pearl by PC Magazine Under the Hood: BlackBerry wins handset data-rate bakeoff Featured in PCWorld.ca's round-up of Top Canadian Smartphones and Cell Phones An official RIM interactive demo of the BlackBerry Pearl 8110 An official RIM interactive demo of the BlackBerry Pearl 8120 An official RIM interactive demo of the original BlackBerry Pearl 8100 vteBlackBerry LimitedExecutive team John S. Chen (CEO and Executive Chair) DevicesAndroid Priv DTEK KeyOne Aurora Motion Key2 Evolve BlackBerry 10 Z series Z30 Z10 Z3 Q series Q10 Q5 P'9982 Passport Classic Leap BlackBerry Tablet OS PlayBook Classic BlackBerry OS pagers 900 950 Quark series Charm Electron series Pearl series Curve series 8520 Bold series 9700 Storm Tour Storm 2 Torch series 9800 Style P'9981 Services BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) BBM Enterprise BlackBerry World BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES) Documents To Go Telephones portal Category Commons Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BlackBerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"Research In Motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited"},{"link_name":"with a camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phone"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"}],"text":"The BlackBerry Pearl (8100 / 8110 / 8120 / 8130 / 8220 / 8230 / 9100 / 9105) was a series of smartphones developed by Research In Motion, and was the first BlackBerry device with a camera and media player. It was originally released on September 12, 2006. T-Mobile was the first US carrier to release the phone as a carrier device. The last BlackBerry Pearl released was the 9100 series on May 13, 2010. After this model was cleared out, RIM discontinued the Pearl series.","title":"BlackBerry Pearl"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackBerry_Pearl_disassembled.jpg"}],"text":"Disassembled BlackBerry Pearl revealing the hardware inside","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"megapixel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel#Megapixel"},{"link_name":"digital zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_zoom"},{"link_name":"MP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3"},{"link_name":"AAC/M4A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding"},{"link_name":"AMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate"},{"link_name":"WMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio"},{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"},{"link_name":"WAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAV"},{"link_name":"MPEG-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4"},{"link_name":"Xvid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xvid"},{"link_name":"DivX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivX"},{"link_name":"WMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video"},{"link_name":"H.263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.263"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"UMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlicensed_Mobile_Access"},{"link_name":"Westbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbridge_Technology"},{"link_name":"HTML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"link_name":"WAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol"},{"link_name":"MicroSDHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroSDHC"},{"link_name":"Mariska Hargitay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariska_Hargitay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pearlads-1"},{"link_name":"Douglas Coupland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Coupland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pearlads-1"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz"},{"link_name":"GSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM"},{"link_name":"GPRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS"},{"link_name":"EDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution"},{"link_name":"EV-DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO"},{"link_name":"CDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"Cypress Semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Westbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbridge_Technology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"USB sideloading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_sideloading"},{"link_name":"microSDHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroSDHC"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"Motorola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola"},{"link_name":"RAZR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Razr"},{"link_name":"Sony Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mobile"},{"link_name":"Walkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkman"}],"sub_title":"8100 series","text":"Dimensions (W × D × H): 2 in × 0.6 in × 4.2 in\nWeight: 3.2 oz\nTalk Time: Up to 210 Minutes (3.5 hours)\nStandby time: Up to 360 hours (15 days)The Pearl comes with the following standard features:1.33 (8100) or 2.0 (8110/8120/8130) megapixel camera with flash, self-portrait mirror, and 5x digital zoom\nMedia player with support for MP3, AAC/M4A, AMR, WMA, polyphonic MIDI and WAV sound formats\nSupports LTP-encoded AAC audio\nMedia player with support for MPEG-4, Xvid, DivX, WMV and H.263 video formats\nBluetooth 2.0\nWi-Fi Access (only for 8120 & 8220)\nUMA support (only for 8120 & 8220)\nHigh-Speed Westbridge USB (8110, 8120 and 8130)\nAddress book and calendar\nHTML Web browser\nGPS assisted BlackBerry Maps (8130, 8230)\nPush e-mail\nVoice Dialing\nSpeakerphones\nSMS and MMS text messaging (However, MMS requires WAP service)\nInstant messaging\nSupports up to 16 GB MicroSDHC with BlackBerry Device Software 4.5.0.81The BlackBerry Pearl is aimed towards both business users and consumers. Its advertising campaign features several people including Mariska Hargitay[1] and Douglas Coupland.[1]The BlackBerry Pearl provides Quad-Band network support on 850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS and EDGE networks to allow for international roaming between North America, Europe and Asia Pacific. The BlackBerry 8130 includes EV-DO high speed CDMA data capabilities and the BlackBerry 8120 is the first Pearl model to support Wi-Fi.BlackBerry Pearl 8110, 8120 and 8130 use the Antioch chip from Cypress Semiconductor, a Westbridge peripheral controller enabling \"direct connection between peripherals, creating ultra-fast transfers\".[2] This upgrade from 8100 provides faster USB sideloading than older phones, and fast connection to the microSDHC card, capable of transferring 1 GB file in less than 70 seconds - over 16Mbyte/s transfer rate. This speed significantly surpasses that of the earlier iPhone, Motorola RAZR or Sony Ericsson Walkman. In mid-2010, the Pearl 81xx had a successor with 3g capabilities- 9100.","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flip phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_(form)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"U.S. Cellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Cellular"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"Verizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_(mobile_network)"},{"link_name":"Cellular South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_South"},{"link_name":"O2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O2_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Indosat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indosat"},{"link_name":"Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Communications"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"8200 series","text":"The BlackBerry Pearl 8220 is RIM's first flip phone.[3][4][5] It is thus often referred to as the \"Pearl Flip\" or \"BlackBerry Flip\".The Pearl Flip is available in the United States through U.S. Cellular, T-Mobile, Verizon and Cellular South and in the UK through O2, in Indonesia through Indosat, and in Canada through Rogers, Telus, and Bell Mobility. The phone has been known by many names, from the original codename BlackBerry \"Kickstart\" name to the current BlackBerry Pearl 8220 Smartphone name. A CDMA version is available for Verizon and Alltel known as the 8230.The Pearl Flip is very similar to the original Pearl and uses the same predictive text input that the Pearl uses. It has a 2.0-megapixel camera and video recording. It is the first BlackBerry to feature Wi-Fi and mobile calling in a new flip design.[citation needed]Games - Yes\nPicture Messaging - Yes\nVideo - Yes\nInternet - Yes. HTML Browser\nVoice Memo - Yes\nVoice Dialing - Yes\nBluetooth - Yes (Media files, Headset and Name Card only)\nMusic Player - Yes\nThree-Way Calling - Yes (Network Dependent)\nCall Waiting - Yes (Network Dependent)\nSD Card - Yes. 16 GB\nSIM Card - Yes (No if using CDMA version)\nPolyphonic Ringtones - Yes\nReal Ringtones - Yes. Any song on the phone can be used.\nGPS - Yes (Location chip must be turned on for use and you must subscribe to use VZ Navigator if Verizon. BlackBerry Maps will work fine without VZ Navigator subscription)","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"9100 series","text":"This 3G line came with 360 x 400, 2.25\" TFT display (built on 110 μm pixel).","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QWERTY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY"},{"link_name":"SureType","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SureType"},{"link_name":"alphanumeric keypad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_keypad"},{"link_name":"predictive text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_text"},{"link_name":"MicroSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroSD"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"trackball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackball"},{"link_name":"scroll wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_wheel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"notification LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notification_LED"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Most BlackBerry devices have a full keyboard. The Pearl uses a modified QWERTY layout on a 4-row, 5-column keypad, with a proprietary predictive input algorithm called SureType. The 9105 features a traditional alphanumeric keypad and also utilises the SureType facility for predictive text with the option to use the traditional typing method. \nThe Pearl supports the full range of BlackBerry enterprise functionality.Unlike previous BlackBerry devices, the Pearl includes a music player, camera, as well as other multimedia functions. It requires the purchase of a MicroSD memory card to support storage of multimedia files beyond the 64 MB provided internally.[6]Most notably, the Pearl uses a translucent trackball (the \"Pearl\"), which facilitates horizontal and vertical scrolling, instead of the traditional BlackBerry scroll wheel. The backlit color of the 8100 trackball is controlled by a series of LEDs and may be changed by software loaded on the phone; the 8110, 8120 and 8130 models trackball is lit only in white.[7] The color customization capabilities also extend to the notification LED in the top right corner of the device. This LED can be programmed to blink different colors depending on which contact has called, texted or emailed.[8]","title":"Comparison with other BlackBerry devices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entel PCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entel_PCS"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Cellcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellcom_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Sprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Corporation"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"AT&T Mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Mobility"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Bell Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bell_Wireless"},{"link_name":"Verizon Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_(mobile_network)"},{"link_name":"Alltel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alltel"},{"link_name":"US Cellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Cellular"},{"link_name":"Centennial Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Wireless"},{"link_name":"MOSH Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSH_Mobile"},{"link_name":"nTelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTelos"},{"link_name":"Cellular One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_One"},{"link_name":"Cellular South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_South"},{"link_name":"BlueGrass Cellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BlueGrass_Cellular&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Italia_Mobile"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Italia"},{"link_name":"Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIND_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Turkcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkcell"},{"link_name":"Avea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avea"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Claro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claro_Americas"},{"link_name":"Vivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivo_(telecommunications_company)"},{"link_name":"Airtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtel"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Essar"},{"link_name":"Reliance Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communications"},{"link_name":"Iusacell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iusacell"},{"link_name":"Telcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telcel"},{"link_name":"Movistar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar"},{"link_name":"Rogers Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Wireless"},{"link_name":"Telus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telus"},{"link_name":"SaskTel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaskTel"},{"link_name":"MTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Telecom_Services"},{"link_name":"TBayTel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_Telephone"},{"link_name":"Bell Mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Mobility"},{"link_name":"Wind Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_Mobile"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mobile Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mobile_Canada"},{"link_name":"Telstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstra"},{"link_name":"Optus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optus"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Australia"},{"link_name":"Indosat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indosat"},{"link_name":"KPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPN"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Globe Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Telecom"},{"link_name":"Grameenphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grameenphone"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_NZ"},{"link_name":"Singtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singtel"},{"link_name":"Mobilink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilink"},{"link_name":"MTN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTN_Group"},{"link_name":"Globacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globacom"},{"link_name":"Zain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zain_Group"},{"link_name":"Tigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_M%C3%B3vil"},{"link_name":"Comcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcel_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Movistar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar"},{"link_name":"Digicel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digicel"},{"link_name":"Claro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claro_Americas"},{"link_name":"Cable & Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc"}],"text":"The Pearl was previously available with Entel PCS in Chile, Cellcom, Sprint, T-Mobile, AT&T Mobility, Cincinnati Bell Wireless, Verizon Wireless, Alltel, US Cellular, Centennial Wireless, MOSH Mobile, nTelos, Cellular One, Cellular South and BlueGrass Cellular in the United States; TIM, Vodafone and Wind in Italy; Turkcell and Avea in Turkey; Claro, Vivo in Brazil, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico; Airtel, Vodafone and Reliance Communications in India; Iusacell, Telcel and Movistar in Mexico; Rogers Wireless, Telus, SaskTel, MTS, TBayTel, Bell Mobility, Wind Mobile, and Virgin Mobile Canada in Canada; Telstra, Optus and Vodafone in Australia; Indosat in Indonesia; KPN and Vodafone in the Netherlands; Globe Telecom in the Philippines; Grameenphone in Bangladesh; Vodafone in New Zealand; Singtel in Singapore; Mobilink in Pakistan and all networks in the UK; MTN, Globacom and Zain in Nigeria.\nTigo, Comcel in Colombia; Movistar, Digicel, Claro and Cable & Wireless in Panama","title":"Availability"}]	[{"image_text":"Disassembled BlackBerry Pearl revealing the hardware inside","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/BlackBerry_Pearl_disassembled.jpg/220px-BlackBerry_Pearl_disassembled.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of BlackBerry Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_BlackBerry_Products"}]	[{"reference":"Harris, Rebecca (2006-11-20). \"Homegrown Icon\". Rogers Publishing Limited. Retrieved 2012-11-03. This year, for the first time, Research in Motion launched a campaign aimed at the consumer market. Print ads show how the Pearl fits into people's lives, and feature author Douglas Coupland, Martin Eberhard, CEO of electric car maker Tesla Motors, and actress Mariska Hargitay.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketingmag.ca/news/marketer-news/homegrown-icon-20139","url_text":"\"Homegrown Icon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kickstart: First Blackberry Flip Phone Needs a Kick in the Design Pants\". May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/385970/kickstart-first-blackberry-flip-phone-needs-a-kick-in-the-design-pants","url_text":"\"Kickstart: First Blackberry Flip Phone Needs a Kick in the Design Pants\""}]},{"reference":"\"$149.99 for BlackBerry Pearl 8220 Flip - High Tech Lounge\". Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080920235114/http://www.htlounge.net/article/6588/14999-for-blackberry-pearl-8220-flip/","url_text":"\"$149.99 for BlackBerry Pearl 8220 Flip - High Tech Lounge\""},{"url":"http://www.htlounge.net/article/6588/14999-for-blackberry-pearl-8220-flip/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Flip Mobile Phones: BlackBerry, Motorola, LG » STOKENG.com\". Archived from the original on 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2009-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123172002/http://www.stokeng.com/gadgets/flip-mobiles-phones-blackberry-motorola-lg/","url_text":"\"Flip Mobile Phones: BlackBerry, Motorola, LG » STOKENG.com\""},{"url":"http://www.stokeng.com/gadgets/flip-mobiles-phones-blackberry-motorola-lg/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Unlocked Cell Phones\". Bigtimewireless.com. Retrieved 2009-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.j-cellular.com/","url_text":"\"Unlocked Cell Phones\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.marketingmag.ca/news/marketer-news/homegrown-icon-20139","external_links_name":"\"Homegrown Icon\""},{"Link":"http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=203101718","external_links_name":"http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=203101718"},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/385970/kickstart-first-blackberry-flip-phone-needs-a-kick-in-the-design-pants","external_links_name":"\"Kickstart: First Blackberry Flip Phone Needs a Kick in the Design Pants\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080920235114/http://www.htlounge.net/article/6588/14999-for-blackberry-pearl-8220-flip/","external_links_name":"\"$149.99 for BlackBerry Pearl 8220 Flip - High Tech Lounge\""},{"Link":"http://www.htlounge.net/article/6588/14999-for-blackberry-pearl-8220-flip/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123172002/http://www.stokeng.com/gadgets/flip-mobiles-phones-blackberry-motorola-lg/","external_links_name":"\"Flip Mobile Phones: BlackBerry, Motorola, LG » STOKENG.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.stokeng.com/gadgets/flip-mobiles-phones-blackberry-motorola-lg/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.j-cellular.com/","external_links_name":"\"Unlocked Cell Phones\""},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/gadgets/cellphones/diy-change-the-color-of-blackberry-pearl-trackball-239814.php","external_links_name":"https://gizmodo.com/gadgets/cellphones/diy-change-the-color-of-blackberry-pearl-trackball-239814.php"},{"Link":"http://www.pepper.pk/lednotifier/","external_links_name":"http://www.pepper.pk/lednotifier/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091227063602/http://www.pepper.pk/lednotifier/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://bestboyz.de/unboxing-ausgepackt-blackberry-pearl-8220-flip/","external_links_name":"High resolution pictures of BlackBerry Pearl 8220 Flip at BestBoyZ.de"},{"Link":"http://www.blackberrypearl.com/","external_links_name":"BlackBerry Pearl"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100306032202/http://na.blackberry.com/eng/devices/blackberrypearl8100/pearl_specifications.jsp","external_links_name":"BlackBerry Specifications"},{"Link":"https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1895,2009811,00.asp","external_links_name":"Consumer-focused review of the BlackBerry Pearl"},{"Link":"http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=203101718","external_links_name":"Under the Hood: BlackBerry wins handset data-rate bakeoff"},{"Link":"http://www.pcworld.ca/news/column/29acec7f0a010408014218758ce82110/pg1.htm","external_links_name":"Top Canadian Smartphones and Cell Phones"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081007135008/http://demos.blackberry.com/8110/eu/en/o2/","external_links_name":"An official RIM interactive demo of the BlackBerry Pearl 8110"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081007135031/http://demos.blackberry.com/8120/eu/en/o2/","external_links_name":"An official RIM interactive demo of the BlackBerry Pearl 8120"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081021002049/http://demos.blackberry.com/8100/eu/en/o2/","external_links_name":"An official RIM interactive demo of the original BlackBerry Pearl 8100"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566678405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007004324","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dappi	Dappi	["1 Background","2 False claims and defamation","3 Revelation and aftermath","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]	LDP-funded smear campaign against Japan's progressives Dappi (@dappi2019)Type of siteTwitter accountAvailable inJapaneseOwnerEmployee of Ones QuestURLtwitter.com/dappi2019LaunchedJune 2019Current statusInactive Dappi (@dappi2019) was an anonymous Twitter account that conducted smear campaigns against progressive opposition parties in Japan between 2019 and 2021. During this period, the account posted highly biased tweets designed to discredit and undermine the reputation of the country's progressives while simultaneously praising the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and conservative opposition parties. While active on Twitter, Dappi made a number of false or defamatory claims aimed at swaying public opinion against progressive opposition parties, which led to the targeted individuals filing a lawsuit. In 2021, it was revealed that the account was operated by a company with close ties to the LDP. Background Dappi was active on Twitter between June 2019 and October 2021. During this period, the account posted over 5,000 tweets, mostly praising the LDP and conservative opposition parties such as Nippon Ishin no Kai and attacking progressive opposition parties such as the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP) and the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) through false claims and defamation. The goal of the tweets was to sway public opinion against the progressives. The account's profile read, "I love Japan. I hate the biased mass media." Media outlets critical of the LDP were also targeted, and Dappi had criticized what it perceived as biased reporting by The Asahi Shimbun and Mainichi Shimbun, among others. While operating anonymously, Dappi amassed around 176,000 followers as of November 2021. The account was highly influential, attracting attention from members of the National Diet. Almost all tweets were posted during regular office hours, roughly between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. JST, and rarely on weekends, leading to speculation that the account was not an individual activity and that there was a coordinated or organized effort behind it. In July 2020, the Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office responded to a freedom of information request seeking government records related to Dappi by refusing to confirm or deny the existence of such records, citing concerns that doing so could potentially "impede the effective execution" of their duties and "pose a significant risk to national security". According to Newsweek, the wording of the response, which indirectly implied a connection between the account and the agency, further deepened suspicions surrounding Dappi. The account was deleted by November 3, 2023. False claims and defamation Dappi had been criticized for posting highly biased video clips that were edited out of context, creating a false impression or misrepresentation of opposition parties and media outlets: In October 2020, Dappi posted a tweet falsely claiming that an employee of the Ministry of Finance's Kinki Local Finance Bureau had committed suicide after House of Councillors members Hiroyuki Konishi and Hideya Sugio from the CDP "grilled him for an hour" over a public document tampering scandal involving the government's land sale to a nationalist school operator. No such meeting had taken place. Konishi and Sugio later filed a defamation lawsuit against the company behind Dappi (see § Revelation and aftermath). During a party leaders' debate in June 2021, Yukio Edano, the leader of the CDP, criticized Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga for diverting the discussion with personal memories of the 1964 Olympics. Dappi manipulated this criticism by tweeting a selectively edited video clip of the debate, in which the portion where Suga talked about the Olympics was completely removed. This manipulation falsely implied that Edano rejected discussions on COVID-19. BuzzFeed News conducted a fact-check and confirmed that Dappi's tweet was false. Revelation and aftermath In 2021, Hiroyuki Konishi and Hideya Sugio, members of the CDP in the House of Councillors, filed lawsuits against Twitter and an Internet service provider at the Tokyo District Court, seeking the identity of the entity or individual responsible for Dappi's October 2020 tweet falsely accusing Konishi and Sugio of driving a Ministry of Finance employee to suicide. In September, the court ruled in favor of the two lawmakers and ordered the disclosure of the requested information. The company behind the account was identified as Ones Quest (ワンズクエスト), an Internet company headquartered in Tokyo. On October 6, they filed a lawsuit against Ones Quest at the Tokyo District Court, seeking damages for defamation. Ones Quest was engaged in business transactions with the LDP. According to a political income and expenditure report published by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, the LDP's Tokyo metropolitan chapter made five payments totaling ¥4.04 million (US$29,100) to Ones Quest between March and August 2021. The report also shows the LDP chapter had expenditures of around ¥780,000 in 2020. There is speculation that Dappi was part of the LDP's efforts to manipulate public opinion online. The LDP has denied the allegations. Ones Quest later admitted that one of its employees was responsible for Dappi's tweets, but denied any institutional involvement in the account, claiming the tweets were the private activities of an employee and unrelated to company operations. See also Fake news website Internet manipulation Internet Research Agency Japanese nationalism Kawai election fraud scandal Netto-uyoku Propaganda State-sponsored Internet propaganda Troll farm Notes ^ The account ceased activity after retweeting Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga's tweet announcing the lifting of the COVID-19 state of emergency on October 1, 2021. References ^ a b c d Hatachi, Kota (October 11, 2021). 野党批判を繰り返すアカウント「Dappi」の運営法人? 自民党支部や国会議員が取引、政治資金収支報告書などで明らかに . BuzzFeed News (in Japanese). Retrieved June 7, 2023. ^ a b c 「Dappiのツイートは名誉毀損」立憲議員がウェブ関連会社提訴 . The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). October 13, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2023. ^ a b c Schäfer, Fabian (January 15, 2022). "Japan's Shift to the Right: Computational Propaganda, Abe Shinzō's LDP, and Internet Right-Wingers (Netto Uyo)". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 20 (2). Retrieved June 7, 2023. ^ a b "LDP chapter paid firm sued over 'defamatory' tweet". The Asahi Shimbun. November 24, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2023. ^ a b c d e 「Dappi」裁判、被告企業「ツイートは従業員が私的に投稿」と主張今回も出廷せず . Tokyo Shimbun (in Japanese). February 28, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2023. ^ a b 野党攻撃ツイッター「Dappi」が自民党と取引⁉ 正体はIT企業ネット工作まん延か . Tokyo Shimbun (in Japanese). October 13, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2023. ^ a b 「ネットと政治」の闇拡散する誹謗中傷やフェイク、私たちの対処法は? (in Japanese). Tokyo Broadcasting System. October 19, 2021. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2023. ^ Kota, Hatachi (October 14, 2021). 「ご質問のアカウントは全く知りません」自民・小渕氏がDappiとの関係否定。法人とは「HPメンテ以外お付き合いない」 . BuzzFeed News (in Japanese). Retrieved June 8, 2023. ^ "Japan to crack down on stealth marketing, target all media". The Asahi Shimbun. December 25, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2023. ... anonymous posts on a Twitter account intended to sway public opinion, such as the Dappi account assailing opposition parties ... ^ a b c d e "The curious relationship between a popular pro-gov't Twitter account and Japan's LDP". The Mainichi. November 13, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2023. ^ a b Dappiのツイート、誰が投稿? 平日に作業集中、頻出単語は... . Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). December 3, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2023. ^ Watanabe, Tsuyoshi (November 15, 2021). なぜ人々は野党・マスコミ批判のSNSアカウントに惹かれる? マスメディアに代わる"疑似環境"を求めるユーザーたち . Aera. Retrieved June 8, 2023. ^ Fujisaki, Masato (October 16, 2021). 岸田首相はDappi疑惑を放置して衆院選を戦うのか . Column. Newsweek Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ "デマ拡散『Dappi』アカウント消える名誉毀損訴訟で敗訴、岸田首相は調査を否定「最後まで卑怯」の声". THE CHUNICHI SPORTS (in Japanese). Chunichi Shimbun Co., Ltd. November 4, 2023. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023. ^ Hatachi, Kota (June 10, 2021). 党首討論「哀れな枝野」と拡散の動画は誤り。菅首相の「東京五輪の思い出」が編集され全カットに . Fact Check. BuzzFeed News (in Japanese). Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ "Web firm asks court to dismiss CDP lawmakers' defamation case". The Asahi Shimbun. December 13, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2023. ^ Dappiの議員中傷会社側「従業員が勝手に」地裁口頭弁論 . Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). February 28, 2022.	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I hate the biased mass media.\"[10] Media outlets critical of the LDP were also targeted,[11] and Dappi had criticized what it perceived as biased reporting by The Asahi Shimbun and Mainichi Shimbun, among others.[12]While operating anonymously, Dappi amassed around 176,000 followers as of November 2021.[10] The account was highly influential, attracting attention from members of the National Diet.[1]Almost all tweets were posted during regular office hours, roughly between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. JST, and rarely on weekends, leading to speculation that the account was not an individual activity[3] and that there was a coordinated or organized effort behind it.[1]In July 2020, the Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office responded to a freedom of information request seeking government records related to Dappi by refusing to confirm or deny the existence of such records, citing concerns that doing so could potentially \"impede the effective execution\" of their duties and \"pose a significant risk to national security\". According to Newsweek, the wording of the response, which indirectly implied a connection between the account and the agency, further deepened suspicions surrounding Dappi.[13]The account was deleted by November 3, 2023.[14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyo-np20220228-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"House of Councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Councillors"},{"link_name":"Hiroyuki Konishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiroyuki_Konishi_(politician,_born_1972)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%B9%8B"},{"link_name":"Hideya Sugio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideya_Sugio"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"§ Revelation and aftermath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Revelation_and_aftermath"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainichi-11"},{"link_name":"Yukio Edano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukio_Edano"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Yoshihide Suga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga"},{"link_name":"1964 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"BuzzFeed News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed_News"},{"link_name":"fact-check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checking"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Dappi had been criticized for posting highly biased[3] video clips that were edited out of context,[5] creating a false impression or misrepresentation of opposition parties and media outlets:[11]In October 2020, Dappi posted a tweet falsely claiming that an employee of the Ministry of Finance's Kinki Local Finance Bureau had committed suicide after House of Councillors members Hiroyuki Konishi [ja] and Hideya Sugio from the CDP \"grilled him for an hour\" over a public document tampering scandal involving the government's land sale to a nationalist school operator. No such meeting had taken place. Konishi and Sugio later filed a defamation lawsuit against the company behind Dappi (see § Revelation and aftermath).[10]\nDuring a party leaders' debate in June 2021, Yukio Edano, the leader of the CDP, criticized Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga for diverting the discussion with personal memories of the 1964 Olympics. Dappi manipulated this criticism by tweeting a selectively edited video clip of the debate, in which the portion where Suga talked about the Olympics was completely removed. This manipulation falsely implied that Edano rejected discussions on COVID-19. BuzzFeed News conducted a fact-check and confirmed that Dappi's tweet was false.[15]","title":"False claims and defamation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hiroyuki Konishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiroyuki_Konishi_(politician,_born_1972)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%B9%8B"},{"link_name":"Hideya Sugio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideya_Sugio"},{"link_name":"House of Councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Councillors"},{"link_name":"Internet service provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"Tokyo District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_District_Court"},{"link_name":"Dappi's October 2020 tweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#False_claims_and_defamation"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainichi-11"},{"link_name":"Internet company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_company"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyo-np-7"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainichi-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainichi20220228-18"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyo-np20220228-6"}],"text":"In 2021, Hiroyuki Konishi [ja] and Hideya Sugio, members of the CDP in the House of Councillors, filed lawsuits against Twitter and an Internet service provider at the Tokyo District Court, seeking the identity of the entity or individual responsible for Dappi's October 2020 tweet falsely accusing Konishi and Sugio of driving a Ministry of Finance employee to suicide.[16] In September, the court ruled in favor of the two lawmakers and ordered the disclosure of the requested information.[10]The company behind the account was identified as Ones Quest (ワンズクエスト), an Internet company headquartered in Tokyo.[2] On October 6, they filed a lawsuit against Ones Quest at the Tokyo District Court, seeking damages for defamation.[6]Ones Quest was engaged in business transactions with the LDP. According to a political income and expenditure report published by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, the LDP's Tokyo metropolitan chapter made five payments totaling ¥4.04 million (US$29,100) to Ones Quest between March and August 2021. The report also shows the LDP chapter had expenditures of around ¥780,000 in 2020.[4] There is speculation that Dappi was part of the LDP's efforts to manipulate public opinion online.[10] The LDP has denied the allegations.[7]Ones Quest later admitted that one of its employees was responsible for Dappi's tweets, but denied any institutional involvement in the account,[17] claiming the tweets were the private activities of an employee and unrelated to company operations.[5]","title":"Revelation and aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Yoshihide Suga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buzzfeed-1"}],"text":"^ The account ceased activity after retweeting Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga's tweet announcing the lifting of the COVID-19 state of emergency on October 1, 2021.[1]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Fake news website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news_website"},{"title":"Internet manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_manipulation"},{"title":"Internet Research Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency"},{"title":"Japanese nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_nationalism"},{"title":"Kawai election fraud scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kawai_election_fraud_scandal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E4%BA%95%E5%A4%AB%E5%A6%BB%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E9%81%95%E5%8F%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6"},{"title":"Netto-uyoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netto-uyoku"},{"title":"Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"title":"State-sponsored Internet propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda"},{"title":"Troll farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_farm"}]	[{"reference":"Hatachi, Kota (October 11, 2021). 野党批判を繰り返すアカウント「Dappi」の運営法人? 自民党支部や国会議員が取引、政治資金収支報告書などで明らかに [Operating entity of Dappi, the account repeatedly attacking the opposition: clear connections with LDP branches and members of the National Diet exposed in political funding reports]. BuzzFeed News (in Japanese). Retrieved June 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/kotahatachi/dappi-1","url_text":"野党批判を繰り返すアカウント「Dappi」の運営法人? 自民党支部や国会議員が取引、政治資金収支報告書などで明らかに"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed_News","url_text":"BuzzFeed News"}]},{"reference":"「Dappiのツイートは名誉毀損」立憲議員がウェブ関連会社提訴 [CDP members file lawsuit against web company over defamatory tweets by Dappi]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). October 13, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASPBF6G9XPBFUTIL03Q.html","url_text":"「Dappiのツイートは名誉毀損」立憲議員がウェブ関連会社提訴"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun","url_text":"The Asahi Shimbun"}]},{"reference":"Schäfer, Fabian (January 15, 2022). \"Japan's Shift to the Right: Computational Propaganda, Abe Shinzō's LDP, and Internet Right-Wingers (Netto Uyo)\". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 20 (2). Retrieved June 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apjjf.org/2022/2/Schfer.html","url_text":"\"Japan's Shift to the Right: Computational Propaganda, Abe Shinzō's LDP, and Internet Right-Wingers (Netto Uyo)\""}]},{"reference":"\"LDP chapter paid firm sued over 'defamatory' tweet\". The Asahi Shimbun. November 24, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14776254","url_text":"\"LDP chapter paid firm sued over 'defamatory' tweet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun","url_text":"The Asahi Shimbun"}]},{"reference":"「Dappi」裁判、被告企業「ツイートは従業員が私的に投稿」と主張今回も出廷せず [Dappi trial: Defendant company claims \"tweets were posted privately by an employee,\" fails to appear in court again]. Tokyo Shimbun (in Japanese). February 28, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/162482","url_text":"「Dappi」裁判、被告企業「ツイートは従業員が私的に投稿」と主張今回も出廷せず"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Shimbun","url_text":"Tokyo Shimbun"}]},{"reference":"野党攻撃ツイッター「Dappi」が自民党と取引⁉ 正体はIT企業ネット工作まん延か [Is the opposition-targeting Twitter account Dappi affiliated with the LDP? The truth revealed: It is an IT company involved in online manipulation]. Tokyo Shimbun (in Japanese). October 13, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/136538","url_text":"野党攻撃ツイッター「Dappi」が自民党と取引⁉ 正体はIT企業ネット工作まん延か"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Shimbun","url_text":"Tokyo Shimbun"}]},{"reference":"「ネットと政治」の闇拡散する誹謗中傷やフェイク、私たちの対処法は? [The dark side of the Internet and politics: How do we deal with the spread of defamation and fake news?] (in Japanese). Tokyo Broadcasting System. October 19, 2021. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211020033906/https://news.tbs.co.jp/newseye/tbs_newseye4385373.htm","url_text":"「ネットと政治」の闇拡散する誹謗中傷やフェイク、私たちの対処法は?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System","url_text":"Tokyo Broadcasting System"},{"url":"https://news.tbs.co.jp/newseye/tbs_newseye4385373.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kota, Hatachi (October 14, 2021). 「ご質問のアカウントは全く知りません」自民・小渕氏がDappiとの関係否定。法人とは「HPメンテ以外お付き合いない」 [LDP's Kobuchi denies any connection with Dappi: \"I have no knowledge of the account\"]. BuzzFeed News (in Japanese). Retrieved June 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/kotahatachi/dappi-4","url_text":"「ご質問のアカウントは全く知りません」自民・小渕氏がDappiとの関係否定。法人とは「HPメンテ以外お付き合いない」"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed_News","url_text":"BuzzFeed News"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan to crack down on stealth marketing, target all media\". The Asahi Shimbun. December 25, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2023. ... anonymous posts on a Twitter account intended to sway public opinion, such as the Dappi account assailing opposition parties ...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14801715","url_text":"\"Japan to crack down on stealth marketing, target all media\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun","url_text":"The Asahi Shimbun"}]},{"reference":"\"The curious relationship between a popular pro-gov't Twitter account and Japan's LDP\". The Mainichi. November 13, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20211113/p2a/00m/0na/030000c","url_text":"\"The curious relationship between a popular pro-gov't Twitter account and Japan's LDP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mainichi","url_text":"The Mainichi"}]},{"reference":"Dappiのツイート、誰が投稿? 平日に作業集中、頻出単語は... [Dappi's tweets: who posted them?]. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). December 3, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASPD26CY9PC8ULEI004.html","url_text":"Dappiのツイート、誰が投稿? 平日に作業集中、頻出単語は..."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun","url_text":"Asahi Shimbun"}]},{"reference":"Watanabe, Tsuyoshi (November 15, 2021). なぜ人々は野党・マスコミ批判のSNSアカウントに惹かれる? マスメディアに代わる\"疑似環境\"を求めるユーザーたち [Why are people drawn to opposition party and media–criticizing social media accounts? People seeking an alternative \"virtual environment\" in place of mainstream media]. Aera. Retrieved June 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dot.asahi.com/aera/2021110800061.html?page=1","url_text":"なぜ人々は野党・マスコミ批判のSNSアカウントに惹かれる? マスメディアに代わる\"疑似環境\"を求めるユーザーたち"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aera_(magazine)","url_text":"Aera"}]},{"reference":"Fujisaki, Masato (October 16, 2021). 岸田首相はDappi疑惑を放置して衆院選を戦うのか [Will Prime Minister Kishida ignore the Dappi scandal and proceed to the Lower House election?]. Column. Newsweek Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved June 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/fujisaki/2021/10/dappi.php","url_text":"岸田首相はDappi疑惑を放置して衆院選を戦うのか"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek_Japan","url_text":"Newsweek Japan"}]},{"reference":"\"デマ拡散『Dappi』アカウント消える名誉毀損訴訟で敗訴、岸田首相は調査を否定「最後まで卑怯」の声\". THE CHUNICHI SPORTS (in Japanese). Chunichi Shimbun Co., Ltd. November 4, 2023. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/801646","url_text":"\"デマ拡散『Dappi』アカウント消える名誉毀損訴訟で敗訴、岸田首相は調査を否定「最後まで卑怯」の声\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231106121749/https://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/801646","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hatachi, Kota (June 10, 2021). 党首討論「哀れな枝野」と拡散の動画は誤り。菅首相の「東京五輪の思い出」が編集され全カットに [Fake video clip circulating online with caption \"Pathetic Edano\": Prime Minister Suga's \"memories of the Tokyo Olympics\" completely edited out]. Fact Check. BuzzFeed News (in Japanese). Retrieved June 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/kotahatachi/toshu-toron","url_text":"党首討論「哀れな枝野」と拡散の動画は誤り。菅首相の「東京五輪の思い出」が編集され全カットに"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed_News","url_text":"BuzzFeed News"}]},{"reference":"\"Web firm asks court to dismiss CDP lawmakers' defamation case\". The Asahi Shimbun. December 13, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14501152","url_text":"\"Web firm asks court to dismiss CDP lawmakers' defamation case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun","url_text":"The Asahi Shimbun"}]},{"reference":"Dappiの議員中傷会社側「従業員が勝手に」地裁口頭弁論 [Company claims \"employees acted independently\" in Dappi defamation case: District Court holds oral arguments]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). February 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mainichi.jp/articles/20220228/k00/00m/040/079000c","url_text":"Dappiの議員中傷会社側「従業員が勝手に」地裁口頭弁論"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun","url_text":"Mainichi Shimbun"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://twitter.com/dappi2019","external_links_name":"twitter.com/dappi2019"},{"Link":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/kotahatachi/dappi-1","external_links_name":"野党批判を繰り返すアカウント「Dappi」の運営法人? 自民党支部や国会議員が取引、政治資金収支報告書などで明らかに"},{"Link":"https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASPBF6G9XPBFUTIL03Q.html","external_links_name":"「Dappiのツイートは名誉毀損」立憲議員がウェブ関連会社提訴"},{"Link":"https://apjjf.org/2022/2/Schfer.html","external_links_name":"\"Japan's Shift to the Right: Computational Propaganda, Abe Shinzō's LDP, and Internet Right-Wingers (Netto Uyo)\""},{"Link":"https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14776254","external_links_name":"\"LDP chapter paid firm sued over 'defamatory' tweet\""},{"Link":"https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/162482","external_links_name":"「Dappi」裁判、被告企業「ツイートは従業員が私的に投稿」と主張今回も出廷せず"},{"Link":"https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/136538","external_links_name":"野党攻撃ツイッター「Dappi」が自民党と取引⁉ 正体はIT企業ネット工作まん延か"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211020033906/https://news.tbs.co.jp/newseye/tbs_newseye4385373.htm","external_links_name":"「ネットと政治」の闇拡散する誹謗中傷やフェイク、私たちの対処法は?"},{"Link":"https://news.tbs.co.jp/newseye/tbs_newseye4385373.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/kotahatachi/dappi-4","external_links_name":"「ご質問のアカウントは全く知りません」自民・小渕氏がDappiとの関係否定。法人とは「HPメンテ以外お付き合いない」"},{"Link":"https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14801715","external_links_name":"\"Japan to crack down on stealth marketing, target all media\""},{"Link":"https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20211113/p2a/00m/0na/030000c","external_links_name":"\"The curious relationship between a popular pro-gov't Twitter account and Japan's LDP\""},{"Link":"https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASPD26CY9PC8ULEI004.html","external_links_name":"Dappiのツイート、誰が投稿? 平日に作業集中、頻出単語は..."},{"Link":"https://dot.asahi.com/aera/2021110800061.html?page=1","external_links_name":"なぜ人々は野党・マスコミ批判のSNSアカウントに惹かれる? マスメディアに代わる\"疑似環境\"を求めるユーザーたち"},{"Link":"https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/fujisaki/2021/10/dappi.php","external_links_name":"岸田首相はDappi疑惑を放置して衆院選を戦うのか"},{"Link":"https://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/801646","external_links_name":"\"デマ拡散『Dappi』アカウント消える名誉毀損訴訟で敗訴、岸田首相は調査を否定「最後まで卑怯」の声\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231106121749/https://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/801646","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/kotahatachi/toshu-toron","external_links_name":"党首討論「哀れな枝野」と拡散の動画は誤り。菅首相の「東京五輪の思い出」が編集され全カットに"},{"Link":"https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14501152","external_links_name":"\"Web firm asks court to dismiss CDP lawmakers' defamation case\""},{"Link":"https://mainichi.jp/articles/20220228/k00/00m/040/079000c","external_links_name":"Dappiの議員中傷会社側「従業員が勝手に」地裁口頭弁論"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burned_with_cigarettes	Cigarette burns	["1 References"]	Skin injuries caused by cigarettes For other uses, see Cigarette Burns (disambiguation). Self-inflicted cigarette burns Cigarette burns are usually deliberate injuries caused by pressing a lit cigarette or cigar to the skin. They are a common form of child abuse, self-harm, and torture. They are typically round and about 1 centimetre (0.4 in) in diameter, with a hypopigmented center and hyperpigmented periphery. References ^ Faller-Marquardt, Maria; Pollak, Stefan; Schmidt, Ulrike (April 2008). "Cigarette burns in forensic medicine". Forensic Science International. 176 (2–3): 200–208. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.09.006. PMID 17976935. ^ Brittain, Charmaine (2006). Understanding the Medical Diagnosis of Child Maltreatment: A Guide for Nonmedical Professionals. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-19-517217-1. ^ Helfer, Mary Edna; Kempe, Ruth S.; Krugman, Richard D. (1999). The Battered Child. University of Chicago Press. pp. 186–187. ISBN 978-0-226-32623-8. ^ a b Kirschner, Robert; Peel, Michael (2002). "Physical Examination of Late Signs of Torture". In Peel, Michael; Iacopino, Vincent (eds.). The Medical Documentation of Torture. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-84110-068-5. Retrieved 18 June 2023 – via Google Books. ^ Lightcap, T. (2011). The Politics of Torture. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-230-33922-4. ^ "Cigarette burns". DIGNITY - Danish Institute Against Torture. 26 April 2019. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2020. ^ Vij, Krishan (2011). Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology : Principles and Practice, 5/e. Elsevier India. p. 193. ISBN 978-81-312-2684-1. ^ Perera, Priyanjith (April 2007). "Scars of torture: A Sri Lankan study". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 14 (3): 138–145. doi:10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.05.001. PMID 16919991. ^ Danielsen, L; Berger, P (1981). "Torture sequelae located to the skin". Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 61 (1): 43–6. doi:10.2340/00015555614346. PMID 6164213. S2CID 24238975. ^ Clarysse, K.; Grosber, M.; Ring, J.; Gutermuth, J.; Kivlahan, C. (15 April 2019). "Skin lesions, differential diagnosis and practical approach to potential survivors of torture" (PDF). Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 33 (7): 1232–1240. doi:10.1111/jdv.15439. PMID 30659672. S2CID 58606927. This torture-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cigarette Burns (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_Burns_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Automutilation-cigburns.png"},{"link_name":"cigarette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette"},{"link_name":"cigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar"},{"link_name":"child abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"self-harm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-harm"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-documentation-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-documentation-4"}],"text":"For other uses, see Cigarette Burns (disambiguation).Self-inflicted cigarette burnsCigarette burns are usually deliberate injuries caused by pressing a lit cigarette or cigar to the skin. They are a common form of child abuse,[1][2][3] self-harm, and torture.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] They are typically round and about 1 centimetre (0.4 in) in diameter, with a hypopigmented center and hyperpigmented periphery.[4]","title":"Cigarette burns"}]	[{"image_text":"Self-inflicted cigarette burns","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Automutilation-cigburns.png/220px-Automutilation-cigburns.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Faller-Marquardt, Maria; Pollak, Stefan; Schmidt, Ulrike (April 2008). \"Cigarette burns in forensic medicine\". Forensic Science International. 176 (2–3): 200–208. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.09.006. PMID 17976935.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2007.09.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.09.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17976935","url_text":"17976935"}]},{"reference":"Brittain, Charmaine (2006). Understanding the Medical Diagnosis of Child Maltreatment: A Guide for Nonmedical Professionals. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-19-517217-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UmQATCaVbxwC&q=Cigarette+burns&pg=PA45","url_text":"Understanding the Medical Diagnosis of Child Maltreatment: A Guide for Nonmedical Professionals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517217-1","url_text":"978-0-19-517217-1"}]},{"reference":"Helfer, Mary Edna; Kempe, Ruth S.; Krugman, Richard D. (1999). The Battered Child. University of Chicago Press. pp. 186–187. ISBN 978-0-226-32623-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8_PRR8ukU8gC&q=Cigarette+burns&pg=PA187","url_text":"The Battered Child"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32623-8","url_text":"978-0-226-32623-8"}]},{"reference":"Kirschner, Robert; Peel, Michael (2002). \"Physical Examination of Late Signs of Torture\". In Peel, Michael; Iacopino, Vincent (eds.). The Medical Documentation of Torture. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-84110-068-5. Retrieved 18 June 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DsBd-FCgedUC&pg=PA154","url_text":"\"Physical Examination of Late Signs of Torture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84110-068-5","url_text":"978-1-84110-068-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Lightcap, T. (2011). The Politics of Torture. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-230-33922-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TPLMCwAAQBAJ&q=Cigarette+burns&pg=PA165","url_text":"The Politics of Torture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33922-4","url_text":"978-0-230-33922-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Cigarette burns\". DIGNITY - Danish Institute Against Torture. 26 April 2019. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210324105303/https://www.dignity.dk/en/dignitys-work/health-team/torture-methods/cigarette-burns/","url_text":"\"Cigarette burns\""},{"url":"https://www.dignity.dk/en/dignitys-work/health-team/torture-methods/cigarette-burns/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vij, Krishan (2011). Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology : Principles and Practice, 5/e. Elsevier India. p. 193. ISBN 978-81-312-2684-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pOd2EVL5xAwC&q=Cigarette+burns+torture&pg=PA193","url_text":"Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology : Principles and Practice, 5/e"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-312-2684-1","url_text":"978-81-312-2684-1"}]},{"reference":"Perera, Priyanjith (April 2007). \"Scars of torture: A Sri Lankan study\". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 14 (3): 138–145. doi:10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.05.001. PMID 16919991.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcfm.2006.05.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.05.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16919991","url_text":"16919991"}]},{"reference":"Danielsen, L; Berger, P (1981). \"Torture sequelae located to the skin\". Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 61 (1): 43–6. doi:10.2340/00015555614346. PMID 6164213. S2CID 24238975.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2340%2F00015555614346","url_text":"\"Torture sequelae located to the skin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2340%2F00015555614346","url_text":"10.2340/00015555614346"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6164213","url_text":"6164213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24238975","url_text":"24238975"}]},{"reference":"Clarysse, K.; Grosber, M.; Ring, J.; Gutermuth, J.; Kivlahan, C. (15 April 2019). \"Skin lesions, differential diagnosis and practical approach to potential survivors of torture\" (PDF). Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 33 (7): 1232–1240. doi:10.1111/jdv.15439. PMID 30659672. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenatchee_Confluence_State_Park	Wenatchee Confluence State Park	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 47°27′30″N 120°19′40″W / 47.45833°N 120.32778°W / 47.45833; -120.32778State park in Washington (state), United States Wenatchee Confluence State ParkRock Island Pool of the Columbia River at its confluence with the Wenatchee RiverLocation in the state of WashingtonShow map of Washington (state)Wenatchee Confluence State Park (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationChelan, Washington, United StatesCoordinates47°27′30″N 120°19′40″W / 47.45833°N 120.32778°W / 47.45833; -120.32778Area197 acres (80 ha)EstablishedUnspecifiedOperatorWashington State Parks and Recreation CommissionWebsiteWenatchee Confluence State Park Wenatchee Confluence State Park is a public recreation area and nature preserve at the north end of the city of Wenatchee in Chelan County, Washington. The state park consists of 197 acres (80 ha) spanning the Wenatchee River at its confluence with the Columbia River. The park is bifurcated by the Wenatchee River into north and south sections that are connected by a footbridge. The north section, located in Sunnyslope, is suburban and recreational while the south section, located in West Wenatchee, is a man-made wetland area designated as the Horan Natural Area. The park is operated by the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission under lease from the Chelan County Public Utility District, which owns the land. Park offerings include camping, boating, fishing, swimming, and various sports activities. The Apple Capital Recreation Loop Trail runs through the park and connects it to downtown Wenatchee. References ^ a b "Wenatchee Confluence State Park". Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. Retrieved February 29, 2016. ^ Tate, Cassandra (November 23, 2005). "Wenatchee Confluence State Park". The Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History. HistoryLink. Retrieved January 7, 2015. ^ "Wenatchee Confluence State Park". Chelan County PUD. Retrieved February 29, 2016. ^ McDonald, Cathy (August 10, 2006). "Apple Capital Recreation Loop Trail". The Seattle Times. p. G13. Retrieved August 21, 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wenatchee Confluence State Park. Wenatchee Confluence State Park Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission Horan Natural Area Brochure Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission vteProtected areas of WashingtonFederalNational Parks Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic National Monuments Hanford Reach (USFWS) Mount St. Helens Volcanic (USFS) San Juan Islands (BLM) National HistoricalParks and Sites Fort Vancouver NHS Klondike Gold Rush NHP Lewis and Clark NHP Manhattan Project NHP Nez Perce NHP San Juan Island NHP Whitman Mission NHS National Historical Reserves Ebey's Landing National Trails Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Pacific Crest Trail Pacific Northwest Trail NPS National Recreation Areas Lake Chelan Lake Roosevelt Ross Lake National Wildlife Refuges Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually Columbia Conboy Lake Copalis Dungeness Flattery Rocks Franz Lake Grays Harbor Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White-Tailed Deer Little Pend Oreille McNary Pierce Protection Island Quillayute Needles Ridgefield Saddle Mountain San Juan Islands Steigerwald Lake Toppenish Turnbull Umatilla Willapa National Forests Colville Gifford Pinchot Idaho Panhandle Kaniksu Mount Baker–Snoqualmie Okanogan–Wenatchee Olympic Umatilla Wenatchee USFS National Recreation Areas Mount Baker National Wilderness Alpine Lakes Boulder River The Brothers Buckhorn Clearwater Colonel Bob Daniel J. Evans Glacier Peak Glacier View Goat Rocks Henry M. Jackson Indian Heaven Juniper Dunes Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Ridge Mount Adams Mount Baker Mount Rainier Mount Skokomish Noisy-Diobsud Norse Peak Pasayten Salmo-Priest San Juan Stephen Mather Tatoosh Trapper Creek Washington Islands Wenaha–Tucannon Wild Sky William O. Douglas Wonder Mountain National Marine Sanctuary andNational Estuarine Research Reserve Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve National Wild and Scenic Rivers Illabot Klickitat Pratt Skagit Snoqualmie White Salmon StateState Parks Alta Lake Anderson Lake Battle Ground Lake Bay View Beacon Rock Belfair Birch Bay Blake Island Blind Island Bogachiel Bottle Beach Bridgeport Bridle Trails Brooks Memorial Cama Beach Camano Island Camp Wooten Retreat Center Cape Disappointment Clark Island Columbia Hills Columbia Plateau Trail Conconully Crawford Curlew Lake Cutts Island Daroga Dash Point Deception Pass Doe Island Dosewallips Doug's Beach Eagle Island Federation Forest Fields Spring Flaming Geyser Forks of the Sky Fort Casey Fort Columbia Fort Ebey Fort Flagler Fort Simcoe Fort Townsend Fort Worden Ginkgo Petrified Forest Goldendale Observatory Grayland Beach Griffiths-Priday Harstine Island Hope Island (Mason County) Hope Island (Skagit County) Ike Kinswa Illahee Iron Horse Jackson House James Island Jarrell Cove Joemma Beach Jones Island Joseph Whidbey Kanaskat-Palmer Kinney Point Kitsap Memorial Klickitat Trail Kopachuck Lake Chelan Lake Easton Lake Lenore Caves Lake Sammamish Lake Sylvia Lake Wenatchee Larrabee Leadbetter Point Lewis and Clark Lewis and Clark Trail Lime Kiln Point Lincoln Rock Lyons Ferry Manchester Maryhill Matia Island Matilda Jackson McMicken Island Millersylvania Moran Mount Pilchuck Mount Spokane Mystery Bay Nolte Obstruction Pass Ocean City Olallie Olmstead Place Pacific Beach Pacific Pines Palouse Falls Palouse to Cascades Paradise Point Patos Island Peace Arch Pearrygin Lake Penrose Point Peshastin Pinnacles Pleasant Harbor Posey Island Potholes Potlatch Rainbow Falls Rasar Reed Island Riverside Rockport Sacajawea Saddlebag Island Saint Edward Saltwater Scenic Beach Schafer Seaquest Sequim Bay Shine Tidelands Skagit Island South Whidbey Spencer Spit Spokane River Centennial Trail Spring Creek Hatchery Squak Mountain Squilchuck Steamboat Rock Steptoe Battlefield Steptoe Butte Stretch Point Stuart Island Sucia Island Sun Lakes-Dry Falls Tolmie Triton Cove Turn Island Twanoh Twenty-Five Mile Creek Twin Harbors Wallace Falls Wanapum Recreational Area Wenatchee Confluence Westport Light Willapa Hills Trail Willie Keil's Grave Yakima Sportsman State Forests Ahtanum Capitol Elbe Hills Green Mountain Loomis Loup Loup Tahuya Teanaway Tiger Mountain Yacolt Burn Natural Area Preserves Admiralty Inlet Badger Gulch Bald Hill Barker Mountain Bone River Camas Meadows Carlisle Bog Castle Rock Charley Creek Chehalis River Surge Plain Chopaka Mountain Clearwater Bogs Cleveland Shrub Steppe Columbia Falls Columbia Hills Crowberry Bog Cypress Highlands Dabob Bay Dailey Prairie Davis Canyon Entiat Slopes Goose Island Gunpowder Island Hamma Hamma Balds Ink Blot Kahlotus Ridgetop Kennedy Creek Kings Lake Bog Kitsap Forest Lacamas Prairie Little Pend Oreille River Marcellus Shrub Steppe Methow Rapids Mima Mounds Monte Cristo Niawiakum River North Bay Oak Patch Olivine Bridge Pinecroft Point Doughty Riverside Breaks Rocky Prairie Sand Island Schumacher Creek Selah Cliffs Skagit Bald Eagle Skookum Inlet Snoqualmie Bog Spring Creek Canyon Trombetta Canyon Trout Lake The Two-Steppe Upper Dry Gulch Washougal Oaks Whitcomb Flats Willapa Divide Natural ResourcesConservation Areas Ashford Cattle Point Clearwater Corridor Cypress Island Devils Lake Dishman Hills Elk River Ellsworth Creek Granite Lakes Hat Island Hendrickson Canyon Klickitat Canyon Lake Louise Loomis Lummi Island Merrill Lake Middle Fork Snoqualmie Morning Star Mount Si Naselle Highlands Queets River Rattlesnake Mountain Scenic Area Shipwreck Point Skamokawa Creek South Nemah South Nolan Stavis Stevenson Ridge Table Mountain Tahoma Forest Teal Slough Washougal Oaks West Tiger Mountain White Salmon Oak Woodard Bay Aquatic Reserves Cherry Point Cypress Island Fidalgo Bay Maury Island Nisqually Reach Protection Island Smith and Minor Islands OtherFormer state parks Damon Point Fay Bainbridge Fort Okanogan Fort Ward Park Griffin Bay Mukilteo Lighthouse Park Osoyoos Lake Veteran's Memorial Park Skull Island Upright Channel Wenberg Westhaven Marine protected areas Blanchard Forest Cascadia Marine Trail The Enchantments Goose Island Les Hilde Trail & Trailheads Little Pend Oreille Maritime Washington National Heritage Area Mount Adams Recreation Area Sehome Hill Arboretum Walker Valley ORV Riding Area Withrow Moraine Yellow Island Category Seattle Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wenatchee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenatchee,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Chelan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelan_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"state park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"},{"link_name":"Wenatchee 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The state park consists of 197 acres (80 ha) spanning the Wenatchee River at its confluence with the Columbia River.[1] The park is bifurcated by the Wenatchee River into north and south sections that are connected by a footbridge. The north section, located in Sunnyslope, is suburban and recreational while the south section, located in West Wenatchee, is a man-made wetland area designated as the Horan Natural Area.[2] The park is operated by the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission under lease from the Chelan County Public Utility District, which owns the land.[3] Park offerings include camping, boating, fishing, swimming, and various sports activities.[1]The Apple Capital Recreation Loop Trail runs through the park and connects it to downtown Wenatchee.[4]","title":"Wenatchee Confluence State Park"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Wenatchee Confluence State Park\". Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%E2%80%99s	Kohl's	["1 History","2 Brands and store layout","3 References","4 External links"]	American department store chain This article is about the department store. For other uses, see Kohl. Kohl's CorporationCompany typePublicTraded asNYSE: KSSS&P 600 componentIndustryRetailFoundedSeptember 12, 1962 (61 years ago) (1962-09-12) in Brookfield, Wisconsin, U.S.FounderMaxwell KohlHeadquartersMenomonee Falls, Wisconsin, U.S.Number of locations1,174 (As of Feb. 3, 2024)Key peopleTom Kingsbury (CEO & Director)ProductsClothing, footwear, jewelry, accessories, beauty products, furniture, decor, bedding, bath, toys, books, appliances, electronics, and housewares.Revenue US$17.47 billion (2023)Operating income US$717 million (2023)Net income US$317 million (2023)Total assets US$14 billion (2023)Total equity US$3.89 billion (2023)Number of employees ~97,000 (2022)Websitewww.kohls.com Kohl's (stylized in all caps) is an American department store retail chain, operated by Kohl's Corporation. It currently has 1,165 locations, operating stores in every U.S. state except Hawaii. The company was founded by Polish immigrant Maxwell Kohl, who opened a corner grocery store in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1927. It went on to become a successful chain in the local area, and in 1962 the company branched out by opening its first department store. British American Tobacco Company took a controlling interest in the company in 1972 while still managed by the Kohl Family, and in 1979, the corporation was sold to BATUS Inc. A group of investors purchased the company in 1986 from British American Tobacco and took it public in 1992. Kohl's is headquartered in the Milwaukee suburb of Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin. It became the largest department store chain in the United States in May 2012, surpassing its biggest competitor J. C. Penney. The company is listed on both the S&P 400 and the Fortune 500. In terms of revenue, the chain was the 23rd-largest retailer in the United States in 2019. As of February 2023, the current CEO is Tom Kingsbury, who accepted the position after serving on an interim basis since December 2022. He replaced Michelle Gass once she took a position with Levi Strauss. History See also: Kohl's Food Stores The exterior of a typical Kohl's department store. Maxwell Kohl, who had operated traditional grocery stores since 1927, built his first supermarket in 1946, the first in what would become a southeastern Wisconsin chain known as Kohl's Food Stores. In September 1962, after building Kohl's Food Stores into the largest supermarket chain in the Milwaukee area, Kohl opened his first department store in Brookfield, Wisconsin. He positioned Kohl's between the higher-end department stores and the discounters, selling everything from candy to engine oil to sporting equipment. In 1972, the British American Tobacco Company's U.S. retail division, Batus Inc., bought a controlling interest in Kohl's Corporation, which at the time operated 50 grocery stores, six department stores, three drug stores, and three liquor stores. The Kohl family, led by Allen Kohl and Herb Kohl, continued to manage the company. Herb Kohl left the management in 1979, eventually becoming a United States senator and owner of the Milwaukee Bucks. The firm then expanded Kohl's presence from 10 to 39 stores in Wisconsin, Illinois and Indiana. The grocery stores were sold to A&P in 1983, operating under the name Kohl's Food Store, and later Kohl's Food Emporium. In February 2003, A&P put the Kohl's Food Stores up for sale, as part of an effort to reduce debt. That same year, A&P closed all Kohl's Food Stores locations and the Kohl family left remaining management. A group of investors, led by the senior management, purchased the company in 1986. Building on the existing 40 department stores, the company added 27 more stores over the next two years. In 1988, the chain acquired 26 locations from the Chicago-based retailer MainStreet, gaining several stores in Chicago's suburbs, the Twin Cities, and Michigan. Kohl's completed its initial public offering on May 19, 1992, and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol KSS. Kohl's in Huntington Beach, California (formerly The Broadway) During the 2000s, Kohl's expanded nationwide to 49 states. Building from 76 stores in the Midwest in 1992, Kohl's expanded into the New York metropolitan area in 2000 after Caldor was liquidated. The chain later expanded into the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex, California in 2003 with 28 new stores, the Pacific Northwest in 2006 with 10 new stores, and the Southeast with 43 new stores opening between 2005 and 2008. To raise money to repurchase its stock and open new stores, Kohl's sold its credit card division in 2006 to J.P. Morgan Chase for $1.5 billion. In 2011, Kohl's replaced Chase with Capital One as their private credit card processing partner for an undisclosed sum. In 2016, Kohl's added the Capital One backed private label Kohl's Card to the Kohl's App to create Kohl's Pay - the first integrated mobile checkout solution for a retailer in US, combining Kohl's Card, Kohl's Cash, Kohl's Yes-2-You Rewards and Kohl's coupons into a single QR Code Payment, with technology powered by Omnyway, Inc (né OmnyPay), a Silicon Valley startup. That same year, Kohl's became the first retailer to include Kohl's Card and Kohl's Rewards in one tap payments with Apple Pay. Kohl's hired New York City advertising agency DeVito/Verdi in 2009 to strengthen the Kohl's brand via a series of national television, online, and social media campaigns. The same year, Newsweek magazine ranked the company 18th overall and first in its industry in its "Green Rankings", an examination of 500 of the largest corporations on their environmental track records. Newsweek remarked that Kohl's had the largest solar power program of any retailer globally, it pursues green building certification, and over 78 locations in six states have solar panels. Kohl's had also begun to sell reusable shopping bags the previous year. Kohl's was awarded $62.5 million in tax credits from the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation in 2012. The retailer was to create 3,000 jobs with the funds, but only created 473. In the same year, Kohl's requested financing from the village of Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, to fund the construction of its new headquarters there. Kohl's received $2 million, the first of five installments that was to equal a total payout of $12 million, but ultimately backed out of the transaction. In 2015, the company opened the first test store of Off/Aisle, a chain built around selling like-new clothing, home goods, jewelry, and accessories that were purchased and returned at Kohl's stores. The stores sold items at discounted prices, and had a more restrictive return policy than typical Kohl's stores. The Off/Aisle stores were ultimately closed in 2019. In early January 2017, Kohl's shares fell 19% in value, in what The Wall Street Journal said was "the stock's worst day on record," and noted that it was a noticeable exception to the overall declining volatility of the market. The company ranked 157th on the 2018 Fortune 500, the annual list of the largest United States corporations, having earned revenues of $19.095 billion in 2017. In that year, Kohl's entered into a partnership with Amazon, which included a program where select stores would accept Amazon returns; in 2019 it was expanded nationwide. In 2018, Kohl's announced a pilot program to lease space to grocer Aldi and, the following year, to fitness center Planet Fitness, alongside up to 10 stores each. On March 16, 2022, it was announced that Hudson's Bay Company and Sycamore Partners were considering bids to buy Kohl's, which its shares jumped 17%. On April 25, 2022, it was announced that Simon Property Group and Brookfield Asset Management, the owners of JCPenney, had set an offer to buy Kohl's. In June 2022, the Franchise Group considered making a bid for the ownership of Kohl's which might result in the sale of the real estate that Kohl's owns to fund the acquisition by the Franchise Group. Kohl's ultimately withdrew from the deal after Franchise Group lowered their bid for the company after finding out that Kohl's had downgraded its outlook for the second fiscal quarter for the company as a result of "softer consumer spending amid decades-high inflation". Despite declining sales of furniture and home goods (the 6.3% decline in February 2024 was the 12th consecutive quarter of decline) Kohl's is enlarging its home assortment by 40% in March 2024. In 2024, Kohl's struck a deal with Babies R Us to add baby supplies, furniture, Graco, Carter's, Fisher-Price and other brands. Brands and store layout Kohl's store brands include diffusion lines from high-end designers such as Dana Buchman, Vera Wang, Narciso Rodriguez, and Peter Som. Celebrities such as Avril Lavigne, Lauren Conrad, Daisy Fuentes, Paula DeAnda, Jennifer Lopez, Britney Spears, Marc Anthony, and Tony Hawk have sold branded clothing exclusively through Kohl's. Kohl's private brands generate nearly half of the firm's $19 billion in annual sales. These include in-house clothing brands such as American Beauty, Apt. 9, Croft & Barrow, Jumping Beans, So, Tek Gear, and Urban Pipeline. The Sonoma Goods for Life brand of apparel and home goods alone is worth over a billion dollars, and Kohl's announced relaunch plans for the brand in 2016. Kohl's has also purchased the exclusive retail rights to existing brands such as Candie's and Mudd Jeans. In 2021, Kohl's made a deal with makeup retailer Sephora, to have certain Kohl's locations have Sephora stores inside of the stores. This is a move to replace their in-house beauty selection. Kohl's uses a "racetrack" layout with a single aisle that circles the entire store, a layout borrowed from discount stores. References ^ a b c d e f "KOHLS Corp 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)" (PDF). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 3, 2024. ^ "Employee count Kohl's 2022". Statista. Retrieved April 4, 2024. ^ a b "Max Kohl". NNDB. Retrieved February 8, 2017. ^ "The Immigrant Learning Center » Kohl". Retrieved February 8, 2017. ^ "Kohl's 50th Anniversary Sale Round-up + Coupon & Kohl's Cash - AL.com". blog.al.com. September 12, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2016. ^ Kohl's Corporation – Consensus Indicates Potential 45.0% Upside, Kohl's, 2021, archived from the original on October 28, 2021, retrieved October 14, 2021 ^ "Kohl's Corporation SEC 10K/A Filing". Kohl's. September 13, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2018. ^ "Fortune 500 2012: Fortune 1000 Companies 101-200". CNN. ^ "Top 100 Retailers (2012)". National Retail Federation. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. ^ Daykin, Tom (June 13, 2002). "1st Kohl's supermarket to be next Lena's". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 28, 2002. ^ Stafford, Roger A. (October 28, 1972). "Kohl Buyer Provides Backing for Growth". Milwaukee Sentinel. p. 6, Part 2 – via Google News. ^ "Control of Kohl Corp. Sold To British-American Unit". The Wall Street Journal. October 30, 1972. p. 15. ProQuest 133697361. Archived from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2017. ^ "Kohl Family to Drop Ties to the Kohl Unit Of BAT Industries Ltd". Wall Street Journal. May 2, 1979. p. 41. ProQuest 134433809. Archived from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2017. ^ "A. & P. to Acquire Kohl's From Batus". The New York Times. August 16, 1983. ^ "Batus Food unit acquired by A&P". WWD. Vol. 146, no. 63. September 29, 1983. p. 8. ProQuest 1445624941. A&P Wednesday finalized its purchase of Kohl Food Stores, Milwaukee-based division of Batus Retail Division. ^ "Local Kohl's Food Stores up for sale; Copps buys Madison stores". Milwaukee Business Journal. February 25, 2003. ^ Kohl's Q4 2013 FactBook. Kohl's. p. 6. Retrieved May 25, 2014. ^ "A&P to close area Kohl's Food Stores". Milwaukee Business Journal. June 13, 2003. ^ "Kohl's 'Driving Force' On the Road to Buyout". The New York Times. May 26, 1986. ^ "Campeau Sells Unit to Kohl's". The New York Times. October 29, 1988. ^ Randle, Wilma (February 22, 1989). "Kohl's to expand MainStreet". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 1, 2009. ^ "Investor Relations - FAQ". Kohl's. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014. Retrieved May 25, 2014. ^ "Kohl's Corporation Announces Initial Public Offering Of Common Stock". PR Newswire (Press release). May 19, 1992. Archived from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016 – via The Free Library. ^ Vizard, Mary McAleer (March 28, 1999). "In the Region/Westchester; Caldor Closings Bring Newcomers, Including Kmart". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2023. ^ Kohl's Q4 2013 FactBook. Kohl's. May 24, 2014. p. 11. ^ "Kohl's Agrees to Sell Credit Card Business". The New York Times. March 7, 2006. ^ Douglas, Danielle (April 10, 2011). "Capital One wins deal to back Kohl's credit cards". The Washington Post. ^ "Payments News and Analysis \| Payments Dive". www.paymentsdive.com. ^ "Kohls Pay Launch News Release.Final.pdf" (PDF). corporate.kohls.com. October 5, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ "Kohl's rolls out its own mobile payments platform, Kohl's Pay". October 5, 2016. ^ "Kohl's integrates loyalty rewards with Apple Pay". Retail Dive. ^ "Kohl's Charge and Yes2You Rewards Now Easy as One Tap in Apple Pay". www.businesswire.com. May 4, 2016. ^ O'Leary, Noreen (November 28, 2012). "Kohl's Confirms Media Agency Review". Adweek. Retrieved June 26, 2016. ^ McGinn, Daniel (September 21, 2009). "Greenest Big Companies in America – The 2009 List". Newsweek. Archived from the original on June 25, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010. ^ "Green Ranking- Kohl's". Newsweek. Archived from the original on September 25, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2010. ^ DeFour, Matthew (June 20, 2015). "WEDC made 27 awards totaling $124.4 million without proper review". Wisconsin State Journal. Retrieved June 23, 2015. ^ Daykin, Tom (November 21, 2013). "Kohl's drops plans for new headquarters building". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved June 23, 2015. ^ Romell, Rick (May 20, 2015). "Kohl's will test off-priced store for returned merchandise". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. ^ "Kohl's to close its discount stores after 4 years in operation". www.msn.com. Retrieved June 12, 2019. ^ Kuriloff, Aaron (January 22, 2017). "How Often Does a Stock Fall 19% in One Day? Not Very Often". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 23, 2017. ^ "Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List". Fortune. Archived from the original on November 10, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2018. ^ Thomas, Lauren (April 23, 2019). "Kohl's is going to accept Amazon returns in all of its stores across the country, starting in July". CNBC. Retrieved May 10, 2019. ^ Meyerson, Nathaniel (March 5, 2019). "Kohl's is shrinking stores and leasing out the extra space to Planet Fitness". CNN Business. CNN. ^ Thomas, Lauren (March 16, 2022). "Kohl's shares jump 17% after reports say Hudson's Bay, Sycamore are preparing bids". CNBC. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ Stein, Sanford. "Simon and Brookfield Pursue Kohl's to Join Rival J.C. Penney". Forbes. Retrieved May 11, 2022. ^ Thomas, Lauren (June 9, 2022). "Here's why Vitamin Shoppe's owner wants to buy Kohl's – and what could happen next". CNBC. ^ Lesk, Sari (June 8, 2022). "Real estate key factor as Kohl's, Franchise Group negotiate potential sale". Milwaukee Business Journal. ^ Thomas, Lauren (June 30, 2022). "Kohl's ends sale talks with Franchise Group, lowers outlook". CNBC. ^ "Kohl's expands home goods assortment by 40%". Retaildive. March 19, 2024. ^ "Babies R Us is coming to about 200 Kohl's stores". CNBC. March 12, 2024. ^ "Vera Wang to design line just for Kohl's". USA Today. The Associated Press. August 24, 2006. ^ Wong, Jada. "Narciso Rodriguez Is Doing A Diffusion Line For Kohl's". Styleite.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ Leibowitz, Laura (September 6, 2013). "Peter Som Kohl's Line Will Be The Next Fast-Fashion Collab To Get All Our Money". The Huffington Post. ^ "Not A Drill: Lauren Conrad Launched Her First Swim Collection". Retrieved September 28, 2017. ^ Wahba, Phil (March 10, 2016). "Kohl's Stakes its Turnaround on Relaunch of Top House Brand". Fortune. Retrieved March 31, 2017. ^ Denton, Jack. "Kohl's Stock Plunged After a Double-Downgrade. Blame Supply-Chain Issues". www.barrons.com. Retrieved October 25, 2021. ^ Epmeier, Bill (June 2, 2009). "A 'racetrack:' would it work for supermarkets? \| Store Equipment & Design \| Find Articles at BNET". Findarticles.com. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009. External links Official website Kohl's corporate website Business data for Kohl's: GoogleSEC filingsYahoo! vteKohl'sBrands Abbey Dawn Adidas American Beauty Apt. 9 Candie's Carter's Chaps Cooking with Calphalon Cuisinart Daisy Fuentes Dana Buchman Dockers Dyson Elle Contemporary Collection Food Network Hang Ten Jennifer Lopez Collection Jumping Beans KitchenAid Marc Anthony Collection Mudd Jeans Nike Rock and Republic Sonoma Tony Hawk Clothing Urban Pipeline Simply Vera Vera Wang People Herb Kohl vteDepartment stores in the United StatesCurrent Bealls (Florida) Belk Bergdorf Goodman Bloomingdale's Boscov's Dillard's Gus Mayer Halls JCPenney Kohl's Loeb's Macy's Neiman Marcus Nordstrom Reynolds Brothers Saks Fifth Avenue Sears Stanley Korshak Von Maur Defunct Associated Dry Goods Bealls (Texas) Century 21 Georg Jensen Inc. 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(USA) Brown & Williamson (USA) Ente Tabacchi Italiani Italy Murray, Sons and Company (UK) Rothmans International (USA) Sold Allied Dunbar British American Racing The Crescent Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft Eagle Star Insurance Farmers Insurance Group Frederick & Nelson Gimbels Kohl's Marshall Field's BrandsCurrent Alain Delon Belinda Benson & Hedges Caballero Caines Carroll's Craven A Cutters Choice Derby du Maurier Dunhill Everest Gunston HB Hollywood Kent Kim King's Kingsway Kool Jadran Lexington Look Lucky Strike Main Mantano MS Newmore Pall Mall Parisienne Peter Stuyvesant Player's Jin Ling Prince Ritz Rothmans Sax State Express 555 Sweet Afton Teddy Tekel Viceroy Vogue Winfield Former Alfa Barclay Belga Elita Free People Jack Bowles James Buchanan Duke Richard Burrows Hugo Cunliffe-Owen Nicandro Durante Sir Joseph Hood, 1st Baronet Jan du Plessis Other British Columbia v Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd Export House 1 Integrated into other British American Tobacco subsidiaries or business entities. Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"all caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_caps"},{"link_name":"department store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store"},{"link_name":"chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_store"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"grocery store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grocery_store"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kohls-at-50-5"},{"link_name":"British American Tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_American_Tobacco"},{"link_name":"Kohl Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Kohl"},{"link_name":"BATUS Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BATUS_Inc."},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company"},{"link_name":"Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menomonee_Falls,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-factbook-6"},{"link_name":"J. C. Penney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Penney"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"S&P 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_400_Index"},{"link_name":"Fortune 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"retailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tom Kingsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kingsbury"},{"link_name":"Michelle Gass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Gass"},{"link_name":"Levi Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"This article is about the department store. For other uses, see Kohl.Kohl's (stylized in all caps) is an American department store retail chain, operated by Kohl's Corporation. It currently has 1,165 locations, operating stores in every U.S. state except Hawaii. The company was founded by Polish immigrant Maxwell Kohl, who opened a corner grocery store in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1927.[3][4] It went on to become a successful chain in the local area, and in 1962 the company branched out by opening its first department store.[5] British American Tobacco Company took a controlling interest in the company in 1972 while still managed by the Kohl Family, and in 1979, the corporation was sold to BATUS Inc. A group of investors purchased the company in 1986 from British American Tobacco and took it public in 1992.Kohl's is headquartered in the Milwaukee suburb of Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin.[6] It became the largest department store chain in the United States in May 2012, surpassing its biggest competitor J. C. Penney.[7] The company is listed on both the S&P 400 and the Fortune 500.[8] In terms of revenue, the chain was the 23rd-largest retailer in the United States in 2019.[9]As of February 2023, the current CEO is Tom Kingsbury, who accepted the position after serving on an interim basis since December 2022. He replaced Michelle Gass once she took a position with Levi Strauss.[3]","title":"Kohl's"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kohl's Food Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s_Food_Stores"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kohl%27s_%E2%80%93_Beaverton,_Oregon.jpg"},{"link_name":"supermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket"},{"link_name":"Kohl's Food Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s_Food_Stores"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Brookfield, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"British American Tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_American_Tobacco"},{"link_name":"Batus Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batus_Inc."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms-1972oct28-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-1972oct30-12"},{"link_name":"Herb Kohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Kohl"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-1979may02-13"},{"link_name":"United States senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_senator"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"A&P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Atlantic_%26_Pacific_Tea_Company"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1983aug16-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwd-1983sep29-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbj-2003feb25-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbj-2003jun13-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1986may26-19"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"MainStreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MainStreet_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"Twin Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1988oct29-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prn-1992may19-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bella_Terra_Kohls.JPG"},{"link_name":"Huntington Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"The Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broadway"},{"link_name":"New York metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Caldor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldor"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas-Fort_Worth_metroplex"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"J.P. Morgan Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-2006mar07-26"},{"link_name":"Capital One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_One"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp-2011apr10-27"},{"link_name":"QR Code Payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_Code_Payment"},{"link_name":"Omnyway, Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omnyway,_Inc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Apple Pay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Pay"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"DeVito/Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeVito/Verdi"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"reusable shopping bags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusable_shopping_bag"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"tax credits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_credits"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Economic_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menomonee_Falls,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-39"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Fortune 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Aldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldi"},{"link_name":"Planet Fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Fitness"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"Sycamore Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycamore_Partners"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Simon Property Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Property_Group"},{"link_name":"Brookfield Asset Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield_Asset_Management"},{"link_name":"JCPenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCPenney"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Franchise Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchise_Group"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"See also: Kohl's Food StoresThe exterior of a typical Kohl's department store.Maxwell Kohl, who had operated traditional grocery stores since 1927, built his first supermarket in 1946, the first in what would become a southeastern Wisconsin chain known as Kohl's Food Stores.[10] In September 1962, after building Kohl's Food Stores into the largest supermarket chain in the Milwaukee area, Kohl opened his first department store in Brookfield, Wisconsin. He positioned Kohl's between the higher-end department stores and the discounters, selling everything from candy to engine oil to sporting equipment.In 1972, the British American Tobacco Company's U.S. retail division, Batus Inc., bought a controlling interest in Kohl's Corporation, which at the time operated 50 grocery stores, six department stores, three drug stores, and three liquor stores.[11][12] The Kohl family, led by Allen Kohl and Herb Kohl, continued to manage the company. Herb Kohl left the management in 1979,[13] eventually becoming a United States senator and owner of the Milwaukee Bucks. The firm then expanded Kohl's presence from 10 to 39 stores in Wisconsin, Illinois and Indiana. The grocery stores were sold to A&P in 1983,[14][15] operating under the name Kohl's Food Store, and later Kohl's Food Emporium. In February 2003, A&P put the Kohl's Food Stores up for sale,[16] as part of an effort to reduce debt. That same year, A&P closed all Kohl's Food Stores locations and the Kohl family left remaining management.[17][18]A group of investors, led by the senior management, purchased the company in 1986.[19] Building on the existing 40 department stores, the company added 27 more stores over the next two years. In 1988, the chain acquired 26 locations from the Chicago-based retailer MainStreet, gaining several stores in Chicago's suburbs, the Twin Cities, and Michigan.[20][21] Kohl's completed its initial public offering on May 19, 1992, and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol KSS.[22][23]Kohl's in Huntington Beach, California (formerly The Broadway)During the 2000s, Kohl's expanded nationwide to 49 states. Building from 76 stores in the Midwest in 1992, Kohl's expanded into the New York metropolitan area in 2000 after Caldor was liquidated.[24] The chain later expanded into the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex, California in 2003 with 28 new stores, the Pacific Northwest in 2006 with 10 new stores, and the Southeast with 43 new stores opening between 2005 and 2008.[25] To raise money to repurchase its stock and open new stores, Kohl's sold its credit card division in 2006 to J.P. Morgan Chase for $1.5 billion.[26] In 2011, Kohl's replaced Chase with Capital One as their private credit card processing partner for an undisclosed sum.[27] In 2016, Kohl's added the Capital One backed private label Kohl's Card to the Kohl's App to create Kohl's Pay - the first integrated mobile checkout solution for a retailer in US, combining Kohl's Card, Kohl's Cash, Kohl's Yes-2-You Rewards and Kohl's coupons into a single QR Code Payment, with technology powered by Omnyway, Inc (né OmnyPay),[28] a Silicon Valley startup.[29][30] That same year, Kohl's became the first retailer to include Kohl's Card and Kohl's Rewards in one tap payments with Apple Pay.[31][32]Kohl's hired New York City advertising agency DeVito/Verdi in 2009 to strengthen the Kohl's brand via a series of national television, online, and social media campaigns.[33] The same year, Newsweek magazine ranked the company 18th overall and first in its industry in its \"Green Rankings\",[34] an examination of 500 of the largest corporations on their environmental track records. Newsweek remarked that Kohl's had the largest solar power program of any retailer globally, it pursues green building certification, and over 78 locations in six states have solar panels. Kohl's had also begun to sell reusable shopping bags the previous year.[35]Kohl's was awarded $62.5 million in tax credits from the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation in 2012. The retailer was to create 3,000 jobs with the funds, but only created 473.[36] In the same year, Kohl's requested financing from the village of Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, to fund the construction of its new headquarters there. Kohl's received $2 million, the first of five installments that was to equal a total payout of $12 million, but ultimately backed out of the transaction.[37]In 2015, the company opened the first test store of Off/Aisle, a chain built around selling like-new clothing, home goods, jewelry, and accessories that were purchased and returned at Kohl's stores. The stores sold items at discounted prices, and had a more restrictive return policy than typical Kohl's stores.[38] The Off/Aisle stores were ultimately closed in 2019.[39]In early January 2017, Kohl's shares fell 19% in value, in what The Wall Street Journal said was \"the stock's worst day on record,\" and noted that it was a noticeable exception to the overall declining volatility of the market.[40] The company ranked 157th on the 2018 Fortune 500, the annual list of the largest United States corporations, having earned revenues of $19.095 billion in 2017.[41] In that year, Kohl's entered into a partnership with Amazon, which included a program where select stores would accept Amazon returns; in 2019 it was expanded nationwide.[42] In 2018, Kohl's announced a pilot program to lease space to grocer Aldi and, the following year, to fitness center Planet Fitness, alongside up to 10 stores each.[43]On March 16, 2022, it was announced that Hudson's Bay Company and Sycamore Partners were considering bids to buy Kohl's, which its shares jumped 17%.[44] On April 25, 2022, it was announced that Simon Property Group and Brookfield Asset Management, the owners of JCPenney, had set an offer to buy Kohl's.[45] In June 2022, the Franchise Group considered making a bid for the ownership of Kohl's which might result in the sale of the real estate that Kohl's owns to fund the acquisition by the Franchise Group.[46][47] Kohl's ultimately withdrew from the deal after Franchise Group lowered their bid for the company after finding out that Kohl's had downgraded its outlook for the second fiscal quarter for the company as a result of \"softer consumer spending amid decades-high inflation\".[48]Despite declining sales of furniture and home goods (the 6.3% decline in February 2024 was the 12th consecutive quarter of decline) Kohl's is enlarging its home assortment by 40% in March 2024.[49]In 2024, Kohl's struck a deal with Babies R Us to add baby supplies, furniture, Graco, Carter's, Fisher-Price and other brands.[50]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diffusion lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_line"},{"link_name":"Dana Buchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Buchman"},{"link_name":"Vera Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Wang"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usa_kohls-51"},{"link_name":"Narciso Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narciso_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-style_kohls-52"},{"link_name":"Peter Som","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Som"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuffPost_kohls-53"},{"link_name":"Avril Lavigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avril_Lavigne"},{"link_name":"Lauren Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Daisy Fuentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Fuentes"},{"link_name":"Paula DeAnda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_DeAnda"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Marc Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Tony Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Candie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candie%27s"},{"link_name":"Mudd Jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudd_Jeans"},{"link_name":"Sephora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephora"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Kohl's store brands include diffusion lines from high-end designers such as Dana Buchman, Vera Wang,[51] Narciso Rodriguez,[52] and Peter Som.[53] Celebrities such as Avril Lavigne, Lauren Conrad, Daisy Fuentes, Paula DeAnda, Jennifer Lopez, Britney Spears, Marc Anthony, and Tony Hawk have sold branded clothing exclusively through Kohl's.[54]Kohl's private brands generate nearly half of the firm's $19 billion in annual sales. These include in-house clothing brands such as American Beauty, Apt. 9, Croft & Barrow, Jumping Beans, So, Tek Gear, and Urban Pipeline. The Sonoma Goods for Life brand of apparel and home goods alone is worth over a billion dollars, and Kohl's announced relaunch plans for the brand in 2016.[55] Kohl's has also purchased the exclusive retail rights to existing brands such as Candie's and Mudd Jeans.In 2021, Kohl's made a deal with makeup retailer Sephora, to have certain Kohl's locations have Sephora stores inside of the stores. This is a move to replace their in-house beauty selection.[56]Kohl's uses a \"racetrack\" layout with a single aisle that circles the entire store, a layout borrowed from discount stores.[57]","title":"Brands and store layout"}]	[{"image_text":"The exterior of a typical Kohl's department store.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kohl%27s_%E2%80%93_Beaverton%2C_Oregon.jpg/220px-Kohl%27s_%E2%80%93_Beaverton%2C_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kohl's in Huntington Beach, California (formerly The Broadway)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bella_Terra_Kohls.JPG/220px-Bella_Terra_Kohls.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"KOHLS Corp 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)\" (PDF). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://s26.q4cdn.com/950703131/files/doc_financials/2023/q4/KSS-10-K-2023-Filed.pdf","url_text":"\"KOHLS Corp 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Employee count Kohl's 2022\". Statista. Retrieved April 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statista.com/statistics/444975/number-of-employees-of-kohl-s/","url_text":"\"Employee count Kohl's 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statista","url_text":"Statista"}]},{"reference":"\"Max Kohl\". NNDB. Retrieved February 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nndb.com/people/985/000170475/","url_text":"\"Max Kohl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NNDB","url_text":"NNDB"}]},{"reference":"\"The Immigrant Learning Center » Kohl\". Retrieved February 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilctr.org/promoting-immigrants/immigrant-entrepreneur-hof/kohl/","url_text":"\"The Immigrant Learning Center » Kohl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kohl's 50th Anniversary Sale Round-up + Coupon & Kohl's Cash - AL.com\". blog.al.com. September 12, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.al.com/bargain-mom/2012/09/kohls_50th_anniversary_sale_ro.html","url_text":"\"Kohl's 50th Anniversary Sale Round-up + Coupon & Kohl's Cash - AL.com\""}]},{"reference":"Kohl's Corporation – Consensus Indicates Potential 45.0% Upside, Kohl's, 2021, archived from the original on October 28, 2021, retrieved October 14, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028170849/https://www.directorstalkinterviews.com/kohls-corporation---consensus-indicates-potential-45.0-upside/4121027919","url_text":"Kohl's Corporation – Consensus Indicates Potential 45.0% Upside"},{"url":"https://www.directorstalkinterviews.com/kohls-corporation---consensus-indicates-potential-45.0-upside/4121027919","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kohl's Corporation SEC 10K/A Filing\". Kohl's. September 13, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180724135408/https://retn.co/us/jcpenney","url_text":"\"Kohl's Corporation SEC 10K/A Filing\""},{"url":"https://retn.co/us/jcpenney","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fortune 500 2012: Fortune 1000 Companies 101-200\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/full_list/101_200.html","url_text":"\"Fortune 500 2012: Fortune 1000 Companies 101-200\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Retailers (2012)\". National Retail Federation. 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Milwaukee Sentinel. p. 6, Part 2 – via Google News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=wZJMF1LD7PcC&dat=19721028&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Kohl Buyer Provides Backing for Growth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Sentinel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News","url_text":"Google News"}]},{"reference":"\"Control of Kohl Corp. Sold To British-American Unit\". The Wall Street Journal. October 30, 1972. p. 15. ProQuest 133697361. Archived from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161007042504/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/133697361.html","url_text":"\"Control of Kohl Corp. Sold To British-American Unit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/133697361","url_text":"133697361"},{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/133697361.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kohl Family to Drop Ties to the Kohl Unit Of BAT Industries Ltd\". Wall Street Journal. May 2, 1979. p. 41. ProQuest 134433809. Archived from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161007042444/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/134433809.html","url_text":"\"Kohl Family to Drop Ties to the Kohl Unit Of BAT Industries Ltd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/134433809","url_text":"134433809"},{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/134433809.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A. & P. to Acquire Kohl's From Batus\". The New York Times. August 16, 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/16/business/a-p-to-acquire-kohl-s-from-batus.html","url_text":"\"A. & P. to Acquire Kohl's From Batus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Batus Food unit acquired by A&P\". WWD. Vol. 146, no. 63. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeos_(disambiguation)	Aeos	["1 See also"]	Aeos or Æos may refer to: Aeos, the mythological horse that drew the Sun Chariot with 3 other horses across the sky with the Greek god Helios, see Helios (god) 3.67 m Advanced Electro Optical System Telescope (AEOS) at the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing observatory Cummins Aeos, the "AEOS", an electric semi-truck tractor unit from Cummins See also AEO (disambiguation) for the singular of Aeos AOS (disambiguation) Eos (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Aeos.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helios (god)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios_(god)"},{"link_name":"3.67 m Advanced Electro Optical System Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.67_m_Advanced_Electro_Optical_System_Telescope"},{"link_name":"Cummins Aeos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins_Aeos"}],"text":"Aeos, the mythological horse that drew the Sun Chariot with 3 other horses across the sky with the Greek god Helios, see Helios (god)\n3.67 m Advanced Electro Optical System Telescope (AEOS) at the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing observatory\nCummins Aeos, the \"AEOS\", an electric semi-truck tractor unit from Cummins","title":"Aeos"}]	[]	[{"title":"AEO (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEO_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"AOS (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOS_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Eos (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eos_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Aeos&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Aeos&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Waters_(1941_film)	Stormy Waters (1941 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Style","4 Personnel","5 Release","6 References","7 External links"]	1941 French film directed by Jean Grémillon For the American silent film, see Stormy Waters (1928 film). RemorquesStormy WatersTheatrical posterDirected byJean GrémillonWritten byJacques Prévert (scenario & dialogue)André Cayatte (adaptation)StarringJean GabinMadeleine RenaudMichèle MorganCinematographyArmand ThirardEdited byYvonne MartinMusic byAlexis Roland-ManuelProductioncompaniesMAIC SedisDistributed byFilms Sonores Tobis Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (US)Release dates 27 November 1941 (1941-11-27) (France) 15 June 1946 (1946-06-15) (U.S.) Running time81 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrench Remorques (English title: Stormy Waters) is a 1941 French drama film directed by Jean Grémillon. The screenplay was written by Jacques Prévert (scenario and dialogue) and André Cayatte (adaptation), based on the novel by Roger Vercel. The film stars Jean Gabin, Madeleine Renaud and Michèle Morgan. It was shot at the Billancourt Studios in Paris and on location around Finistère in Brittany including at Brest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Alexandre Trauner. It was distributed in France by the Paris subsidiary of the German Tobis Film company. After the Second World War it was given an American release by MGM. Plot André is the dedicated captain of a tugboat, his mission being to salvage vessels in distress before competitors do, but his wife Yvonne is weary of being a sea-widow and wants him to spend more time with her. Called out to save a cargo ship in a violent storm, he takes on board most of the crew, including the captain's wife, and is towing the vessel towards harbour when its captain cuts the towline to avoid having to pay for rescue. André returns the crew, except for the wife who refuses to go back, and fells the crooked captain with a punch. The wife takes a room in a hotel, where André calls to make sure she is all right: her name is Catherine and currents flow between the two. As Yvonne becomes more demanding, the prospect of visiting Catherine becomes more appealing and soon André is neglecting both wife and job. The crisis comes when it is revealed that Yvonne's obsessive behaviour is because she is mortally ill. Catherine hastily packs and leaves town, while Yvonne dies in André's arms. Having lost both lover and spouse, all André has left is his boat as he departs in a storm to answer another SOS call. Cast Jean Gabin as Captain André Laurent Madeleine Renaud as Yvonne Laurent Michèle Morgan as Catherine Charles Blavette as Gabriel Tanguy Jean Marchat as Marc, captain of the 'Mirva' Nane Germon as Renée Tanguy Jean Dasté as Le radio René Bergeron as Georges Henri Poupon as Le docteur Maulette Anne Laurens as Marie Poubennec Marcel Pérès as Le Meur Marcel Duhamel as Pierre Poubennec Henri Pons as Roger Sinoël as L'armateur Fernand Ledouxas Kerlo, the boatswain Jean Gabin as André Laurent is a strong and effective captain because of his confidence portrayed to the audience. Madeleine Renaud as Yvonne, his wife, is stoic about Andre's devotion to his job rather than to their marriage. Michèle Morgan, as Catherine, is desire personified because she is opposite to Yvonne's character, she embodies all the traits Yvonne rejectsand “appears to fear nothing”. Catherine exists between the worlds of both men and women as “a creature of the sea” aligning herself in a workforce that is not open to women. In Yvonne and Andre's relationship there exists a conflict between “work … and love”. When Catherine and André meet on a beach, this scene represents “liberty without limits” a contrast to the entrapment of Yvonne's apartment and the rigors of Andre's position as captain. Style Remorques has developed a reputation as a film that defies simple categorization. " is a work that dons many different genre guises and then quickly abandons them." The film grazes multiple genres without settling neatly into any one, be it drama, melodrama, tragedy, action-adventure, poetic realist film, war-time film, histoire d'amour fou, or simply romance. This evasion of precise classification may well have its basis in Grémillon himself, having formerly been trained as a musician before his discovery of filmmaking. Akin to other filmmakers given to experimentation and the avant-garde, Grémillon "was inclined to liken cinema to poetry and music, rather than to other narrative art forms." Rather than to view filmmaking as possessing clear guidelines, Grémillon ostensibly chose to view the production of his work as manifestly an exercise in creativity, setting out "rather to mix naturalistic aspects, including location photography and realistic storylines, with careful visual and dramatic stylisation." Despite Grémillon's musical background, however, it is said that Prévert resented the director's decision to impose "a rather religious music" upon the poet's text appearing on-screen at the end of the film. Grémillion uses camera angles to show the hard work performed on salvage ships, and he does this by filming multiple scenes of the ship at work. He utilizes different parts of the boat like the engine room, the deck, and the kitchen to create a “narrative emphasis on the importance of work”. He expands on this through the quality of food he has the actors eat in the kitchen scene having them eat “loaves of peasant bread” to portray the everyday life of the crew on a salvage ship. Personnel The creative powers behind Remorques were not secured from the beginning. Only upon the insistence of lead actor Jean Gabin was the nationally beloved and celebrated poet Jacques Prévert recruited for the film's scriptwriting, who would in turn replace the previous attempts of Charles Spaak and then André Cayette. Prévert's unique creative efforts found fortuitous compatibility with Grémillon's vision for the film's realization while Gabin himself was "the biggest box office draw in French Cinema at the time and had given his first commercial success with Gueule d'amour." Gabin's celebrity, as well as his singular proficiency in bringing to life the sort of male character typical of a Grémillon film, found a harmonious match with up-and-coming co-lead Michèle Morgan. Aside from the vocational competence shared by each, the actors' on-screen chemistry evidently found some basis within their personal, off-screen lives. When it had become known to each that the other had been cast for their respective roles, Gabin had offered to meet Morgan privately before the film's shooting had begun. Morgan herself recalled: "We flirted like lovers: our eyes never lost contact, our hands grazed without daring to really touch. Our laughter was forced and embarrassed, the silences dense. Every word was full of undertones." Release The release date of Remorques had been pushed back to the Second World War. It was released in United States on June 15, 1946, five years after the initial French release. Although the film could stand confidently upon the capabilities and public recognition of its cast, the release of Remorques unhappily coincided with the then recent invasion and occupation of the Third Reich. Once in power, the Nazis had demanded that the film be withdrawn from theaters. In the end, however, the film would win its deserved acclaim and would secure "Grémillon's place as one of France's leading filmmakers during its darkest years." References ^ "Stormy Waters". unifrance.org. Retrieved 2014-01-25. ^ a b c d Martin, John (1983). The Golden Age of Cinema 1929 - 1939. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 102. ^ a b Seiller, Geneviève. Remorques: Pas de place pour les femmes. pp. 155–164. ^ Gerke, Greg (November 27, 2014). "Jean Grémillon's Wartime Melancholia". MUBI. ^ Horwitz, Jonah (September 8, 2015). "Jean Grémillon's REMORQUES: A Film Out of Time". Cinematheque. Retrieved April 10, 2023. ^ Heath, Roderick (February 27, 2017). "Remorques (1941)". Film Freedonia. Retrieved April 10, 2023. ^ "Remorques (1941) de Jean Grémillon". L'Oeil sur l'écran. October 2, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2023. ^ a b Travers, James (2002). "Remorques (1941)". FrenchFilms.org. Retrieved April 10, 2023. ^ Harriss, Joseph (2023). "Storm Clouds of War". University Press of Kentucky: 110–120. doi:10.2307/j.ctv30c9fnz.14. ^ "Jean Grémillon, le méconnu (1902-1959)". Séquences (20): 24. February 1960 – via Érudit. External links Remorques at Films de France Stormy Waters at IMDb Stormy Waters at AllMovie Remorques at FilmCan vteThe films of Jean Grémillon Misdeal (1928) The Lighthouse Keepers (1929) Little Lise (1930) Dainah the Mulatto (1932) Our Lady of Sorrows (1934) Royal Waltz (1936) Lady Killer (1937) The Strange Monsieur Victor (1938) Stormy Waters (1941) Summer Light (1943) The Woman Who Dared (1944) White Paws (1949) The Strange Madame X (1951) The Love of a Woman (1953)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stormy Waters (1928 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Waters_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Jean Grémillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gr%C3%A9millon"},{"link_name":"Jacques Prévert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Pr%C3%A9vert"},{"link_name":"André Cayatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Cayatte"},{"link_name":"Roger Vercel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Vercel"},{"link_name":"Jean Gabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gabin"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Renaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Renaud"},{"link_name":"Michèle Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Morgan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Billancourt Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billancourt_Studios"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"on location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_shooting"},{"link_name":"Finistère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Trauner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Trauner"},{"link_name":"Tobis Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobis_Film"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"MGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM"}],"text":"For the American silent film, see Stormy Waters (1928 film).Remorques (English title: Stormy Waters) is a 1941 French drama film directed by Jean Grémillon. The screenplay was written by Jacques Prévert (scenario and dialogue) and André Cayatte (adaptation), based on the novel by Roger Vercel. The film stars Jean Gabin, Madeleine Renaud and Michèle Morgan.[1]It was shot at the Billancourt Studios in Paris and on location around Finistère in Brittany including at Brest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Alexandre Trauner. It was distributed in France by the Paris subsidiary of the German Tobis Film company. After the Second World War it was given an American release by MGM.","title":"Stormy Waters (1941 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"André is the dedicated captain of a tugboat, his mission being to salvage vessels in distress before competitors do, but his wife Yvonne is weary of being a sea-widow and wants him to spend more time with her. Called out to save a cargo ship in a violent storm, he takes on board most of the crew, including the captain's wife, and is towing the vessel towards harbour when its captain cuts the towline to avoid having to pay for rescue. André returns the crew, except for the wife who refuses to go back, and fells the crooked captain with a punch.The wife takes a room in a hotel, where André calls to make sure she is all right: her name is Catherine and currents flow between the two. As Yvonne becomes more demanding, the prospect of visiting Catherine becomes more appealing and soon André is neglecting both wife and job. The crisis comes when it is revealed that Yvonne's obsessive behaviour is because she is mortally ill. Catherine hastily packs and leaves town, while Yvonne dies in André's arms. Having lost both lover and spouse, all André has left is his boat as he departs in a storm to answer another SOS call.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Gabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gabin"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Renaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Renaud"},{"link_name":"Michèle Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Charles Blavette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Blavette"},{"link_name":"Jean Marchat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Marchat"},{"link_name":"Nane Germon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nane_Germon"},{"link_name":"Jean Dasté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dast%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Henri Poupon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poupon"},{"link_name":"Marcel Duhamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duhamel"},{"link_name":"Sinoël","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino%C3%ABl"},{"link_name":"Fernand Ledouxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Ledoux"},{"link_name":"Jean Gabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gabin"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Renaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Renaud"},{"link_name":"Michèle Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Morgan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"}],"text":"Jean Gabin as Captain André Laurent\nMadeleine Renaud as Yvonne Laurent\nMichèle Morgan as Catherine\nCharles Blavette as Gabriel Tanguy\nJean Marchat as Marc, captain of the 'Mirva'\nNane Germon as Renée Tanguy\nJean Dasté as Le radio\nRené Bergeron as Georges\nHenri Poupon as Le docteur Maulette\nAnne Laurens as Marie Poubennec\nMarcel Pérès as Le Meur\nMarcel Duhamel as Pierre Poubennec\nHenri Pons as Roger\nSinoël as L'armateur\nFernand Ledouxas Kerlo, the boatswainJean Gabin as André Laurent is a strong and effective captain because of his confidence portrayed to the audience. Madeleine Renaud as Yvonne, his wife, is stoic about Andre's devotion to his job rather than to their marriage. Michèle Morgan, as Catherine, is desire personified because she is opposite to Yvonne's character, she embodies all the traits Yvonne rejectsand “appears to fear nothing”.[2] Catherine exists between the worlds of both men and women as “a creature of the sea”[2] aligning herself in a workforce that is not open to women. In Yvonne and Andre's relationship there exists a conflict between “work … and love”.[3] When Catherine and André meet on a beach, this scene represents “liberty without limits” a contrast to the entrapment of Yvonne's apartment and the rigors of Andre's position as captain.[3]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"}],"text":"Remorques has developed a reputation as a film that defies simple categorization. \"[Remorques] is a work that dons many different genre guises and then quickly abandons them.\"[4] The film grazes multiple genres without settling neatly into any one, be it drama, melodrama, tragedy, action-adventure, poetic realist film, war-time film, histoire d'amour fou, or simply romance. This evasion of precise classification may well have its basis in Grémillon himself, having formerly been trained as a musician before his discovery of filmmaking. Akin to other filmmakers given to experimentation and the avant-garde, Grémillon \"was inclined to liken cinema to poetry and music, rather than to other narrative art forms.\"[5] Rather than to view filmmaking as possessing clear guidelines, Grémillon ostensibly chose to view the production of his work as manifestly an exercise in creativity, setting out \"rather to mix naturalistic aspects, including location photography and realistic storylines, with careful visual and dramatic stylisation.\"[6]Despite Grémillon's musical background, however, it is said that Prévert resented the director's decision to impose \"a rather religious music\"[7] upon the poet's text appearing on-screen at the end of the film.Grémillion uses camera angles to show the hard work performed on salvage ships, and he does this by filming multiple scenes of the ship at work. He utilizes different parts of the boat like the engine room, the deck, and the kitchen to create a “narrative emphasis on the importance of work”.[2] He expands on this through the quality of food he has the actors eat in the kitchen scene having them eat “loaves of peasant bread”[2] to portray the everyday life of the crew on a salvage ship.","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Spaak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Spaak"},{"link_name":"André Cayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Cayatte"},{"link_name":"Gueule d'amour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueule_d%27amour"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The creative powers behind Remorques were not secured from the beginning. Only upon the insistence of lead actor Jean Gabin was the nationally beloved and celebrated poet Jacques Prévert recruited for the film's scriptwriting, who would in turn replace the previous attempts of Charles Spaak and then André Cayette. Prévert's unique creative efforts found fortuitous compatibility with Grémillon's vision for the film's realization while Gabin himself was \"the biggest box office draw in French Cinema at the time and had given [Grémillon] his first commercial success with [1937's] Gueule d'amour.\"[8]Gabin's celebrity, as well as his singular proficiency in bringing to life the sort of male character typical of a Grémillon film, found a harmonious match with up-and-coming co-lead Michèle Morgan. Aside from the vocational competence shared by each, the actors' on-screen chemistry evidently found some basis within their personal, off-screen lives. When it had become known to each that the other had been cast for their respective roles, Gabin had offered to meet Morgan privately before the film's shooting had begun. Morgan herself recalled: \"We flirted like lovers: our eyes never lost contact, our hands grazed without daring to really touch. Our laughter was forced and embarrassed, the silences dense. Every word was full of undertones.\"[9]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"text":"The release date of Remorques had been pushed back to the Second World War. It was released in United States on June 15, 1946, five years after the initial French release.Although the film could stand confidently upon the capabilities and public recognition of its cast, the release of Remorques unhappily coincided with the then recent invasion and occupation of the Third Reich. Once in power, the Nazis had demanded that the film be withdrawn from theaters.[10]In the end, however, the film would win its deserved acclaim and would secure \"Grémillon's place as one of France's leading filmmakers during its darkest years.\"[8]","title":"Release"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Stormy Waters\". unifrance.org. Retrieved 2014-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.unifrance.org/movie/4479/stormy-waters","url_text":"\"Stormy Waters\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, John (1983). The Golden Age of Cinema 1929 - 1939. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 102.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Seiller, Geneviève. Remorques: Pas de place pour les femmes. pp. 155–164.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gerke, Greg (November 27, 2014). \"Jean Grémillon's Wartime Melancholia\". MUBI.","urls":[{"url":"https://mubi.com/notebook/posts/jean-gremillons-wartime-melancholia","url_text":"\"Jean Grémillon's Wartime Melancholia\""}]},{"reference":"Horwitz, Jonah (September 8, 2015). \"Jean Grémillon's REMORQUES: A Film Out of Time\". Cinematheque. Retrieved April 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cinema.wisc.edu/blog/2015/09/08/jean-gr%C3%A9millons-remorques-film-out-time","url_text":"\"Jean Grémillon's REMORQUES: A Film Out of Time\""}]},{"reference":"Heath, Roderick (February 27, 2017). \"Remorques (1941)\". Film Freedonia. Retrieved April 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmfreedonia.com/2017/02/27/remorques-1941/","url_text":"\"Remorques (1941)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remorques (1941) de Jean Grémillon\". L'Oeil sur l'écran. October 2, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://films.oeil-ecran.com/2010/10/02/remorques/","url_text":"\"Remorques (1941) de Jean Grémillon\""}]},{"reference":"Travers, James (2002). \"Remorques (1941)\". FrenchFilms.org. Retrieved April 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frenchfilms.org/review/remorques-1941.html","url_text":"\"Remorques (1941)\""}]},{"reference":"Harriss, Joseph (2023). \"Storm Clouds of War\". University Press of Kentucky: 110–120. doi:10.2307/j.ctv30c9fnz.14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv30c9fnz.14","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctv30c9fnz.14"}]},{"reference":"\"Jean Grémillon, le méconnu (1902-1959)\". Séquences (20): 24. February 1960 – via Érudit.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/sequences/1960-n20-sequences1152525/52142ac/","url_text":"\"Jean Grémillon, le méconnu (1902-1959)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://en.unifrance.org/movie/4479/stormy-waters","external_links_name":"\"Stormy Waters\""},{"Link":"https://mubi.com/notebook/posts/jean-gremillons-wartime-melancholia","external_links_name":"\"Jean Grémillon's Wartime Melancholia\""},{"Link":"https://cinema.wisc.edu/blog/2015/09/08/jean-gr%C3%A9millons-remorques-film-out-time","external_links_name":"\"Jean Grémillon's REMORQUES: A Film Out of Time\""},{"Link":"https://filmfreedonia.com/2017/02/27/remorques-1941/","external_links_name":"\"Remorques (1941)\""},{"Link":"https://films.oeil-ecran.com/2010/10/02/remorques/","external_links_name":"\"Remorques (1941) de Jean Grémillon\""},{"Link":"http://www.frenchfilms.org/review/remorques-1941.html","external_links_name":"\"Remorques (1941)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv30c9fnz.14","external_links_name":"10.2307/j.ctv30c9fnz.14"},{"Link":"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/sequences/1960-n20-sequences1152525/52142ac/","external_links_name":"\"Jean Grémillon, le méconnu (1902-1959)\""},{"Link":"http://filmsdefrance.com/FDF_Remorques.html","external_links_name":"Remorques"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034093/","external_links_name":"Stormy Waters"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v47051","external_links_name":"Stormy Waters"},{"Link":"http://ottawa.film-can.com/cgi-bin/main/mview.cgi?FID=REM-7","external_links_name":"Remorques"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Le_Mans_Series_season	2008 Le Mans Series	["1 Schedule","2 Season results","3 Teams Championships","3.1 LMP1 Standings","3.2 LMP2 Standings","3.3 GT1 Standings","3.4 GT2 Standings","4 Drivers Championships","4.1 LMP1 Standings","4.2 LMP2 Standings","4.3 GT1 Standings","4.4 GT2 Standings","5 Confirmed entries","5.1 LMP1","5.2 LMP2","5.3 GT1","5.4 GT2","6 References","7 External links"]	2008 Le Mans Series Previous 2007 Next 2009 The 2008 Le Mans Series was the fifth season of ACO's Le Mans Series. It was a series for Le Mans Prototype and Grand Touring style cars broken into 4 classes: LMP1, LMP2, GT1, and GT2. It ran from 6 April to 14 September 2008 with five rounds taking place. Schedule The 2008 schedule remained largely unchanged from that of 2007, except for Circuit de Catalunya replacing Circuit de Valencia for the Spanish round. A large gap was built into the schedule between May and August to better allow teams to prepare for and recover from the 2008 24 Hours of Le Mans. An additional race was announced at a later date, with a 1000 km event in Shanghai. This event however would not replace the Mil Milhas Brasil round, but was instead to be a stand-alone event as a precursor to a new Asian Le Mans Series planned for 2009. Points for the Le Mans Series would not be awarded but class winners would gain automatic entry to the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans. The race was cancelled and was later rescheduled be held on 8 November 2009, because of conflicts with the 2008 Summer Olympics schedule. Rnd Race Circuit Date - LMS Official Test Paul Ricard HTTT 2 March3 March 1 1000 km of Catalunya Circuit de Catalunya 6 April 2 1000 km of Monza Autodromo Nazionale di Monza 27 April 3 1000 km of Spa Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps 11 May 4 1000 km of Nürburgring Nürburgring 17 August 5 1000 km of Silverstone Silverstone Circuit 14 September Sources: Season results Overall winners in bold. Rnd Circuit LMP1 Winning Team LMP2 Winning Team GT1 Winning Team GT2 Winning Team Results LMP1 Winning Drivers LMP2 Winning Drivers GT1 Winning Drivers GT2 Winning Drivers 1 Catalunya #7 Team Peugeot Total #34 Van Merksteijn Motorsport #72 Luc Alphand Aventures #96 Virgo Motorsport Results Nicolas Minassian Marc Gené Jos Verstappen Peter van Merksteijn Luc Alphand Guillaume Moreau Patrice Goueslard Rob Bell Gianmaria Bruni 2 Monza #8 Team Peugeot Total #31 Team Essex #59 Team Modena #91 Farnbacher Racing Results Stéphane Sarrazin Pedro Lamy John Nielsen Casper Elgaard Antonio García Tomáš Enge Lars-Erik Nielsen Allan Simonsen Richard Westbrook 3 Spa #7 Team Peugeot Total #34 Van Merksteijn Motorsport #72 Luc Alphand Aventures #96 Virgo Motorsport Results Nicolas Minassian Marc Gené Jacques Villeneuve Jos Verstappen Peter van Merksteijn Olivier Beretta Guillaume Moreau Patrice Goueslard Rob Bell Gianmaria Bruni 4 Nürburgring #8 Team Peugeot Total #34 Van Merksteijn Motorsport #59 Team Modena #96 Virgo Motorsport Results Stéphane Sarrazin Pedro Lamy Jos Verstappen Jeroen Bleekemolen Antonio García Tomáš Enge Rob Bell Gianmaria Bruni 5 Silverstone #1 Audi Team Joest #34 Van Merksteijn Motorsport #59 Team Modena #96 Virgo Motorsport Results Allan McNish Rinaldo Capello Jos Verstappen Peter van Merksteijn Antonio García Tomáš Enge Rob Bell Jaime Melo Source: Teams Championships Points were awarded to the top eight finishers in the order of 10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1. Unlike the American Le Mans Series, where teams with multiple entries scored the points of their highest finishing entry in each race, teams with multiple entries did not have their cars combined and each entry number was scored separately in the championship. Cars which failed to complete 70% of the winner's distance were not awarded points. The top two finishers in each team championship earned automatic entry to the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans. LMP1 Standings Pos No Team Chassis Engine Rnd 1 Rnd 2 Rnd 3 Rnd 4 Rnd 5 Total 1 #2 Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R10 TDI Audi 5.5 L Turbo V12 (Diesel) 2 2 2 3 4 35 2 #7 Team Peugeot Total Peugeot 908 HDi FAP Peugeot 5.5 L Turbo V12 (Diesel) 1 5 1 2 Ret 32 3 #1 Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R10 TDI Audi 5.5 L Turbo V12 (Diesel) 5 6 4 4 1 27 4 #8 Team Peugeot Total Peugeot 908 HDi FAP Peugeot 5.5 L Turbo V12 (Diesel) 8 1 Ret 1 11 21 5 #10 Charouz Racing System Lola B08/60 Aston Martin 6.0 L V12 3 8 10 5 2 19 6 #16 Pescarolo Sport Pescarolo 01 Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5 L V10 4 Ret 5 Ret 3 15 7 #15 Creation AIM Creation CA07 AIM (Judd) YS5.5 5.5 L V10 - 4 6 7 5 14 8 #17 Pescarolo Sport Pescarolo 01 Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5 L V10 6 3 Ret 8 6 13 9 #6 Team Oreca-Matmut Courage-Oreca LC70 Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5 L V10 Ret Ret 3 Ret 10 6 10= #5 Team Oreca-Matmut Courage-Oreca LC70 Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5 L V10 Ret Ret - 6 7 5 10= #18 Rollcentre Racing Pescarolo 01 Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5 L V10 7 7 9 9 8 5 12 #20 Epsilon Euskadi Epsilon Euskadi ee1 Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5 L V10 10 Ret 7 12 Ret 2 13 #4 Saulnier Racing Pescarolo 01 Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5 L V10 Ret Ret 8 11 9 1 - #14 Creation AIM Creation CA07 AIM (Judd) YS5.5 5.5 L V10 11 DNS - 10 Ret 0 - #3 Scuderia Lavaggi Lavaggi LS1 AER P32C 4.0 L Turbo V8 Ret - Ret NC - 0 - #21 Epsilon Euskadi Epsilon Euskadi ee1 Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5 L V10 - - - NC† 12 0 - #19 Chamberlain-Synergy Motorsport Lola B06/10 AER P32C 4.0 L Turbo V8 9 - - - - 0 LMP2 Standings Pos No Team Chassis Engine Rnd 1 Rnd 2 Rnd 3 Rnd 4 Rnd 5 Total 1 #34 Van Merksteijn Motorsport Porsche RS Spyder Evo Porsche MR6 3.4 L V8 1 2 1 1 1 48 2 #31 Team Essex Porsche RS Spyder Evo Porsche MR6 3.4 L V8 3 1 3 3 5 32 3 #27 Horag Racing Porsche RS Spyder Evo Porsche MR6 3.4 L V8 6 3 2 12 2 25 4= #35 Saulnier Racing Pescarolo 01 Judd DB 3.4 L V8 5 5 4 2 9 21 4= #25 Ray Mallock Ltd. MG-Lola EX265MG-Lola EX265C MG (AER) XP21 2.0 L Turbo I4 4 4 6 6 4 21 6 #40 Quifel ASM Team Lola B05/40 AER P07 2.0 L Turbo I4 9 7 Ret 5 3 12 7 #33 Speedy Racing Team Sebah Lola B08/80 Judd DB 3.4 L V8 2 9 NC† 9 Ret 8 8 #41 Trading Performance Zytek 07S/2 Zytek ZG348 3.4 L V8 8 Ret 5 10 7 7 9 #45 Embassy Racing Embassy WF01 Zytek ZG348 3.4 L V8 Ret 8 Ret 7 6 6 10 #46 Embassy Racing Embassy WF01 Zytek ZG348 3.4 L V8 Ret Ret Ret 4 11 5 11= #44 Kruse Schiller Motorsport Lola B05/40 Mazda MZR-R 2.0 L Turbo I4 Ret 6 DNS 11 8 4 11= #26 Team Bruichladdich Radical Radical SR9 AER P07 2.0 L Turbo I4 7 Ret 7 13 10 4 13 #32 Barazi-Epsilon Zytek 07S/2 Zytek ZG348 3.4 L V8 Ret Ret Ret 8 Ret 1 - #37 WR Salini WR LMP2008 Zytek ZG348 3.4 L V8 10 Ret DNQ Ret Ret 0 - #30 Racing Box Lucchini LMP2008 Judd XV675 3.4 L V8 NC Ret - - - 0 GT1 Standings Pos No Team Chassis Engine Rnd 1 Rnd 2 Rnd 3 Rnd 4 Rnd 5 Total 1 #72 Luc Alphand Aventures Chevrolet Corvette C6.R Chevrolet LS7-R 7.0 L V8 1 3 1 2 3 42 2 #59 Team Modena Aston Martin DBR9 Aston Martin 6.0 L V12 Ret 1 3 1 1 36 3 #55 IPB Spartak Racing Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT Lamborghini 6.0 L V12 3 4 2 Ret 2 27 4 #61 Strakka Racing Aston Martin DBR9 Aston Martin 6.0 L V12 - - 4 - 4 10 5 #50 Larbre Compétition Saleen S7-R Ford 7.0 L V8 2 - - - - 8 6 #73 Luc Alphand Aventures Chevrolet Corvette C6.R Chevrolet LS7-R 7.0 L V8 Ret 3 Ret Ret - 6 GT2 Standings Pos No Team Chassis Engine Rnd 1 Rnd 2 Rnd 3 Rnd 4 Rnd 5 Total 1 #96 Virgo Motorsport Ferrari F430 GT2 Ferrari 4.0 L V8 1 Ret 1 1 1 40 2 #77 Team Felbermayr-Proton Porsche 997 GT3-RSR Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6 2 6 2 2 2 35 3 #90 Farnbacher Racing Ferrari F430 GT2 Ferrari 4.0 L V8 4 2 Ret 10 3 19 4 #99 JMB Racing Ferrari F430 GT2 Ferrari 4.0 L V8 6 3 5 4 9 18 5 #76 IMSA Performance Matmut Porsche 997 GT3-RSR Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6 3 DSQ 6 3 Ret 15 6 #85 Snoras Spyker Squadron Spyker C8 Laviolette GT2-R Audi 4.0 L V8 5 NC 9 5 4 13 7= #94 Speedy Racing Team Sebah Spyker C8 Laviolette GT2-R Audi 4.0 L V8 Ret 4 4 Ret 8 11 7= #98 JMB Racing Ferrari F430 GT2 Ferrari 4.0 L V8 10 5 7 7 6 11 9= #91 Farnbacher Racing Porsche 997 GT3-RSR Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6 Ret 1 Ret Ret Ret 10 9= #88 Team Felbermayr-Proton Porsche 997 GT3-RSR Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6 9 Ret 3 9 5 10 11= #75 IMSA Performance Matmut Porsche 997 GT3-RSR Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6 7 Ret Ret 6 Ret 5 11= #95 James Watt Automotive Porsche 997 GT3-RSR Porsche 3.8 L Flat-6 8 7 8 8 Ret 5 13 #93 James Watt Automotive Aston Martin V8 Vantage GT2 Aston Martin 4.5 L V8 DNS - - - 7 2 Drivers Championships Points were awarded to the top 8 finishers in the order of 10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1. Drivers who did not drive for at least 45 minutes do not receive points. LMP1 Standings Alexandre Prémat and Mike Rockenfeller won the LMP1 title, despite not winning a race. Pos Driver Team Rnd 1 Rnd 2 Rnd 3 Rnd 4 Rnd 5 Total 1= Alexandre Prémat Audi Sport Team Joest 2 2 2 3 4 35 1= Mike Rockenfeller Audi Sport Team Joest 2 2 2 3 4 35 3= Nicolas Minassian Team Peugeot Total 1 5 1 2 Ret 32 3= Marc Gené Team Peugeot Total 1 5 1 2 Ret 32 5= Allan McNish Audi Sport Team Joest 5 6 4 4 1 27 5= Rinaldo Capello Audi Sport Team Joest 5 6 4 4 1 27 7= Stéphane Sarrazin Team Peugeot Total 8 1 Ret 1 Ret 21 7= Pedro Lamy Team Peugeot Total 8 1 Ret 1 Ret 21 9= Jan Charouz Charouz Racing System 3 8 10 5 2 19 9= Stefan Mücke Charouz Racing System 3 8 10 5 2 19 11 Jean-Christophe Boullion Pescarolo Sport 4 Ret 5 Ret 3 15 12 Stuart Hall Creation AIM 11 4 6 7 5 14 13= Harold Primat Pescarolo Sport 6 3 NC† 8 6 13 13= Christophe Tinseau Pescarolo Sport 6 3 NC† 8 6 13 15 Jacques Villeneuve Team Peugeot Total 1 10 16 Emmanuel Collard Pescarolo Sport 4 Ret 5 Ret 9 17 Robbie Kerr Creation AIM 4 6 8 18= Olivier Panis Team Oreca-Matmut Ret Ret 3 NC† 10 6 18= Nicolas Lapierre Team Oreca-Matmut Ret Ret 3 NC† 10 6 18= Romain Dumas Pescarolo Sport 3 6 18= Jamie Campbell-Walter Creation AIM 11 DNS 7 5 6 22= Bruce Jouanny Creation AIM 4 5 22= Soheil Ayari Team Oreca-Matmut Ret Ret 6 7 5 22= Stéphane Ortelli Team Oreca-Matmut Ret Ret 6 7 5 22= Vanina Ickx Rollcentre Racing 7 7 9 9 8 5 26 Martin Short Rollcentre Racing 7 7 9 4 27= Loïc Duval Team Oreca-Matmut 6 3 27= João Barbosa Rollcentre Racing 7 9 9 8 3 29= Duncan Tappy Rollcentre Racing 7 2 29= Ángel Burgueño Epsilon Euskadi 10 Ret 7 12 Ret 2 29= Miguel Ángel de Castro Epsilon Euskadi 10 Ret 7 12 Ret 2 32= Jacques Nicolet Saulnier Racing Ret Ret 8 11 9 1 32= Marc Faggionato Saulnier Racing Ret Ret 8 1 32= Richard Hein Saulnier Racing Ret Ret 8 11 9 1 32= Charlie Hollings Rollcentre Racing 8 1 LMP2 Standings Jos Verstappen won the LMP2 title as part of Van Merksteijn Motorsport. Pos Driver Team Rnd 1 Rnd 2 Rnd 3 Rnd 4 Rnd 5 Total 1 Jos Verstappen Van Merksteijn Motorsport 1 2 1 1 1 48 2 Peter van Merksteijn Van Merksteijn Motorsport 1 2 1 1 38 3= John Nielsen Team Essex 3 1 3 3 5 32 3= Casper Elgaard Team Essex 3 1 3 3 5 32 5= Fredy Lienhard Horag Racing 6 3 2 12 2 25 5= Didier Theys Horag Racing 6 3 2 12 2 25 5= Jan Lammers Horag Racing 6 3 2 12 2 25 8= Pierre Ragues Saulnier Racing 5 5 4 2 9 21 8= Matthieu Lahaye Saulnier Racing 5 5 4 2 9 21 8= Mike Newton Ray Mallock Ltd. 4 4 6 6 4 21 8= Thomas Erdos Ray Mallock Ltd. 4 4 6 6 4 21 12= Olivier Pla Quifel ASM Team 9 7 Ret 5 3 12 12= Miguel Amaral Quifel ASM Team 9 7 Ret 5 3 12 14 Jeroen Bleekemolen Van Merksteijn Motorsport 1 10 15= Andrea Belicchi Speedy Racing Team Sebah 2 9 NC† 9 Ret 8 15= Xavier Pompidou Speedy Racing Team Sebah 2 9 NC† 9 Ret 8 15= Steve Zacchia Speedy Racing Team Sebah 2 9 NC† 9 Ret 8 18= Karim Ojjeh Trading Performance 8 Ret 5 10 7 7 18= Claude-Yves Gosselin Trading Performance 8 Ret 5 10 7 7 20 Warren Hughes Embassy Racing Ret 8 Ret 7 6 6 21= Darren Manning Embassy Racing 4 11 5 21= Joey Foster Embassy Racing Ret Ret Ret 4 11 5 21= Julien Schroyen Trading Performance 8 Ret 5 5 21= Jonny Kane Embassy Racing Ret Ret Ret 7 6 5 25= Jean de Pourtalès Kruse Schiller Motorsport Ret 6 DNS 11 8 4 25= Hideki Noda Kruse Schiller Motorsport Ret 6 DNS 11 8 4 25= Jens Petersen Team Bruichladdich Radical 7 Ret 7 13 10 4 25= Jan-Dirk Leuders Team Bruichladdich Radical 7 Ret 7 13 10 4 25= Marc Rostan Team Bruichladdich Radical 7 Ret 7 13 10 4 30 Adam Sharpe Trading Performance 7 2 31= Mario Haberfeld Embassy Racing Ret 8 1 31= Juan Barazi Barazi-Epsilon Ret Ret Ret 8 Ret 1 31= Michael Vergers Barazi-Epsilon Ret Ret Ret 8 Ret 1 31= Fernando Rees Barazi-Epsilon Ret Ret 8 Ret 1 GT1 Standings Guillaume Moreau and Patrice Goueslard won the GT1 title for Luc Alphand Aventures. Pos Driver Team Rnd 1 Rnd 2 Rnd 3 Rnd 4 Rnd 5 Total 1= Guillaume Moreau Luc Alphand Aventures 1 2 1 2 3 42 1= Patrice Goueslard Luc Alphand Aventures 1 2 1 2 3 42 3= Antonio García Team Modena Ret 1 3 1 1 36 3= Tomáš Enge Team Modena Ret 1 3 1 1 36 5= Peter Kox IPB Spartak Racing 3 4 2 Ret 2 27 5= Roman Rusinov IPB Spartak Racing 3 4 2 Ret 2 27 7= Olivier Beretta Luc Alphand Aventures 2 1 Ret 18 7= Luc Alphand Luc Alphand Aventures 1 2 18 9= Peter Hardman Strakka Racing 4 4 10 9= Nick Leventis Strakka Racing 4 4 10 11= Christophe Bouchut Larbre Compétition 2 8 11= Frédéric Makowiecki Larbre Compétition 2 8 11= Patrick Bornhauser Larbre Compétition 2 8 14= Sébastien Dumez Luc Alphand Aventures Ret 3 Ret 6 14= Jean-Luc Blanchemain Luc Alphand Aventures Ret 3 Ret 6 14= Roland Bervillé Luc Alphand Aventures Ret 3 6 17 Darren Turner Strakka Racing 4 5 GT2 Standings Rob Bell won the GT2 title for Virgo Motorsport. Pos Driver Team Rnd 1 Rnd 2 Rnd 3 Rnd 4 Rnd 5 Total 1 Rob Bell Virgo Motorsport 1 Ret 1 1 1 40 2= Marc Lieb Team Felbermayr-Proton 2 6 2 2 2 35 2= Alex Davison Team Felbermayr-Proton 2 6 2 2 2 35 4 Gianmaria Bruni Virgo Motorsport 1 Ret 1 1 30 5= Pierre Kaffer Farnbacher Racing 4 2 Ret 10 3 19 5= Pierre Ehret Farnbacher Racing 4 2 Ret 10 3 19 7 Ben Aucott JMB Racing 6 3 5 4 9 18 8 Stéphane Daoudi JMB Racing 6 3 7 4 9 16 9= Raymond Narac IMSA Performance Matmut 3 DSQ 6 3 Ret 15 9= Richard Lietz IMSA Performance Matmut 3 DSQ 6 3 Ret 15 11= Ralf Kelleners Snoras Spyker Squadron 5 NC 9 5 4 13 11= Alexey Vasilyev Snoras Spyker Squadron 5 NC 9 5 4 13 13= Anthony Beltoise Farnbacher Racing 4 10 3 11 13= Andrea Chiesa Speedy Racing Team Sebah Ret 4 4 Ret 8 11 13= Benjamin Leuenberger Speedy Racing Team Sebah Ret 4 4 Ret 8 11 13= Maurice Basso JMB Racing 10 5 7 7 6 11 13= Peter Kutemann JMB Racing 5 7 7 6 11 18= Lars-Erik Nielsen Farnbacher Racing Ret 1 Ret Ret Ret 10 18= Allan Simonsen Farnbacher Racing Ret 1 Ret Ret 10 18= Richard Westbrook Farnbacher Racing Ret 1 Ret Ret 10 18= Jaime Melo Virgo Motorsport 1 10 18= Horst Felbermayr, Sr. Team Felbermayr-Proton 9 Ret 3 9 5 10 18= Horst Felbermayr, Jr. Team Felbermayr-Proton 9 Ret 3 9 5 10 18= Christian Ried Team Felbermayr-Proton 9 Ret 3 9 5 10 25 Peter Dumbreck Snoras Spyker Squadron 5 NC 9 5 8 26 Tim Sugden James Watt Automotive 7 8 8 7 6 27= Iradj Alexander Speedy Racing Team Sebah 4 5 27= Tom Coronel Snoras Spyker Squadron 4 5 27= Richard Balandras IMSA Performance Matmut 7 Ret Ret 6 Ret 5 27= Michel Lecourt IMSA Performance Matmut 7 Ret Ret 6 Ret 5 27= Jean-Philippe Belloc IMSA Performance Matmut 7 Ret 6 5 27= Paul Daniels James Watt Automotive 8 7 8 8 Ret 5 27= Markus Palttala James Watt Automotive 8 7 8 8 5 34= Mauro Casadei JMB Racing 10 5 4 34= Alain Ferté JMB Racing 5 4 36 Julien Gilbert JMB Racing 6 3 37= Johan-Boris Scheier JMB Racing 7 2 37= Alan van der Merwe James Watt Automotive DNS 7 2 37= Michael Outzen James Watt Automotive DNS 7 2 40 Mikael Forsten James Watt Automotive 8 1 Confirmed entries LMP1 Oreca purchased Courage Compétition on 14 September 2007. Oreca ran two Oreca-Courage LC70s in 2008, with Judd engines replacing AER units. Olivier Panis was one of the team's drivers. Audi announced their intentions to run in the LMS in 2008, pending a marketing agreement for the series which Audi finds favorable. The two-car team was run by Joest Racing. Epsilon Euskadi planned to enter two EE1 coupes in the 2008 season. Creation Autosportif was due to switch to new AIM-built engines in 2008, while also running two cars. On 10 January 2008, Aston Martin announced that it would be moving into the LMP1 category. Using the same engine as the GT1-class DBR9, the prototype was a Lola B08/60 coupe. Charouz Racing System ran the car with assistance from Prodrive, with drivers Tomáš Enge, Jan Charouz, and Stefan Mücke. Swiss Spirit, now under the control of Phoenix Racing, planned a return for their Audi-powered Lola. LMP2 Caspar Elgaard and John Nielsen formed Team Essex, running a Porsche RS Spyder in 2008. Van Merksteijn (VM) Motorsport entered an RS Spyder in the series, driven by Dutchmen Jeroen Bleekemolen, Peter van Merksteijn Sr. and Jos Verstappen. Swiss Horag Racing competed with an RS Spyder, with regular drivers Fredy Lienhard and Didier Theys. Welter Racing returned to the series with an all-new prototype. The WR was powered by a Zytek V8 for the first time. On 23 October 2007, Pescarolo Sport merged with Saulnier Sport to form Pescarolo Automobiles. Besides Pescarolo Sport's two-car LMP1 effort, Pescarolo Automobiles also had an LMP2 team run by Saulnier. Embassy Racing constructed their own cars in 2008, known as the Embassy WF01. The cars will be powered by Zytek engines, and Warren Hughes, Jonny Kane and Joey Foster were to be drivers. Speed Racing Team and Sebah Automotive planned a joint campaign with a new Lola B08/80 under the Speedy Racing Team Sebah banner. Racing Box moved to LMP2 with the purchase of a Lucchini-Judd. GT1 Larbre Compétition were no longer be a factory-backed Aston Martin squad, instead moving to a pair of Oreca-supported Saleen S7-Rs. GT2 Spyker built new coupes (Laviolettes) for the GT2 class, both for their own team as well as replacements for the Speedy Racing Team. References ^ a b "Les Le Mans Series dévoilent leur Calendrier 2008. Barcelona au programme" (in French). Endurance-Info.com. 8 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-12-22. Retrieved 2007-11-08. ^ "Officiel : Le Mans débarque en Chine !" (in French). Endurance-Info. 4 February 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. Retrieved 2008-02-04. ^ "Official site of ACO: Shanghai put off until 2009". ACO. 29 May 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2008-06-19. ^ "European Le Mans Series Calendar 2008". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved 20 January 2024. ^ "LeMans Series (LMS) - Season 2008: Results". Speedsport Magazine. Retrieved 20 January 2024. ^ a b "LeMans Series (LMS) - 2008: Point standings". Speedsport Magazine. Retrieved 20 January 2024. ^ "Oreca announces Courage takeover". Planetlemans.com. 2007-09-14. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Olivier Panis will drive for Team Oreca-Matmut". Planetlemans.com. 2007-12-16. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Audi announces 2008 plans: 3 cars at Le Mans, confirmed ALMS and strong LMS intentions". Planetlemans.com. 30 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Deux Zytek pour Epsilon Sport, et deux Epsilon Euskadi en 2008 ?" (in French). Endurance-Info.com. 16 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 16 December 2007. ^ "Creation Aim for the future". Creation Autosportif. 4 December 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Une Lola B08/60 à moteur Aston Martin pour le Charouz Racing !". Endurance-Info. 10 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2008-01-10. ^ "Le Swiss Spirit récupère sa Lola-Audi et s'allie au team Phoenix pour cette saison !" (in French). Endurance-Info. 9 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2008-01-10. ^ "Team Essex present their RS Spyder". Planetlemans.com. 2007-12-15. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Van Merksteijn Motorsport: the latest news". Planetlemans.com. 2007-12-05. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Verstappen stapt over op Le Mans Series" (in Dutch). GPUpdate.net. 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2011-01-29. ^ "A full circle for Theys, Lienhard". Motorsport.com. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Welter Racing (WR) is back in 2008". Planetlemans.com. 2007-12-06. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Henri Pescarolo and Jacques Nicolet announce the creation of Pescarolo Automobiles". Planetlemans.com. 27 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Embassy will run in 2008...an Embassy!". Planetlemans.com. 2007-09-14. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Zytek engine on the new Embassy prototype". Planetlemans.com. 2007-09-16. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Embassy Racing confirms Kane and Foster for 2008". Planetlemans.com. 21 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-12-05. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Sebah et Speedy Racing s'associent pour engager une Lola B08/80" (in French). Endurance-Info.com. 14 December 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-12-19. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Une Lucchini-Judd pour Racing Box en 2008" (in French). Endurance-Info.com. 2 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Larbre to race Saleens in 2008". Planetlemans.com. 2008-12-27. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ^ "Spyker racet volgend jaar met C8 Laviolette" (in Dutch). FEM Business. 28 December 2007. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2008 in Le Mans Series. Le Mans Series Mariantic - Le Mans Series 2008 News Endurance-Info (French) Planetlemans.com vteEuropean Le Mans SeriesMain topics Automobile Club de l'Ouest 24 Hours of Le Mans FIA World Endurance Championship Classic Endurance Racing Le Mans Cup Classes LMP Classes list LM GTE LMGT3 (from 2024) Le Mans Prototype Challenge 2009 Cup Seasons 2001 (only season) 2003 (one event) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Statistics Champions Circuits	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Mans Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"ACO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Club_de_l%27Ouest"},{"link_name":"Le Mans Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"Le Mans Prototype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype"},{"link_name":"Grand Touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Touring"}],"text":"2008 Le Mans Series\n\nPrevious\n2007\nNext\n2009The 2008 Le Mans Series was the fifth season of ACO's Le Mans Series. It was a series for Le Mans Prototype and Grand Touring style cars broken into 4 classes: LMP1, LMP2, GT1, and GT2. It ran from 6 April to 14 September 2008 with five rounds taking place.","title":"2008 Le Mans Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Circuit de Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_de_Catalunya"},{"link_name":"Circuit de Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_de_Valencia"},{"link_name":"2008 24 Hours of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008EICalendar-1"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Mil Milhas Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Milhas_Brasil"},{"link_name":"Asian Le Mans Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"2009 24 Hours of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The 2008 schedule remained largely unchanged from that of 2007, except for Circuit de Catalunya replacing Circuit de Valencia for the Spanish round. A large gap was built into the schedule between May and August to better allow teams to prepare for and recover from the 2008 24 Hours of Le Mans.[1]An additional race was announced at a later date, with a 1000 km event in Shanghai. This event however would not replace the Mil Milhas Brasil round, but was instead to be a stand-alone event as a precursor to a new Asian Le Mans Series planned for 2009. Points for the Le Mans Series would not be awarded but class winners would gain automatic entry to the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans.[2] The race was cancelled and was later rescheduled be held on 8 November 2009, because of conflicts with the 2008 Summer Olympics schedule.[3]","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Overall winners in bold.","title":"Season results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Le Mans Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008Points-6"},{"link_name":"2009 24 Hours of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"}],"text":"Points were awarded to the top eight finishers in the order of 10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1. Unlike the American Le Mans Series, where teams with multiple entries scored the points of their highest finishing entry in each race, teams with multiple entries did not have their cars combined and each entry number was scored separately in the championship.[6] Cars which failed to complete 70% of the winner's distance were not awarded points.The top two finishers in each team championship earned automatic entry to the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans.","title":"Teams Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"LMP1 Standings","title":"Teams Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"LMP2 Standings","title":"Teams Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"GT1 Standings","title":"Teams Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"GT2 Standings","title":"Teams Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008Points-6"}],"text":"Points were awarded to the top 8 finishers in the order of 10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1.[6] Drivers who did not drive for at least 45 minutes do not receive points.","title":"Drivers Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Premat_Audi_R10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Prémat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9mat"},{"link_name":"Mike Rockenfeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rockenfeller"}],"sub_title":"LMP1 Standings","text":"Alexandre Prémat and Mike Rockenfeller won the LMP1 title, despite not winning a race.","title":"Drivers Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Van_Merksteijn_RS_Spyder_Side.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jos Verstappen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos_Verstappen"}],"sub_title":"LMP2 Standings","text":"Jos Verstappen won the LMP2 title as part of Van Merksteijn Motorsport.","title":"Drivers Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luc_Alphand_Corvette_72.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Moreau"},{"link_name":"Luc Alphand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Alphand"}],"sub_title":"GT1 Standings","text":"Guillaume Moreau and Patrice Goueslard won the GT1 title for Luc Alphand Aventures.","title":"Drivers Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virgo_Ferrari_F430.jpg"}],"sub_title":"GT2 Standings","text":"Rob Bell won the GT2 title for Virgo Motorsport.","title":"Drivers Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Confirmed entries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oreca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreca"},{"link_name":"Courage Compétition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage_Comp%C3%A9tition"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judd_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Olivier Panis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Panis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Audi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi"},{"link_name":"Joest Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joest_Racing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Creation Autosportif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_Autosportif"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin"},{"link_name":"DBR9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin_DBR9"},{"link_name":"Lola B08/60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_B08/60"},{"link_name":"Charouz Racing System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charouz_Racing_System"},{"link_name":"Prodrive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrive"},{"link_name":"Tomáš Enge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Enge"},{"link_name":"Jan Charouz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Charouz"},{"link_name":"Stefan Mücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_M%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Audi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"LMP1","text":"Oreca purchased Courage Compétition on 14 September 2007.[7] Oreca ran two Oreca-Courage LC70s in 2008, with Judd engines replacing AER units. Olivier Panis was one of the team's drivers.[8]\nAudi announced their intentions to run in the LMS in 2008, pending a marketing agreement for the series which Audi finds favorable. The two-car team was run by Joest Racing.[9]\nEpsilon Euskadi planned to enter two EE1 coupes in the 2008 season.[10]\nCreation Autosportif was due to switch to new AIM-built engines in 2008, while also running two cars.[11]\nOn 10 January 2008, Aston Martin announced that it would be moving into the LMP1 category. Using the same engine as the GT1-class DBR9, the prototype was a Lola B08/60 coupe. Charouz Racing System ran the car with assistance from Prodrive, with drivers Tomáš Enge, Jan Charouz, and Stefan Mücke.[12]\nSwiss Spirit, now under the control of Phoenix Racing, planned a return for their Audi-powered Lola.[13]","title":"Confirmed entries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nielsen_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Porsche RS Spyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_RS_Spyder"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jeroen Bleekemolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroen_Bleekemolen"},{"link_name":"Peter van Merksteijn Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_van_Merksteijn_Sr."},{"link_name":"Jos Verstappen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos_Verstappen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Didier Theys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Theys"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Welter Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welter_Racing"},{"link_name":"Zytek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zytek"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Pescarolo Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescarolo_Sport"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Zytek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zytek"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Warren Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Jonny Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Kane"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Lola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Racing_Cars"},{"link_name":"Speedy Racing Team Sebah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_Racing"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Lucchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchini_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judd_(engine)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"LMP2","text":"Caspar Elgaard and John Nielsen formed Team Essex, running a Porsche RS Spyder in 2008.[14]\nVan Merksteijn (VM) Motorsport entered an RS Spyder in the series,[15] driven by Dutchmen Jeroen Bleekemolen, Peter van Merksteijn Sr. and Jos Verstappen.[16]\nSwiss Horag Racing competed with an RS Spyder, with regular drivers Fredy Lienhard and Didier Theys.[17]\nWelter Racing returned to the series with an all-new prototype. The WR was powered by a Zytek V8 for the first time.[18]\nOn 23 October 2007, Pescarolo Sport merged with Saulnier Sport to form Pescarolo Automobiles. 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Retrieved 2007-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120207221503/http://www.planetlemans.com/2007/11/30/audi-announces-2008-plans-3-cars-at-le-mans-confirmed-alms-and-strong-lms-intentions/","url_text":"\"Audi announces 2008 plans: 3 cars at Le Mans, confirmed ALMS and strong LMS intentions\""},{"url":"http://www.planetlemans.com/2007/11/30/audi-announces-2008-plans-3-cars-at-le-mans-confirmed-alms-and-strong-lms-intentions/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Deux Zytek pour Epsilon Sport, et deux Epsilon Euskadi en 2008 ?\" (in French). Endurance-Info.com. 16 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 16 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071024195130/http://www.endurance-info.com/article.php?sid=4340&thold=0","url_text":"\"Deux Zytek pour Epsilon Sport, et deux Epsilon Euskadi en 2008 ?\""},{"url":"http://www.endurance-info.com/article.php?sid=4340&thold=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Creation Aim for the future\". Creation Autosportif. 4 December 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012124433/http://creationsport.co.uk/news/PR_2006/CASPR_2006_46/pr_2006_46.htm","url_text":"\"Creation Aim for the future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_Autosportif","url_text":"Creation Autosportif"},{"url":"http://www.creationsport.co.uk/news/PR_2006/CASPR_2006_46/pr_2006_46.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Une Lola B08/60 à moteur Aston Martin pour le Charouz Racing !\". Endurance-Info. 10 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2008-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090212154925/http://www.endurance-info.com/article.php?sid=4713&thold=0","url_text":"\"Une Lola B08/60 à moteur Aston Martin pour le Charouz Racing !\""},{"url":"http://www.endurance-info.com/article.php?sid=4713&thold=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Le Swiss Spirit récupère sa Lola-Audi et s'allie au team Phoenix pour cette saison !\" (in French). Endurance-Info. 9 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2008-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080220020618/http://www.endurance-info.com/article.php?sid=4710&thold=0","url_text":"\"Le Swiss Spirit récupère sa Lola-Audi et s'allie au team Phoenix pour cette saison !\""},{"url":"http://www.endurance-info.com/article.php?sid=4710&thold=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Team Essex present their RS Spyder\". Planetlemans.com. 2007-12-15. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazar_(rapper)	Nazar (rapper)	["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","2.3 Videography","3 Filmografie","4 External links","5 References"]	NazarBackground informationBirth nameArdalan AfsharBorn (1984-09-20) 20 September 1984 (age 39)Tehran, IranGenresHip hopOccupation(s) Rapper Singer Songwriter Record Producer Years active2006–presentLabelsAssphalt MuzikWebsitewww.nazar10.netMusical artist Ardalan Afshar (Persian: اردلان افشار; born 20 September 1984 in Tehran), better known by his stage name Nazar, is an Austrian rapper and singer of Iranian descent from Vienna. Biography Nazar grew up in Vienna, Austria. His father had died as a soldier in the Iran-Iraq War, whereupon his mother fled to Austria with him and his brother. Nazar spent his youth in Vienna's district of Favoriten, where at this time he often clashed with neo-Nazis. In 2006 Nazar began his career as a rapper. At a gig near Stuttgart, he was discovered by the record label Assphalt Muzik. In 2007, Nazar published several songs on the Internet, which spread quickly even outside the country. In June 2008 the charges of robbery against him were dropped. Nazar's lawyer said his client had in the commotion "just" pulled a gun and threatened to beat the opponent. On 12 March 2010 Nazar published the album Artkore with RAF Camora. Since 6 May 2011 Nazar has been seen in the documentary Schwarzkopf by Arman T. Riahi . On 13 May he released his album Fakker, which was co-produced again by RAF Camora. Discography Albums Year Album Peak positions Certification AUT GER SWI 2008 Kinder des Himmels – – – 2009 Paradox – – – 2010 Artkore (Joint album with RAF Camora) 31 – – 2011 Fakker 6 36 – 2012 Narkose 5 10 28 2013 Fakker Lifestyle 2 3 15 2014 Camouflage 1 2 5 2016 Irreversibel 1 7 22 2018 Mosaik 2 15 38 2018 DNA 10 – – Singles Year Song Peak positions Album AUT 2009 "Össi Ö" (feat. RAF Camora and Chakuza) – Paradox 2011 "Kein morgen" (feat. Sido and RAF 3.0) – 2014 "Freundlicher Diktator" 67 Camouflage "Zwischen Zeit und Raum"(feat. Falco) 14 2016 "La Haine Kidz" – Irreversibel "Hood Life Crew" – "Generation Darth Vader" – 2020 "No Go" 71 Featured in Year Album Peak positions Certification AUT GER 2012 "Fallen(RAF 3.0 feat Nazar) 57 96 Juice-Exclusives 2010: "Fakkergeddon" (feat. RAF Camora) (Juice Exclusive!) 2011: "Glaubs mir" (feat. RAF 3.0) (Juice Exclusive!) Freetracks 2009: "Flammen über Wien Pt. 2" (feat. RAF Camora) 2010: "Meine Stadt" (feat. Chakuza, Kamp and RAF Camora) 2010: "Sagol" (feat. RAF Camora & Playboy 51) Videography "Sandsturm" (12 August 2012) "Lost in Translation" (27 July 2012) "Narkose" (25 August 2012) "Danke für alles" (feat. O.Z & Dj Paul Blaze) (17 September 2012) "Intro" (16 June 2013) "Abrakadabra" (5 July 2013) "An Manchen Tagen" (19 July 2013) "Intro" (16 June 2014) "Rapbeef" (27 June 2014) "Borderliner" (11 July 2014) "Freundlicher Diktator" (28 August 2014) "Zwischen Zeit & Raum" (15 August 2014) Filmografie 2011: Schwarzkopf - A film about identity, longing and a new generation of Viennese by director Arman T. Riahi. External links Official website References ^ tv.ORF.at. tv.ORF.at. Web. 2 September 2011. ^ "Nichts zu lachen auf den Straßen Favoritens - Junge Migranten - derStandard.at › Panorama." derStandard.at. Web. 2 Sept. 2011. ^ "Raubvorwurf gegen Wiener Rapper Nazar vom Tisch." Österreich / www.oe24.at. Web. 3 Sept. 2011. ^ "Nazar (Rapper)." Wikipedia. Web. 2 Sept. 2011. ^ a b c "Nazar discography". austriancharts.at. Hung Medien. Retrieved 26 February 2016. ^ "Gestört aber GeiL discography". hitparade.ch. Hung Medien. Retrieved 26 February 2016. ^ Schwarzkopf, "Public Space Wien." esel.at. Web. 2 September 2011. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Musical artistArdalan Afshar (Persian: اردلان افشار; born 20 September 1984 in Tehran), better known by his stage name Nazar, is an Austrian rapper and singer of Iranian descent from Vienna.[1]","title":"Nazar (rapper)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Iran-Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Favoriten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favoriten"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Artkore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artkore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RAF Camora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Camora"},{"link_name":"Arman T. Riahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arman_T._Riahi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arman_T._Riahi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Nazar grew up in Vienna, Austria. His father had died as a soldier in the Iran-Iraq War, whereupon his mother fled to Austria with him and his brother. Nazar spent his youth in Vienna's district of Favoriten, where at this time he often clashed with neo-Nazis. In 2006 Nazar began his career as a rapper. At a gig near Stuttgart, he was discovered by the record label Assphalt Muzik. In 2007, Nazar published several songs on the Internet, which spread quickly even outside the country.[2]In June 2008 the charges of robbery against him were dropped. Nazar's lawyer said his client had in the commotion \"just\" pulled a gun and threatened to beat the opponent.[3]On 12 March 2010 Nazar published the album Artkore with RAF Camora.Since 6 May 2011 Nazar has been seen in the documentary Schwarzkopf by Arman T. Riahi [de]. On 13 May he released his album Fakker, which was co-produced again by RAF Camora.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamp_(Rapper)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Featured inJuice-Exclusives2010: \"Fakkergeddon\" (feat. RAF Camora) (Juice Exclusive!)\n2011: \"Glaubs mir\" (feat. RAF 3.0) (Juice Exclusive!)Freetracks2009: \"Flammen über Wien Pt. 2\" (feat. RAF Camora)\n2010: \"Meine Stadt\" (feat. Chakuza, Kamp and RAF Camora)\n2010: \"Sagol\" (feat. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Taruntius_Firmanus	Lucius Tarutius Firmanus	["1 See also","2 Notes","3 External links"]	Astrologer, astronomer and mathematician "Taruntius" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see Taruntius (crater). Lucius Tarutius Firmanus (or Lucius Tarutius of Firmum) (unknown-fl. 86 BC) was a Roman philosopher, mathematician, and astrologer (Taruntius or Tarrutius are also used, but are incorrect). Tarutius was a close friend of both Marcus Terentius Varro and Cicero. At Varro's request, Tarutius took the horoscope of Romulus. After studying the circumstances of the life and death of the founder of Rome, Tarutius calculated that Romulus was born on March 24 (when the date is correctly translated from the Egyptian calendar) in the second year of the second Olympiad (i.e. 771 BC). He also calculated that Rome was founded on 4 October 754 BC, between the second and third hour of the day (Plutarch, Rom., 12; Cicero, De Divin., ii. 47.). The proximity of this date to an eclipse was discussed by Scaliger. The crater Taruntius on the Moon is named after him. See also Tarutius Notes ^ Anthony Grafton and Noel Swerdlow, 'Technical Chronology and Astrological History in Varro, Censorinus, and Others', Classical Quarterly, N 35 (1985), 454–65. ^ Anthony Grafton : Joseph Scaliger. Oxford University Press, 1983. pp. 111–113 ^ "Lucius Tarutius Firmanus". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. External links (in English) Eduardo Vila-Echagüe, Lucius Tarutius and the foundations of Rome Donne, William Bodham (1870). "Firmanus, Tarutius". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 2. p. 151. This history of science article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This astrology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taruntius (crater)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taruntius_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Firmum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermo"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"astrologer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologer"},{"link_name":"Marcus Terentius Varro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"horoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horoscope"},{"link_name":"Romulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus"},{"link_name":"Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Scaliger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Scaliger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Taruntius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taruntius_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Taruntius\" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see Taruntius (crater).Lucius Tarutius Firmanus (or Lucius Tarutius of Firmum) (unknown-fl. 86 BC) was a Roman philosopher, mathematician, and astrologer (Taruntius or Tarrutius are also used, but are incorrect).Tarutius was a close friend of both Marcus Terentius Varro and Cicero. At Varro's request, Tarutius took the horoscope of Romulus. After studying the circumstances of the life and death of the founder of Rome, Tarutius calculated that Romulus was born on March 24 (when the date is correctly translated from the Egyptian calendar) in the second year of the second Olympiad (i.e. 771 BC). He also calculated that Rome was founded on 4 October 754 BC, between the second and third hour of the day (Plutarch, Rom., 12; Cicero, De Divin., ii. 47.).[1] \nThe proximity of this date to an eclipse was discussed by Scaliger.[2]The crater Taruntius on the Moon is named after him.[3]","title":"Lucius Tarutius Firmanus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"'Technical Chronology and Astrological History in Varro, Censorinus, and Others'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/639075"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9UUP6jOQ2oQC&dq=%22Lucius+Tarrutius%22&pg=PA111"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Lucius Tarutius Firmanus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5878"}],"text":"^ Anthony Grafton and Noel Swerdlow, 'Technical Chronology and Astrological History in Varro, Censorinus, and Others', Classical Quarterly, N 35 (1985), 454–65.\n\n^ Anthony Grafton : Joseph Scaliger. Oxford University Press, 1983. pp. 111–113 [1]\n\n^ \"Lucius Tarutius Firmanus\". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Tarutius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarutius"}]	[{"reference":"\"Lucius Tarutius Firmanus\". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5878","url_text":"\"Lucius Tarutius Firmanus\""}]},{"reference":"Donne, William Bodham (1870). \"Firmanus, Tarutius\". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Dye	Les Dye	["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]	American football player (1916–2000) Les DyeNo. 38Date of birth(1916-07-15)July 15, 1916Place of birthForestville, New York, U.S.Date of deathAugust 11, 2000(2000-08-11) (aged 84)Place of deathSalem, Virginia, U.S.Career informationPosition(s)EndUS collegeSyracuseHigh schoolWellsvilleCareer historyAs player1944–1945Washington Redskins Career statsPlaying stats at NFL.comPlaying stats at DatabaseFootball.com Lester Henry Dye (July 15, 1916 – August 11, 2000) was an American football end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins. He played college football at Syracuse University. Career This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2023) Dye served as the athletic director at Syracuse University from 1973 until 1978. In 1976, he hired Jim Boeheim as the seventh head basketball coach for the Syracuse Orange men's basketball team. References ^ "Les Dye Stats". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved August 5, 2021. ^ Harris, Andrew (March 10, 2023). "Famed Syracuse University basketball coach Jim Boeheim has plenty of Wellsville ties". Wellsville Sun. Retrieved March 10, 2023. External links Career statistics and player information from Pro Football Reference vteClarkson Golden Knights head football coaches No coach (1899) Unknown (1905) No team (1906–1915) Wallace Swarthout (1916) John M. Reed (1920–1924) C. B. Johnston (1925–1928) De Alton Smith (1929–1930) Pete Dwyer (1931–1942) No team (1943–1945) Les Dye (1946–1948) A. Barr Snively (1949–1951) vteSyracuse Orange athletic directors George B. Thurston # (1932–1934) Leslie A. Bryan (1934–1937) Lew Andreas (1937–1964) Jim Decker (1964–1972) Ron Oyer # (1972–1973) Les Dye (1973–1978) Jake Crouthamel (1978–2005) Daryl Gross (2005–2015) Peter Sala # (2015) Mark Coyle (2015–2016) Dan French # (2016) John Wildhack (2016– ) # denotes interim athletic director This biographical article relating to an American football wide receiver born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"American football player (1916–2000)Lester Henry Dye (July 15, 1916 – August 11, 2000) was an American football end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins. He played college football at Syracuse University.[1]","title":"Les Dye"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Orange"},{"link_name":"Jim Boeheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Boeheim"},{"link_name":"Syracuse Orange men's basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Dye served as the athletic director at Syracuse University from 1973 until 1978. In 1976, he hired Jim Boeheim as the seventh head basketball coach for the Syracuse Orange men's basketball team.[2]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Les Dye Stats\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pino_Caruso	Pino Caruso	["1 Life and career","2 Selected filmography","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"]	Italian actor, author, and television personality (1934–2019) Pino CarusoCaruso in The Sunday Woman (1975)BornGiuseppe Caruso(1934-10-12)12 October 1934Palermo, ItalyDied7 March 2019(2019-03-07) (aged 84)Rome, ItalyOccupationActor Giuseppe Caruso (12 October 1934 – 7 March 2019), best known as Pino Caruso, was an Italian actor, author and television personality. Life and career Caruso was born in Palermo, Sicily and debuted as a dramatic stage actor in his home town in 1957. In 1965 he moved to Rome and entered the theatre company "Il Bagaglino". He gained great popularity taking part in several RAI variety shows such as Che domenica amici (1968), Gli amici della domenica (1970), Teatro 10 (1971),Dove sta Zazà (1973), Mazzabubù (1975), Due come noi (1979). Caruso was the president of the Italian Actors Union from 1979 to 1989. From 1995 to 1997, upon appointment by Palermo Mayor Leoluca Orlando, Caruso planned and directed Palermo in scena, a two-months artistic and theatrical Festival (held from 14 July to 14 September). In 2001, the Extraordinary Commissioner of the city Ettore Serio called Caruso to repeat the experience. Since 1976 Caruso also collaborated regularly with newspapers and magazines, being columnist among others for daily newspapers Il Mattino, Il Messaggero, Paese Sera, L'Avanti, Il Tempo, La Sicilia. He was also author of numerous books, ranging from various genres. He took part in approximately 30 films, debuting as director in 1977 with the film Ride bene chi ride ultimo. He was married to stage actress Marilisa Ferzetti and was the father of the voice actor Francesco Caruso. He was a life-long vegetarian. Selected filmography The Most Beautiful Couple in the World (1968) - Carmelo Miccichè La main (1969) - Marco - le cycliste Gli infermieri della mutua (1969) - Dr. Borselli Atlantic Wall (1970) - Friedrich Quella piccola differenza (1970) - Marino Marini Gli amici degli amici hanno saputo (1973) - Vincenzino Cipolla Malicious (1973) - Don Cirillo Seduction (1973) - Alfredo La governante (1974) - Enrico Platania The Common Man (1975) - Vigorelli L'ammazzatina (1975) - Mimì Galluzzo Lips of Lurid Blue (1975) - Don Gino The Sunday Woman (1975) - Police Commissioner De Palma Tell Me You Do Everything for Me (1976) - The Police Commissioner Il marito in collegio (1977) - Barone Filippo Pancaldi Il... Belpaese (1977) - Ovidio Camorrà Ride bene chi ride ultimo (1977) - Giuseppe Tarluto (segment "Sedotto e violentato") Gegè Bellavita (1978) - The Duke Attanasi Il ficcanaso (1980) - Commissioner L'esercito più pazzo del mondo (1981) - Capitano Parabellum Canto d'amore (1982) Scugnizzi (1989) - The judge La strategia della maschera (1998) - Don Ciccio Bova La matassa (2009) - Don Gino Abbraccialo per me (2016) - Don Pino Bibliography L'uomo comune, 1985, Novecento I delitti di via della Loggia, 1991, Novecento Il diluvio universale. Acqua passata, 1995, Novecento L'uomo comune (edizione rinnovata), 2005, Marsilio Il silenzio dell'ultima notte, 2009, Flaccovio editore Appartengo a una generazione che deve ancora nascere (aforismi storie, personaggi e ragionamenti sullo stato attuale del mondo), 2014, ERI-RAI (Mondadori) Il senso dell'umorismo è l'espressione più alta della serietà (aforismi storie, personaggi e ragionamenti sullo stato attuale del mondo), 2017, Alpes editore Se si scopre che sono onesto, nessuno si fiderà più di me (aforismi storie, personaggi e ragionamenti sullo stato attuale del mondo), 2017, Alpes editore References ^ Fumarola, Silvia (17 June 1989). "L'accordo con la Rai è fatto ma divide il sindacato attori". La Repubblica. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ Di Mauro, Nicola. "Il teatro è un museo, la tv è senza qualità". Il Nostro Tempo. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ Laura, Nobile (30 March 2001). "Caruso, il gran ritorno a 'Palermo di scena'". La Repubblica. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ a b "La pagina di PINO CARUSO". Antonio Genna. Retrieved 29 October 2011. ^ Fabio Vento, Lucia Russo (4 April 2011). "La Palermo Vegetariana intervista Pino Caruso". La Palermo Vegetariana. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2011. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Pino Caruso. Pino Caruso at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Italy United States Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Giuseppe Caruso (12 October 1934 – 7 March 2019[citation needed]), best known as Pino Caruso, was an Italian actor, author and television personality.","title":"Pino Caruso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Il Bagaglino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Bagaglino"},{"link_name":"RAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI_TV"},{"link_name":"Italian Actors Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Actors_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Leoluca Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoluca_Orlando"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Il Mattino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Mattino"},{"link_name":"Il Messaggero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Messaggero"},{"link_name":"Paese Sera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paese_Sera"},{"link_name":"L'Avanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Avanti"},{"link_name":"Il Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Tempo"},{"link_name":"La Sicilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Sicilia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dopp-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dopp-4"},{"link_name":"vegetarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Caruso was born in Palermo, Sicily and debuted as a dramatic stage actor in his home town in 1957. In 1965 he moved to Rome and entered the theatre company \"Il Bagaglino\". He gained great popularity taking part in several RAI variety shows such as Che domenica amici (1968), Gli amici della domenica (1970), Teatro 10 (1971),Dove sta Zazà (1973), Mazzabubù (1975), Due come noi (1979).Caruso was the president of the Italian Actors Union from 1979 to 1989.[1]From 1995 to 1997, upon appointment by Palermo Mayor Leoluca Orlando, Caruso planned and directed Palermo in scena, a two-months artistic and theatrical Festival (held from 14 July to 14 September).[2] In 2001, the Extraordinary Commissioner of the city Ettore Serio called Caruso to repeat the experience.[3]Since 1976 Caruso also collaborated regularly with newspapers and magazines, being columnist among others for daily newspapers Il Mattino, Il Messaggero, Paese Sera, L'Avanti, Il Tempo, La Sicilia.[4] He was also author of numerous books, ranging from various genres.He took part in approximately 30 films, debuting as director in 1977 with the film Ride bene chi ride ultimo.He was married to stage actress Marilisa Ferzetti and was the father of the voice actor Francesco Caruso.[4] He was a life-long vegetarian.[5]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Most Beautiful Couple in the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Beautiful_Couple_in_the_World"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Wall_(film)"},{"link_name":"Malicious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malicious_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"Seduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"La governante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_governante"},{"link_name":"The Common Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Common_Man_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lips of Lurid Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lips_of_Lurid_Blue"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Woman_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tell Me You Do Everything for Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Me_You_Do_Everything_for_Me"},{"link_name":"Il marito in collegio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_marito_in_collegio"},{"link_name":"Il... Belpaese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il..._Belpaese"},{"link_name":"Gegè Bellavita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geg%C3%A8_Bellavita"},{"link_name":"Il ficcanaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_ficcanaso"},{"link_name":"Scugnizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scugnizzi"},{"link_name":"La matassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_matassa"}],"text":"The Most Beautiful Couple in the World (1968) - Carmelo Miccichè\nLa main (1969) - Marco - le cycliste\nGli infermieri della mutua (1969) - Dr. Borselli\nAtlantic Wall (1970) - Friedrich\nQuella piccola differenza (1970) - Marino Marini\nGli amici degli amici hanno saputo (1973) - Vincenzino Cipolla\nMalicious (1973) - Don Cirillo\nSeduction (1973) - Alfredo\nLa governante (1974) - Enrico Platania\nThe Common Man (1975) - Vigorelli\nL'ammazzatina (1975) - Mimì Galluzzo\nLips of Lurid Blue (1975) - Don Gino\nThe Sunday Woman (1975) - Police Commissioner De Palma\nTell Me You Do Everything for Me (1976) - The Police Commissioner\nIl marito in collegio (1977) - Barone Filippo Pancaldi\nIl... Belpaese (1977) - Ovidio Camorrà\nRide bene chi ride ultimo (1977) - Giuseppe Tarluto (segment \"Sedotto e violentato\")\nGegè Bellavita (1978) - The Duke Attanasi\nIl ficcanaso (1980) - Commissioner\nL'esercito più pazzo del mondo (1981) - Capitano Parabellum\nCanto d'amore (1982)\nScugnizzi (1989) - The judge\nLa strategia della maschera (1998) - Don Ciccio Bova\nLa matassa (2009) - Don Gino\nAbbraccialo per me (2016) - Don Pino","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"L'uomo comune, 1985, Novecento\nI delitti di via della Loggia, 1991, Novecento\nIl diluvio universale. Acqua passata, 1995, Novecento\nL'uomo comune (edizione rinnovata), 2005, Marsilio\nIl silenzio dell'ultima notte, 2009, Flaccovio editore\nAppartengo a una generazione che deve ancora nascere (aforismi storie, personaggi e ragionamenti sullo stato attuale del mondo), 2014, ERI-RAI (Mondadori)\nIl senso dell'umorismo è l'espressione più alta della serietà (aforismi storie, personaggi e ragionamenti sullo stato attuale del mondo), 2017, Alpes editore\nSe si scopre che sono onesto, nessuno si fiderà più di me (aforismi storie, personaggi e ragionamenti sullo stato attuale del mondo), 2017, Alpes editore","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Fumarola, Silvia (17 June 1989). \"L'accordo con la Rai è fatto ma divide il sindacato attori\". La Repubblica. Retrieved 29 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/06/17/accordo-con-la-rai-fatto.html","url_text":"\"L'accordo con la Rai è fatto ma divide il sindacato attori\""}]},{"reference":"Di Mauro, Nicola. \"Il teatro è un museo, la tv è senza qualità\". Il Nostro Tempo. Retrieved 29 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilnostrotempo.it/drupal/?q=node/470","url_text":"\"Il teatro è un museo, la tv è senza qualità\""}]},{"reference":"Laura, Nobile (30 March 2001). \"Caruso, il gran ritorno a 'Palermo di scena'\". La Repubblica. Retrieved 29 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2001/03/30/caruso-il-gran-ritorno-palermo-di-scena.html","url_text":"\"Caruso, il gran ritorno a 'Palermo di scena'\""}]},{"reference":"\"La pagina di PINO CARUSO\". Antonio Genna. Retrieved 29 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antoniogenna.net/doppiaggio/voci/vocipcaru.htm","url_text":"\"La pagina di PINO CARUSO\""}]},{"reference":"Fabio Vento, Lucia Russo (4 April 2011). \"La Palermo Vegetariana intervista Pino Caruso\". La Palermo Vegetariana. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044153/http://www.palermovegetariana.it/2011/04/04/la-palermo-vegetariana-intervista-pino-caruso/","url_text":"\"La Palermo Vegetariana intervista Pino Caruso\""},{"url":"http://www.palermovegetariana.it/2011/04/04/la-palermo-vegetariana-intervista-pino-caruso/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/06/17/accordo-con-la-rai-fatto.html","external_links_name":"\"L'accordo con la Rai è fatto ma divide il sindacato attori\""},{"Link":"http://www.ilnostrotempo.it/drupal/?q=node/470","external_links_name":"\"Il teatro è un museo, la tv è senza qualità\""},{"Link":"http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2001/03/30/caruso-il-gran-ritorno-palermo-di-scena.html","external_links_name":"\"Caruso, il gran ritorno a 'Palermo di scena'\""},{"Link":"http://www.antoniogenna.net/doppiaggio/voci/vocipcaru.htm","external_links_name":"\"La pagina di PINO CARUSO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044153/http://www.palermovegetariana.it/2011/04/04/la-palermo-vegetariana-intervista-pino-caruso/","external_links_name":"\"La Palermo Vegetariana intervista Pino Caruso\""},{"Link":"http://www.palermovegetariana.it/2011/04/04/la-palermo-vegetariana-intervista-pino-caruso/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0142336/","external_links_name":"Pino Caruso"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000006155880X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22221793","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTvhvCdwxw34M4P8G8md","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12377422h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12377422h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV017145","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95032290","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p258479248","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/75bc4858-52b2-4793-9716-1716513f979f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/145721426","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sitwell	George Sitwell	["1 Early life and education","2 Political career","3 Other activities","4 Marriage and children","5 Death","6 Cultural depictions","7 References","8 External links"]	British antiquarian writer and Conservative politician This article is about Sir George R Sitwell the 4th Baronet, writer and MP. For his ancestor the ironmaster, see George Sitwell (ironmaster). For his descendant the present Baronet, see George Reresby Sacheverell Sitwell. Sir George Reresby Sitwell, BtJohn Singer Sargent, The Sitwell Family, 1900. From left: Edith Sitwell (1887–1964), Sir George Sitwell, Lady Ida, Sacheverell Sitwell (1897–1988), and Osbert Sitwell (1892–1969). Private CollectionBornGeorge Reresby Sitwell(1860-01-27)27 January 1860London, EnglandDied9 July 1943(1943-07-09) (aged 83)Locarno, SwitzerlandOccupationWriter, politicianSpouse Lady Ida Denison (m. 1886; died 1937)ChildrenEdith SitwellOsbert SitwellSacheverell Sitwell Sir George Reresby Sitwell, 4th Baronet (27 January 1860 – 9 July 1943) was a British antiquarian writer and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1885 and 1895. Early life and education Sitwell was born in London, the son of Sir Sitwell Reresby Sitwell, 3rd Baronet and his wife Louisa Lucy Hutchinson, daughter of the Hon. Henry Hely Hutchinson. His father died in 1862 and he succeeded to the baronetcy at the age of two. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Political career Sitwell contested Scarborough seven times, losing twice in 1884. He was elected Member of Parliament for the constituency in 1885, but lost it in the following year. After regaining the seat at the 1892 general election, he lost it again in 1895. Other activities Sitwell was a lieutenant in the West Yorkshire Yeoman Cavalry. A keen antiquarian, Sitwell worked on the Sacheverell papers, and wrote a biography of his ancestor, William Sacheverell and published The Letters of the Sitwells and Sacheverells. His collection of books and papers is said to have filled seven sitting-rooms at the family house, Renishaw Hall, in Derbyshire. He researched genealogy and heraldry, and was a keen designer of gardens (he studied garden design in Italy). In 1909 he purchased the Castle of Montegufoni , in Montespertoli near Florence, then a wreck inhabited by three hundred peasants. Over the next three decades he restored it to its original design, commissioned the Italian painter Gino Severini to paint the murals, and took up permanent residence there in 1925, writing to the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Chancellor of the Exchequer to explain that taxes had forced him to settle in Italy. Sitwell was known for his eccentric behaviour. He banned electricity in his household well into the 1940s and made his guests use candles. He deliberately mislabelled his self-medication to stop anyone else using it. Sitwell lived on an exclusive diet of roasted chicken. Marriage and children In 1886 Sitwell married Lady Ida Emily Augusta Denison, daughter of William Denison, 1st Earl of Londesborough and his wife Lady Edith Frances Wilhelmina Somerset, daughter of Henry Somerset, 7th Duke of Beaufort. In 1915 he refused to pay off her many creditors and saw her prosecuted and imprisoned at Holloway for three months. She died in 1937. They had three children: Dame Edith Louisa Sitwell DBE (7 September 1887 - 9 December 1964) Sir Francis Osbert Sacheverell Sitwell, 5th Baronet (6 December 1892 - 4 May 1969) Sir Sacheverell Reresby Sitwell, 6th Baronet (15 November 1897 - 1 October 1988) Death Sitwell remained in Italy at the outbreak of the Second World War, but moved to Switzerland in 1942. He died at Locarno in 1943 at the age of 83. He held his baronetcy for 81 years 89 days, longer than all his three predecessors, and one of the longest times anyone has held a baronetcy in England. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his elder son Osbert, who described him vividly in his five-volume autobiography. Cultural depictions John Gielgud portrayed George Sitwell in Tales My Father Taught Me, a 1990 radio adaptation of Osbert Sitwell's various memoirs, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1990 and in January 2023 on BBC Radio 4 Extra. References Leigh Rayment's list of baronets ^ Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Sir George Sitwell ^ Debretts Guide to the House of Commons (1886) p. 139 ^ Eccentric patriarch with slender grip on reality, Tim Harris, The Age, January 2003, accessed March 2010 ^ a b c Pearson, John. Facades, Edith, Osbert and Sacheverell Sitwell (1978) ^ Severini, Gino (1995). The Life of a Painter. Princeton University Press. pp. 250–260. ^ a b c Shaw, Karl. (2009). Curing Hiccups with Small Fires: A Delightful Miscellany of Great British Eccentrics. Pan MacMillan. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-752-22703-0 ^ Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003 ^ "BBC Radio 4 Extra - Peter Terson - Tales My Father Taught Me". BBC. Retrieved 31 January 2023. External links Works by or about George Sitwell at Internet Archive Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by George Sitwell Renishaw Hall – History of the Sitwells Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byRichard Steble and William Sproston Caine Member of Parliament for Scarborough 1885–1886 Succeeded byJoshua Rowntree Preceded byJoshua Rowntree Member of Parliament for Scarborough 1892–1895 Succeeded byJoseph Compton-Rickett Baronetage of the United Kingdom Preceded bySitwell Sitwell Baronet(of Renishaw, Derbyshire) 1862–1943 Succeeded byOsbert Sitwell Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Australia Netherlands Portugal Artists ULAN People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Sitwell (ironmaster)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sitwell_(ironmaster)"},{"link_name":"George Reresby Sacheverell Sitwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Reresby_Sacheverell_Sitwell"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"This article is about Sir George R Sitwell the 4th Baronet, writer and MP. For his ancestor the ironmaster, see George Sitwell (ironmaster). For his descendant the present Baronet, see George Reresby Sacheverell Sitwell.Sir George Reresby Sitwell, 4th Baronet (27 January 1860 – 9 July 1943) was a British antiquarian writer and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1885 and 1895.","title":"George Sitwell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"}],"text":"Sitwell was born in London, the son of Sir Sitwell Reresby Sitwell, 3rd Baronet and his wife Louisa Lucy Hutchinson, daughter of the Hon. Henry Hely Hutchinson. His father died in 1862 and he succeeded to the baronetcy at the age of two. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"following year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1892 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sitwell contested Scarborough seven times, losing twice in 1884. He was elected Member of Parliament for the constituency in 1885, but lost it in the following year. After regaining the seat at the 1892 general election, he lost it again in 1895.[1]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"William Sacheverell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sacheverell"},{"link_name":"Renishaw Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renishaw_Hall"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"genealogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy"},{"link_name":"heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-age-3"},{"link_name":"Castle of Montegufoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castle_of_Montegufoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_di_Montegufoni"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Montegufoni"},{"link_name":"Montespertoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montespertoli"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p-4"},{"link_name":"Gino Severini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Severini"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p-4"},{"link_name":"eccentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentricity_(behaviour)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaw_2009-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaw_2009-6"},{"link_name":"self-medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-medication"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaw_2009-6"}],"text":"Sitwell was a lieutenant in the West Yorkshire Yeoman Cavalry.[2]A keen antiquarian, Sitwell worked on the Sacheverell papers, and wrote a biography of his ancestor, William Sacheverell and published The Letters of the Sitwells and Sacheverells. His collection of books and papers is said to have filled seven sitting-rooms at the family house, Renishaw Hall, in Derbyshire. He researched genealogy and heraldry, and was a keen designer of gardens (he studied garden design in Italy).[3]In 1909 he purchased the Castle of Montegufoni [it; fr], in Montespertoli near Florence, then a wreck inhabited by three hundred peasants.[4] Over the next three decades he restored it to its original design, commissioned the Italian painter Gino Severini to paint the murals,[5] and took up permanent residence there in 1925, writing to the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Chancellor of the Exchequer to explain that taxes had forced him to settle in Italy.[4]Sitwell was known for his eccentric behaviour.[6] He banned electricity in his household well into the 1940s and made his guests use candles.[6] He deliberately mislabelled his self-medication to stop anyone else using it. Sitwell lived on an exclusive diet of roasted chicken.[6]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_titles_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"William Denison, 1st Earl of Londesborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Denison,_1st_Earl_of_Londesborough"},{"link_name":"Henry Somerset, 7th Duke of Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_7th_Duke_of_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloway_(HM_Prison)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dame Edith Louisa Sitwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Sitwell"},{"link_name":"DBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Osbert Sacheverell Sitwell, 5th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osbert_Sitwell"},{"link_name":"Sir Sacheverell Reresby Sitwell, 6th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacheverell_Sitwell"}],"text":"In 1886 Sitwell married Lady Ida Emily Augusta Denison, daughter of William Denison, 1st Earl of Londesborough and his wife Lady Edith Frances Wilhelmina Somerset, daughter of Henry Somerset, 7th Duke of Beaufort. In 1915 he refused to pay off her many creditors and saw her prosecuted and imprisoned at Holloway for three months. She died in 1937.They had three children:[4][7]Dame Edith Louisa Sitwell DBE (7 September 1887 - 9 December 1964)\nSir Francis Osbert Sacheverell Sitwell, 5th Baronet (6 December 1892 - 4 May 1969)\nSir Sacheverell Reresby Sitwell, 6th Baronet (15 November 1897 - 1 October 1988)","title":"Marriage and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Locarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locarno"},{"link_name":"Osbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osbert_Sitwell"}],"text":"Sitwell remained in Italy at the outbreak of the Second World War, but moved to Switzerland in 1942. He died at Locarno in 1943 at the age of 83. He held his baronetcy for 81 years 89 days, longer than all his three predecessors, and one of the longest times anyone has held a baronetcy in England. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his elder son Osbert, who described him vividly in his five-volume autobiography.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Gielgud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gielgud"},{"link_name":"memoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Hand,_Right_Hand!"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4 Extra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4_Extra"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"John Gielgud portrayed George Sitwell in Tales My Father Taught Me, a 1990 radio adaptation of Osbert Sitwell's various memoirs, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1990 and in January 2023 on BBC Radio 4 Extra.[8]","title":"Cultural depictions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Severini, Gino (1995). The Life of a Painter. Princeton University Press. pp. 250–260.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 4 Extra - Peter Terson - Tales My Father Taught Me\". BBC. Retrieved 31 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09rwhgn","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 4 Extra - Peter Terson - Tales My Father Taught Me\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's list of baronets"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-george-sitwell","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by Sir George Sitwell"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/debrettshouseo1886londuoft/page/138/mode/2up?view=theater","external_links_name":"Debretts Guide to the House of Commons"},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/01/12/1041990178094.html","external_links_name":"Eccentric patriarch with slender grip on reality"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09rwhgn","external_links_name":"\"BBC Radio 4 Extra - Peter Terson - Tales My Father Taught Me\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Sitwell%2C%20George%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22George%20Sitwell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sitwell%2C%20George%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22George%20Sitwell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sitwell%2C%20G%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22George%20Sitwell%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sitwell%2C%20George%22%20OR%20description%3A%22George%20Sitwell%22%29%20OR%20%28%221860-1943%22%20AND%20Sitwell%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about George Sitwell"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-george-sitwell","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by George Sitwell"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071217173325/http://www.sitwell.co.uk/sitwell_history.htm","external_links_name":"Renishaw Hall – History of the Sitwells"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/150009/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000063039640","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/46754128","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTkFqWy7ph8M4FCMj6Kd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb112131732","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb112131732","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007380981005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85049074","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36094124","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07128804X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1548596","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500277161","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1211283","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6418zv7","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/137738463","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towing_(film)	Towing (film)	["1 Cast","2 Production","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]	This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1978 American filmTowingDirected byMaura SmithWritten byMaura SmithProduced byFrederick A. SmithStarringJennifer AshleyBobby Di CiccoSue LyonCinematographyJack RichardsMusic byMartin RubensteinProductioncompanySibling ProductionsRelease date 1978 (1978) Running time85 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Towing (also titled Who Stole My Wheels? and Garage Girls) is a 1978 American comedy film written and directed by Maura Smith and starring Jennifer Ashley, Bobby Di Cicco and Sue Lyon. Cast Sue Lyon as Lynn Jennifer Ashley as Jean Bobby Di Cicco as Tony J. J. Johnston as Butch Joe Mantegna as Chris Mike Nussbaum as Phil Audrie J. Neenan as Irate Lady Don DePollo as Pizza Man Steven Kampmann as Irate Man Production According to Joe Mantegna, David Mamet wrote some scenes for the film which never made it in the final product and was paid $200 for his work. The film was shot in Chicago. Reception Richard Christiansen of the Chicago Tribune awarded the film one star and wrote, "But the movie as a whole is so loosely organized and so quirkily edited that none of it makes much sense; and its ending, with a joke involving the late Mayor Richard J. Daley, is sadly outdated." Roger Ebert awarded the film one and a half stars. References ^ a b Rabin, Nathan (April 21, 2009). "Joe Mantegna". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 10, 2022. ^ a b Christiansen, Richard (May 8, 1978). "'Towing' is high-spirited, but mostly it's a drag". Chicago Tribune (Newspapers.com). Retrieved June 10, 2022. ^ a b Ebert, Roger (May 8, 1978). "Towing". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved June 10, 2022. External links Towing at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av-1"},{"link_name":"Bobby Di Cicco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Di_Cicco"},{"link_name":"Sue Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Lyon"}],"text":"1978 American filmTowing (also titled Who Stole My Wheels? and Garage Girls)[1] is a 1978 American comedy film written and directed by Maura Smith and starring Jennifer Ashley, Bobby Di Cicco and Sue Lyon.","title":"Towing (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sue Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Bobby Di Cicco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Di_Cicco"},{"link_name":"J. J. Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Johnston"},{"link_name":"Joe Mantegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mantegna"},{"link_name":"Mike Nussbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nussbaum"},{"link_name":"Audrie J. Neenan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrie_J._Neenan"},{"link_name":"Steven Kampmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Kampmann"}],"text":"Sue Lyon as Lynn\nJennifer Ashley as Jean\nBobby Di Cicco as Tony\nJ. J. Johnston as Butch\nJoe Mantegna as Chris\nMike Nussbaum as Phil\nAudrie J. Neenan as Irate Lady\nDon DePollo as Pizza Man\nSteven Kampmann as Irate Man","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Mamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mamet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebert-3"}],"text":"According to Joe Mantegna, David Mamet wrote some scenes for the film which never made it in the final product and was paid $200 for his work.[1]The film was shot in Chicago.[2][3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Christiansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Christiansen_(critic)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Richard J. Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Daley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-2"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebert-3"}],"text":"Richard Christiansen of the Chicago Tribune awarded the film one star and wrote, \"But the movie as a whole is so loosely organized and so quirkily edited that none of it makes much sense; and its ending, with a joke involving the late Mayor Richard J. Daley, is sadly outdated.\"[2]Roger Ebert awarded the film one and a half stars.[3]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rabin, Nathan (April 21, 2009). \"Joe Mantegna\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/joe-mantegna-1798216310","url_text":"\"Joe Mantegna\""}]},{"reference":"Christiansen, Richard (May 8, 1978). \"'Towing' is high-spirited, but mostly it's a drag\". Chicago Tribune (Newspapers.com). Retrieved June 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/385471404/?terms=Towing%20Joe%20Mantegna&match=1","url_text":"\"'Towing' is high-spirited, but mostly it's a drag\""}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (May 8, 1978). \"Towing\". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved June 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/towing-1978","url_text":"\"Towing\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Towing_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/joe-mantegna-1798216310","external_links_name":"\"Joe Mantegna\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/385471404/?terms=Towing%20Joe%20Mantegna&match=1","external_links_name":"\"'Towing' is high-spirited, but mostly it's a drag\""},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/towing-1978","external_links_name":"\"Towing\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0199101/","external_links_name":"Towing"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Sob%C3%B3tka	Gmina Sobótka	[]	Coordinates: 50°53′55″N 16°44′40″E / 50.89861°N 16.74444°E / 50.89861; 16.74444Gmina in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, PolandGmina Sobótka Sobótka CommuneGmina Coat of armsCoordinates (Sobótka): 50°53′55″N 16°44′40″E / 50.89861°N 16.74444°E / 50.89861; 16.74444Country PolandVoivodeshipLower SilesianCountyWrocławSeatSobótkaArea • Total135.35 km2 (52.26 sq mi)Population (2019-06-30) • Total12,854 • Density91.7/km2 (238/sq mi) • Urban6,981 • Rural5,873Websitehttps://www.sobotka.pl Sobótka as seen from tower on top of Wieżyca mountain Gmina Sobótka is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Sobótka, which lies approximately 33 kilometres (21 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław. It is part of the Wrocław metropolitan area. The gmina covers an area of 135.35 square kilometres (52.3 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 12,854. Neighbouring gminas Gmina Sobótka is bordered by the gminas of Jordanów Śląski, Kąty Wrocławskie, Kobierzyce, Łagiewniki, Marcinowice and Mietków. Villages Apart from the town of Sobótka, the gmina contains the villages of Będkowice, Garncarsko, Kryształowice, Księginice Małe, Kunów, Michałowice, Mirosławice, Nasławice, Okulice, Olbrachtowice, Przezdrowice, Ręków, Rogów Sobócki, Siedlakowice, Stary Zamek, Strachów, Strzegomiany, Sulistrowice, Sulistrowiczki, Świątniki, Wojnarowice and Żerzuszyce. Twin towns – sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland Gmina Sobótka is twinned with: Berga/Elster, Germany Gauchy, France Nový Malín, Czech Republic Sobotka, Czech Republic References ^ "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-02-14. ^ "Gminy partnerskie". sobotka.pl (in Polish). Gmina Sobótka. Retrieved 2020-03-03. vteGmina SobótkaTown and seat Sobótka Villages Będkowice Garncarsko Kryształowice Księginice Małe Kunów Michałowice Mirosławice Nasławice Okulice Olbrachtowice Przezdrowice Ręków Rogów Sobócki Siedlakowice Stary Zamek Strachów Strzegomiany Sulistrowice Sulistrowiczki Świątniki Wojnarowice Żerzuszyce vteWrocław CountySeat (not part of the county): WrocławUrban-rural gminas Gmina Kąty Wrocławskie Gmina Siechnice Gmina Sobótka Rural gminas Gmina Czernica Gmina Długołęka Gmina Jordanów Śląski Gmina Kobierzyce Gmina Mietków Gmina Żórawina This Lower Silesian Voivodeship location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sob%C3%B3tka_as_seen_from_tower_on_top_of_Wie%C5%BCyca_mountain_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"gmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina"},{"link_name":"Wrocław County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_County"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Sobótka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob%C3%B3tka"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Wrocław metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"Gmina in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, PolandSobótka as seen from tower on top of Wieżyca mountainGmina Sobótka is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Sobótka, which lies approximately 33 kilometres (21 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław. It is part of the Wrocław metropolitan area.The gmina covers an area of 135.35 square kilometres (52.3 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 12,854.","title":"Gmina Sobótka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordanów Śląski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Jordan%C3%B3w_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski"},{"link_name":"Kąty Wrocławskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_K%C4%85ty_Wroc%C5%82awskie"},{"link_name":"Kobierzyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Kobierzyce"},{"link_name":"Łagiewniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_%C5%81agiewniki"},{"link_name":"Marcinowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Marcinowice"},{"link_name":"Mietków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Mietk%C3%B3w"}],"text":"Gmina Sobótka is bordered by the gminas of Jordanów Śląski, Kąty Wrocławskie, Kobierzyce, Łagiewniki, Marcinowice and Mietków.","title":"Neighbouring gminas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sobótka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob%C3%B3tka"},{"link_name":"Będkowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%99dkowice,_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Garncarsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garncarsko"},{"link_name":"Kryształowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryszta%C5%82owice"},{"link_name":"Księginice Małe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99ginice_Ma%C5%82e"},{"link_name":"Kunów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kun%C3%B3w,_Wroc%C5%82aw_County"},{"link_name":"Michałowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82owice,_Gmina_Sob%C3%B3tka"},{"link_name":"Mirosławice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miros%C5%82awice,_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Nasławice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas%C5%82awice,_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Okulice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okulice,_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Olbrachtowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbrachtowice"},{"link_name":"Przezdrowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przezdrowice"},{"link_name":"Ręków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%99k%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Rogów Sobócki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rog%C3%B3w_Sob%C3%B3cki"},{"link_name":"Siedlakowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siedlakowice"},{"link_name":"Stary Zamek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stary_Zamek"},{"link_name":"Strachów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strach%C3%B3w,_Wroc%C5%82aw_County"},{"link_name":"Strzegomiany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzegomiany"},{"link_name":"Sulistrowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulistrowice,_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Sulistrowiczki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulistrowiczki"},{"link_name":"Świątniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%85tniki,_Wroc%C5%82aw_County"},{"link_name":"Wojnarowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojnarowice"},{"link_name":"Żerzuszyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBerzuszyce"}],"text":"Apart from the town of Sobótka, the gmina contains the villages of Będkowice, Garncarsko, Kryształowice, Księginice Małe, Kunów, Michałowice, Mirosławice, Nasławice, Okulice, Olbrachtowice, Przezdrowice, Ręków, Rogów Sobócki, Siedlakowice, Stary Zamek, Strachów, Strzegomiany, Sulistrowice, Sulistrowiczki, Świątniki, Wojnarowice and Żerzuszyce.","title":"Villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Berga/Elster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berga,_Thuringia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Gauchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauchy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Nový Malín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Mal%C3%ADn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Sobotka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobotka"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in PolandGmina Sobótka is twinned with:[2]Berga/Elster, Germany\n Gauchy, France\n Nový Malín, Czech Republic\n Sobotka, Czech Republic","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"}]	[{"image_text":"Sobótka as seen from tower on top of Wieżyca mountain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sob%C3%B3tka_as_seen_from_tower_on_top_of_Wie%C5%BCyca_mountain_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Sob%C3%B3tka_as_seen_from_tower_on_top_of_Wie%C5%BCyca_mountain_-_panoramio.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June\". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2019-as-of-30th-june,3,26.html","url_text":"\"Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gminy partnerskie\". sobotka.pl (in Polish). Gmina Sobótka. Retrieved 2020-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sobotka.pl/miasto-i-gmina/gminy-partnerskie/","url_text":"\"Gminy partnerskie\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gmina_Sob%C3%B3tka&params=50_53_55_N_16_44_40_E_region:PL_type:city(12854)","external_links_name":"50°53′55″N 16°44′40″E / 50.89861°N 16.74444°E / 50.89861; 16.74444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gmina_Sob%C3%B3tka&params=50_53_55_N_16_44_40_E_region:PL_type:city(12854)","external_links_name":"50°53′55″N 16°44′40″E / 50.89861°N 16.74444°E / 50.89861; 16.74444"},{"Link":"https://www.sobotka.pl/","external_links_name":"https://www.sobotka.pl"},{"Link":"https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2019-as-of-30th-june,3,26.html","external_links_name":"\"Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June\""},{"Link":"https://www.sobotka.pl/miasto-i-gmina/gminy-partnerskie/","external_links_name":"\"Gminy partnerskie\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gmina_Sob%C3%B3tka&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Aviation_Logistics_School	128th Aviation Brigade (United States)	["1 Decorations","2 References","3 External links"]	128th Aviation BrigadeActive1989-19952012 - PresentCountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnited States ArmyTypeAviation brigadeRoleAviationSizeBrigadePart ofUnited States Army Aviation Center of ExcellenceGarrison/HQFort Eustis, VirginiaMotto(s)"Born Under Fire"CommandersCurrentcommanderCol. Jake MillerMilitary unit The 128th Aviation Brigade is an aviation brigade of the United States Army under the United States Army Aviation Center of Excellence at Fort Eustis, Virginia. The 128th Aviation Brigade, located at Fort Eustis, Va., provides U.S. Army Soldiers the training and education to repair and maintain some of the Army’s most effective combat helicopters used today. The education taking place within its classrooms and simulators provides a starting point for ongoing training to keep helicopters combat ready and achieve strategic success. The 128th Aviation Brigade is composed of three battalions: 1st Battalion, 210th Aviation Regiment trains the Military Occupational Specialties 15F, Aircraft Electrician; 15H, Aircraft Pneudraulics Repairer; 15N, Avionic Mechanic; 15R, AH-64D Attack Helicopter Repairer; 15Y, AH-64D Armament/Electrical/Avionics Repairer; and the 151A, Aviation Maintenance Technician Warrant Officer Basic and Advanced Courses for the AH-64D Apache weapon system. 2nd Battalion, 210th Aviation Regiment trains MOSs 15B, Aircraft Powerplant Repairer; 15D, Aircraft Powertrain Repairer; 15G, Aircraft Structural Repairer; 15T, UH-60A/L/M Helicopter Repairer; and 15U, CH-47F Helicopter Repairer. 1st Battalion, 222nd Aviation Regiment is the student battalion, responsible for shaping the student Soldiers into members of the Aviation Branch through the lessons of Army Values, Aviation Safety, Warrior Tasks, and Battle Drills, in addition to a solid physical training program. Army Aviation Training began in 1942 at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, with light, fixed-wing airplanes; helicopters were introduced into the inventory in the late 1940s. Aviation Logistics Training began at the Transportation School in 1954. On April 12, 1983, Army Aviation was established as a basic branch and, shortly thereafter, the U.S. Army Transportation and Aviation Logistics School was created at Fort Eustis, Virginia. On October 1, 1988, Aviation Logistics Training was separated from the Transportation School, becoming the U.S. Army Aviation Logistics School, and was placed under the command and control of the U.S. Army Aviation Center and Fort Rucker. In 2008, USAALS became the first TRADOC School to achieve an accreditation of Training Institute of Excellence. In 2011, USAALS once again received the top rating, becoming the first training institution to receive two such ratings. In September 2011, the decision was made that USAALS would transform into a training brigade to accomplish both its training mission and provide brigade level command and control over its staff and faculty, cadre, and students. On February 1, 2012, the 128th Aviation Brigade was activated. The 128th Aviation Brigade has a short, yet courageous, lineage, earning its motto "Born Under Fire" by fighting as a provisional unit during Operation Just Cause in December 1989. It was activated on January 16, 1990 in Panama and served until 1995 when it was inactivated. The Brigade was awarded the Armed Forces Expedition - Panama campaign streamer. : 1st Battalion, 210th Aviation Regiment 2nd Battalion, 210th Aviation Regiment 1st Battalion, 222nd Aviation Regiment Decorations Armed Forces Expedition - Panama References ^ a b "128th Aviation Brigade". U.S. Army. 30 January 2022. External links 128th Aviation Brigade at TRADOC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"United States Army Aviation Center of Excellence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_Center_of_Excellence"},{"link_name":"Fort Eustis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Eustis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OFF128-1"},{"link_name":"210th Aviation Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/210th_Aviation_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"222nd Aviation Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/222nd_Aviation_Regiment_(United_States)"}],"text":"Military unitThe 128th Aviation Brigade is an aviation brigade of the United States Army under the United States Army Aviation Center of Excellence at Fort Eustis, Virginia.The 128th Aviation Brigade, located at Fort Eustis, Va., provides U.S. Army Soldiers the training and education to repair and maintain some of the Army’s most effective combat helicopters used today. The education taking place within its classrooms and simulators provides a starting point for ongoing training to keep helicopters combat ready and achieve strategic success.The 128th Aviation Brigade is composed of three battalions:1st Battalion, 210th Aviation Regiment trains the Military Occupational Specialties 15F, Aircraft Electrician; 15H, Aircraft Pneudraulics Repairer; 15N, Avionic Mechanic; 15R, AH-64D Attack Helicopter Repairer; 15Y, AH-64D Armament/Electrical/Avionics Repairer; and the 151A, Aviation Maintenance Technician Warrant Officer Basic and Advanced Courses for the AH-64D Apache weapon system.2nd Battalion, 210th Aviation Regiment trains MOSs 15B, Aircraft Powerplant Repairer; 15D, Aircraft Powertrain Repairer; 15G, Aircraft Structural Repairer; 15T, UH-60A/L/M Helicopter Repairer; and 15U, CH-47F Helicopter Repairer.1st Battalion, 222nd Aviation Regiment is the student battalion, responsible for shaping the student Soldiers into members of the Aviation Branch through the lessons of Army Values, Aviation Safety, Warrior Tasks, and Battle Drills, in addition to a solid physical training program.Army Aviation Training began in 1942 at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, with light, fixed-wing airplanes; helicopters were introduced into the inventory in the late 1940s. Aviation Logistics Training began at the Transportation School in 1954.On April 12, 1983, Army Aviation was established as a basic branch and, shortly thereafter, the U.S. Army Transportation and Aviation Logistics School was created at Fort Eustis, Virginia. On October 1, 1988, Aviation Logistics Training was separated from the Transportation School, becoming the U.S. Army Aviation Logistics School, and was placed under the command and control of the U.S. Army Aviation Center and Fort Rucker. In 2008, USAALS became the first TRADOC School to achieve an accreditation of Training Institute of Excellence. In 2011, USAALS once again received the top rating, becoming the first training institution to receive two such ratings.In September 2011, the decision was made that USAALS would transform into a training brigade to accomplish both its training mission and provide brigade level command and control over its staff and faculty, cadre, and students.On February 1, 2012, the 128th Aviation Brigade was activated. The 128th Aviation Brigade has a short, yet courageous, lineage, earning its motto \"Born Under Fire\" by fighting as a provisional unit during Operation Just Cause in December 1989. It was activated on January 16, 1990 in Panama and served until 1995 when it was inactivated. The Brigade was awarded the Armed Forces Expedition - Panama campaign streamer.:[1]1st Battalion, 210th Aviation Regiment\n2nd Battalion, 210th Aviation Regiment\n1st Battalion, 222nd Aviation Regiment","title":"128th Aviation Brigade (United States)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OFF128-1"}],"text":"Armed Forces Expedition - Panama[1]","title":"Decorations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"128th Aviation Brigade\". U.S. Army. 30 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.army.mil/rucker/index.php/usaace/units/128AB","url_text":"\"128th Aviation Brigade\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://home.army.mil/rucker/index.php/usaace/units/128AB","external_links_name":"\"128th Aviation Brigade\""},{"Link":"https://www.128ab.tradoc.army.mil/","external_links_name":"128th Aviation Brigade at TRADOC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Egara	Terrassa	["1 History","1.1 Catastrophes","2 Ecclesiastical history","2.1 Diocese of Egara","3 Notable sites","3.1 The churches of Sant Pere (Saint Peter)","3.2 Other","4 Municipal Government","5 Transportation","6 Culture","6.1 Music and theater","6.2 Mass media","7 Sports","8 Twin towns","9 Notable people","10 See also","11 References","12 Sources and external links"]	Coordinates: 41°34′12″N 2°00′47″E / 41.570°N 2.013°E / 41.570; 2.013"Egara" redirects here. For the census town in West Bengal, India, see Egara, Paschim Bardhaman. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Terrassa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Municipality in Catalonia, SpainTerrassaMunicipalityCastle of Vallparadís FlagCoat of armsLocation of TerrassaLocation in Vallès Occidental countyTerrassaShow map of CataloniaTerrassaShow map of SpainCoordinates: 41°34′12″N 2°00′47″E / 41.570°N 2.013°E / 41.570; 2.013Sovereign state SpainCommunity CataloniaRegionBarcelonaCountyVallès OccidentalProvinceBarcelonaGovernment • MayorJordi Ballart (TxT )Area • Total70.2 km2 (27.1 sq mi)Elevation286 m (938 ft)Population (2018) • Total218,535 • Density3,100/km2 (8,100/sq mi)Demonym(s)terrassenc, -caegarenc, -ca(Catalan)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postcode08221 to 08229Official language(s)Catalan and SpanishClimateCfaWebsitewww.terrassa.cat Terrassa (Catalan pronunciation: , Spanish: Tarrasa) is a city in central-eastern Catalonia (Spain). It is one of the two capitals of Vallès Occidental county, along with Sabadell. The name Terrassa derives from Latin Terracia, either from earlier Terracium castellum (“earthen castle”), or meaning "terrace", "area of flat land". It is the site of Roman Egara , a former Visigothic bishopric, which became a Latin Catholic titular see. Since 2004, it is again the see of a bishopric. The city is located in the Catalan Prelitoral depression (Depressió Prelitoral), at the feet of the Prelitoral mountain range (natural reserve of Sant Llorenç del Munt ) and the average altitude of the city is 277 meters above sea level. It is 20 and 18 kilometres from Barcelona and Montserrat respectively. Terrassa is the fourth largest city in Catalonia, after Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and Badalona. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Terrassa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Masia Freixa of Terrassa, sea of parabolic arches The remains that have been found indicate that the area where Terrassa stands has been inhabited since prehistory. In 2005, during the construction of a tunnel for one of the city's railway lines, a prehistoric site was found in Vallparadís Park, with stone tools and fossils of hunted animals dating back 800,000 to 1,000,000 years, making this one of the oldest prehistoric sites in Europe. Terrassa originated as the Roman town of Egara (Municipium Flavium Egara), which was founded during the time of the emperor Vespasian (69–79 CE), alongside the torrent of Vallparadís (nowadays an urban park) close to the Iberian town of Egosa, on the site of which some ceramics and coins have been found. In the 17th century it was the sight of the Terrasa witchtrials, where 6 women were arrested, tortured and convicted of witchcraft. Five of them were hanged on 27 October 1619 near a present-day railway bridge. Other important remains from the Middle Ages are the former cathedral, the castle of Vallparadís (from 1344 to 1413 a Carthusian monastery and today a municipal museum) and the tower of the castle-palace of the count-king. In the 19th century the city played an important role in the industrial revolution, specializing in woollen fabrics, and today there is a major Modernista legacy as a result of the city's importance at that time. Particularly notable Modernista buildings include the Masia Freixa (1907), the Vapor Aymerich, Amat i Jover textile mill (1907) (now the Museum of Science and Industry of Catalonia), the Principal theater (1920), the city hall (1902), the Alegre de Sagrera house/museum (1911), the Industrial School (1904), the Gran Casino (1920), the Parc de Desinfecció (1920), and the Independència market (1908). Terrassa is a partner city of the Art nouveau network, a European network of co-operation created in 1999 for the study, preservation and development of Art Nouveau. Terrassa is a famous movie production center in Europe and was named a City of Film by UNESCO. The city is home to the largest film studios in Catalonia and the Iberian Peninsula, the Parc Audiovisual de Catalunya, where numerous movies and TV Shows such as REC, A Monster Calls and Operación Triunfo have been filmed. Catastrophes See also: 1962 Vallés floodsResults of the 1962 flood in Terrassa the day after. Picture obtained in the Tobella's archive. On 25 September 1962, after a long dry summer, between 212 and 252 litres of rain per square metre fell in three hours. It caused the rivers Llobregat and Besòs and their tributaries to overflow, creating a water avenue that caused 700 victims and heavy material losses. The Vallès Occidental comarca was the most damaged. In particularly Terrassa, with 327 victims. The reason of these numbers was that building was permitted around two dry streams used to bring rain water to the Llobregat river. They met in a wedge shape and were not properly channelized. When the streams overflowed it created what was called "the dead triangle", with more than a hundred victims only in the Ègara neighbourhood. Ecclesiastical history Ancient churches of Ègara. The episcopal see of Ègara already existed by about 450 CE, when it was established on territory split off from the Roman Catholic Diocese of Barcelona, under the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tarragona. Pope Hilarius confirmed its autonomy by denying a request around 469 to unite it with the Barcelona under its own first bishop, Ireneus. It comprised parts of these Comarques of Catalonia (Catalan districts) : Alt Penedès, Anoia, Baix Llobregat, Vallès Occidental and Vallès Oriental. A Provincial Council of Tarragona was held there in 615. It effectively succumbed to the Arab (Muslim) conquest in the 8th century and was probably suppressed, its territory being (rather nominally) returned to the Diocese of Barcelona. The Marian cathedral continued to exist until 718, when it was taken over during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania, but was rebuilt in the 12th century, and remains part of a monumental complex of ancient Visigothic-Romanesque churches of Sant Pere de Terrassa and Sant Miquel on the site. After the Catholic Reconquista of the region in the tenth century, the see was not restored, its territory being incorporated in the (mother) diocese of Barcelona. Why a request to restore the bishopric by its Metropolitan of Tarragona, Cesareo, wasn't honored by Pope John XII (955–964) is unclear. In 2004, Pope John Paul II created the new Diocese of Terrassa on territory taken from the Archdiocese of Barcelona. Its seat is the Cathedral of Holy Sprit. Diocese of Egara Suffragan Bishops of Egara Ireneo (450? – death 465) Saint Nebridio (516? – 527?), who was possibly transferred to Barcelona, which had a homonym incumbent in 540. Tauro (546? – ?) Sofronio (589? – 592?) Ilergio (594? – 610?) Eugenio (633? – ?) Vincenzo (653? – ?) Giovanni (683? – 693?) Titular see of Egara In 1969 Pope Paul VI created the titular see of Egara. The title has been held by: Justo Goizueta Gridilla, O.A.R. (14 January 1970 – retired 15 February 1978), as Bishop-Prelate of Territorial Prelature of Madera (Mexico) (1970.01.14 – 1988.02.02), previously Apostolic Administrator of same Madera (1967 – 14 January 1970); died 1991 Juan Francisco Sarasti Jaramillo, C.I.M. (8 March 1978 – 23 December 1983) as Auxiliary Bishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cali (Colombia) (8 March 1978 – 23 December 1983); later Bishop of Barrancabermeja (Colombia) (23 December 1983 – 25 March 1993), Metropolitan Archbishop of Ibagué (Colombia) (25 March 1993 – 17 August 2002), Metropolitan Archbishop of above Cali (17 August 2002 – retired 18 May 2011) and Apostolic Administrator of Buenaventura (Colombia) (21 February 2004 – 29 April 2004) Paulius Antanas Baltakis, O.F.M. (1 June 1984 – 17 May 2019) Luis Miguel Romero Fernández, M. Id. (20 March 2020 – present), Auxiliary Bishop of Rockville Centre, New York City Notable sites The churches of Sant Pere (Saint Peter) Sant Miquel. Altarpiece of Sant Abdó i Sant Senén. These three churches were built close to the site of old Ègara to be the seat of the Ègara Diocese, which was founded around 450 CE and remained in existence until the 8th century. This episcopal complex follows the Byzantine model of antiquity, with two churches (Sant Pere and Santa Maria) and a mausoleum (Sant Miquel). After a long period of construction, the churches were finished in the then-current manner about the 11th and 12th centuries and in Romanesque style, on the site of the pre-Romanesque buildings of the Visigothic period. The church of Santa Maria contains outstanding works of art, and there are murals dating from the Romanesque period to the Gothic. There is also an altar stone dating from the 10th century and medieval and Romanesque tombstones (one of which documents the name of the Roman town of Egara). In the transept there are three Gothic altarpieces. Santa Maria (Saint Mary) the old Cathedral Apse from the 6th century Nave from the 11th century with exterior Lombardy-style decorations Romanesque frescoes of Saint Thomas Becket from the 12th century Frescoes from the 13th century Sant Pere (Saint Peter) Transept and apse from 9th to 10th centuries Nave from the 12th century Mosaic from the 10th century (geometric designs) Stone altarpiece of Sant Pere from the 10th century Gothic frescoes from the 13th century Sant Miquel (Saint Michael) The Greek cross plan and the walls are the originals from the 6th century Frescoes from the 7th and 8th centuries in the apse Other items Altarpiece of Sant Pere (1411) by Lluís Borrassà Altarpiece of Roser (1587) Altarpiece of Sant Ruf (17th century) Altarpiece of Sant Miquel (1450–51) by Jaume Cirera and Guillem Talarn Gothic altarpiece of Sant Abdó i Sant Senén (1460) by Jaume Huguet Polychrome sculpture of Saint Mary from the 14th century Other The city is heir to a rich medieval, Modernista and industrial legacy, and possesses an extensive network of libraries, historical archives and museums. The museum of Terrassa, municipally-owned, has various sections: Castle/Charterhouse of Vallparadís, in the Park of Vallparadís Visigothic-Romanesque churches of Sant Pere (Saint Peter) Casa Alegre de Sagrera, Modernista house in Carrer Font Vella Tower of the Palau, the only vestige of the castle-palace of the count-kings of Catalonia in Terrassa Center of medieval interpretation of the city of Terrassa Convent of Sant Francesc, cloister decorated with polychromed ceramics (1671–1673) Museum of Science and Industry of Catalonia, in the former Aymerich Amat i Jover mill, managed by the Generalitat de Catalunya Municipal Government The Municipal Council has 27 seats and according to the result of the local elections of May 2023 is formed by: Romanesque monastery at the top of la Mola (1107 m), the highest point of the natural reserve of Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l'Obac All for Terrassa (Tot per Terrassa, TxT) – 11 seats (33,46%) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya, PSC) – 7 seats (20.91%) Vox (Vox) - 3 seats (10,49%) Republican Left of Catalonia (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC) – 2 seats (7.56%) Together for Catalonia (Junts per Catalunya, JUNTS) – 2 seats (7.56%) People's Party (Partit Popular, PP) - 2 seats (6,56%) The municipal government is formed by a coalition of Tot per Terrassa, ERC and JUNTS. The Mayor is Jordi Ballart (TxT). Transportation Terrassa is well connected with Barcelona's port and airport by highway and railway. The C-58 and C-16 also link the city with (Manresa), (Girona, France), and (Tarragona). The railway reached Terrassa in 1856, and nowadays two lines serve the city. The first, operated by Renfe, connects with Barcelona and Lleida, and the second, operated by FGC, with Barcelona. Recently FGC extended its line to the north of the city, building three new stations; one of them acts as a rail hub with the Renfe line. This extension is known as the Terrassa Metro. Several interurban bus lines connect Terrassa with the closest cities and towns such as Sabadell, Castellar del Vallès, Martorell, Rubí, Sant Cugat del Vallès and Vacarisses. Transport inside the city is provided by 14 bus lines operated by a municipal company (Transports Municipals d'Ègara). In the future, when the three new FGC stations and the two planned for the Renfe line are in use, the railway will also serve as urban transport. Culture Music and theater A lot of musicians and actors are based in Terrassa because of the large number of music schools, a long amateur theater tradition and the local seat of the University of Drama. Since 1982, the Terrassa Jazz Festival has been especially outstanding, with guests like Stan Getz, Chet Baker, Dexter Gordon, Tete Montoliu, Dizzy Gillespie. Local bands such as Doctor Prats have also developed a national and international following. Mass media Terrasa has a local newspaper, the Diari de Terrassa , that is published daily from Tuesday to Saturday, as well as several radio stations: Ràdio Terrassa/Cadena SER Vallès on 828 AM and 89.4 FM, with more than 75 years of history behind it, being one of the pioneering radio stations in Catalonia and Spain; the municipal radio (Noucincpuntdos, 95.2 FM); and Radio Star de Terrassa, the city's cultural station, on 100.5 FM, which was founded in 1984 and is one of the historic local radios of Catalonia. Also, the city has several local channels – TV20 Locàlia Vallès and Canal Terrassa, with an audience of more than 50,000 viewers. In addition, there is the free newspaper Terrassa Societat, published monthly with a circulation of 50,000, and Terrassa Month, published of Monday through Friday and also covering local events. Since 2005 the municipal digital newspaper e-newsterrassa.com, in Catalan, has been on line (as for 2013, this digital newspaper has been taken down). The municipal Web site www.terrassa.cat receives no fewer than 150,000 monthly visitors. Sports Terrassa was a pioneer in the introduction of field hockey and korfball in Catalonia and played an important role in the introduction of basketball. The most important sport in the city is field hockey. During the Barcelona Olympic Games in 1992, Terrassa was the city where the field hockey competition was played. The great number of hockey players from Terrassa who have participated in the Olympic Games over the years has led to Terrassa's being referred to as the "most Olympic city in the world". Between 1928 and 2004, Terrassa sent 124 athletes to the Olympic Games, the majority of whom were hockey players. Three local field hockey clubs, Atlètic Terrassa, Club Egara and Club Deportiu Terrassa have all won the División de Honor de Hockey Hierba and the Copa del Rey de Hockey Hierba. Atlètic Terrassa and Club Egara have also won the EuroHockey Club Champions Cup. Other local sports teams include Club de Rugby Carboners de Terrassa, CN Terrassa (water polo), Terrassa FC (association football), CP San Cristóbal (association football) and Sferic Terrassa (basketball). Terrassa is the home and birthplace of FC Barcelona and Spain national football team midfielder Xavi. The city's castells teams are the Minyons de Terrassa and the Castellers de Terrassa. On 22 November 2015, Terrassa's Plaça Vella was the scene of the world's first successful 4 de 10 amb folre i manilles, completed by the Minyons. Twin towns Terrassa is twinned with five cities: Granada, Nicaragua Örebro, Sweden Pamiers, France Tecoluca, El Salvador Tétouan, Morocco Terrassa also signed a protocol of special relations cooperation with: Otavalo, Ecuador Notable people Nebridius (5th c. – 6th c.), religious Joseph Oller (1835-1922), entrepreneur Domingo Cirici Ventalló (1878-1917), writer José María Cunill Postius (1896-1949), paramilitary leader Teresa Torrelles (1908-199), anarcha-feminist activist Cristina Lacasa (1929-2011), writer Joana Biarnés (1935-2018), photographer Jaime Comas (1936-2021), screenwriter and producer Marta Pessarrodona (born 1941), writer Francesc Abad (born 1944), artist Eulàlia Grau (born 1946), artist Jordi Camí (born 1952), scholar in pharmacology Josep Roig Boada (born 1957), composer and producer Assumpta Escarp i Gibert (born 1957), politician Concha García Campoy (1958-2013), journalist Sergi Belbel (born 1963), playwright Josep Guijarro (born 1957), journalist and writer Pere Navarro (born 1959), politician Lluís Puig (born 1959), art director Enric Millo (born 1960), politician Josep Rull (born 1968), politician DJ Skudero (born 1976), mákina DJ and producer Aleix Villatoro i Oliver (born 1979), politician Xavi (born 1980), association football player and manager Jordi Ballart (born 1980), politician Cristian Canton Ferrer (born 1980), writer, musicologist and pianist Aleix Alcaraz (born 1990), racing driver Miki Núñez (born 1996), singer Dani Olmo (born 1998), footballer See also School of Engineering of Terrassa List of Catholic dioceses in Spain, Andorra, Ceuta and Gibraltar References ^ "El municipi en xifres: Terrassa". Statistical Institute of Catalonia. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2015. ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. ^ Cardús, Salvador (1961). Nom i escut de Tarrassa. Patronat de la Fundació Soler i Palet. OCLC 1123914215. ^ Moran, Josep; Batlle, Mar; Rabella i Ribas, Joan Anton (2002). Topònims catalans: etimologia i pronúncia (in Catalan). Barcelona: Abadia de Montserrat. p. 165. ISBN 8484154319. ^ "¿Qué eran y quiénes eran las brujas catalanas?". ElNacional.cat. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020. ^ Art Nouveau network Archived 18 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, artnouveau-net.eu. Accessed 4 August 2022. ^ "Riuades 1962" (in Catalan). 4 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016. ^ A. Lambert, lemma 'Barcelone', in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. VI, 1932, col. 676. ^ "Els terrassencs Doctor Prats fan el seu primer concert en directe a Faktoria" , terrassadigital.cat (in Catalan), archived from the original on 19 September 2016, retrieved 19 March 2020 ^ Martín, Carol (12 November 2015). "Els Minyons de Terrassa fan història en descarregar el quatre de deu amb folre i manilles". Ara. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015. ^ "Hermanamientos". Ajuntament de Terrassa. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2020. Sources and external links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terrassa. Terrassa City Council Archived 9 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine Government data pages (in Catalan) The best things to do in Terrassa (in English) GCatholic; with Google satellite photo Bibliography – ecclesiastical history D. Mansilla, lemma 'Egara' in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIV, Paris 1960, coll. 1462–1466 Places adjacent to Terrassa MuraVacarisses Matadepera Castellar del Vallès Viladecavalls Terrassa Sabadell Ullastrell Rubí Sant Quirze del Vallès Articles related to Terrassa vteMunicipalities of Vallès Occidental Badia del Vallès Barberà del Vallès Castellar del Vallès Castellbisbal Cerdanyola del Vallès Gallifa Matadepera Montcada i Reixac Palau-solità i Plegamans Polinyà Rellinars Ripollet Rubí Sabadell Sant Cugat del Vallès Sant Llorenç Savall Sant Quirze del Vallès Santa Perpètua de Mogoda Sentmenat Terrassa Ullastrell Vacarisses Viladecavalls vteMunicipalities in the province of Barcelona1,500,000+ Barcelona 250,000+ L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 200,000+ Badalona Sabadell Terrassa 100,000+ Mataró Santa Coloma de Gramenet 75,000+ Cornellà de Llobregat Manresa Sant Boi de Llobregat Sant Cugat del Vallès 50,000+ Castelldefels Cerdanyola del Vallès Granollers Mollet del Vallès El Prat de Llobregat Rubí Viladecans Vilanova i la Geltrú 25,000+ Barberà del Vallès Esplugues de Llobregat Gavà Igualada Martorell Molins de Rei Montcada i Reixac Pineda de Mar Premià de Mar Ripollet Sant Adrià de Besòs Sant Andreu de la Barca Sant Feliu de Llobregat Sant Joan Despí Sant Pere de Ribes Sant Vicenç dels Horts Santa Perpètua de Mogoda Sitges Vic Vilafranca del Penedès under 25,000 Abrera Aguilar de Segarra Aiguafreda Alella Alpens L'Ametlla del Vallès Arenys de Mar Arenys de Munt Argençola Argentona Artés Avià Avinyó Avinyonet del Penedès Badia del Vallès Bagà Balenyà Balsareny Begues Bellprat Berga Bigues i Riells Borredà El Bruc El Brull Les Cabanyes Cabrera de Mar Cabrera d'Anoia Cabrils Calaf Calders Caldes de Montbui Caldes d'Estrac Calella Calonge de Segarra Calldetenes Callús Campins Canet de Mar Canovelles Cànoves i Samalús Canyelles Capellades Capolat Cardedeu Cardona Carme Casserres Castell de l'Areny Castellar de n'Hug Castellar del Riu Castellar del Vallès Castellbell i el Vilar Castellbisbal Castellcir Castellet i la Gornal Castellfollit de Riubregós Castellfollit del Boix Castellgalí Castellnou de Bages Castellolí Castellterçol Castellví de la Marca Castellví de Rosanes Centelles Cercs Cervelló Collbató Collsuspina Copons Corbera de Llobregat Cubelles Dosrius Esparreguera L'Espunyola L'Esquirol Estany Figaró-Montmany Fígols Fogars de la Selva Fogars de Montclús Folgueroles Fonollosa Font-rubí Les Franqueses del Vallès Gaià Gallifa La Garriga Gelida Gironella Gisclareny La Granada Granera Gualba Guardiola de Berguedà Gurb Els Hostalets de Pierola Jorba La Llacuna La Llagosta Lliçà d'Amunt Lliçà de Vall Llinars del Vallès Lluçà Malgrat de Mar Malla Manlleu Marganell Martorelles Les Masies de Roda Les Masies de Voltregà El Masnou Masquefa Matadepera Mediona Moià Monistrol de Calders Monistrol de Montserrat Montclar Montesquiu Montgat Montmajor Montmaneu Montmeló Montornès del Vallès Montseny Muntanyola Mura Navarcles Navàs La Nou de Berguedà Òdena Olèrdola Olesa de Bonesvalls Olesa de Montserrat Olivella Olost Olvan Orís Oristà Orpí Òrrius Pacs del Penedès Palafolls Palau-solità i Plegamans La Palma de Cervelló Pallejà El Papiol Parets del Vallès Perafita Piera El Pla del Penedès La Pobla de Claramunt La Pobla de Lillet Polinyà El Pont de Vilomara i Rocafort Pontons Prats de Lluçanès Els Prats de Rei Premià de Dalt Puigdàlber Puig-reig Pujalt La Quar Rajadell Rellinars La Roca del Vallès Roda de Ter Rubió Rupit i Pruit Sagàs Saldes Sallent Sant Agustí de Lluçanès Sant Andreu de Llavaneres Sant Antoni de Vilamajor Sant Bartomeu del Grau Sant Boi de Lluçanès Sant Cebrià de Vallalta Sant Celoni Sant Climent de Llobregat Sant Cugat Sesgarrigues Sant Esteve de Palautordera Sant Esteve Sesrovires Sant Feliu de Codines Sant Feliu Sasserra Sant Fost de Campsentelles Sant Fruitós de Bages Sant Hipòlit de Voltregà Sant Iscle de Vallalta Sant Jaume de Frontanyà Sant Joan de Vilatorrada Sant Julià de Cerdanyola Sant Julià de Vilatorta Sant Just Desvern Sant Llorenç d'Hortons Sant Llorenç Savall Sant Martí d'Albars Sant Martí de Centelles Sant Martí de Tous Sant Martí Sarroca Sant Martí Sesgueioles Sant Mateu de Bages Sant Pere de Riudebitlles Sant Pere de Torelló Sant Pere de Vilamajor Sant Pere Sallavinera Sant Pol de Mar Sant Quintí de Mediona Sant Quirze de Besora Sant Quirze del Vallès Sant Quirze Safaja Sant Sadurní d'Anoia Sant Sadurní d'Osormort Sant Salvador de Guardiola Sant Vicenç de Castellet Sant Vicenç de Montalt Sant Vicenç de Torelló Santa Cecília de Voltregà Santa Coloma de Cervelló Santa Eugènia de Berga Santa Eulàlia de Riuprimer Santa Eulàlia de Ronçana Santa Fe del Penedès Santa Margarida de Montbui Santa Margarida i els Monjos Santa Maria de Besora Santa Maria de Martorelles Santa Maria de Merlès Santa Maria de Miralles Santa Maria de Palautordera Santa Maria d'Oló Santa Susanna Santpedor Sentmenat Seva Sobremunt Sora Subirats Súria Tagamanent Talamanca Taradell Tavèrnoles Tavertet Teià Tiana Tona Tordera Torelló La Torre de Claramunt Torrelavit Torrelles de Foix Torrelles de Llobregat Ullastrell Vacarisses Vallbona d'Anoia Vallcebre Vallgorguina Vallirana Vallromanes Veciana Vilada Viladecavalls Vilalba Sasserra Vilanova de Sau Vilanova del Camí Vilanova del Vallès Vilassar de Dalt Vilassar de Mar Vilobí del Penedès Viver i Serrateix vteCities in Spain by population1,000,000+ Madrid Barcelona 500,000 - 999,999 Valencia Seville Zaragoza Málaga 300,000 - 499,999 Murcia Palma Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Bilbao Alicante Cordoba 200,000 - 299,999 Valladolid Vigo Gijón L'Hospitalet de Llobregat A Coruña Vitoria-Gasteiz Granada Elche Oviedo Badalona Cartagena Terrassa Jerez de la Frontera Sabadell Santa Cruz de Tenerife Móstoles Alcalá de Henares 100,000 - 199,999 Pamplona Fuenlabrada Almería Leganés San Sebastián Burgos Santander Castellón de la Plana Getafe Albacete Alcorcón Logroño San Cristóbal de La Laguna Badajoz Salamanca Huelva Lleida Marbella Tarragona León Cádiz Lleida Dos Hermanas Tarragona Torrejón de Ardoz Parla Mataró Algeciras Santa Coloma de Gramenet Alcobendas Jaén Ourense Reus Barakaldo Girona 75,000 - 99,999 Lugo Roquetas de Mar Santiago de Compostela Cáceres Las Rozas de Madrid Lorca San Fernando El Puerto de Santa María Guadalajara Melilla Toledo Torrevieja Ceuta Talavera de la Reina Pontevedra Orihuela Palencia Avilés Alcalá de Guadaíra Ciudad Real Complete list Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egara, Paschim Bardhaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egara,_Paschim_Bardhaman"},{"link_name":"[təˈrasə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Vallès Occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A8s_Occidental"},{"link_name":"Sabadell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabadell"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Egara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egara"},{"link_name":"ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88gara"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"bishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Terrassa"},{"link_name":"natural reserve of Sant Llorenç del Munt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_reserve_of_Sant_Lloren%C3%A7_del_Munt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Natural_de_Sant_Lloren%C3%A7_del_Munt_i_l%27Obac"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"L'Hospitalet de Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Hospitalet_de_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Badalona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badalona"}],"text":"\"Egara\" redirects here. For the census town in West Bengal, India, see Egara, Paschim Bardhaman.Municipality in Catalonia, SpainTerrassa (Catalan pronunciation: [təˈrasə], Spanish: Tarrasa) is a city in central-eastern Catalonia (Spain). It is one of the two capitals of Vallès Occidental county, along with Sabadell.The name Terrassa derives from Latin Terracia, either from earlier Terracium castellum (“earthen castle”),[3] or meaning \"terrace\", \"area of flat land\".[4]It is the site of Roman Egara [ca], a former Visigothic bishopric, which became a Latin Catholic titular see. Since 2004, it is again the see of a bishopric.The city is located in the Catalan Prelitoral depression (Depressió Prelitoral), at the feet of the Prelitoral mountain range (natural reserve of Sant Llorenç del Munt [ca]) and the average altitude of the city is 277 meters above sea level. It is 20 and 18 kilometres from Barcelona and Montserrat respectively.Terrassa is the fourth largest city in Catalonia, after Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and Badalona.","title":"Terrassa"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masia_Freixa_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Masia Freixa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masia_Freixa"},{"link_name":"Vallparadís Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallparad%C3%ADs_Park"},{"link_name":"Vespasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian"},{"link_name":"Iberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberians"},{"link_name":"Terrasa witchtrials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrassa_witch_trials"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Carthusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthusian"},{"link_name":"count-king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Modernista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisme"},{"link_name":"Masia Freixa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masia_Freixa"},{"link_name":"textile mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_mill"},{"link_name":"Museum of Science and Industry of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNACTEC"},{"link_name":"the Industrial School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Engineering_of_Terrassa"},{"link_name":"Art nouveau network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Art_Nouveau_Network"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"movie production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaking"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"City of Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Film"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Parc Audiovisual de Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parc_Audiovisual_de_Catalunya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"REC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec_(film)"},{"link_name":"A Monster Calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Monster_Calls_(film)"},{"link_name":"Operación Triunfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Triunfo_(Spanish_TV_series)"}],"text":"The Masia Freixa of Terrassa, sea of parabolic archesThe remains that have been found indicate that the area where Terrassa stands has been inhabited since prehistory. In 2005, during the construction of a tunnel for one of the city's railway lines, a prehistoric site was found in Vallparadís Park, with stone tools and fossils of hunted animals dating back 800,000 to 1,000,000 years, making this one of the oldest prehistoric sites in Europe.Terrassa originated as the Roman town of Egara (Municipium Flavium Egara), which was founded during the time of the emperor Vespasian (69–79 CE), alongside the torrent of Vallparadís (nowadays an urban park) close to the Iberian town of Egosa, on the site of which some ceramics and coins have been found.In the 17th century it was the sight of the Terrasa witchtrials, where 6 women were arrested, tortured and convicted of witchcraft. Five of them were hanged on 27 October 1619 near a present-day railway bridge.[5]Other important remains from the Middle Ages are the former cathedral, the castle of Vallparadís (from 1344 to 1413 a Carthusian monastery and today a municipal museum) and the tower of the castle-palace of the count-king.In the 19th century the city played an important role in the industrial revolution, specializing in woollen fabrics, and today there is a major Modernista legacy as a result of the city's importance at that time. Particularly notable Modernista buildings include the Masia Freixa (1907), the Vapor Aymerich, Amat i Jover textile mill (1907) (now the Museum of Science and Industry of Catalonia), the Principal theater (1920), the city hall (1902), the Alegre de Sagrera house/museum (1911), the Industrial School (1904), the Gran Casino (1920), the Parc de Desinfecció (1920), and the Independència market (1908).Terrassa is a partner city of the Art nouveau network,[6] a European network of co-operation created in 1999 for the study, preservation and development of Art Nouveau.Terrassa is a famous movie production center in Europe and was named a City of Film by UNESCO. The city is home to the largest film studios in Catalonia and the Iberian Peninsula, the Parc Audiovisual de Catalunya, where numerous movies and TV Shows such as REC, A Monster Calls and Operación Triunfo have been filmed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1962 Vallés floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Vall%C3%A9s_floods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flood_1962.jpg"},{"link_name":"Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Besòs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bes%C3%B2s_(river)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vallès Occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A8s_Occidental"},{"link_name":"comarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comarques_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llobregat"},{"link_name":"channelized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channelized_(river)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Catastrophes","text":"See also: 1962 Vallés floodsResults of the 1962 flood in Terrassa the day after. Picture obtained in the Tobella's archive.On 25 September 1962, after a long dry summer, between 212 and 252 litres of rain per square metre fell in three hours. It caused the rivers Llobregat and Besòs and their tributaries to overflow, creating a water avenue that caused 700 victims and heavy material losses.[citation needed]The Vallès Occidental comarca was the most damaged. In particularly Terrassa, with 327 victims. The reason of these numbers was that building was permitted around two dry streams used to bring rain water to the Llobregat river. They met in a wedge shape and were not properly channelized. When the streams overflowed it created what was called \"the dead triangle\", with more than a hundred victims only in the Ègara neighbourhood.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egara._Conjunt_episcopal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Pope Hilarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Hilarius"},{"link_name":"Comarques of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comarques_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Alt Penedès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_Pened%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Anoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoia"},{"link_name":"Baix Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baix_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Vallès Occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A8s_Occidental"},{"link_name":"Vallès Oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A8s_Oriental"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Umayyad conquest of Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania"},{"link_name":"Visigothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Reconquista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista"},{"link_name":"Pope John XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XII"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Terrassa"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Holy Sprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrassa_Cathedral"}],"text":"Ancient churches of Ègara.The episcopal see of Ègara already existed by about 450 CE, when it was established on territory split off from the Roman Catholic Diocese of Barcelona, under the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tarragona. Pope Hilarius confirmed its autonomy by denying a request around 469 to unite it with the Barcelona under its own first bishop, Ireneus.It comprised parts of these Comarques of Catalonia (Catalan districts) : Alt Penedès, Anoia, Baix Llobregat, Vallès Occidental and Vallès Oriental. A Provincial Council of Tarragona was held there in 615.It effectively succumbed to the Arab (Muslim) conquest in the 8th century and was probably suppressed, its territory being (rather nominally) returned to the Diocese of Barcelona. The Marian cathedral continued to exist until 718, when it was taken over during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania, but was rebuilt in the 12th century, and remains part of a monumental complex of ancient Visigothic-Romanesque churches of Sant Pere de Terrassa and Sant Miquel on the site.After the Catholic Reconquista of the region in the tenth century, the see was not restored, its territory being incorporated in the (mother) diocese of Barcelona. Why a request to restore the bishopric by its Metropolitan of Tarragona, Cesareo, wasn't honored by Pope John XII (955–964) is unclear.In 2004, Pope John Paul II created the new Diocese of Terrassa on territory taken from the Archdiocese of Barcelona. Its seat is the Cathedral of Holy Sprit.","title":"Ecclesiastical history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"O.A.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinian_Recollects"},{"link_name":"Bishop-Prelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop-Prelate"},{"link_name":"Territorial Prelature of Madera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Prelature_of_Madera"},{"link_name":"C.I.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudists"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cali"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Barrancabermeja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Barrancabermeja"},{"link_name":"Ibagué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Ibagu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Buenaventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Buenaventura"},{"link_name":"Paulius Antanas Baltakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulius_Antanas_Baltakis"},{"link_name":"O.F.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friars_Minor"},{"link_name":"Luis Miguel Romero Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Miguel_Romero_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"M. Id.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idente_Missionaries"},{"link_name":"Rockville Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville_Centre"}],"sub_title":"Diocese of Egara","text":"Suffragan Bishops of EgaraIreneo (450? – death 465)\nSaint Nebridio (516? – 527?), who was possibly transferred to Barcelona, which had a homonym incumbent in 540.[8]\nTauro (546? – ?)\nSofronio (589? – 592?)\nIlergio (594? – 610?)\nEugenio (633? – ?)\nVincenzo (653? – ?)\nGiovanni (683? – 693?)Titular see of EgaraIn 1969 Pope Paul VI created the titular see of Egara.The title has been held by:Justo Goizueta Gridilla, O.A.R. (14 January 1970 – retired 15 February 1978), as Bishop-Prelate of Territorial Prelature of Madera (Mexico) (1970.01.14 – 1988.02.02), previously Apostolic Administrator of same Madera (1967 – 14 January 1970); died 1991\nJuan Francisco Sarasti Jaramillo, C.I.M. (8 March 1978 – 23 December 1983) as Auxiliary Bishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cali (Colombia) (8 March 1978 – 23 December 1983); later Bishop of Barrancabermeja (Colombia) (23 December 1983 – 25 March 1993), Metropolitan Archbishop of Ibagué (Colombia) (25 March 1993 – 17 August 2002), Metropolitan Archbishop of above Cali (17 August 2002 – retired 18 May 2011) and Apostolic Administrator of Buenaventura (Colombia) (21 February 2004 – 29 April 2004)\nPaulius Antanas Baltakis, O.F.M. (1 June 1984 – 17 May 2019)\nLuis Miguel Romero Fernández, M. Id. (20 March 2020 – present), Auxiliary Bishop of Rockville Centre, New York City","title":"Ecclesiastical history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egara._Sant_Miquel.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huguet-santsAbdoSenen-0021_collage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"transept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transept"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"altarpieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Apse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"link_name":"Nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"frescoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"Saint Thomas Becket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Becket"},{"link_name":"Mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Greek cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_cross"},{"link_name":"Lluís Borrassà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Borrass%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Jaume Huguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_Huguet"}],"sub_title":"The churches of Sant Pere (Saint Peter)","text":"Sant Miquel.Altarpiece of Sant Abdó i Sant Senén.These three churches were built close to the site of old Ègara to be the seat of the Ègara Diocese, which was founded around 450 CE and remained in existence until the 8th century. This episcopal complex follows the Byzantine model of antiquity, with two churches (Sant Pere and Santa Maria) and a mausoleum (Sant Miquel). After a long period of construction, the churches were finished in the then-current manner about the 11th and 12th centuries and in Romanesque style, on the site of the pre-Romanesque buildings of the Visigothic period.\nThe church of Santa Maria contains outstanding works of art, and there are murals dating from the Romanesque period to the Gothic. There is also an altar stone dating from the 10th century and medieval and Romanesque tombstones (one of which documents the name of the Roman town of Egara). In the transept there are three Gothic altarpieces.Santa Maria (Saint Mary) the old Cathedral\nApse from the 6th century\nNave from the 11th century with exterior Lombardy-style decorations\nRomanesque frescoes of Saint Thomas Becket from the 12th century\nFrescoes from the 13th century\nSant Pere (Saint Peter)\nTransept and apse from 9th to 10th centuries\nNave from the 12th century\nMosaic from the 10th century (geometric designs)\nStone altarpiece of Sant Pere from the 10th century\nGothic frescoes from the 13th century\nSant Miquel (Saint Michael)\nThe Greek cross plan and the walls are the originals from the 6th century\nFrescoes from the 7th and 8th centuries in the apse\nOther items\nAltarpiece of Sant Pere (1411) by Lluís Borrassà\nAltarpiece of Roser (1587)\nAltarpiece of Sant Ruf (17th century)\nAltarpiece of Sant Miquel (1450–51) by Jaume Cirera and Guillem Talarn\nGothic altarpiece of Sant Abdó i Sant Senén (1460) by Jaume Huguet\nPolychrome sculpture of Saint Mary from the 14th century","title":"Notable sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/charterhouse"},{"link_name":"Park of Vallparadís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallparad%C3%ADs_Park"},{"link_name":"cloister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister"},{"link_name":"Museum of Science and Industry of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNACTEC"},{"link_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"The city is heir to a rich medieval, Modernista and industrial legacy, and possesses an extensive network of libraries, historical archives and museums.The museum of Terrassa, municipally-owned, has various sections:\nCastle/Charterhouse of Vallparadís, in the Park of Vallparadís\nVisigothic-Romanesque churches of Sant Pere (Saint Peter)\nCasa Alegre de Sagrera, Modernista house in Carrer Font Vella\nTower of the Palau, the only vestige of the castle-palace of the count-kings of Catalonia in Terrassa\nCenter of medieval interpretation of the city of Terrassa\nConvent of Sant Francesc, cloister decorated with polychromed ceramics (1671–1673)\nMuseum of Science and Industry of Catalonia, in the former Aymerich Amat i Jover mill, managed by the Generalitat de Catalunya","title":"Notable sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SantLloren%C3%A7Munt-MonestirLaMola.jpg"},{"link_name":"All for Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tot_per_Terrassa"},{"link_name":"Socialists' Party of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialists%27_Party_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"Republican Left of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Together for Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Together_for_Catalonia_(2020)"},{"link_name":"People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Jordi Ballart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi_Ballart"}],"text":"The Municipal Council has 27 seats and according to the result of the local elections of May 2023 is formed by:Romanesque monastery at the top of la Mola (1107 m), the highest point of the natural reserve of Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l'ObacAll for Terrassa (Tot per Terrassa, TxT) – 11 seats (33,46%)\nSocialists' Party of Catalonia (Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya, PSC) – 7 seats (20.91%)\nVox (Vox) - 3 seats (10,49%)\nRepublican Left of Catalonia (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC) – 2 seats (7.56%)\nTogether for Catalonia (Junts per Catalunya, JUNTS) – 2 seats (7.56%)\nPeople's Party (Partit Popular, PP) - 2 seats (6,56%)The municipal government is formed by a coalition of Tot per Terrassa, ERC and JUNTS. The Mayor is Jordi Ballart (TxT).","title":"Municipal Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-16_(highway)"},{"link_name":"Manresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manresa"},{"link_name":"Girona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girona"},{"link_name":"Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Renfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfe"},{"link_name":"Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleida"},{"link_name":"FGC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocarrils_de_la_Generalitat_de_Catalunya"},{"link_name":"Terrassa Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrassa_Metro"},{"link_name":"Sabadell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabadell"},{"link_name":"Castellar del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellar_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Martorell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martorell"},{"link_name":"Rubí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%AD,_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Sant Cugat del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Cugat_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Vacarisses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacarisses"}],"text":"Terrassa is well connected with Barcelona's port and airport by highway and railway. The C-58 and C-16 also link the city with (Manresa), (Girona, France), and (Tarragona).The railway reached Terrassa in 1856, and nowadays two lines serve the city. The first, operated by Renfe, connects with Barcelona and Lleida, and the second, operated by FGC, with Barcelona. Recently FGC extended its line to the north of the city, building three new stations; one of them acts as a rail hub with the Renfe line. This extension is known as the Terrassa Metro.Several interurban bus lines connect Terrassa with the closest cities and towns such as Sabadell, Castellar del Vallès, Martorell, Rubí, Sant Cugat del Vallès and Vacarisses.Transport inside the city is provided by 14 bus lines operated by a municipal company (Transports Municipals d'Ègara). In the future, when the three new FGC stations and the two planned for the Renfe line are in use, the railway will also serve as urban transport.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stan Getz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Getz"},{"link_name":"Chet Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Baker"},{"link_name":"Dexter Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Tete Montoliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tete_Montoliu"},{"link_name":"Dizzy Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"Doctor Prats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Prats"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Music and theater","text":"A lot of musicians and actors are based in Terrassa because of the large number of music schools, a long amateur theater tradition and the local seat of the University of Drama. Since 1982, the Terrassa Jazz Festival has been especially outstanding, with guests like Stan Getz, Chet Baker, Dexter Gordon, Tete Montoliu, Dizzy Gillespie. Local bands such as Doctor Prats have also developed a national and international following.[9]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diari de Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diari_de_Terrassa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diari_de_Terrassa"},{"link_name":"Cadena SER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena_SER"}],"sub_title":"Mass media","text":"Terrasa has a local newspaper, the Diari de Terrassa [ca], that is published daily from Tuesday to Saturday, as well as several radio stations: Ràdio Terrassa/Cadena SER Vallès on 828 AM and 89.4 FM, with more than 75 years of history behind it, being one of the pioneering radio stations in Catalonia and Spain; the municipal radio (Noucincpuntdos, 95.2 FM); and Radio Star de Terrassa, the city's cultural station, on 100.5 FM, which was founded in 1984 and is one of the historic local radios of Catalonia.Also, the city has several local channels – TV20 Locàlia Vallès and Canal Terrassa, with an audience of more than 50,000 viewers. In addition, there is the free newspaper Terrassa Societat, published monthly with a circulation of 50,000, and Terrassa Month, published of Monday through Friday and also covering local events. Since 2005 the municipal digital newspaper e-newsterrassa.com, in Catalan, has been on line (as for 2013, this digital newspaper has been taken down). The municipal Web site www.terrassa.cat receives no fewer than 150,000 monthly visitors.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"korfball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korfball"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Barcelona Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Atlètic Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A8tic_Terrassa_Hockey_Club"},{"link_name":"Club Egara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Egara"},{"link_name":"División de Honor de Hockey Hierba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisi%C3%B3n_de_Honor_de_Hockey_Hierba"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey de Hockey Hierba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey_de_Hockey_Hierba"},{"link_name":"EuroHockey Club Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroHockey_Club_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"CN Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Terrassa"},{"link_name":"water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo"},{"link_name":"Terrassa FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrassa_FC"},{"link_name":"CP San Cristóbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_San_Crist%C3%B3bal"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Spain national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Xavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavi"},{"link_name":"castells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell"},{"link_name":"Minyons de Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyons_de_Terrassa"},{"link_name":"Castellers de Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellers_de_Terrassa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Terrassa was a pioneer in the introduction of field hockey and korfball in Catalonia and played an important role in the introduction of basketball. The most important sport in the city is field hockey. During the Barcelona Olympic Games in 1992, Terrassa was the city where the field hockey competition was played. The great number of hockey players from Terrassa who have participated in the Olympic Games over the years has led to Terrassa's being referred to as the \"most Olympic city in the world\". Between 1928 and 2004, Terrassa sent 124 athletes to the Olympic Games, the majority of whom were hockey players. Three local field hockey clubs, Atlètic Terrassa, Club Egara and Club Deportiu Terrassa have all won the División de Honor de Hockey Hierba and the Copa del Rey de Hockey Hierba. Atlètic Terrassa and Club Egara have also won the EuroHockey Club Champions Cup.Other local sports teams include Club de Rugby Carboners de Terrassa, CN Terrassa (water polo), Terrassa FC (association football), CP San Cristóbal (association football) and Sferic Terrassa (basketball).Terrassa is the home and birthplace of FC Barcelona and Spain national football team midfielder Xavi.The city's castells teams are the Minyons de Terrassa and the Castellers de Terrassa. On 22 November 2015, Terrassa's Plaça Vella was the scene of the world's first successful 4 de 10 amb folre i manilles, completed by the Minyons.[10]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Örebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Pamiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamiers"},{"link_name":"Tecoluca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecoluca"},{"link_name":"Tétouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9touan"},{"link_name":"Otavalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otavalo_(city)"}],"text":"Terrassa is twinned with five cities:[11]Granada, Nicaragua\nÖrebro, Sweden\nPamiers, France\nTecoluca, El Salvador\nTétouan, MoroccoTerrassa also signed a protocol of special relations cooperation with:Otavalo, Ecuador","title":"Twin towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nebridius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebridius"},{"link_name":"Joseph Oller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Oller"},{"link_name":"Domingo Cirici Ventalló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Cirici_Ventall%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"José María Cunill Postius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Cunill_Postius"},{"link_name":"Teresa Torrelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Torrelles"},{"link_name":"Cristina Lacasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Lacasa"},{"link_name":"Joana Biarnés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joana_Biarn%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Jaime Comas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Comas"},{"link_name":"Marta Pessarrodona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Pessarrodona"},{"link_name":"Francesc Abad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Abad"},{"link_name":"Eulàlia Grau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eul%C3%A0lia_Grau"},{"link_name":"Jordi Camí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi_Cam%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Josep Roig Boada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Roig_Boada"},{"link_name":"Assumpta Escarp i Gibert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumpta_Escarp_i_Gibert"},{"link_name":"Concha García Campoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concha_Garc%C3%ADa_Campoy"},{"link_name":"Sergi Belbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergi_Belbel"},{"link_name":"Josep Guijarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Guijarro"},{"link_name":"Pere Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere_Navarro"},{"link_name":"Lluís Puig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Puig"},{"link_name":"Enric Millo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enric_Millo"},{"link_name":"Josep Rull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Rull"},{"link_name":"DJ Skudero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Skudero"},{"link_name":"Aleix Villatoro i Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleix_Villatoro_i_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Xavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavi"},{"link_name":"Jordi Ballart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi_Ballart"},{"link_name":"Cristian Canton Ferrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Canton_Ferrer"},{"link_name":"Aleix Alcaraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleix_Alcaraz"},{"link_name":"Miki Núñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miki_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez"},{"link_name":"Dani Olmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Olmo"}],"text":"Nebridius (5th c. – 6th c.), religious\nJoseph Oller (1835-1922), entrepreneur\nDomingo Cirici Ventalló (1878-1917), writer\nJosé María Cunill Postius (1896-1949), paramilitary leader\nTeresa Torrelles (1908-199), anarcha-feminist activist\nCristina Lacasa (1929-2011), writer\nJoana Biarnés (1935-2018), photographer\nJaime Comas (1936-2021), screenwriter and producer\nMarta Pessarrodona (born 1941), writer\nFrancesc Abad (born 1944), artist\nEulàlia Grau (born 1946), artist\nJordi Camí (born 1952), scholar in pharmacology\nJosep Roig Boada (born 1957), composer and producer\nAssumpta Escarp i Gibert (born 1957), politician\nConcha García Campoy (1958-2013), journalist\nSergi Belbel (born 1963), playwright\nJosep Guijarro (born 1957), journalist and writer\nPere Navarro (born 1959), politician\nLluís Puig (born 1959), art director\nEnric Millo (born 1960), politician\nJosep Rull (born 1968), politician\nDJ Skudero (born 1976), mákina DJ and producer\nAleix Villatoro i Oliver (born 1979), politician\nXavi (born 1980), association football player and manager\nJordi Ballart (born 1980), politician\nCristian Canton Ferrer (born 1980), writer, musicologist and pianist\nAleix Alcaraz (born 1990), racing driver\nMiki Núñez (born 1996), singer\nDani Olmo (born 1998), footballer","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terrassa"},{"link_name":"Terrassa City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.terrassa.cat"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110309012357/http://terrassa.cat/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Government data pages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aplicacions.municat.gencat.cat/index.php?page=consulta&mostraEns=0827980001"},{"link_name":"The best things to do in Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//besidestheobvious.net/2022/11/27/the-best-things-to-do-in-terrassa/"},{"link_name":"GCatholic; with Google satellite 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Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Quirze_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Valles_Occidental"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Valles_Occidental"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Valles_Occidental"},{"link_name":"Vallès Occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A8s_Occidental"},{"link_name":"Badia del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badia_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Barberà del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber%C3%A0_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Castellar del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellar_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Castellbisbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellbisbal"},{"link_name":"Cerdanyola del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerdanyola_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Gallifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallifa"},{"link_name":"Matadepera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matadepera"},{"link_name":"Montcada i Reixac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montcada_i_Reixac"},{"link_name":"Palau-solità i Plegamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau-solit%C3%A0_i_Plegamans"},{"link_name":"Polinyà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliny%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Rellinars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rellinars"},{"link_name":"Ripollet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripollet"},{"link_name":"Rubí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%AD,_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Sabadell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabadell"},{"link_name":"Sant Cugat del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Cugat_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Sant Llorenç Savall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Lloren%C3%A7_Savall"},{"link_name":"Sant Quirze del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Quirze_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Santa Perpètua de Mogoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Perp%C3%A8tua_de_Mogoda"},{"link_name":"Sentmenat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentmenat"},{"link_name":"Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ullastrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullastrell"},{"link_name":"Vacarisses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacarisses"},{"link_name":"Viladecavalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viladecavalls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Municipalities_in_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Municipalities_in_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities_in_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"province of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Barcelona_province(official).svg"},{"link_name":"L'Hospitalet de Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Hospitalet_de_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Badalona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badalona"},{"link_name":"Sabadell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabadell"},{"link_name":"Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Mataró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matar%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Santa Coloma de Gramenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Coloma_de_Gramenet"},{"link_name":"Cornellà de Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%C3%A0_de_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Manresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manresa"},{"link_name":"Sant Boi de Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Boi_de_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Sant Cugat del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Cugat_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Castelldefels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelldefels"},{"link_name":"Cerdanyola del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerdanyola_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Granollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granollers"},{"link_name":"Mollet del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollet_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"El Prat de Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Prat_de_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Rubí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%AD,_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Viladecans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viladecans"},{"link_name":"Vilanova i la Geltrú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilanova_i_la_Geltr%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Barberà del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber%C3%A0_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Esplugues de Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplugues_de_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Gavà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gav%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Igualada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualada"},{"link_name":"Martorell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martorell"},{"link_name":"Molins de Rei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molins_de_Rei"},{"link_name":"Montcada i Reixac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montcada_i_Reixac"},{"link_name":"Pineda de Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineda_de_Mar"},{"link_name":"Premià de Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A0_de_Mar"},{"link_name":"Ripollet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripollet"},{"link_name":"Sant Adrià de Besòs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Adri%C3%A0_de_Bes%C3%B2s"},{"link_name":"Sant Andreu de la Barca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Andreu_de_la_Barca"},{"link_name":"Sant Feliu de Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Feliu_de_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Sant Joan Despí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Joan_Desp%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Sant Pere de Ribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Pere_de_Ribes"},{"link_name":"Sant Vicenç dels Horts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Vicen%C3%A7_dels_Horts"},{"link_name":"Santa Perpètua de Mogoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Perp%C3%A8tua_de_Mogoda"},{"link_name":"Sitges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitges"},{"link_name":"Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Vilafranca del Penedès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilafranca_del_Pened%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Abrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrera"},{"link_name":"Aguilar de Segarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguilar_de_Segarra"},{"link_name":"Aiguafreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiguafreda,_Vall%C3%A8s_Oriental"},{"link_name":"Alella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alella"},{"link_name":"Alpens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpens"},{"link_name":"L'Ametlla del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ametlla_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Arenys de Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenys_de_Mar"},{"link_name":"Arenys de Munt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenys_de_Munt"},{"link_name":"Argençola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argen%C3%A7ola"},{"link_name":"Argentona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentona"},{"link_name":"Artés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Avià","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Avinyó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviny%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Avinyonet del Penedès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avinyonet_del_Pened%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Badia del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badia_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Bagà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Balenyà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleny%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Balsareny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsareny"},{"link_name":"Begues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begues"},{"link_name":"Bellprat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellprat"},{"link_name":"Berga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berga"},{"link_name":"Bigues i Riells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigues_i_Riells"},{"link_name":"Borredà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borred%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"El Bruc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Bruc"},{"link_name":"El Brull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Brull"},{"link_name":"Les Cabanyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cabanyes"},{"link_name":"Cabrera de Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrera_de_Mar"},{"link_name":"Cabrera d'Anoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrera_d%27Anoia"},{"link_name":"Cabrils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrils"},{"link_name":"Calaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaf"},{"link_name":"Calders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calders"},{"link_name":"Caldes de Montbui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldes_de_Montbui"},{"link_name":"Caldes d'Estrac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldes_d%27Estrac"},{"link_name":"Calella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calella"},{"link_name":"Calonge de Segarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calonge_de_Segarra"},{"link_name":"Calldetenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calldetenes"},{"link_name":"Callús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%C3%BAs"},{"link_name":"Campins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campins,_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Canet de Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canet_de_Mar"},{"link_name":"Canovelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canovelles"},{"link_name":"Cànoves i Samalús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0noves_i_Samal%C3%BAs"},{"link_name":"Canyelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyelles_(town)"},{"link_name":"Capellades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capellades"},{"link_name":"Capolat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capolat"},{"link_name":"Cardedeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardedeu"},{"link_name":"Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardona,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Carme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carme,_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Casserres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casserres"},{"link_name":"Castell de l'Areny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell_de_l%27Areny"},{"link_name":"Castellar de n'Hug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellar_de_n%27Hug"},{"link_name":"Castellar del 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Bages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellnou_de_Bages"},{"link_name":"Castellolí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellol%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Castellterçol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellter%C3%A7ol"},{"link_name":"Castellví de la Marca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellv%C3%AD_de_la_Marca"},{"link_name":"Castellví de Rosanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellv%C3%AD_de_Rosanes"},{"link_name":"Centelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centelles"},{"link_name":"Cercs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercs"},{"link_name":"Cervelló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervell%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Collbató","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collbat%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Collsuspina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collsuspina"},{"link_name":"Copons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copons"},{"link_name":"Corbera de 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Montclús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogars_de_Montcl%C3%BAs"},{"link_name":"Folgueroles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folgueroles"},{"link_name":"Fonollosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonollosa"},{"link_name":"Font-rubí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font-rub%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Les Franqueses del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Franqueses_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Gaià","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gai%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Gallifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallifa"},{"link_name":"La Garriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Garriga"},{"link_name":"Gelida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelida"},{"link_name":"Gironella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironella"},{"link_name":"Gisclareny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisclareny"},{"link_name":"La 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Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Cáceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Las Rozas de Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Rozas_de_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorca,_Spain"},{"link_name":"San Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando,_C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"El Puerto de Santa María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Melilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Torrevieja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrevieja"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta"},{"link_name":"Talavera de la Reina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talavera_de_la_Reina"},{"link_name":"Pontevedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontevedra"},{"link_name":"Orihuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orihuela"},{"link_name":"Palencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palencia"},{"link_name":"Avilés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avil%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Alcalá de Guadaíra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Guada%C3%ADra"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Real"},{"link_name":"Complete list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13939#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/147843388"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4287427-0"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552520605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n79119183"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1014127&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/area/1d0b2ae4-376d-40a5-b8b6-385daec5d7a2"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terrassa.Terrassa City Council Archived 9 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine\nGovernment data pages (in Catalan)\nThe best things to do in Terrassa (in English)\nGCatholic; with Google satellite photoBibliography – ecclesiastical historyD. Mansilla, lemma 'Egara' in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIV, Paris 1960, coll. 1462–1466Places adjacent to Terrassa\nMuraVacarisses\nMatadepera\nCastellar del Vallès\n\n\n\n\n\nViladecavalls\n\nTerrassa\n\nSabadell\n\n\n\n\n\nUllastrell\nRubí\nSant Quirze del VallèsArticles related to Terrassa\nvteMunicipalities of Vallès Occidental\nBadia del Vallès\nBarberà del Vallès\nCastellar del Vallès\nCastellbisbal\nCerdanyola del Vallès\nGallifa\nMatadepera\nMontcada i Reixac\nPalau-solità i Plegamans\nPolinyà\nRellinars\nRipollet\nRubí\nSabadell\nSant Cugat del Vallès\nSant Llorenç Savall\nSant Quirze del Vallès\nSanta Perpètua de Mogoda\nSentmenat\nTerrassa\nUllastrell\nVacarisses\nViladecavalls\n\nvteMunicipalities in the province of Barcelona1,500,000+\nBarcelona\n250,000+\nL'Hospitalet de Llobregat\n200,000+\nBadalona\nSabadell\nTerrassa\n100,000+\nMataró\nSanta Coloma de Gramenet\n75,000+\nCornellà de Llobregat\nManresa\nSant Boi de Llobregat\nSant Cugat del Vallès\n50,000+\nCastelldefels\nCerdanyola del Vallès\nGranollers\nMollet del Vallès\nEl Prat de Llobregat\nRubí\nViladecans\nVilanova i la Geltrú\n25,000+\nBarberà del Vallès\nEsplugues de Llobregat\nGavà\nIgualada\nMartorell\nMolins de Rei\nMontcada i Reixac\nPineda de Mar\nPremià de Mar\nRipollet\nSant Adrià de Besòs\nSant Andreu de la Barca\nSant Feliu de Llobregat\nSant Joan Despí\nSant Pere de Ribes\nSant Vicenç dels Horts\nSanta Perpètua de Mogoda\nSitges\nVic\nVilafranca del Penedès\nunder 25,000\nAbrera\nAguilar de Segarra\nAiguafreda\nAlella\nAlpens\nL'Ametlla del Vallès\nArenys de Mar\nArenys de Munt\nArgençola\nArgentona\nArtés\nAvià\nAvinyó\nAvinyonet del Penedès\nBadia del Vallès\nBagà\nBalenyà\nBalsareny\nBegues\nBellprat\nBerga\nBigues i Riells\nBorredà\nEl Bruc\nEl Brull\nLes Cabanyes\nCabrera de Mar\nCabrera d'Anoia\nCabrils\nCalaf\nCalders\nCaldes de Montbui\nCaldes d'Estrac\nCalella\nCalonge de Segarra\nCalldetenes\nCallús\nCampins\nCanet de Mar\nCanovelles\nCànoves i Samalús\nCanyelles\nCapellades\nCapolat\nCardedeu\nCardona\nCarme\nCasserres\nCastell de l'Areny\nCastellar de n'Hug\nCastellar del Riu\nCastellar del Vallès\nCastellbell i el Vilar\nCastellbisbal\nCastellcir\nCastellet i la Gornal\nCastellfollit de Riubregós\nCastellfollit del Boix\nCastellgalí\nCastellnou de Bages\nCastellolí\nCastellterçol\nCastellví de la Marca\nCastellví de Rosanes\nCentelles\nCercs\nCervelló\nCollbató\nCollsuspina\nCopons\nCorbera de Llobregat\nCubelles\nDosrius\nEsparreguera\nL'Espunyola\nL'Esquirol\nEstany\nFigaró-Montmany\nFígols\nFogars de la Selva\nFogars de Montclús\nFolgueroles\nFonollosa\nFont-rubí\nLes Franqueses del Vallès\nGaià\nGallifa\nLa Garriga\nGelida\nGironella\nGisclareny\nLa Granada\nGranera\nGualba\nGuardiola de Berguedà\nGurb\nEls Hostalets de Pierola\nJorba\nLa Llacuna\nLa Llagosta\nLliçà d'Amunt\nLliçà de Vall\nLlinars del Vallès\nLluçà\nMalgrat de Mar\nMalla\nManlleu\nMarganell\nMartorelles\nLes Masies de Roda\nLes Masies de Voltregà\nEl Masnou\nMasquefa\nMatadepera\nMediona\nMoià\nMonistrol de Calders\nMonistrol de Montserrat\nMontclar\nMontesquiu\nMontgat\nMontmajor\nMontmaneu\nMontmeló\nMontornès del Vallès\nMontseny\nMuntanyola\nMura\nNavarcles\nNavàs\nLa Nou de Berguedà\nÒdena\nOlèrdola\nOlesa de Bonesvalls\nOlesa de Montserrat\nOlivella\nOlost\nOlvan\nOrís\nOristà\nOrpí\nÒrrius\nPacs del Penedès\nPalafolls\nPalau-solità i Plegamans\nLa Palma de Cervelló\nPallejà\nEl Papiol\nParets del Vallès\nPerafita\nPiera\nEl Pla del Penedès\nLa Pobla de Claramunt\nLa Pobla de Lillet\nPolinyà\nEl Pont de Vilomara i Rocafort\nPontons\nPrats de Lluçanès\nEls Prats de Rei\nPremià de Dalt\nPuigdàlber\nPuig-reig\nPujalt\nLa Quar\nRajadell\nRellinars\nLa Roca del Vallès\nRoda de Ter\nRubió\nRupit i Pruit\nSagàs\nSaldes\nSallent\nSant Agustí de Lluçanès\nSant Andreu de Llavaneres\nSant Antoni de Vilamajor\nSant Bartomeu del Grau\nSant Boi de Lluçanès\nSant Cebrià de Vallalta\nSant Celoni\nSant Climent de Llobregat\nSant Cugat Sesgarrigues\nSant Esteve de Palautordera\nSant Esteve Sesrovires\nSant Feliu de Codines\nSant Feliu Sasserra\nSant Fost de Campsentelles\nSant Fruitós de Bages\nSant Hipòlit de Voltregà\nSant Iscle de Vallalta\nSant Jaume de Frontanyà\nSant Joan de Vilatorrada\nSant Julià de Cerdanyola\nSant Julià de Vilatorta\nSant Just Desvern\nSant Llorenç d'Hortons\nSant Llorenç Savall\nSant Martí d'Albars\nSant Martí de Centelles\nSant Martí de Tous\nSant Martí Sarroca\nSant Martí Sesgueioles\nSant Mateu de Bages\nSant Pere de Riudebitlles\nSant Pere de Torelló\nSant Pere de Vilamajor\nSant Pere Sallavinera\nSant Pol de Mar\nSant Quintí de Mediona\nSant Quirze de Besora\nSant Quirze del Vallès\nSant Quirze Safaja\nSant Sadurní d'Anoia\nSant Sadurní d'Osormort\nSant Salvador de Guardiola\nSant Vicenç de Castellet\nSant Vicenç de Montalt\nSant Vicenç de Torelló\nSanta Cecília de Voltregà\nSanta Coloma de Cervelló\nSanta Eugènia de Berga\nSanta Eulàlia de Riuprimer\nSanta Eulàlia de Ronçana\nSanta Fe del Penedès\nSanta Margarida de Montbui\nSanta Margarida i els Monjos\nSanta Maria de Besora\nSanta Maria de Martorelles\nSanta Maria de Merlès\nSanta Maria de Miralles\nSanta Maria de Palautordera\nSanta Maria d'Oló\nSanta Susanna\nSantpedor\nSentmenat\nSeva\nSobremunt\nSora\nSubirats\nSúria\nTagamanent\nTalamanca\nTaradell\nTavèrnoles\nTavertet\nTeià\nTiana\nTona\nTordera\nTorelló\nLa Torre de Claramunt\nTorrelavit\nTorrelles de Foix\nTorrelles de Llobregat\nUllastrell\nVacarisses\nVallbona d'Anoia\nVallcebre\nVallgorguina\nVallirana\nVallromanes\nVeciana\nVilada\nViladecavalls\nVilalba Sasserra\nVilanova de Sau\nVilanova del Camí\nVilanova del Vallès\nVilassar de Dalt\nVilassar de Mar\nVilobí del Penedès\nViver i Serrateix\n\nvteCities in Spain by population1,000,000+\nMadrid\nBarcelona\n500,000 - 999,999\nValencia\nSeville\nZaragoza\nMálaga\n300,000 - 499,999\nMurcia\nPalma\nLas Palmas de Gran Canaria\nBilbao\nAlicante\nCordoba\n200,000 - 299,999\nValladolid\nVigo\nGijón\nL'Hospitalet de Llobregat\nA Coruña\nVitoria-Gasteiz\nGranada\nElche\nOviedo\nBadalona\nCartagena\nTerrassa\nJerez de la Frontera\nSabadell\nSanta Cruz de Tenerife\nMóstoles\nAlcalá de Henares\n100,000 - 199,999\nPamplona\nFuenlabrada\nAlmería\nLeganés\nSan Sebastián\nBurgos\nSantander\nCastellón de la Plana\nGetafe\nAlbacete\nAlcorcón\nLogroño\nSan Cristóbal de La Laguna\nBadajoz\nSalamanca\nHuelva\nLleida\nMarbella\nTarragona\nLeón\nCádiz\nLleida\nDos Hermanas\nTarragona\nTorrejón de Ardoz\nParla\nMataró\nAlgeciras\nSanta Coloma de Gramenet\nAlcobendas\nJaén\nOurense\nReus\nBarakaldo\nGirona\n75,000 - 99,999\nLugo\nRoquetas de Mar\nSantiago de Compostela\nCáceres\nLas Rozas de Madrid\nLorca\nSan Fernando\nEl Puerto de Santa María\nGuadalajara\nMelilla\nToledo\nTorrevieja\nCeuta\nTalavera de la Reina\nPontevedra\nOrihuela\nPalencia\nAvilés\nAlcalá de Guadaíra\nCiudad Real\n\nComplete listAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nGeographic\nMusicBrainz area","title":"Sources and external links"}]	[{"image_text":"The Masia Freixa of Terrassa, sea of parabolic arches","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Masia_Freixa_1.JPG/250px-Masia_Freixa_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Results of the 1962 flood in Terrassa the day after. Picture obtained in the Tobella's archive.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flood_1962.jpg/220px-Flood_1962.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ancient churches of Ègara.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Egara._Conjunt_episcopal.jpg/500px-Egara._Conjunt_episcopal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sant Miquel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Egara._Sant_Miquel.jpg/250px-Egara._Sant_Miquel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Altarpiece of Sant Abdó i Sant Senén.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Huguet-santsAbdoSenen-0021_collage.jpg/250px-Huguet-santsAbdoSenen-0021_collage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Romanesque monastery at the top of la Mola (1107 m), the highest point of the natural reserve of Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l'Obac","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/SantLloren%C3%A7Munt-MonestirLaMola.jpg/250px-SantLloren%C3%A7Munt-MonestirLaMola.jpg"}]	[{"title":"School of Engineering of Terrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Engineering_of_Terrassa"},{"title":"List of Catholic dioceses in Spain, Andorra, Ceuta and Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Spain,_Andorra,_Ceuta_and_Gibraltar"}]	[{"reference":"\"El municipi en xifres: Terrassa\". Statistical Institute of Catalonia. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idescat.cat/emex/?lang=en&id=082798","url_text":"\"El municipi en xifres: Terrassa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_d%27Estad%C3%ADstica_de_Catalunya","url_text":"Statistical Institute of Catalonia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230529181021/https://www.idescat.cat/emex/?lang=en&id=082798","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]},{"reference":"Cardús, Salvador (1961). Nom i escut de Tarrassa. Patronat de la Fundació Soler i Palet. OCLC 1123914215.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1123914215","url_text":"Nom i escut de Tarrassa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1123914215","url_text":"1123914215"}]},{"reference":"Moran, Josep; Batlle, Mar; Rabella i Ribas, Joan Anton (2002). Topònims catalans: etimologia i pronúncia (in Catalan). Barcelona: Abadia de Montserrat. p. 165. ISBN 8484154319.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8484154319","url_text":"8484154319"}]},{"reference":"\"¿Qué eran y quiénes eran las brujas catalanas?\". ElNacional.cat. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elnacional.cat/es/opinion/marc-pons-reportatge-brujas-catalanas_530646_102.html","url_text":"\"¿Qué eran y quiénes eran las brujas catalanas?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201030103458/https://www.elnacional.cat/es/opinion/marc-pons-reportatge-brujas-catalanas_530646_102.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Riuades 1962\" (in Catalan). 4 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://recordsdeterrassa.wordpress.com/riuades-1962/","url_text":"\"Riuades 1962\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160316223829/https://recordsdeterrassa.wordpress.com/riuades-1962/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Els terrassencs Doctor Prats fan el seu primer concert en directe a Faktoria\" [The Terrassan group Doctor Prats give their first live concert in Faktoria], terrassadigital.cat (in Catalan), archived from the original on 19 September 2016, retrieved 19 March 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160919095800/http://www.terrassadigital.cat/detall_actualitat/?id=25681#.VxEByPmLTIU","url_text":"\"Els terrassencs Doctor Prats fan el seu primer concert en directe a Faktoria\""},{"url":"http://www.terrassadigital.cat/detall_actualitat/?id=25681#.VxEByPmLTIU","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martín, Carol (12 November 2015). \"Els Minyons de Terrassa fan història en descarregar el quatre de deu amb folre i manilles\". Ara. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ara.cat/societat/Minyons-Terrassa-historia-descarregar-quatre-de-deu-folre-manilles_0_1472252945.html","url_text":"\"Els Minyons de Terrassa fan història en descarregar el quatre de deu amb folre i manilles\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151123031813/http://www.ara.cat/societat/Minyons-Terrassa-historia-descarregar-quatre-de-deu-folre-manilles_0_1472252945.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hermanamientos\". Ajuntament de Terrassa. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.terrassa.cat/es/agermanaments","url_text":"\"Hermanamientos\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221212093052/https://www.terrassa.cat/es/agermanaments","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Terrassa&params=41.57_N_2.013_E_region:ES_type:city","external_links_name":"41°34′12″N 2°00′47″E / 41.570°N 2.013°E / 41.570; 2.013"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Terrassa%22","external_links_name":"\"Terrassa\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Terrassa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Terrassa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Terrassa%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Terrassa%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Terrassa%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Terrassa&params=41.57_N_2.013_E_region:ES_type:city","external_links_name":"41°34′12″N 2°00′47″E / 41.570°N 2.013°E / 41.570; 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with Google satellite photo"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/147843388","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4287427-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552520605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79119183","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1014127&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/1d0b2ae4-376d-40a5-b8b6-385daec5d7a2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_dimethyldithiocarbamate	Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate	["1 References"]	The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate Names Preferred IUPAC name Methyl dimethylcarbamodithioate Other names Cystogon, DMDTM, Forbiat Identifiers CAS Number 3735-92-0 ECHA InfoCard 100.021.005 PubChem CID 19526 UNII BKH76WPU8C Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID40190797 Properties Chemical formula C4H9NS2 Molar mass 135.24 g·mol−1 Appearance colorless or white solid Melting point 45–47 °C (113–117 °F; 318–320 K) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate is the organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2NC(S)SCH3. It is the one of simplest dithiocarbamic esters. It is a white volatile solid that is poorly soluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents. It was once used as a pesticide. Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate can be prepared by methylation of salts of dimethyldithiocarbamate: (CH3)2NCS2Na + (CH3O)2SO2 → (CH3)2NC(S)SCH3 + Na It can also be prepared by the reaction of a tetramethylthiuram disulfide with methyl Grignard reagents: 2 + CH3MgBr → (CH3)2NC(S)SCH3 + (CH3)2NCS2MgBr References ^ A. D. Ainley; W. H. Davies; H. Gudgeon; J. C. Harland; W. A. Sexton (1944). "The Constitution of the So-Called Carbothialdines and the Preparation of Some Homologous Compounds". J. Chem. Soc.: 147–152. doi:10.1039/JR9440000147. ^ John R. Grunwell (1970). "Reaction of Grignard Reagents with Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide ". J. Org. Chem. 35 (5): 1500–1501. doi:10.1021/jo00830a052.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organosulfur compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organosulfur_compound"},{"link_name":"methylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"thiuram disulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiuram_disulfide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chemical compoundMethyl dimethyldithiocarbamate is the organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2NC(S)SCH3. It is the one of simplest dithiocarbamic esters. It is a white volatile solid that is poorly soluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents. It was once used as a pesticide.Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate can be prepared by methylation of salts of dimethyldithiocarbamate:[1](CH3)2NCS2Na + (CH3O)2SO2 → (CH3)2NC(S)SCH3 + Na[CH3OSO3]It can also be prepared by the reaction of a tetramethylthiuram disulfide with methyl Grignard reagents:[2][(CH3)2NC(S)S]2 + CH3MgBr → (CH3)2NC(S)SCH3 + (CH3)2NCS2MgBr","title":"Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"A. D. Ainley; W. H. Davies; H. Gudgeon; J. C. Harland; W. A. Sexton (1944). \"The Constitution of the So-Called Carbothialdines and the Preparation of Some Homologous Compounds\". J. Chem. Soc.: 147–152. doi:10.1039/JR9440000147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FJR9440000147","url_text":"10.1039/JR9440000147"}]},{"reference":"John R. Grunwell (1970). \"Reaction of Grignard Reagents with Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide [yielding dithiocarbamates]\". J. Org. Chem. 35 (5): 1500–1501. doi:10.1021/jo00830a052.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo00830a052","url_text":"10.1021/jo00830a052"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Methyl+dimethyldithiocarbamate%22","external_links_name":"\"Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Methyl+dimethyldithiocarbamate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Methyl+dimethyldithiocarbamate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Methyl+dimethyldithiocarbamate%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Methyl+dimethyldithiocarbamate%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Methyl+dimethyldithiocarbamate%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3735-92-0","external_links_name":"3735-92-0"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.021.005","external_links_name":"100.021.005"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/19526","external_links_name":"19526"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/BKH76WPU8C","external_links_name":"BKH76WPU8C"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID40190797","external_links_name":"DTXSID40190797"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FJR9440000147","external_links_name":"10.1039/JR9440000147"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo00830a052","external_links_name":"10.1021/jo00830a052"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_into_Japanese	Transcription into Japanese	["1 Practicalities of transcription","1.1 Word length","1.2 Syllable structure","1.3 Diphthongs and long vowels","1.4 Phonemes","1.5 Extended katakana","1.6 Interpunct","2 Katakana tables","2.1 Standard katakana","2.2 Extended katakana","3 Table of transcription from English","4 See also","5 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Transcription into Japanese" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Overview about transcription into Japanese Japanese writing Components Kanji Stroke order Radicals Kyōiku kanji Jōyō kanji Jinmeiyō kanji Hyōgai kanji List of kanji by stroke count Kana Hiragana Katakana Hentaigana Man'yōgana Sōgana Gojūon Typographicsymbols Japanese punctuation Iteration mark Uses Syllabograms Furigana Okurigana Braille Transliteration Rōmaji Hepburn (colloquial) Kunrei (ISO) Nihon (ISO transliteration) JSL (transliteration) Wāpuro (keyboard) Cyrillization Polivanov system vte In contemporary Japanese writing, foreign-language loanwords and foreign names are normally written in the katakana script, which is one component of the Japanese writing system. As far as possible, sounds in the source language are matched to the nearest sounds in the Japanese language, and the result is transcribed using standard katakana characters, each of which represents one syllable (strictly mora). For example, America is written アメリカ (A-me-ri-ka). To accommodate various foreign-language sounds not present in Japanese, a system of extended katakana has also developed to augment standard katakana. Katakana, like hiragana, has a one-to-one correspondence between sounds and characters. Therefore, once the "Japanese sound" of a word is established, there is no ambiguity in its katakana spelling (unlike spelling in English, for example). A much less common form of transcription, Ateji, uses kanji characters for their phonetic values. Practicalities of transcription Word length See also: Japanese abbreviated and contracted words Because Japanese is written with relatively complex Kanji characters, Japanese text must generally be written larger for legibility. Furthermore, as both Kanji and Kana are traditionally of equal width and height, Japanese characters are generally much larger than Latin characters. As Kanji are logographic and Kana encode entire syllables (or rather, morae), the higher information density of Japanese writing usually evens out with the larger text so that Japanese and English texts take about the same amount of space, but challenges arise with foreign consonant clusters incompatible with Japanese phonotactics and the Kana system. For example, the word remote control becomes the cumbersome リモートコントロール (ri-mō-to-ko-n-to-rō-ru) in Japanese. Here, additional vowels are added between and , between and , and after at the word's end, and the vowels of mo and ro have been lengthened to mimic the English pronunciation. These additional sounds not only add to the word's length when spoken, but it also severely bloats the word when written. As such, the word is typically shortened to simply リモコン (ri-mo-ko-n) in modern Japanese speech and writing. Syllable structure Since Japanese has few closed syllables, syllable-final consonants in the source language are often represented using the -u (or sometimes -o or -i) kanas with implicitly silent vowels – though this vowel often is pronounced in Japanese – or the syllable coda is not represented at all. For example, the name Jim is written ジム (Ji-mu). A similar principle applies to consonant clusters; for example spring would be transcribed as スプリング (su-pu-ri-n-gu), and scratch would be transcribed as スクラッチ (su-ku-ra-cchi). Diphthongs and long vowels Japanese has only five native vowel sounds, each a pure vowel (monophthong) with a long and short form, and some degree of approximation is necessary when representing vowels from, for example, English. Diphthongs are represented by vowel sequences, as in ブラウン Bu-ra-u-n "Brown", ナイス na-i-su "nice", ディア di-a "dear/deer", レア re-a "rare". etc. The English spelling <ore> (phonologically /ɔː/ (RP) or /ɔːr/ (GA)) is usually "diphthongized" as o-a in Japanese (e.g. コア ko-a "core"), possibly because it is also pronounced as a diphthong (/oə/) in some accents of English. English /eɪ/ is transcribed to either e-e (エース e-e-su "ace") or e-i (スペイン Su-pe-i-n "Spain"); similarly, /əʊ/ is transcribed to either o-o (ショー sho-o "show") or o-u (シャドウ sha-do-u "shadow"). Long vowels are generally written with ー to indicate lengthening, as in コーラ kōra (cola), rather than writing a distinct vowel ×コウラ koura. There are two irregularities of note here. Firstly, lengthening of the final vowel may be ambiguous, and vary over time or between users. For example, in present Japan, "computer" is generally represented as コンピューター konpyūtā (long final), but in some cases, such as the computer industry, following Japanese Industrial Standards, it is represented as コンピュータ konpyūta (short final). Secondly, in modern Chinese loanwords, notably food names, in careful transcription diphthongs are represented by separate vowels, even if in Japanese they would appear to be a long vowel; this is particularly common with òu, especially in 豆 dòu "(soy) bean", usually rendered as トウ. Further, long vowels in the Japanese transcription need not reflect Chinese pronunciation. For example, the dish 東坡肉 "Dongpo pork", in pinyin dōngpōròu (dōng·pō·ròu), is represented in Japanese as ドンポーロウ donpōrou, or more commonly トンポーロウ tonpōrou. Note that in Chinese pinyin ō represents a high tone, while in Japanese ō represents a long vowel, and /d/ is pronounced differently (Chinese /d/ is similar to Japanese or English /t/). This distinction is not always followed, and varies by term: the spelling トンポーロー tonpōrō is also common; and in terms such as 回鍋肉 twice cooked pork, the spelling ホイコーロー is more common, despite representing diphthongs. Although the diphthong /au/ across languages is usually transcribed as アウ a-u, local reading transcriptions of the same sequence from Mandarin, represented in both Wade–Giles and Pinyin as ao are represented as アオ a-o instead, again in more of a manner of transliteration based on these systems - e.g. マオ・ツォートン ma-o tso-o-to-n (Mao Zedong). Phonemes Japanese does not have separate l and r sounds, and l- is normally transcribed using the kana that are perceived as representing r-. For example, London becomes ロンドン (Ro-n-do-n). Other sounds not present in Japanese may be converted to the nearest Japanese equivalent; for example, the name Smith is written スミス (Su-mi-su). Foreign sounds can be difficult to express in Japanese, resulting in spellings such as フルシチョフ Furushichofu (Khrushchev), アリー・ハーメネイー Arī Hāmeneī (Ali Khamenei) and イツハク・パールマン Itsuhaku Pāruman or イツァーク・パールマン Itsāku Pāruman (Itzhak Perlman). The English voiceless labialized velar approximant /hw/ (orthographically wh), which is a distinct phoneme from /w/ in some varieties of English, can be transcribed as ho(w)-. For example, White is ホワイト Howaito, whale is ホエール hoēru. French /w/ is typically transcribed as u, but the sequence /wa/ is as o-(w)a (e.g. ポアロ Po-a-ro "Poirot"). The English /ti(ː)/ and /tɪ/ is typically transcribed to チ chi (e.g. チーム chīmu "team"), but ティ ti is also used (ティア tia "tear"). The suffix -tic can be transcribed to either チック -chikku or ティック -tikku. However, -ty is almost always transcribed to ティ(ー) -ti(i), not チ(ー) -chi(i) (e.g. パーティー pātī "party", インフィニティ infiniti "infinity"). The English schwa /ə/ is variously "transcribed" to a, e, o, depending on the English spelling (this is more of transliteration than it is transcription). For example, デュアル dyu-a-ru "dual", デュエル dyu-e-ru "duel", テスタメント Te-su-ta-me-n-to "Testament", ロンドン Ro-n-do-n "London". There are no definite rules when it comes to the schwa, however; e.g. ランダム ra-n-da-mu "random", オープン o-o-pu-n "open", ザ za "the". The British /ə/ which is equivalent to the North American /ɚ/ is transcribed to a(-a); e.g. コンピュータ(ー) ko-n-pyu-u-ta(-a) "computer", モーター mo-o-ta-a "motor". On the other hand, the French schwa is transcribed to u or o (e.g. ソムリエ so-mu-ri-e "sommelier", ド do "de") similarly to instances where there's a lack of vowels, and the German schwa is almost always transcribed to e (e.g. アルベルト A-ru-be-ru-to "Albert", ウンディーネ un-di-i-ne "undine"). The English /æ/ is typically transcribed to a; e.g. マン ma-n "man", チャネル cha-ne-ru "channel". The sequences /kæ/ and /ɡæ/ are sometimes transcribed to kya and gya respectively; e.g. キャンディ kyandi "candy", ギャラクシー gya-ra-ku-shi-i "galaxy". The older English suffix -age /-ɪdʒ/ is always transcribed to -e-e-ji as if it were pronounced as /eɪdʒ/ as in "age" or "rage"; e.g. メッセージ me-s-se-e-ji "message", パッケージ pa-k-ke-e-ji "package". The more recent -age /-ɑːʒ/ is more "properly" transcribed to -a-a-ju; e.g. ミラージュ mi-ra-a-ju "mirage". However, "garage" /gəˈrɑːʒ/ is more commonly transcribed to ガレージ ga-re-e-ji as it also has /ˈgærɪdʒ/ as an alternative pronunciation in British English. The phoneme /v/ in various languages is transcribed either to b or v, although it is unknown whether there is such an equivalent phoneme /v/ in Japanese. For example, ベネチア Benechia / ヴェネツィア Ve-ne-tsi-a "Venezia" (Italian for "Venice"), オーバー o-o-ba-a "over", ラブ ra-bu / ラヴ ravu "love". The German /v/ (orthographically w) can be transcribed in several ways. In long-established words, it is generally w. E.g.: Walküre "valkyrie" > ワルキューレ wa-ru-kyu-u-re. In newer transcriptions, it can also be v. E.g.: Schwestern "sisters" > シュヴェスタン shu-ve-su-tan. Wa is usually written as ワ, although ウァ is sometimes used in transcriptions from Ancient Greek or Latin (e.g. ミネルウァ Mi-ne-ru-wa "Minerva"). French vowels are usually phonemically transcribed, but non-phonemic stressed vowels (utterance-final) are sometimes also transcribed as long vowels. Compare the examples of メゾン me-zo-n "maison" and カレー ka-re-e "Calais", in which the same vowel /ɛ/ is transcribed as e and e-e depending on whether it is stressed or not. The French schwa is ignored altogether: words are usually transcribed as if there were no schwa at all. For example, the word "le" is transcribed as ル ru, as is the single sound /l/ in "cheval" > シュヴァル shuvaru. Although a syllable-final /n/ is typically transcribed using the moraic ン n, ン is used in French to transcribe nasalized vowels, so French words with a final /n/ often use ヌ nu instead for distinction, e.g. マドレーヌ Ma-do-re-e-nu "Madeleine". This is especially the case when the masculine and feminine of a word are distinct in French, e.g. bon --> ボン bo-n, vs. bonne --> ボンヌ bo-n-nu (the n is sometimes doubled, especially when the French orthography uses two n, even if it has no consequence in the French pronunciation). Plain short consonants may be transcribed as geminated consonants to reflect the laxness of the preceding vowel, although this is not universal and there are plenty of exceptions. For example: English kick is キック ki-k-ku and castle is キャッスル kya-s-su-ru, but extra is エクストラ e-ku-su-to-ra and battle is バトル ba-to-ru. This practice expands to almost all English obstruents regardless of their voicing (/k/, /ɡ/, /s/, /z/, /f/, etc.), also to German/Scots /x/, occasionally to /n/ and /m/ (as pseudo-geminated consonant sequences /nn/ or /nm/). For example: English bag is バ(ッ)グ ba-(g)-gu; English Anna is アンナ A-n-na; English gamma is ガンマ ga-n-ma; English shuffle is シャッフル sha-f-fu-ru; German Mach is マッハ ma-h-ha, Masoch is マゾッホ Ma-zo-h-ho. German is transcribed roughly as h-h, accordingly to its preceding vowel, if it's not followed by a vowel (e.g. マッハ ma-h-ha "Mach", バッハ Ba-h-ha "Bach", マゾッホ Ma-zo-h-ho "Masoch"); , its allophone occurring only after high vowels and consonants, are as h if followed by a vowel (e.g. メルヘン me-ru-hen "Märchen"), or as hi if not (e.g. リヒター Ri-hi-ta-a "Richter"). Russian /x/ is transcribed as fu if not followed by a vowel (e.g. カザフスタン Ka-za-fu-su-ta-n "Kazakhstan"). Mandarin (in pinyin x(i)) is transcribed as sh (e.g. シャオ shao from 小 xiǎo "little"). Geminated consonants are typically transcribed consistently and faithfully, as gemination is also featured in Japanese. The only notable exceptions are /rr/ and /ɲɲ/, although /ll/ and /ʎʎ/ are still transcribed. Examples: Arabic: الله, romanized: Allāh is アッラーフ A-r-ra-a-fu; Italian Donatello is ドナテッロ Do-na-te-r-ro; Italian degli is デッリ de-r-ri; but Italian Verrocchio is simply ヴェロッキオ Ve-ro-k-ki-o, not Ve-r-ro-k-ki-o. Italian /ɲɲ/ may be transcribed as the lengthened portion of the preceding vowel and a sequence of /nj/. For example, Sardegna is サルデーニャ Sa-ru-de-e-nya. Similar to the way speakers of English say Italian words, Japanese does not usually transcribe the Italian glide /j/ to reflect its true nature, but as /i/, perhaps for consistency and convenience. For example, Venezia is ヴェネツィア Ve-ne-tsi-a, Sicilia is シチリア Shi-chi-ri-a. Contemporary transcriptions of palatalized consonants from Slavic languages, however, are made using yōon, e.g.: Russian ピャチゴルスク Pya-chi-go-ru-su-ku (Pyatigorsk), Polish ビェルスコ＝ビャワ Bye-ru-su-ko=bya-wa (Bielsko-Biała). Modern English compounds are usually transcribed in a way that reflects the independent pronunciations of the individual components. That is to say, there is no phonetic linking between components. For example, "overall" is transcribed as オーバーオール o-o-ba-a-o-o-ru, not o-o-ba-a-ro-o-ru as it is pronounced in English. However, there are a few exceptions, such as "pineapple", which is transcribed as パイナップル pa-i-na-p-pu-ru, or "double-u", as ダブリュー da-bu-ryu-u. Extended katakana In modern times, an extended katakana system has developed to cater for foreign sounds not present in Japanese. Most of these novel katakana forms are digraphs, composed of standard katakana characters, but in digraph combinations not found in native words. For example, the word photo is transcribed as フォト (fo-to), where the novel digraph フォ (fo) is made up from フ (normally fu) plus a novel small combining form of オ (normally o). In other cases novel diacritics may be applied to create new sounds, such as ヴ for vu, which consists of ウ (u) combined with a dakuten to indicate a voiced pronunciation. Interpunct Japanese is written without spaces between words, and, to aid understanding, foreign phrases and names are sometimes transliterated with an interpunct separating the words, called a nakaguro (中黒, middle dot); for example, ビル・ゲイツ (Bill Gates). When it is assumed that the reader knows the separate gairaigo words in the phrase, the middle dot is omitted, especially for wasei eigo. For example, the phrase コンピューターゲーム konpyūtā gēmu ("computer game") contains two well-known gairaigo, and therefore is not written with a middle dot; the same principle is applied for パンティストッキング panti sutokkingu ("pantyhose", lit. "panty stocking"), Japanese coinage. Katakana tables The following tables give the Hepburn romanization and an approximate IPA transcription for katakana as used in contemporary Japanese. Their use in transcription is, of course, in the inverse direction. Standard katakana Katakana syllabograms Monographs (gojūon) Digraphs (yōon) a i u e o ya yu yo ∅ アa イi ウu エe オo K カka キki クku ケke コko キャkya キュkyu キョkyo S サsa シshi スsu セse ソso シャsha シュshu ショsho T タta チchi ツtsu テte トto チャcha チュchu チョcho N ナna ニni ヌnu ネne ノno ニャnya ニュnyu ニョnyo H ハha ヒhi フfu ヘhe ホho ヒャhya ヒュhyu ヒョhyo M マma ミmi ムmu メme モmo ミャmya ミュmyu ミョmyo Y ヤya ユyu ヨyo R ラra リri ルru レre ロro リャrya リュryu リョryo W ワwa ヲwo Monographs with diacritics: gojūon with (han)dakuten Digraphs with diacritics: yōon with (han)dakuten a i u e o ya yu yo G ガga ギgi グgu ゲge ゴgo ギャgya ギュgyu ギョgyo Z ザza ジji ズzu ゼze ゾzo ジャja ジュju ジョjo D ダda デde ドdo B バba ビbi ブbu ベbe ボbo ビャbya ビュbyu ビョbyo P パpa ピpi プpu ペpe ポpo ピャpya ピュpyu ピョpyo Final nasal monograph Polysyllabic monographs n iu koto shite toki tomo nari ンn iu ヿkoto shite /toki tomo nari * ゙domo Functional graphemes sokuonfu chōonpu odoriji (monosyllable) odoriji (polysyllable) * ッ (indicates a geminate consonant) ー (indicates a long vowel) ヽ (reduplicates andunvoices syllable) 〱 (reduplicates andunvoices syllable) * ヾ (reduplicates andvoices syllable) 〱゙ (reduplicates andvoices syllable) * ヽ゚ (reduplicates andvoices syllable) 〱゚ (reduplicates andvoices syllable) Notes ^ Prior to the e/ye merger in the mid-Heian period, a different character (𛀀) was used in position e. ^ a b Theoretical combinations yi and wu are unused . Some katakana were invented for them by linguists in the Edo and Meiji periods in order to fill out the table, but they were never actually used in normal writing. ^ The combination ye existed prior to the mid-Heian period and was represented in very early katakana, but has been extinct for over a thousand years, having merged with e in the 10th century. The ye katakana (エ) was adopted for e (displacing 𛀀, the character originally used for e); the alternate katakana 𛄡 was invented for ye in the Meiji period for use in representations of Old and Early Classical Japanese so as to avoid confusion with the modern use of エ for e. ^ a b c The characters in positions wi and we are obsolete in modern Japanese, and have been replaced by イ (i) and エ (e). The character wo, in practice normally pronounced o, is preserved in only one use: as a particle. This is normally written in hiragana (を), so katakana ヲ sees only limited use. See Gojūon and the articles on each character for details. ^ a b c d e The ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) kana (often romanised as ji and zu) are primarily used for etymologic spelling , when the unvoiced equivalents チ (ti) and ツ (tu) (usually romanised as chi and tsu) undergo a sound change (rendaku) and become voiced when they occur in the middle of a compound word. In other cases, the identically-pronounced ジ (ji) and ズ (zu) are used instead. ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) can never begin a word, and they are not common in katakana, since the concept of rendaku does not apply to transcribed foreign words, one of the major uses of katakana. Extended katakana The following katakana tokushuon (特殊音) have been developed or proposed specifically for the purposes of transcribing foreign words. Examples such as トゥ(tu) in カートゥーン(cartoon), ティ(ti) in パーティ(party), ツァ (tsa) in モーツァルト(Mozart) are found mostly in foreign words. Orange General kana combinations used for loanwords or foreign place names or personal names, set forth by the Japanese government's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT, Monbushō). Blue Combinations used for more accurate transliteration of foreign sounds, again set forth by MEXT. †Beige Suggestions by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI Z39.11) and the British Standards Institution (BS 4812), both are identical and from 1972. Attention: In these old standards obsolete kanas like ヰ(wi) and ヱ(we) are still included, same for ヷ(va), ヸ(vi), ヹ(ve), ヺ(vo). ‡Purple Combinations that appear in the 1974 version of the Hyōjun-shiki formatting. Transcription katakana a i u e o ya yu ye yo K キェkye† Kw クヮkwa クィkwi* クェkwe* クォkwo* G ギェgye† Gw グヮgwa* グィgwi† グェgwe† グォgwo† S スィsi‡ シェshe ZJ ズィzi‡ ジェje T ティti トゥtu* テュtyu* チェche Ts ツァtsa ツィtsi* ツェtse ツォtso D ディdi ドゥdu* デュdyu N ニェnye† H ホゥhu‡ ヒェhye† F ファfa フィfi フェfe フォfo フャfya† フュfyu* フィェfye† フョfyo† B ビェbye† P ピェpye† M ミェmye† Y イィyi‡ イェye* R リェrye† W ウィwi* ウゥwu‡ ウェwe* ウォwo* ウュwyu† V (ヷ) ヴァva* (ヸ) ヴィvi* ヴvu* (ヹ) ヴェve* (ヺ) ヴォvo* ヴャvya† ヴュvyu* ヴィェvye† ヴョvyo† Table of transcription from English English phonemes Common English graphemes Japanese transcription in modified Hepburn romanization Examples Received Pronunciation General American If the English consonant is prevocalic and not postvocalic If the English consonant is intervocalic If the English consonant is not prevocalic /æ/ ⟨a⟩; ⟨ae⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩ a; ā ハンド hando "hand"; ラム ramu "ram", "RAM"; サモン samon, サーモン sāmon "salmon"Exception: エンド endo "and" /ɒ/; /ɔː/ /ɑː/; /ɔː/ ⟨a⟩; ⟨ach⟩; ⟨au⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨ou⟩ o; a; ō ノック nokku "knock"; ショップ shoppu "shop"; オラクル orakuru "oracle"; ウォリアー woriā, ウォーリアー wōriā "warrior"; ウォッチ wotchi "watch"; ヨット yotto "yacht"; ツモロー tsumorō, トゥモロー tumorō "tomorrow"; コロンビア Koronbia "Colombia"; サッカー sakkā "soccer"; カレッジ karejji "college"; カクテル kakuteru "cocktail"; カリフラワー karifurawā "cauliflower"; バレーボール barēbōru "volleyball"; ライノセラス rainoserasu "rhinoceros"; ドール dōru "doll"; ウォーター wōtā "water"; ゴーグル gōguru "goggle"; トーマス Tōmasu "Thomas" /ɑː/ /æ/; /ɑː/ ⟨a⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩ ā, a アーント ānto "aunt"; ハーフ hāfu "half"; バス basu "bath"; ファスト fasuto, ファースト fāsuto "fast"; シカゴ Shikago "Chicago"; ダンス dansu "dance" /ɑː(ɹ)/ /ɑːɹ/ ⟨ar⟩; ⟨ear⟩; ⟨er⟩ ār; a ā カー kā "car"; マーカー mākā "marker"; ハート hāto "heart"; サージェント sājento "sergeant"; マーマレード māmarēdo, ママレード mamarēdo "marmalade" /aɪ/ ⟨ai⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨eigh⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨ic⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨igh⟩; ⟨is⟩; ⟨oy⟩; ⟨uy⟩; ⟨y⟩; ⟨ye⟩ ai ハイ hai "high", "hi"; ライト raito "right", "light"; ガイ gai "guy"; ガイド gaido "guide"; スタイル sutairu "style"; ハイト haito "height" /aɪə(ɹ)/ /aɪɚ/; /aɪ/ ⟨ia(r)⟩; ⟨igher⟩; ⟨ire⟩; ⟨iro⟩ aiar; aiyar aia; aiā; aiya; aiyā ファイアー faiā, ファイヤー faiyā "fire"; アイアン aian "iron"; ダイアリー daiarī, ダイヤリー daiyarī "diary"; ダイヤモンド daiyamondo "diamond"Exceptions: アイルランド Airurando "Ireland"; アイロン airon "iron" /aɪl/ /l/ ⟨ile⟩ airu, uru, oru ミサイル misairu "missile"; レプタイル reputairu, レプトル reputoru "reptile" /aʊ/ ⟨au⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ow⟩ au; a タウン taun "town"; ダウン daun "down"; プラウ purau "plough", "plow"; ファウンデーション faundēshon, ファンデーション fandēshon "foundation" /aʊə(ɹ)/ /aʊɚ/ ⟨our⟩; ⟨ower⟩ awār awā パワー pawā "power"; アワー awā "our", "hour" /b/ ⟨b⟩; ⟨bb⟩; ⟨be⟩; ⟨pb⟩ b b; bb bu; bbu ベンチ benchi "bench"; バッブル babburu "bubble"; ラブ rabu "lab"; ブラザー burazā "brother"; ブレイク Bureiku "Blake"Exception: カップボード kappubōdo "cupboard" /d/ ⟨d⟩; ⟨dd⟩; ⟨de⟩ d d; dd; j do; ddo; zu; zzu; tto デス desu "death"; ベッド beddo "bed"; サンデー Sandē "Sunday"; ドゥーム dūmu "doom"; ドラゴン doragon "dragon"; キッド kiddo, キッズ kizzu "kid"; リドラー Ridorā "Riddler"; ゼット zetto "zed"; アンデッド andeddo, アンデット andetto "undead"; エジソン Ejison, エディソン Edison, エディスン Edisun "Edison"; クレジット kurejitto "credit" /dju(ː)/ /du(ː)/; /dʒə/ ⟨dew⟩; ⟨du⟩; ⟨due⟩ dyū; dyu デューク dyūku "duke"; デュアル dyuaru "dual"; デュエル dyueru "duel"; デュー dyū "dew", "due"; エデュケーション edyukēshon "education" /dz/ ⟨ds⟩; ⟨dds⟩ zu; zzu エイズ eizu "AIDS"; キッズ kizzu "kids"; グッズ guzzu "goods" /dʒ/ ⟨di⟩; ⟨dg⟩; ⟨dge⟩; ⟨g⟩; ⟨ge⟩; ⟨j⟩ j j; jj; z ji; jji; tsu ジャンプ janpu "jump"; エッジ ejji "edge"; ジェリー Jerī "Gerry", "Jerry"; バジェット bajetto "budget"; ガレージ garēji "garage"; ソルジャー sorujā "soldier"; エンジェル enjeru, エンゼル enzeru "angel"; ジェミナイ, ヂェミナイ Jeminai "Gemini"; キャベツ kyabetsu "cabbage" /ð/ ⟨th⟩; ⟨the⟩ z; j zu ザ za, ジー jī "the"; マザー mazā "mother"; アルゴリズム arugorizumu "algorithm" /ɛ/ ⟨ae⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ea⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨oe⟩ e エンド endo "end"; ヘッド heddo "head"; フレンド furendo "friend"Exception: セーター sētā "sweater" /ɛə(ɹ)/ /ɛɹ/ ⟨ar⟩; ⟨air⟩; ⟨are⟩; ⟨ear⟩; ⟨eir⟩; ⟨ere⟩; ⟨ey're⟩ ear; er ea; eā エア ea, エアー eā "air"; シェア shea "share"; ベア bea "bear"; エリア eria "area"Exception: プレーリー purērī "prairie" /ə/ ⟨a⟩ a アーカンソー Ākansō "Arkansas"; イングランド Ingurando "England"; マリガン marigan "mulligan"; アバウト abauto "about"; コンマ konma "comma"Exception: プレデター puredetā "predator" ⟨o⟩ o; u; a コモン komon "common"; オブ obu "of"; ツデー tsudē, トゥデー tudē "today"; ダイナソー dainasō, ダイノソー dainosō "dinosaur"; セカンド sekando "second" ⟨gh⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨u⟩ a サラ sara "thorough"; バラ bara "borough"; エディンバラ Edinbara "Edinburgh"; アルバカーキ Arubakāki "Albuquerque"; ニューファンドランド Nyūfandorando "Newfoundland" /ə(ɹ)/ /ɚ/ ⟨ar⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨ure⟩ ar a; ā ハンガー hangā "hanger", "hangar"; コンピュータ konpyūta, コンピューター konpyūtā "computer"; ロバート Robāto "Robert"; フューチャー fyūchā "future"; ノーザン nōzan "northern"; プロパティ puropati "property"; ハンカチーフ hankachīfu "handkerchief" ⟨or⟩; ⟨our⟩ ar ā; oru モーター mōtā "motor"; カラー karā "colour"; カーソル kāsoru "cursor"; メルボルン Meruborun "Melbourne" /əd/ /ɚd/ ⟨oard⟩; ⟨ord⟩ ōdo オックスフォード Okkusufōdo "Oxford" /əl/; /l/ ⟨al⟩ aru プロポーザル puropōzaru "proposal"; ライバル raibaru "rival"; タイダル taidaru "tidal"; オフィシャル ofisharu "official" ⟨ael⟩; ⟨el⟩; ⟨le⟩ uru; oru; eru ベーグル bēguru "bagel"; マッスル massuru "muscle"; テーブル tēburu "table"; サイクル saikuru "cycle"; ミドル midoru "middle"; ステープル sutēpuru "staple"; ケトル ketoru "kettle"; パズル pazuru "puzzle"; パネル paneru "panel"; レベル reberu, レヴェル reveru "level", "revel", "rebel"; マイケル Maikeru "Michael" /əm/ ⟨am⟩; ⟨em⟩; ⟨om⟩; ⟨ome⟩ amu キングダム kingudamu "kingdom"; ランダム randamu "random"; セイラム Seiramu "Salem"; ゴッサム Gossamu "Gotham"; オーサム ōsamu "awesome" ⟨um⟩ amu; umu アルバム arubamu "album"; オポッサム opossamu "opossum"; デューテリウム dyūteriumu "deuterium"; バキューム bakyūmu "vacuum" /ən/; /n/ ⟨ain⟩; ⟨en⟩; ⟨on⟩ un; on; en ハイフン haifun "hyphen"; セブン sebun "seven"; フォールン fōrun "fallen"; オープン ōpun "open"; トークン tōkun "token"; リーズン rīzun "reason"; シーズン shīzun "season"; プリズン purizun "prison"; レッスン ressun "lesson"; セコンド sekondo "second"; サドン sadon "sudden"; スウェーデン Suwēden "Sweden"; マウンテン maunten "mountain"; ブリテン Buriten "Britain"; テスタメント tesutamento "testament"; ヘレン Heren "Hellen"Exception: クライアント kuraianto "client"; セカンド sekando "second" /əs/ ⟨us⟩ asu バイラス bairasu, ヴァイラス vairasu "virus"; コーカス Kōkasasu "Caucasus" /əʊ/ /oʊ/ ⟨au⟩; ⟨eau⟩; ⟨eaux⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨oa⟩; ⟨oe⟩; ⟨oh⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ow⟩; ⟨owe⟩ ō; ou; o ゴー gō "go"; ショー shō "show"; シャドー shadō, シャドウ shadou "shadow"; ホーム hōmu "home"; ソウル souru "soul"; オハイオ Ohaio "Ohio"; ポニー ponī "pony" /ɜː(ɹ)/ /ɜːɹ/ ⟨ear⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨ir⟩; ⟨olo⟩; ⟨ur⟩ ār ā; a アース āsu "earth"; スターリング Sutāringu "Sterling", "Stirling"; バーチャル bācharu "virtual"; カーブ kābu "curve", "curb"; カーネル kāneru "colonel", "kernel"; シャツ shatsu "shirt"; オルタナティブ orutanatibu "alternative"; ファーリー fārī "furry" /eɪ/ ⟨a⟩; ⟨ae⟩; ⟨ai⟩; ⟨ais⟩; ⟨ait⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩; ⟨ay⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨eigh⟩; ⟨et⟩; ⟨ey⟩ ē; ei; e ネーム nēmu "name"; ゲージ gēji "gauge"; ドレイク doreiku "drake"; エイト eito "eight"; レイフ Reifu "Ralph"; ポテト poteto "potato"; エンジェル enjeru "angel"; エンシェント enshento "ancient"; ブレザー burezā "blazer"; エプロン epuron "apron"; レディ redi, レディー redī "lady"; ベビー bebī "baby"Exceptions: オーストラリア Ōsutoraria "Australia"; カナディアン Kanadian "Canadian"; ラジオ rajio "radio"; スタジアム sutajiamu "stadium" /f/ ⟨f⟩; ⟨fe⟩; ⟨ff⟩; ⟨gh⟩; ⟨ph⟩; ⟨u⟩ f; h f; ff fu; ffu ファウル fauru "foul"; フライ furai "fry", "fly"; フラワー furawā "flower"; シャッフル shaffuru "shuffle"; ラフ rafu "rough"; ヘッドホン heddohon "headphone"; レフテナント refutenanto "lieutenant" /ɡ/ ⟨g⟩; ⟨gg⟩; ⟨gh⟩; ⟨gu⟩; ⟨gue⟩ g g; gg gu; ggu ガン gan "gun"; バッグ baggu "bag"; グラインダー guraindā "grinder"; グルー gurū "glue"; マグル Maguru "Muggle"; グール gūru "ghoul"; ギター gitā "guitar" /ɡæ/ ⟨ga⟩ ga; gya ガジェット gajetto "gadget"; ギャラクシー gyarakushī "galaxy"; ギャル gyaru "gal" /ɡz/ ⟨gs⟩; ⟨ggs⟩; ⟨x⟩; ⟨xh⟩ guz; guj; kiz; kuz guzu; gguzu エグジット egujitto "exit"; エグゾーダス eguzōdasu "exodus"; エグザミネーション eguzaminēshon "examination"; エキゾチック ekizochikku "exotic"; エキゾースト ekizōsuto "exhaust"; バッグズ bagguzu "bags" /ɡzjuː/ /ɡzuː/ ⟨xu⟩; ⟨xhu⟩ gujū エグジューム egujūmu "exhume" /h/ ⟨gh⟩; ⟨h⟩ h ハンター hantā "hunter"; ハッブル Habburu "Hubble" /huː/; /hʊ/ ⟨hoo⟩; ⟨who⟩ fū フー fū "who"; フッド fuddo, フード fūdo "hood"; フック fukku, ホック hokku "hook" /ɪ/ ⟨a⟩; ⟨ae⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨oe⟩ i; ī; e; ē インプット inputto "input"; リミテッド rimiteddo "limited"; ネイキッド neikiddo "naked"; トイレット toiretto "toilet"; オレンジ orenji "orange"; ステッカー sutekkā "sticker"; デステニー desutenī "destiny"; デジタル dejitaru "digital"; アイデア aidea "idea"; メッセージ messēji "message"; ガレージ garēji "garage"; ダメージ damēji "damage"; カレッジ karejji "college"; チョコレート chokorēto "chocolate"; パレス paresu "palace"; アルティメット arutimetto "ultimate"; ネッカチーフ nekkachīfu "neckerchief" /ɪə(ɹ)/ /ɪɹ/ ⟨aer⟩; ⟨e're⟩; ⟨ear⟩; ⟨eer⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨ere⟩; ⟨ier⟩; ⟨ir⟩ iar; iyar; īr; ir; ear ia; iya; īa; ea ギア gia "gear"; ミーアキャット mīakyatto "meerkat"; イヤホン iyahon "earphone"; ヒーロー hīrō "hero"; ヒロイン hiroin "heroine"; ステアリング sutearingu "steering" /i/ ⟨e⟩; ⟨ea⟩; ⟨ee⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨y⟩ i; ī; yi; ē コミッティー komittī "committee"; ヤンキー Yankī "Yankee"; シティー shiti "city"; コメディ komedi, コメディー komedī "comedy"; アポストロフィ aposutorofi "apostrophe"; ハッピー happī, ハッピィ happyi "happy"; キャンディ kyandi, キャンディー kyandī, キャンデー kyandē "candy" ⟨ay⟩; ⟨ey⟩ ī; ē; ei; e マリー Marī, マーレイ Mārei "Murray"; リンジー Rinjī "Lindsay"; ハービー Hābī "Harvey"; ハーレー Hārē "Harley"; ラムゼイ Ramuzei "Ramsay"; ハネムーン hanemūn, ハニームーン hanīmūn "honeymoon" /iː/ ⟨ae⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ea⟩; ⟨ee⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨oe⟩ ī; ē; e チーム chīmu "team"; グリーン gurīn "green"; ピース pīsu "piece", "peace"; タキシード takishīdo "tuxedo"; デーモン dēmon "demon"; ノルウェージャン Noruwējan "Norwegian"; ハイエナ haiena "hyena"; フェニックス fenikkusu "phoenix" /j/ ⟨y⟩ y; i ヤング yangu "young"; ヨーク Yōku "York"; イェール Yēru "Yale"; イエロー ierō, イエロウ ierou "yellow"; イエス iesu "yes" /ju(ː)/; /jʊ/ /ju(ː)/; /jə/ ⟨eu⟩; ⟨u⟩; ⟨you⟩; ⟨yu⟩; ⟨ut⟩ yū; yu ユー yū "you", "U"; ユニオン yunion "union"; ダブリュー daburyū "W"; サミュエル Samyueru "Samuel"; フォーミュラ fōmyura "formula" /jʊə(ɹ)/; /jəɹ/ /jʊɹ/; /jəɹ/ ⟨eu(r)⟩; ⟨u(r)⟩; ⟨you(r)⟩; ⟨you're⟩; ⟨yu(r)⟩; ⟨uh(r)⟩ yūr; yur; yuar yua ユーロ yūro "euro"; ユア yua "your", "you're"; マーキュリー Mākyurī "Mercury" /k/ ⟨c⟩; ⟨cc⟩; ⟨ch⟩; ⟨che⟩; ⟨ck⟩; ⟨k⟩; ⟨ke⟩; ⟨kh⟩; ⟨qu⟩; ⟨que⟩ k k; kk ku; kku; ki; kki カップ kappu "cup"; キック kikku "kick"; テイク teiku "take"; ストライキ sutoraiki "strike"; ケーキ kēki "cake"; ステーキ sutēki "steak"; デッキ dekki "deck"; クラウン kuraun "clown"; サッカー sakkā "soccer", "sucker"; クロニクル kuronikuru "chronicle" /kæ/ ⟨ca⟩; ⟨cha⟩; ⟨ka⟩ ka; kya カンザス Kanzasu "Kansas"; カメラ kamera "camera"; キャメロン Kyameron "Cameron"; キャンディー kyandī "candy"; キャプテン kyaputen "captain" /ks/ ⟨cc⟩; ⟨cs⟩; ⟨chs⟩; ⟨cks⟩; ⟨ks⟩; ⟨khs⟩; ⟨x⟩; ⟨xe⟩ kus; kkus; kis; kish kkusu; kisu メキシコ Mekishiko "Mexico"; テキサス Tekisasu "Texas"; テキスト tekisuto "text"; プロキシ purokishi "proxy"; タキシード takishīdo "tuxedo"; シックス shikkusu "six", "sicks"; コンプレックス konpurekkusu "complex" /kʃ/ ⟨cti⟩; ⟨xi⟩ kush コネクション konekushon "connection", "connexion" /kʃuəl/ ⟨xual⟩ kusharu; kushuaru バイセクシャル baisekusharu, バイセクシュアル baisekushuaru "bisexual" /kw/ ⟨cho⟩; ⟨cqu⟩; ⟨qu⟩ ku; kuw; kw; k クオーク kuōku, クォーク kwōku "quark"; クイーン kuīn, クィーン kwīn "queen"; クワイア kuwaia "choir"; スコール sukōru "squall"; ターコイズ tākoizu "turquoise" /l/ ⟨l⟩; ⟨le⟩; ⟨ll⟩ r r ru ループ rūpu "loop"; ボール bōru "ball"; ブリー burī "bully" /m/ ⟨m⟩; ⟨mb⟩; ⟨me⟩; ⟨mm⟩; ⟨mn⟩ m m; nm mu; n メイ Mei "May"; サモン samon "summon"; ゲーム gēmu "game"; ランプ ranpu "lamp", "lump", "ramp", "rump"; ナンバー nanbā "number"; ガンマ ganma "gamma"; ボム bomu "bomb"; オータム ōtamu "autumn" /n/ ⟨n⟩; ⟨nd⟩; ⟨ne⟩; ⟨nn⟩ n n; nn n; nu ナイン nain "nine"; ファン fan "fan"; バナナ banana "banana"; アンナ Anna "Anna"; エヌ enu "N"; カンニング kanningu "cunning"; ハンサム hansamu "handsome"; ハンカチーフ hankachīfu "handkerchief" /nju(ː)/ /nu(ː)/ ⟨new⟩; ⟨neu⟩; ⟨nu⟩ nyū ニュー nyū "new"; ニュートロン nyūtoron "neutron" /njʊə(ɹ)/ /nʊɹ/ ⟨newr⟩; ⟨neur⟩; ⟨nur⟩; ⟨nure⟩ nyūr ニューロン nyūron "neuron" /ŋ/; /ŋɡ/ ⟨n⟩; ⟨ng⟩ ng n; ngu シンガー singā "singer"; フィンガー fingā "finger"; リンク rinku "link"; リング ringu "ring"; バーミンガム Bāmingamu, バーミングハム Bāminguhamu "Birmingham"; チューインガム chūin gamu "chewing gum"; ワシントン Washinton "Washington"; ブーメラン būmeran "boomerang" /ɔː/ ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩; ⟨aw⟩; ⟨oa⟩; ⟨ough⟩ ō; ou; o トーク tōku "talk"; オーストリア Ōsutoria "Austria"; クロー kurō, クロウ kurou "claw", "craw"; ストロー sutorō "straw"; ストロベリー sutoroberī "strawberry" /ɔːl/ ⟨al⟩; ⟨aul⟩; ⟨awl⟩ ōr ōru; oru; aru クローラー kuōrā "crawler"; オルタナティブ orutanatibu "alternative"; ワルツ warutsu "waltz"; アサルト asaruto "assault" /ɔː(ɹ)/ /ɔːɹ/ ⟨ar⟩; ⟨aur⟩; ⟨oar⟩; ⟨or⟩; ⟨our⟩; ⟨wor⟩ ō(r); oru; oa; ā ボード bōdo "board"; コース kōsu "course"; フォー fō "four"; ストーム sutōmu "storm"; トルネード torunēdo "tornado"; ボーテックス bōtekkusu, ボルテックス borutekkusu "vortex"; ノルウェー Noruwē "Norway"; ウォー wō "war"; オア oa "or", "oar"; ダイナソー dainasō, ダイノソー dainosō "dinosaur"; コーラス kōrasu "chorus"; ソード sōdo "sword"; ワープ wāpu "warp"; ホグワーツ Hoguwātsu "Hogwarts" ⟨oor⟩; ⟨ore⟩ oa コア koa "core"; フォア foa "fore"; ドア doa "door"; フロア furoa "floor" /ɔɪ/ ⟨eu⟩; ⟨oi⟩; ⟨oy⟩ oi コイン koin "coin"; トイ toi "toy"Exception: ボーイ bōi "boy" /ɔɪə(ɹ)/ ⟨awyer⟩ oiyā ロイヤー roiyā "lawyer" /ɔɪəl/ ⟨oyal⟩ oiyaru ロイヤル roiyaru "royal", "loyal" /p/ ⟨p⟩; ⟨pe⟩; ⟨ph⟩; ⟨pp⟩ p p; pp pu; ppu パック pakku "pack"; トップ toppu "top"; プランクトン purankuton "plankton"; プルーフ purūfu "proof" /ɹ/; /(ɹ)/ /ɹ/ ⟨lo⟩; ⟨r⟩; ⟨re⟩; ⟨rh⟩; ⟨rps⟩; ⟨rr⟩; ⟨rt⟩ r r omitted; ru ラム ramu "ram", "RAM", "rum"; テリー Terī "Terry"; リズム rizumu "rhythm"; バー bā "bar"; カリフォルニア Kariforunia "California"; アール āru "R", "are" /ˌɹiːˌɪ/ ⟨rei⟩ rii; ryi; ri リインカーネーション riinkānēshon , リィンカーネーション ryinkānēshon, リンカーネーション rinkānēshon, リンカーネイション rinkāneishon, リンカネーション rinkanēshon "reincarnation" /s/ ⟨'s⟩; ⟨c⟩; ⟨ce⟩; ⟨s⟩; ⟨s'⟩; ⟨sc⟩; ⟨se⟩; ⟨ss⟩; ⟨st⟩; ⟨sw⟩ s; sh s; ss; sh; ssh su; ssu サンド sando "sand"; シンク shinku "sink", "cinque"; メッセンジャー messenjā "messenger"; ケーシング kēshingu "casing"; キス kisu, キッス kissu "kiss"; キャッスル kyassuru "castle"; ストップ sutoppu "stop"; スラッシュ surasshu "slash"; セント sento "cent"; マッスル massuru "muscle"; クリスマス Kurisumasu "Christmas"Exception: シチュー shichū "stew" /sjuː/ /suː/ ⟨su⟩ shū コンシューマー konshūmā "consumer" /ʃ/ ⟨ch⟩; ⟨che⟩; ⟨ci⟩; ⟨s⟩; ⟨sc⟩; ⟨sch⟩; ⟨sh⟩; ⟨si⟩; ⟨sti⟩; ⟨ti⟩ sh sh; ssh shu; sshu シップ shippu "ship"; クラッシャー kurasshā "crusher"; フラッシュ furasshu "flash", "flush"; シュラウド shuraudo "shroud"; ディメンション dimenshon "dimension"; アクション akushon "action"; イグニッション igunisshon "ignition"; スペシャル supesharu "special" /ʃuəl/ ⟨sual⟩ sharu; shuaru コンセンシャル konsensharu "consensual" /t/ ⟨bt⟩; ⟨ct⟩; ⟨pt⟩; ⟨t⟩; ⟨te⟩; ⟨th⟩; ⟨tt⟩; ⟨tte⟩ t; ch; ts t; tt; ts to; tto; tsu; ttsu; do テープ tēpu "tape"; インフィニティ infiniti "infinity"; チップ chippu "tip"; チーム chīmu "team"; スチーム suchīmu "steam"; チケット chiketto, ティケット tiketto, テケツ teketsu "ticket"; ツアー tsuā "tour"; ツー tsū, トゥー tū "two", "to"; タイタン Taitan "Titan"; スケート sukēto "skate"; ヒッティング hittingu "hitting"; カートゥーン kātūn "cartoon"; キャット kyatto, キャッツ kyattsu "cat"; シャツ shatsu "shirt"; ピーナッツ pīnattsu, ピーナツ pīnatsu, ピーナット pīnatto "peanut"; フルーツ furūtsu "fruit"; スーツ sūtsu, スート sūto "suit"; トランプ torampu "trump"; バトル batoru "battle"; テムズ Temuzu, テームズ Tēmuzu "Thames"; コネチカット Konechikatto "Connecticut"; アドバンスト adobansuto, アドバンスド adobansudo "advanced" /tjuː/ /tuː/ ⟨tew⟩; ⟨tu⟩; ⟨tue⟩ chū; chuw; tyū チューナー chūnā "tuner"; チューバ chūba, テューバ tyūba "tuba"; スチュワード suchuwādo "steward"; チューズデー Chūzudē "Tuesday" /ts/ ⟨t's⟩; ⟨ts⟩; ⟨tts⟩ tsu; ttsu キャッツ kyattsu "cats"; イッツ ittsu "it's", "its" /tʃ/ ⟨ch⟩; ⟨tch⟩ ch ch; tch chi; tchi チキン chikin, チケン chiken, チッケン chikken "chicken"; キチン kichin, キッチン kitchin, キッチェン kitchen "kitchen"; マッチ matchi "match" /tʃʊə(ɹ)/ /tʃʊɹ/ ⟨ture⟩ chua マチュア machua "mature" /tʃuəl/ ⟨tual⟩ charu; chuaru バーチャル bācharu, バーチュアル bāchuaru "virtual" /θ/ ⟨th⟩; ⟨the⟩ s; sh s; ss; sh; ssh; j su; ssu ソー Sō "Thor"; シーフ shīfu "thief"; バスルーム basurūmu "bathroom"; スレッド sureddo "thread"; ゴッサム Gossamu "Gotham"; アメシスト ameshisuto, アメジスト amejisuto "amethyst" /ʊ/ ⟨oo⟩; ⟨u⟩ u ブック bukku "book"; ブル buru "bull" /ʊə(ɹ)/; /ɔː(ɹ)/ /ʊɹ/ ⟨oor⟩; ⟨our⟩; ⟨ure⟩ uar; ūr ua; ūa; uā ムーア mūa "moor"; シュア shua "sure"; ツアー tsuā "tour"; ツーリスト tsūrisuto "tourist"; ミズーリ Mizūri "Missouri" /u(ː)/ ⟨ew⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨oe⟩; ⟨oo⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ue⟩; ⟨ui⟩ ū; u; yū ドゥー dū "do"; コクーン kokūn "cocoon"; シュー shū "shoe"; スープ sūpu "soup"; スルー surū "through"; ブルーマー burūmā, ブルマー burumā "bloomer"; ジュース jūsu "juice"; ブイ bui "buoy"; クルー kurū "crew"; コークスクリュー kōkusukuryū "corkscrew"; アンドリュー Andoryū "Andrew"Exceptions: ドリトル Doritoru "Dolittle"; スタジオ sutajio "studio"; アコースティック akōsutikku "acoustic" /v/ ⟨ph⟩; ⟨v⟩; ⟨ve⟩; ⟨w⟩ b; v b; v bu; vu バイキング Baikingu, ヴァイキング Vaikingu "Viking"; ラブ rabu, ラヴ ravu "love"; スティーヴン Sutīvun "Stephen" /ʌ/ ⟨o⟩; ⟨oo⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨u⟩ a; o マフィン mafin, マッフィン maffin "muffin"; ブラッド buraddo "blood"; プラス purasu "plus"; カミング kamingu "coming"; マンスリー mansurī "monthly"; パンチ panchi, ポンチ ponchi "punch"; コロンビア Koronbia "Columbia"; トンネル tonneru "tunnel"; フロント furonto "front"; モンク monku "monk"; モンキー monkī "monkey"; ロンドン Rondon "London" /w/ ⟨w⟩; ⟨ou⟩ u; w; omitted u; w グウェン Guwen "Gwen"; スウェーデン Suwēden "Sweden"; ウォーム wōmu "warm"; ワーム wāmu "worm"; ツイン tsuin "twin"; ジャガー jagā "jaguar"; ペンギン pengin "penguin"; ティンクル tinkuru "twinkle"; サンドイッチ sandoitchi, サンドウィッチ sandowitchi "sandwich"; セーター sētā "sweater"; アウェイクン aweikun, アウエイクン aueikun "awaken" ⟨wh⟩ how; ho; u; w ホワイト howaito "white"; ホワッツ howattsu "what's"; ホエール hoēru "whale"; ホイール hoīru "wheel"; ホイップ hoippu, ウイップ uippu, ウィップ wippu "whip"; ウィート wīto "wheat" /wʊ/ ⟨wo⟩; ⟨woo⟩ u; ū ウッド uddo "wood"; ウーマン ūman "woman" /z/ ⟨'s⟩; ⟨s⟩; ⟨sc⟩; ⟨se⟩; ⟨ss⟩; ⟨z⟩; ⟨ze⟩; ⟨zz⟩ z; j z; zz; j; jj zu; zzu; su ズーム zūmu "zoom"; ジッパー jippā "zipper"; ライジング raijingu "rising"; クレージ kurējī "crazy"; フェイズ feizu "phase"; パズル pazuru "puzzle"; ディジー dijī, ディズィー dizī "dizzy"; ポゼッション pozesshon "possession"; ミズーリ Mizūri "Missouri"; ニュース nyūsu "news"; ブルース burūsu "blues"; フェアリーズ fearīzu, フェアリース fearīsu "fairies"; ゼット zetto, ズィ zi "Z" /ʒ/ ⟨g⟩; ⟨ge⟩; ⟨si⟩; ⟨ti⟩; ⟨zi⟩ j テレビジョン terebijon "television"; イクエージョン ikuējon "equation"; ブレージャーburējā "brazier" /ʒuəl/ ⟨sual⟩ juaru ビジュアル bijuaru "visual" See also Romanization of Japanese Transcription into Korean References ^ See ja:コンピューター ^ Saiga Archived 2017-09-30 at the Wayback Machine ^ "外来語の表記：文部科学省". Archived from the original on 2019-11-18. Retrieved 2011-12-12. ^ "■米国規格(ANSI Z39.11-1972)―要約". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-01-24. ^ "■英国規格(BS 4812:1972)―要約". Archived from the original on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2011-01-24. ^ ローマ字文の手ほどき: 標準式ローマ字書き日本語の書き方 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine vteJapanese languageEarlier forms Old Early Middle Late Middle Early Modern DialectsEastern Hokkaidō Tōhoku Northern Nanbu Tsugaru Akita Southern Kesen Nairiku Kantō Western Gunma Kanagawa Tokyo Eastern Ibaraki Tochigi Northern Izu Islands Tōkai–Tōsan Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka Shizuoka Narada Echigo Nagaoka Gifu-Aichi Nagoya Mikawa Mino Hida Western Hokuriku Kaga Kanazawa Shiramine Kansai Awaji Banshū Kishū Okuyoshino Shikoku Iyo Tosa Sanuki Chūgoku San'yō Bingo East San'in Inshū Umpaku Kyūshū Hōnichi Ōita Hichiku Chikuzen Hakata Kumamoto Nagasaki Saga Tsushima Satsugū Other Amami Japanese Okinawan Japanese Pidgins and creoles Bamboo English Bonin English Hawaiian Creole Kyowa-go Pseudo-Chinese Yilan Creole Japanese Yokohama Pidgin Japanese Japonic languages Eastern Old Japanese Hachijō grammar Ryukyuan Northern Amami Ōshima Southern Amami Ōshima Kikai Kunigami Okinawan Okinoerabu Tokunoshima Yoron Southern Miyako Tarama Yaeyama Yonaguni Writing systemLogograms Script reform Kanbun Kanji by stroke count Kanji radicals by frequency by stroke count Kokuji Ryakuji Ateji Kana Hiragana Katakana Furigana Okurigana Gojūon Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sōgana Kana ligature Orthography Braille Kanji Punctuation Kanazukai Historical kana Modern kana Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai Yotsugana Transcription into Japanese Encoding EUC EUC-JP ISO/IEC 2022 JIS 0201 0208 0211 0212 0213 Shift JIS Unicode Hiragana Kana Extended-A Kana Extended-B Kana Supplement Small Kana Extension Katakana Katakana Phonetic Extensions Other ARIB STD B24 Enclosed EIS Extended shinjitai Half/Full Grammar andvocabulary Japanese grammar Verb conjugations Godan and ichidan verbs Irregular verbs Pronouns Adjectives Possessives Particles Topic marker Counter words Numerals Native words (yamato kotoba) Sino-Japanese vocabulary Loan words (gairaigo) from Dutch from Portuguese Wasei-eigo Wasei-kango Engrish Honorific speech Honorifics Court lady language (nyōbō kotoba) Role language (yakuwarigo) Gender differences Dictionaries Phonology Pitch accent Rendaku Sound symbolism Kanji pronunciation sources Go-on Kan-on Tō-on Transliteration Romanization Hepburn Nihon-shiki Kunrei JSL Wāpuro rōmaji In Esperanto Cyrillization Polivanov system Literature Books Poetry Writers Speculative fiction writers Classical Japanese texts	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_writing_system"},{"link_name":"katakana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana"},{"link_name":"transcribed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"hiragana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana"},{"link_name":"Ateji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateji"},{"link_name":"kanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji"}],"text":"Overview about transcription into JapaneseIn contemporary Japanese writing, foreign-language loanwords and foreign names are normally written in the katakana script, which is one component of the Japanese writing system. As far as possible, sounds in the source language are matched to the nearest sounds in the Japanese language, and the result is transcribed using standard katakana characters, each of which represents one syllable (strictly mora). For example, America is written アメリカ (A-me-ri-ka). To accommodate various foreign-language sounds not present in Japanese, a system of extended katakana has also developed to augment standard katakana.Katakana, like hiragana, has a one-to-one correspondence between sounds and characters. Therefore, once the \"Japanese sound\" of a word is established, there is no ambiguity in its katakana spelling (unlike spelling in English, for example).A much less common form of transcription, Ateji, uses kanji characters for their phonetic values.","title":"Transcription into Japanese"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Practicalities of transcription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese abbreviated and contracted words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_abbreviated_and_contracted_words"},{"link_name":"Kanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji"},{"link_name":"Kana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana"},{"link_name":"morae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morae"},{"link_name":"Japanese phonotactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Phonotactics"},{"link_name":"remote control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control"},{"link_name":"[t]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"},{"link_name":"[t]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"},{"link_name":"[ɾ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"},{"link_name":"[ɾ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"}],"sub_title":"Word length","text":"See also: Japanese abbreviated and contracted wordsBecause Japanese is written with relatively complex Kanji characters, Japanese text must generally be written larger for legibility. Furthermore, as both Kanji and Kana are traditionally of equal width and height, Japanese characters are generally much larger than Latin characters. As Kanji are logographic and Kana encode entire syllables (or rather, morae), the higher information density of Japanese writing usually evens out with the larger text so that Japanese and English texts take about the same amount of space, but challenges arise with foreign consonant clusters incompatible with Japanese phonotactics and the Kana system. For example, the word remote control becomes the cumbersome リモートコントロール (ri-mō-to-ko-n-to-rō-ru) in Japanese. Here, additional vowels are added between [t] and [k], between [t] and [ɾ], and after [ɾ] at the word's end, and the vowels of mo and ro have been lengthened to mimic the English pronunciation. These additional sounds not only add to the word's length when spoken, but it also severely bloats the word when written. As such, the word is typically shortened to simply リモコン (ri-mo-ko-n) in modern Japanese speech and writing.","title":"Practicalities of transcription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"syllable coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_coda"}],"sub_title":"Syllable structure","text":"Since Japanese has few closed syllables, syllable-final consonants in the source language are often represented using the -u (or sometimes -o or -i) kanas with implicitly silent vowels – though this vowel often is pronounced in Japanese – or the syllable coda is not represented at all. For example, the name Jim is written ジム (Ji-mu). A similar principle applies to consonant clusters; for example spring would be transcribed as スプリング (su-pu-ri-n-gu), and scratch would be transcribed as スクラッチ (su-ku-ra-cchi).","title":"Practicalities of transcription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monophthong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthong"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_vowels"},{"link_name":"Diphthongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong"},{"link_name":"RP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation"},{"link_name":"GA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American"},{"link_name":"Japanese Industrial Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Industrial_Standards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dongpo pork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongpo_pork"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"twice cooked pork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice_cooked_pork"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"}],"sub_title":"Diphthongs and long vowels","text":"Japanese has only five native vowel sounds, each a pure vowel (monophthong) with a long and short form, and some degree of approximation is necessary when representing vowels from, for example, English. Diphthongs are represented by vowel sequences, as in ブラウン Bu-ra-u-n \"Brown\", ナイス na-i-su \"nice\", ディア di-a \"dear/deer\", レア re-a \"rare\". etc. The English spelling <ore> (phonologically /ɔː/ (RP) or /ɔːr/ (GA)) is usually \"diphthongized\" as o-a in Japanese (e.g. コア ko-a \"core\"), possibly because it is also pronounced as a diphthong (/oə/) in some accents of English. English /eɪ/ is transcribed to either e-e (エース e-e-su \"ace\") or e-i (スペイン Su-pe-i-n \"Spain\"); similarly, /əʊ/ is transcribed to either o-o (ショー sho-o \"show\") or o-u (シャドウ sha-do-u \"shadow\").Long vowels are generally written with ー to indicate lengthening, as in コーラ kōra (cola), rather than writing a distinct vowel ×コウラ koura. There are two irregularities of note here. Firstly, lengthening of the final vowel may be ambiguous, and vary over time or between users. For example, in present Japan, \"computer\" is generally represented as コンピューター konpyūtā (long final), but in some cases, such as the computer industry, following Japanese Industrial Standards, it is represented as コンピュータ konpyūta (short final).[1] Secondly, in modern Chinese loanwords, notably food names, in careful transcription diphthongs are represented by separate vowels, even if in Japanese they would appear to be a long vowel; this is particularly common with òu, especially in 豆 dòu \"(soy) bean\", usually rendered as トウ. Further, long vowels in the Japanese transcription need not reflect Chinese pronunciation. For example, the dish 東坡肉 \"Dongpo pork\", in pinyin dōngpōròu (dōng·pō·ròu), is represented in Japanese as ドンポーロウ donpōrou, or more commonly トンポーロウ tonpōrou. Note that in Chinese pinyin ō represents a high tone, while in Japanese ō represents a long vowel, and /d/ is pronounced differently (Chinese /d/ is similar to Japanese or English /t/). This distinction is not always followed, and varies by term: the spelling トンポーロー tonpōrō is also common; and in terms such as 回鍋肉 twice cooked pork, the spelling ホイコーロー is more common, despite representing diphthongs.Although the diphthong /au/ across languages is usually transcribed as アウ a-u, local reading transcriptions of the same sequence from Mandarin, represented in both Wade–Giles and Pinyin as ao are represented as アオ a-o instead, again in more of a manner of transliteration based on these systems - e.g. マオ・ツォートン ma-o tso-o-to-n (Mao Zedong).","title":"Practicalities of transcription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"Ali Khamenei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei"},{"link_name":"Itzhak Perlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman"},{"link_name":"voiceless labialized velar approximant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labialized_velar_approximant"},{"link_name":"transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"phonemically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme"},{"link_name":"stressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_phonology#Stress"},{"link_name":"laxness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenseness"},{"link_name":"obstruents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruent"},{"link_name":"voicing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)"},{"link_name":"gemination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemination"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"yōon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Don"},{"link_name":"Pyatigorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyatigorsk"},{"link_name":"Bielsko-Biała","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a"}],"sub_title":"Phonemes","text":"Japanese does not have separate l and r sounds, and l- is normally transcribed using the kana that are perceived as representing r-. For example, London becomes ロンドン (Ro-n-do-n). Other sounds not present in Japanese may be converted to the nearest Japanese equivalent; for example, the name Smith is written スミス (Su-mi-su). Foreign sounds can be difficult to express in Japanese, resulting in spellings such as フルシチョフ Furushichofu (Khrushchev), アリー・ハーメネイー Arī Hāmeneī (Ali Khamenei) and イツハク・パールマン Itsuhaku Pāruman or イツァーク・パールマン Itsāku Pāruman (Itzhak Perlman).The English voiceless labialized velar approximant /hw/ (orthographically wh), which is a distinct phoneme from /w/ in some varieties of English, can be transcribed as ho(w)-. For example, White is ホワイト Howaito, whale is ホエール hoēru.French /w/ is typically transcribed as u, but the sequence /wa/ is as o-(w)a (e.g. ポアロ Po-a-ro \"Poirot\").The English /ti(ː)/ and /tɪ/ is typically transcribed to チ chi (e.g. チーム chīmu \"team\"), but ティ ti is also used (ティア tia \"tear\"). The suffix -tic can be transcribed to either チック -chikku or ティック -tikku. However, -ty is almost always transcribed to ティ(ー) -ti(i), not チ(ー) -chi(i) (e.g. パーティー pātī \"party\", インフィニティ infiniti \"infinity\").The English schwa /ə/ is variously \"transcribed\" to a, e, o, depending on the English spelling (this is more of transliteration than it is transcription). For example, デュアル dyu-a-ru \"dual\", デュエル dyu-e-ru \"duel\", テスタメント Te-su-ta-me-n-to \"Testament\", ロンドン Ro-n-do-n \"London\". There are no definite rules when it comes to the schwa, however; e.g. ランダム ra-n-da-mu \"random\", オープン o-o-pu-n \"open\", ザ za \"the\". The British /ə/ which is equivalent to the North American /ɚ/ is transcribed to a(-a); e.g. コンピュータ(ー) ko-n-pyu-u-ta(-a) \"computer\", モーター mo-o-ta-a \"motor\". On the other hand, the French schwa is transcribed to u or o (e.g. ソムリエ so-mu-ri-e \"sommelier\", ド do \"de\") similarly to instances where there's a lack of vowels, and the German schwa is almost always transcribed to e (e.g. アルベルト A-ru-be-ru-to \"Albert\", ウンディーネ un-di-i-ne \"undine\").The English /æ/ is typically transcribed to a; e.g. マン ma-n \"man\", チャネル cha-ne-ru \"channel\". The sequences /kæ/ and /ɡæ/ are sometimes transcribed to kya and gya respectively; e.g. キャンディ kyandi \"candy\", ギャラクシー gya-ra-ku-shi-i \"galaxy\".The older English suffix -age /-ɪdʒ/ is always transcribed to -e-e-ji as if it were pronounced as /eɪdʒ/ as in \"age\" or \"rage\"; e.g. メッセージ me-s-se-e-ji \"message\", パッケージ pa-k-ke-e-ji \"package\". The more recent -age /-ɑːʒ/ is more \"properly\" transcribed to -a-a-ju; e.g. ミラージュ mi-ra-a-ju \"mirage\". However, \"garage\" /gəˈrɑːʒ/ is more commonly transcribed to ガレージ ga-re-e-ji as it also has /ˈgærɪdʒ/ as an alternative pronunciation in British English.The phoneme /v/ in various languages is transcribed either to b or v, although it is unknown whether there is such an equivalent phoneme /v/ in Japanese. For example, ベネチア Benechia / ヴェネツィア Ve-ne-tsi-a \"Venezia\" (Italian for \"Venice\"), オーバー o-o-ba-a \"over\", ラブ ra-bu / ラヴ ravu \"love\".The German /v/ (orthographically w) can be transcribed in several ways. In long-established words, it is generally w. E.g.: Walküre \"valkyrie\" > ワルキューレ wa-ru-kyu-u-re. In newer transcriptions, it can also be v. E.g.: Schwestern \"sisters\" > シュヴェスタン shu-ve-su-tan.Wa is usually written as ワ, although ウァ is sometimes used in transcriptions from Ancient Greek or Latin (e.g. ミネルウァ Mi-ne-ru-wa \"Minerva\").French vowels are usually phonemically transcribed, but non-phonemic stressed vowels (utterance-final) are sometimes also transcribed as long vowels. Compare the examples of メゾン me-zo-n \"maison\" and カレー ka-re-e \"Calais\", in which the same vowel /ɛ/ is transcribed as e and e-e depending on whether it is stressed or not. The French schwa is ignored altogether: words are usually transcribed as if there were no schwa at all. For example, the word \"le\" is transcribed as ル ru, as is the single sound /l/ in \"cheval\" > シュヴァル shuvaru.Although a syllable-final /n/ is typically transcribed using the moraic ン n, ン is used in French to transcribe nasalized vowels, so French words with a final /n/ often use ヌ nu instead for distinction, e.g. マドレーヌ Ma-do-re-e-nu \"Madeleine\". This is especially the case when the masculine and feminine of a word are distinct in French, e.g. bon --> ボン bo-n, vs. bonne --> ボンヌ bo-n-nu (the n is sometimes doubled, especially when the French orthography uses two n, even if it has no consequence in the French pronunciation).Plain short consonants may be transcribed as geminated consonants to reflect the laxness of the preceding vowel, although this is not universal and there are plenty of exceptions. For example: English kick is キック ki-k-ku and castle is キャッスル kya-s-su-ru, but extra is エクストラ e-ku-su-to-ra and battle is バトル ba-to-ru. This practice expands to almost all English obstruents regardless of their voicing (/k/, /ɡ/, /s/, /z/, /f/, etc.), also to German/Scots /x/, occasionally to /n/ and /m/ (as pseudo-geminated consonant sequences /nn/ or /nm/). For example: English bag is バ(ッ)グ ba-(g)-gu; English Anna is アンナ A-n-na; English gamma is ガンマ ga-n-ma; English shuffle is シャッフル sha-f-fu-ru; German Mach is マッハ ma-h-ha, Masoch is マゾッホ Ma-zo-h-ho.German [x] is transcribed roughly as h-h, accordingly to its preceding vowel, if it's not followed by a vowel (e.g. マッハ ma-h-ha \"Mach\", バッハ Ba-h-ha \"Bach\", マゾッホ Ma-zo-h-ho \"Masoch\"); [ç], its allophone occurring only after high vowels and consonants, are as h if followed by a vowel (e.g. メルヘン me-ru-hen \"Märchen\"), or as hi if not (e.g. リヒター Ri-hi-ta-a \"Richter\"). Russian /x/ is transcribed as fu if not followed by a vowel (e.g. カザフスタン Ka-za-fu-su-ta-n \"Kazakhstan\"). Mandarin [ɕ] (in pinyin x(i)) is transcribed as sh (e.g. シャオ shao from 小 xiǎo \"little\").Geminated consonants are typically transcribed consistently and faithfully, as gemination is also featured in Japanese. The only notable exceptions are /rr/ and /ɲɲ/, although /ll/ and /ʎʎ/ are still transcribed. Examples: Arabic: الله, romanized: Allāh is アッラーフ A-r-ra-a-fu; Italian Donatello is ドナテッロ Do-na-te-r-ro; Italian degli is デッリ de-r-ri; but Italian Verrocchio is simply ヴェロッキオ Ve-ro-k-ki-o, not Ve-r-ro-k-ki-o. Italian /ɲɲ/ may be transcribed as the lengthened portion of the preceding vowel and a sequence of /nj/. For example, Sardegna is サルデーニャ Sa-ru-de-e-nya.Similar to the way speakers of English say Italian words, Japanese does not usually transcribe the Italian glide /j/ to reflect its true nature, but as /i/, perhaps for consistency and convenience. For example, Venezia is ヴェネツィア Ve-ne-tsi-a, Sicilia is シチリア Shi-chi-ri-a. Contemporary transcriptions of palatalized consonants from Slavic languages, however, are made using yōon, e.g.: Russian ピャチゴルスク Pya-chi-go-ru-su-ku (Pyatigorsk), Polish ビェルスコ＝ビャワ Bye-ru-su-ko=bya-wa (Bielsko-Biała).Modern English compounds are usually transcribed in a way that reflects the independent pronunciations of the individual components. That is to say, there is no phonetic linking between components. For example, \"overall\" is transcribed as オーバーオール o-o-ba-a-o-o-ru, not *o-o-ba-a-ro-o-ru as it is pronounced in English. However, there are a few exceptions, such as \"pineapple\", which is transcribed as パイナップル pa-i-na-p-pu-ru, or \"double-u\", as ダブリュー da-bu-ryu-u.","title":"Practicalities of transcription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)"},{"link_name":"dakuten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakuten"},{"link_name":"voiced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)"}],"sub_title":"Extended katakana","text":"In modern times, an extended katakana system has developed to cater for foreign sounds not present in Japanese. Most of these novel katakana forms are digraphs, composed of standard katakana characters, but in digraph combinations not found in native words. For example, the word photo is transcribed as フォト (fo-to), where the novel digraph フォ (fo) is made up from フ (normally fu) plus a novel small combining form of オ (normally o). In other cases novel diacritics may be applied to create new sounds, such as ヴ for vu, which consists of ウ (u) combined with a dakuten to indicate a voiced pronunciation.","title":"Practicalities of transcription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interpunct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpunct"},{"link_name":"middle dot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpunct#Japanese"},{"link_name":"Bill Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates"},{"link_name":"gairaigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairaigo"},{"link_name":"wasei eigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasei_eigo"}],"sub_title":"Interpunct","text":"Japanese is written without spaces between words, and, to aid understanding, foreign phrases and names are sometimes transliterated with an interpunct separating the words, called a nakaguro (中黒, middle dot); for example, ビル・ゲイツ (Bill Gates). When it is assumed that the reader knows the separate gairaigo words in the phrase, the middle dot is omitted, especially for wasei eigo. For example, the phrase コンピューターゲーム konpyūtā gēmu (\"computer game\") contains two well-known gairaigo, and therefore is not written with a middle dot; the same principle is applied for パンティストッキング panti sutokkingu (\"pantyhose\", lit. \"panty stocking\"), Japanese coinage.","title":"Practicalities of transcription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hepburn romanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"IPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"}],"text":"The following tables give the Hepburn romanization and an approximate IPA transcription for katakana as used in contemporary Japanese. Their use in transcription is, of course, in the inverse direction.","title":"Katakana tables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-oldE_2-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unused_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unused_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-extinct_4-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obsolete_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obsolete_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obsolete_5-2"},{"link_name":"Gojūon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-etymologic_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-etymologic_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-etymologic_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-etymologic_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-etymologic_6-4"},{"link_name":"rendaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku"}],"sub_title":"Standard katakana","text":"Notes^ Prior to the e/ye merger in the mid-Heian period, a different character (𛀀) was used in position e.\n\n^ a b Theoretical combinations yi and wu are unused . Some katakana were invented for them by linguists in the Edo and Meiji periods in order to fill out the table, but they were never actually used in normal writing.\n\n^ The combination ye existed prior to the mid-Heian period and was represented in very early katakana, but has been extinct for over a thousand years, having merged with e in the 10th century. The ye katakana (エ) was adopted for e (displacing 𛀀, the character originally used for e); the alternate katakana 𛄡 was invented for ye in the Meiji period for use in representations of Old and Early Classical Japanese so as to avoid confusion with the modern use of エ for e.\n\n^ a b c The characters in positions wi and we are obsolete in modern Japanese, and have been replaced by イ (i) and エ (e). The character wo, in practice normally pronounced o, is preserved in only one use: as a particle. This is normally written in hiragana (を), so katakana ヲ sees only limited use. See Gojūon and the articles on each character for details.\n\n^ a b c d e The ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) kana (often romanised as ji and zu) are primarily used for etymologic spelling , when the unvoiced equivalents チ (ti) and ツ (tu) (usually romanised as chi and tsu) undergo a sound change (rendaku) and become voiced when they occur in the middle of a compound word. In other cases, the identically-pronounced ジ (ji) and ズ (zu) are used instead. ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) can never begin a word, and they are not common in katakana, since the concept of rendaku does not apply to transcribed foreign words, one of the major uses of katakana.","title":"Katakana tables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Extended katakana","text":"The following katakana tokushuon (特殊音)[2] have been developed or proposed specifically for the purposes of transcribing foreign words. Examples such as トゥ(tu) in カートゥーン(cartoon), ティ(ti) in パーティ(party), ツァ (tsa) in モーツァルト(Mozart) are found mostly in foreign words.","title":"Katakana tables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graphemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme"},{"link_name":"Hepburn romanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"Received Pronunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation"},{"link_name":"General American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American"},{"link_name":"prevocalic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prevocalic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"postvocalic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postvocalic"},{"link_name":"intervocalic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervocalic"}],"text":"English phonemes\n\nCommon English graphemes\n\nJapanese transcription in modified Hepburn romanization\n\nExamples\n\n\nReceived Pronunciation\n\nGeneral American\n\nIf the English consonant is prevocalic and not postvocalic\n\nIf the English consonant is intervocalic\n\nIf the English consonant is not prevocalic\n\n\n/æ/\n\n⟨a⟩; ⟨ae⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩\n\na; ā\n\nハンド hando \"hand\"; ラム ramu \"ram\", \"RAM\"; サモン samon, サーモン sāmon \"salmon\"Exception: エンド endo \"and\"\n\n\n/ɒ/; /ɔː/\n\n/ɑː/; /ɔː/\n\n⟨a⟩; ⟨ach⟩; ⟨au⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨ou⟩\n\no; a; ō\n\nノック nokku \"knock\"; ショップ shoppu \"shop\"; オラクル orakuru \"oracle\"; ウォリアー woriā, ウォーリアー wōriā \"warrior\"; ウォッチ wotchi \"watch\"; ヨット yotto \"yacht\"; ツモロー tsumorō, トゥモロー tumorō \"tomorrow\"; コロンビア Koronbia \"Colombia\"; サッカー sakkā \"soccer\"; カレッジ karejji \"college\"; カクテル kakuteru \"cocktail\"; カリフラワー karifurawā \"cauliflower\"; バレーボール barēbōru \"volleyball\"; ライノセラス rainoserasu \"rhinoceros\"; ドール dōru \"doll\"; ウォーター wōtā \"water\"; ゴーグル gōguru \"goggle\"; トーマス Tōmasu \"Thomas\"\n\n\n/ɑː/\n\n/æ/; /ɑː/\n\n⟨a⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩\n\nā, a\n\nアーント ānto \"aunt\"; ハーフ hāfu \"half\"; バス basu \"bath\"; ファスト fasuto, ファースト fāsuto \"fast\"; シカゴ Shikago \"Chicago\"; ダンス dansu \"dance\"\n\n\n/ɑː(ɹ)/\n\n/ɑːɹ/\n\n⟨ar⟩; ⟨ear⟩; ⟨er⟩\n\n\n\nār; a\n\nā\n\nカー kā \"car\"; マーカー mākā \"marker\"; ハート hāto \"heart\"; サージェント sājento \"sergeant\"; マーマレード māmarēdo, ママレード mamarēdo \"marmalade\"\n\n\n/aɪ/\n\n⟨ai⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨eigh⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨ic⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨igh⟩; ⟨is⟩; ⟨oy⟩; ⟨uy⟩; ⟨y⟩; ⟨ye⟩\n\nai\n\nハイ hai \"high\", \"hi\"; ライト raito \"right\", \"light\"; ガイ gai \"guy\"; ガイド gaido \"guide\"; スタイル sutairu \"style\"; ハイト haito \"height\"\n\n\n/aɪə(ɹ)/\n\n/aɪɚ/; /aɪ/\n\n⟨ia(r)⟩; ⟨igher⟩; ⟨ire⟩; ⟨iro⟩\n\n\n\naiar; aiyar\n\naia; aiā; aiya; aiyā\n\nファイアー faiā, ファイヤー faiyā \"fire\"; アイアン aian \"iron\"; ダイアリー daiarī, ダイヤリー daiyarī \"diary\"; ダイヤモンド daiyamondo \"diamond\"Exceptions: アイルランド Airurando \"Ireland\"; アイロン airon \"iron\"\n\n\n/aɪl/\n\n/l/\n\n⟨ile⟩\n\n\n\nairu, uru, oru\n\nミサイル misairu \"missile\"; レプタイル reputairu, レプトル reputoru \"reptile\"\n\n\n/aʊ/\n\n⟨au⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ow⟩\n\nau; a\n\nタウン taun \"town\"; ダウン daun \"down\"; プラウ purau \"plough\", \"plow\"; ファウンデーション faundēshon, ファンデーション fandēshon \"foundation\"\n\n\n/aʊə(ɹ)/\n\n/aʊɚ/\n\n⟨our⟩; ⟨ower⟩\n\n\n\nawār\n\nawā\n\nパワー pawā \"power\"; アワー awā \"our\", \"hour\"\n\n\n/b/\n\n⟨b⟩; ⟨bb⟩; ⟨be⟩; ⟨pb⟩\n\nb\n\nb; bb\n\nbu; bbu\n\nベンチ benchi \"bench\"; バッブル babburu \"bubble\"; ラブ rabu \"lab\"; ブラザー burazā \"brother\"; ブレイク Bureiku \"Blake\"Exception: カップボード kappubōdo \"cupboard\"\n\n\n/d/\n\n⟨d⟩; ⟨dd⟩; ⟨de⟩\n\nd\n\nd; dd; j\n\ndo; ddo; zu; zzu; tto\n\nデス desu \"death\"; ベッド beddo \"bed\"; サンデー Sandē \"Sunday\"; ドゥーム dūmu \"doom\"; ドラゴン doragon \"dragon\"; キッド kiddo, キッズ kizzu \"kid\"; リドラー Ridorā \"Riddler\"; ゼット zetto \"zed\"; アンデッド andeddo, アンデット andetto \"undead\"; エジソン Ejison, エディソン Edison, エディスン Edisun \"Edison\"; クレジット kurejitto \"credit\"\n\n\n/dju(ː)/\n\n/du(ː)/; /dʒə/\n\n⟨dew⟩; ⟨du⟩; ⟨due⟩\n\ndyū; dyu\n\n\n\nデューク dyūku \"duke\"; デュアル dyuaru \"dual\"; デュエル dyueru \"duel\"; デュー dyū \"dew\", \"due\"; エデュケーション edyukēshon \"education\"\n\n\n/dz/\n\n⟨ds⟩; ⟨dds⟩\n\n\n\nzu; zzu\n\nエイズ eizu \"AIDS\"; キッズ kizzu \"kids\"; グッズ guzzu \"goods\"\n\n\n/dʒ/\n\n⟨di⟩; ⟨dg⟩; ⟨dge⟩; ⟨g⟩; ⟨ge⟩; ⟨j⟩\n\nj\n\nj; jj; z\n\nji; jji; tsu\n\nジャンプ janpu \"jump\"; エッジ ejji \"edge\"; ジェリー Jerī \"Gerry\", \"Jerry\"; バジェット bajetto \"budget\"; ガレージ garēji \"garage\"; ソルジャー sorujā \"soldier\"; エンジェル enjeru, エンゼル enzeru \"angel\"; ジェミナイ, ヂェミナイ Jeminai \"Gemini\"; キャベツ kyabetsu \"cabbage\"\n\n\n/ð/\n\n⟨th⟩; ⟨the⟩\n\nz; j\n\nzu\n\nザ za, ジー jī \"the\"; マザー mazā \"mother\"; アルゴリズム arugorizumu \"algorithm\"\n\n\n/ɛ/\n\n⟨ae⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ea⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨oe⟩\n\ne\n\nエンド endo \"end\"; ヘッド heddo \"head\"; フレンド furendo \"friend\"Exception: セーター sētā \"sweater\"\n\n\n/ɛə(ɹ)/\n\n/ɛɹ/\n\n⟨ar⟩; ⟨air⟩; ⟨are⟩; ⟨ear⟩; ⟨eir⟩; ⟨ere⟩; ⟨ey're⟩\n\n\n\near; er\n\nea; eā\n\nエア ea, エアー eā \"air\"; シェア shea \"share\"; ベア bea \"bear\"; エリア eria \"area\"Exception: プレーリー purērī \"prairie\"\n\n\n/ə/\n\n⟨a⟩\n\na\n\nアーカンソー Ākansō \"Arkansas\"; イングランド Ingurando \"England\"; マリガン marigan \"mulligan\"; アバウト abauto \"about\"; コンマ konma \"comma\"Exception: プレデター puredetā \"predator\"\n\n\n⟨o⟩\n\no; u; a\n\nコモン komon \"common\"; オブ obu \"of\"; ツデー tsudē, トゥデー tudē \"today\"; ダイナソー dainasō, ダイノソー dainosō \"dinosaur\"; セカンド sekando \"second\"\n\n\n⟨gh⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨u⟩\n\na\n\nサラ sara \"thorough\"; バラ bara \"borough\"; エディンバラ Edinbara \"Edinburgh\"; アルバカーキ Arubakāki \"Albuquerque\"; ニューファンドランド Nyūfandorando \"Newfoundland\"\n\n\n/ə(ɹ)/\n\n/ɚ/\n\n⟨ar⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨ure⟩\n\n\n\nar\n\na; ā\n\nハンガー hangā \"hanger\", \"hangar\"; コンピュータ konpyūta, コンピューター konpyūtā \"computer\"; ロバート Robāto \"Robert\"; フューチャー fyūchā \"future\"; ノーザン nōzan \"northern\"; プロパティ puropati \"property\"; ハンカチーフ hankachīfu \"handkerchief\"\n\n\n⟨or⟩; ⟨our⟩\n\n\n\nar\n\nā; oru\n\nモーター mōtā \"motor\"; カラー karā \"colour\"; カーソル kāsoru \"cursor\"; メルボルン Meruborun \"Melbourne\"\n\n\n/əd/\n\n/ɚd/\n\n⟨oard⟩; ⟨ord⟩\n\nōdo\n\nオックスフォード Okkusufōdo \"Oxford\"\n\n\n/əl/; /l/\n\n⟨al⟩\n\n\n\naru\n\nプロポーザル puropōzaru \"proposal\"; ライバル raibaru \"rival\"; タイダル taidaru \"tidal\"; オフィシャル ofisharu \"official\"\n\n\n⟨ael⟩; ⟨el⟩; ⟨le⟩\n\n\n\nuru; oru; eru\n\nベーグル bēguru \"bagel\"; マッスル massuru \"muscle\"; テーブル tēburu \"table\"; サイクル saikuru \"cycle\"; ミドル midoru \"middle\"; ステープル sutēpuru \"staple\"; ケトル ketoru \"kettle\"; パズル pazuru \"puzzle\"; パネル paneru \"panel\"; レベル reberu, レヴェル reveru \"level\", \"revel\", \"rebel\"; マイケル Maikeru \"Michael\"\n\n\n/əm/\n\n⟨am⟩; ⟨em⟩; ⟨om⟩; ⟨ome⟩\n\n\n\namu\n\nキングダム kingudamu \"kingdom\"; ランダム randamu \"random\"; セイラム Seiramu \"Salem\"; ゴッサム Gossamu \"Gotham\"; オーサム ōsamu \"awesome\"\n\n\n⟨um⟩\n\n\n\namu; umu\n\nアルバム arubamu \"album\"; オポッサム opossamu \"opossum\"; デューテリウム dyūteriumu \"deuterium\"; バキューム bakyūmu \"vacuum\"\n\n\n/ən/; /n/\n\n⟨ain⟩; ⟨en⟩; ⟨on⟩\n\n\n\nun; on; en\n\nハイフン haifun \"hyphen\"; セブン sebun \"seven\"; フォールン fōrun \"fallen\"; オープン ōpun \"open\"; トークン tōkun \"token\"; リーズン rīzun \"reason\"; シーズン shīzun \"season\"; プリズン purizun \"prison\"; レッスン ressun \"lesson\"; セコンド sekondo \"second\"; サドン sadon \"sudden\"; スウェーデン Suwēden \"Sweden\"; マウンテン maunten \"mountain\"; ブリテン Buriten \"Britain\"; テスタメント tesutamento \"testament\"; ヘレン Heren \"Hellen\"Exception: クライアント kuraianto \"client\"; セカンド sekando \"second\"\n\n\n/əs/\n\n⟨us⟩\n\n\n\nasu\n\nバイラス bairasu, ヴァイラス vairasu \"virus\"; コーカス Kōkasasu \"Caucasus\"\n\n\n/əʊ/\n\n/oʊ/\n\n⟨au⟩; ⟨eau⟩; ⟨eaux⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨oa⟩; ⟨oe⟩; ⟨oh⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ow⟩; ⟨owe⟩\n\nō; ou; o\n\nゴー gō \"go\"; ショー shō \"show\"; シャドー shadō, シャドウ shadou \"shadow\"; ホーム hōmu \"home\"; ソウル souru \"soul\"; オハイオ Ohaio \"Ohio\"; ポニー ponī \"pony\"\n\n\n/ɜː(ɹ)/\n\n/ɜːɹ/\n\n⟨ear⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨ir⟩; ⟨olo⟩; ⟨ur⟩\n\n\n\nār\n\nā; a\n\nアース āsu \"earth\"; スターリング Sutāringu \"Sterling\", \"Stirling\"; バーチャル bācharu \"virtual\"; カーブ kābu \"curve\", \"curb\"; カーネル kāneru \"colonel\", \"kernel\"; シャツ shatsu \"shirt\"; オルタナティブ orutanatibu \"alternative\"; ファーリー fārī \"furry\"\n\n\n/eɪ/\n\n⟨a⟩; ⟨ae⟩; ⟨ai⟩; ⟨ais⟩; ⟨ait⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩; ⟨ay⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨eigh⟩; ⟨et⟩; ⟨ey⟩\n\nē; ei; e\n\nネーム nēmu \"name\"; ゲージ gēji \"gauge\"; ドレイク doreiku \"drake\"; エイト eito \"eight\"; レイフ Reifu \"Ralph\"; ポテト poteto \"potato\"; エンジェル enjeru \"angel\"; エンシェント enshento \"ancient\"; ブレザー burezā \"blazer\"; エプロン epuron \"apron\"; レディ redi, レディー redī \"lady\"; ベビー bebī \"baby\"Exceptions: オーストラリア Ōsutoraria \"Australia\"; カナディアン Kanadian \"Canadian\"; ラジオ rajio \"radio\"; スタジアム sutajiamu \"stadium\"\n\n\n/f/\n\n⟨f⟩; ⟨fe⟩; ⟨ff⟩; ⟨gh⟩; ⟨ph⟩; ⟨u⟩\n\nf; h\n\nf; ff\n\nfu; ffu\n\nファウル fauru \"foul\"; フライ furai \"fry\", \"fly\"; フラワー furawā \"flower\"; シャッフル shaffuru \"shuffle\"; ラフ rafu \"rough\"; ヘッドホン heddohon \"headphone\"; レフテナント refutenanto \"lieutenant\"\n\n\n/ɡ/\n\n⟨g⟩; ⟨gg⟩; ⟨gh⟩; ⟨gu⟩; ⟨gue⟩\n\ng\n\ng; gg\n\ngu; ggu\n\nガン gan \"gun\"; バッグ baggu \"bag\"; グラインダー guraindā \"grinder\"; グルー gurū \"glue\"; マグル Maguru \"Muggle\"; グール gūru \"ghoul\"; ギター gitā \"guitar\"\n\n\n/ɡæ/\n\n⟨ga⟩\n\nga; gya\n\n\n\nガジェット gajetto \"gadget\"; ギャラクシー gyarakushī \"galaxy\"; ギャル gyaru \"gal\"\n\n\n/ɡz/\n\n⟨gs⟩; ⟨ggs⟩; ⟨x⟩; ⟨xh⟩\n\n\n\nguz; guj; kiz; kuz\n\nguzu; gguzu\n\nエグジット egujitto \"exit\"; エグゾーダス eguzōdasu \"exodus\"; エグザミネーション eguzaminēshon \"examination\"; エキゾチック ekizochikku \"exotic\"; エキゾースト ekizōsuto \"exhaust\"; バッグズ bagguzu \"bags\"\n\n\n/ɡzjuː/\n\n/ɡzuː/\n\n⟨xu⟩; ⟨xhu⟩\n\n\n\ngujū\n\n\n\nエグジューム egujūmu \"exhume\"\n\n\n/h/\n\n⟨gh⟩; ⟨h⟩\n\nh\n\n\n\nハンター hantā \"hunter\"; ハッブル Habburu \"Hubble\"\n\n\n/huː/; /hʊ/\n\n⟨hoo⟩; ⟨who⟩\n\nfū\n\n\n\nフー fū \"who\"; フッド fuddo, フード fūdo \"hood\"; フック fukku, ホック hokku \"hook\"\n\n\n/ɪ/\n\n⟨a⟩; ⟨ae⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨oe⟩\n\ni; ī; e; ē\n\nインプット inputto \"input\"; リミテッド rimiteddo \"limited\"; ネイキッド neikiddo \"naked\"; トイレット toiretto \"toilet\"; オレンジ orenji \"orange\"; ステッカー sutekkā \"sticker\"; デステニー desutenī \"destiny\"; デジタル dejitaru \"digital\"; アイデア aidea \"idea\"; メッセージ messēji \"message\"; ガレージ garēji \"garage\"; ダメージ damēji \"damage\"; カレッジ karejji \"college\"; チョコレート chokorēto \"chocolate\"; パレス paresu \"palace\"; アルティメット arutimetto \"ultimate\"; ネッカチーフ nekkachīfu \"neckerchief\"\n\n\n/ɪə(ɹ)/\n\n/ɪɹ/\n\n⟨aer⟩; ⟨e're⟩; ⟨ear⟩; ⟨eer⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨ere⟩; ⟨ier⟩; ⟨ir⟩\n\n\n\niar; iyar; īr; ir; ear\n\nia; iya; īa; ea\n\nギア gia \"gear\"; ミーアキャット mīakyatto \"meerkat\"; イヤホン iyahon \"earphone\"; ヒーロー hīrō \"hero\"; ヒロイン hiroin \"heroine\"; ステアリング sutearingu \"steering\"\n\n\n/i/\n\n⟨e⟩; ⟨ea⟩; ⟨ee⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨y⟩\n\ni; ī; yi; ē\n\nコミッティー komittī \"committee\"; ヤンキー Yankī \"Yankee\"; シティー shiti \"city\"; コメディ komedi, コメディー komedī \"comedy\"; アポストロフィ aposutorofi \"apostrophe\"; ハッピー happī, ハッピィ happyi \"happy\"; キャンディ kyandi, キャンディー kyandī, キャンデー kyandē \"candy\"\n\n\n⟨ay⟩; ⟨ey⟩\n\nī; ē; ei; e\n\nマリー Marī, マーレイ Mārei \"Murray\"; リンジー Rinjī \"Lindsay\"; ハービー Hābī \"Harvey\"; ハーレー Hārē \"Harley\"; ラムゼイ Ramuzei \"Ramsay\"; ハネムーン hanemūn, ハニームーン hanīmūn \"honeymoon\"\n\n\n/iː/\n\n⟨ae⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ea⟩; ⟨ee⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨oe⟩\n\nī; ē; e\n\nチーム chīmu \"team\"; グリーン gurīn \"green\"; ピース pīsu \"piece\", \"peace\"; タキシード takishīdo \"tuxedo\"; デーモン dēmon \"demon\"; ノルウェージャン Noruwējan \"Norwegian\"; ハイエナ haiena \"hyena\"; フェニックス fenikkusu \"phoenix\"\n\n\n/j/\n\n⟨y⟩\n\ny; i\n\n\n\nヤング yangu \"young\"; ヨーク Yōku \"York\"; イェール Yēru \"Yale\"; イエロー ierō, イエロウ ierou \"yellow\"; イエス iesu \"yes\"\n\n\n/ju(ː)/; /jʊ/\n\n/ju(ː)/; /jə/\n\n⟨eu⟩; ⟨u⟩; ⟨you⟩; ⟨yu⟩; ⟨ut⟩\n\nyū; yu\n\n\n\nユー yū \"you\", \"U\"; ユニオン yunion \"union\"; ダブリュー daburyū \"W\"; サミュエル Samyueru \"Samuel\"; フォーミュラ fōmyura \"formula\"\n\n\n/jʊə(ɹ)/; /jəɹ/\n\n/jʊɹ/; /jəɹ/\n\n⟨eu(r)⟩; ⟨u(r)⟩; ⟨you(r)⟩; ⟨you're⟩; ⟨yu(r)⟩; ⟨uh(r)⟩\n\n\n\nyūr; yur; yuar\n\nyua\n\nユーロ yūro \"euro\"; ユア yua \"your\", \"you're\"; マーキュリー Mākyurī \"Mercury\"\n\n\n/k/\n\n⟨c⟩; ⟨cc⟩; ⟨ch⟩; ⟨che⟩; ⟨ck⟩; ⟨k⟩; ⟨ke⟩; ⟨kh⟩; ⟨qu⟩; ⟨que⟩\n\nk\n\nk; kk\n\nku; kku; ki; kki\n\nカップ kappu \"cup\"; キック kikku \"kick\"; テイク teiku \"take\"; ストライキ sutoraiki \"strike\"; ケーキ kēki \"cake\"; ステーキ sutēki \"steak\"; デッキ dekki \"deck\"; クラウン kuraun \"clown\"; サッカー sakkā \"soccer\", \"sucker\"; クロニクル kuronikuru \"chronicle\"\n\n\n/kæ/\n\n⟨ca⟩; ⟨cha⟩; ⟨ka⟩\n\nka; kya\n\n\n\nカンザス Kanzasu \"Kansas\"; カメラ kamera \"camera\"; キャメロン Kyameron \"Cameron\"; キャンディー kyandī \"candy\"; キャプテン kyaputen \"captain\"\n\n\n/ks/\n\n⟨cc⟩; ⟨cs⟩; ⟨chs⟩; ⟨cks⟩; ⟨ks⟩; ⟨khs⟩; ⟨x⟩; ⟨xe⟩\n\n\n\nkus; kkus; kis; kish\n\nkkusu; kisu\n\nメキシコ Mekishiko \"Mexico\"; テキサス Tekisasu \"Texas\"; テキスト tekisuto \"text\"; プロキシ purokishi \"proxy\"; タキシード takishīdo \"tuxedo\"; シックス shikkusu \"six\", \"sicks\"; コンプレックス konpurekkusu \"complex\"\n\n\n/kʃ/\n\n⟨cti⟩; ⟨xi⟩\n\n\n\nkush\n\n\n\nコネクション konekushon \"connection\", \"connexion\"\n\n\n/kʃuəl/\n\n⟨xual⟩\n\n\n\nkusharu; kushuaru\n\n\n\nバイセクシャル baisekusharu, バイセクシュアル baisekushuaru \"bisexual\"\n\n\n/kw/\n\n⟨cho⟩; ⟨cqu⟩; ⟨qu⟩\n\nku; kuw; kw; k\n\n\n\nクオーク kuōku, クォーク kwōku \"quark\"; クイーン kuīn, クィーン kwīn \"queen\"; クワイア kuwaia \"choir\"; スコール sukōru \"squall\"; ターコイズ tākoizu \"turquoise\"\n\n\n/l/\n\n⟨l⟩; ⟨le⟩; ⟨ll⟩\n\nr\n\nr\n\nru\n\nループ rūpu \"loop\"; ボール bōru \"ball\"; ブリー burī \"bully\"\n\n\n/m/\n\n⟨m⟩; ⟨mb⟩; ⟨me⟩; ⟨mm⟩; ⟨mn⟩\n\nm\n\nm; nm\n\nmu; n\n\nメイ Mei \"May\"; サモン samon \"summon\"; ゲーム gēmu \"game\"; ランプ ranpu \"lamp\", \"lump\", \"ramp\", \"rump\"; ナンバー nanbā \"number\"; ガンマ ganma \"gamma\"; ボム bomu \"bomb\"; オータム ōtamu \"autumn\"\n\n\n/n/\n\n⟨n⟩; ⟨nd⟩; ⟨ne⟩; ⟨nn⟩\n\nn\n\nn; nn\n\nn; nu\n\nナイン nain \"nine\"; ファン fan \"fan\"; バナナ banana \"banana\"; アンナ Anna \"Anna\"; エヌ enu \"N\"; カンニング kanningu \"cunning\"; ハンサム hansamu \"handsome\"; ハンカチーフ hankachīfu \"handkerchief\"\n\n\n/nju(ː)/\n\n/nu(ː)/\n\n⟨new⟩; ⟨neu⟩; ⟨nu⟩\n\nnyū\n\nニュー nyū \"new\"; ニュートロン nyūtoron \"neutron\"\n\n\n/njʊə(ɹ)/\n\n/nʊɹ/\n\n⟨newr⟩; ⟨neur⟩; ⟨nur⟩; ⟨nure⟩\n\n\n\nnyūr\n\n\n\nニューロン nyūron \"neuron\"\n\n\n/ŋ/; /ŋɡ/\n\n⟨n⟩; ⟨ng⟩\n\n\n\nng\n\nn; ngu\n\nシンガー singā \"singer\"; フィンガー fingā \"finger\"; リンク rinku \"link\"; リング ringu \"ring\"; バーミンガム Bāmingamu, バーミングハム Bāminguhamu \"Birmingham\"; チューインガム chūin gamu \"chewing gum\"; ワシントン Washinton \"Washington\"; ブーメラン būmeran \"boomerang\"\n\n\n/ɔː/\n\n⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩; ⟨aw⟩; ⟨oa⟩; ⟨ough⟩\n\nō; ou; o\n\nトーク tōku \"talk\"; オーストリア Ōsutoria \"Austria\"; クロー kurō, クロウ kurou \"claw\", \"craw\"; ストロー sutorō \"straw\"; ストロベリー sutoroberī \"strawberry\"\n\n\n/ɔːl/\n\n⟨al⟩; ⟨aul⟩; ⟨awl⟩\n\n\n\nōr\n\nōru; oru; aru\n\nクローラー kuōrā \"crawler\"; オルタナティブ orutanatibu \"alternative\"; ワルツ warutsu \"waltz\"; アサルト asaruto \"assault\"\n\n\n/ɔː(ɹ)/\n\n/ɔːɹ/\n\n⟨ar⟩; ⟨aur⟩; ⟨oar⟩; ⟨or⟩; ⟨our⟩; ⟨wor⟩\n\n\n\nō(r); oru; oa; ā\n\nボード bōdo \"board\"; コース kōsu \"course\"; フォー fō \"four\"; ストーム sutōmu \"storm\"; トルネード torunēdo \"tornado\"; ボーテックス bōtekkusu, ボルテックス borutekkusu \"vortex\"; ノルウェー Noruwē \"Norway\"; ウォー wō \"war\"; オア oa \"or\", \"oar\"; ダイナソー dainasō, ダイノソー dainosō \"dinosaur\"; コーラス kōrasu \"chorus\"; ソード sōdo \"sword\"; ワープ wāpu \"warp\"; ホグワーツ Hoguwātsu \"Hogwarts\"\n\n\n⟨oor⟩; ⟨ore⟩\n\n\n\noa\n\nコア koa \"core\"; フォア foa \"fore\"; ドア doa \"door\"; フロア furoa \"floor\"\n\n\n/ɔɪ/\n\n⟨eu⟩; ⟨oi⟩; ⟨oy⟩\n\noi\n\nコイン koin \"coin\"; トイ toi \"toy\"Exception: ボーイ bōi \"boy\"\n\n\n/ɔɪə(ɹ)/\n\n⟨awyer⟩\n\noiyā\n\nロイヤー roiyā \"lawyer\"\n\n\n/ɔɪəl/\n\n⟨oyal⟩\n\noiyaru\n\nロイヤル roiyaru \"royal\", \"loyal\"\n\n\n/p/\n\n⟨p⟩; ⟨pe⟩; ⟨ph⟩; ⟨pp⟩\n\np\n\np; pp\n\npu; ppu\n\nパック pakku \"pack\"; トップ toppu \"top\"; プランクトン purankuton \"plankton\"; プルーフ purūfu \"proof\"\n\n\n/ɹ/; /(ɹ)/\n\n/ɹ/\n\n⟨lo⟩; ⟨r⟩; ⟨re⟩; ⟨rh⟩; ⟨rps⟩; ⟨rr⟩; ⟨rt⟩\n\nr\n\nr\n\nomitted; ru\n\nラム ramu \"ram\", \"RAM\", \"rum\"; テリー Terī \"Terry\"; リズム rizumu \"rhythm\"; バー bā \"bar\"; カリフォルニア Kariforunia \"California\"; アール āru \"R\", \"are\"\n\n\n/ˌɹiːˌɪ/\n\n⟨rei⟩\n\nrii; ryi; ri\n\nリインカーネーション riinkānēshon , リィンカーネーション ryinkānēshon, リンカーネーション rinkānēshon, リンカーネイション rinkāneishon, リンカネーション rinkanēshon \"reincarnation\"\n\n\n/s/\n\n⟨'s⟩; ⟨c⟩; ⟨ce⟩; ⟨s⟩; ⟨s'⟩; ⟨sc⟩; ⟨se⟩; ⟨ss⟩; ⟨st⟩; ⟨sw⟩\n\ns; sh\n\ns; ss; sh; ssh\n\nsu; ssu\n\nサンド sando \"sand\"; シンク shinku \"sink\", \"cinque\"; メッセンジャー messenjā \"messenger\"; ケーシング kēshingu \"casing\"; キス kisu, キッス kissu \"kiss\"; キャッスル kyassuru \"castle\"; ストップ sutoppu \"stop\"; スラッシュ surasshu \"slash\"; セント sento \"cent\"; マッスル massuru \"muscle\"; クリスマス Kurisumasu \"Christmas\"Exception: シチュー shichū \"stew\"\n\n\n/sjuː/\n\n/suː/\n\n⟨su⟩\n\nshū\n\n\n\nコンシューマー konshūmā \"consumer\"\n\n\n/ʃ/\n\n⟨ch⟩; ⟨che⟩; ⟨ci⟩; ⟨s⟩; ⟨sc⟩; ⟨sch⟩; ⟨sh⟩; ⟨si⟩; ⟨sti⟩; ⟨ti⟩\n\nsh\n\nsh; ssh\n\nshu; sshu\n\nシップ shippu \"ship\"; クラッシャー kurasshā \"crusher\"; フラッシュ furasshu \"flash\", \"flush\"; シュラウド shuraudo \"shroud\"; ディメンション dimenshon \"dimension\"; アクション akushon \"action\"; イグニッション igunisshon \"ignition\"; スペシャル supesharu \"special\"\n\n\n/ʃuəl/\n\n⟨sual⟩\n\nsharu; shuaru\n\n\n\nコンセンシャル konsensharu \"consensual\"\n\n\n/t/\n\n⟨bt⟩; ⟨ct⟩; ⟨pt⟩; ⟨t⟩; ⟨te⟩; ⟨th⟩; ⟨tt⟩; ⟨tte⟩\n\nt; ch; ts\n\nt; tt; ts\n\nto; tto; tsu; ttsu; do\n\nテープ tēpu \"tape\"; インフィニティ infiniti \"infinity\"; チップ chippu \"tip\"; チーム chīmu \"team\"; スチーム suchīmu \"steam\"; チケット chiketto, ティケット tiketto, テケツ teketsu \"ticket\"; ツアー tsuā \"tour\"; ツー tsū, トゥー tū \"two\", \"to\"; タイタン Taitan \"Titan\"; スケート sukēto \"skate\"; ヒッティング hittingu \"hitting\"; カートゥーン kātūn \"cartoon\"; キャット kyatto, キャッツ kyattsu \"cat\"; シャツ shatsu \"shirt\"; ピーナッツ pīnattsu, ピーナツ pīnatsu, ピーナット pīnatto \"peanut\"; フルーツ furūtsu \"fruit\"; スーツ sūtsu, スート sūto \"suit\"; トランプ torampu \"trump\"; バトル batoru \"battle\"; テムズ Temuzu, テームズ Tēmuzu \"Thames\"; コネチカット Konechikatto \"Connecticut\"; アドバンスト adobansuto, アドバンスド adobansudo \"advanced\"\n\n\n/tjuː/\n\n/tuː/\n\n⟨tew⟩; ⟨tu⟩; ⟨tue⟩\n\nchū; chuw; tyū\n\n\n\nチューナー chūnā \"tuner\"; チューバ chūba, テューバ tyūba \"tuba\"; スチュワード suchuwādo \"steward\"; チューズデー Chūzudē \"Tuesday\"\n\n\n/ts/\n\n⟨t's⟩; ⟨ts⟩; ⟨tts⟩\n\n\n\ntsu; ttsu\n\nキャッツ kyattsu \"cats\"; イッツ ittsu \"it's\", \"its\"\n\n\n/tʃ/\n\n⟨ch⟩; ⟨tch⟩\n\nch\n\nch; tch\n\nchi; tchi\n\nチキン chikin, チケン chiken, チッケン chikken \"chicken\"; キチン kichin, キッチン kitchin, キッチェン kitchen \"kitchen\"; マッチ matchi \"match\"\n\n\n/tʃʊə(ɹ)/\n\n/tʃʊɹ/\n\n⟨ture⟩\n\n\n\nchua\n\n\n\nマチュア machua \"mature\"\n\n\n/tʃuəl/\n\n⟨tual⟩\n\n\n\ncharu; chuaru\n\nバーチャル bācharu, バーチュアル bāchuaru \"virtual\"\n\n\n/θ/\n\n⟨th⟩; ⟨the⟩\n\ns; sh\n\ns; ss; sh; ssh; j\n\nsu; ssu\n\nソー Sō \"Thor\"; シーフ shīfu \"thief\"; バスルーム basurūmu \"bathroom\"; スレッド sureddo \"thread\"; ゴッサム Gossamu \"Gotham\"; アメシスト ameshisuto, アメジスト amejisuto \"amethyst\"\n\n\n/ʊ/\n\n⟨oo⟩; ⟨u⟩\n\nu\n\nブック bukku \"book\"; ブル buru \"bull\"\n\n\n/ʊə(ɹ)/; /ɔː(ɹ)/\n\n/ʊɹ/\n\n⟨oor⟩; ⟨our⟩; ⟨ure⟩\n\n\n\nuar; ūr\n\nua; ūa; uā\n\nムーア mūa \"moor\"; シュア shua \"sure\"; ツアー tsuā \"tour\"; ツーリスト tsūrisuto \"tourist\"; ミズーリ Mizūri \"Missouri\"\n\n\n/u(ː)/\n\n⟨ew⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨oe⟩; ⟨oo⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ue⟩; ⟨ui⟩\n\nū; u; yū\n\nドゥー dū \"do\"; コクーン kokūn \"cocoon\"; シュー shū \"shoe\"; スープ sūpu \"soup\"; スルー surū \"through\"; ブルーマー burūmā, ブルマー burumā \"bloomer\"; ジュース jūsu \"juice\"; ブイ bui \"buoy\"; クルー kurū \"crew\"; コークスクリュー kōkusukuryū \"corkscrew\"; アンドリュー Andoryū \"Andrew\"Exceptions: ドリトル Doritoru \"Dolittle\"; スタジオ sutajio \"studio\"; アコースティック akōsutikku \"acoustic\"\n\n\n/v/\n\n⟨ph⟩; ⟨v⟩; ⟨ve⟩; ⟨w⟩\n\nb; v\n\nb; v\n\nbu; vu\n\nバイキング Baikingu, ヴァイキング Vaikingu \"Viking\"; ラブ rabu, ラヴ ravu \"love\"; スティーヴン Sutīvun \"Stephen\"\n\n\n/ʌ/\n\n⟨o⟩; ⟨oo⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨u⟩\n\na; o\n\nマフィン mafin, マッフィン maffin \"muffin\"; ブラッド buraddo \"blood\"; プラス purasu \"plus\"; カミング kamingu \"coming\"; マンスリー mansurī \"monthly\"; パンチ panchi, ポンチ ponchi \"punch\"; コロンビア Koronbia \"Columbia\"; トンネル tonneru \"tunnel\"; フロント furonto \"front\"; モンク monku \"monk\"; モンキー monkī \"monkey\"; ロンドン Rondon \"London\"\n\n\n/w/\n\n⟨w⟩; ⟨ou⟩\n\nu; w; omitted\n\nu; w\n\n\n\nグウェン Guwen \"Gwen\"; スウェーデン Suwēden \"Sweden\"; ウォーム wōmu \"warm\"; ワーム wāmu \"worm\"; ツイン tsuin \"twin\"; ジャガー jagā \"jaguar\"; ペンギン pengin \"penguin\"; ティンクル tinkuru \"twinkle\"; サンドイッチ sandoitchi, サンドウィッチ sandowitchi \"sandwich\"; セーター sētā \"sweater\"; アウェイクン aweikun, アウエイクン aueikun \"awaken\"\n\n\n⟨wh⟩\n\nhow; ho; u; w\n\n\n\nホワイト howaito \"white\"; ホワッツ howattsu \"what's\"; ホエール hoēru \"whale\"; ホイール hoīru \"wheel\"; ホイップ hoippu, ウイップ uippu, ウィップ wippu \"whip\"; ウィート wīto \"wheat\"\n\n\n/wʊ/\n\n⟨wo⟩; ⟨woo⟩\n\nu; ū\n\n\n\nウッド uddo \"wood\"; ウーマン ūman \"woman\"\n\n\n/z/\n\n⟨'s⟩; ⟨s⟩; ⟨sc⟩; ⟨se⟩; ⟨ss⟩; ⟨z⟩; ⟨ze⟩; ⟨zz⟩\n\nz; j\n\nz; zz; j; jj\n\nzu; zzu; su\n\nズーム zūmu \"zoom\"; ジッパー jippā \"zipper\"; ライジング raijingu \"rising\"; クレージ kurējī \"crazy\"; フェイズ feizu \"phase\"; パズル pazuru \"puzzle\"; ディジー dijī, ディズィー dizī \"dizzy\"; ポゼッション pozesshon \"possession\"; ミズーリ Mizūri \"Missouri\"; ニュース nyūsu \"news\"; ブルース burūsu \"blues\"; フェアリーズ fearīzu, フェアリース fearīsu \"fairies\"; ゼット zetto, ズィ zi \"Z\"\n\n\n/ʒ/\n\n⟨g⟩; ⟨ge⟩; ⟨si⟩; ⟨ti⟩; ⟨zi⟩\n\n\n\nj\n\n\n\nテレビジョン terebijon \"television\"; イクエージョン ikuējon \"equation\"; ブレージャーburējā \"brazier\"\n\n\n/ʒuəl/\n\n⟨sual⟩\n\n\n\njuaru\n\n\n\nビジュアル bijuaru \"visual\"","title":"Table of transcription from English"}]	[]	[{"title":"Romanization of Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese"},{"title":"Transcription into Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_into_Korean"}]	[{"reference":"\"外来語の表記：文部科学省\". Archived from the original on 2019-11-18. Retrieved 2011-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191118073641/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19910628002/k19910628002.html","url_text":"\"外来語の表記：文部科学省\""},{"url":"http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19910628002/k19910628002.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"■米国規格(ANSI Z39.11-1972)―要約\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024633/http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/ansiz3911.html","url_text":"\"■米国規格(ANSI Z39.11-1972)―要約\""},{"url":"http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/ansiz3911.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"■英国規格(BS 4812:1972)―要約\". Archived from the original on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2011-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130603222816/http://halcat.com/roomazi/doc/bs4812.html","url_text":"\"■英国規格(BS 4812:1972)―要約\""},{"url":"http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/bs4812.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Transcription+into+Japanese%22","external_links_name":"\"Transcription into Japanese\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Transcription+into+Japanese%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Transcription+into+Japanese%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Transcription+into+Japanese%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Transcription+into+Japanese%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Transcription+into+Japanese%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.saiga-jp.com/japanese_language.html","external_links_name":"Saiga"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170930024944/http://www.saiga-jp.com/japanese_language.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191118073641/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19910628002/k19910628002.html","external_links_name":"\"外来語の表記：文部科学省\""},{"Link":"http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19910628002/k19910628002.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024633/http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/ansiz3911.html","external_links_name":"\"■米国規格(ANSI Z39.11-1972)―要約\""},{"Link":"http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/ansiz3911.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130603222816/http://halcat.com/roomazi/doc/bs4812.html","external_links_name":"\"■英国規格(BS 4812:1972)―要約\""},{"Link":"http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/bs4812.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/hyouzyunC.html","external_links_name":"ローマ字文の手ほどき: 標準式ローマ字書き日本語の書き方"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024638/http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/hyouzyunC.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogndalsfj%C3%B8ra	Sogndalsfjøra	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 61°13′32″N 07°06′06″E / 61.22556°N 7.10167°E / 61.22556; 7.10167Village in Western Norway, NorwaySogndalsfjøraVillageView of Sogndalsfjøra in April 2007SogndalsfjøraLocation of the villageShow map of VestlandSogndalsfjøraSogndalsfjøra (Norway)Show map of NorwayCoordinates: 61°13′32″N 07°06′06″E / 61.22556°N 7.10167°E / 61.22556; 7.10167CountryNorwayRegionWestern NorwayCountyVestlandDistrictSognMunicipalitySogndalArea • Total2.05 km2 (0.79 sq mi)Elevation10 m (30 ft)Population (2019) • Total3,995 • Density1,949/km2 (5,050/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Post Code6856 Sogndal Sogndalsfjøra is a village in the municipality of Sogndal in Vestland county, Norway. It is located where the river Sogndalselvi runs out in the Sogndalsfjorden, a branch of the large Sognefjorden. The village is located about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) northwest of the village of Kjørnes, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northwest of the village of Kaupanger, and about 31 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of the village of Fjærland. The village sits at the intersection of Norwegian National Road 5 and Norwegian County Road 55. The 2.05-square-kilometre (510-acre) village has a population (2019) of 3,995 and a population density of 1,949 inhabitants per square kilometre (5,050/sq mi). Sogndalsfjøra is home to the association football team Sogndal Fotball. The team is in the Norwegian Premier League, Tippeligaen and plays at the Fosshaugane Campus. The area is home to major tourism industries, along with sawmills, lumber production, and a slaughterhouse. The Lerum Konserves, the largest Norwegian producer of juice and jam, is located here. Sogndalsfjøra is also the home of the regional police station for inner Sogn. Stedje Church is located in the village. The village has also an active academic environment and is home to one of the five campuses of the Western Norway University of Applied Sciences and Western Norway Research Institute. The bridge in the village was replaced in 2018 after the old structure from 1954 showed signs of ageing. Prior to 2020, the village was the administrative center of the municipality of Sogndal. References ^ a b c Statistisk sentralbyrå (1 January 2019). "Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality". ^ "Sogndalsfjøra" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 2010-09-04. ^ Store norske leksikon. "Sogndalsfjøra" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2010-09-04. ^ "Landmark Norwegian fjord bridge stays ahead of the curve". External links Media related to Sogndalsfjøra at Wikimedia Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sogndal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogndal"},{"link_name":"Vestland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sogndalsfjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogndalsfjorden"},{"link_name":"Sognefjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sognefjorden"},{"link_name":"Kjørnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%B8rnes"},{"link_name":"Kaupanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupanger"},{"link_name":"Fjærland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A6rland"},{"link_name":"Norwegian National Road 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_National_Road_5"},{"link_name":"Norwegian County Road 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_County_Road_55"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ssb-1"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Sogndal Fotball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogndal_Fotball"},{"link_name":"Tippeligaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippeligaen"},{"link_name":"Fosshaugane Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosshaugane_Campus"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"Sogn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogn"},{"link_name":"Stedje Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stedje_Church"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Western Norway University of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Norway_University_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Western Norway Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Norway_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"Sogndal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogndal"}],"text":"Village in Western Norway, NorwaySogndalsfjøra is a village in the municipality of Sogndal in Vestland county, Norway. It is located where the river Sogndalselvi runs out in the Sogndalsfjorden, a branch of the large Sognefjorden. The village is located about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) northwest of the village of Kjørnes, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northwest of the village of Kaupanger, and about 31 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of the village of Fjærland. The village sits at the intersection of Norwegian National Road 5 and Norwegian County Road 55.The 2.05-square-kilometre (510-acre) village has a population (2019) of 3,995 and a population density of 1,949 inhabitants per square kilometre (5,050/sq mi).[1]Sogndalsfjøra is home to the association football team Sogndal Fotball. The team is in the Norwegian Premier League, Tippeligaen and plays at the Fosshaugane Campus. The area is home to major tourism industries, along with sawmills, lumber production, and a slaughterhouse. The Lerum Konserves, the largest Norwegian producer of juice and jam, is located here. Sogndalsfjøra is also the home of the regional police station for inner Sogn. Stedje Church is located in the village.[3] The village has also an active academic environment and is home to one of the five campuses of the Western Norway University of Applied Sciences and Western Norway Research Institute.The bridge in the village was replaced in 2018 after the old structure from 1954 showed signs of ageing.[4]Prior to 2020, the village was the administrative center of the municipality of Sogndal.","title":"Sogndalsfjøra"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Statistisk sentralbyrå (1 January 2019). \"Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Norway","url_text":"Statistisk sentralbyrå"},{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/beftett/aar","url_text":"\"Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sogndalsfjøra\" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 2010-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Sogn_og_Fjordane/Sogndal/Sogndalsfj%C3%B8ra/","url_text":"\"Sogndalsfjøra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr.no","url_text":"yr.no"}]},{"reference":"Store norske leksikon. \"Sogndalsfjøra\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2010-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"http://www.snl.no/Sogndalsfj%C3%B8ra","url_text":"\"Sogndalsfjøra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Landmark Norwegian fjord bridge stays ahead of the curve\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.barnshaws.com/news/landmark-norwegian-fjord-bridge-stays-ahead-of-the-curve","url_text":"\"Landmark Norwegian fjord bridge stays ahead of the curve\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sogndalsfj%C3%B8ra&params=61_13_32_N_07_06_06_E_type:city_region:NO-46","external_links_name":"61°13′32″N 07°06′06″E / 61.22556°N 7.10167°E / 61.22556; 7.10167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sogndalsfj%C3%B8ra&params=61_13_32_N_07_06_06_E_type:city_region:NO-46","external_links_name":"61°13′32″N 07°06′06″E / 61.22556°N 7.10167°E / 61.22556; 7.10167"},{"Link":"https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/beftett/aar","external_links_name":"\"Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality\""},{"Link":"http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Sogn_og_Fjordane/Sogndal/Sogndalsfj%C3%B8ra/","external_links_name":"\"Sogndalsfjøra\""},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/Sogndalsfj%C3%B8ra","external_links_name":"\"Sogndalsfjøra\""},{"Link":"https://www.barnshaws.com/news/landmark-norwegian-fjord-bridge-stays-ahead-of-the-curve","external_links_name":"\"Landmark Norwegian fjord bridge stays ahead of the curve\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Shtanski	Nina Shtanski	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]	Transnistrian politician Nina ShtanskiНина ШтанскиShtanski in 2012First Lady of TransnistriaIn role19 September 2015 – 16 December 2016PresidentYevgeny ShevchukPreceded byVacantSucceeded bySvetlana KrasnoselskayaMinister of Foreign AffairsIn office24 January 2012 – 14 September 2015Prime MinisterPyotr StepanovTatiana TuranskayaMaija Parnas (Acting)Preceded byVladimir YastrebchakSucceeded byVitaly Ignatiev Personal detailsBorn (1977-04-10) 10 April 1977 (age 47)Tiraspol, Soviet Union(now Moldova)Political partyIndependentSpouseYevgeny ShevchukAlma materTransnistrian State University Nina Viktorovna Shtanski (Romanian: Nina Ștanski; Russian: Нина Викторовна Штански; born 10 April 1977) is a Transnistrian former state politician and public figure. She has been the Deputy Prime Minister for the International Cooperation of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic from 24 January 2012 to 2 September 2015. Ph.D. (2012). She became an honoured foreign service officer Transnistrian Moldovan Republic in 2012. She held the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. Biography She was born 10 April 1977 in the city of Tiraspol, Moldavian SSR. She graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Transdniestrian State University. TG Shevchenko. Shtanski has spoken about being of Polish descent. 24 December 2012 she defended her thesis for the degree of Candidate of Political Sciences on the theme "Problems of the conflict in Transnistria / Moldova: International Aspects" (Research consultants - Prof. Marina Lebedeva, and Associate Prof. S.S. Veselovskii). From 2002 to 2009 she worked at the Supreme Council of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic in the following positions: Leading specialist staff of the Supreme Soviet of the PMR Assistant to the Chairman of the Supreme Council Political Advisor to the Chairman of the Supreme Council. From 2009 to 2011, involved in social and educational activities, is an adviser to Evgeny Shevchuk - at that time a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of Transnistria and the President of the social movement "Renaissance." She has taught at the Institute of History, State and Law of the Transdniestrian State University. TG Shevchenko Tiraspol and inter-university. 30 December 2011, after the inauguration of the President of TMR EV Shevchuk, appointed a special representative of the President of the TMR in the negotiating process, interaction with the diplomatic missions and international organizations. 24 January 2012 appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the unrecognized Dniester Moldavian Republic. 1 February 2012 by the Decree of the President of the TMR was charged a special representative of the President of the TMR in the negotiating process, interaction with the diplomatic missions and international organizations. 6 November 2012 by the Decree of the President of Transnistria Yevgeny Shevchuk appointed Deputy Prime Minister of the PMR for international cooperation, while maintaining the current position of Minister of Foreign Affairs of the PMR. She voiced her support to the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and asked Russia to do the same with Transnistria. A member of the Security Council under the President of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic. Nina Shtanski gave up her government position in September 2015 when she married Yevgeny Shevchuk, the President of Transnistria. References ^ "Официальная биография на сайте МИД ПМР". ^ Kosienkowski, Marcin (5 October 2012). "POLSKA I NADDNIESTRZE: CZAS NA WSPÓŁPRACĘ?". New Eastern Europe. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ "Президент ПМР подписал Указ о назначении заместителя Председателя Правительства ПМР по вопросам международного сотрудничества – министра иностранных дел ПМР". ^ Указ Президента ПМР О назначении должностных лиц при Президенте ПМР Archived 12 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Указ Президента ПМР О назначении руководителей исполнительных органов государственной власти ПМР ^ Marin, Viorica (24 March 2014). "Nina Ștanski, "ministrul de Externe" de la Tiraspol, îi cere lui Vladimir Putin să anexeze Transnistria". Adevărul (in Romanian). External links Биография на сайте МИД ПМР Биография на сайте Президента ПМР Эксклюзивное интервью Министра иностранных дел ПМР Н.В.Штански программе «Наблюдатель» Министр иностранных дел Приднестровской Молдавской Республики Нина Штански дала интервью GTimes Political offices Preceded byVladimir Yastrebchak Minister of Foreign Affairs 2012–2015 Succeeded byVitaly Ignatiev	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Transnistrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistrian"}],"text":"Nina Viktorovna Shtanski (Romanian: Nina Ștanski; Russian: Нина Викторовна Штански; born 10 April 1977) is a Transnistrian former state politician and public figure. She has been the Deputy Prime Minister for the International Cooperation of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic from 24 January 2012 to 2 September 2015. Ph.D. (2012). She became an honoured foreign service officer Transnistrian Moldovan Republic in 2012. She held the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.","title":"Nina Shtanski"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Polish descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_diaspora"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"to do the same with Transnistria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_Transnistria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Shevchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Shevchuk"}],"text":"She was born 10 April 1977 in the city of Tiraspol, Moldavian SSR. She graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Transdniestrian State University. TG Shevchenko.[1] Shtanski has spoken about being of Polish descent.[2]\n24 December 2012 she defended her thesis for the degree of Candidate of Political Sciences on the theme \"Problems of the conflict in Transnistria / Moldova: International Aspects\" (Research consultants - Prof. Marina Lebedeva, and Associate Prof. S.S. Veselovskii).From 2002 to 2009 she worked at the Supreme Council of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic in the following positions:Leading specialist staff of the Supreme Soviet of the PMR\nAssistant to the Chairman of the Supreme Council\nPolitical Advisor to the Chairman of the Supreme Council.[3]From 2009 to 2011, involved in social and educational activities, is an adviser to Evgeny Shevchuk - at that time a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of Transnistria and the President of the social movement \"Renaissance.\" She has taught at the Institute of History, State and Law of the Transdniestrian State University. TG Shevchenko Tiraspol and inter-university.[4]30 December 2011, after the inauguration of the President of TMR EV Shevchuk, appointed a special representative of the President of the TMR in the negotiating process, interaction with the diplomatic missions and international organizations.24 January 2012 appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the unrecognized Dniester Moldavian Republic.\n[5]1 February 2012 by the Decree of the President of the TMR was charged a special representative of the President of the TMR in the negotiating process, interaction with the diplomatic missions and international organizations.6 November 2012 by the Decree of the President of Transnistria Yevgeny Shevchuk appointed Deputy Prime Minister of the PMR for international cooperation, while maintaining the current position of Minister of Foreign Affairs of the PMR.She voiced her support to the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and asked Russia to do the same with Transnistria.[6]A member of the Security Council under the President of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic.Nina Shtanski gave up her government position in September 2015 when she married Yevgeny Shevchuk, the President of Transnistria.","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Официальная биография на сайте МИД ПМР\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mfa-pmr.org/index.php?newsid=304","url_text":"\"Официальная биография на сайте МИД ПМР\""}]},{"reference":"Kosienkowski, Marcin (5 October 2012). \"POLSKA I NADDNIESTRZE: CZAS NA WSPÓŁPRACĘ?\". New Eastern Europe. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200726233401/http://www.new.org.pl/1125-polska-i-naddniestrze-czas-na-wspolprace","url_text":"\"POLSKA I NADDNIESTRZE: CZAS NA WSPÓŁPRACĘ?\""},{"url":"http://www.new.org.pl/1125-polska-i-naddniestrze-czas-na-wspolprace","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Президент ПМР подписал Указ о назначении заместителя Председателя Правительства ПМР по вопросам международного сотрудничества – министра иностранных дел ПМР\".","urls":[{"url":"http://president.gospmr.ru/ru/news/prezident-pmr-podpisal-ukaz-o-naznachenii-zamestitelya-predsedatelya-pravitelstva-pmr-po","url_text":"\"Президент ПМР подписал Указ о назначении заместителя Председателя Правительства ПМР по вопросам международного сотрудничества – министра иностранных дел ПМР\""}]},{"reference":"Marin, Viorica (24 March 2014). \"Nina Ștanski, \"ministrul de Externe\" de la Tiraspol, îi cere lui Vladimir Putin să anexeze Transnistria\". Adevărul (in Romanian).","urls":[{"url":"https://adevarul.ro/international/rusia/nina-Stanski-ministrul-externe-tiraspol-cere-vladimir-putin-anexeze-transnistria-1_533064390d133766a8309aaa/index.html","url_text":"\"Nina Ștanski, \"ministrul de Externe\" de la Tiraspol, îi cere lui Vladimir Putin să anexeze Transnistria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul","url_text":"Adevărul"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://mfa-pmr.org/index.php?newsid=304","external_links_name":"\"Официальная биография на сайте МИД ПМР\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200726233401/http://www.new.org.pl/1125-polska-i-naddniestrze-czas-na-wspolprace","external_links_name":"\"POLSKA I NADDNIESTRZE: CZAS NA WSPÓŁPRACĘ?\""},{"Link":"http://www.new.org.pl/1125-polska-i-naddniestrze-czas-na-wspolprace","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://president.gospmr.ru/ru/news/prezident-pmr-podpisal-ukaz-o-naznachenii-zamestitelya-predsedatelya-pravitelstva-pmr-po","external_links_name":"\"Президент ПМР подписал Указ о назначении заместителя Председателя Правительства ПМР по вопросам международного сотрудничества – министра иностранных дел ПМР\""},{"Link":"http://www.president.pmr-gov.org/zakon/?category=2&id=3682","external_links_name":"Указ Президента ПМР О назначении должностных лиц при Президенте ПМР"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131212102732/http://president.gospmr.ru/ru/zakon?category=2&id=3682","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120713041627/http://president.pmr-gov.org/zakon/?category=2&id=3730","external_links_name":"Указ Президента ПМР О назначении руководителей исполнительных органов государственной власти ПМР"},{"Link":"https://adevarul.ro/international/rusia/nina-Stanski-ministrul-externe-tiraspol-cere-vladimir-putin-anexeze-transnistria-1_533064390d133766a8309aaa/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Nina Ștanski, \"ministrul de Externe\" de la Tiraspol, îi cere lui Vladimir Putin să anexeze Transnistria\""},{"Link":"http://mfa-pmr.org/index.php?newsid=304","external_links_name":"Биография на сайте МИД ПМР"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120307081222/http://president.pmr-gov.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=213&Itemid=62","external_links_name":"Биография на сайте Президента ПМР"},{"Link":"http://mfa-pmr.org/index.php?newsid=1484","external_links_name":"Эксклюзивное интервью Министра иностранных дел ПМР Н.В.Штански программе «Наблюдатель»"},{"Link":"http://mfa-pmr.org/index.php?newsid=1566","external_links_name":"Министр иностранных дел Приднестровской Молдавской Республики Нина Штански дала интервью GTimes"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_E._Rodr%C3%ADguez_O.	Jaime E. Rodríguez O.	["1 Biography","2 Education","3 Academic career","4 Select publications","5 References"]	This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jaime E. Rodríguez O." – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rodríguez and the second or maternal family name is Ordóñez. Ecuadorian writer Jaime E. Rodríguez O.BornJaime Edmundo Rodríguez Ordóñez12 April 1940 (1940-04-12) (age 84)Guayaquil, EcuadorSpouseLinda Alexander RodríguezAcademic backgroundEducationUniversity of Houston, University of Texas at AustinDoctoral advisorNettie Lee BensonAcademic workDisciplineLatin American History, independence-era in MexicoInstitutionsUniversity of California, Irvine Jaime Edmundo Rodríguez Ordóñez (born Guayaquil, Ecuador, 12 April 1940), historian of Latin America, particularly the independence-era in Mexico. His is now professor emeritus at the University of California, Irvine. Biography Jaime Edmundo Rodríguez Ordóñez was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador during his father's military service. Rodríguez Ordóñez is the son of Colonel Luis Rodríguez Sandoval, who had been Chief of the frontier zone during the war between Ecuador and Peru. His mother was María Beatriz Ordóñez Córdova. At age 8, he moved to the United States together with his mother, where he has resided permanently. He is married to Linda Alexander Rodríguez. Education In 1965 he earned his B.A. in economics at the University of Houston and following year, he earned his M.A. in history also at University of Houston. In 1970, he completed his doctorate at University of Texas, Austin, under the direction of Nettie Lee Benson, with his dissertation on Vicente Rocafuerte and the rise of Latin American identity. Academic career He began teaching at California State University, Long Beach, remaining there 1969–1973. In 1974, he began his career at University of California, Irvine, where he taught until his retirement. Between 1980 and 1986, he was Graduate Dean and Vice Chancellor for Research. He was the founding editor of the peer-reviewed journal, Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos, a bilingual, binational journal published jointly with the University of California and the National University of Mexico. In his published work, Rodríguez Ordóñez contends that Latin America was not isolated from events in the rest of the western world, so that it was actively involved in the events of the Atlantic Revolutions. Although the American Revolution and the French Revolution were known throughout the confines of the Spanish monarchy, he argues that they did not directly influence the Spanish territories in the Americas. Rather, Rodríguez suggests that the imprisonment of Ferdinand VII during the Napoleonic invasion of Spain and the subsequent institutional vacuum that this created were the direct causes of the collapse of the Spanish monarchy. It is in this context that countless Juntas succeed each other both on the Iberian peninsula and in Spanish America that sought to represent a government free from French influence, but faithful to the Spanish monarch and monarchy as an institution. The distrust of many Americans of peninsular-born Spaniards and that of many peninsulares in the Americans led to civil wars in which in many cases entire families were divided between insurgents and royalists. Rodríguez Ordóñez has emphasized the importance of the influence of the 1812 Constitution of Cádiz on Spanish America, especially in New Spain and the Realm of Quito. He contends this constitution was much more representative and inclusive than many of its contemporaries, including ones from Latin America, which were much more traditional. He stresses the role of elections as a starting point for modern representative governance in Latin America and as one of the reasons why the wars for independence lasted at least a decade. Select publications Monographs The Emergence of Spanish America: Vicente Rocafuerte and Spanish Americanism: 1808–1832. University of California Press, 1975. Revolución, independencia y las nuevas naciones de América. Vol. 9. Fundación MAPFRE Tavera, 2005. " We are Now the True Spaniards": Sovereignty, Revolution, Independence, and the Emergence of the Federal Republic of Mexico, 1808–1824. Stanford University Press, 2012. La independencia de la América española. Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2016. Edited and co-authored works Editor, The Divine Charter: Constitutionalism and Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Mexico. Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. Co-author with Jaime E. Rodr Guez. The Independence of Spanish America. Vol. 84. Cambridge University Press, 1998. Editor. The origins of Mexican national politics, 1808–1847. Rowman & Littlefield, 1997. Co-author with MacLachlan." The Forging of the Cosmic Race: A Reinterpretation of Colonial Mexico 223 (1980). Articles "The Process of Spanish American Independence." A Companion to Latin American History (2010): 195–214. "New Spain and the 1808 Crisis of the Spanish Monarchy." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 24.2 (2008): 245–287. "La naturaleza de la representación en Nueva España y México." Secuencia 61 (2005): 6-32. "The Struggle for Dominance: the Legislature versus the Executive in Early Mexico." Christon I. Archer (comp.), The Birth of Modern México, Scholarly Resources, Wilmington (2003): 205–228. "The emancipation of America." American Historical Review 105.1 (2000): 131–152. "The struggle: the first centralist-federalist conflict in Mexico." the Americas 49.1 (1992): 1-22. "The origins of the 1832 rebellion." Patterns of contention in Mexican history, Wilmington, SR Books (1992): 145–162. "La Constitución de 1824 y la formación del Estado mexicano." Historia mexicana 40.3 (1991): 507–535. "Two Revolutions: France 1789 and Mexico 1810." The Americas (1990): 161–176. "From Royal Subject to Republican Citizen: The Role of the Autonomists in the Independence of Mexico." Rodríguez O.(coord.) (1989): 19–43. "The Conflict between Church and State in Early Republican Mexico." New World 2 (1987): 93-112. References ^ Faculty Profile, University of California, Irvine accessed 14 June 2020. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Portugal Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Guayaquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaquil"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"University of California, Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rodríguez and the second or maternal family name is Ordóñez.Ecuadorian writerJaime Edmundo Rodríguez Ordóñez (born Guayaquil, Ecuador, 12 April 1940), historian of Latin America, particularly the independence-era in Mexico. His is now professor emeritus at the University of California, Irvine.[1]","title":"Jaime E. Rodríguez O."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luis Rodríguez Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"Linda Alexander Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Alexander_Rodr%C3%ADguez"}],"text":"Jaime Edmundo Rodríguez Ordóñez was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador during his father's military service. Rodríguez Ordóñez is the son of Colonel Luis Rodríguez Sandoval, who had been Chief of the frontier zone during the war between Ecuador and Peru. His mother was María Beatriz Ordóñez Córdova. At age 8, he moved to the United States together with his mother, where he has resided permanently. He is married to Linda Alexander Rodríguez.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"University of Texas, Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas,_Austin"},{"link_name":"Nettie Lee Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettie_Lee_Benson"},{"link_name":"Vicente Rocafuerte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Rocafuerte"}],"text":"In 1965 he earned his B.A. in economics at the University of Houston and following year, he earned his M.A. in history also at University of Houston. In 1970, he completed his doctorate at University of Texas, Austin, under the direction of Nettie Lee Benson, with his dissertation on Vicente Rocafuerte and the rise of Latin American identity.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State University, Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Long_Beach"},{"link_name":"University of California, Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed_journal"},{"link_name":"Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"National University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Juntas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juntas"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"Realm of Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Quito"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"}],"text":"He began teaching at California State University, Long Beach, remaining there 1969–1973. In 1974, he began his career at University of California, Irvine, where he taught until his retirement. Between 1980 and 1986, he was Graduate Dean and Vice Chancellor for Research. He was the founding editor of the peer-reviewed journal, Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos, a bilingual, binational journal published jointly with the University of California and the National University of Mexico.In his published work, Rodríguez Ordóñez contends that Latin America was not isolated from events in the rest of the western world, so that it was actively involved in the events of the Atlantic Revolutions. Although the American Revolution and the French Revolution were known throughout the confines of the Spanish monarchy, he argues that they did not directly influence the Spanish territories in the Americas. Rather, Rodríguez suggests that the imprisonment of Ferdinand VII during the Napoleonic invasion of Spain and the subsequent institutional vacuum that this created were the direct causes of the collapse of the Spanish monarchy. It is in this context that countless Juntas succeed each other both on the Iberian peninsula and in Spanish America that sought to represent a government free from French influence, but faithful to the Spanish monarch and monarchy as an institution.\nThe distrust of many Americans of peninsular-born Spaniards and that of many peninsulares in the Americans led to civil wars in which in many cases entire families were divided between insurgents and royalists. Rodríguez Ordóñez has emphasized the importance of the influence of the 1812 Constitution of Cádiz on Spanish America, especially in New Spain and the Realm of Quito. He contends this constitution was much more representative and inclusive than many of its contemporaries, including ones from Latin America, which were much more traditional. He stresses the role of elections as a starting point for modern representative governance in Latin America and as one of the reasons why the wars for independence lasted at least a decade.","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fondo de Cultura Económica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondo_de_Cultura_Econ%C3%B3mica"}],"text":"MonographsThe Emergence of Spanish America: Vicente Rocafuerte and Spanish Americanism: 1808–1832. University of California Press, 1975.\nRevolución, independencia y las nuevas naciones de América. Vol. 9. Fundación MAPFRE Tavera, 2005.\n\" We are Now the True Spaniards\": Sovereignty, Revolution, Independence, and the Emergence of the Federal Republic of Mexico, 1808–1824. Stanford University Press, 2012.\nLa independencia de la América española. Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2016.Edited and co-authored worksEditor, The Divine Charter: Constitutionalism and Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Mexico. Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.\nCo-author with Jaime E. Rodr Guez. The Independence of Spanish America. Vol. 84. Cambridge University Press, 1998.\nEditor. The origins of Mexican national politics, 1808–1847. Rowman & Littlefield, 1997.\nCo-author with MacLachlan.\" The Forging of the Cosmic Race: A Reinterpretation of Colonial Mexico 223 (1980).Articles\"The Process of Spanish American Independence.\" A Companion to Latin American History (2010): 195–214.\n\"New Spain and the 1808 Crisis of the Spanish Monarchy.\" Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 24.2 (2008): 245–287.\n\"La naturaleza de la representación en Nueva España y México.\" Secuencia 61 (2005): 6-32.\n\"The Struggle for Dominance: the Legislature versus the Executive in Early Mexico.\" Christon I. Archer (comp.), The Birth of Modern México, Scholarly Resources, Wilmington (2003): 205–228.\n\"The emancipation of America.\" American Historical Review 105.1 (2000): 131–152.\n\"The struggle: the first centralist-federalist conflict in Mexico.\" the Americas 49.1 (1992): 1-22.\n\"The origins of the 1832 rebellion.\" Patterns of contention in Mexican history, Wilmington, SR Books (1992): 145–162.\n\"La Constitución de 1824 y la formación del Estado mexicano.\" Historia mexicana 40.3 (1991): 507–535.\n\"Two Revolutions: France 1789 and Mexico 1810.\" The Americas (1990): 161–176.\n\"From Royal Subject to Republican Citizen: The Role of the Autonomists in the Independence of Mexico.\" Rodríguez O.(coord.) (1989): 19–43.\n\"The Conflict between Church and State in Early Republican Mexico.\" New World 2 (1987): 93-112.","title":"Select publications"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jaime+E.+Rodr%C3%ADguez+O.%22","external_links_name":"\"Jaime E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achondrogenesis_type_2	Achondrogenesis type 2	["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Causes","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	Medical conditionAchondrogenesis type 2Achondrogenesis type 2 has an autosomal dominant method of inheritance.SpecialtyMedical genetics Achondrogenesis, type 2 is an uncommon skeletal dysplasia that is autosomal dominant and occurs at a frequency of approximately 0.2 per 100,000 births. Also known by the name Langer-Saldino achondrogenesis, it is one of the fatal short-limbed dwarfisms linked to structural mutations in type II collagen. Typically, achondrogenesis type II manifests in the perinatal period as short stature, edema/hydropic look, narrow chest with pulmonary hypoplasia, severely short limbs (micromelia), and extraskeletal characteristics (e.g., flat midface, Pierre Robin sequence). Most of these babies are stillborn, delivered before their due date, or pass away from cardiorespiratory failure soon after delivery, meaning that they do not live to term. Signs and symptoms The characteristic features of achondrogenesis type 2 are short arms and legs, a tiny chest with short ribs, lung hypoplasia, a small chin, a prominent forehead, and an enlarged abdomen that may also include hydrops and polyhydramnios. Causes Mutations in the COL2A1 gene can cause a number of skeletal abnormalities, including achondrogenesis type 2. Instructions for producing a protein that produces type II collagen are provided by this gene. Type II collagen molecule assembly is disrupted by mutations in the COL2A1 gene, impairing the normal development of bones and other connective tissues. Because achromogenesis type 2 is caused by a mutated gene that only needs one copy in each cell, it is regarded as an autosomal dominant disorder. References ^ "Taybi and Lachman's Radiology of Syndromes, Metabolic Disorders and Skeletal Dysplasias, 5th ed". Radiology. 249 (3): 776. 2008. doi:10.1148/radiol.2493082537. ISSN 0033-8419. ^ Saldino, Ronald M. (1971). "Lethal Short-Limbed Dwarfism: Achondrogenesis and Thanatophoric Dwarfism". American Journal of Roentgenology. 112 (1): 185–197. doi:10.2214/ajr.112.1.185. ISSN 0361-803X. PMID 5582025. ^ Gregersen, Pernille Axél; Savarirayan, Ravi (2019-04-25). "Type II Collagen Disorders Overview". University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 31021589. Retrieved 2024-02-25. ^ Dogan, P; Varal, IG; Gorukmez, O; Akkurt, MO; Akdag, A (2019-06-01). "Achondrogenesis type 2 in a newborn with a novel mutation on the COL2A1 gene". Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics. 22 (1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 89–94. doi:10.2478/bjmg-2019-0001. ISSN 1311-0160. PMC 6714336. PMID 31523626. ^ a b "Achondrogenesis: MedlinePlus Genetics". MedlinePlus. 2015-03-01. Retrieved 2024-02-26. Further reading Maheshwari, Saurabh; Ingole, Dilip; Chatterjee, Samar; Rajesh, Uddandam; Anand, Varun (2021). "A case report of achondrogenesis type II (Langer-Saldino achondrogenesis)". Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 52 (1). doi:10.1186/s43055-021-00479-0. ISSN 2090-4762. Kobayashi, Yukari; Ito, Yuki; Taniguchi, Kosuke; Harada, Kana; Yamamura, Michihiro; Sato, Taisuke; Takahashi, Ken; Kawame, Hiroshi; Hata, Kenichiro; Samura, Osamu; Okamoto, Aikou (2022-11-15). "Novel missense COL2A1 variant in a fetus with achondrogenesis type II". Human Genome Variation. 9 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 40. doi:10.1038/s41439-022-00218-5. ISSN 2054-345X. PMC 9663423. PMID 36376277. External links ClassificationDICD-11: LD24.50ICD-10: Q77.0OMIM: 200610MeSH: C536017DiseasesDB: 32635SNOMED CT: 254061001External resourcesRadiopaedia: 27495Orphanet: 93296Scholia: Q17010866 vteOsteochondrodysplasiasOsteodysplasia/osteodystrophyDiaphysis Camurati–Engelmann disease Metaphysis Metaphyseal dysplasia Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Epiphysis Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia Osteosclerosis Raine syndrome Osteopoikilosis Osteopetrosis Other/ungrouped FLNB Boomerang dysplasia Opsismodysplasia Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia McCune–Albright syndrome Chondrodysplasia/chondrodystrophy(including dwarfism)Osteochondroma osteochondromatosis Hereditary multiple exostoses Chondroma/enchondroma enchondromatosis Ollier disease Maffucci syndrome Growth factor receptorFGFR2: Antley–Bixler syndrome FGFR3: Achondroplasia Hypochondroplasia Thanatophoric dysplasia COL2A1 collagen disease Achondrogenesis type 2 Hypochondrogenesis SLC26A2 sulfation defect Achondrogenesis type 1B Autosomal recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Atelosteogenesis, type II Diastrophic dysplasia Chondrodysplasia punctata Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata Conradi–Hünermann syndrome Other dwarfism Fibrochondrogenesis Short rib – polydactyly syndrome Majewski's polydactyly syndrome Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis vteDiseases of collagen, laminin and other scleroproteinsCollagen diseaseCOL1: Osteogenesis imperfecta (types I–IV) Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (types 1, 2, & 7) COL2: Hypochondrogenesis Achondrogenesis (type 2) Stickler syndrome Marshall syndrome Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, (Strudwick type) Kniest dysplasia (Type II collagenopathy) COL3: Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (types 3 & 4) Sack–Barabas syndrome COL4: Alport syndrome COL5: Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (types 1 & 2) COL6: Bethlem myopathy (type 1) Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (type 1) COL7: Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa Bart syndrome Transient bullous dermolysis of the newborn COL8: Fuchs' dystrophy (type 1) COL9: Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (types 2, 3, & 6) COL10: Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia COL11: Weissenbacher–Zweymüller syndrome Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia (Type XI collagenopathy) COL12: Bethlem myopathy (type 2) Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (type 2) COL17: Bullous pemphigoid COL18: Knobloch syndrome Laminin Junctional epidermolysis bullosa Laryngoonychocutaneous syndrome Other Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy Raine syndrome Urbach–Wiethe disease TECTA DFNA8/12, DFNB21 see also fibrous proteins	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skeletal dysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_dysplasia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radiology_2008_pp._776%E2%80%93776-1"},{"link_name":"type II collagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_collagen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saldino_1971_pp._185%E2%80%93197-2"},{"link_name":"short stature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_stature"},{"link_name":"edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"pulmonary hypoplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_hypoplasia"},{"link_name":"micromelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromelia"},{"link_name":"Pierre Robin sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Robin_sequence"},{"link_name":"stillborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth"},{"link_name":"cardiorespiratory failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_arrest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregersen_Savarirayan_2019_u181-3"}],"text":"Achondrogenesis, type 2 is an uncommon skeletal dysplasia that is autosomal dominant and occurs at a frequency of approximately 0.2 per 100,000 births.[1] Also known by the name Langer-Saldino achondrogenesis, it is one of the fatal short-limbed dwarfisms linked to structural mutations in type II collagen.[2]Typically, achondrogenesis type II manifests in the perinatal period as short stature, edema/hydropic look, narrow chest with pulmonary hypoplasia, severely short limbs (micromelia), and extraskeletal characteristics (e.g., flat midface, Pierre Robin sequence). Most of these babies are stillborn, delivered before their due date, or pass away from cardiorespiratory failure soon after delivery, meaning that they do not live to term.[3]","title":"Achondrogenesis type 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lung hypoplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_hypoplasia"},{"link_name":"polyhydramnios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydramnios"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newborn-4"}],"text":"The characteristic features of achondrogenesis type 2 are short arms and legs, a tiny chest with short ribs, lung hypoplasia, a small chin, a prominent forehead, and an enlarged abdomen that may also include hydrops and polyhydramnios.[4]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COL2A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL2A1"},{"link_name":"type II collagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_collagen"},{"link_name":"Type II collagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_collagen"},{"link_name":"COL2A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL2A1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MedlinePlus-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MedlinePlus-5"}],"text":"Mutations in the COL2A1 gene can cause a number of skeletal abnormalities, including achondrogenesis type 2. Instructions for producing a protein that produces type II collagen are provided by this gene. Type II collagen molecule assembly is disrupted by mutations in the COL2A1 gene, impairing the normal development of bones and other connective tissues.[5]Because achromogenesis type 2 is caused by a mutated gene that only needs one copy in each cell, it is regarded as an autosomal dominant disorder.[5]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A case report of achondrogenesis type II (Langer-Saldino achondrogenesis)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1186%2Fs43055-021-00479-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1186/s43055-021-00479-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1186%2Fs43055-021-00479-0"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2090-4762","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2090-4762"},{"link_name":"\"Novel missense COL2A1 variant in a fetus with achondrogenesis type II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9663423"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/s41439-022-00218-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41439-022-00218-5"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2054-345X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2054-345X"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9663423","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9663423"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"36376277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36376277"}],"text":"Maheshwari, Saurabh; Ingole, Dilip; Chatterjee, Samar; Rajesh, Uddandam; Anand, Varun (2021). \"A case report of achondrogenesis type II (Langer-Saldino achondrogenesis)\". Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 52 (1). doi:10.1186/s43055-021-00479-0. ISSN 2090-4762.\nKobayashi, Yukari; Ito, Yuki; Taniguchi, Kosuke; Harada, Kana; Yamamura, Michihiro; Sato, Taisuke; Takahashi, Ken; Kawame, Hiroshi; Hata, Kenichiro; Samura, Osamu; Okamoto, Aikou (2022-11-15). \"Novel missense COL2A1 variant in a fetus with achondrogenesis type II\". Human Genome Variation. 9 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 40. doi:10.1038/s41439-022-00218-5. ISSN 2054-345X. PMC 9663423. PMID 36376277.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Taybi and Lachman's Radiology of Syndromes, Metabolic Disorders and Skeletal Dysplasias, 5th ed\". Radiology. 249 (3): 776. 2008. doi:10.1148/radiol.2493082537. ISSN 0033-8419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1148%2Fradiol.2493082537","url_text":"10.1148/radiol.2493082537"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8419","url_text":"0033-8419"}]},{"reference":"Saldino, Ronald M. (1971). \"Lethal Short-Limbed Dwarfism: Achondrogenesis and Thanatophoric Dwarfism\". American Journal of Roentgenology. 112 (1): 185–197. doi:10.2214/ajr.112.1.185. ISSN 0361-803X. PMID 5582025.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2214%2Fajr.112.1.185","url_text":"10.2214/ajr.112.1.185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-803X","url_text":"0361-803X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5582025","url_text":"5582025"}]},{"reference":"Gregersen, Pernille Axél; Savarirayan, Ravi (2019-04-25). \"Type II Collagen Disorders Overview\". University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 31021589. Retrieved 2024-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540447/","url_text":"\"Type II Collagen Disorders Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31021589","url_text":"31021589"}]},{"reference":"Dogan, P; Varal, IG; Gorukmez, O; Akkurt, MO; Akdag, A (2019-06-01). \"Achondrogenesis type 2 in a newborn with a novel mutation on the COL2A1 gene\". Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics. 22 (1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 89–94. doi:10.2478/bjmg-2019-0001. ISSN 1311-0160. PMC 6714336. PMID 31523626.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6714336","url_text":"\"Achondrogenesis type 2 in a newborn with a novel mutation on the COL2A1 gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbjmg-2019-0001","url_text":"10.2478/bjmg-2019-0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1311-0160","url_text":"1311-0160"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6714336","url_text":"6714336"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31523626","url_text":"31523626"}]},{"reference":"\"Achondrogenesis: MedlinePlus Genetics\". MedlinePlus. 2015-03-01. Retrieved 2024-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/achondrogenesis/","url_text":"\"Achondrogenesis: MedlinePlus Genetics\""}]},{"reference":"Maheshwari, Saurabh; Ingole, Dilip; Chatterjee, Samar; Rajesh, Uddandam; Anand, Varun (2021). \"A case report of achondrogenesis type II (Langer-Saldino achondrogenesis)\". Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 52 (1). doi:10.1186/s43055-021-00479-0. ISSN 2090-4762.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs43055-021-00479-0","url_text":"\"A case report of achondrogenesis type II (Langer-Saldino achondrogenesis)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs43055-021-00479-0","url_text":"10.1186/s43055-021-00479-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2090-4762","url_text":"2090-4762"}]},{"reference":"Kobayashi, Yukari; Ito, Yuki; Taniguchi, Kosuke; Harada, Kana; Yamamura, Michihiro; Sato, Taisuke; Takahashi, Ken; Kawame, Hiroshi; Hata, Kenichiro; Samura, Osamu; Okamoto, Aikou (2022-11-15). \"Novel missense COL2A1 variant in a fetus with achondrogenesis type II\". Human Genome Variation. 9 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 40. doi:10.1038/s41439-022-00218-5. ISSN 2054-345X. PMC 9663423. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemalnur_Sargut	Cemalnur Sargut	["1 Biography","2 Works","2.1 Works in English","3 References","4 External links"]	Turkish Sufi leader and Islamic scholar (born 1952) Cemalnur SargutCemâlnur SargutBornNovember 3, 1952Istanbul, TurkeyOccupationsSufi leaderIslamic scholar Cemalnur Sargut (born November 3, 1952) is a Turkish Sufi, a leader of the Rifa'i order, author, and Islamic scholar. Biography Cemalnur Sargut was born to Meskure Sargut and Omer Faruk Sargut on November 3, 1952 in Istanbul. Sargut's mother was a disciple of Turkish Sufi master Ken'an Rifa'i. She attended Kadikoy High School for Girls and studied chemical engineering at the National Academy of Architecture and Engineering in Istanbul. As a young woman, Sargut was a student of Sufi mystic and writer Samiha Ayverdi. She worked as a chemistry teacher for twenty years. Sargut is a scholar of Ken'an Rifa'i, although she never met him in person. She has studied the works of Ibn 'Arabi, Misri Niyazi, Abu Bakr al-Shibli, Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Abd al-Karim al-Jili, Ahmad al-Rifaʽi, and Rumi. Sargut is active as a religious leader appearing on television and giving sermons aired on Turkish radio. Her discourses were compiled by her students and published as Dinle (Listen) by Nefes Press in 2012. This work was translated into English and published by Fons Vitae as Beauty and Light: Mystical Discourses by a Contemporary Female Sufi Master. Sargut is the leader of the Istanbul branch of the Turkish Women's Cultural Association (TÜRKKAD) which promotes Turkish culture, traditional Turkish artforms, and provides education for low-income students. TÜRKKAD was founded by Samiha Ayyverdi in 1966 during a revival of NGOs resulting from the state's repression of Islamic organizations, schools, and Sufi lodges. Turkey banned Sufi orders and practices in 1925 under Kemalist ideology, forcing Sufis to operate covertly. Sargut is the author of over a dozen books about Islam and Sufism. Sargut and her organization endowed the Kenan Rifai Distinguished Professorship of Islamic Studies at the University of North Carolina in 2009. They have also endowed a chair at Peking University in Beijing, China. They helped establish the Kenan Rifa'i Center for Sufi Studies at Kyoto University. Works Mülk Suresi Allah'ıma Sefere Çıktım Kenan Rifâî ile Aşka Yolculuk Dinle Aşktan Dinle Ey İnsan (Yasîn Sûresi Şerhi) Bakara (Bakara Sûresi ilk 10 Ayetin Şerhi) Bakara II (Bakara Sûresi 11-29 arasındaki Ayetlerin Şerhi) Bakara III (İnsan-ı Kamil'in Hakikati) Hz. Âdem (Füsusu’l Hikem Şerhi) Hz. Şit (Füsusu’l Hikem Şerhi) Hz. Nuh (Füsusu’l Hikem Şerhi) Hz. İdris (Füsusu’l Hikem Şerhi) Sâmiha Ayverdi ile Sırra Yolculuk Peygambere Sevdirilen Kadın Kâbe’nin Hakîkati Osmanlı Padişahlarında Peygamber Sevgisi Can-ı Candır Hz. Ahmed Muhammed Mustafa Hz. Meryem - Yaratılış Sırrı (Meryem Sûresi 1-15 arasındaki Ayetlerin Şerhi) Sohbetler Ayetü'l Kürsi Peygamber Sevgisi Yaratılış Sırrı Works in English Beauty and Light: Mystical Discourses by a Contemporary Female Sufi Master, translated by Canguzel Zulfikar, Omer Colakaglu and Nazli Kayahan, edited by Tehseen Thaver O Humankind: Surah Ya-Sin, translated by Victoria Rowe Holbrook References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sargut, Cemalnur (2018). Zulfikar, Canguzel; Colakoglu, Omer; Kayahan, Nazli (eds.). Beauty and Light: Mystical Discourses of A Contemporary Female Sufi Master. Translated by Thaver, Tehseen. Fons Vitae. ISBN 978-1941610060. ^ Howe, Justine (2020). The Routledge Handbook of Islam and Gender. Routledge. ISBN 9781351256544. ^ "Cemalnur Sargut kimdir?". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2021-10-30. ^ "Poetry and worship with Sara Saleh, and Turkish Sufi Cemalnur Sargut". ABC Radio National. 2003-10-10. Retrieved 2021-10-30. ^ "Buket Aydın a konuşan Cemalnur Sargut uyardı – Güncel Haberler, Son Dakika Haberleri, Turktime Haber Portalı". Turktime (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-10-30. ^ "Sargut: Mesnevi Kuran'ın özetidir". CNN Türk (in Turkish). 2017-06-04. Retrieved 2021-10-30. ^ a b c "Cemalnur Sargut \| WISE Muslim Women Cemalnur Sargut". WISE Muslim Women. 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2021-10-23. ^ Moosa, Ebrahim; Kennedy, Jeffrey T. (2013). Islam in the Modern World. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781135007959. ^ "Sufism in Turkey". rpl.hds.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-23. ^ "UNC Launches Campaign for Distinguished Professorship in Islamic Studies". UNC Global. Retrieved 2021-10-23. ^ "Kenan Rifai Center for Sufi Studies". Kenan Rifai Center for Sufi Studies. Retrieved 2021-10-23. External links Cemalnur.org (in Turkish) Authority control databases International VIAF Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Rifa'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%BCrriyet_2019-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_Radio_National_2003-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turktime-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T%C3%BCrk_2017-6"}],"text":"Cemalnur Sargut (born November 3, 1952) is a Turkish Sufi, a leader of the Rifa'i order, author, and Islamic scholar.[1][2][3][4][5][6]","title":"Cemalnur Sargut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Ken'an Rifa'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken%27an_Rifa%27i&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Samiha Ayverdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samiha_Ayverdi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ibn 'Arabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi"},{"link_name":"Misri Niyazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Misri_Niyazi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr al-Shibli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Shibli"},{"link_name":"Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadr_al-Din_al-Qunawi"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Karim al-Jili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_al-Jili"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Rifaʽi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%CA%BDi"},{"link_name":"Rumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sufi lodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanqah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"banned Sufi orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk#Religious_insignia"},{"link_name":"Kemalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemalism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Peking University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_University"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Kyoto University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Cemalnur Sargut was born to Meskure Sargut and Omer Faruk Sargut on November 3, 1952 in Istanbul.[7] Sargut's mother was a disciple of Turkish Sufi master Ken'an Rifa'i.[1] She attended Kadikoy High School for Girls and studied chemical engineering at the National Academy of Architecture and Engineering in Istanbul. As a young woman, Sargut was a student of Sufi mystic and writer Samiha Ayverdi.[1] She worked as a chemistry teacher for twenty years.[7]Sargut is a scholar of Ken'an Rifa'i, although she never met him in person.[1] She has studied the works of Ibn 'Arabi, Misri Niyazi, Abu Bakr al-Shibli, Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Abd al-Karim al-Jili, Ahmad al-Rifaʽi, and Rumi.[7] Sargut is active as a religious leader appearing on television and giving sermons aired on Turkish radio.[1] Her discourses were compiled by her students and published as Dinle (Listen) by Nefes Press in 2012. This work was translated into English and published by Fons Vitae as Beauty and Light: Mystical Discourses by a Contemporary Female Sufi Master.[1]Sargut is the leader of the Istanbul branch of the Turkish Women's Cultural Association (TÜRKKAD) which promotes Turkish culture, traditional Turkish artforms, and provides education for low-income students.[8] TÜRKKAD was founded by Samiha Ayyverdi in 1966 during a revival of NGOs resulting from the state's repression of Islamic organizations, schools, and Sufi lodges.[1] Turkey banned Sufi orders and practices in 1925 under Kemalist ideology, forcing Sufis to operate covertly.[9]Sargut is the author of over a dozen books about Islam and Sufism.[1] Sargut and her organization endowed the Kenan Rifai Distinguished Professorship of Islamic Studies at the University of North Carolina in 2009.[1][10] They have also endowed a chair at Peking University in Beijing, China.[1] They helped establish the Kenan Rifa'i Center for Sufi Studies at Kyoto University.[1][11]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mülk Suresi\nAllah'ıma Sefere Çıktım\nKenan Rifâî ile Aşka Yolculuk\nDinle\nAşktan Dinle\nEy İnsan (Yasîn Sûresi Şerhi)\nBakara (Bakara Sûresi ilk 10 Ayetin Şerhi)\nBakara II (Bakara Sûresi 11-29 arasındaki Ayetlerin Şerhi)\nBakara III (İnsan-ı Kamil'in Hakikati)\nHz. Âdem (Füsusu’l Hikem Şerhi)\nHz. Şit (Füsusu’l Hikem Şerhi)\nHz. Nuh (Füsusu’l Hikem Şerhi)\nHz. İdris (Füsusu’l Hikem Şerhi)\nSâmiha Ayverdi ile Sırra Yolculuk\nPeygambere Sevdirilen Kadın\nKâbe’nin Hakîkati\nOsmanlı Padişahlarında Peygamber Sevgisi\nCan-ı Candır Hz. Ahmed Muhammed Mustafa\nHz. Meryem - Yaratılış Sırrı (Meryem Sûresi 1-15 arasındaki Ayetlerin Şerhi)\nSohbetler\nAyetü'l Kürsi\nPeygamber Sevgisi\nYaratılış Sırrı","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria Rowe Holbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Holbrook"}],"sub_title":"Works in English","text":"Beauty and Light: Mystical Discourses by a Contemporary Female Sufi Master, translated by Canguzel Zulfikar, Omer Colakaglu and Nazli Kayahan, edited by Tehseen Thaver\nO Humankind: Surah Ya-Sin, translated by Victoria Rowe Holbrook","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sargut, Cemalnur (2018). Zulfikar, Canguzel; Colakoglu, Omer; Kayahan, Nazli (eds.). 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Retrieved 2021-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/sufism-turkey","url_text":"\"Sufism in Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNC Launches Campaign for Distinguished Professorship in Islamic Studies\". UNC Global. Retrieved 2021-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://global.unc.edu/news-story/unc-launches-campaign-for-distinguished-professorship-in-islamic-studies/","url_text":"\"UNC Launches Campaign for Distinguished Professorship in Islamic Studies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenan Rifai Center for Sufi Studies\". Kenan Rifai Center for Sufi Studies. Retrieved 2021-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://kias.sakura.ne.jp/krcss_ku/en/","url_text":"\"Kenan Rifai Center for Sufi Studies\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Dv_DwAAQBAJ&dq=Cemalnur+Sargut&pg=PT186","external_links_name":"The Routledge Handbook of Islam and Gender"},{"Link":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/televizyon/cemalnur-sargut-kimdir-41215244","external_links_name":"\"Cemalnur Sargut kimdir?\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/soul-search/poetry-and-worship-with-sara-saleh,-and-turkish-sufi-cemalnur-s/13291998","external_links_name":"\"Poetry and worship with Sara Saleh, and Turkish Sufi Cemalnur Sargut\""},{"Link":"http://www.turktime.com/haber/buket-aydin-a-konusan-cemalnur-sargut-uyardi/541026","external_links_name":"\"Buket Aydın a konuşan Cemalnur Sargut uyardı – Güncel Haberler, Son Dakika Haberleri, Turktime Haber Portalı\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnnturk.com/video/tv-cnn-turk/arsiv/gundem-ozel/sargut-mesnevi-kuranin-ozetidir","external_links_name":"\"Sargut: Mesnevi Kuran'ın özetidir\""},{"Link":"https://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslim-woman/cemalnur-sargut-2/","external_links_name":"\"Cemalnur Sargut \| WISE Muslim Women Cemalnur Sargut\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gTptAAAAQBAJ&dq=cemalnur+sargut&pg=PA120","external_links_name":"Islam in the Modern World"},{"Link":"https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/sufism-turkey","external_links_name":"\"Sufism in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://global.unc.edu/news-story/unc-launches-campaign-for-distinguished-professorship-in-islamic-studies/","external_links_name":"\"UNC Launches Campaign for Distinguished Professorship in Islamic Studies\""},{"Link":"http://kias.sakura.ne.jp/krcss_ku/en/","external_links_name":"\"Kenan Rifai Center for Sufi Studies\""},{"Link":"http://www.cemalnur.org/","external_links_name":"Cemalnur.org"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66297920","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/176675116","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipping_Rural_District	Gipping Rural District	["1 Statistics","2 Parishes","3 Premises","4 References"]	Coordinates: 52°08′N 0°58′E / 52.14°N 0.97°E / 52.14; 0.97 GippingLocation within East Suffolk, 1934History • Created1934 • Abolished1974 • Succeeded byMid Suffolk District StatusRural district • HQNeedham Market Gipping Rural District was a rural district in the county of East Suffolk, England. It was created in 1934 by the merger of the disbanded Bosmere and Claydon Rural District and the disbanded East Stow Rural District, under a County Review Order. It was named after the River Gipping and administered from Needham Market. Its area was reduced slightly in 1952 by an expansion of the county borough of Ipswich. On 1 April 1974 it was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, and has since formed part of the District of Mid Suffolk. Statistics Year Area Population Density(pop/ha) acres ha 1951 78,913 31,935 20,515 0.64 1961 78,464 31,754 19,314 0.61 Parishes At the time of its dissolution it consisted of the following 49 civil parishes. Akenham Ashbocking Ashfield cum Thorpe Badley Barnham Barking Battisford Baylham Blakenham Magna Blakenham Parva Bramford Bricett Magna Buxhall Claydon Coddenham Combs Creeting St Mary Creeting St Peter Crowfield Debenham Finborough Magna Finborough Parva Flowton Framsden Gipping Gosbeck Harleston Haughley Helmingham Hemingstone Henley Mickfield Needham Market Nettlestead Offton Old Newton Onehouse Pettaugh Ringshall Shelland Somersham Stonham Aspal Stonham Earl Stonham Parva Stowupland Wetherden Whitton Willisham Winston Premises Council Offices, 131 High Street, Needham Market The council established its headquarters at a large eighteenth century house called "Hurstlea" at 131 High Street in Needham Market. After the council's abolition in 1974 the building passed to the new Mid Suffolk District Council, who built a large extension to the rear which opened in 1982 to serve as its main offices. References ^ "Giping RD through time: Census tables with data for the Local Government District". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 10 July 2017. ^ "Giping RD through time: Population Statistics: Area (acres)". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 10 July 2017. ^ "Giping RD through time: Population Statistics: Total Population". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 10 July 2017. ^ "No. 45050". The London Gazette. 27 February 1970. p. 2464. ^ Historic England. "131 High Street (Grade II) (1254005)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 January 2024. ^ "Four snub £1¾m office opening". Diss Express. 22 January 1982. p. 3. Retrieved 7 January 2024. 52°08′N 0°58′E / 52.14°N 0.97°E / 52.14; 0.97 vte Former local government areas in SuffolkPre-1974Municipal boroughs Aldeburgh Beccles Bury St Edmunds Eye Lowestoft Southwold Rural districts Blyth Blything Bosmere and Claydon Brandon Clare Cosford Deben East Stow Gipping Hartismere Hoxne Lothingland Melford Mildenhall Moulton Mutford and Lothingland Plomesgate Samford Thedwastre Thingoe Wainford Wangford Woodbridge Urban districts Bungay Felixstowe Glemsford Hadleigh Halesworth Haverhill Leiston cum Sizewell Newmarket Oulton Broad Saxmundham Stowmarket Woodbridge Post-1974 Forest Heath St Edmundsbury Suffolk Coastal Waveney	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rural district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_district"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County"},{"link_name":"East Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Suffolk_(county)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Bosmere and Claydon Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosmere_and_Claydon_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"East Stow Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stow_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"County Review Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1929"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"River Gipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Gipping"},{"link_name":"Needham Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needham_Market"},{"link_name":"county borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_borough"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Borough_of_Ipswich"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"Mid Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Suffolk"}],"text":"Gipping Rural District was a rural district in the county of East Suffolk, England. It was created in 1934 by the merger of the disbanded Bosmere and Claydon Rural District and the disbanded East Stow Rural District, under a County Review Order.[1] It was named after the River Gipping and administered from Needham Market.Its area was reduced slightly in 1952 by an expansion of the county borough of Ipswich.On 1 April 1974 it was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, and has since formed part of the District of Mid Suffolk.","title":"Gipping Rural District"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"Akenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akenham"},{"link_name":"Ashbocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashbocking"},{"link_name":"Ashfield cum Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashfield_cum_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"Badley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badley"},{"link_name":"Barnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnham,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Barking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barking,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Battisford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battisford"},{"link_name":"Baylham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylham"},{"link_name":"Blakenham Magna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakenham_Magna"},{"link_name":"Blakenham Parva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakenham_Parva"},{"link_name":"Bramford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramford"},{"link_name":"Bricett Magna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricett_Magna"},{"link_name":"Buxhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxhall"},{"link_name":"Claydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claydon,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Coddenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coddenham"},{"link_name":"Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combs,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Creeting St Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creeting_St_Mary"},{"link_name":"Creeting St Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creeting_St_Peter"},{"link_name":"Crowfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowfield,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Debenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debenham"},{"link_name":"Finborough Magna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finborough_Magna"},{"link_name":"Finborough Parva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finborough_Parva"},{"link_name":"Flowton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowton"},{"link_name":"Framsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framsden"},{"link_name":"Gipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipping"},{"link_name":"Gosbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosbeck"},{"link_name":"Harleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harleston,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Haughley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haughley"},{"link_name":"Helmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmingham"},{"link_name":"Hemingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemingstone"},{"link_name":"Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Mickfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickfield"},{"link_name":"Needham Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needham_Market"},{"link_name":"Nettlestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettlestead,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Offton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offton"},{"link_name":"Old Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Newton"},{"link_name":"Onehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onehouse"},{"link_name":"Pettaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pettaugh"},{"link_name":"Ringshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringshall,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Shelland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelland"},{"link_name":"Somersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersham"},{"link_name":"Stonham Aspal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonham_Aspal"},{"link_name":"Stonham Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonham_Earl"},{"link_name":"Stonham Parva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonham_Parva"},{"link_name":"Stowupland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowupland"},{"link_name":"Wetherden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetherden"},{"link_name":"Whitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitton,_Mid_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Willisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willisham"},{"link_name":"Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston,_Suffolk"}],"text":"At the time of its dissolution it consisted of the following 49 civil parishes.Akenham\nAshbocking\nAshfield cum Thorpe\nBadley\nBarnham\nBarking\nBattisford\nBaylham\nBlakenham Magna\nBlakenham Parva\nBramford\nBricett Magna\nBuxhall\nClaydon\nCoddenham\nCombs\nCreeting St Mary\nCreeting St Peter\nCrowfield\nDebenham\nFinborough Magna\nFinborough Parva\nFlowton\nFramsden\nGipping\nGosbeck\nHarleston\nHaughley\nHelmingham\nHemingstone\nHenley\nMickfield\nNeedham Market\nNettlestead\nOffton\nOld Newton\nOnehouse\nPettaugh\nRingshall\nShelland\nSomersham\nStonham Aspal\nStonham Earl\nStonham Parva\nStowupland\nWetherden\nWhitton\nWillisham\nWinston","title":"Parishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hawks_Mill_Street,_Needham_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4958727.jpg"},{"link_name":"Needham Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needham_Market"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mid Suffolk District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Suffolk_District_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Council Offices, 131 High Street, Needham MarketThe council established its headquarters at a large eighteenth century house called \"Hurstlea\" at 131 High Street in Needham Market.[4][5] After the council's abolition in 1974 the building passed to the new Mid Suffolk District Council, who built a large extension to the rear which opened in 1982 to serve as its main offices.[6]","title":"Premises"}]	[{"image_text":"Council Offices, 131 High Street, Needham Market","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hawks_Mill_Street%2C_Needham_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4958727.jpg/220px-Hawks_Mill_Street%2C_Needham_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4958727.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Giping RD through time: Census tables with data for the Local Government District\". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 10 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10001584","url_text":"\"Giping RD through time: Census tables with data for the Local Government District\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giping RD through time: Population Statistics: Area (acres)\". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 10 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10001584/cube/AREA_ACRES","url_text":"\"Giping RD through time: Population Statistics: Area (acres)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giping RD through time: Population Statistics: Total Population\". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 10 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10001584/cube/TOT_POP","url_text":"\"Giping RD through time: Population Statistics: Total Population\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45050\". The London Gazette. 27 February 1970. p. 2464.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45050/page/2464","url_text":"\"No. 45050\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"131 High Street (Grade II) (1254005)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1254005","url_text":"\"131 High Street (Grade II) (1254005)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Four snub £1¾m office opening\". Diss Express. 22 January 1982. p. 3. Retrieved 7 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findmypast.co.uk/search-newspapers","url_text":"\"Four snub £1¾m office opening\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gipping_Rural_District&params=52.14_N_0.97_E_type:adm3rd_dim:25000_region:GB-SFK","external_links_name":"52°08′N 0°58′E / 52.14°N 0.97°E / 52.14; 0.97"},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10001584","external_links_name":"\"Giping RD through time: Census tables with data for the Local Government District\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10001584/cube/AREA_ACRES","external_links_name":"\"Giping RD through time: Population Statistics: Area (acres)\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10001584/cube/TOT_POP","external_links_name":"\"Giping RD through time: Population Statistics: Total Population\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45050/page/2464","external_links_name":"\"No. 45050\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1254005","external_links_name":"\"131 High Street (Grade II) (1254005)\""},{"Link":"https://www.findmypast.co.uk/search-newspapers","external_links_name":"\"Four snub £1¾m office opening\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gipping_Rural_District&params=52.14_N_0.97_E_type:adm3rd_dim:25000_region:GB-SFK","external_links_name":"52°08′N 0°58′E / 52.14°N 0.97°E / 52.14; 0.97"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Women%27s_Finalissima	2023 Women's Finalissima	["1 Background","2 Teams","3 Match","3.1 Details","3.2 Statistics","4 Aftermath","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	Football match2023 Women's FinalissimaEventWomen's Finalissima England Brazil 1 1 England won 4–2 on penaltiesDate6 April 2023 (2023-04-06)VenueWembley Stadium, London, EnglandPlayer of the MatchKeira Walsh (England)RefereeStéphanie Frappart (France)Attendance83,132WeatherCloudy night9 °C (48 °F)72% humidity The 2023 Women's Finalissima was the first edition of the Women's Finalissima, an intercontinental women's football match between the winners of the most recent European and South American championships. The match featured England, winners of UEFA Women's Euro 2022, and Brazil, winners of the 2022 Copa América Femenina. It was played at Wembley Stadium in London, England, on 6 April 2023. The match was organised by UEFA and CONMEBOL as part of a renewed partnership between the two confederations. England won the match 4–2 on penalties following a 1–1 draw after 90 minutes to secure the inaugural Women's Finalissima title. Background On 12 February 2020, UEFA and CONMEBOL signed a renewed memorandum of understanding meant to enhance cooperation between the two organisations. As part of the agreement, a joint UEFA–CONMEBOL committee examined the possibility of staging European–South American intercontinental matches, for both men's and women's football and across various age groups. In September 2021, UEFA and CONMEBOL announced the revival of the Artemio Franchi Cup between the winners of the men's UEFA European Championship and Copa América. On 15 December 2021, UEFA and CONMEBOL again signed a renewed memorandum of understanding lasting until 2028, which included specific provisions on opening a joint office in London and the potential organisation of various football events. On 2 June 2022, the day after staging the 2022 Finalissima, CONMEBOL and UEFA announced a series of new events between teams from the two confederations. This included the Women's Finalissima, to be played by the winners of South America's Copa América Femenina and Europe's UEFA Women's Championship. As part of the announcement, the first edition was confirmed to take place in Europe, with the exact date and venue to be announced at a later date. The match was provisionally scheduled to be held during the FIFA International Match Calendar window of 13 to 25 February 2023, but was later confirmed to take place on 6 April 2023 in London. On 26 October 2022, it was confirmed the match would take place at Wembley Stadium. In the UK, the match was broadcast live on TV by ITV1 and STV, with radio coverage being provided by BBC Radio 5 Live. Teams Team Confederation Qualification FIFA RankingsMarch 2023 England UEFA Winners of UEFA Women's Euro 2022 4 Brazil CONMEBOL Winners of the 2022 Copa América Femenina 9 England qualified for the match by virtue of winning UEFA Women's Euro 2022 as hosts, having defeated Germany 2–1 after extra time in the final. The win secured England's first major women's football title. Brazil qualified for the match by virtue of winning the 2022 Copa América Femenina, having defeated hosts Colombia 1–0 in the final. The win was Brazil's eighth Copa América title. Match Details 6 April 2023 (2023-04-06)19:45 BST England 1–1 Brazil Toone 23' Report Andressa 90+3' Penalties Stanway Toone Daly Greenwood Kelly 4–2 Adriana Tamires Rafaelle Kerolin Wembley Stadium, LondonAttendance: 83,132Referee: Stéphanie Frappart (France) England Brazil GK 1 Mary Earps 76' RB 2 Lucy Bronze CB 5 Leah Williamson (c) CB 6 Alex Greenwood LB 3 Jess Carter DM 4 Keira Walsh CM 8 Georgia Stanway CM 10 Ella Toone RW 7 Lauren James 74' LW 11 Lauren Hemp 82' 88' CF 9 Alessia Russo 74' Substitutes: GK 13 Ellie Roebuck GK 21 Hannah Hampton DF 12 Maya Le Tissier DF 14 Esme Morgan DF 15 Niamh Charles DF 23 Lotte Wubben-Moy MF 16 Jordan Nobbs MF 18 Laura Coombs FW 17 Chloe Kelly 74' FW 19 Rachel Daly 74' FW 20 Jess Park FW 22 Katie Robinson 88' Manager: Sarina Wiegman GK 12 Letícia Izidoro RB 14 Lauren 46' CB 3 Kathellen CB 4 Rafaelle (c) 39' LB 6 Tamires RM 2 Antônia 87' CM 17 Ary Borges 87' CM 15 Luana 69' LM 21 Kerolin CF 16 Beatriz 46' CF 18 Geyse Substitutes: GK 1 Camila GK 22 Luciana DF 13 Tarciane DF 19 Yasmim DF 20 Fe Palermo 87' MF 7 Duda Francelino 69' MF 8 Ana Vitória MF 9 Andressa 46' MF 10 Duda Santos MF 25 Gabi Portilho FW 11 Adriana 46' FW 23 Gabi Nunes 87' Manager: Pia Sundhage Player of the Match: Keira Walsh (England) Assistant referees: Élodie Coppola (France) Manuela Nicolosi (France) Fourth official: Esther Staubli (Switzerland) Video assistant referee: Jérôme Brisard (France) Assistant video assistant referee: Maïka Vanderstichel (France) Match rules 90 minutes Penalty shoot-out if scores level Maximum of twelve named substitutes Maximum of five substitutions Statistics First half Statistic England Brazil Goals scored 1 0 Total shots 9 1 Shots on target 4 0 Saves 0 3 Ball possession 73% 27% Corner kicks 3 1 Fouls committed 3 5 Offsides 3 1 Yellow cards 0 1 Red cards 0 0 Second half Statistic England Brazil Goals scored 0 1 Total shots 2 8 Shots on target 1 3 Saves 2 1 Ball possession 55% 45% Corner kicks 1 2 Fouls committed 5 5 Offsides 4 1 Yellow cards 2 0 Red cards 0 0 Overall Statistic England Brazil Goals scored 1 1 Total shots 11 9 Shots on target 5 3 Saves 2 4 Ball possession 64% 36% Corner kicks 4 3 Fouls committed 8 10 Offsides 7 2 Yellow cards 2 1 Red cards 0 0 Aftermath England midfielder Keira Walsh was named official player of the match, with teammate Lucy Bronze voted by fans as England's player of the match. Brazil's Geyse was highlighted for her constant attacking threat throughout the match; coach Pia Sundhage praised Geyse's contribution and credited her move to Barcelona the previous summer for her form. After the match, pundits on British show Football Focus suggested that Walsh and Bronze also joining Barcelona at the same time had similarly improved their form, while giving the same assessment to Georgia Stanway and her move to Bayern Munich. England's unbeaten run before the match included several encounters that were deemed not challenging enough for the team to prepare for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup set to take place in July and August 2023; sports media agreed that while England had looked equally dominant in the first half of the Finalissima, the threat of Brazil in the second half was "the test England needed". The experience of the penalty shoot-out in front of such a large crowd was also considered beneficial for the teams. Both teams played international fixtures again five days later on 11 April 2023. England would go on to lose 2-0 to Australia in Brentford, their first defeat under manager Sarina Wiegman and ending a 30-match unbeaten run that started in September 2021. Meanwhile, Brazil would beat Germany 2-1 in Nuremberg. Notes ^ Each team was given only three opportunities to make substitutions, excluding substitutions made at half-time. References ^ a b "Women's Finalissima: England's Keira Walsh named official Player of the Match". UEFA. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023. ^ "Referee Frappart set for Finalissima first". UEFA. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023. ^ a b c "England 1–1 Brazil (4–2 on pens): Euro winners edge Finalissima thriller". UEFA. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023. ^ "Tactical Line-ups – Final – Thursday 6 April 2023" (PDF). UEFA. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023. ^ "England v Brazil: First-ever women's Finalissima to be played at Wembley in April 2023". BBC Sport. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ a b "Fechas y Sedes de los Torneos CONMEBOL 2023" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL. 1 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022. ^ "UEFA and CONMEBOL renew Memorandum of Understanding to enhance cooperation". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ "UEFA and CONMEBOL broaden cooperation". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ "UEFA and CONMEBOL renew and extend Memorandum of Understanding". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ "UEFA and CONMEBOL launch new intercontinental events". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 2 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022. ^ "Calendario de torneos de la CONMEBOL 2023" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022. ^ "Women's EURO winners England to face South American Champions Brazil in first-ever Women's Finalissima". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ "Women's Ranking". FIFA. 24 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023. ^ Sanders, Emma (31 July 2022). "Euro 2022: England beat Germany to win first major women's trophy in dramatic style". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 August 2022. ^ "Copa America Femenina: Brazil beat Colombia to win tournament for eighth time". BBC Sport. 31 July 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022. ^ a b "Line-ups – Women's Finalissima 2023" (PDF). UEFA. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023. ^ a b c "Full Time Report Final – England v Brazil" (PDF). UEFA. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023. ^ "Women's Finalissima: England's Keira Walsh named official Player of the Match". UEFA. 6 April 2023. ^ The FA. "Your England Player of the Match connected by @EE. Congrats, @LucyBronze!". Twitter. Retrieved 8 April 2023. ^ Sport (7 April 2023). "El Barça brilló en la primera Finalissima". Sport (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 April 2023. ^ "Pia Sundhage da las gracias al Barça por Geyse Ferreira". Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 7 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023. ^ "Lucy Bronze, Georgia Stanway, Keira Walsh. Some big names have left the WSL. But could that benefit the Lionesses?". Twitter. BBC. Retrieved 8 April 2023. ^ Harpur, Charlotte. "England needed a test before World Cup - and got one in Finalissima". The Athletic. Retrieved 8 April 2023. ^ "'This was the test England needed and they passed it'". BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 April 2023. ^ Emma Saunders (11 April 2023). "England 0–2 Australia: Lionesses' unbeaten run ends". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 May 2023. ^ AFP (11 April 2023). "Brazil beat Germany to continue World Cup preparation". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved 2 May 2023. External links Official website vte2022–23 in European women's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Azerbaijan Albania Austria Belgium Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia '22 '23 Faroe Islands '22 '23 Finland '22 '23 France Germany Gibraltar Hungary Greece Iceland '22 '23 Italy Lithuania '22 '23 Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland '22 '23 Norway '22 '23 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '22 '23 Romania Russia '22 '23 Scotland Slovakia Spain Sweden '22 '23 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Croatia England France Germany Iceland '22 '23 Italy Gibraltar Moldova Norway '22 '23 Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Ukraine '22 '23 Wales League cups England Portugal Scotland Supercups France Spain UEFA competitions Women's Champions League qualifying rounds group stage knockout phase Final International competitions 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup UEFA qualification UEFA Women's Euro 2022 2023 Women's Finalissima 2023 Women's Euro Under-19 qualification 2023 Women's Euro Under-17 qualification vteEngland women's national football teamGeneral The Football Association Women's Football Association Managers Captains Venues Wembley Stadium St George's Park (Burton) Statistics All-time record World Cup record European Championship record Awards The FA Women's Football Awards Results 1980–89 1990–99 2000–09 2010–19 2020–present Players List Goals Ellen White Kelly Smith World Cups 1995 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 EuropeanChampionships 1984 1987 1995 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2022 Finals Euro 1984 Euro 2009 Euro 2022 2023 World Cup Other matches 1972 Scotland v England women's football match England 20–0 Latvia 2023 Women's Finalissima Culture Songs "Three Lions" "Sweet Caroline" England–Germany football rivalry Lost Lionesses Other FA teams U23 U21 U20 (defunct) U19 U17 U15 Beach soccer (not FA affiliated) Great Britain Olympic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's Finalissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Finalissima"},{"link_name":"women's football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_association_football"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Championship"},{"link_name":"South American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_Femenina"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2022"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2022 Copa América Femenina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_Femenina"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CONMEBOL-6"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL"},{"link_name":"a renewed partnership between the two confederations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%E2%80%93CONMEBOL_memorandum_of_understanding"},{"link_name":"penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summary-3"}],"text":"Football matchThe 2023 Women's Finalissima was the first edition of the Women's Finalissima, an intercontinental women's football match between the winners of the most recent European and South American championships. The match featured England, winners of UEFA Women's Euro 2022, and Brazil, winners of the 2022 Copa América Femenina. It was played at Wembley Stadium in London, England, on 6 April 2023.[5][6] The match was organised by UEFA and CONMEBOL as part of a renewed partnership between the two confederations.England won the match 4–2 on penalties following a 1–1 draw after 90 minutes to secure the inaugural Women's Finalissima title.[3]","title":"2023 Women's Finalissima"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"memorandum of understanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Artemio Franchi Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL%E2%80%93UEFA_Cup_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"UEFA European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"Copa América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2022 Finalissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Finalissima"},{"link_name":"Copa América Femenina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_Femenina"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Championship"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-launch-10"},{"link_name":"FIFA International Match Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_International_Match_Calendar#Women's_International_Match_Calendar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CONMEBOL-6"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"ITV1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV1"},{"link_name":"STV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STV_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 5 Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live"}],"text":"On 12 February 2020, UEFA and CONMEBOL signed a renewed memorandum of understanding meant to enhance cooperation between the two organisations. As part of the agreement, a joint UEFA–CONMEBOL committee examined the possibility of staging European–South American intercontinental matches, for both men's and women's football and across various age groups.[7] In September 2021, UEFA and CONMEBOL announced the revival of the Artemio Franchi Cup between the winners of the men's UEFA European Championship and Copa América.[8] On 15 December 2021, UEFA and CONMEBOL again signed a renewed memorandum of understanding lasting until 2028, which included specific provisions on opening a joint office in London and the potential organisation of various football events.[9] On 2 June 2022, the day after staging the 2022 Finalissima, CONMEBOL and UEFA announced a series of new events between teams from the two confederations. This included the Women's Finalissima, to be played by the winners of South America's Copa América Femenina and Europe's UEFA Women's Championship. As part of the announcement, the first edition was confirmed to take place in Europe, with the exact date and venue to be announced at a later date.[10] The match was provisionally scheduled to be held during the FIFA International Match Calendar window of 13 to 25 February 2023,[11] but was later confirmed to take place on 6 April 2023 in London.[6] On 26 October 2022, it was confirmed the match would take place at Wembley Stadium.[12]In the UK, the match was broadcast live on TV by ITV1 and STV, with radio coverage being provided by BBC Radio 5 Live.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2022"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2022_Final"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2022 Copa América Femenina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_Femenina"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_Femenina_Final"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"England qualified for the match by virtue of winning UEFA Women's Euro 2022 as hosts, having defeated Germany 2–1 after extra time in the final.[14] The win secured England's first major women's football title. Brazil qualified for the match by virtue of winning the 2022 Copa América Femenina, having defeated hosts Colombia 1–0 in the final. The win was Brazil's eighth Copa América title.[15]","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Toone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Toone"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/womensfinalissima/match/2036543/"},{"link_name":"Andressa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andressa_Alves"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Stanway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Stanway"},{"link_name":"Toone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Toone"},{"link_name":"Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Daly"},{"link_name":"Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Adriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_(footballer,_born_1996)"},{"link_name":"Tamires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamires"},{"link_name":"Rafaelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafaelle_Souza"},{"link_name":"Kerolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerolin"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summary-3"},{"link_name":"Stéphanie Frappart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_Frappart"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Football_Federation"}],"sub_title":"Details","text":"6 April 2023 (2023-04-06)19:45 BST\nEngland 1–1 Brazil\n\nToone 23'\nReport\n\nAndressa 90+3'\nPenalties\n\nStanway \nToone \nDaly \nGreenwood \nKelly \n4–2\n\n Adriana\n Tamires\n Rafaelle\n Kerolin\nWembley Stadium, LondonAttendance: 83,132[3]Referee: Stéphanie Frappart (France)","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-18"}],"sub_title":"Statistics","text":"First half[17]\n\n\nStatistic\n\nEngland\n\nBrazil\n\n\nGoals scored\n\n1\n\n0\n\n\nTotal shots\n\n9\n\n1\n\n\nShots on target\n\n4\n\n0\n\n\nSaves\n\n0\n\n3\n\n\nBall possession\n\n73%\n\n27%\n\n\nCorner kicks\n\n3\n\n1\n\n\nFouls committed\n\n3\n\n5\n\n\nOffsides\n\n3\n\n1\n\n\nYellow cards\n\n0\n\n1\n\n\nRed cards\n\n0\n\n0\n\n\n\n\nSecond half[17]\n\n\nStatistic\n\nEngland\n\nBrazil\n\n\nGoals scored\n\n0\n\n1\n\n\nTotal shots\n\n2\n\n8\n\n\nShots on target\n\n1\n\n3\n\n\nSaves\n\n2\n\n1\n\n\nBall possession\n\n55%\n\n45%\n\n\nCorner kicks\n\n1\n\n2\n\n\nFouls committed\n\n5\n\n5\n\n\nOffsides\n\n4\n\n1\n\n\nYellow cards\n\n2\n\n0\n\n\nRed cards\n\n0\n\n0\n\n\n\n\nOverall[17]\n\n\nStatistic\n\nEngland\n\nBrazil\n\n\nGoals scored\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nTotal shots\n\n11\n\n9\n\n\nShots on target\n\n5\n\n3\n\n\nSaves\n\n2\n\n4\n\n\nBall possession\n\n64%\n\n36%\n\n\nCorner kicks\n\n4\n\n3\n\n\nFouls committed\n\n8\n\n10\n\n\nOffsides\n\n7\n\n2\n\n\nYellow cards\n\n2\n\n1\n\n\nRed cards\n\n0\n\n0","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_Femen%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Football Focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Focus"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich_(women)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"2023 FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_Community_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Sarina Wiegman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarina_Wiegman"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Morlock-Stadion"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"England midfielder Keira Walsh was named official player of the match,[18] with teammate Lucy Bronze voted by fans as England's player of the match.[19] Brazil's Geyse was highlighted for her constant attacking threat throughout the match;[20] coach Pia Sundhage praised Geyse's contribution and credited her move to Barcelona the previous summer for her form.[21] After the match, pundits on British show Football Focus suggested that Walsh and Bronze also joining Barcelona at the same time had similarly improved their form, while giving the same assessment to Georgia Stanway and her move to Bayern Munich.[22]England's unbeaten run before the match included several encounters that were deemed not challenging enough for the team to prepare for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup set to take place in July and August 2023; sports media agreed that while England had looked equally dominant in the first half of the Finalissima, the threat of Brazil in the second half was \"the test England needed\". The experience of the penalty shoot-out in front of such a large crowd was also considered beneficial for the teams.[23][24]Both teams played international fixtures again five days later on 11 April 2023. England would go on to lose 2-0 to Australia in Brentford, their first defeat under manager Sarina Wiegman and ending a 30-match unbeaten run that started in September 2021.[25] Meanwhile, Brazil would beat Germany 2-1 in Nuremberg.[26]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"}],"text":"^ Each team was given only three opportunities to make substitutions, excluding substitutions made at half-time.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Women's Finalissima: England's Keira Walsh named official Player of the Match\". UEFA. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/womensfinalissima/news/0280-17b6ee7eb498-d7bcd55b23c9-1000/","url_text":"\"Women's Finalissima: England's Keira Walsh named official Player of the Match\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA"}]},{"reference":"\"Referee Frappart set for Finalissima first\". UEFA. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/womensfinalissima/news/027f-17a5d2c47909-281d67e2bafd-1000/","url_text":"\"Referee Frappart set for Finalissima first\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA"}]},{"reference":"\"England 1–1 Brazil (4–2 on pens): Euro winners edge Finalissima thriller\". UEFA. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/womensfinalissima/news/0280-17b6f0a4cd1b-194521ae4828-1000/","url_text":"\"England 1–1 Brazil (4–2 on pens): Euro winners edge Finalissima thriller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA"}]},{"reference":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Final – Thursday 6 April 2023\" (PDF). UEFA. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/womens-finalissima-2023-reports/Tactical_line-ups.pdf","url_text":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Final – Thursday 6 April 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA"}]},{"reference":"\"England v Brazil: First-ever women's Finalissima to be played at Wembley in April 2023\". BBC Sport. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/63402917","url_text":"\"England v Brazil: First-ever women's Finalissima to be played at Wembley in April 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Fechas y Sedes de los Torneos CONMEBOL 2023\" [Dates and venues of the 2023 CONMEBOL tournaments] (in Spanish). CONMEBOL. 1 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.conmebol.com/noticias/conmebol-definio-fecha-y-sede-de-torneos-para-el-2023/","url_text":"\"Fechas y Sedes de los Torneos CONMEBOL 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL","url_text":"CONMEBOL"}]},{"reference":"\"UEFA and CONMEBOL renew Memorandum of Understanding to enhance cooperation\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/025a-0f8e750f03eb-c31bab67cd9a-1000/","url_text":"\"UEFA and CONMEBOL renew Memorandum of Understanding to enhance cooperation\""}]},{"reference":"\"UEFA and CONMEBOL broaden cooperation\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/026d-1359dc9494a4-034ac0d19bdd-1000/","url_text":"\"UEFA and CONMEBOL broaden cooperation\""}]},{"reference":"\"UEFA and CONMEBOL renew and extend Memorandum of Understanding\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/0270-13f6f29ca74e-264305ef4e74-1000/","url_text":"\"UEFA and CONMEBOL renew and extend Memorandum of Understanding\""}]},{"reference":"\"UEFA and CONMEBOL launch new intercontinental events\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 2 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/0276-154aaa3ffc5f-1415313d9dda-1000/","url_text":"\"UEFA and CONMEBOL launch new intercontinental events\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calendario de torneos de la CONMEBOL 2023\" [CONMEBOL tournament schedule 2023] (in Spanish). CONMEBOL. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.conmebol.com/noticias/calendario-de-torneos-de-la-conmebol-2023/","url_text":"\"Calendario de torneos de la CONMEBOL 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL","url_text":"CONMEBOL"}]},{"reference":"\"Women's EURO winners England to face South American Champions Brazil in first-ever Women's Finalissima\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/027a-16705f3f9184-ec208b6735f3-1000/","url_text":"\"Women's EURO winners England to face South American Champions Brazil in first-ever Women's Finalissima\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Ranking\". FIFA. 24 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/women?dateId=ranking_20230324","url_text":"\"Women's Ranking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA","url_text":"FIFA"}]},{"reference":"Sanders, Emma (31 July 2022). \"Euro 2022: England beat Germany to win first major women's trophy in dramatic style\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/62339532","url_text":"\"Euro 2022: England beat Germany to win first major women's trophy in dramatic style\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Copa America Femenina: Brazil beat Colombia to win tournament for eighth time\". BBC Sport. 31 July 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/62367389","url_text":"\"Copa America Femenina: Brazil beat Colombia to win tournament for eighth time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Line-ups – Women's Finalissima 2023\" (PDF). UEFA. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/womens-finalissima-2023-reports/Line-ups.pdf","url_text":"\"Line-ups – Women's Finalissima 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA"}]},{"reference":"\"Full Time Report Final – England v Brazil\" (PDF). UEFA. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/womens-finalissima-2023-reports/Full-time_report.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Time Report Final – England v Brazil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA"}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Finalissima: England's Keira Walsh named official Player of the Match\". UEFA. 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/womensfinalissima/news/0280-17b6ee7eb498-d7bcd55b23c9-1000--women-s-finalissima-england-s-keira-walsh-named-official/","url_text":"\"Women's Finalissima: England's Keira Walsh named official Player of the Match\""}]},{"reference":"The FA. \"Your England Player of the Match connected by @EE. Congrats, @LucyBronze!\". Twitter. Retrieved 8 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Lionesses/status/1644430284224614401","url_text":"\"Your England Player of the Match connected by @EE. Congrats, @LucyBronze!\""}]},{"reference":"Sport (7 April 2023). \"El Barça brilló en la primera Finalissima\". Sport (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/futbol-femenino-barca/barca-brillo-primera-finalissima-85732587","url_text":"\"El Barça brilló en la primera Finalissima\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pia Sundhage da las gracias al Barça por Geyse Ferreira\". Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 7 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/fc-barcelona/20230407/1001982311/pia-sundhage-da-gracias-barca-geyse-ferreira.html","url_text":"\"Pia Sundhage da las gracias al Barça por Geyse Ferreira\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Bronze, Georgia Stanway, Keira Walsh. Some big names have left the WSL. But could that benefit the Lionesses?\". Twitter. BBC. Retrieved 8 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BBCMOTD/status/1644672494140358657","url_text":"\"Lucy Bronze, Georgia Stanway, Keira Walsh. Some big names have left the WSL. But could that benefit the Lionesses?\""}]},{"reference":"Harpur, Charlotte. \"England needed a test before World Cup - and got one in Finalissima\". The Athletic. Retrieved 8 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theathletic.com/4389499/2023/04/07/england-brazil-finalissima-sarina-wiegman/","url_text":"\"England needed a test before World Cup - and got one in Finalissima\""}]},{"reference":"\"'This was the test England needed and they passed it'\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65209139","url_text":"\"'This was the test England needed and they passed it'\""}]},{"reference":"Emma Saunders (11 April 2023). \"England 0–2 Australia: Lionesses' unbeaten run ends\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65232235","url_text":"\"England 0–2 Australia: Lionesses' unbeaten run ends\""}]},{"reference":"AFP (11 April 2023). \"Brazil beat Germany to continue World Cup preparation\". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved 2 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/brazil-beat-germany-continue-world-185106168.html","url_text":"\"Brazil beat Germany to continue World Cup preparation\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/womensfinalissima/match/2036543/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/womensfinalissima/news/0280-17b6ee7eb498-d7bcd55b23c9-1000/","external_links_name":"\"Women's Finalissima: England's Keira Walsh named official Player of the Match\""},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/womensfinalissima/news/027f-17a5d2c47909-281d67e2bafd-1000/","external_links_name":"\"Referee Frappart set for Finalissima first\""},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/womensfinalissima/news/0280-17b6f0a4cd1b-194521ae4828-1000/","external_links_name":"\"England 1–1 Brazil (4–2 on pens): Euro winners edge Finalissima thriller\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/womens-finalissima-2023-reports/Tactical_line-ups.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tactical Line-ups – Final – Thursday 6 April 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/63402917","external_links_name":"\"England v Brazil: First-ever women's Finalissima to be played at Wembley in April 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.conmebol.com/noticias/conmebol-definio-fecha-y-sede-de-torneos-para-el-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Fechas y Sedes de los Torneos CONMEBOL 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/025a-0f8e750f03eb-c31bab67cd9a-1000/","external_links_name":"\"UEFA and CONMEBOL renew Memorandum of Understanding to enhance cooperation\""},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/026d-1359dc9494a4-034ac0d19bdd-1000/","external_links_name":"\"UEFA and CONMEBOL broaden cooperation\""},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/0270-13f6f29ca74e-264305ef4e74-1000/","external_links_name":"\"UEFA and CONMEBOL renew and extend Memorandum of Understanding\""},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/0276-154aaa3ffc5f-1415313d9dda-1000/","external_links_name":"\"UEFA and CONMEBOL launch new intercontinental events\""},{"Link":"https://www.conmebol.com/noticias/calendario-de-torneos-de-la-conmebol-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Calendario de torneos de la CONMEBOL 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/027a-16705f3f9184-ec208b6735f3-1000/","external_links_name":"\"Women's EURO winners England to face South American Champions Brazil in first-ever Women's Finalissima\""},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/women?dateId=ranking_20230324","external_links_name":"\"Women's Ranking\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/62339532","external_links_name":"\"Euro 2022: England beat Germany to win first major women's trophy in dramatic style\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/62367389","external_links_name":"\"Copa America Femenina: Brazil beat Colombia to win tournament for eighth time\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/womens-finalissima-2023-reports/Line-ups.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Line-ups – Women's Finalissima 2023\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/womens-finalissima-2023-reports/Full-time_report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Full Time Report Final – England v Brazil\""},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/womensfinalissima/news/0280-17b6ee7eb498-d7bcd55b23c9-1000--women-s-finalissima-england-s-keira-walsh-named-official/","external_links_name":"\"Women's Finalissima: England's Keira Walsh named official Player of the Match\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/Lionesses/status/1644430284224614401","external_links_name":"\"Your England Player of the Match connected by @EE. Congrats, @LucyBronze!\""},{"Link":"https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/futbol-femenino-barca/barca-brillo-primera-finalissima-85732587","external_links_name":"\"El Barça brilló en la primera Finalissima\""},{"Link":"https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/fc-barcelona/20230407/1001982311/pia-sundhage-da-gracias-barca-geyse-ferreira.html","external_links_name":"\"Pia Sundhage da las gracias al Barça por Geyse Ferreira\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/BBCMOTD/status/1644672494140358657","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Bronze, Georgia Stanway, Keira Walsh. Some big names have left the WSL. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Luxil	User talk:Luxil	["1 Reuse of File:RMSDeltaSouth.jpg","1.1 European Seniors' Union moved to draftspace","1.2 Your submission at Articles for creation: European Seniors' Union (February 7)"]	Reuse of File:RMSDeltaSouth.jpg Thanks for your inquiry. The picture is a screenshot from the web application at Nederland in false color, where the attribution reads "Deze foto is vrij van rechten, zolang als bron NLR en ESA worden vermeld." (which translates into English as "This photo is free of rights as long as NLR and ESA are mentioned as its source."). Which is why I uploaded the photo way back when (in 2004, it appears) with a { { CopyrightedFreeUseProvided } } tag mentioning the NLR and ESA credits. It seems that this tag is missing or got lost when the North variant was transferred to WikiCommons. Anyway, using the current picture on the Dutch wikipedia is no problem, provided you mention NLR and ESA. You can easily create your own particular view though (perhaps the entire delta?) by using the web application mentioned above. Hope this helps en waarom doe ik dit alles in het Engels? ;-) Cheers -- Curt Woyte (talk) 10:39, 4 September 2010 (UTC) Dank voor de informatie. Ik maak wellicht een nieuwe versie van het hele gebied. Luxil (talk) 09:45, 8 September 2010 (UTC) European Seniors' Union moved to draftspace Thanks for your contributions to European Seniors' Union. Unfortunately, I do not think it is ready for publishing at this time because it is promotional and reads like an advertisement. I have converted your article to a draft which you can improve, undisturbed for a while. Please see more information at Help:Unreviewed new page. When the article is ready for publication, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page OR move the page back. voorts (talk/contributions) 19:46, 24 December 2023 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: European Seniors' Union (February 7) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by 331dot was: This submission appears to read more like an advertisement than an entry in an encyclopedia. Encyclopedia articles need to be written from a neutral point of view, and should refer to a range of independent, reliable, published sources, not just to materials produced by the creator of the subject being discussed. This is important so that the article can meet Wikipedia's verifiability policy and the notability of the subject can be established. If you still feel that this subject is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, please rewrite your submission to comply with these policies. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:European Seniors' Union and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted. If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors. 331dot (talk) 10:59, 7 February 2024 (UTC) Hello, Luxil! Having an article draft declined at Articles for Creation can be disappointing. If you are wondering why your article submission was declined, please post a question at the Articles for creation help desk. If you have any other questions about your editing experience, we'd love to help you at the Teahouse, a friendly space on Wikipedia where experienced editors lend a hand to help new editors like yourself! See you there! 331dot (talk) 10:59, 7 February 2024 (UTC)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nederland in false color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//satfoto.dhp.nl/false-nl/index.html"},{"link_name":"Curt Woyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Cwoyte"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Cwoyte"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Luxil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Luxil"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"European Seniors' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:European_Seniors%27_Union"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Luxil&action=edit&section=2"},{"link_name":"European Seniors' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:European_Seniors%27_Union"},{"link_name":"Help:Unreviewed new page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Unreviewed_new_page"},{"link_name":"voorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Voorts"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Voorts"},{"link_name":"contributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Voorts"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Articles for creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation"},{"link_name":"European Seniors' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:European_Seniors%27_Union"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Luxil&action=edit&section=3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AFC-Logo_Decline.svg"},{"link_name":"Articles for Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation"},{"link_name":"read more like an advertisement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam#Advertisements_masquerading_as_articles"},{"link_name":"neutral point of view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view"},{"link_name":"independent, reliable, published sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"verifiability policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"notability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability"},{"link_name":"Draft:European Seniors' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:European_Seniors%27_Union"},{"link_name":"may be deleted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#G13._Abandoned_Drafts_and_Articles_for_creation_submissions"},{"link_name":"untoward behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation/Scam_warning"},{"link_name":"Articles for creation help desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk/New_question&withJS=MediaWiki:AFCHD-wizard.js&page=Draft:European_Seniors%27_Union"},{"link_name":"reviewer's talk page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:331dot&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:European_Seniors%27_Union"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC_help_disclaimer"},{"link_name":"331dot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:331dot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:331dot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Thanks for your inquiry. The picture is a screenshot from the web application at Nederland in false color, where the attribution reads \"Deze foto is vrij van rechten, zolang als bron NLR en ESA worden vermeld.\" (which translates into English as \"This photo is free of rights as long as NLR and ESA are mentioned as its source.\").Which is why I uploaded the photo way back when (in 2004, it appears) with a { { CopyrightedFreeUseProvided } } tag mentioning the NLR and ESA credits. It seems that this tag is missing or got lost when the North variant was transferred to WikiCommons.Anyway, using the current picture on the Dutch wikipedia is no problem, provided you mention NLR and ESA. You can easily create your own particular view though (perhaps the entire delta?) by using the web application mentioned above.Hope this helps en waarom doe ik dit alles in het Engels? ;-) Cheers -- Curt Woyte (talk) 10:39, 4 September 2010 (UTC)[reply]Dank voor de informatie. Ik maak wellicht een nieuwe versie van het hele gebied. Luxil (talk) 09:45, 8 September 2010 (UTC)[reply]European Seniors' Union moved to draftspace[edit]Thanks for your contributions to European Seniors' Union. Unfortunately, I do not think it is ready for publishing at this time because it is promotional and reads like an advertisement.\nI have converted your article to a draft which you can improve, undisturbed for a while.Please see more information at Help:Unreviewed new page.\nWhen the article is ready for publication, please click on the \"Submit your draft for review!\" button at the top of the page OR move the page back. voorts (talk/contributions) 19:46, 24 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: European Seniors' Union (February 7)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by 331dot was:\nThis submission appears to read more like an advertisement than an entry in an encyclopedia. Encyclopedia articles need to be written from a neutral point of view, and should refer to a range of independent, reliable, published sources, not just to materials produced by the creator of the subject being discussed. This is important so that the article can meet Wikipedia's verifiability policy and the notability of the subject can be established. If you still feel that this subject is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, please rewrite your submission to comply with these policies. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:European Seniors' Union and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.\nIf you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\n331dot (talk) 10:59, 7 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Luxil"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/AFC-Logo_Decline.svg/50px-AFC-Logo_Decline.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://satfoto.dhp.nl/false-nl/index.html","external_links_name":"Nederland in false color"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk/New_question&withJS=MediaWiki:AFCHD-wizard.js&page=Draft:European_Seniors%27_Union","external_links_name":"Articles for creation help desk"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:331dot&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:European_Seniors%27_Union","external_links_name":"reviewer's talk page"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Sakura_(visual_novel)	Sakura Sakura (video game)	["1 Gameplay","2 Plot and characters","3 Development","3.1 Release history","4 Adaptations","4.1 Books and publications","4.2 Audio CDs","5 Reception and sales","6 References","7 External links"]	2009 video game 2009 video gameSakura SakuraDeveloper(s)Haikuo SoftPublisher(s)JP: Haikuo Soft (Windows)GN Software (PSP)Entergram (PS4 & PSV)WW: Sol Press (Windows)Platform(s)Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation VitaRelease June 26, 2009 PlayStation PortableJP: June 26, 2009 PlayStation 4, PlayStation VitaJP: October 25, 2018 WindowsWW: November 19, 2018 Genre(s)Eroge, Visual novelMode(s)Single-player Sakura Sakura (さくらさくら) is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Haikuo Soft. It was released on June 26, 2009, for Microsoft Windows as a DVD after making several postponements. The game is described by the development team as a "school dormitory romance see-saw game" (学園寮恋愛シーソーゲーム, Gakuen Ryō Ren'ai Shīsō Gēmu). The gameplay in Sakura Sakura follows a linear plot line, which offers predetermined scenarios and courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the female main characters. Gameplay An average conversation in Sakura Sakura depicting one of the main characters, Akira talking to Naoki. The gameplay in Sakura Sakura requires little player interaction as most of the duration of the game is spent on simply reading the text that appears on the screen, which represents either dialogue between characters, or the inner thoughts of the protagonists. Similar to 2D platformers, Sakura Sakura allows the player to navigate through the dormitory from a profile side-view perspective. Every so often, the player will come to a "decision point" where he or she is given the chance to choose from options that are displayed on the screen, typically two to three at a time. Gameplay pauses at these points until the player makes a choice, and depending on which choice the player makes, the plot will progress in a specific direction. There are multiple plot lines that the player will have the chance to experience. To view all of the plot lines, the player will need to replay the game multiple times, access different areas and make different choices to progress the plot in an alternate direction. One of the goals of the gameplay is to view the hentai scenes, depicting one of the protagonists having sexual intercourse with one of the heroines. Plot and characters Unlike most visual novels, Sakura Sakura consists of three chapters and follows the stories of two protagonists. The first chapter follows the life of Tōru Inaba (稲葉徹, Inaba Tōru, Voiced by: Kentarō Ōkubo) and his romantic relationship with Nanako Sakura (桜菜々子, Sakura Nanako, Voiced by: Izumi Maki) and Sakura Kirishima (桐島さくら, Kirishima Sakura, Voiced by: Yukari Aoyama). The second chapter takes place a year afterwards, and follows the life of Naoki Fuse (布施直樹, Fuse Naoki, Voiced by: Hitoka Kinosaki), and his romantic relationship with his childhood friends Akira Shinden (新田晶, Nitta Akira, Voiced by: Yuika Kanematsu) and Kurumi Tachibana (立花くるみ, Tachibana Kurumi, Voiced by: Yui Sakakibara). It is then followed by a third chapter, which continues the relationship between Tōru, Nanako and Sakura. The story begins with Tōru Inaba, a second-year high school student transferring into the Rintoku Academy (麟徳学園, Rintoku Gakuen). On his first day of school, Tōru discovers that all the empty rooms at the school dormitory, Maison Lune, was arranged for only first-year students, and he has no choice but to move into a second, smaller school dormitory named Tsukimi Apartments (月見荘, Tsukimi Sō). There, he meets two residents of the dormitory, Akira Shinden, a short-tempered, aggressive member of the gymnastics club, and Naoki Fuse, an easy-going kendo club member who shows no interests in education, which resulted in him often being referred as a NEET. Both of them attempts to recruit Tōru into the club they respectively belong to, but is interrupted by Nanako Sakura, a soft-spoken, caring teacher and the dormitory's matron, who falls into Tōru's arms, while trying to stop the two. Development Sakura Sakura was the fifth project developed by Haikuo Soft, and was developed as an adult game like Yotsunoha. Much of the development team is composed of the staff that has previously developed Yotsunoha. The scenario was provided by Tatomu and Keikei. Art direction and character designs were headed by three people, Akira Kasukabe, Xsara, and Yukari Higa, who has previously illustrated the manga series Shina Dark, with cut-in graphics provided by Mako Aboshi. The music used in Sakura Sakura was composed entirely by Ryō Kyōna. Release history Before the game's release, a free game demo of Sakura Sakura was released online on June 6, 2008, which gave the player a glimpse into the story and gameplay of Sakura Sakura. The full game was released on June 26, 2009, as a DVD playable only on a Microsoft Windows PC. Sakura Sakura suffered several postponements since its original announcement. The development team acknowledged the game's postponement by a year, and has stated that scenario writing and voice recording is still taking place. An all-ages version of the game, titled Sakura Sakura: Haru Urara, was released on August 26, 2010, for the PlayStation Portable by GN Software. A version for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita was released on October 25, 2018 by Entergram. An official English language localization by Sol Press was crowdfunded via Kickstarter and released on November 19, 2018. Adaptations Books and publications Before the game's release, a book titled Sakura Sakura Prelude Book was released on October 14, 2007. The book is fully colored, and contained information on the release of the visual novel. Four A3-sized posters were included with the book, each depicting one of the four main heroines from the game. Audio CDs The visual novel featured two pieces of theme music. The opening theme was "See-saw!", and was performed by Chata, composed by Ryō Kyōna, and written by Keikei. The ending theme was "Place", performed by Yuiko. Prior to the release of the game, an image song single titled Nanako Sakura and Kirishima Sakura's character disk (桜菜々子・桐島さくら　キャラクターディスク, Sakura Nanako Kirishima Sakura Kyarakutā Disuku) was released on May 28, 2008. It was sung by Izumi Maki and Yukari Aoyama, two voice actress who voiced Nanako Sakura and Sakura Kirishima in the visual novel respectively. Reception and sales Prior to the release of the game, according to a national ranking based on pre-orders made on bishōjo games, Sakura Sakura was placed at fifth place during mid-February to mid-March 2008, and was again listed on the ranking during mid-April to mid-May, as the fourth most pre-ordered title; it was listed on the ranking during mid-June to mid-July, as the second most pre-ordered title, and was placed at fourth place on the same ranking the next month. Wes Playfair of NookGaming described it as a derivative and uneven experience, with uninspired protagonists, and stated that the heroines lacked depth. Marcus Estrada of Hardcore Gamer was more positive, praising the comedic value of the game. References ^ a b c d e "A list of staff and specifications on Sakura Sakura's official website" (in Japanese). Haikuo Soft. Archived from the original on 2009-07-03. Retrieved 2008-06-16. ^ a b "An introduction of the system of Sakura Sakura on its official website" (in Japanese). Haikuo Soft. Archived from the original on 2008-06-08. Retrieved 2008-06-17. ^ "A list of downloads related to Sakura Sakura at its official website" (in Japanese). Haikuo Soft. Archived from the original on 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2008-06-18. ^ "An announcement of the release delay of Sakura Sakura at its official website" (in Japanese). Haikuo Soft. Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2009-01-09. ^ "さくらさくら -HARU URARA-" (in Japanese). 2010-04-02. Archived from the original on 2010-05-15. Retrieved 2010-12-27. ^ "Sakura Sakura - Visual Novel Localization Project". Kickstarter. Retrieved 30 March 2018. ^ a b c "A list of media related to Sakura Sakura at its official website" (in Japanese). Haikuo Soft. Archived from the original on 2008-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-27. ^ a b c "PCpress back issues pre-order rankings" (in Japanese). PCpress. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2008-07-17. ^ "PCpress' mid-July to mid-August pre-order rankings" (in Japanese). PCpress. Archived from the original on 2008-05-24. Retrieved 2008-07-31. ^ Playfair, Wes (4 April 2021). "Sakura Sakura – Review \| A Tale Of Two Sakuras". NookGaming. Retrieved 21 September 2023. ^ Estrada, Marcus (31 December 2018). "Review: Sakura Sakura". Hardcore Gamer. Retrieved 21 September 2023. External links Haikuo Soft's official Sakura Sakura visual novel website (in Japanese) Sakura Sakura at The Visual Novel Database	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroge"},{"link_name":"visual novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_novel"},{"link_name":"Haikuo Soft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haikuo_Soft&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sakura_staff-1"}],"text":"2009 video gameSakura Sakura (さくらさくら) is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Haikuo Soft. It was released on June 26, 2009, for Microsoft Windows as a DVD after making several postponements. The game is described by the development team as a \"school dormitory romance see-saw game\" (学園寮恋愛シーソーゲーム, Gakuen Ryō Ren'ai Shīsō Gēmu).[1] The gameplay in Sakura Sakura follows a linear plot line, which offers predetermined scenarios and courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the female main characters.","title":"Sakura Sakura (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sakura_Sakura_screenshot.png"},{"link_name":"gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay"},{"link_name":"2D platformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sakura_sys-2"},{"link_name":"hentai scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentai"},{"link_name":"sexual intercourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercourse"}],"text":"An average conversation in Sakura Sakura depicting one of the main characters, Akira talking to Naoki.The gameplay in Sakura Sakura requires little player interaction as most of the duration of the game is spent on simply reading the text that appears on the screen, which represents either dialogue between characters, or the inner thoughts of the protagonists. Similar to 2D platformers, Sakura Sakura allows the player to navigate through the dormitory from a profile side-view perspective.[2] Every so often, the player will come to a \"decision point\" where he or she is given the chance to choose from options that are displayed on the screen, typically two to three at a time. Gameplay pauses at these points until the player makes a choice, and depending on which choice the player makes, the plot will progress in a specific direction. There are multiple plot lines that the player will have the chance to experience. To view all of the plot lines, the player will need to replay the game multiple times, access different areas and make different choices to progress the plot in an alternate direction. One of the goals of the gameplay is to view the hentai scenes, depicting one of the protagonists having sexual intercourse with one of the heroines.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sakura_sys-2"},{"link_name":"Izumi Maki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsumi_Yanase"},{"link_name":"Yui Sakakibara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui_Sakakibara"},{"link_name":"kendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendo"},{"link_name":"NEET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEET"}],"text":"Unlike most visual novels, Sakura Sakura consists of three chapters and follows the stories of two protagonists.[2] The first chapter follows the life of Tōru Inaba (稲葉徹, Inaba Tōru, Voiced by: Kentarō Ōkubo) and his romantic relationship with Nanako Sakura (桜菜々子, Sakura Nanako, Voiced by: Izumi Maki) and Sakura Kirishima (桐島さくら, Kirishima Sakura, Voiced by: Yukari Aoyama). The second chapter takes place a year afterwards, and follows the life of Naoki Fuse (布施直樹, Fuse Naoki, Voiced by: Hitoka Kinosaki), and his romantic relationship with his childhood friends Akira Shinden (新田晶, Nitta Akira, Voiced by: Yuika Kanematsu) and Kurumi Tachibana (立花くるみ, Tachibana Kurumi, Voiced by: Yui Sakakibara). It is then followed by a third chapter, which continues the relationship between Tōru, Nanako and Sakura.The story begins with Tōru Inaba, a second-year high school student transferring into the Rintoku Academy (麟徳学園, Rintoku Gakuen). On his first day of school, Tōru discovers that all the empty rooms at the school dormitory, Maison Lune, was arranged for only first-year students, and he has no choice but to move into a second, smaller school dormitory named Tsukimi Apartments (月見荘, Tsukimi Sō). There, he meets two residents of the dormitory, Akira Shinden, a short-tempered, aggressive member of the gymnastics club, and Naoki Fuse, an easy-going kendo club member who shows no interests in education, which resulted in him often being referred as a NEET. Both of them attempts to recruit Tōru into the club they respectively belong to, but is interrupted by Nanako Sakura, a soft-spoken, caring teacher and the dormitory's matron, who falls into Tōru's arms, while trying to stop the two.","title":"Plot and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yotsunoha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yotsunoha"},{"link_name":"Shina Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_Dark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sakura_staff-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sakura_staff-1"}],"text":"Sakura Sakura was the fifth project developed by Haikuo Soft, and was developed as an adult game like Yotsunoha. Much of the development team is composed of the staff that has previously developed Yotsunoha. The scenario was provided by Tatomu and Keikei. Art direction and character designs were headed by three people, Akira Kasukabe, Xsara, and Yukari Higa, who has previously illustrated the manga series Shina Dark, with cut-in graphics provided by Mako Aboshi.[1] The music used in Sakura Sakura was composed entirely by Ryō Kyōna.[1]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"game demo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_demo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sakura_staff-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sakura_delay-4"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"GN Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GN_Software"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Vita"},{"link_name":"Entergram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entergram"},{"link_name":"Sol Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Press"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Release history","text":"Before the game's release, a free game demo of Sakura Sakura was released online on June 6, 2008,[3] which gave the player a glimpse into the story and gameplay of Sakura Sakura. The full game was released on June 26, 2009, as a DVD playable only on a Microsoft Windows PC.[1] Sakura Sakura suffered several postponements since its original announcement. The development team acknowledged the game's postponement by a year, and has stated that scenario writing and voice recording is still taking place.[4] An all-ages version of the game, titled Sakura Sakura: Haru Urara, was released on August 26, 2010, for the PlayStation Portable by GN Software.[5] A version for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita was released on October 25, 2018 by Entergram. An official English language localization by Sol Press was crowdfunded via Kickstarter and released on November 19, 2018.[6]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sakura_goods-7"}],"sub_title":"Books and publications","text":"Before the game's release, a book titled Sakura Sakura Prelude Book was released on October 14, 2007. The book is fully colored, and contained information on the release of the visual novel. Four A3-sized posters were included with the book, each depicting one of the four main heroines from the game.[7]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chata"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sakura_staff-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sakura_goods-7"},{"link_name":"image song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_song"},{"link_name":"Izumi Maki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsumi_Yanase"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sakura_goods-7"}],"sub_title":"Audio CDs","text":"The visual novel featured two pieces of theme music. The opening theme was \"See-saw!\", and was performed by Chata, composed by Ryō Kyōna, and written by Keikei.[1] The ending theme was \"Place\", performed by Yuiko.[7]Prior to the release of the game, an image song single titled Nanako Sakura and Kirishima Sakura's character disk (桜菜々子・桐島さくら　キャラクターディスク, Sakura Nanako Kirishima Sakura Kyarakutā Disuku) was released on May 28, 2008. It was sung by Izumi Maki and Yukari Aoyama, two voice actress who voiced Nanako Sakura and Sakura Kirishima in the visual novel respectively.[7]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcpress_preorder-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcpress_preorder-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcpress_preorder-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Prior to the release of the game, according to a national ranking based on pre-orders made on bishōjo games, Sakura Sakura was placed at fifth place during mid-February to mid-March 2008,[8] and was again listed on the ranking during mid-April to mid-May, as the fourth most pre-ordered title;[8] it was listed on the ranking during mid-June to mid-July, as the second most pre-ordered title,[8] and was placed at fourth place on the same ranking the next month.[9]Wes Playfair of NookGaming described it as a derivative and uneven experience, with uninspired protagonists, and stated that the heroines lacked depth.[10] Marcus Estrada of Hardcore Gamer was more positive, praising the comedic value of the game.[11]","title":"Reception and sales"}]	[{"image_text":"An average conversation in Sakura Sakura depicting one of the main characters, Akira talking to Naoki.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Sakura_Sakura_screenshot.png/220px-Sakura_Sakura_screenshot.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"A list of staff and specifications on Sakura Sakura's official website\" (in Japanese). Haikuo Soft. Archived from the original on 2009-07-03. Retrieved 2008-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090703143609/http://sakura.iam-hiquality.com/staff.html","url_text":"\"A list of staff and specifications on Sakura Sakura's official website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haikuo_Soft&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Haikuo Soft"},{"url":"http://sakura.iam-hiquality.com/staff.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"An introduction of the system of Sakura Sakura on its official website\" (in Japanese). Haikuo Soft. Archived from the original on 2008-06-08. 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Retrieved 2008-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080620082644/http://sakura.iam-hiquality.com/down.html","url_text":"\"A list of downloads related to Sakura Sakura at its official website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haikuo_Soft&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Haikuo Soft"},{"url":"http://sakura.iam-hiquality.com/down.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"An announcement of the release delay of Sakura Sakura at its official website\" (in Japanese). Haikuo Soft. Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2009-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090116031153/http://sakura.iam-hiquality.com/enki.html","url_text":"\"An announcement of the release delay of Sakura Sakura at its official website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haikuo_Soft&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Haikuo Soft"},{"url":"http://sakura.iam-hiquality.com/enki.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"さくらさくら -HARU URARA-\" [Sakura Sakura: Haru Urara] (in Japanese). 2010-04-02. Archived from the original on 2010-05-15. Retrieved 2010-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100515180926/http://www.piacci.co.jp/sakura/index.html","url_text":"\"さくらさくら -HARU URARA-\""},{"url":"http://www.piacci.co.jp/sakura/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sakura Sakura - Visual Novel Localization Project\". Kickstarter. Retrieved 30 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/solpress/sakura-sakura-localization-project/","url_text":"\"Sakura Sakura - Visual Novel Localization Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"A list of media related to Sakura Sakura at its official website\" (in Japanese). Haikuo Soft. Archived from the original on 2008-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080628214345/http://sakura.iam-hiquality.com/goods.html","url_text":"\"A list of media related to Sakura Sakura at its official website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haikuo_Soft&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Haikuo Soft"},{"url":"http://sakura.iam-hiquality.com/goods.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PCpress back issues pre-order rankings\" (in Japanese). PCpress. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2008-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617042217/http://pc-press.net/reservationrog.html","url_text":"\"PCpress back issues pre-order rankings\""},{"url":"http://www.pc-press.net/reservationrog.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PCpress' mid-July to mid-August pre-order rankings\" (in Japanese). PCpress. Archived from the original on 2008-05-24. Retrieved 2008-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080524071938/http://pc-press.net/reservation.html","url_text":"\"PCpress' mid-July to mid-August pre-order rankings\""},{"url":"http://www.pc-press.net/reservation.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Playfair, Wes (4 April 2021). \"Sakura Sakura – Review \| A Tale Of Two Sakuras\". NookGaming. Retrieved 21 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nookgaming.com/sakura-sakura-review/","url_text":"\"Sakura Sakura – Review \| A Tale Of Two Sakuras\""}]},{"reference":"Estrada, Marcus (31 December 2018). \"Review: Sakura Sakura\". Hardcore Gamer. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelacunal	Lacunal scales	["1 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lacunal scales" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lacunal scales are those scales that form the inner border of the loreal pit in crotaline snakes. Usually, these scales are large and also curve outward to form the outer border of the pit. In most cases the pit opening is triangular with one apex pointing back towards the eye. It is bordered above, below and in front by one or more supralacunals, sublacunals and prelacunals respectively. References ^ Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2 volumes. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_scales"},{"link_name":"loreal pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreal_pit"},{"link_name":"crotaline snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotalinae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C&L04-1"}],"text":"Lacunal scales are those scales that form the inner border of the loreal pit in crotaline snakes. Usually, these scales are large and also curve outward to form the outer border of the pit. In most cases the pit opening is triangular with one apex pointing back towards the eye. It is bordered above, below and in front by one or more supralacunals, sublacunals and prelacunals respectively.[1]","title":"Lacunal scales"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lacunal+scales%22","external_links_name":"\"Lacunal scales\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lacunal+scales%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lacunal+scales%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lacunal+scales%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lacunal+scales%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lacunal+scales%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_%26_Business_Council_of_New_York	Americans for the Arts	["1 Goals","2 Impact","3 References","4 External links"]	This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Americans for the ArtsFormation1960; 62 years agoHeadquartersWashington, D.C.President & CEOBrigadier General Nolen V. Bivens, U.S. Army Ret.Websitehttps://www.americansforthearts.org/ Americans for the Arts is a nonprofit organization whose primary focus is advancing the arts in the United States with offices in Washington, D.C., and New York City, and more than 50 years of service. Americans for the Arts is dedicated to representing and serving local communities, and creating opportunities for every American to participate in and appreciate all forms of the arts. Americans for the Arts was founded in 1996 as a result of a merger between the National Assembly of Local Arts Agencies (NALAA) and the American Council for the Arts (ACA). In 2005, the two merged again with Arts & Business Council Inc., also known as Arts & Business Council of New York. Goals Its mission is to serve, advance, and lead the network of organizations and individuals who cultivate, promote, sustain, and support the arts in America. Americans for the Arts focuses on four primary goals: Lead and serve individuals and organizations to help build environments in which the arts and arts education thrive and contribute to more vibrant and creative communities. Generate meaningful public and private sector policies and more leaders and resources for the arts and arts education. Build individual awareness and appreciation of the value of the arts and arts education. Ensure the operational stability of the organization and its ability to creatively respond to opportunities and challenges. CEO Nolen Bivens attends the U.S. Conference of Mayors in January 2024 Americans for the Arts achieves these goals in partnership with local, state, and national arts organizations; government agencies; business leaders; individual philanthropists; educators; and funders throughout the country. In addition, Americans for the Arts produces annual events to heighten visibility for the arts, including the National Arts Awards, which recognize those artists and arts leaders who exhibit exemplary national leadership and whose work demonstrates extraordinary artistic achievement; BCA 10, which recognizes ten U.S. companies for their exceptional commitment to the arts through grants, local partnerships, volunteer programs, matching gifts, sponsorships, and board membership; and the Public Leadership in the Arts Awards (in cooperation with The United States Conference of Mayors) honoring elected officials in local, state and federal government for their support of the arts. Through national visibility campaigns and local outreach, Americans for the Arts strives to motivate and mobilize opinion leaders and decision-makers who can ensure the arts thrive in America. As host of the national Arts Advocacy Day on Capitol Hill, Americans for the Arts annually convenes arts advocates from across the country to advance federal support of the arts, humanities, and arts education. The Americans for the Arts Action Fund is its affiliate 501(c)(4) organization that seeks to mobilize one million grassroots advocates to advance pro-arts public policies at the federal, state, and local levels. Membership in the Arts Action Fund is free. To inform decision-makers about the arts, Americans for the Arts gathers, generates, and disseminates data, information, and the tools needed by arts industry stakeholders. Its areas of focus expand the conversation about arts policy, foster greater awareness of the role and value of the arts in community life, and promote greater access to the arts by advancing community-based cultural organizations nationwide. Americans for the Arts conducts both quantitative and qualitative research studies on segments of America’s nonprofit and for-profit arts industries. Americans for the Arts serves more than 150,000 organizational and individual members and stakeholders. Local arts agencies throughout the United States comprise Americans for the Arts’ core constituency. It also serves a variety of unique partner networks with particular interests, including public art, united arts fundraising, arts education and emerging arts leaders. Impact An October 2023 study released by Americans for the Arts found that "nonprofit arts and culture organizations and their audiences generated $151.7 billion in economic activity—$73.3 billion in spending by the organizations, which leveraged an additional $78.4 billion in event-related spending by their audiences." This spending supported 2.6 million jobs and generated $29.1 billion in local, state and federal tax revenue." 224,000 audience members and over 16,000 organizations in all 50 states and Puerto Rico were surveyed over an 18 month period to collect the data. References ^ "National arts councils merge to gain strength". The Desert Sun. 18 February 2005. p. 42 – via newspapers.com. ^ "Groundbreaking Arts & Economic Prosperity 6 Study Reveals Impact of the Arts on Communities Across America". Americans for the Arts. Retrieved 13 May 2024. External links Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonprofit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit"},{"link_name":"arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Americans for the Arts is a nonprofit organization whose primary focus is advancing the arts in the United States with offices in Washington, D.C., and New York City, and more than 50 years of service. Americans for the Arts is dedicated to representing and serving local communities, and creating opportunities for every American to participate in and appreciate all forms of the arts.Americans for the Arts was founded in 1996 as a result of a merger between the National Assembly of Local Arts Agencies (NALAA) and the American Council for the Arts (ACA). In 2005, the two merged again with Arts & Business Council Inc., also known as Arts & Business Council of New York.[1]","title":"Americans for the Arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nolen_Bivens_attends_the_U.S._Conference_of_Mayors_in_January_2024_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"National Arts Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Awards"},{"link_name":"United States Conference of Mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Mayors"}],"text":"Its mission is to serve, advance, and lead the network of organizations and individuals who cultivate, promote, sustain, and support the arts in America. Americans for the Arts focuses on four primary goals:Lead and serve individuals and organizations to help build environments in which the arts and arts education thrive and contribute to more vibrant and creative communities.\nGenerate meaningful public and private sector policies and more leaders and resources for the arts and arts education.\nBuild individual awareness and appreciation of the value of the arts and arts education.\nEnsure the operational stability of the organization and its ability to creatively respond to opportunities and challenges.CEO Nolen Bivens attends the U.S. Conference of Mayors in January 2024Americans for the Arts achieves these goals in partnership with local, state, and national arts organizations; government agencies; business leaders; individual philanthropists; educators; and funders throughout the country. In addition, Americans for the Arts produces annual events to heighten visibility for the arts, including the National Arts Awards, which recognize those artists and arts leaders who exhibit exemplary national leadership and whose work demonstrates extraordinary artistic achievement; BCA 10,[1] which recognizes ten U.S. companies for their exceptional commitment to the arts through grants, local partnerships, volunteer programs, matching gifts, sponsorships, and board membership; and the Public Leadership in the Arts Awards[2] (in cooperation with The United States Conference of Mayors) honoring elected officials in local, state and federal government for their support of the arts.Through national visibility campaigns and local outreach, Americans for the Arts strives to motivate and mobilize opinion leaders and decision-makers who can ensure the arts thrive in America. As host of the national Arts Advocacy Day on Capitol Hill, Americans for the Arts annually convenes arts advocates from across the country to advance federal support of the arts, humanities, and arts education. The Americans for the Arts Action Fund[3] is its affiliate 501(c)(4) organization that seeks to mobilize one million grassroots advocates to advance pro-arts public policies at the federal, state, and local levels. Membership in the Arts Action Fund is free.To inform decision-makers about the arts, Americans for the Arts gathers, generates, and disseminates data, information, and the tools needed by arts industry stakeholders. Its areas of focus expand the conversation about arts policy, foster greater awareness of the role and value of the arts in community life, and promote greater access to the arts by advancing community-based cultural organizations nationwide. Americans for the Arts conducts both quantitative and qualitative research studies on segments of America’s nonprofit and for-profit arts industries.Americans for the Arts serves more than 150,000 organizational and individual members and stakeholders. Local arts agencies throughout the United States comprise Americans for the Arts’ core constituency. It also serves a variety of unique partner networks with particular interests, including public art, united arts fundraising, arts education and emerging arts leaders.","title":"Goals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"An October 2023 study released by Americans for the Arts found that \"nonprofit arts and culture organizations and their audiences generated $151.7 billion in economic activity—$73.3 billion in spending by the organizations, which leveraged an additional $78.4 billion in event-related spending by their audiences.\" This spending supported 2.6 million jobs and generated $29.1 billion in local, state and federal tax revenue.\" 224,000 audience members and over 16,000 organizations in all 50 states and Puerto Rico were surveyed over an 18 month period to collect the data.[2]","title":"Impact"}]	[{"image_text":"CEO Nolen Bivens attends the U.S. Conference of Mayors in January 2024","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nolen_Bivens_attends_the_U.S._Conference_of_Mayors_in_January_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nolen_Bivens_attends_the_U.S._Conference_of_Mayors_in_January_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"National arts councils merge to gain strength\". 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Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americansforthearts.org/news-room/americans-for-the-arts-news/groundbreaking-arts-economic-prosperity-6-study-reveals-impact-of-the-arts-on-communities-across","url_text":"\"Groundbreaking Arts & Economic Prosperity 6 Study Reveals Impact of the Arts on Communities Across America\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Americans_for_the_Arts&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.americansforthearts.org/","external_links_name":"https://www.americansforthearts.org/"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-desert-sun-national-arts-councils-me/139568170/","external_links_name":"\"National arts councils merge to gain strength\""},{"Link":"https://www.americansforthearts.org/news-room/americans-for-the-arts-news/groundbreaking-arts-economic-prosperity-6-study-reveals-impact-of-the-arts-on-communities-across","external_links_name":"\"Groundbreaking Arts & Economic Prosperity 6 Study Reveals Impact of the Arts on Communities Across America\""},{"Link":"http://www.americansforthearts.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Le%C3%B3n_(women)	Club León (women)	["1 Personnel","1.1 Club administration","1.2 Coaching staff","2 Players","2.1 Current squad","3 References"]	Mexican football club This article is about the women's association football team. For the men's association football club, see Club León. Football clubLeon FemenilFull nameClub León FemenilNickname(s)Las Panzas Verdes (The Green Bellies)La Fiera (The Wild Beast)Las Esmeraldas (The Emeralds)Las Verdiblancas (The Green and Whites)Founded2016; 8 years ago (2016)GroundEstadio León León, Guanajuato, MexicoCapacity31,297OwnerGrupo PachucaChairmanJesús Martínez MurguiaManagerAlejandro CoronaLeagueLiga MX FemenilApertura 202310th Home colours Away colours Club León Femenil is a Mexican professional women's football club based in León, Guanajuato, Mexico that competes in the Liga MX Femenil. The club has been the women's section of Club León since 2017. Personnel Club administration Psotion Staff Chairman Jesús Martínez Murguia Sporting director Scarlett Anaya Coaching staff Position Staff Manager Alejandro Corona Assistant manager Edwin Santibáñez Fitness coaches Gerardo Acevedo César Andrade Physiotherapist Sonia Torres Team doctor Mirsa González Players Current squad As of 6 February 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 2 DF MEX Vanessa López 5 DF MEX Brenda Díaz 6 DF USA Dominique Estrada 7 MF MEX Madeleine Pasco 8 MF ARG Ruth Bravo 9 FW VEN Ysaura Viso 10 FW MEX Dinora Garza 11 MF MEX Lizbeth Ángeles 12 DF CRC Lixy Rodríguez 13 MF MEX Vidalia Abarca 14 FW MEX Daniela Calderón 16 FW GER Mayalu Rausch No. Pos. Nation Player 19 DF CHI Fernanda Pinilla 20 GK MEX Natalia Acuña 21 DF MEX Alexa Hernández 25 GK MEX Renatta Cota (on loan from América) 26 DF MEX Alexandra Hernández Ynurreta 27 FW MEX Itzell Alemán 29 MF MEX Kenia Díaz 30 DF MEX Isabela Esquivias 32 DF USA Ana Campa 33 FW MEX Yashira Barrientos 34 MF MEX Vianney Alemán References ^ "LIGA MX - Página Oficial de la Liga Mexicana del Fútbol Profesional". ^ a b MX, LIGA MX / ASCENSO. "LIGA MX Femenil - Página Oficial de la Liga del Fútbol Profesional en México .: Bienvenido". www.ligafemenil.mx. vteClub León (women) – current squad 1 Martínez 2 López 3 Gómez 4 Ka. Díaz 5 B. Díaz 7 Pasco 8 Bravo 10 Garza 11 Ángeles 12 Rodríguez 13 Abarca 14 Calderón 16 Rausch 17 Barboza 18 Álvarez 20 Acuña 21 Hernández 22 Guerrero 23 Aguirre 25 Cota 27 I. Alemán 29 Ke. Diaz 30 Esquivias 31 M. Campa 32 A. Campa 33 Barrientos 34 V. Alemán Manager: Corona vteLiga MX FemenilSeasons 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2023–24 teams América Atlas Atlético San Luis Cruz Azul Guadalajara Juárez León Mazatlán Monterrey Necaxa Pachuca Puebla Querétaro Santos Laguna Tijuana Toluca UANL UNAM Former teams Veracruz Lobos BUAP Morelia Associated competitions Copa MX Femenil Campeón de Campeones CONCACAF W Champions Cup Summer Cup This article about a Mexican association football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Club León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"León, Guanajuato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato"},{"link_name":"Liga MX Femenil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_MX_Femenil"},{"link_name":"Club León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LigaFemenil-2"}],"text":"This article is about the women's association football team. For the men's association football club, see Club León.Football clubClub León Femenil is a Mexican professional women's football club based in León, Guanajuato, Mexico that competes in the Liga MX Femenil. The club has been the women's section of Club León since 2017.[2]","title":"Club León (women)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Club administration","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coaching staff","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LigaFemenil-2"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 6 February 2024[2]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"LIGA MX - Página Oficial de la Liga Mexicana del Fútbol Profesional\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ligamx.net/cancha/estadio/23/estadio-nou-camp","url_text":"\"LIGA MX - Página Oficial de la Liga Mexicana del Fútbol Profesional\""}]},{"reference":"MX, LIGA MX / ASCENSO. \"LIGA MX Femenil - Página Oficial de la Liga del Fútbol Profesional en México .: Bienvenido\". www.ligafemenil.mx.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ligafemenil.mx/cancha/club/11243/leon","url_text":"\"LIGA MX Femenil - Página Oficial de la Liga del Fútbol Profesional en México .: Bienvenido\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ligamx.net/cancha/estadio/23/estadio-nou-camp","external_links_name":"\"LIGA MX - Página Oficial de la Liga Mexicana del Fútbol Profesional\""},{"Link":"http://www.ligafemenil.mx/cancha/club/11243/leon","external_links_name":"\"LIGA MX Femenil - Página Oficial de la Liga del Fútbol Profesional en México .: Bienvenido\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Club_Le%C3%B3n_(women)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Heathcock	Clayton Heathcock	["1 References"]	This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Clayton Howell HeathcockBorn1936OccupationProfessor of Chemistry Clayton Heathcock is an organic chemist, professor of chemistry, and dean of the college of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley. Heathcock is well known for his accomplishments in the synthesis of complex polycyclic natural products and for his contributions to the chemistry community. In 1995 he became a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Heathcock received his B.Sc. in chemistry in 1958 from Abilene Christian University and a Ph.D in organic chemistry in 1963 from the University of Colorado. His graduate work was carried out under the direction of Alfred Hassner and dealt with the synthesis of steroidal heterocycles. He then completed a postdoctoral fellowship with Gilbert Stork at Columbia University. In 1964, he joined the faculty at UC Berkeley, where he is currently professor in the graduate school and dean of the college of chemistry. Heathcock is known for tackling the chemical synthesis of complex, polycyclic natural products, often possessing unusual biological activity including Daphniphyllum alkaloids, altohyrtin, zaragozic acid, spongistatins, and many others. He has also developed novel methodology for organic synthesis such as a modification of the Evans aldol reaction. In addition to his research and teaching accomplishments, Heathcock has contributed to the chemical community by serving as chairman of the Division of organic chemistry of the American Chemical Society (ACS), chairman of the National Institutes of Health Medicinal Chemistry Study Section, chairman of the Gordon Research Conference on Stereochemistry, chair of the chemistry division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and editor-in-chief of the journals Organic Syntheses and the Journal of Organic Chemistry. Heathcock is the author of several hundred research papers and a coauthor of the popular college textbook Introduction to Organic Chemistry. Awards that Heathcock has received include Ernest Guenther Award (ACS) (1986); ACS Award for Creative Work in Organic Synthesis (1990); A.C. Cope Scholar (1990); Prelog Medal, ETH (1991); American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1991); National Academy of Sciences (1995); Centenary Medal, Royal Society of Chemistry (1996); H. C. Brown Award (ACS) (2002); Paul Gassman Award for Distinguished Service (ACS) (2004). References Heathcock's research group homepage UC Berkeley profile Streitwieser, Andrew; Heathcock, Clayton H., Kosower, Edward M. (1992). Introduction to Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. ISBN 0-02-418170-6. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Academics CiNii Other IdRef This biographical article about an American chemist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic chemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"natural products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Abilene Christian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_Christian_University"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hassner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hassner"},{"link_name":"steroidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid"},{"link_name":"heterocycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Stork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Stork"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Daphniphyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphniphyllum"},{"link_name":"alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"altohyrtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altohyrtin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zaragozic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragozic_acid"},{"link_name":"spongistatins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spongistatin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"aldol reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldol_reaction"},{"link_name":"American Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"Gordon Research Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Research_Conferences"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Organic Syntheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Syntheses"},{"link_name":"Journal of Organic Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Organic_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//heathcock.org/chhgrp/bibliography.html"}],"text":"Clayton Heathcock is an organic chemist, professor of chemistry, and dean of the college of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley. Heathcock is well known for his accomplishments in the synthesis of complex polycyclic natural products and for his contributions to the chemistry community. In 1995 he became a member of the National Academy of Sciences.Heathcock received his B.Sc. in chemistry in 1958 from Abilene Christian University and a Ph.D in organic chemistry in 1963 from the University of Colorado. His graduate work was carried out under the direction of Alfred Hassner and dealt with the synthesis of steroidal heterocycles. He then completed a postdoctoral fellowship with Gilbert Stork at Columbia University. In 1964, he joined the faculty at UC Berkeley, where he is currently professor in the graduate school and dean of the college of chemistry.Heathcock is known for tackling the chemical synthesis of complex, polycyclic natural products, often possessing unusual biological activity including Daphniphyllum alkaloids, altohyrtin, zaragozic acid, spongistatins, and many others. He has also developed novel methodology for organic synthesis such as a modification of the Evans aldol reaction.In addition to his research and teaching accomplishments, Heathcock has contributed to the chemical community by serving as chairman of the Division of organic chemistry of the American Chemical Society (ACS), chairman of the National Institutes of Health Medicinal Chemistry Study Section, chairman of the Gordon Research Conference on Stereochemistry, chair of the chemistry division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and editor-in-chief of the journals Organic Syntheses and the Journal of Organic Chemistry.Heathcock is the author of several hundred research papers [1] and a coauthor of the popular college textbook Introduction to Organic Chemistry.Awards that Heathcock has received include Ernest Guenther Award (ACS) (1986); ACS Award for Creative Work in Organic Synthesis (1990); A.C. Cope Scholar (1990); Prelog Medal, ETH (1991); American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1991); National Academy of Sciences (1995); Centenary Medal, Royal Society of Chemistry (1996); H. C. Brown Award (ACS) (2002); Paul Gassman Award for Distinguished Service (ACS) (2004).","title":"Clayton Heathcock"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://heathcock.org/chhgrp/bibliography.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/chhgrp/","external_links_name":"Heathcock's research group homepage"},{"Link":"http://chem.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/heathcock/heathcock.html","external_links_name":"UC Berkeley profile"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000063021563","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/44359802","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMCYwKd4g79MW9cbvj4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX840058","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12281652k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12281652k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1049509250","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007438429405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80010463","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0176442&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00228563?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/085859737","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clayton_Heathcock&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taio	Taio	["1 Demographic evolution","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 46°19′N 11°4′E / 46.317°N 11.067°E / 46.317; 11.067For other uses, see Taio (disambiguation). Comune in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, ItalyTaioComuneComune di TaioLocation of Taio TaioLocation of Taio in ItalyShow map of ItalyTaioTaio (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol)Show map of Trentino-Alto Adige/SüdtirolCoordinates: 46°19′N 11°4′E / 46.317°N 11.067°E / 46.317; 11.067CountryItalyRegionTrentino-Alto Adige/SüdtirolProvinceTrentino (TN)Government • MayorBruno CampadelliArea • Total11.3 km2 (4.4 sq mi)Population (Dec. 2004) • Total2,694 • Density240/km2 (620/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code38010Dialing code0463WebsiteOfficial website Taio.jpg Taio (Nones: Tai) was a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Trento. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,694 and an area of 11.3 square kilometres (4.4 sq mi). It was merged with Coredo, Smarano, Tres and Vervò on January 1, 2015, to form a new municipality, Predaia. Taio borders the following municipalities: Coredo, Denno, Nanno, Sanzeno, Tassullo, Ton, Tres and Vervò. Taio included the village of Segno, which is the birthplace of Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino. Demographic evolution References ^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat. ^ "Istituzione del nuovo Comune di Predaia mediante la fusione dei Comuni di Coredo, Smarano, Taio, Tres e Vervò" (PDF). External links (in Italian) Homepage of the city vteMunicipalities of Trentino Ala Albiano Aldeno Altavalle Altopiano della Vigolana Amblar-Don Andalo Arco Avio Baselga di Pinè Bedollo Besenello Bieno Bleggio Superiore Bocenago Bondone Borgo Chiese Borgo d'Anaunia Borgo Lares Borgo Valsugana Brentonico Bresimo Caderzone Terme Calceranica al Lago Caldes Caldonazzo Calliano Campitello di Fassa Campodenno Canal San Bovo Canazei Capriana Carisolo Carzano Castel Condino Castel Ivano Castello Tesino Castello-Molina di Fiemme Castelnuovo Cavalese Cavareno Cavedago Cavedine Cavizzana Cembra Lisignago Cimone Cinte Tesino Cis Civezzano Cles Comano Terme Commezzadura Contà Croviana Dambel Denno Dimaro Folgarida Drena Dro Fai della Paganella Fiavé Fierozzo Folgaria Fornace Frassilongo Garniga Terme Giovo Giustino Grigno Imer Isera Lavarone Lavis Ledro Levico Terme Livo Lona-Lases Luserna Madruzzo Malè Massimeno Mazzin Mezzana Mezzano Mezzocorona Mezzolombardo Moena Molveno Mori Nago-Torbole Nogaredo Nomi Novaledo Novella Ospedaletto Ossana Palù del Fersina Panchià Peio Pellizzano Pelugo Pergine Valsugana Pieve Tesino Pieve di Bono-Prezzo Pinzolo Pomarolo Porte di Rendena Predaia Predazzo Primiero San Martino di Castrozza Rabbi Riva del Garda Romeno Roncegno Terme Ronchi Valsugana Ronzo-Chienis Ronzone Rovereto Roveré della Luna Ruffrè-Mendola Rumo Sagron Mis Samone San Giovanni di Fassa San Lorenzo Dorsino San Michele all'Adige Sant'Orsola Terme Sanzeno Sarnonico Scurelle Segonzano Sella Giudicarie Sfruz Soraga di Fassa Sover Spiazzo Spormaggiore Sporminore Stenico Storo Strembo Telve Telve di Sopra Tenna Tenno Terragnolo Terre d'Adige Terzolas Tesero Tione di Trento Ton Torcegno Trambileno Trento Tre Ville Valdaone Valfloriana Vallarsa Vallelaghi Vermiglio Vignola-Falesina Villa Lagarina Ville d'Anaunia Ville di Fiemme Volano Ziano di Fiemme	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taio (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taio_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taio_-_panorama_-_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nones_dialect"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Trentino"},{"link_name":"Trentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol"},{"link_name":"Trento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trento"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-istat-1"},{"link_name":"Coredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coredo"},{"link_name":"Smarano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smarano"},{"link_name":"Tres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tres,_Trentino"},{"link_name":"Vervò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verv%C3%B2"},{"link_name":"Predaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predaia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Coredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coredo"},{"link_name":"Denno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denno"},{"link_name":"Nanno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanno"},{"link_name":"Sanzeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanzeno"},{"link_name":"Tassullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassullo"},{"link_name":"Ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton,_Trentino"},{"link_name":"Tres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tres,_Trentino"},{"link_name":"Vervò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verv%C3%B2"},{"link_name":"Eusebio Kino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebio_Kino"}],"text":"For other uses, see Taio (disambiguation).Comune in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, ItalyTaio.jpgTaio (Nones: Tai) was a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Trento. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,694 and an area of 11.3 square kilometres (4.4 sq mi).[1] It was merged with Coredo, Smarano, Tres and Vervò on January 1, 2015, to form a new municipality, Predaia.[2]Taio borders the following municipalities: Coredo, Denno, Nanno, Sanzeno, Tassullo, Ton, Tres and Vervò.Taio included the village of Segno, which is the birthplace of Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino.","title":"Taio"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographic evolution"}]	[{"image_text":"Taio.jpg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Taio_-_panorama_-_01.JPG/220px-Taio_-_panorama_-_01.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Istituzione del nuovo Comune di Predaia mediante la fusione dei Comuni di Coredo, Smarano, Taio, Tres e Vervò\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/codice/LR_2014_1_it.pdf","url_text":"\"Istituzione del nuovo Comune di Predaia mediante la fusione dei Comuni di Coredo, Smarano, Taio, Tres e Vervò\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taio&params=46_19_N_11_4_E_type:city(2,694)_region:IT","external_links_name":"46°19′N 11°4′E / 46.317°N 11.067°E / 46.317; 11.067"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taio&params=46_19_N_11_4_E_type:city(2,694)_region:IT","external_links_name":"46°19′N 11°4′E / 46.317°N 11.067°E / 46.317; 11.067"},{"Link":"http://www.comune.taio.tn.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/codice/LR_2014_1_it.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Istituzione del nuovo Comune di Predaia mediante la fusione dei Comuni di Coredo, Smarano, Taio, Tres e Vervò\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070403200637/http://www.comune.taio.tn.it/","external_links_name":"Homepage of the city"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/940_(number)	900 (number)	["1 In other fields","2 Integers from 901 to 999","2.1 900s","2.2 910s","2.3 920s","2.4 930s","2.5 940s","2.6 950s","2.7 960s","2.8 970s","2.9 980s","2.10 990s","3 References"]	For the year 900, see 900 BC and 900 AD. "976 (number)" redirects here. Not to be confused with 976 number. Natural number ← 899 900 901 → List of numbersIntegers← 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 →Cardinalnine hundredOrdinal900th(nine hundredth)Factorization22 × 32 × 52Divisors1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 36, 45, 50, 60, 75, 90, 100, 150, 180, 225, 300, 450, 900Greek numeralϠ´Roman numeralCMBinary11100001002Ternary10201003Senary41006Octal16048Duodecimal63012Hexadecimal38416ArmenianՋHebrewתת"ק / ץBabylonian cuneiform𒌋𒐙Egyptian hieroglyph𓍪 900 (nine hundred) is the natural number following 899 and preceding 901. It is the square of 30 and the sum of Euler's totient function for the first 54 positive integers. In base 10 it is a Harshad number. It is also the first number to be the square of a sphenic number. In other fields 900 is also: A telephone area code for "premium" telephone calls in the North American Numbering Plan (900 number) In Greek number symbols, the sign Sampi ("ϡ", literally "like a pi") A skateboarding trick in which the skateboarder spins two and a half times (360 degrees times 2.5 is 900) A 900 series refers to three consecutive perfect games in bowling Yoda's age in Star Wars Integers from 901 to 999 900s 901 = 17 × 53, centered triangular number, happy number 902 = 2 × 11 × 41, sphenic number, nontotient, Harshad number 903 = 3 × 7 × 43, sphenic number, triangular number, Schröder–Hipparchus number, Mertens function (903) returns 0, little Schroeder number 904 = 23 × 113 or 113 × 8, refactorable number, Mertens function(904) returns 0, lazy caterer number, number of 1's in all partitions of 26 into odd parts 905 = 5 × 181, sum of seven consecutive primes (109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149), smallest composite de Polignac number "The 905" is a common nickname for the suburban portions of the Greater Toronto Area in Canada, a region whose telephones used area code 905 before overlay plans added two more area codes. 906 = 2 × 3 × 151, strobogrammatic, sphenic number, Mertens function(906) returns 0 907 = prime number 908 = 22 × 227, nontotient, number of primitive sorting networks on 6 elements, number of rhombic tilings of a 12-gon 909 = 32 × 101, number of non-isomorphic aperiodic multiset partitions of weight 7 910s 910 = 2 × 5 × 7 × 13, Mertens function(910) returns 0, Harshad number, happy number, balanced number, number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order 7 under separate row and column permutations 911 = Sophie Germain prime number, also the emergency telephone number in North America 912 = 24 × 3 × 19, sum of four consecutive primes (223 + 227 + 229 + 233), sum of ten consecutive primes (71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109), Harshad number. 913 = 11 × 83, Smith number, Mertens function(913) returns 0. 914 = 2 × 457, nontotient, number of compositions of 11 that are neither weakly increasing nor weakly decreasing 915 = 3 × 5 × 61, sphenic number, Smith number, Mertens function(915) returns 0, Harshad number 916 = 22 × 229, Mertens function(916) returns 0, nontotient, strobogrammatic, member of the Mian–Chowla sequence 917 = 7 × 131, sum of five consecutive primes (173 + 179 + 181 + 191 + 193) 918 = 2 × 33 × 17, Harshad number 919 = prime number, cuban prime, prime index prime, Chen prime, palindromic prime, centered hexagonal number, Mertens function(919) returns 0 920s 920 = 23 × 5 × 23, Mertens function(920) returns 0, total number of nodes in all rooted trees with 8 nodes 921 = 3 × 307, number of enriched r-trees of size 7 922 = 2 × 461, nontotient, Smith number 923 = 13 × 71, number of combinations of 6 things from 1 to 6 at a time 924 = 22 × 3 × 7 × 11, sum of a twin prime (461 + 463), central binomial coefficient ( 12 6 ) {\displaystyle {\tbinom {12}{6}}} 925 = 52 × 37, pentagonal number, centered square number The millesimal fineness number for Sterling silver 926 = 2 × 463, sum of six consecutive primes (139 + 149 + 151 + 157 + 163 + 167), nontotient 927 = 32 × 103, tribonacci number 928 = 25 × 29, sum of four consecutive primes (227 + 229 + 233 + 239), sum of eight consecutive primes (101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137), happy number 929 = prime number, Proth prime, palindromic prime, sum of nine consecutive primes (83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127), Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part An area code in New York. 930s 930 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 31, pronic number 931 = 72 × 19; sum of three consecutive primes (307 + 311 + 313); double repdigit, 11130 and 77711; number of regular simple graphs spanning 7 vertices 932 = 22 × 233, number of regular simple graphs on 7 labeled nodes 933 = 3 × 311 934 = 2 × 467, nontotient 935 = 5 × 11 × 17, sphenic number, Lucas–Carmichael number, Harshad number 936 = 23 × 32 × 13, pentagonal pyramidal number, Harshad number 937 = prime number, Chen prime, star number, happy number 938 = 2 × 7 × 67, sphenic number, nontotient, number of lines through at least 2 points of an 8 × 8 grid of points 939 = 3 × 313, number of V-toothpicks after 31 rounds of the honeycomb sequence 940s 940 = 22 × 5 × 47, totient sum for first 55 integers 941 = prime number, sum of three consecutive primes (311 + 313 + 317), sum of five consecutive primes (179 + 181 + 191 + 193 + 197), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part 942 = 2 × 3 × 157, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (229 + 233 + 239 + 241), nontotient, convolved Fibonacci number 943 = 23 × 41 944 = 24 × 59, nontotient, Lehmer-Comtet number 945 = 33 × 5 × 7, double factorial of 9, smallest odd abundant number (divisors less than itself add up to 975); smallest odd primitive abundant number; smallest odd primitive semiperfect number; Leyland number 946 = 2 × 11 × 43, sphenic number, triangular number, hexagonal number, happy number 947 = prime number, sum of seven consecutive primes (113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149 + 151), balanced prime, Chen prime, lazy caterer number, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part 948 = 22 × 3 × 79, nontotient, forms a Ruth–Aaron pair with 949 under second definition, number of combinatory separations of normal multisets of weight 6. 949 = 13 × 73, forms a Ruth–Aaron pair with 948 under second definition 950s 950 = 2 × 52 × 19, nontotient, generalized pentagonal number one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Argentina 951 = 3 × 317, centered pentagonal number one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Finland 952 = 23 × 7 × 17, number of reduced words of length 3 in the Weyl group D_17, number of regions in regular tetradecagon with all diagonals drawn. 952 is also 9-5-2, a card game similar to bridge. one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Finland 953 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, centered heptagonal number ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Croatia 954 = 2 × 32 × 53, sum of ten consecutive primes (73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113), nontotient, Harshad number, sixth derivative of x^(x^x) at x=1. ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Bulgaria. Also one of the Area Codes in the South Florida Area 955 = 5 × 191, number of transitive rooted trees with 17 nodes ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Sri Lanka 956 = 22 × 239, number of compositions of 13 into powers of 2. ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Chile 957 = 3 × 11 × 29, sphenic number, antisigma(45) one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Taiwan and China 958 = 2 × 479, nontotient, Smith number ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Colombia The millesimal fineness number for Britannia silver 959 = 7 × 137, composite de Polignac number ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Cuba 960s 960 = 26 × 3 × 5, sum of six consecutive primes (149 + 151 + 157 + 163 + 167 + 173), Harshad number country calling code for Maldives, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Greece The number of possible starting positions for the chess variant Chess960 961 = 312, the largest 3-digit perfect square, sum of three consecutive primes (313 + 317 + 331), sum of five consecutive primes (181 + 191 + 193 + 197 + 199), centered octagonal number country calling code for Lebanon, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Slovenia 962 = 2 × 13 × 37, sphenic number, nontotient country calling code for Jordan, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Hong Kong 963 = 32 × 107, sum of the first twenty-four primes country calling code for Syria, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Hungary 964 = 22 × 241, sum of four consecutive primes (233 + 239 + 241 + 251), nontotient, totient sum for first 56 integers country calling code for Iraq, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Iran, happy number 965 = 5 × 193 country calling code for Kuwait, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Israel 966 = 2 × 3 × 7 × 23 = { 8 3 } {\displaystyle \left\{{8 \atop 3}\right\}} , sum of eight consecutive primes (103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139), Harshad number country calling code for Saudi Arabia, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Ukraine 967 = prime number, prime index prime country calling code for Yemen, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Malaysia 968 = 23 × 112, nontotient, Achilles number, area of a square with diagonal 44 country calling code for Oman, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Mexico 969 = 3 × 17 × 19, sphenic number, nonagonal number, tetrahedral number ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Pakistan, age of Methuselah according to Old Testament, anti-Muslim movement in Myanmar 970s 970 = 2 × 5 × 97, sphenic number, heptagonal number country calling code for Palestinian territories, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Mexico 971 = prime number, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part country calling code for United Arab Emirates, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in the Philippines 972 = 22 × 35, Harshad number, Achilles number country calling code for Israel, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Portugal The Sum of Anti-Factors of 972 = number * (n/2) where n is an Odd number. So, it is a Hemi-Anti-Perfect Number. Other such Numbers include 2692, etc. 972 has Anti-Factors = 5, 8, 24, 29, 67, 72, 216, 389, 648 Sum of Anti-Factors = 5 + 8 + 24 + 29 + 67 + 72 + 216 + 389 + 648 = 1458 = 972 * 3/2 973 = 7 × 139, happy number country calling code for Bahrain, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Romania, 974 = 2 × 487, nontotient, 974! - 1 is prime country calling code for Qatar, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Thailand 975 = 3 × 52 × 13 country calling code for Bhutan, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Turkey 976 = 24 × 61, decagonal number country calling code for Mongolia, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and the British Virgin Islands 977 = prime number, sum of nine consecutive primes (89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131), balanced prime, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Stern prime, strictly non-palindromic number country calling code for Nepal EAN prefix for ISSNs ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Egypt 978 = 2 × 3 × 163, sphenic number, nontotient, number of secondary structures of RNA molecules with 11 nucleotides First EAN prefix for ISBNs ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Nigeria 979 = 11 × 89, the sum of the five smallest fourth powers: 979 = ∑ n = 1 5 n 4 {\displaystyle 979=\sum _{n=1}^{5}n^{4}} Second EAN prefix for ISBNs. Also for ISMNs ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Indonesia 980s 980 = 22 × 5 × 72, number of ways to tile a hexagon of edge 3 with calissons of side 1. ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Venezuela 981 = 32 × 109 one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Singapore 982 = 2 × 491, happy number ISBN Group Identifier for books published in the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa 983 = prime number, safe prime, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Wedderburn–Etherington number, strictly non-palindromic number One of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Malaysia 984 = 23 × 3 × 41 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Bangladesh 985 = 5 × 197, sum of three consecutive primes (317 + 331 + 337), Markov number, Pell number, Smith number one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Belarus 986 = 2 × 17 × 29, sphenic number, nontotient, strobogrammatic, number of unimodal compositions of 14 where the maximal part appears once one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Taiwan and China 987 = 3 × 7 × 47, sphenic number, Fibonacci number, number of partitions of 52 into prime parts one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Argentina 988 = 22 × 13 × 19, nontotient. sum of four consecutive primes (239 + 241 + 251 + 257). A cake number. one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Hong Kong. 989 = 23 × 43, Extra strong Lucas pseudoprime one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Portugal 990s 990 = 2 × 32 × 5 × 11, sum of six consecutive primes (151 + 157 + 163 + 167 + 173 + 179), triangular number, Harshad number best possible VantageScore credit score 991 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (191 + 193 + 197 + 199 + 211), sum of seven consecutive primes (127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149 + 151 + 157), Chen prime, lucky prime, prime index prime 992 = 25 × 31, pronic number, nontotient; number of eleven-dimensional exotic spheres. country calling code for Tajikistan 993 = 3 × 331 country calling code for Turkmenistan 994 = 2 × 7 × 71, sphenic number, nontotient, number of binary words of length 13 with all distinct runs. country calling code for Azerbaijan 995 = 5 × 199 country calling code for Georgia Singapore fire brigade and emergency ambulance services hotline, Brunei Darussalam fire service emergency number 996 = 22 × 3 × 83 country calling code for Kyrgyzstan 997 = largest three-digit prime number, strictly non-palindromic number. It is also a lucky prime. 998 = 2 × 499, nontotient, number of 7-node graphs with two connected components. country calling code for Uzbekistan Main article: 999 (number) 999 = 33 × 37, Kaprekar number, Harshad number In some parts of the world, such as the UK and Commonwealth countries, 999 (pronounced as nine, nine, nine) is the emergency telephone number for all emergency services 999 was a London punk band active during the 1970s. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to 900 (number). ^ "Pay-Per-Call Information Services". Federal Communications Commission. 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2021-03-31. ^ "Bowler throws 36 consecutive strikes for incredible 900 series". For The Win. 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2021-03-31. ^ a b c "Sloane's A000217 : Triangular numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ "Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006245 (Number of primitive sorting networks on n elements; also number of rhombic tilings of a 2n-gon)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-24. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A303546 (Number of non-isomorphic aperiodic multiset partitions of weight n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-24. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A007716 (Number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order n under separate row and column permutations)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b c d e "Sloane's A006753 : Smith numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A332834 (Number of compositions of n that are neither weakly increasing nor weakly decreasing)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23. ^ "Sloane's A005282 : Mian-Chowla sequence". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A002407 : Cuban primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A003215 : Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A055544 (Total number of nodes in all rooted trees with n nodes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A301462 (Number of enriched r-trees of size n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A030662 (Number of combinations of n things from 1 to n at a time, with repeats allowed)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23. ^ "Sloane's A000984 : Central binomial coefficients". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A000326 : Pentagonal numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A001844 : Centered square numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A000073 : Tribonacci numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A080076 : Proth primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ a b "Sloane's A002378 : Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A319612 (Number of regular simple graphs spanning n vertices)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A295193 (Number of regular simple graphs on n labeled nodes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-22. ^ "Sloane's A006972 : Lucas-Carmichael numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A002411 : Pentagonal pyramidal numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A003154 : Centered 12-gonal numbers. Also star numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A018808 (Number of lines through at least 2 points of an n X n grid of points)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-22. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A161206 (V-toothpick (or honeycomb) sequence)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001628 (Convolved Fibonacci numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005727". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ "Sloane's A006882 : Double factorials". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Higgins, Peter (2008). Number Story: From Counting to Cryptography. New York: Copernicus. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-84800-000-1. ^ "Sloane's A006038 : Odd primitive abundant numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A006036 : Primitive pseudoperfect numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A076980 : Leyland numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A000384 : Hexagonal numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ a b "Sloane's A006562 : Balanced primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A269134 (Number of combinatory separations of normal multisets of weight n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-13. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001318 (Generalized pentagonal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A005891 : Centered pentagonal numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A162328 (Number of reduced words of length n in the Weyl group D_17)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-12. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A007678 (Number of regions in regular n-gon with all diagonals drawn.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-13. ^ "Sloane's A005384 : Sophie Germain primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A069099 : Centered heptagonal numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A179230". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-12. ^ (sequence A023359 in the OEIS) ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A024816 (Antisigma(n): Sum of the numbers less than n that do not divide n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-11. ^ "Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ "Sloane's A016754 : Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001105". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ "Sloane's A001106 : 9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A000292 : Tetrahedral numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "A002982: Numbers n such that n! - 1 is prime". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ "Sloane's A001107 : 10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A042978 : Stern primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ a b c "Sloane's A016038 : Strictly non-palindromic numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A004148 (Generalized Catalan numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ "A008793". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ "Sloane's A005385 : Safe primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A001190 : Wedderburn-Etherington numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A002559 : Markoff (or Markov) numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A000129 : Pell numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006330 (Number of corners, or planar partitions of n with only one row and one column)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ "Sloane's A000045 : Fibonacci numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "Sloane's A0217719 : Extra strong Lucas pseudoprimes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ "week164". Math.ucr.edu. 2001-01-13. Retrieved 2014-05-12. ^ "A351016". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ "A275165". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ "Sloane's A006886 : Kaprekar numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-02. vteIntegers0s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100s 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200s 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300s 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400s 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500s 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600s 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700s 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800s 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900s 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 ≥1000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"900 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/900_BC"},{"link_name":"900 AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/900_AD"},{"link_name":"976 number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/976_number"},{"link_name":"natural number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number"},{"link_name":"899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/899_(number)"},{"link_name":"901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/901_(number)"},{"link_name":"square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_number"},{"link_name":"30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_(number)"},{"link_name":"Euler's totient function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_totient_function"},{"link_name":"positive integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_integer"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"}],"text":"For the year 900, see 900 BC and 900 AD.\"976 (number)\" redirects here. Not to be confused with 976 number.Natural number900 (nine hundred) is the natural number following 899 and preceding 901. It is the square of 30 and the sum of Euler's totient function for the first 54 positive integers. In base 10 it is a Harshad number. It is also the first number to be the square of a sphenic number.","title":"900 (number)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"area code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code"},{"link_name":"\"premium\" telephone calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_900"},{"link_name":"North American Numbering Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"number symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_numerals"},{"link_name":"Sampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampi"},{"link_name":"pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_(letter)"},{"link_name":"skateboarding trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/900_(skateboarding_trick)"},{"link_name":"900 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/900_series_(bowling)"},{"link_name":"perfect games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_game_(bowling)"},{"link_name":"bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Yoda's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoda"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"}],"text":"900 is also:A telephone area code for \"premium\" telephone calls in the North American Numbering Plan (900 number)[1]\nIn Greek number symbols, the sign Sampi (\"ϡ\", literally \"like a pi\")\nA skateboarding trick in which the skateboarder spins two and a half times (360 degrees times 2.5 is 900)\nA 900 series refers to three consecutive perfect games in bowling[2]\nYoda's age in Star Wars","title":"In other fields"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"centered triangular number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_triangular_number"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Schröder–Hipparchus number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6der%E2%80%93Hipparchus_number"},{"link_name":"Mertens function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertens_function"},{"link_name":"little Schroeder number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A001003"},{"link_name":"refactorable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactorable_number"},{"link_name":"lazy caterer number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_caterer%27s_sequence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"a common nickname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_codes_905,_289_and_365#905_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Greater Toronto Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area"},{"link_name":"area code 905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_codes_905,_289_and_365"},{"link_name":"overlay plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_plan"},{"link_name":"strobogrammatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobogrammatic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A006245-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A006245-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"900s","text":"901 = 17 × 53, centered triangular number, happy number\n902 = 2 × 11 × 41, sphenic number, nontotient, Harshad number\n903 = 3 × 7 × 43, sphenic number, triangular number,[3] Schröder–Hipparchus number, Mertens function (903) returns 0, little Schroeder number\n904 = 23 × 113 or 113 × 8, refactorable number, Mertens function(904) returns 0, lazy caterer number, number of 1's in all partitions of 26 into odd parts[4]\n905 = 5 × 181, sum of seven consecutive primes (109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149), smallest composite de Polignac number[5]\n\"The 905\" is a common nickname for the suburban portions of the Greater Toronto Area in Canada, a region whose telephones used area code 905 before overlay plans added two more area codes.\n906 = 2 × 3 × 151, strobogrammatic, sphenic number, Mertens function(906) returns 0\n907 = prime number\n908 = 22 × 227, nontotient, number of primitive sorting networks on 6 elements,[6] number of rhombic tilings of a 12-gon [6]\n909 = 32 × 101, number of non-isomorphic aperiodic multiset partitions of weight 7 [7]","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/911_(number)"},{"link_name":"Sophie Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_and_Sophie_Germain_primes"},{"link_name":"emergency telephone number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-1-1"},{"link_name":"Smith number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_number"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"strobogrammatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobogrammatic"},{"link_name":"Mian–Chowla sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian%E2%80%93Chowla_sequence"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"cuban prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_prime"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"prime index prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A006450"},{"link_name":"Chen prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_prime"},{"link_name":"palindromic prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindromic_prime"},{"link_name":"centered hexagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_hexagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"910s","text":"910 = 2 × 5 × 7 × 13, Mertens function(910) returns 0, Harshad number, happy number, balanced number,[8] number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order 7 under separate row and column permutations[9]\n911 = Sophie Germain prime number, also the emergency telephone number in North America\n912 = 24 × 3 × 19, sum of four consecutive primes (223 + 227 + 229 + 233), sum of ten consecutive primes (71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109), Harshad number.\n913 = 11 × 83, Smith number,[10] Mertens function(913) returns 0.\n914 = 2 × 457, nontotient, number of compositions of 11 that are neither weakly increasing nor weakly decreasing [11]\n915 = 3 × 5 × 61, sphenic number, Smith number,[10] Mertens function(915) returns 0, Harshad number\n916 = 22 × 229, Mertens function(916) returns 0, nontotient, strobogrammatic, member of the Mian–Chowla sequence[12]\n917 = 7 × 131, sum of five consecutive primes (173 + 179 + 181 + 191 + 193)\n918 = 2 × 33 × 17, Harshad number\n919 = prime number, cuban prime,[13] prime index prime, Chen prime, palindromic prime, centered hexagonal number,[14] Mertens function(919) returns 0","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"central binomial coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_binomial_coefficient"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"pentagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"centered square number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_square_number"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"millesimal fineness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millesimal_fineness"},{"link_name":"Sterling silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_silver"},{"link_name":"tribonacci number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribonacci_number"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"Proth prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proth_prime"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Eisenstein prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstein_prime"},{"link_name":"area code in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_929"}],"sub_title":"920s","text":"920 = 23 × 5 × 23, Mertens function(920) returns 0, total number of nodes in all rooted trees with 8 nodes [15]\n921 = 3 × 307, number of enriched r-trees of size 7 [16]\n922 = 2 × 461, nontotient, Smith number[10]\n923 = 13 × 71, number of combinations of 6 things from 1 to 6 at a time [17]\n924 = 22 × 3 × 7 × 11, sum of a twin prime (461 + 463), central binomial coefficient \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 12\n 6\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tbinom {12}{6}}}\n \n[18]\n925 = 52 × 37, pentagonal number,[19] centered square number[20]\nThe millesimal fineness number for Sterling silver\n926 = 2 × 463, sum of six consecutive primes (139 + 149 + 151 + 157 + 163 + 167), nontotient\n927 = 32 × 103, tribonacci number[21]\n928 = 25 × 29, sum of four consecutive primes (227 + 229 + 233 + 239), sum of eight consecutive primes (101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137), happy number\n929 = prime number, Proth prime,[22] palindromic prime, sum of nine consecutive primes (83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127), Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part\nAn area code in New York.","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pronic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronic_number"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-23"},{"link_name":"repdigit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repdigit"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lucas–Carmichael number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas%E2%80%93Carmichael_number"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"pentagonal pyramidal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagonal_pyramidal_number"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"star number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_number"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"930s","text":"930 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 31, pronic number[23]\n931 = 72 × 19; sum of three consecutive primes (307 + 311 + 313); double repdigit, 11130 and 77711; number of regular simple graphs spanning 7 vertices [24]\n932 = 22 × 233, number of regular simple graphs on 7 labeled nodes [25]\n933 = 3 × 311\n934 = 2 × 467, nontotient\n935 = 5 × 11 × 17, sphenic number, Lucas–Carmichael number,[26] Harshad number\n936 = 23 × 32 × 13, pentagonal pyramidal number,[27] Harshad number\n937 = prime number, Chen prime, star number,[28] happy number\n938 = 2 × 7 × 67, sphenic number, nontotient, number of lines through at least 2 points of an 8 × 8 grid of points [29]\n939 = 3 × 313, number of V-toothpicks after 31 rounds of the honeycomb sequence [30]","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"double factorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_factorial"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_(number)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"abundant number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundant_number"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"primitive abundant number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_abundant_number"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"primitive semiperfect number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_semiperfect_number"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Leyland number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland_number"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"hexagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"balanced prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_prime"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-39"},{"link_name":"Chen prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_prime"},{"link_name":"lazy caterer number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_caterer%27s_sequence"},{"link_name":"Eisenstein prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstein_prime"},{"link_name":"Ruth–Aaron pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%E2%80%93Aaron_pair"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"940s","text":"940 = 22 × 5 × 47, totient sum for first 55 integers\n941 = prime number, sum of three consecutive primes (311 + 313 + 317), sum of five consecutive primes (179 + 181 + 191 + 193 + 197), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part\n942 = 2 × 3 × 157, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (229 + 233 + 239 + 241), nontotient, convolved Fibonacci number [31]\n943 = 23 × 41\n944 = 24 × 59, nontotient, Lehmer-Comtet number[32]\n945 = 33 × 5 × 7, double factorial of 9,[33] smallest odd abundant number (divisors less than itself add up to 975);[34] smallest odd primitive abundant number;[35] smallest odd primitive semiperfect number;[36] Leyland number[37]\n946 = 2 × 11 × 43, sphenic number, triangular number,[3] hexagonal number,[38] happy number\n947 = prime number, sum of seven consecutive primes (113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149 + 151), balanced prime,[39] Chen prime, lazy caterer number, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part\n948 = 22 × 3 × 79, nontotient, forms a Ruth–Aaron pair with 949 under second definition, number of combinatory separations of normal multisets of weight 6.[40]\n949 = 13 × 73, forms a Ruth–Aaron pair with 948 under second definition","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"generalized pentagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_pentagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"centered pentagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_pentagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"9-5-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-5-2"},{"link_name":"card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_bridge"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"centered heptagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_heptagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Area Codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_954"},{"link_name":"South Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Smith number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_number"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"millesimal fineness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millesimal_fineness"},{"link_name":"Britannia silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_silver"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"950s","text":"950 = 2 × 52 × 19, nontotient, generalized pentagonal number[41]\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Argentina\n951 = 3 × 317, centered pentagonal number[42]\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Finland\n952 = 23 × 7 × 17, number of reduced words of length 3 in the Weyl group D_17,[43] number of regions in regular tetradecagon with all diagonals drawn. [44]\n952 is also 9-5-2, a card game similar to bridge.\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Finland\n953 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime,[45] Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, centered heptagonal number[46]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Croatia\n954 = 2 × 32 × 53, sum of ten consecutive primes (73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113), nontotient, Harshad number, sixth derivative of x^(x^x) at x=1.[47]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Bulgaria. Also one of the Area Codes in the South Florida Area\n955 = 5 × 191, number of transitive rooted trees with 17 nodes\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Sri Lanka\n956 = 22 × 239, \t\tnumber of compositions of 13 into powers of 2.[48]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Chile\n957 = 3 × 11 × 29, sphenic number, antisigma(45)[49]\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Taiwan and China\n958 = 2 × 479, nontotient, Smith number[10]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Colombia\nThe millesimal fineness number for Britannia silver\n959 = 7 × 137, composite de Polignac number[50]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Cuba","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chess960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess960"},{"link_name":"centered octagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_octagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"{\n \n \n 8\n 3\n \n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{{8 \\atop 3}\\right\\}}","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_numbers_of_the_second_kind"},{"link_name":"prime index prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A006450"},{"link_name":"Achilles number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_number"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-area_of_a_square_with_diagonal_2n-52"},{"link_name":"nonagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"tetrahedral number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_number"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Methuselah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuselah"},{"link_name":"anti-Muslim movement in Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/969_Movement"}],"sub_title":"960s","text":"960 = 26 × 3 × 5, sum of six consecutive primes (149 + 151 + 157 + 163 + 167 + 173), Harshad number\ncountry calling code for Maldives, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Greece\nThe number of possible starting positions for the chess variant Chess960\n961 = 312, the largest 3-digit perfect square, sum of three consecutive primes (313 + 317 + 331), sum of five consecutive primes (181 + 191 + 193 + 197 + 199), centered octagonal number[51]\ncountry calling code for Lebanon, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Slovenia\n962 = 2 × 13 × 37, sphenic number, nontotient\ncountry calling code for Jordan, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Hong Kong\n963 = 32 × 107, sum of the first twenty-four primes\ncountry calling code for Syria, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Hungary\n964 = 22 × 241, sum of four consecutive primes (233 + 239 + 241 + 251), nontotient, totient sum for first 56 integers\ncountry calling code for Iraq, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Iran, happy number\n965 = 5 × 193\ncountry calling code for Kuwait, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Israel\n966 = 2 × 3 × 7 × 23 = \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n 8\n 3\n \n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{{8 \\atop 3}\\right\\}}\n \n, sum of eight consecutive primes (103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139), Harshad number\ncountry calling code for Saudi Arabia, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Ukraine\n967 = prime number, prime index prime\ncountry calling code for Yemen, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Malaysia\n968 = 23 × 112, nontotient, Achilles number, area of a square with diagonal 44[52]\ncountry calling code for Oman, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Mexico\n969 = 3 × 17 × 19, sphenic number, nonagonal number,[53] tetrahedral number[54]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Pakistan, age of Methuselah according to Old Testament, anti-Muslim movement in Myanmar","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heptagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptagonal_number"},{"link_name":"971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/971_(number)"},{"link_name":"Achilles number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_number"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"decagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Cayman Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"St. Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lucia"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"British Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-39"},{"link_name":"Stern prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_prime"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-58"},{"link_name":"EAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Article_Number_(EAN)"},{"link_name":"ISSNs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"EAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Article_Number_(EAN)"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"EAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Article_Number_(EAN)"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"}],"sub_title":"970s","text":"970 = 2 × 5 × 97, sphenic number, heptagonal number\ncountry calling code for Palestinian territories, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Mexico\n971 = prime number, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part\ncountry calling code for United Arab Emirates, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in the Philippines\n972 = 22 × 35, Harshad number, Achilles number\ncountry calling code for Israel, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Portugal\nThe Sum of Anti-Factors of 972 = number * (n/2) where n is an Odd number. So, it is a Hemi-Anti-Perfect Number. Other such Numbers include 2692, etc.972 has Anti-Factors = 5, 8, 24, 29, 67, 72, 216, 389, 648Sum of Anti-Factors = 5 + 8 + 24 + 29 + 67 + 72 + 216 + 389 + 648 = 1458 = 972 * 3/2973 = 7 × 139, happy number\ncountry calling code for Bahrain, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Romania,\n974 = 2 × 487, nontotient, 974! - 1 is prime[55]\ncountry calling code for Qatar, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Thailand\n975 = 3 × 52 × 13\ncountry calling code for Bhutan, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Turkey\n976 = 24 × 61, decagonal number[56]\ncountry calling code for Mongolia, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and the British Virgin Islands\n977 = prime number, sum of nine consecutive primes (89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131), balanced prime,[39] Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Stern prime,[57] strictly non-palindromic number[58]\ncountry calling code for Nepal\nEAN prefix for ISSNs\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Egypt\n978 = 2 × 3 × 163, sphenic number, nontotient, number of secondary structures of RNA molecules with 11 nucleotides[59]\nFirst EAN prefix for ISBNs\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Nigeria\n979 = 11 × 89, the sum of the five smallest fourth powers: \n \n \n \n 979\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n n\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 979=\\sum _{n=1}^{5}n^{4}}\n \n\nSecond EAN prefix for ISBNs. Also for ISMNs\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Indonesia","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"calissons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD10xx/EWD1055.html"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesia"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Tokelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Western Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Samoa"},{"link_name":"safe prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_prime"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Wedderburn–Etherington number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedderburn%E2%80%93Etherington_number"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-58"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Markov number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_number"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Pell number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_number"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"strobogrammatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobogrammatic"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"Fibonacci number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"number of partitions of 52 into prime parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A000607"},{"link_name":"cake number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake_number"},{"link_name":"Lucas pseudoprime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_pseudoprime"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"980s","text":"980 = 22 × 5 × 72, number of ways to tile a hexagon of edge 3 with calissons of side 1.[60]\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Venezuela\n981 = 32 × 109\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Singapore\n982 = 2 × 491, happy number\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa\n983 = prime number, safe prime,[61] Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Wedderburn–Etherington number,[62] strictly non-palindromic number[58]\nOne of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Malaysia\n984 = 23 × 3 × 41\nISBN Group Identifier for books published in Bangladesh\n985 = 5 × 197, sum of three consecutive primes (317 + 331 + 337), Markov number,[63] Pell number,[64] Smith number[10]\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Belarus\n986 = 2 × 17 × 29, sphenic number, nontotient, strobogrammatic, number of unimodal compositions of 14 where the maximal part appears once[65]\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Taiwan and China\n987 = 3 × 7 × 47, sphenic number, Fibonacci number,[66] number of partitions of 52 into prime parts\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Argentina\n988 = 22 × 13 × 19, nontotient. sum of four consecutive primes (239 + 241 + 251 + 257). A cake number.\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Hong Kong.\n989 = 23 × 43, Extra strong Lucas pseudoprime[67]\none of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Portugal","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"VantageScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VantageScore"},{"link_name":"prime index prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A006450"},{"link_name":"pronic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronic_number"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-23"},{"link_name":"exotic spheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_sphere"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Brunei Darussalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-58"},{"link_name":"lucky prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_prime"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Kaprekar number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaprekar_number"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"nine, nine, nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/999_(emergency_telephone_number)"},{"link_name":"emergency telephone number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number"},{"link_name":"999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/999_(band)"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"}],"sub_title":"990s","text":"990 = 2 × 32 × 5 × 11, sum of six consecutive primes (151 + 157 + 163 + 167 + 173 + 179), triangular number,[3] Harshad number\nbest possible VantageScore credit score\n991 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (191 + 193 + 197 + 199 + 211), sum of seven consecutive primes (127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149 + 151 + 157), Chen prime, lucky prime, prime index prime\n992 = 25 × 31, pronic number,[23] nontotient; number of eleven-dimensional exotic spheres.[68]\ncountry calling code for Tajikistan\n993 = 3 × 331\ncountry calling code for Turkmenistan\n994 = 2 × 7 × 71, sphenic number, nontotient, number of binary words of length 13 with all distinct runs.[69]\ncountry calling code for Azerbaijan\n995 = 5 × 199\ncountry calling code for Georgia\nSingapore fire brigade and emergency ambulance services hotline, Brunei Darussalam fire service emergency number\n996 = 22 × 3 × 83\ncountry calling code for Kyrgyzstan\n997 = largest three-digit prime number, strictly non-palindromic number.[58] It is also a lucky prime.\n998 = 2 × 499, nontotient, number of 7-node graphs with two connected components.[70]\ncountry calling code for Uzbekistan999 = 33 × 37, Kaprekar number,[71] Harshad number\nIn some parts of the world, such as the UK and Commonwealth countries, 999 (pronounced as nine, nine, nine) is the emergency telephone number for all emergency services\n999 was a London punk band active during the 1970s.","title":"Integers from 901 to 999"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Pay-Per-Call Information Services\". Federal Communications Commission. 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2021-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/faqs-900-number-pay-call-services-and-fees","url_text":"\"Pay-Per-Call Information Services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bowler throws 36 consecutive strikes for incredible 900 series\". For The Win. 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2021-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/01/bowler-throws-36-consecutive-strikes-for-incredible-900-series","url_text":"\"Bowler throws 36 consecutive strikes for incredible 900 series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000217 : Triangular numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000217","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000217 : Triangular numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A036469","url_text":"\"Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A098237","url_text":"\"Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006245 (Number of primitive sorting networks on n elements; also number of rhombic tilings of a 2n-gon)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006245","url_text":"\"Sequence A006245 (Number of primitive sorting networks on n elements; also number of rhombic tilings of a 2n-gon)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A303546 (Number of non-isomorphic aperiodic multiset partitions of weight n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A303546","url_text":"\"Sequence A303546 (Number of non-isomorphic aperiodic multiset partitions of weight n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A020492","url_text":"\"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A007716 (Number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order n under separate row and column permutations)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A007716","url_text":"\"Sequence A007716 (Number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order n under separate row and column permutations)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006753 : Smith numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006753","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006753 : Smith numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A332834 (Number of compositions of n that are neither weakly increasing nor weakly decreasing)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A332834","url_text":"\"Sequence A332834 (Number of compositions of n that are neither weakly increasing nor weakly decreasing)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A005282 : Mian-Chowla sequence\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005282","url_text":"\"Sloane's A005282 : Mian-Chowla sequence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A002407 : Cuban primes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002407","url_text":"\"Sloane's A002407 : Cuban primes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A003215 : Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A003215","url_text":"\"Sloane's A003215 : Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A055544 (Total number of nodes in all rooted trees with n nodes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A055544","url_text":"\"Sequence A055544 (Total number of nodes in all rooted trees with n nodes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A301462 (Number of enriched r-trees of size n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A301462","url_text":"\"Sequence A301462 (Number of enriched r-trees of size n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A030662 (Number of combinations of n things from 1 to n at a time, with repeats allowed)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A030662","url_text":"\"Sequence A030662 (Number of combinations of n things from 1 to n at a time, with repeats allowed)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000984 : Central binomial coefficients\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000984","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000984 : Central binomial coefficients\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000326 : Pentagonal numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000326","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000326 : Pentagonal numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A001844 : Centered square numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001844","url_text":"\"Sloane's A001844 : Centered square numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000073 : Tribonacci numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000073","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000073 : Tribonacci numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A080076 : Proth primes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A080076","url_text":"\"Sloane's A080076 : Proth primes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A002378 : Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002378","url_text":"\"Sloane's A002378 : Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A319612 (Number of regular simple graphs spanning n vertices)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A319612","url_text":"\"Sequence A319612 (Number of regular simple graphs spanning n vertices)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A295193 (Number of regular simple graphs on n labeled nodes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A295193","url_text":"\"Sequence A295193 (Number of regular simple graphs on n labeled nodes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006972 : Lucas-Carmichael numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006972","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006972 : Lucas-Carmichael numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A002411 : Pentagonal pyramidal numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002411","url_text":"\"Sloane's A002411 : Pentagonal pyramidal numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A003154 : Centered 12-gonal numbers. Also star numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A003154","url_text":"\"Sloane's A003154 : Centered 12-gonal numbers. Also star numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A018808 (Number of lines through at least 2 points of an n X n grid of points)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A018808","url_text":"\"Sequence A018808 (Number of lines through at least 2 points of an n X n grid of points)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A161206 (V-toothpick (or honeycomb) sequence)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A161206","url_text":"\"Sequence A161206 (V-toothpick (or honeycomb) sequence)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001628 (Convolved Fibonacci numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001628","url_text":"\"Sequence A001628 (Convolved Fibonacci numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005727\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005727","url_text":"\"Sequence A005727\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006882 : Double factorials\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006882","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006882 : Double factorials\""}]},{"reference":"Higgins, Peter (2008). Number Story: From Counting to Cryptography. New York: Copernicus. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-84800-000-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/numberstoryfromc00higg_612","url_text":"Number Story: From Counting to Cryptography"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/numberstoryfromc00higg_612/page/n22","url_text":"13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84800-000-1","url_text":"978-1-84800-000-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006038 : Odd primitive abundant numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006038","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006038 : Odd primitive abundant numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006036 : Primitive pseudoperfect numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006036","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006036 : Primitive pseudoperfect numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A076980 : Leyland numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A076980","url_text":"\"Sloane's A076980 : Leyland numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000384 : Hexagonal numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000384","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000384 : Hexagonal numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006562 : Balanced primes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006562","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006562 : Balanced primes\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A269134 (Number of combinatory separations of normal multisets of weight n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A269134","url_text":"\"Sequence A269134 (Number of combinatory separations of normal multisets of weight n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001318 (Generalized pentagonal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001318","url_text":"\"Sequence A001318 (Generalized pentagonal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A005891 : Centered pentagonal numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005891","url_text":"\"Sloane's A005891 : Centered pentagonal numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A162328 (Number of reduced words of length n in the Weyl group D_17)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A162328","url_text":"\"Sequence A162328 (Number of reduced words of length n in the Weyl group D_17)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A007678 (Number of regions in regular n-gon with all diagonals drawn.)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A007678","url_text":"\"Sequence A007678 (Number of regions in regular n-gon with all diagonals drawn.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A005384 : Sophie Germain primes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005384","url_text":"\"Sloane's A005384 : Sophie Germain primes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A069099 : Centered heptagonal numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A069099","url_text":"\"Sloane's A069099 : Centered heptagonal numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A179230\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A179230","url_text":"\"Sequence A179230\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A024816 (Antisigma(n): Sum of the numbers less than n that do not divide n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A024816","url_text":"\"Sequence A024816 (Antisigma(n): Sum of the numbers less than n that do not divide n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A098237","url_text":"\"Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A016754 : Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A016754","url_text":"\"Sloane's A016754 : Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001105\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001105","url_text":"\"Sequence A001105\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A001106 : 9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001106","url_text":"\"Sloane's A001106 : 9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000292 : Tetrahedral numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000292","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000292 : Tetrahedral numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"A002982: Numbers n such that n! - 1 is prime\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002982","url_text":"\"A002982: Numbers n such that n! - 1 is prime\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A001107 : 10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001107","url_text":"\"Sloane's A001107 : 10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A042978 : Stern primes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A042978","url_text":"\"Sloane's A042978 : Stern primes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A016038 : Strictly non-palindromic numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A016038","url_text":"\"Sloane's A016038 : Strictly non-palindromic numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A004148 (Generalized Catalan numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A004148","url_text":"\"Sequence A004148 (Generalized Catalan numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"A008793\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A008793","url_text":"\"A008793\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A005385 : Safe primes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005385","url_text":"\"Sloane's A005385 : Safe primes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A001190 : Wedderburn-Etherington numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001190","url_text":"\"Sloane's A001190 : Wedderburn-Etherington numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A002559 : Markoff (or Markov) numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002559","url_text":"\"Sloane's A002559 : Markoff (or Markov) numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000129 : Pell numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000129","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000129 : Pell numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006330 (Number of corners, or planar partitions of n with only one row and one column)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006330","url_text":"\"Sequence A006330 (Number of corners, or planar partitions of n with only one row and one column)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A000045 : Fibonacci numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000045","url_text":"\"Sloane's A000045 : Fibonacci numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A0217719 : Extra strong Lucas pseudoprimes\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A217719","url_text":"\"Sloane's A0217719 : Extra strong Lucas pseudoprimes\""}]},{"reference":"\"week164\". Math.ucr.edu. 2001-01-13. Retrieved 2014-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week164.html","url_text":"\"week164\""}]},{"reference":"\"A351016\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A351016","url_text":"\"A351016\""}]},{"reference":"\"A275165\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A275165","url_text":"\"A275165\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A006886 : Kaprekar numbers\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006886","url_text":"\"Sloane's A006886 : Kaprekar numbers\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD10xx/EWD1055.html","external_links_name":"calissons"},{"Link":"https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/faqs-900-number-pay-call-services-and-fees","external_links_name":"\"Pay-Per-Call Information Services\""},{"Link":"https://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/01/bowler-throws-36-consecutive-strikes-for-incredible-900-series","external_links_name":"\"Bowler throws 36 consecutive strikes for incredible 900 series\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000217","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000217 : Triangular numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A036469","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A098237","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006245","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006245 (Number of primitive sorting networks on n elements; also number of rhombic tilings of a 2n-gon)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A303546","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A303546 (Number of non-isomorphic aperiodic multiset partitions of weight n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A020492","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A007716","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A007716 (Number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order n under separate row and column permutations)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006753","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006753 : Smith numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A332834","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A332834 (Number of compositions of n that are neither weakly increasing nor weakly decreasing)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005282","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A005282 : Mian-Chowla sequence\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002407","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A002407 : Cuban primes\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A003215","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A003215 : Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A055544","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A055544 (Total number of nodes in all rooted trees with n nodes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A301462","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A301462 (Number of enriched r-trees of size n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A030662","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A030662 (Number of combinations of n things from 1 to n at a time, with repeats allowed)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000984","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000984 : Central binomial coefficients\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000326","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000326 : Pentagonal numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001844","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A001844 : Centered square numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000073","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000073 : Tribonacci numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A080076","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A080076 : Proth primes\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002378","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A002378 : Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A319612","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A319612 (Number of regular simple graphs spanning n vertices)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A295193","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A295193 (Number of regular simple graphs on n labeled nodes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006972","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006972 : Lucas-Carmichael numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002411","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A002411 : Pentagonal pyramidal numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A003154","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A003154 : Centered 12-gonal numbers. Also star numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A018808","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A018808 (Number of lines through at least 2 points of an n X n grid of points)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A161206","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A161206 (V-toothpick (or honeycomb) sequence)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001628","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001628 (Convolved Fibonacci numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005727","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005727\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006882","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006882 : Double factorials\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/numberstoryfromc00higg_612","external_links_name":"Number Story: From Counting to Cryptography"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/numberstoryfromc00higg_612/page/n22","external_links_name":"13"},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006038","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006038 : Odd primitive abundant numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006036","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006036 : Primitive pseudoperfect numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A076980","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A076980 : Leyland numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000384","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000384 : Hexagonal numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006562","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006562 : Balanced primes\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A269134","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A269134 (Number of combinatory separations of normal multisets of weight n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001318","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001318 (Generalized pentagonal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005891","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A005891 : Centered pentagonal numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A162328","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A162328 (Number of reduced words of length n in the Weyl group D_17)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A007678","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A007678 (Number of regions in regular n-gon with all diagonals drawn.)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005384","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A005384 : Sophie Germain primes\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A069099","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A069099 : Centered heptagonal numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A179230","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A179230\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A024816","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A024816 (Antisigma(n): Sum of the numbers less than n that do not divide n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A098237","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A098237: Composite de Polignac numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A016754","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A016754 : Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001105","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001105\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001106","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A001106 : 9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000292","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000292 : Tetrahedral numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002982","external_links_name":"\"A002982: Numbers n such that n! - 1 is prime\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001107","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A001107 : 10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A042978","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A042978 : Stern primes\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A016038","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A016038 : Strictly non-palindromic numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A004148","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A004148 (Generalized Catalan numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A008793","external_links_name":"\"A008793\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005385","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A005385 : Safe primes\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001190","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A001190 : Wedderburn-Etherington numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002559","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A002559 : Markoff (or Markov) numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000129","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000129 : Pell numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006330","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006330 (Number of corners, or planar partitions of n with only one row and one column)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000045","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A000045 : Fibonacci numbers\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A217719","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A0217719 : Extra strong Lucas pseudoprimes\""},{"Link":"http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week164.html","external_links_name":"\"week164\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A351016","external_links_name":"\"A351016\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A275165","external_links_name":"\"A275165\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006886","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A006886 : Kaprekar numbers\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_by_jumping_from_height	Suicide by jumping from height	["1 Suicide method","1.1 Jumping out of a window","1.2 Prevalence","2 Prevention strategies","3 Terminology","4 See also","5 References"]	Suicide method As a suicide prevention initiative, signs on the Golden Gate Bridge promote special telephones that connect to a crisis hotline, as well as a 24/7 crisis text line. Jumping from a dangerous location, such as from a high window, balcony, or roof, or from a cliff, dam, or bridge, is a common suicide method. The 2023 ICD-10-CM diagnosis code for jumping from a high place is X80, and this method of suicide is also known clinically as autokabalesis. Many countries have noted suicide bridges such as the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge. Other well known suicide sites for jumping include the Eiffel Tower and Niagara Falls. Nonfatal attempts in these situations can have severe consequences including paralysis, organ damage, broken bones and lifelong pain. People have survived falls from buildings as high as 47 floors (500-feet/152.4 metres). Most think that jumping will lead to an instant death but for many death is not instant. Jumping is the most common method of suicide in Hong Kong, accounting for 52.1% of all reported suicide cases in 2006 and similar rates for the years before that. The Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of the University of Hong Kong believes that it may be due to the abundance of easily accessible high-rise buildings in Hong Kong. In the United States, jumping is among the least common methods of suicide (less than 2% of all reported suicides in 2005). However, in a 75-year period to 2012, there had been around 1,400 suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge. In New Zealand, secure fencing at the Grafton Bridge substantially reduced the rate of suicides. Suicide method Survivors of falls from hazardous heights are often left with major injuries and permanent disabilities from the impact-related injuries. A frequent scenario is that the jumper will sit on an elevated highway or building-ledge as police attempt to talk them down. Observers sometimes encourage potential jumpers to jump, an effect known as "suicide baiting". Almost all falls from beyond about 10 stories are fatal, although people have survived much higher falls than this, even onto hard surfaces. For example, one suicidal jumper has survived a fall from the 39th story of a building, as has a non-suicidal person who accidentally fell from the 47th floor. Suicidal jumpers have sometimes injured or even killed people on the ground whom they land on top of. There is limited information surrounding the demographics of those who die by jumping. However, some studies find differences between those who jump from high-rise residential buildings and those who jump from a suicide bridge. There is some evidence to suggest that younger males are overrepresented in those who jump from bridges, while age is not a notable factor in suicides from high-rise residential buildings. However, other studies have not found the same patterns. The highest documented suicide jump was by skydiver Charles "Nish" Bruce, who killed himself by leaping without a parachute from an airplane, at an altitude of over 5,000 feet (1,500 m). Jumping out of a window Autodefenestration (or self-defenestration) is the term used for the act of jumping, propelling oneself, or causing oneself to fall, out of a window. This phenomenon played a notable role in such events as the Triangle Shirtwaist fire of 1911, the 9/11 terror attacks on the World Trade Center, and other disasters. It is also a method of suicide. In the United States, self-defenestration is among the least common methods of dying by suicide (less than 2% of all reported suicides in the United States for 2005). There is an urban legend in the U.S. that many Wall Street investors autodefenestrated during the 1929 stock market crash. After the stock market collapse of 2008 this was alluded to by protestors brandishing a sign on Wall Street which said: "Jump, you fuckers!" Prevalence Jumping only makes up 3% of suicides in the US and Europe, which is a much smaller percentage than is generally perceived by the public. Jumping is surprisingly infrequent because tall buildings are often condo or office buildings not accessible to the general public, and because open-air areas of high buildings (i.e., rooftop restaurants or pools) are often surrounded by high walls that are built precisely to prevent suicides. Jumping makes up 20% of suicides in New York City due to the prevalence of publicly accessible skyscrapers. In Hong Kong, jumping (from any location) is the most common method of dying by suicide, accounting for 52% of all reported suicide cases in 2006, and similar rates for the years prior to that. The Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of the University of Hong Kong believes that it may be due to the abundance of easily accessible high-rise buildings in Hong Kong (implying that much of the jumping is out of windows or from roof tops). Prevention strategies Multiple intervention strategies have been applied for these types of suicides. Some of these strategies take physical forms, such as installing barriers to restrict access at suicide sites or by adding a safety net. In 1996, safety barriers were removed from the Grafton Bridge in Auckland, New Zealand. After their removal, there was a five-fold increase in the number of suicides from the bridge. Other sites have installed signs continuing telephone hotline numbers or incorporated surveillance measures such as patrols and trained gatekeepers. In addition to these measures, there has been a push to more closely monitor media coverage of suicide, especially suicides from well known sites, which typically involve suicide by jumping. Numerous studies have researched the impact of media coverage on suicide rates. Guidelines for media sources on how to cover the topic, such as the "Recommendations for Reporting on Suicide" (developed in collaboration with organizations such as the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, the National Institute of Mental Health, and several schools of journalism) attempt to reduce the risk of suicide contagion via responsible reporting, informing on the complexities of suicide, and publicizing resources and stories of hope. Constructing barriers is not the only option, and it can be expensive. Other method-specific prevention actions include making staff members visible in high-risk areas, using closed-circuit television cameras to identify people in inappropriate places or behaving abnormally (e.g., lingering in a place that people normally spend little time in), and installing awnings and soft-looking landscaping, which deters suicide attempts by making the place look ineffective. Another factor in reducing jumping deaths is to avoid suggesting in news articles, signs, or other communication that a high-risk place is a common, appropriate, or effective place for dying by jumping from. The efficacy of signage is uncertain, and may depend on whether the wording is simple and appropriate. Terminology In the United States, jumper is a term used by the police and media organizations for a person who plans to fall or jump (or already has fallen or jumped) from a potentially deadly height, sometimes with the intention to die by suicide, at other times to escape conditions inside (e.g. a burning building). It includes all those who jump, regardless of motivation or consequences. That is, it includes people making sincere suicide attempts, those making parasuicidal gestures, people BASE jumping from a building illegally, and those attempting to escape conditions that they perceive as posing greater risk than would the fall from a jump, and it applies whether or not the fall is fatal. The term was brought to prominence in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, in which two hijacked airliners―American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175―were deliberately crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, trapping hundreds in the upper floors of both buildings and setting the impacted floors ablaze. As a direct consequence, more than 200 people plummeted to their deaths from the burning skyscrapers, primarily from the North Tower with only 3 spotted from the South. Most of these people―especially those in the North Tower―deliberately made the decision to die by jumping as a quicker alternative to burning alive or dying from smoke inhalation; however, a small percentage of these deaths were not jumpers but people who accidentally fell. Many of these victims were inadvertently captured on both television and amateur footage, even though television networks reporting on the tragedy attempted to avoid showing people falling to avoid further traumatizing viewers. See also The Bridge (2006), documentary film about jumpers on the Golden Gate Bridge The Falling Man, iconic photograph of one of the hundreds of casualties of the September 11 attack victims who fell or jumped from the burning World Trade Center Lover's Leap, nickname for many scenic heights with the risk of a fatal fall and the possibility of a deliberate jump Suicide barrier, access-control fence erected at certain high places to deter jumpers Suicide bridge, particular bridges favored by jumpers References ^ "2023 ICD-10-CM Codes X80: Intentional self-harm by jumping from a high place". www.icd10data.com. Retrieved 14 August 2023. ^ ""Jumping" and Suicide Prevention". Centre for Suicide Prevention. ^ Koopman, John (November 2, 2005). "LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death: Suicide by bridge is gruesome, and death is almost certain. The fourth in a seven-part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 29, 2021. ^ a b Bondi, OnScene (2024-01-26). "The other side of suicide". OnScene ACT. Retrieved 2024-03-09. ^ a b Parke, Caleb (April 22, 2019). "'Thank God for the miracle:' Man who survived 47-story fall from NYC skyscraper recounts story". Fox News. ^ "Method Used in Completed Suicide". HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong. 2006. Archived from the original on 10 September 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-10. ^ "遭家人責罵：掛住上網媾女唔讀書成績跌出三甲中四生跳樓亡". Apple Daily. 9 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-10. ^ a b "WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Reports". Archived from the original on 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2009-07-06. ^ Havârneanu, GM; Burkhardt, JM; Paran, F (August 2015). "A systematic review of the literature on safety measures to prevent railway suicides and trespassing accidents". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 81: 30–50. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.04.012. PMID 25939134. ^ "Attempted Suicide Horrors". Suicide.org!. Retrieved 2010-12-17. ^ Mann, L. (1981). "The baiting crowd in episodes of threatened suicide". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 41 (4): 703–9. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.4.703. PMID 7288565. ^ Weckbach, Sebastian; Flierl, Michael A; Blei, Michael; Burlew, Clay Cothren; Moore, Ernest E; Stahel, Philip F (October 25, 2011). "Survival following a vertical free fall from 300 feet: The crucial role of body position to impact surface". Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 19: 63. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-19-63. PMC 3212924. PMID 22027092. ^ Thompson, Paul (September 1, 2010). "Man survives after 400ft jump by landing on car". Telegraph. ^ "Teen Dies After Jumping From 7th Floor of Parking Structure at Americana, Landing on Father With Children: Glendale PD". KTLA. April 2, 2019. ^ "Man who survived woman falling on him from 11th story LA hotel room talks about ordeal". ABC7 Los Angeles. May 19, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2021. ^ "S. Korea 'suicide' jumper kills man on landing". Thestar.com.my. November 6, 2017. ^ "Father killed after suicidal student lands on him". The Independent. June 4, 2016. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. ^ "Family Stunned by Boy's Suicide Attempt That Killed Driver". NBC Washington. 29 October 2017. ^ "APA PsycNet" (PDF). psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2023-05-22. ^ Gunnell, D.; Nowers, M. (July 1997). "Suicide by jumping". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 96 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09897.x. ISSN 0001-690X. PMID 9259217. ^ Allison, Rebecca (21 June 2002). "Suicide Verdict – Depressed pilot leapt to death". The Guardian. ^ "SAS Soldier dies in plane plunge". CNN World News. 10 January 2002. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. ^ "After the 1929 stock market crash, did investors really jump out of windows?". straightdope.com. 30 August 2002. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018. ^ Linda McQuaig, Neil Brooks (2012). Billionaires' Ball: Gluttony and Hubris in an Age of Epic Inequality. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0807003404. ^ "NYC #1 in Suicidal Building Jumping". Gothamist. September 7, 2010. Retrieved November 29, 2021. ^ "Method Used in Completed Suicide". HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong. 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-09-10. Retrieved 2009-09-10. ^ 周志鴻; 譚健文 (9 August 2009). "遭家人責罵：掛住上網媾女唔讀書成績跌出三甲中四生跳樓亡". Apple Daily. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 2009-09-10. ^ a b c Beautrais, Annette (January 2007). "Suicide by Jumping: A Review of Research and Prevention Strategies". Crisis. 28 (S1): 58–63. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.28.S1.58. ISSN 0227-5910. ^ Beautrais, Annette L.; Gibb, Sheree J.; Fergusson, David M.; Horwood, L. John; Larkin, Gregory Luke (June 2009). "Removing Bridge Barriers Stimulates Suicides: An Unfortunate Natural Experiment". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 43 (6): 495–497. doi:10.1080/00048670902873714. ISSN 0004-8674. PMID 19440879. ^ Stack, S. (2003-04-01). "Media coverage as a risk factor in suicide". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 57 (4): 238–240. doi:10.1136/jech.57.4.238. ISSN 0143-005X. PMC 1732435. PMID 12646535. ^ "Recommendations". Reporting on Suicide. Retrieved 2023-05-23. ^ a b c d International Parking & Mobility Institute (2019), Suicide in Parking Facilities: Prevention, Response, and Recovery (PDF) ^ Kemp, Joe (March 20, 2011). "Miracle mom who survived horrific 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire was 'one in a million'". New York Daily News. ^ a b Flynn, Kevin; Dwyer, Jim (2004-09-10). "Falling Bodies, a 9/11 Image Etched in Pain". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-11-18. ^ Cauchon, Dennis and Martha Moore (September 2, 2002). "Desperation forced a horrific decision". USAToday. Archived from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2023. ^ Koopman, John; Writer, Chronicle Staff (November 2, 2005). "LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death: Suicide by bridge is gruesome, and death is almost certain. The fourth in a seven-part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate". SFGate. vteSuicideSuicide crisis Assessment of suicide risk Crisis hotline list Suicidal ideation Suicide intervention Suicidology Suicide prevention Suicide watch Warning signs Social aspects ACEs Advocacy Altruistic Awareness Bullying Dysfunctional family Economic anxiety Euthanasia Failure Identity performance Interpersonal theory Legislation Philosophy of suicide Shame Religious views Right to die School bullying Social inequality Social media and suicide Social rejection Social stigma Suicide survivor bereavement Literature Terminology Suicide and the Internet Toxic workplace Workplace bullying Suicide types Assisted suicide list Bullying and suicide list Charcoal-burning Copycat Epidemic Familicide Forced Gunshot Hanging Honor Immolation Jumping from height locations Mass Murder–suicide Vatakkiruttal Seppuku Sokushinbutsu Sallekhana Sati Prayopavesa By train London Underground Self-sacrifice Banzai charge Kamikaze Senicide Suicide attack By cop By pilot Pact Suicide pill Vehicular Epidemiology Sex differences List of countries by suicide rate Antidepressants and suicide risk History Suicide in antiquity List of suicides heads of state and government in the 21st century Related Anguish Animal suicide Caring letters Consensual homicide Depression (mood) Diseases of despair Echo chamber Last words Perfectionism Self-harm Self-hatred Suffering Suicide attempt Suicide methods Suicide note Tourism Suicide prevention contract By subculture Doctors LGBT youth list Mormon Military Music subcultures Prisoners Youth By country Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Belarus Bhutan Cameroon Canada China France Denmark Greenland Greece Guyana Hong Kong student India youth farmers Iran Ireland Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Mexico Mozambique Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea LGBT youth Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Assisted suicide United States Assisted suicide college farmers military veteran Native American teenage Uruguay	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_Gate_Bridge_suicide_prevention_sign.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suicide_prevention_sign_on_the_Golden_Gate_Bridge_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"suicide prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_prevention"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge"},{"link_name":"from a high window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-defenestration"},{"link_name":"cliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff"},{"link_name":"dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge"},{"link_name":"suicide method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_method"},{"link_name":"ICD-10-CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10-CM"},{"link_name":"autokabalesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokabalesis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"suicide bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_bridge"},{"link_name":"Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Yangtze_River_Bridge#Suicide_site"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSP-2"},{"link_name":"paralysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koopman-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKJC-6"},{"link_name":"University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"high-rise buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-rise_building"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WISQARS-8"},{"link_name":"suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicides_at_the_Golden_Gate_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Grafton Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hav%C3%A2rneanu-9"}],"text":"As a suicide prevention initiative, signs on the Golden Gate Bridge promote special telephones that connect to a crisis hotline, as well as a 24/7 crisis text line.Jumping from a dangerous location, such as from a high window, balcony, or roof, or from a cliff, dam, or bridge, is a common suicide method. The 2023 ICD-10-CM diagnosis code for jumping from a high place is X80*, and this method of suicide is also known clinically as autokabalesis.[1] Many countries have noted suicide bridges such as the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge. Other well known suicide sites for jumping include the Eiffel Tower and Niagara Falls.[2]Nonfatal attempts in these situations can have severe consequences including paralysis, organ damage, broken bones and lifelong pain.[3][4] People have survived falls from buildings as high as 47 floors (500-feet/152.4 metres).[5] Most think that jumping will lead to an instant death but for many death is not instant.[4]Jumping is the most common method of suicide in Hong Kong, accounting for 52.1% of all reported suicide cases in 2006 and similar rates for the years before that.[6] The Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of the University of Hong Kong believes that it may be due to the abundance of easily accessible high-rise buildings in Hong Kong.[7]In the United States, jumping is among the least common methods of suicide (less than 2% of all reported suicides in 2005).[8] However, in a 75-year period to 2012, there had been around 1,400 suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge. In New Zealand, secure fencing at the Grafton Bridge substantially reduced the rate of suicides.[9]","title":"Suicide by jumping from height"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"impact-related injuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunt_force_trauma#Blunt_abdominal_trauma"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"building-ledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"suicide bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_bridge"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Charles \"Nish\" Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%22Nish%22_Bruce"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"parachute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Survivors of falls from hazardous heights are often left with major injuries and permanent disabilities from the impact-related injuries.[10] A frequent scenario is that the jumper will sit on an elevated highway or building-ledge as police attempt to talk them down. Observers sometimes encourage potential jumpers to jump, an effect known as \"suicide baiting\".[11] Almost all falls from beyond about 10 stories are fatal,[12] although people have survived much higher falls than this, even onto hard surfaces. For example, one suicidal jumper has survived a fall from the 39th story of a building,[13] as has a non-suicidal person who accidentally fell from the 47th floor.[5] Suicidal jumpers have sometimes injured or even killed people on the ground whom they land on top of.[14][15][16][17][18]There is limited information surrounding the demographics of those who die by jumping. However, some studies find differences between those who jump from high-rise residential buildings and those who jump from a suicide bridge. There is some evidence to suggest that younger males are overrepresented in those who jump from bridges, while age is not a notable factor in suicides from high-rise residential buildings.[19] However, other studies have not found the same patterns.[20]The highest documented suicide jump was by skydiver Charles \"Nish\" Bruce,[21] who killed himself by leaping without a parachute from an airplane, at an altitude of over 5,000 feet (1,500 m).[22]","title":"Suicide method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"defenestration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestration"},{"link_name":"jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping"},{"link_name":"Triangle Shirtwaist fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_fire"},{"link_name":"the 9/11 terror attacks on the World Trade Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Falling_Man"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WISQARS-8"},{"link_name":"urban legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legend"},{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"1929 stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_stock_market_crash"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"stock market collapse of 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Jumping out of a window","text":"Autodefenestration (or self-defenestration) is the term used for the act of jumping, propelling oneself, or causing oneself to fall, out of a window. This phenomenon played a notable role in such events as the Triangle Shirtwaist fire of 1911, the 9/11 terror attacks on the World Trade Center, and other disasters. It is also a method of suicide. In the United States, self-defenestration is among the least common methods of dying by suicide (less than 2% of all reported suicides in the United States for 2005).[8]There is an urban legend in the U.S. that many Wall Street investors autodefenestrated during the 1929 stock market crash.[23] After the stock market collapse of 2008 this was alluded to by protestors brandishing a sign on Wall Street which said: \"Jump, you fuckers!\"[24]","title":"Suicide method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"high-rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-rise"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Prevalence","text":"Jumping only makes up 3% of suicides in the US and Europe, which is a much smaller percentage than is generally perceived by the public. Jumping is surprisingly infrequent because tall buildings are often condo or office buildings not accessible to the general public, and because open-air areas of high buildings (i.e., rooftop restaurants or pools) are often surrounded by high walls that are built precisely to prevent suicides.[citation needed] Jumping makes up 20% of suicides in New York City due to the prevalence of publicly accessible skyscrapers.[25]In Hong Kong, jumping (from any location) is the most common method of dying by suicide, accounting for 52% of all reported suicide cases in 2006, and similar rates for the years prior to that.[26] The Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of the University of Hong Kong believes that it may be due to the abundance of easily accessible high-rise buildings in Hong Kong (implying that much of the jumping is out of windows or from roof tops).[27]","title":"Suicide method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suicide sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_site"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-28"},{"link_name":"Auckland, New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"American Foundation for Suicide Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Foundation_for_Suicide_Prevention"},{"link_name":"the National Institute of Mental Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Institute_of_Mental_Health"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-32"},{"link_name":"closed-circuit television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-32"}],"text":"Multiple intervention strategies have been applied for these types of suicides. Some of these strategies take physical forms, such as installing barriers to restrict access at suicide sites or by adding a safety net.[28] In 1996, safety barriers were removed from the Grafton Bridge in Auckland, New Zealand. After their removal, there was a five-fold increase in the number of suicides from the bridge.[29] Other sites have installed signs continuing telephone hotline numbers or incorporated surveillance measures such as patrols and trained gatekeepers.[28]In addition to these measures, there has been a push to more closely monitor media coverage of suicide, especially suicides from well known sites, which typically involve suicide by jumping.[28] Numerous studies have researched the impact of media coverage on suicide rates.[30] Guidelines for media sources on how to cover the topic, such as the \"Recommendations for Reporting on Suicide\" (developed in collaboration with organizations such as the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, the National Institute of Mental Health, and several schools of journalism) attempt to reduce the risk of suicide contagion via responsible reporting, informing on the complexities of suicide, and publicizing resources and stories of hope.[31]Constructing barriers is not the only option, and it can be expensive.[32] Other method-specific prevention actions include making staff members visible in high-risk areas, using closed-circuit television cameras to identify people in inappropriate places or behaving abnormally (e.g., lingering in a place that people normally spend little time in), and installing awnings and soft-looking landscaping, which deters suicide attempts by making the place look ineffective.[32]Another factor in reducing jumping deaths is to avoid suggesting in news articles, signs, or other communication that a high-risk place is a common, appropriate, or effective place for dying by jumping from.[32] The efficacy of signage is uncertain, and may depend on whether the wording is simple and appropriate.[32]","title":"Prevention strategies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"parasuicidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasuicide"},{"link_name":"BASE jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jumping"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"American Airlines Flight 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11"},{"link_name":"United Airlines Flight 175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175"},{"link_name":"World Trade Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"North Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tenants_in_1_World_Trade_Center_(1971%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tenants_in_2_World_Trade_Center"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cauchon,_Dennis_and_Martha_Moore-35"}],"text":"In the United States, jumper is a term used by the police and media organizations for a person who plans to fall or jump (or already has fallen or jumped) from a potentially deadly height, sometimes with the intention to die by suicide, at other times to escape conditions inside (e.g. a burning building).[33] It includes all those who jump, regardless of motivation or consequences. That is, it includes people making sincere suicide attempts, those making parasuicidal gestures, people BASE jumping from a building illegally, and those attempting to escape conditions that they perceive as posing greater risk than would the fall from a jump, and it applies whether or not the fall is fatal.[citation needed]The term was brought to prominence in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, in which two hijacked airliners―American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175―were deliberately crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, trapping hundreds in the upper floors of both buildings and setting the impacted floors ablaze. As a direct consequence, more than 200 people plummeted to their deaths from the burning skyscrapers, primarily from the North Tower with only 3 spotted from the South.[34] Most of these people―especially those in the North Tower―deliberately made the decision to die by jumping as a quicker alternative to burning alive or dying from smoke inhalation; however, a small percentage of these deaths were not jumpers but people who accidentally fell.[34] Many of these victims were inadvertently captured on both television and amateur footage, even though television networks reporting on the tragedy attempted to avoid showing people falling to avoid further traumatizing viewers.[35]","title":"Terminology"}]	[]	[{"title":"The Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge_(2006_documentary_film)"},{"title":"The Falling Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Falling_Man"},{"title":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"title":"Lover's Leap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lover%27s_Leap"},{"title":"Suicide barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_barrier"},{"title":"Suicide bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_bridge"}]	[{"reference":"\"2023 ICD-10-CM Codes X80: Intentional self-harm by jumping from a high place\". www.icd10data.com. Retrieved 14 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/V00-Y99/X71-X83/X80-","url_text":"\"2023 ICD-10-CM Codes X80: Intentional self-harm by jumping from a high place\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Jumping\" and Suicide Prevention\". Centre for Suicide Prevention.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.suicideinfo.ca/resource/jumpingsuicideprevention/","url_text":"\"\"Jumping\" and Suicide Prevention\""}]},{"reference":"Koopman, John (November 2, 2005). \"LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death: Suicide by bridge is gruesome, and death is almost certain. The fourth in a seven-part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/LETHAL-BEAUTY-No-easy-death-Suicide-by-bridge-2562269.php","url_text":"\"LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death: Suicide by bridge is gruesome, and death is almost certain. 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out of windows?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180321192518/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2412/after-the-1929-stock-market-crash-did-investors-really-jump-out-of-windows/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I4_HY0QmTp0C","external_links_name":"Billionaires' Ball: Gluttony and Hubris in an Age of Epic Inequality"},{"Link":"https://champ.gothamist.com/champ/gothamist/news/nyc-1-in-suicidal-building-jumping","external_links_name":"\"NYC #1 in Suicidal Building Jumping\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090910011320/http://csrp.hku.hk/web/eng/statistics.asp#3","external_links_name":"\"Method Used in Completed Suicide\""},{"Link":"http://csrp.hku.hk/WEB/eng/statistics.asp#3","external_links_name":"the 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The fourth in a seven-part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Hurry_Love	Can't Hurry Love	["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 Cancellation","4 Episodes","5 References","6 External links"]	This article is about the sitcom. For the song, see You Can't Hurry Love. American TV series or program Can't Hurry LoveTitle card from episode 1.GenreSitcomCreated byGina WendkosStarringNancy McKeonMariska HargitayLouis MandylorKevin CrowleyTheme music composerJonathan WolffPaul BuckleyCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes19 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producersGina WendkosJonathan AxelrodJames WiddoesAmy Sherman-PalladinoProducersChuck BinderNancy McKeonPatricia Fass PalmerCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time23-25 minutesProduction companiesThe Producers Entertainment Group Ltd.Axelrod-Widdoes ProductionsCBS Entertainment Productions(1995)(season 1)CBS Productions(1995-1996)(season 1)TriStar TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkCBSReleaseSeptember 18, 1995 (1995-09-18) –February 26, 1996 (1996-02-26) Can't Hurry Love is an American sitcom television series created by Gina Wendkos, starring Nancy McKeon that aired on CBS from September 18, 1995, to February 26, 1996. Premise The series centers on Annie, a single, thirty-something woman living in New York and her three friends: Didi, Roger and Elliot. Most episode revolve around Annie finding love or the romantic interests of her friends. Most of the action takes place in Annie's studio apartment, the employment agency she, Roger and Elliot work at, and a local bar they all frequent called Wreck's. Cast Nancy McKeon as Annie O'Donnell Mariska Hargitay as Didi Edelstein Louis Mandylor as Roger Carlucci Kevin Crowley as Elliot Tenney Cancellation The series was canceled after one season despite having an average household rating of 11.4, tying it for 24th place among all TV shows that year. Episodes SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedRankRatingTied withFirst airedLast aired119September 18, 1995 (1995-09-18)February 26, 1996 (1996-02-26)2411.4Law & OrderThe CBS Sunday MovieThe Naked Truth No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1"Pilot"James WiddoesGina WendkosSeptember 18, 1995 (1995-09-18) Single career woman Annie is looking for love in New York City and coming up dry. While riding the subway to work, she meets a sexy police detective. But, his hobbies ruffle Annie's feathers. 2"Truth, Dare and a Rodent"James WiddoesTom PalmerSeptember 25, 1995 (1995-09-25) After waking up in the middle of the night to a rat crawling around her bed, the group meets at Annie's apartment. To pass the time, they decide to play truth or dare, though they all end up picking dare. Elliot has to wear a bright red speedo while ordering a drink at the bar. Didi has to go to a funeral and take a picture of herself with the corpse (though she's terrified to see a dead body). Roger has to get a massage from a man. After Annie won't confess to which group member she's dreamt about, she's dared to ask someone out. 3"St. Elgin Chicks"James WiddoesAmy Sherman-PalladinoOctober 2, 1995 (1995-10-02) Annie is having a terrible week with work and a mystery puddle in her apartment. Meanwhile, Didi has no date for her birthday. As things go from bad to worse, they decide to spend a whirlwind night at The Plaza Hotel using a discount coupon and a $400 credit card. Meanwhile, Roger and Elliot have a boy's night at the office. 4"A Fish Called Gregg"James WiddoesColleen Taber and Ellen SvacoOctober 9, 1995 (1995-10-09) Annie meets Dr. Gregg, the perfect British suitor, until a glimpse of a body "defect" changes her mind. Willing to get surgery, Gregg expects her to reciprocate to meet his beauty standards. Elliot has recurring murderous dreams about Roger, which neither can understand. 5"Not Home Alone"James WiddoesNick LeroseOctober 16, 1995 (1995-10-16) Annie is terribly sick but finds herself entangled in everyone's problems, namely Roger's hypochondria, Didi's boyfriend problems, Elliot's story submission, and a possibly dead next-door neighbor. 6"Annie Get Your Armoire"James WiddoesJohn Frink and Don PayneOctober 23, 1995 (1995-10-23) Looking to fulfill a wish to a dying grandmother, Roger proposes to Annie. At first, she refuses but goes along with it. Until she puts on her mother's wedding dress. But is even a pretend wedding too much of a commitment? 7"Party Chicks"James WiddoesAmy Sherman-PalladinoOctober 30, 1995 (1995-10-30) When Didi and Annie throw a rent party, a secret from Didi's past causes Annie to question their friendship. Gail's hectic job at the District Attorney's office makes Elliot feel alone. Meanwhile, Roger is smothered by his latest conquest. 8"The Burning Mattress (a.k.a. Burning Bed)"James WiddoesLenny Ripps and Rob DamesNovember 6, 1995 (1995-11-06) After a mattress fire destroys Roger's apartment, Annie helps him shop for a new bed. But, when they kiss and feel nothing, It's uncertain what the future will hold. Nancy McKeon's former The Facts of Life co-star Charlotte Rae makes a guest appearance as Helen. 9"Three Blind Dates"James WiddoesPat DoughertyNovember 13, 1995 (1995-11-13) Blind dates abound for the group: Annie tries her luck with a smooth operator, matching Roger with a nice old-fashioned girl. Didi finds herself with a date who is unconcerned with outer beauty. With Gail's permission, Didi surprises Elliot with a special lady. 10"Glove Story"James WiddoesJohn Frink and Don PayneNovember 20, 1995 (1995-11-20) Peter comes back into Annie's life and sweeps her off her feet. But, the whirlwind romance goes awry when a friendly boxing match with Roger snowballs into a macho competition. Meanwhile, Elliot explores couples counseling, while Didi peddles cosmetics. 11"Daddy's Girl"James WiddoesAmy Sherman-PalladinoDecember 4, 1995 (1995-12-04) Annie's father (Alex Rocco) comes to visit for the holidays. She notices him acting strange, in that he's embracing newer experiences in life. It comes to light that he broke up with his long-time girlfriend and is selling the house where Annie grew up. 12"A Very Kafka Christmas"James WiddoesBill BarolDecember 18, 1995 (1995-12-18) Didi reveals that Annie had a one-night stand with a professor, leading to a fight between the two friends. This comes as them, Roger, and Elliot are trying to put together a Christmas dinner for the poor. 13"The Rent Strike"James WiddoesMaria SempleJanuary 8, 1996 (1996-01-08) Annie organizes a rent because of the strike. But, things go from bad to worse when the heat and electricity go out too. As things grow dim, Didi and Annie remain the only two holdouts. Soon, the building's owner Broadway producer, Maxwell Sheffield, special guest star (Charles Shaughnessey) learns of the conditions and makes things right. 14"Restless in Chelsea"James WiddoesPam VeaseyJanuary 22, 1996 (1996-01-22) After seeing a list of accomplishments from her childhood diary, Annie decides to shake things up on her birthday. First, she calls into a radio show for a date with a mysterious stranger as "Restless in Chelsea". Elliot and Roger plan a surprise birthday party not realizing Annie might be booked. 15"The Boss"James WiddoesSusan Fales-HillJanuary 22, 1996 (1996-01-22) The new boss at Annie, Roger and Elliot's job comes in undercover to see how the office operates. The three co-workers scramble to keep their jobs, under Mr. Barbour's strict office policies. Annie and Roger are pushed on principles to a breaking point, particularly with Didi's lax attitude to her latest job. 16"Between the Lines"John BowabJonathan Aibel and Glenn BergerFebruary 5, 1996 (1996-02-05) Didi becomes an assistant to a famous playwright leading Annie to meet handsome actor Matt. Elliot begs Didi to pass along his play to her boss. It's role reversal when Roger is enthralled with an independent career woman. 17"Valentine's Day Massacred"James WiddoesJohn Frink and Don PayneFebruary 12, 1996 (1996-02-12) Matt plans a special Valentine's Day dinner for Annie, but it's shot to hell when Elliot, drunk and distraught, shows up after being served with divorce papers. Meanwhile, Didi and Roder go to a gay bar to help avoid his stalker. 18"I Never Cooked for My Father"James WiddoesBill BarolFebruary 19, 1996 (1996-02-19) When Roger's father comes to visit, he's looking at this as a chance to reconnect with him. Annie helps him get a job, but doesn't realize he's an ex-con. Roger decides to talk to his dad about what it means to have a father-and-son relationship. 19"The Elizabeth Taylor Episode (a.k.a. Liz Taylor Show)"James WiddoesJonathan Aibel and Glenn BergerFebruary 26, 1996 (1996-02-26) This episode was part of Taylor Made Monday wherein Elizabeth Taylor appears on four different sitcoms. In a story that began on The Nanny when Elizabeth Taylor asked Fran to make sure her black pearls arrived at a place where she needed them. And Fran chose to bring them herself and took a cab but when she got in an accident the pearls were left behind. Now, Annie and Didi are riding in the same cab and find the pearls. Annie wears them on a date and loses them, later learning they belong to Elizabeth Taylor. She then goes to a department store with Didi and goes into a dressing room and learns Elizabeth Taylor is there. Didi wants to see her but Annie doesn't want to. Unfortunately, that's when Didi blurts out that Annie lost her necklace. References ^ The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present. Ballantine Books. 2003. p. 1470. ISBN 0-345-45542-8. External links Can't Hurry Love at IMDb Can't Hurry Love at YouTube	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"You Can't Hurry Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Can%27t_Hurry_Love"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"Nancy McKeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_McKeon"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"}],"text":"This article is about the sitcom. For the song, see You Can't Hurry Love.American TV series or programCan't Hurry Love is an American sitcom television series created by Gina Wendkos, starring Nancy McKeon that aired on CBS from September 18, 1995, to February 26, 1996.","title":"Can't Hurry Love"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The series centers on Annie, a single, thirty-something woman living in New York and her three friends: Didi, Roger and Elliot. Most episode revolve around Annie finding love or the romantic interests of her friends. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_School_of_History	Vienna School of History	["1 Theories","2 Criticism","2.1 Toronto School","2.2 British historians","3 Notes","4 References","5 Sources"]	School of history Not to be confused with Vienna School of Art History. The Vienna School of History is an influential school of historical thinking based at the University of Vienna. It is closely associated with Reinhard Wenskus, Herwig Wolfram and Walter Pohl. Partly drawing upon ideas from sociology and critical theory, scholars of the Vienna School have utilized the concept of ethnogenesis to reassess the notion of ethnicity as it applies to historical groups of peoples such as the Germanic tribes. Focusing on Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, the Vienna School has a large publishing output, and has had a major influence on the modern analysis of barbarian identity. Theories The origins of the Vienna School of History can be traced to the works of the German historian Reinhard Wenskus. During the 1960s, there was as reaction against previous scholarship on Germanic tribes. Drawing upon studies on modern tribes, Wenskus posited that the Germanic tribes of antiquity did not constitute distinct ethnicities, but were rather diverse alliances led by a dominant elite continuing "core-traditions" (Traditionskerne). Wenskus argued that members of the Germanic tribes were not necessarily related to each other by kin, but rather believed themselves to be. More recent scholars associated with Wenskus in the Vienna School are Herwig Wolfram and Walter Pohl. Drawing on theories drawn from sociology and critical theory, scholars of the Vienna School introduced the concept of ethnogenesis (Stammesbildung) to deconstruct the ethnicity of Germanic tribes, proceeding from concept of ethnicity as a political unit and emphasizing the situationality of tribal ethnicities centered around a core of tradition. These scholars also emphasize that the influence of Germanic history extends beyond northern and western Europe. Wolfram points out the contribution of Germanic tribes to the histories of regions such as the Balkans and southern Europe in general, extending even to North Africa, in order to counter the view that Germanic history ought to be identified only with the Germans. The ethnogenesis theories of the Vienna School have initiated a "revolution in historical approaches to early medieval ethnicity" and "overturned the foundations of earlier research into the ethnic groups of the early medieval period". It has since become the model with which "barbarian" ethnicity is analyzed. They have had an immense publication output. English-language scholars that have been influenced by the Vienna School include Patrick J. Geary, Ian N. Wood and Patrick Amory. However, Geary, Wood and Pohl approach the theories in "a more flexible manner" than Wenskus and Wolfram. Guy Halsall notes the favorable effect of these approaches on the study of late antique ethnicity, pointing out that Pohl's views on the mutability of ethnic identity run counter to prewar notions of ethnic essentialism which survive in some other modern scholarship. Criticism Toronto School Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, the issue of early medieval ethnic identity was hotly contested between the Vienna School and the so-called Toronto School, of whom Walter Goffart is a leading member. While the Vienna School considers Old Norse literature and works such as Getica by Jordanes to be of some value, this is completely rejected by the Toronto School. They consider these works to be artificial constructions entirely devoid from oral tradition. While neither of the schools are entirely homogeneous in their approach, discussions between the two schools have been characterized by an unusually intense passion and highly polemic dialogue. This has included accusations and insinuations by members of the Toronto school that members of the Vienna school relied on scholarship and ideas from the Nazi period or sympathized with ethnonationalists; such accusations were particularly strong in the 2002 volume On Barbarian Identity, containing essays by members of the Toronto School. As of 2020, however, the polemic has died down. James Harland and Matthias Friedrich write that "roadly speaking, advocates of both camps have shared goals, and oppose the racist and ethnonationalist agendas which draw upon interpretations of the late antique world as an ideological resource". British historians British historian Peter Heather disagrees with both the core-tradition theory pioneered by the Vienna School, and the theories of the Toronto School. Heather contends that it was a freemen class between slaves and nobles who constituted the backbone of Germanic tribes, and that the ethnic identity of tribes such as the Goths was stable for centuries, being held together by these freemen. He traces the Fall of the Western Roman Empire to external migration triggered by the Huns in the late 4th century. Notes ^ "The Germanic peoples have left traces in large areas of Europe and around the Mediterranean, even where their languages have long ceased to be spoken. The present-day Germans have as much a Germanic history as do the Scandinavians, British, Irish, French, Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Hungarians, Romanians, Slavic nations, Greeks, Turks, and even the Tunisians and Maltese... By naively equating Germanic peoples with the Germans... one loses not only the subject of "Germanic peoples" and their history but also history as such, and eventually oneself. The goal of the present book is to prevent this from happening." References ^ Liebeschuetz 2015, p. 87-88. ^ a b Hakenbeck 2015, pp. 19–20. ^ a b Liebeschuetz 2015, p. 314. ^ Halsall 2007, pp. 15–7. ^ Roymans 2004, p. 3. ^ Wolfram 2005, p. 12. ^ Hakenbeck 2015, p. 21. ^ a b c d Ghosh 2015, pp. 16–21. ^ Halsall 2014, pp. 517 n. 12. ^ Harland 2021, pp. 26–27. ^ Harland & Friedrich 2020, pp. 5–7. ^ Harland & Friedrich 2020, p. 7. ^ Kulikowski 2002, pp. 71–73. ^ Halsall 2007, pp. 19–20. ^ Heather 2018, pp. 80–100. Sources Ghosh, Shami (2015). Writing the Barbarian Past: Studies in Early Medieval Historical Narrative. BRILL. ISBN 9789004305816. Hakenbeck, Susanne (2015). Local, regional and ethnic identities in early medieval cemeteries in Bavaria. All’Insegna del Giglio. ISBN 9788878144323. Halsall, Guy (2007). Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107393325. Halsall, Guy (December 2014). "Two Worlds Become One: A 'Counter-Intuitive' View of the Roman Empire and 'Germanic' Migration". German History. 32 (4). Oxford University Press: 515–532. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghu107. Retrieved January 17, 2020. Harland, James M.; Friedrich, Matthias (2020). "Introduction: The 'Germanic' and its Discontents". In Friedrich, Matthias; Harland, James M. (eds.). Interrogating the 'Germanic'. De Gruyter. pp. 1–18. doi:10.1515/9783110701623-003. S2CID 241474332. Harland, James A. (2021). Ethnic Identity and the Archaeology of the adventus Saxonum. University of Amsterdam Press. ISBN 9789048544967. Heather, Peter (2018). "Race, Migration And National Origins". History, Memory and Public Life. Routledge. pp. 80–100. ISBN 9781351055581. Humphries, Mark (2007). "Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric". Classics Ireland. 14. Classical Association of Ireland: 126–129. JSTOR 25528487. Kulikowski, Michael (2002). "Nation versus Army: A Necessary Contrast". In Gillett, Andrew (ed.). On Barbarian Identity: Critical Approaches to Ethnicity in the Early Middle Ages. Isd. pp. 69–85. ISBN 9782503511689. Liebeschuetz, Wolf (2015). East and West in Late Antiquity: Invasion, Settlement, Ethnogenesis and Conflicts of Religion. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-28952-9. Roymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789053567050. Wolfram, Herwig (2005). The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520244900. Wood, Ian (2015). "Ian Wood, The Transformation of Late Antiquity 1971 – 2015". Networks and Neighbours. Retrieved 27 January 2020.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna School of Art History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Art_History"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Wenskus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Wenskus"},{"link_name":"Herwig Wolfram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram"},{"link_name":"Walter Pohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pohl"},{"link_name":"sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"critical theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory"},{"link_name":"ethnogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Late Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Antiquity"},{"link_name":"Early Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Vienna School of Art History.The Vienna School of History is an influential school of historical thinking based at the University of Vienna. It is closely associated with Reinhard Wenskus, Herwig Wolfram and Walter Pohl. Partly drawing upon ideas from sociology and critical theory, scholars of the Vienna School have utilized the concept of ethnogenesis to reassess the notion of ethnicity as it applies to historical groups of peoples such as the Germanic tribes. Focusing on Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, the Vienna School has a large publishing output, and has had a major influence on the modern analysis of barbarian identity.","title":"Vienna School of History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reinhard Wenskus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Wenskus"},{"link_name":"Germanic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_tribes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetz201587-88-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakenbeck201519%E2%80%9320-2"},{"link_name":"Herwig Wolfram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram"},{"link_name":"Walter Pohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pohl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetz2015314-3"},{"link_name":"sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"critical theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall200715%E2%80%937-4"},{"link_name":"ethnogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis"},{"link_name":"deconstruct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetz2015314-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans20043-5"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolfram_Summary-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakenbeck201519%E2%80%9320-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakenbeck201521-8"},{"link_name":"Patrick J. Geary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Geary"},{"link_name":"Ian N. Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_N._Wood"},{"link_name":"Patrick Amory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Amory"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh201516%E2%80%9321-9"},{"link_name":"Guy Halsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Halsall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2014517_n._12-10"}],"text":"The origins of the Vienna School of History can be traced to the works of the German historian Reinhard Wenskus. During the 1960s, there was as reaction against previous scholarship on Germanic tribes. Drawing upon studies on modern tribes, Wenskus posited that the Germanic tribes of antiquity did not constitute distinct ethnicities, but were rather diverse alliances led by a dominant elite continuing \"core-traditions\" (Traditionskerne).[1] Wenskus argued that members of the Germanic tribes were not necessarily related to each other by kin, but rather believed themselves to be.[2]More recent scholars associated with Wenskus in the Vienna School are Herwig Wolfram and Walter Pohl.[3] Drawing on theories drawn from sociology and critical theory,[4] scholars of the Vienna School introduced the concept of ethnogenesis (Stammesbildung) to deconstruct the ethnicity of Germanic tribes,[3] proceeding from concept of ethnicity as a political unit and emphasizing the situationality of tribal ethnicities centered around a core of tradition.[5] These scholars also emphasize that the influence of Germanic history extends beyond northern and western Europe. Wolfram points out the contribution of Germanic tribes to the histories of regions such as the Balkans and southern Europe in general, extending even to North Africa, in order to counter the view that Germanic history ought to be identified only with the Germans.[a]The ethnogenesis theories of the Vienna School have initiated a \"revolution in historical approaches to early medieval ethnicity\" and \"overturned the foundations of earlier research into the ethnic groups of the early medieval period\". It has since become the model with which \"barbarian\" ethnicity is analyzed.[2] They have had an immense publication output.[7] English-language scholars that have been influenced by the Vienna School include Patrick J. Geary, Ian N. Wood and Patrick Amory. However, Geary, Wood and Pohl approach the theories in \"a more flexible manner\" than Wenskus and Wolfram.[8] Guy Halsall notes the favorable effect of these approaches on the study of late antique ethnicity, pointing out that Pohl's views on the mutability of ethnic identity run counter to prewar notions of ethnic essentialism which survive in some other modern scholarship.[9]","title":"Theories"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland202126%E2%80%9327-11"},{"link_name":"Walter Goffart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Goffart"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh201516%E2%80%9321-9"},{"link_name":"Old Norse literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_literature"},{"link_name":"Getica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getica"},{"link_name":"Jordanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh201516%E2%80%9321-9"},{"link_name":"polemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh201516%E2%80%9321-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarlandFriedrich20205%E2%80%937-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarlandFriedrich20207-13"}],"sub_title":"Toronto School","text":"Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, the issue of early medieval ethnic identity was hotly contested between the Vienna School and the so-called Toronto School,[10] of whom Walter Goffart is a leading member.[8] While the Vienna School considers Old Norse literature and works such as Getica by Jordanes to be of some value, this is completely rejected by the Toronto School. They consider these works to be artificial constructions entirely devoid from oral tradition.[8] While neither of the schools are entirely homogeneous in their approach, discussions between the two schools have been characterized by an unusually intense passion and highly polemic dialogue.[8] This has included accusations and insinuations by members of the Toronto school that members of the Vienna school relied on scholarship and ideas from the Nazi period or sympathized with ethnonationalists; such accusations were particularly strong in the 2002 volume On Barbarian Identity, containing essays by members of the Toronto School.[11] As of 2020, however, the polemic has died down. James Harland and Matthias Friedrich write that \"[b]roadly speaking, advocates of both camps have shared goals, and oppose the racist and ethnonationalist agendas which draw upon interpretations of the late antique world as an ideological resource\".[12]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Heather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Heather"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski200271%E2%80%9373-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall200719%E2%80%9320-15"},{"link_name":"Fall of the Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather201880%E2%80%93100-16"}],"sub_title":"British historians","text":"British historian Peter Heather disagrees with both the core-tradition theory pioneered by the Vienna School, and the theories of the Toronto School.[13] Heather contends that it was a freemen class between slaves and nobles who constituted the backbone of Germanic tribes, and that the ethnic identity of tribes such as the Goths was stable for centuries, being held together by these freemen.[14] He traces the Fall of the Western Roman Empire to external migration triggered by the Huns in the late 4th century.[15]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wolfram_Summary_7-0"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Scandinavians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavians"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"Spaniards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Slavic nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"Tunisians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisians"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram200512-6"}],"text":"^ \"The Germanic peoples have left traces in large areas of Europe and around the Mediterranean, even where their languages have long ceased to be spoken. [...] The present-day Germans have as much a Germanic history as do the Scandinavians, British, Irish, French, Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Hungarians, Romanians, Slavic nations, Greeks, Turks, and even the Tunisians and Maltese... By naively equating Germanic peoples with the Germans... one loses not only the subject of \"Germanic peoples\" and their history but also history as such, and eventually oneself. The goal of the present book is to prevent this from happening.\"[6]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Writing the Barbarian Past: Studies in Early Medieval Historical Narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KHHsCgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"BRILL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004305816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004305816"},{"link_name":"Local, regional and ethnic identities in early medieval cemeteries in Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=88ZpCwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788878144323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788878144323"},{"link_name":"Halsall, Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Halsall"},{"link_name":"Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_7EwDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781107393325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107393325"},{"link_name":"Halsall, Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Halsall"},{"link_name":"\"Two Worlds Become One: A 'Counter-Intuitive' View of the Roman Empire and 'Germanic' Migration\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//academic.oup.com/gh/article-abstract/32/4/515/602058"},{"link_name":"German History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_History_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/gerhis/ghu107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghu107"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/9783110701623-003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110701623-003"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"241474332","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241474332"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789048544967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048544967"},{"link_name":"Heather, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Heather"},{"link_name":"\"Race, Migration And National Origins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781351055581"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781351055581","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351055581"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25528487","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25528487"},{"link_name":"Kulikowski, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kulikowski"},{"link_name":"Gillett, Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gillett"},{"link_name":"On Barbarian Identity: Critical Approaches to Ethnicity in the Early Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FcdmAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Isd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brepols"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782503511689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782503511689"},{"link_name":"Liebeschuetz, Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Liebeschuetz"},{"link_name":"East and West in Late Antiquity: Invasion, Settlement, Ethnogenesis and Conflicts of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6QV2CQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"BRILL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-28952-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28952-9"},{"link_name":"Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cWdZAQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789053567050","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053567050"},{"link_name":"Wolfram, Herwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram"},{"link_name":"The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_7EwDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"University of California Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780520244900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520244900"},{"link_name":"Wood, Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_N._Wood"},{"link_name":"\"Ian Wood, The Transformation of Late Antiquity 1971 – 2015\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/24362185"}],"text":"Ghosh, Shami (2015). Writing the Barbarian Past: Studies in Early Medieval Historical Narrative. BRILL. ISBN 9789004305816.\nHakenbeck, Susanne (2015). Local, regional and ethnic identities in early medieval cemeteries in Bavaria. All’Insegna del Giglio. ISBN 9788878144323.\nHalsall, Guy (2007). Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107393325.\nHalsall, Guy (December 2014). \"Two Worlds Become One: A 'Counter-Intuitive' View of the Roman Empire and 'Germanic' Migration\". German History. 32 (4). Oxford University Press: 515–532. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghu107. Retrieved January 17, 2020.\nHarland, James M.; Friedrich, Matthias (2020). \"Introduction: The 'Germanic' and its Discontents\". In Friedrich, Matthias; Harland, James M. (eds.). Interrogating the 'Germanic'. De Gruyter. pp. 1–18. doi:10.1515/9783110701623-003. S2CID 241474332.\nHarland, James A. (2021). Ethnic Identity and the Archaeology of the adventus Saxonum. University of Amsterdam Press. ISBN 9789048544967.\nHeather, Peter (2018). \"Race, Migration And National Origins\". History, Memory and Public Life. Routledge. pp. 80–100. ISBN 9781351055581.\nHumphries, Mark (2007). \"Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric\". Classics Ireland. 14. Classical Association of Ireland: 126–129. JSTOR 25528487.\nKulikowski, Michael (2002). \"Nation versus Army: A Necessary Contrast\". In Gillett, Andrew (ed.). On Barbarian Identity: Critical Approaches to Ethnicity in the Early Middle Ages. Isd. pp. 69–85. ISBN 9782503511689.\nLiebeschuetz, Wolf (2015). East and West in Late Antiquity: Invasion, Settlement, Ethnogenesis and Conflicts of Religion. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-28952-9.\nRoymans, Nico (2004). Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789053567050.\nWolfram, Herwig (2005). The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520244900.\nWood, Ian (2015). \"Ian Wood, The Transformation of Late Antiquity 1971 – 2015\". Networks and Neighbours. Retrieved 27 January 2020.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ghosh, Shami (2015). Writing the Barbarian Past: Studies in Early Medieval Historical Narrative. BRILL. ISBN 9789004305816.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KHHsCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Writing the Barbarian Past: Studies in Early Medieval Historical Narrative"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"BRILL"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004305816","url_text":"9789004305816"}]},{"reference":"Hakenbeck, Susanne (2015). Local, regional and ethnic identities in early medieval cemeteries in Bavaria. All’Insegna del Giglio. 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ISBN 9781107393325.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Halsall","url_text":"Halsall, Guy"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_7EwDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107393325","url_text":"9781107393325"}]},{"reference":"Halsall, Guy (December 2014). \"Two Worlds Become One: A 'Counter-Intuitive' View of the Roman Empire and 'Germanic' Migration\". German History. 32 (4). Oxford University Press: 515–532. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghu107. 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S2CID 241474332.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110701623-003","url_text":"10.1515/9783110701623-003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241474332","url_text":"241474332"}]},{"reference":"Harland, James A. (2021). Ethnic Identity and the Archaeology of the adventus Saxonum. University of Amsterdam Press. ISBN 9789048544967.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048544967","url_text":"9789048544967"}]},{"reference":"Heather, Peter (2018). \"Race, Migration And National Origins\". History, Memory and Public Life. Routledge. pp. 80–100. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(1989_radio_series)	Sherlock Holmes (1989 radio series)	["1 Production","2 Episodes","2.1 A Study In Scarlet","2.2 The Sign of the Four","2.3 The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes","2.4 The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes","2.5 The Return of Sherlock Holmes","2.6 His Last Bow","2.7 The Case-book of Sherlock Holmes","2.8 The Valley of Fear","2.9 The Hound of the Baskervilles","3 The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes","3.1 Episodes","4 See also","5 References"]	BBC Radio series Radio show Sherlock HolmesGenreRadio dramaCountry of originUnited KingdomHome stationBBC Radio 4StarringClive MerrisonMichael WilliamsOriginal release5 November 1989 (1989-11-05) –5 July 1998 (1998-07-05)No. of episodes64 Sherlock Holmes is the overall title given to the BBC Radio 4 radio dramatisations of the complete Sherlock Holmes stories, with Bert Coules as head writer, and featuring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Dr Watson. Together, the two actors completed radio adaptations of every story in the canon of Sherlock Holmes between 1989 and 1998. The episodes were not originally broadcast under an overall title, and aired in series with the same titles as the novels or short story collections that the episodes were adapted from. For instance, the first two episodes were based on the novel A Study in Scarlet and aired under that title on BBC Radio 4's Classic Serial programme. Episodes of the series are available on CD as well as downloads, and are occasionally rebroadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra. Production The BBC decided to produce radio adaptations of all sixty Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle due to the success of a 1988 radio adaptation of The Hound of the Baskervilles. David Johnston produced and directed the production, which was adapted by Bert Coules, and starred Roger Rees as Sherlock Holmes and Crawford Logan as Dr. Watson. For the complete series of adaptations, Clive Merrison was cast as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson. Both of the first two dramatisations of the series, adaptations of A Study in Scarlet and The Sign of the Four, were produced by David Johnston and directed by Ian Cotterell. Enyd Williams produced and directed the adaptation of The Valley of Fear and the 1998 version of The Hound of the Baskervilles. Each of the fifty-six short story adaptations were produced and directed by either Enyd Williams or Patrick Rayner. The head writer for the series was Bert Coules. The other writers were David Ashton, Michael Bakewell, Roger Danes, Robert Forrest, Denys Hawthorne, Gerry Jones, Peter Ling, Vincent McInerney and Peter Mackie. The broadcast of the last dramatisation, the 1998 version of The Hound of the Baskervilles, marked the first time that the same two actors had played Holmes and Watson in dramatisations of all sixty stories on radio or any other medium. This was not accomplished again until 2016 when the American radio series The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes was completed. It had almost been accomplished in the 1930s radio series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes in which all but one of the stories (The Valley of Fear) were adapted. Bert Coules wrote a book about the radio dramatisations of the Sherlock Holmes canon. The book, titled 221 BBC, also includes information about the follow-up BBC radio series The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Episodes A Study In Scarlet Two one-hour episodes adapted from A Study In Scarlet were recorded October 1989, at BBC studios, Maida Vale, London and first broadcast on 5 and 12 November 1989. No.overall No. inseries Episode title First broadcast 1 1 "Revenge" 5 November 1989 2 2 "In the Country of the Saints" 12 November 1989 The Sign of the Four The following episodes were adapted from the novel The Sign of the Four. No.overall No. inseries Episode title First broadcast 3 1 "Timbertoe" 10 December 1989 4 2 "The Great Agra Treasure" 17 December 1989 The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes The following episodes were adapted from the short story collection The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. No.overall No. inseries Episode title First broadcast 5 1 "A Scandal in Bohemia" 7 November 1990 6 2 "The Red-headed League" 14 November 1990 7 3 "A Case of Identity" 21 November 1990 8 4 "The Boscombe Valley Mystery" 28 November 1990 9 5 "The Five Orange Pips" 5 December 1990 10 6 "The Man with the Twisted Lip" 12 December 1990 11 7 "The Blue Carbuncle" 2 January 1991 12 8 "The Speckled Band" 9 January 1991 13 9 "The Engineer's Thumb" 16 January 1991 14 10 "The Noble Bachelor" 23 January 1991 15 11 "The Beryl Coronet" 30 January 1991 16 12 "The Copper Beeches" 6 February 1991 The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes The following episodes were adapted from The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. No.overall No. inseries Episode title First broadcast 17 1 "Silver Blaze" 8 January 1992 18 2 "The Yellow Face" 15 January 1992 19 3 "The Stockbroker's Clerk" 22 January 1992 20 4 "The Gloria Scott" 29 January 1992 21 5 "The Musgrave Ritual" 5 February 1992 22 6 "The Reigate Squires" 12 February 1992 23 7 "The Crooked Man" 7 October 1992 24 8 "The Resident Patient" 14 October 1992 25 9 "The Greek Interpreter" 21 October 1992 26 10 "The Naval Treaty" 28 October 1992 27 11 "The Final Problem" 4 November 1992 The Return of Sherlock Holmes The following episodes were adapted from The Return of Sherlock Holmes. No.overall No. inseries Episode title First broadcast 28 1 "The Empty House" 24 February 1993 29 2 "The Norwood Builder" 3 March 1993 30 3 "The Dancing Men" 19 March 1993 31 4 "The Solitary Cyclist" 17 March 1993 32 5 "The Priory School" 24 March 1993 33 6 "Black Peter" 31 March 1993 34 7 "Charles Augustus Milverton" 7 April 1993 35 8 "The Six Napoleons" 8 September 1993 36 9 "The Three Students" 15 September 1993 37 10 "The Golden Pince-nez" 22 September 1993 38 11 "The Missing Three-quarter" 29 September 1993 39 12 "The Abbey Grange" 6 October 1993 40 13 "The Second Stain" 13 October 1993 His Last Bow The following episodes were adapted from His Last Bow. No.overall No. inseries Episode title First broadcast 41 1 "Wisteria Lodge" 5 January 1994 42 2 "The Cardboard Box" 12 January 1994 43 3 "The Red Circle" 19 January 1994 44 4 "The Bruce-Partington Plans" 26 January 1994 45 5 "The Dying Detective" 2 February 1994 46 6 "The Disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax" 9 February 1994 47 7 "The Devil's Foot" 16 February 1994 48 8 "His Last Bow" 23 February 1994 The Case-book of Sherlock Holmes The following episodes were adapted from The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes. No.overall No. inseries Episode title First broadcast 49 1 "The Illustrious Client" 21 September 1994 50 2 "The Blanched Soldier" 28 September 1994 51 3 "The Mazarin Stone" 5 October 1994 52 4 "The Three Gables" 12 October 1994 53 5 "The Sussex Vampire" 19 October 1994 54 6 "The Three Garridebs" 16 October 1994 55 7 "The Problem of Thor Bridge" 22 February 1995 56 8 "The Creeping Man" 1 March 1995 57 9 "The Lion's Mane" 8 March 1995 58 10 "The Veiled Lodger" 15 March 1995 59 11 "Shoscombe Old Place" 22 March 1995 60 12 "The Retired Colourman" 29 March 1995 The Valley of Fear The following episodes were adapted from the novel The Valley of Fear. No.overall No. inseries Episode title First broadcast 61 1 "The Scowrers" 23 March 1997 62 2 "The Tragedy of Birlstone" 30 March 1997 The Hound of the Baskervilles The following episodes were adapted from the novel The Hound of the Baskervilles. No.overall No. inseries Episode title First broadcast 63 1 "The Powers of Evil" 28 June 1998 64 2 "Death On The Moor" 5 July 1998 The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Main article: The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, a series consisting of original stories written exclusively by Bert Coules was then commissioned, but following Williams' death from cancer in 2001, he was replaced by Andrew Sachs. The episodes were based on throwaway references in Doyle's short stories and novels. They were broadcast on BBC Radio 4 across four series in 2002, 2004, 2008–2009 and 2010. Episodes No. overall No. in series Episode title First broadcast 65 1 "The Madness of Colonel Warburton" 30 January 2002 66 2 "The Star of the Adelphi" 6 February 2002 67 3 "The Peculiar Persecution Of Mr John Vincent Harden" 13 February 2002 68 4 "The Singular Inheritance of Miss Gloria Wilson" 20 February 2002 69 5 "The Saviour of Cripplegate Square" 27 February 2002 70 6 "The Abergavenny Murder" 18 May 2004 71 7 "The Shameful Betrayal of Miss Emily Smith" 25 May 2004 72 8 "The Tragedy of Hanbury Street" 1 June 2004 73 9 "The Determined Client" 8 June 2004 74 10 "The Striking Success of Miss Franny Blossom" 15 June 2004 75 11 "The Remarkable Performance Of Mr Frederick Merridew" 26 December 2008 76 12 "The Eyes Of Horus" 2 January 2009 77 13 "The Thirteen Watches" 9 January 2009 78 14 "The Ferrers Documents" 16 January 2009 79 15 "The Marlbourne Point Mystery - Part 1" 5 April 2010 80 16 "The Marlbourne Point Mystery - Part 2" 6 April 2010 See also Hercule Poirot (radio series) Miss Marple (radio series) Lord Peter Wimsey (radio series) References ^ "Classic Serial: A Study in Scarlet: 1: Revenge". BBC Genome: Radio Times. BBC. 3 November 1989. Retrieved 23 July 2020. ^ a b Coules, Bert. "The Background". The complete audio Sherlock Holmes. Retrieved 23 July 2020. ^ a b Coules, Bert. "The Production Team". The BBC audio complete Sherlock Holmes. Retrieved 23 July 2020. ^ "The Hound of the Baskervilles: 1: The Baskerville Curse". BBC Genome: Radio Times. BBC. 27 May 1988. Retrieved 23 July 2020. ^ Redmond, Christopher (2009). Sherlock Holmes Handbook: Second Edition. Dundurn. pp. 231–232. ISBN 9781459718982. ^ "Cast and Crew". Imagination Theatre. Retrieved 23 July 2020. ^ Dickerson, Ian (2019). Sherlock Holmes and His Adventures on American Radio. BearManor Media. p. 49. ISBN 978-1629335087. ^ Coules, Bert. "The Book of the Series". The BBC audio complete Sherlock Holmes. Retrieved 23 July 2020. ^ a b Coules, Bert. "Casts and Credits". The BBC complete audio Sherlock Holmes. Retrieved 1 May 2020. ^ "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes - Episodes from 2008". bbc.co.uk. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2009. ^ "The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes - Episodes from 2008". bbc.co.uk. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2009. ^ "The Return of Sherlock Holmes - Episodes from 2008". bbc.co.uk. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2009. ^ " Sherlock Holmes: His Last Bow - Episodes from 2008". bbc.co.uk. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2009. ^ " Sherlock Holmes: His Last Bow - Episodes from 2008". bbc.co.uk. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2009. ^ " Sherlock Holmes: The Valley of Fear - Episodes". vteSherlock Holmes franchise mediaAuthorsStage Sherlock Holmes (1899 play) The Burglar and the Lady (1905 play) The Speckled Band (1910 play) The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1923 play) Baker Street (1965 musical) Sherlock Holmes: The Musical (1988 musical) Baskerville: A Sherlock Holmes Mystery (2015 play) Radio The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1930–1936) The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939–1950) Sherlock Holmes (1952–1969) Sherlock Holmes (1989–1998) Imagination Theatre (1998–present) The Newly Discovered Casebook of Sherlock Holmes (1999) The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (2002–2010) Music "The Tiger of San Pedro" The Tale of the Giant Rat of Sumatra (1974 parody album) Sherlock Holmes (2009 soundtrack) Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011 soundtrack) Art Statue in London Comics Baker Street Victorian Undead Marvel Comics Mystique (Sherlock Holmes) Destiny (Irene Adler) Deadpool Killustrated Games 221B Baker Street (board game) Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective (gamebook)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Bert Coules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Coules"},{"link_name":"Clive Merrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Merrison"},{"link_name":"Michael Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dr Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Watson"},{"link_name":"canon of Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_of_Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"A Study in Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Study_in_Scarlet"},{"link_name":"Classic Serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Serial"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4 Extra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4_Extra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Background-2"}],"text":"Radio showSherlock Holmes is the overall title given to the BBC Radio 4 radio dramatisations of the complete Sherlock Holmes stories, with Bert Coules as head writer, and featuring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Dr Watson. 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The other writers were David Ashton, Michael Bakewell, Roger Danes, Robert Forrest, Denys Hawthorne, Gerry Jones, Peter Ling, Vincent McInerney and Peter Mackie.[3]The broadcast of the last dramatisation, the 1998 version of The Hound of the Baskervilles, marked the first time that the same two actors had played Holmes and Watson in dramatisations of all sixty stories on radio[5] or any other medium.[2] This was not accomplished again until 2016 when the American radio series The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes was completed.[6] It had almost been accomplished in the 1930s radio series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes in which all but one of the stories (The Valley of Fear) were adapted.[7]Bert Coules wrote a book about the radio dramatisations of the Sherlock Holmes canon. The book, titled 221 BBC, also includes information about the follow-up BBC radio series The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Study In Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Study_In_Scarlet"},{"link_name":"BBC studios, Maida Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Vale_Studios"}],"sub_title":"A Study In Scarlet","text":"Two one-hour episodes adapted from A Study In Scarlet were recorded October 1989, at BBC studios, Maida Vale, London and first broadcast on 5 and 12 November 1989.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sign of the Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sign_of_the_Four"}],"sub_title":"The Sign of the Four","text":"The following episodes were adapted from the novel The Sign of the Four.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Sherlock_Holmes"}],"sub_title":"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes","text":"The following episodes were adapted from the short story collection The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Memoirs_of_Sherlock_Holmes"}],"sub_title":"The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes","text":"The following episodes were adapted from The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Return of Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_Sherlock_Holmes"}],"sub_title":"The Return of Sherlock Holmes","text":"The following episodes were adapted from The Return of Sherlock Holmes.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"His Last Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Last_Bow"}],"sub_title":"His Last Bow","text":"The following episodes were adapted from His Last Bow.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case-Book_of_Sherlock_Holmes"}],"sub_title":"The Case-book of Sherlock Holmes","text":"The following episodes were adapted from The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Valley of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valley_of_Fear"}],"sub_title":"The Valley of Fear","text":"The following episodes were adapted from the novel The Valley of Fear.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hound of the Baskervilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hound_of_the_Baskervilles"}],"sub_title":"The Hound of the Baskervilles","text":"The following episodes were adapted from the novel The Hound of the Baskervilles.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bert Coules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Coules"},{"link_name":"Andrew Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Sachs"}],"text":"The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, a series consisting of original stories written exclusively by Bert Coules was then commissioned, but following Williams' death from cancer in 2001, he was replaced by Andrew Sachs.The episodes were based on throwaway references in Doyle's short stories and novels. They were broadcast on BBC Radio 4 across four series in 2002, 2004, 2008–2009 and 2010.","title":"The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episodes","title":"The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Hercule Poirot (radio series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercule_Poirot_(radio_series)"},{"title":"Miss Marple (radio series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Marple_(radio_series)"},{"title":"Lord Peter Wimsey (radio series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey_(radio_series)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Classic Serial: A Study in Scarlet: 1: Revenge\". BBC Genome: Radio Times. BBC. 3 November 1989. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/4c6a4d3cfbcd406f9991b1a167a64b5f","url_text":"\"Classic Serial: A Study in Scarlet: 1: Revenge\""}]},{"reference":"Coules, Bert. \"The Background\". The complete audio Sherlock Holmes. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://merrisonholmes.com/background.php","url_text":"\"The Background\""}]},{"reference":"Coules, Bert. \"The Production Team\". The BBC audio complete Sherlock Holmes. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://merrisonholmes.com/team.php","url_text":"\"The Production Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hound of the Baskervilles: 1: The Baskerville Curse\". BBC Genome: Radio Times. BBC. 27 May 1988. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/bcc1d7ec41f84019828b9319be0c7fce","url_text":"\"The Hound of the Baskervilles: 1: The Baskerville Curse\""}]},{"reference":"Redmond, Christopher (2009). Sherlock Holmes Handbook: Second Edition. Dundurn. pp. 231–232. ISBN 9781459718982.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781459718982","url_text":"9781459718982"}]},{"reference":"\"Cast and Crew\". Imagination Theatre. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://harrynile.com/cast-and-crew-2/","url_text":"\"Cast and Crew\""}]},{"reference":"Dickerson, Ian (2019). Sherlock Holmes and His Adventures on American Radio. BearManor Media. p. 49. ISBN 978-1629335087.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Dickerson","url_text":"Dickerson, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629335087","url_text":"978-1629335087"}]},{"reference":"Coules, Bert. \"The Book of the Series\". The BBC audio complete Sherlock Holmes. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://merrisonholmes.com/book.php","url_text":"\"The Book of the Series\""}]},{"reference":"Coules, Bert. \"Casts and Credits\". The BBC complete audio Sherlock Holmes. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://merrisonholmes.com/casts_and_credits.php","url_text":"\"Casts and Credits\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes - Episodes from 2008\". bbc.co.uk. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00d2np2/episodes/2008","url_text":"\"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes - Episodes from 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes - Episodes from 2008\". bbc.co.uk. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dhgzl/episodes/2008","url_text":"\"The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes - Episodes from 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Return of Sherlock Holmes - Episodes from 2008\". bbc.co.uk. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dltqz/episodes/2008","url_text":"\"The Return of Sherlock Holmes - Episodes from 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\" Sherlock Holmes: His Last Bow - Episodes from 2008\". bbc.co.uk. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dxkzc/episodes/2008","url_text":"\" Sherlock Holmes: His Last Bow - Episodes from 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\" Sherlock Holmes: His Last Bow - Episodes from 2008\". bbc.co.uk. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dxkzc/episodes/2008","url_text":"\" Sherlock Holmes: His Last Bow - Episodes from 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\" Sherlock Holmes: The Valley of Fear - Episodes\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00f3zl5","url_text":"\" Sherlock Holmes: The Valley of Fear - Episodes\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/4c6a4d3cfbcd406f9991b1a167a64b5f","external_links_name":"\"Classic Serial: A Study in Scarlet: 1: Revenge\""},{"Link":"http://merrisonholmes.com/background.php","external_links_name":"\"The Background\""},{"Link":"http://merrisonholmes.com/team.php","external_links_name":"\"The Production Team\""},{"Link":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/bcc1d7ec41f84019828b9319be0c7fce","external_links_name":"\"The Hound of the Baskervilles: 1: The Baskerville Curse\""},{"Link":"https://harrynile.com/cast-and-crew-2/","external_links_name":"\"Cast and Crew\""},{"Link":"http://merrisonholmes.com/book.php","external_links_name":"\"The Book of the Series\""},{"Link":"http://merrisonholmes.com/casts_and_credits.php","external_links_name":"\"Casts and Credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00d2np2/episodes/2008","external_links_name":"\"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes - Episodes from 2008\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dhgzl/episodes/2008","external_links_name":"\"The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes - Episodes from 2008\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dltqz/episodes/2008","external_links_name":"\"The Return of Sherlock Holmes - Episodes from 2008\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dxkzc/episodes/2008","external_links_name":"\" Sherlock Holmes: His Last Bow - Episodes from 2008\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dxkzc/episodes/2008","external_links_name":"\" Sherlock Holmes: His Last Bow - Episodes from 2008\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00f3zl5","external_links_name":"\" Sherlock Holmes: The Valley of Fear - Episodes\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose_Resources	Melrose Resources	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	Melrose Resources plc corporate logo Melrose Resources plc was an independent upstream oil and gas E&P company founded in 1992, it was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1999. The company was headquartered in Edinburgh, UK with international offices in the countries where its operations were located. Its activities were focused on Egypt, Bulgaria, France, Romania, Turkey and the United States. The company merged with Petroceltic International in 2012. History The Company was formed in 1992 by Robert Adair to exploit international oil opportunities. It was first listed. In 2004 the company successfully developed the Galata gas field in Bulgaria. In 2006, the company acquired Merlon Petroleum, an oil business with which it shared interests in Egypt. In October 2012, Melrose Resources merged with Dublin-based Petroceltic International plc in a share for share deal worth $222m, this added new exploration assets in Algeria, Kurdistan and Italy to the existing Melrose portfolio and formed an enlarged oil and gas exploration and production company. Petroceltic was acquired by Worldview Capital Management, a Cayman Island based financial fund in June 2016. References ^ Melrose buys partner to gain Egypt assets ^ "Proposed Merger of Petroceltic and Melrose" (PDF). External links Official site Melrose Resources to target Black Sea vteEnergy in the United KingdomCompaniesCoal Anglo American BHP ENRC GCM Resources Glencore Rio Tinto UK Coal Oil and gasIntegrated BP Shell Explorationand production Afren BHP Capricorn Energy Centrica Dana Petroleum Desire Petroleum Emerald Energy EnQuest Essar Energy Harbour Energy Hardy Oil and Gas JKX Oil & Gas Melrose Resources Ophir Energy Perenco Pharos Energy Regal Petroleum Rockhopper Exploration Star Energy Tullow Oil Supply Greenergy Murco Petroleum Support Abbot Group Amec Foster Wheeler Expro Hunting John Wood Group Petrofac Qserv Weir Group WesternGeco1 UtilitiesIntegrated Centrica E.ON UK1 EDF Energy1 Npower1 ScottishPower1 SSE Generationand supplyGeneration Drax Group Engie Energy International Horizon Nuclear Power1 Renantis Vattenfall UK1 Vedanta Resources Supply 100Green Bristol Energy Co-op Energy Ecotricity ESB Group Firmus Energy Good Energy Octopus Energy Opus Energy Outfox the Market OVO Energy Phoenix Natural Gas Shell Energy TotalEnergies Gas & Power Utilita Energy Utility Warehouse DistributionElectricity Electricity North West1 Northern Powergrid1 SP Energy Networks1 SSE Power Distribution UK Power Networks1 Western Power Distribution1 Gas Cadent Gas Firmus Energy Northern Gas Networks Phoenix Natural Gas SGN Wales & West Utilities1 TransmissionElectricity National Grid2 Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission SP Energy Networks1 Gas National Grid Other Aggreko APX Group Aquamarine Power EnServe Hi-Gen Power Mark Group United Downs Deep Geothermal Power Wavegen Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in italics 1Ultimate parent company is not UK-based 2Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UKEnergy sourcesCoal Coal Authority Coal-fired power stations Coal mines Coal mining regions Confederation of UK Coal Producers Greenhouse gas emissions History miners' strike National Coal Board Open-pit coal mining Electricity Association of Electricity Producers BritNed East–West Interconnector Economy 7 Economy 10 Electricity billing Energy switching services Green electricity Grid Trade Master Agreement Gridlink Interconnector HVDC Cross-Channel Isle of Man to England Interconnector Moyle Interconnector National Grid Control Reserve Service New Electricity Trading Arrangements North Sea Link Power stations Timeline of the electricity supply industry Nuclear Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor Franco-British Nuclear Forum Magnox National Nuclear Laboratory Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Nuclear Liabilities Fund Nuclear power stations Office for Nuclear Regulation Sellafield United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Oil and gas BBL Pipeline Dash for Gas Forties pipeline system Fuel protests Gas infrastructure Greenhouse gas emissions Hydrocarbon Oil Duty National Transmission System Natural gas fields Natural gas-fired power stations North Sea oil North Sea Transition Authority Offshore Energies UK Oil fields Oil-fired power stations Oil infrastructure Oil refineries Petroleum Revenue Tax RenewablesBiofuels Biofuel power stations NNFCC Renewable Fuels Agency Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation Geothermal Geothermal power stations Hydroelectricity Hydroelectric power stations Mersey Barrage Severn Barrage Wave farms Solar power Wind power Offshore wind power List of offshore wind farms List of onshore wind farms North Seas Energy Cooperation Wind power in Scotland Government and regulationOrganisations Carbon Trust Cenex Climate Change Committee Department for Energy Security and Net Zero Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Energy Saving Trust Environment Agency Office of Gas and Electricity Markets Legislation andinitiatives Carbon Emission Reduction Target Climate Change Act 2008 Climate Change Agreement Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006 Climate Change Levy CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform Display Energy Certificate Energy Act 2013 Energy performance certificate Fossil Fuel Levy Low Carbon Building Programme Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation Planning Act 2008 Renewable Heat Incentive Renewables Obligation United Kingdom Climate Change Programme Non-governmental organisationsCharities andpressure groups Ashden Award Bioregional Campaign against Climate Change Centre for Alternative Technology National Energy Action Stop Climate Chaos Tyndall Centre Industry bodies Association for Decentralised Energy Energy Institute Energy Networks Association Energy Retail Association Green Power Forum RenewableUK Utilities Intermediaries Association Research Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology Energy Technologies Institute Met Office Hadley Centre Narec Oil Depletion Analysis Centre Sunbury Research Centre UK Energy Research Centre Energy conservation Association for the Conservation of Energy British Energy Efficiency Federation Close the Door campaign Code for Sustainable Homes Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme EcoHomes Energy efficiency in British housing Energy Saving Trust Energy Saving Trust Recommended Greenhouse gas emissions HTB National Home Energy Rating Category This article about a company of Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to Edinburgh, Scotland, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MelroseBirdLogo.jpg"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Melrose Resources plc corporate logoMelrose Resources plc was an independent upstream oil and gas E&P company founded in 1992, it was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1999. The company was headquartered in Edinburgh, UK with international offices in the countries where its operations were located. Its activities were focused on Egypt, Bulgaria, France, Romania, Turkey and the United States.The company merged with Petroceltic International in 2012.","title":"Melrose Resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galata gas field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galata_gas_field"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Petroceltic International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroceltic_International"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Company was formed in 1992 by Robert Adair to exploit international oil opportunities. It was first listed. In 2004 the company successfully developed the Galata gas field in Bulgaria. In 2006, the company acquired Merlon Petroleum, an oil business with which it shared interests in Egypt.[1]In October 2012, Melrose Resources merged with Dublin-based Petroceltic International plc in a share for share deal worth $222m, this added new exploration assets in Algeria, Kurdistan and Italy to the existing Melrose portfolio and formed an enlarged oil and gas exploration and production company.[2] Petroceltic was acquired by Worldview Capital Management, a Cayman Island based financial fund in June 2016.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Melrose Resources plc corporate logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/MelroseBirdLogo.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Proposed Merger of Petroceltic and Melrose\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://media.investis.com/P/Petroceltic/proposed-merger/pdfs/petroceltic-aim-readmission-document.pdf","url_text":"\"Proposed Merger of Petroceltic and Melrose\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120713052411/http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/04/14/10032850.html","external_links_name":"Melrose buys partner to gain Egypt assets"},{"Link":"http://media.investis.com/P/Petroceltic/proposed-merger/pdfs/petroceltic-aim-readmission-document.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Proposed Merger of Petroceltic and Melrose\""},{"Link":"http://www.petroceltic.com/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_east_and_fife/10520319.stm","external_links_name":"Melrose Resources to target Black Sea"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melrose_Resources&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melrose_Resources&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menyh%C3%A9rt_L%C3%B3nyay	Menyhért Lónyay	["1 Ancestors","2 References"]	Hungarian politician This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Menyhért Lónyay" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The native form of this personal name is nagylónyai és vásárosnaményi gróf Lónyay Menyhért. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. CountMenyhért Lónyayde Nagylónya et VásárosnaményPrime Minister of the Kingdom of HungaryIn office14 November 1871 – 4 December 1872MonarchFrancis Joseph IPreceded byGyula AndrássySucceeded byJózsef Szlávy Personal detailsBorn(1822-01-06)6 January 1822Nagylónya (today Lónya), HungaryDied3 November 1884(1884-11-03) (aged 62)Budapest, HungaryPolitical partyOpposition Party (1847–1849) Deák Party (1865–1875) Liberal Party (1875–1884)SpouseFlorenina LónyayChildrenMenyhért Albert Etelka Kálmán János József Menyhért Count Lónyay de Nagylónya et Vásárosnamény (6 January 1822, in Nagylónya – 3 November 1884, in Budapest) was a Hungarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1871 to 1872. He was born to an aristocratic Protestant family, and studied law in Pest. He became a member of the Hungarian Diet in 1843, where he was a member of the opposition, though he also opposed the protectionist tariff system of Lajos Kossuth. He was undersecretary of state in the government brought to power by the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and fled when the rebellion was put down in 1849. He returned to the country in 1850 with amnesty granted. After his return, he championed the construction works intended to provide navigation and flood control over the Tisza river and had an active role in launching projects in the agricultural and financial sectors. He protested in favor of the autonomy of Protestant churches after the Patent of 1859 endangered them. He was appointed Minister of Finance under the first constitutional Prime Minister, Gyula Andrássy, in 1867, and in 1870 became the Minister of Finance of Austria-Hungary. In August 1871 he was raised to the rank of Count, and in November 1871 he became Prime Minister of Hungary. He was driven off office relatively quickly, however, amidst accusations of corruption: He was accused directly by a member of the Diet on 18 November 1872, and was dismissed on 2 December of that year. He became a member of the upper chamber of the Diet in 1875, and died in 1884. Ancestors Menyhért Lónyay de Nagylónya et Vásárosnamény's ancestors in three generations Menyhért Lónyay de Nagylónya et Vásárosnamény Father:János Lónyay de Nagylónya et Vásárosnamény Paternal Grandfather:Menyhért Lónyay de Nagylónya et Vásárosnamény Paternal Great-grandfather:Baron László Lónyay de Nagylónya et Vásárosnamény Paternal Great-grandmother:Zsófia Darvas de Nagy-Réth Paternal Grandmother:Erzsébet Szemere de Szemere Paternal Great-grandfather: Paternal Great-grandmother: Mother:Florentina Lónyay de Nagylónya et Vásárosnamény Maternal Grandfather:Gábor Lónyay de Nagylónya et Vásárosnamény Maternal Great-grandfather:János Lónyay de Nagylónya et Vásárosnamény Maternal Great-grandmother:Florentina Lónyay de Nagylónya et Vásárosnamény Maternal Grandmother:Piroska Prónay de Tóthpróna et Blathnicza Maternal Great-grandfather: Maternal Great-grandmother: References "Lónyay". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 10 (4th ed.). 1890. pp. 910–911. Political offices Preceded byFerenc Duschek Minister of Finance 1867–1870 Succeeded byKároly Kerkapoly Preceded byFriedrich Ferdinand von Beust Joint Minister of Finance of Austria-Hungary 1870–1871 Succeeded byGyula Andrássy Preceded byGyula Andrássy Prime Minister of Hungary 1871–1872 Succeeded byJózsef Szlávy Minister of Defence 1871–1872 Cultural offices Preceded byJózsef Eötvös President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 1871–1884 Succeeded byÁgoston Trefort vtePrime ministers of Hungary List By length of term Graphical Records Revolution of 1848 Batthyány (Récsey) Kossuth Szemere Kingdom (1867–1918) Andrássy Lónyay Szlávy Bittó Wenckheim K. Tisza Szapáry Wekerle Bánffy Széll Khuen-Héderváry I. Tisza Fejérváry Wekerle Khuen-Héderváry Lukács I. Tisza Esterházy Wekerle Hadik First Republic M. Károlyi Berinkey Soviet Republic Garbai Peidl opposed by G. Károlyi Pattantyús-Ábrahám Republic (1919–20) Friedrich Huszár Kingdom (1920–1946) Simonyi-Semadam Teleki Bethlen G. Károlyi Gömbös Darányi Imrédy Teleki Keresztes-Fischer Bárdossy Keresztes-Fischer Kállay Sztójay Lakatos Szálasi Miklós Tildy Second Republic Rákosi F. Nagy Rákosi Dinnyés Dobi People's Republic Dobi Rákosi I. Nagy Hegedüs I. Nagy Kádár Münnich Kádár Kállai Fock Lázár Grósz Németh Third Republic Németh Antall Boross Horn Orbán Medgyessy Gyurcsány Bajnai Orbán Italics indicates interim officeholders. vteMinisters of Defence of Hungary since 1848Revolution of 1848 Batthyány Mészáros Görgei Aulich Kingdom of Hungary Andrássy Lónyay Szlávy Szende Ráday Orczy Fejérváry Kolossváry Nyiri Bihar Pap Wekerle Jekelfalussy Hazai Szurmay Transition period Linder A. Bartha Festetics Böhm Haubrich Böhm (opposed by Z. Szabó Horthy Belitska) Schnetzer Friedrich Regency Soós Sréter Belitska Csáky Gömbös Kozma Somkuthy Rőder Rátz K. Bartha V. Nagy Csatay Transition period Beregfy Vörös Tombor F. Nagy A. Bartha Dinnyés Veres Communist Hungary Farkas Bata Janza Maléter Münnich Révész Czinege Oláh Kárpáti Republic of Hungary Für Keleti J. Szabó Juhász Szekeres Hende Simicskó Benkő Szalay-Bobrovniczky vteMinisters of Finance of Hungary (since 1848)Revolution of 1848 Kossuth Batthyány Duschek Kingdom of Hungary Lónyay Kerkapoly Szlávy Ghyczy Széll Tisza Szapáry Tisza Wekerle Sr. Lukács Fejérváry Hegedűs Wekerle Sr. Lukács Teleszky Gratz Wekerle Sr. Popovics Transition period M. Károlyi Szende J. Varga Székely and Lengyel Székely Miákits Peidl Grünn Korányi Regency Hegedüs Hegyeshalmi Bethlen Kállay Walko Korányi Bud Wekerle Jr. G. Károlyi Korányi Imrédy Fabinyi Reményi-Schneller Transition period Vásáry Oltványi Gordon Rácz Nyárádi Gerő Communist Hungary Kossa Olt Kossa Antos Nyers Tímár Vályi Faluvégi Hetényi Medgyessy Villányi Békesi Republic of Hungary Rabár Kupa Szabó Békesi Bokros Medgyessy Járai M. Varga László Draskovics Veres Oszkó Matolcsy M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Xiong_(artist)	Gu Xiong (artist)	["1 Life","2 Work","3 Selected solo and duo exhibitions","4 Selected group exhibitions","5 Selected publications","6 Collections","7 References"]	Artist Gu XiongBorn1953 (age 70–71)Chongqing, ChinaNationalityCanadianOccupation(s)Artist, professorKnown forinstallation artist, painter, graphic artist, photographer, performance artistWebsiteOfficial website Gu Xiong (born 1953) is a Canadian contemporary artist. Life Gu Xiong was born 1953 in Chongqing, Sichuan, China. At the age of 18, during the Chinese cultural revolution, Xiong was sent to live in the countryside where he sketched scenes of rural life. He received a Bachelor of Fine Arts and a Master of Fine Arts degree (1985) from the Sichuan Fine Arts Institute. In 1986, he attended an artist residency at the Banff Centre for the Arts in Alberta Canada, becoming the first artist from the People's Republic of China to do so. After returning to China, he was a part of the 1989 China Avant-Garde exhibition that was shut down by the Chinese police a few hours after it opened, four months before Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Xiong immigrated from China to Vancouver Canada in 1989. Xiong currently lives in Vancouver, where he is a professor of art at the University of British Columbia. Work Xiong is a multidisciplinary artist who works in media as diverse as painting, drawing, photography, installation, performance, video and bronze sculpture. He is known largely for his paintings, performances and installation works. In Interior View-- Fenced Wall, performed in 1989 at the China Avant-garde exhibition in Beijing, he painted images of a fence on paper and onto his clothing and performed with his face painted in pantomime-style. He has also done numerous similarly titled works on paper. Selected solo and duo exhibitions 2020 – Gu Xiong: The Remains of a Journey, Centre A Vancouver International Centre for Contemporary Asian Art and Canton-sardine 2017 – Gu Xiong: Migration, The Galaxy Museum of Contemporary Art, Chongqing, China 2017 – Pins, R Space, Vancouver, British Columbia. 2016 – A River of Migration, a mixed media installation, at the San Juan Islands of Museum of Art, Friday Harbor, Washington, US. 2014 – Gu Xiong; a journey exposed, Gordon Smith Gallery of Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 2013 – Chongqing 5 – A Room Filled with Memories (Gu Xiong/Sheng Hua), ATELIER AM ECK, Himmelgeister Str. 107E. Düsseldorf, Germany 2012–13 -Invisible in the Light, Boya Art Museum, Central China Nomal University, Wuhan, China. 2012 – Coquitlam Waterscapes, Evergreen Art Gallery, Coquitlam, British Columbia. Canada 2012 – Waterscapes: Reframed, the Reach Gallery Museum Abbotsford, Abbotsford, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada 2011 – Waterscapes: Migration along the Vancouver Island, Fraser and Yangzi Rivers, Nanaimo Art Gallery 2010 – Waterscapes, solo exhibition at the Richmond Art Gallery, Richmond, British Columbia 2008 – Gu Xiong/Yang Shu, Beijing Center for the Arts at Legation Quarter, Beijing, China 2008 – Red River, Winnipeg Art Gallery, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada. 2006 – Toronto: I Am Who I Am, a photo instillation at the St. Patrick Subway Station, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 2005 – Shifting, Diane Farris Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 2004 – Beyond Vision, Chongqing Art Museum, Chongqing, China 2004 – Here is What I Mean – Gu Xiong and Xu Bing, Museum London, London, Ontario, Canada 2003 – Small, medium, large, and Extra large, OBORO Gallery, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Selected group exhibitions 2017 – Every. Now. Then: Reframing Nationhood, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 2017 – Rip It Up, The 2nd Changjiang International Photography and Video Biennale, Chongqing Museum of Contemporary Art, Chongqing, China. 2016 – Mountains and Rivers Without End, Artlab Gallery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada 2016 – Mountains and Rivers, Centre for Contemporary Art, Quito and Cuenca Modern Art Museum, Cuenca, Ecuador 2015–16 – Beyond Image, Hubei Art Museum of Art, Wuhan, China 2015 – Top Time, LP Art Space, Chongqing, China 2015 – Material Future: The Architecture of Herzog & De Meuron and the Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 2015 – Home (Hyphenated Home), Centre 3 for Print and Media Arts, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada 2014–15 – The Transformation of Canadian Landscape Art: Inside & Outside of being, Xi’an Art Museum, Xi’an and Today’s Art Museum, Beijing, China 2014 -15 – Alex Colville, Art gallery of Ontario, Toronto; The National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 2014 – Confronting Anitya – Oriental Experience in Contemporary Art, Im Kunstraum Villa Friede, Stiftung Für Kunst und Kultur e. V., Bonn, Germany; Yuan Dian Art Museum, Beijing, China; Kunstwerk Carlshütte Internationalle Kunstausstellung NordArt 2014, Vorwerlsalle, 24782 Buedelsdorf, Deutschland, Germany. 2014 – The Source: Rethinking Water Through Contemporary Art, Roman Hall Art Centre, Brock University, St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada 2013 – Permanere Nell’impermanenza – Esperienza orientale e art contemporanea, Museo MAGI’900, Via Rusticana A/1, Bologna, Italy 2013 – Rivers, Lakes and Seas – Hubei International Contemporary Art Exhibition, Hubei Library Gallery, Wuhan, China 2013 – Voice of the Unseen: Chinese Independent art 1979 – Today, The Venice Biennale Parallel Exhibition, The Fondazione la Biennale di Venezia 55th International Art Exhibition, Arsenale Nord, Venice, Italy 2012 – Canadian Identity and Landscape, the Art Gallery of Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada 2012 – Downstream: Reimagining Water, Concourse Gallery, Emily Carr University of Art & Design, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 2011 – Only when the Shades of Night Begin to Gather, AHVA Library Gallery, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 2011 – Revolutionizing Cultural Identity: Photography and the Changing Face of Immigration, Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 2010 – Three Voices, OrganHaus Art Space, Chongqing, China 2010 – Border Zones: New Art Across Cultures, Museum of Anthropology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 2010 – Do You See What I Mean? An exhibition of photographic works from the collection of the Canada Council Art Bank conceived to coincide with X Ottawa Photography Festival and Culture Days, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 2010 – Made in Canada, Shenkman Arts Centre, Ottawa School of Art, Orleans, Ontario, Canada 2009 – Documents of China/Avant-Garde Exhibition, Wall Gallery, Beijing, China 2009 – British Columbia Scene, National Arts Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 2008 – Art Is Nothing – 798 Art Festival, 798 Art District, Beijing, China 2008 – Revolutionizing Cultural Identity, Oakland University Art Gallery, Rochester, Michigan, US 2007 – Post Avant-garde Chinese Contemporary Art – Four Directions of the New Era, Anting House, Hong Kong, China 2007 – Gui Zhou 3rd Biennale, Gui Yang Art Museum, Gui Yang, China Selected publications Confronting Anitya: Oriental Experience in Contemporary Art Voice of the Unseen: Chinese Independent Art 1979 → Today (2013) Yellow River / Blue Culture (2002) (ISBN 9781895497502) The Transformation of Canadian Landscape Art: Inside and Outside of Being (2014) Starting From the Southwest (2007) The Sickle And The Cell Phone (ISBN 9780920810828) Tout Le Temps (Every Time) (2000) (ISBN 2-920825-17-8) Red River (2008) Red Lands (1998) (ISBN 9780969506881) A Journey Exposed (2014) (ISBN 9780993771408) Contemporary East Asian Letter Arts (1999) Drowning (2000) Waterscapes (2010) Coquitlam Waterscapes (2012) Here Not There (1995) (ISBN 9781895800913) Post Avant-Garde Chinese Contemporary Art (2007) Shu: Reinventing Books in Contemporary Chinese Art (2006) (ISBN 9780977405411) Gu Xiong and Xu Bing: Here is What I Mean (2004) (ISBN 9781895800913) Beyond Image: Laboratory of Light (2015) Confronting Anitya: Oriental Experience in Contemporary Art (2013) Gu Xiong: Migrations (2017) Gu Xiong: The Remains of a Journey (2021) Collections Xiong's work is included in the permanent collection of the National Gallery of Canada, the Vancouver Art Gallery, the Surrey Art Gallery and the Burnaby Art Gallery, The China National Museum of Fine Arts, Art Bank, Canada Council for the Arts, The Museum of Modern Art, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, Museum of Sichuan Institute of Fine Arts, Chengdu Modern Art Exhibition Hall, Washington State Arts Commission, University of Washington, York University, The Banff Centre for the Arts, The Glenbow Museum, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, University of British Columbia, Xi’an Art Museum, The Peter Wall Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Simon Fraser University Art Gallery, British Columbia Art Collection, Surrey Art Gallery, Richmond Art Gallery, and Kamloops Art Gallery. References ^ a b "Artist/Maker Name "Gu, Xiong"". Canadian Heritage Information Network. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ a b "Gu Xiong 1953 -". National Gallery of Canada. ^ a b Griffin, Kevin (2013-07-17). "Gu Xiong: Drawing sketches during the Cultural Revolution". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ Michael Sullivan (1996). Art and Artists of Twentieth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 302–. ISBN 978-0-520-07556-6. ^ Lyon, Christine (16 May 2014). "Gu Xiong's global journey connects the personal with the political". North Shore News. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ Edward L. Davis (January 2009). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture. Taylor & Francis. pp. 321–. ISBN 978-0-415-77716-2. ^ Richard King (1 July 2010). Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966–76. UBC Press. pp. 118–. ISBN 978-0-7748-5911-0. ^ Paul Yee (1 December 2009). Saltwater City: Story of Vancouver's Chinese Community. Douglas and McIntyre (2013) Limited. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-1-926706-25-2. ^ Scott Tyson, Ann (1989-02-07). "Avant-garde Bursts onto Chinese Art Scene. 'Action art' symbolizes artists' determination to brashly take advantage of eased state censorship". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ "Blossoming of influence". The Vancouver Sun. Canada.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ a b Yishu: Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art. Art & Collection Group. 2008. ^ Marie Claire Huot (2000). China's New Cultural Scene: A Handbook of Changes. Duke University Press. pp. 150–. ISBN 0-8223-2445-8. ^ Gillis, Charlie. "Why China's artists are making waves, and getting away with it". Maclean's Magazine. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ Annie Wong Art Foundation; Western Front (Society) (1998). Jiangnan: modern and contemporary art from south of the Yangzi River. Annie Wong Art Foundation. ISBN 9780968406625. ^ Conner, Shawn (2001-11-24). "Q and A: Artist Gu Xiong's work born of cultural reinvention". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ "Professor, Xiong Gu". University of British Columbia. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ Laurence, Robin (2014-05-28). "Gu Xiong: A Journey Exposed connects the local to the global". The Georgia Straight. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ a b "Gu Xiong: The Course of Globalism". Canadian Art. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|url= (help) ^ a b Thomas J. Berghuis (2006). Performance Art in China. Timezone 8 Limited. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-988-99265-9-5. ^ Craig Pearson; Judith Nasby (11 August 2008). The Cultivated Landscape: An Exploration of Art and Agriculture. MQUP. pp. 320–. ISBN 978-0-7735-7837-1. ^ Richard E. Strassberg; Pacific Asia Museum (1 January 1991). I don't want to play cards with Cézanne, and other works: selections from the Chinese New Wave and Avant-Garde art of the eighties. Pacific Asia Museum. ISBN 978-1-877921-05-6. ^ China Now. Society for Anglo-Chinese Understanding. 1988. ^ Wilson, Gavin. "Profile: Cultural revolutionary: Artist Gu Xiong continues the struggle for his art in Canada". University of British Columbia. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ "Barricade of Bicycles, June 4, 1989, 1990". National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ "Gu Xiong Barricade of Bicycles 1989 & Cafeteria #1" (PDF). Surrey Art Gallery. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ Günter Meißner; K.G. Saur Verlag (2009). Gryt- Guerrin. Saur. ISBN 978-3-598-23031-8. ^ "Gu Xiong: A Journey Exposed connects the local to the global". The Georgia Straight. 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2023-04-27. ^ "Institute of Asian Art: Collection". Vancouver Art Gallery. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ "Collections". Burnaby Art Gallery. Retrieved 12 June 2016. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHIN-listing-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGC-collection-2"}],"text":"Gu Xiong (born 1953) is a Canadian contemporary artist.[1][2]","title":"Gu Xiong (artist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHIN-listing-1"},{"link_name":"cultural revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VancSun-Feature-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan1996-4"},{"link_name":"Sichuan Fine Arts Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_Fine_Arts_Institute"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSN-feature-5"},{"link_name":"Banff Centre for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_Centre_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis2009-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King2010-7"},{"link_name":"1989 China Avant-Garde exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_China_Avant-Garde_exhibition"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen Square protests of 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yee2009-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CS-mention-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanSun-bio-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yishu-11"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yishu-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huot2000-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans-mention-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foundation(Society)1998-14"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanSun-feature-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UBC-fac-listing-16"}],"text":"Gu Xiong was born 1953 in Chongqing, Sichuan, China.[1] At the age of 18, during the Chinese cultural revolution, Xiong was sent to live in the countryside where he sketched scenes of rural life.[3] He received a Bachelor of Fine Arts and a Master of Fine Arts degree (1985)[4] from the Sichuan Fine Arts Institute.[5] In 1986, he attended an artist residency at the Banff Centre for the Arts in Alberta Canada,[6] becoming the first artist from the People's Republic of China to do so.[7] After returning to China, he was a part of the 1989 China Avant-Garde exhibition that was shut down by the Chinese police a few hours after it opened, four months before Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.[8][9][10][11] Xiong immigrated from China to Vancouver Canada in 1989.[11][12][13][14]Xiong currently lives in Vancouver, where he is a professor of art at the University of British Columbia.[15][16]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS-review-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VancSun-Feature-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canart-video-photo-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berghuis2006-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canart-video-photo-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PearsonNasby2008-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berghuis2006-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StrassbergMuseum1991-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UBC-profile-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGC-Barricade-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAG-Barricade-collection-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MeissnerVerlag2009-26"}],"text":"Xiong is a multidisciplinary artist who works in media as diverse as painting,[17] drawing,[3] photography,[18] installation, performance,[19] video[18] and bronze sculpture.[20] He is known largely for his paintings, performances and installation works. In Interior View-- Fenced Wall, performed in 1989 at the China Avant-garde exhibition in Beijing, he painted images of a fence on paper and onto his clothing and performed with his face painted in pantomime-style.[19][21][22][23] He has also done numerous similarly titled works on paper.[24][25][26]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centre A Vancouver International Centre for Contemporary Asian Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_A"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Museum London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_London"}],"text":"2020 – Gu Xiong: The Remains of a Journey, Centre A Vancouver International Centre for Contemporary Asian Art and Canton-sardine2017 – Gu Xiong: Migration, The Galaxy Museum of Contemporary Art, Chongqing, China2017 – Pins, R Space, Vancouver, British Columbia.2016 – A River of Migration, a mixed media installation, at the San Juan Islands of Museum of Art, Friday Harbor, Washington, US.2014 – Gu Xiong; a journey exposed, Gordon Smith Gallery of Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada[27]2013 – Chongqing 5 – A Room Filled with Memories (Gu Xiong/Sheng Hua), ATELIER AM ECK, Himmelgeister Str. 107E. Düsseldorf, Germany2012–13 -Invisible in the Light, Boya Art Museum, Central China Nomal University, Wuhan, China.2012 – Coquitlam Waterscapes, Evergreen Art Gallery, Coquitlam, British Columbia. Canada2012 – Waterscapes: Reframed, the Reach Gallery Museum Abbotsford, Abbotsford, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada2011 – Waterscapes: Migration along the Vancouver Island, Fraser and Yangzi Rivers, Nanaimo Art Gallery2010 – Waterscapes, solo exhibition at the Richmond Art Gallery, Richmond, British Columbia2008 – Gu Xiong/Yang Shu, Beijing Center for the Arts at Legation Quarter, Beijing, China2008 – Red River, Winnipeg Art Gallery, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada.2006 – Toronto: I Am Who I Am, a photo instillation at the St. Patrick Subway Station, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.2005 – Shifting, Diane Farris Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada2004 – Beyond Vision, Chongqing Art Museum, Chongqing, China2004 – Here is What I Mean – Gu Xiong and Xu Bing, Museum London, London, Ontario, Canada2003 – Small, medium, large, and Extra large, OBORO Gallery, Montreal, Quebec, Canada","title":"Selected solo and duo exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Brock University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_University"},{"link_name":"UBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Museum of Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Anthropology_at_UBC"}],"text":"2017 – Every. Now. Then: Reframing Nationhood, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada2017 – Rip It Up, The 2nd Changjiang International Photography and Video Biennale, Chongqing Museum of Contemporary Art, Chongqing, China.2016 – Mountains and Rivers Without End, Artlab Gallery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada2016 – Mountains and Rivers, Centre for Contemporary Art, Quito and Cuenca Modern Art Museum, Cuenca, Ecuador2015–16 – Beyond Image, Hubei Art Museum of Art, Wuhan, China2015 – Top Time, LP Art Space, Chongqing, China2015 – Material Future: The Architecture of Herzog & De Meuron and the Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada2015 – Home (Hyphenated Home), Centre 3 for Print and Media Arts, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada2014–15 – The Transformation of Canadian Landscape Art: Inside & Outside of being, Xi’an Art Museum, Xi’an and Today’s Art Museum, Beijing, China2014 -15 – Alex Colville, Art gallery of Ontario, Toronto; The National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada2014 – Confronting Anitya – Oriental Experience in Contemporary Art, Im Kunstraum Villa Friede, Stiftung Für Kunst und Kultur e. V., Bonn, Germany; Yuan Dian Art Museum, Beijing, China; Kunstwerk Carlshütte Internationalle Kunstausstellung NordArt 2014, Vorwerlsalle, 24782 Buedelsdorf, Deutschland, Germany.2014 – The Source: Rethinking Water Through Contemporary Art, Roman Hall Art Centre, Brock University, St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada2013 – Permanere Nell’impermanenza – Esperienza orientale e art contemporanea, Museo MAGI’900, Via Rusticana A/1, Bologna, Italy2013 – Rivers, Lakes and Seas – Hubei International Contemporary Art Exhibition, Hubei Library Gallery, Wuhan, China2013 – Voice of the Unseen: Chinese Independent art 1979 – Today, The Venice Biennale Parallel Exhibition, The Fondazione la Biennale di Venezia 55th International Art Exhibition, Arsenale Nord, Venice, Italy2012 – Canadian Identity and Landscape, the Art Gallery of Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada2012 – Downstream: Reimagining Water, Concourse Gallery, Emily Carr University of Art & Design, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada2011 – Only when the Shades of Night Begin to Gather, AHVA Library Gallery, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada2011 – Revolutionizing Cultural Identity: Photography and the Changing Face of Immigration, Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada2010 – Three Voices, OrganHaus Art Space, Chongqing, China2010 – Border Zones: New Art Across Cultures, Museum of Anthropology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada2010 – Do You See What I Mean? An exhibition of photographic works from the collection of the CanadaCouncil Art Bank conceived to coincide with X Ottawa Photography Festival and Culture Days, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada2010 – Made in Canada, Shenkman Arts Centre, Ottawa School of Art, Orleans, Ontario, Canada2009 – Documents of China/Avant-Garde Exhibition, Wall Gallery, Beijing, China2009 – British Columbia Scene, National Arts Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada2008 – Art Is Nothing – 798 Art Festival, 798 Art District, Beijing, China2008 – Revolutionizing Cultural Identity, Oakland University Art Gallery, Rochester, Michigan, US2007 – Post Avant-garde Chinese Contemporary Art – Four Directions of the New Era, Anting House, Hong Kong, China2007 – Gui Zhou 3rd Biennale, Gui Yang Art Museum, Gui Yang, China","title":"Selected group exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Confronting Anitya: Oriental Experience in Contemporary Art\nVoice of the Unseen: Chinese Independent Art 1979 → Today (2013)\nYellow River / Blue Culture (2002) (ISBN 9781895497502)\nThe Transformation of Canadian Landscape Art: Inside and Outside of Being (2014)\nStarting From the Southwest (2007)\nThe Sickle And The Cell Phone (ISBN 9780920810828)\nTout Le Temps (Every Time) (2000) (ISBN 2-920825-17-8)\nRed River (2008)\nRed Lands (1998) (ISBN 9780969506881)\nA Journey Exposed (2014) (ISBN 9780993771408)\nContemporary East Asian Letter Arts (1999)\nDrowning (2000)\nWaterscapes (2010)\nCoquitlam Waterscapes (2012)\nHere Not There (1995) (ISBN 9781895800913)\nPost Avant-Garde Chinese Contemporary Art (2007)\nShu: Reinventing Books in Contemporary Chinese Art (2006) (ISBN 9780977405411)\nGu Xiong and Xu Bing: Here is What I Mean (2004) (ISBN 9781895800913)\nBeyond Image: Laboratory of Light (2015)\nConfronting Anitya: Oriental Experience in Contemporary Art (2013)\nGu Xiong: Migrations (2017)\nGu Xiong: The Remains of a Journey (2021)","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Gallery of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGC-collection-2"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VAG-collection-28"},{"link_name":"Surrey Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Burnaby Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnaby_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnaby-collection-29"}],"text":"Xiong's work is included in the permanent collection of the National Gallery of Canada,[2] the Vancouver Art Gallery,[28] the Surrey Art Gallery and the Burnaby Art Gallery,[29] The China National Museum of Fine Arts, Art Bank, Canada Council for the Arts, The Museum of Modern Art, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, Museum of Sichuan Institute of Fine Arts, Chengdu Modern Art Exhibition Hall, Washington State Arts Commission, University of Washington, York University, The Banff Centre for the Arts, The Glenbow Museum, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, University of British Columbia, Xi’an Art Museum, The Peter Wall Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Simon Fraser University Art Gallery, British Columbia Art Collection, Surrey Art Gallery, Richmond Art Gallery, and Kamloops Art Gallery.","title":"Collections"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Artist/Maker Name \"Gu, Xiong\"\". Canadian Heritage Information Network. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rcip-chin.gc.ca/application/aac-aic/artiste_detailler_ind-artist_detail_ind.app;jsessionid=BE633202063E3DA7535529C98D4B879C?lang=en&qlang=fr&rID=40631&pID=1&fID=2&anm=Gu%2C+Xiong&sort=AM_ASC&ps=50&pID1=425&ps1=50&ansf=TAM&sort1=ascending","url_text":"\"Artist/Maker Name \"Gu, Xiong\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gu Xiong 1953 -\". National Gallery of Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artist.php?iartistid=2207","url_text":"\"Gu Xiong 1953 -\""}]},{"reference":"Griffin, Kevin (2013-07-17). \"Gu Xiong: Drawing sketches during the Cultural Revolution\". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/gu-xiong-drawing-sketches-during-the-cultural-revolution","url_text":"\"Gu Xiong: Drawing sketches during the Cultural Revolution\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Sullivan (1996). Art and Artists of Twentieth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 302–. ISBN 978-0-520-07556-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ku7dKvDDOuIC&pg=PA302","url_text":"Art and Artists of Twentieth-century China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07556-6","url_text":"978-0-520-07556-6"}]},{"reference":"Lyon, Christine (16 May 2014). \"Gu Xiong's global journey connects the personal with the political\". North Shore News. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nsnews.com/entertainment/dossier/gu-xiong-s-global-journey-connects-the-personal-with-the-political-1.1063893","url_text":"\"Gu Xiong's global journey connects the personal with the political\""}]},{"reference":"Edward L. Davis (January 2009). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture. Taylor & Francis. pp. 321–. ISBN 978-0-415-77716-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2rLBvrlKI7QC&pg=PA321","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77716-2","url_text":"978-0-415-77716-2"}]},{"reference":"Richard King (1 July 2010). Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966–76. UBC Press. pp. 118–. ISBN 978-0-7748-5911-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XbapwCJRtdUC&pg=PA118","url_text":"Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966–76"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5911-0","url_text":"978-0-7748-5911-0"}]},{"reference":"Paul Yee (1 December 2009). Saltwater City: Story of Vancouver's Chinese Community. Douglas and McIntyre (2013) Limited. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-1-926706-25-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G1opLEH8OmIC&pg=PA200","url_text":"Saltwater City: Story of Vancouver's Chinese Community"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926706-25-2","url_text":"978-1-926706-25-2"}]},{"reference":"Scott Tyson, Ann (1989-02-07). \"Avant-garde Bursts onto Chinese Art Scene. 'Action art' symbolizes artists' determination to brashly take advantage of eased state censorship\". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0207/oart.html","url_text":"\"Avant-garde Bursts onto Chinese Art Scene. 'Action art' symbolizes artists' determination to brashly take advantage of eased state censorship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blossoming of influence\". The Vancouver Sun. Canada.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322222706/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/story.html?id=ffd98428-9fa0-42e8-84b4-4a8417fb9f65","url_text":"\"Blossoming of influence\""},{"url":"http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/story.html?id=ffd98428-9fa0-42e8-84b4-4a8417fb9f65","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yishu: Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art. Art & Collection Group. 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mEFJAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Yishu: Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art"}]},{"reference":"Marie Claire Huot (2000). China's New Cultural Scene: A Handbook of Changes. Duke University Press. pp. 150–. ISBN 0-8223-2445-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EG76bw3y1FsC&pg=PA150","url_text":"China's New Cultural Scene: A Handbook of Changes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2445-8","url_text":"0-8223-2445-8"}]},{"reference":"Gillis, Charlie. \"Why China's artists are making waves, and getting away with it\". Maclean's Magazine. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macleans.ca/news/world/why-chinas-artists-are-making-waves-and-getting-away-with-it/","url_text":"\"Why China's artists are making waves, and getting away with it\""}]},{"reference":"Annie Wong Art Foundation; Western Front (Society) (1998). Jiangnan: modern and contemporary art from south of the Yangzi River. Annie Wong Art Foundation. ISBN 9780968406625.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kTVJAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Jiangnan: modern and contemporary art from south of the Yangzi River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780968406625","url_text":"9780968406625"}]},{"reference":"Conner, Shawn (2001-11-24). \"Q and A: Artist Gu Xiong's work born of cultural reinvention\". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/business/Artist+Xiong+work+born+cultural+reinvention/9791674/story.html","url_text":"\"Q and A: Artist Gu Xiong's work born of cultural reinvention\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor, Xiong Gu\". University of British Columbia. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929083206/http://www.ahva.ubc.ca/facultyIntroDisplay.cfm?InstrID=4&FacultyID=2","url_text":"\"Professor, Xiong Gu\""},{"url":"http://www.ahva.ubc.ca/facultyIntroDisplay.cfm?InstrID=4&FacultyID=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Laurence, Robin (2014-05-28). \"Gu Xiong: A Journey Exposed connects the local to the global\". The Georgia Straight. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straight.com/arts/652361/gu-xiong-journey-exposed-connects-local-global","url_text":"\"Gu Xiong: A Journey Exposed connects the local to the global\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gu Xiong: The Course of Globalism\". Canadian Art.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomas J. Berghuis (2006). Performance Art in China. Timezone 8 Limited. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-988-99265-9-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mRmppyhh9W0C&pg=PA87","url_text":"Performance Art in China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-99265-9-5","url_text":"978-988-99265-9-5"}]},{"reference":"Craig Pearson; Judith Nasby (11 August 2008). The Cultivated Landscape: An Exploration of Art and Agriculture. MQUP. pp. 320–. ISBN 978-0-7735-7837-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg0FAHCPUpoC&pg=PT320","url_text":"The Cultivated Landscape: An Exploration of Art and Agriculture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7837-1","url_text":"978-0-7735-7837-1"}]},{"reference":"Richard E. Strassberg; Pacific Asia Museum (1 January 1991). I don't want to play cards with Cézanne, and other works: selections from the Chinese New Wave and Avant-Garde art of the eighties. Pacific Asia Museum. ISBN 978-1-877921-05-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=60JQAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"I don't want to play cards with Cézanne, and other works: selections from the Chinese New Wave and Avant-Garde art of the eighties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877921-05-6","url_text":"978-1-877921-05-6"}]},{"reference":"China Now. Society for Anglo-Chinese Understanding. 1988.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xGZwAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"China Now"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Gavin. \"Profile: Cultural revolutionary: Artist Gu Xiong continues the struggle for his art in Canada\". University of British Columbia. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.ubc.ca/ubcreports/1998/98apr30/98apr30pro.html","url_text":"\"Profile: Cultural revolutionary: Artist Gu Xiong continues the struggle for his art in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barricade of Bicycles, June 4, 1989, 1990\". National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artwork.php?mkey=45416","url_text":"\"Barricade of Bicycles, June 4, 1989, 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gu Xiong Barricade of Bicycles 1989 & Cafeteria #1\" (PDF). Surrey Art Gallery. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.surrey.ca/files/GuXiong.pdf","url_text":"\"Gu Xiong Barricade of Bicycles 1989 & Cafeteria #1\""}]},{"reference":"Günter Meißner; K.G. Saur Verlag (2009). Gryt- Guerrin. Saur. ISBN 978-3-598-23031-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Mei%C3%9Fner","url_text":"Günter Meißner"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0L5HAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Gryt- Guerrin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-23031-8","url_text":"978-3-598-23031-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Gu Xiong: A Journey Exposed connects the local to the global\". The Georgia Straight. 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2023-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straight.com/arts/652361/gu-xiong-journey-exposed-connects-local-global","url_text":"\"Gu Xiong: A Journey Exposed connects the local to the global\""}]},{"reference":"\"Institute of Asian Art: Collection\". Vancouver Art Gallery. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanartgallery.bc.ca/about-us/institute_of_asian_art.html","url_text":"\"Institute of Asian Art: Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collections\". Burnaby Art Gallery. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.burnabyartgallery.ca/gallery?q=creator_txt:%22Xiong,%20Gu%22&p=1&ps=18","url_text":"\"Collections\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://guxiong.ca/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.rcip-chin.gc.ca/application/aac-aic/artiste_detailler_ind-artist_detail_ind.app;jsessionid=BE633202063E3DA7535529C98D4B879C?lang=en&qlang=fr&rID=40631&pID=1&fID=2&anm=Gu%2C+Xiong&sort=AM_ASC&ps=50&pID1=425&ps1=50&ansf=TAM&sort1=ascending","external_links_name":"\"Artist/Maker Name \"Gu, Xiong\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artist.php?iartistid=2207","external_links_name":"\"Gu Xiong 1953 -\""},{"Link":"https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/gu-xiong-drawing-sketches-during-the-cultural-revolution","external_links_name":"\"Gu Xiong: Drawing sketches during the Cultural Revolution\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ku7dKvDDOuIC&pg=PA302","external_links_name":"Art and Artists of Twentieth-century China"},{"Link":"http://www.nsnews.com/entertainment/dossier/gu-xiong-s-global-journey-connects-the-personal-with-the-political-1.1063893","external_links_name":"\"Gu Xiong's global journey connects the personal with the political\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2rLBvrlKI7QC&pg=PA321","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XbapwCJRtdUC&pg=PA118","external_links_name":"Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966–76"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G1opLEH8OmIC&pg=PA200","external_links_name":"Saltwater City: Story of Vancouver's Chinese Community"},{"Link":"http://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0207/oart.html","external_links_name":"\"Avant-garde Bursts onto Chinese Art Scene. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cruft_(general)	Charles Cruft (general)	["1 Biography","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"]	For the founder of the Crufts dog show see: Charles Cruft (showman) Charles CruftCharles CruftBorn(1826-01-12)January 12, 1826Terre Haute, IndianaDiedMarch 23, 1883(1883-03-23) (aged 57)Terre Haute, IndianaPlace of burialWoodlawn Cemetery, Terre Haute, IndianaAllegianceUnited States of AmericaUnionService/branchUnited States ArmyUnion ArmyYears of service1861 –1865Rank Brigadier General Brevet Major GeneralCommands held31st Indiana Infantry RegimentBattles/warsAmerican Civil War Battle of Fort Donelson (WIA) Battle of Shiloh (WIA) Battle of Richmond (WIA) Battle of Stones River Battle of Chickamauga Siege of Chattanooga Atlanta Campaign Battle of Franklin (1864) Charles Cruft (January 12, 1826 – March 23, 1883) was a teacher, lawyer, railroad executive, and served under Major General Mark S. Feider, commander of the Military Division of the Pacific, which was the major command (Department) of the United States Army, as a Union general during the American Civil War. Biography Cruft was born in Terre Haute, Indiana. He graduated from Wabash College in 1842. He was employed as a bank clerk, lawyer, president of the St. Louis, Alton, and Terre Haute Railroad (1855–1858), and published Terre Haute's Wabash Express newspaper (1861–1872). Early in 1861 he and attorney John P. Baird formed a law partnership, which continued until the death of Colonel Baird in 1881. Of this firm it was quoted "That the brilliant genius of Col. Baird as a pleader and court advocate, was equaled only by General Cruft's ability as an advisor and counselor, and to the latter fell all the office details in the innumerable cases in which they acted". The firm held a "very high reputation" throughout the State. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Cruft witnessed the First Battle of Bull Run as a civilian. This encouraged him to return to his native Indiana and raised the 31st Indiana Infantry; he was appointed its colonel on September 20, 1861. At the Battle of Fort Donelson, he commanded a brigade in Lew Wallace's division and was wounded during the fighting. He was again wounded, in the head, shoulder, and left thigh, at the Battle of Shiloh while leading his regiment in the Hornet's Nest. He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on July 16, 1862. He recovered and commanded a brigade at the Battle of Richmond, Kentucky, where he was again wounded. He commanded a brigade during the Battle of Perryville, but was not engaged in the fighting. He fought at Stones River and Chickamauga. At Chattanooga he commanded the 1st Division, IV Corps, and took part in the fight for Lookout Mountain. He led his division during the Atlanta Campaign and commanded a Provisional Division, composed of units from the Army of the Tennessee that could not rejoin William T. Sherman for the March to the Sea, at the Battle of Nashville. On March 7, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Cruft for appointment to the brevet grade of major general of volunteers, to rank from March 5, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on March 10, 1865. Cruft was mustered out on August 24, 1865. After the war he returned to his law practice with his old law partner, Colonel Baird. John Baird was Colonel of the 85th Indiana Volunteer Infantry. In Terre Haute, Cruft befriended businessman Chauncey Rose and aided in the founding of, and was an early manager of, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. Cruft was an active Freemason, a member of Terre Haute Lodge No. 19, F&AM and served as Grand Commander of the Grand Commandery of Indiana, Knights Templar (Freemasonry) in 1873. He died at his home and is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery, Terre Haute. See also Biography portalAmerican Civil War portal List of American Civil War generals (Union) Notes ^ A History of the Wabash Express ^ "General Charles Cruft". Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2012-04-11. ^ 31st Indiana Archived July 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. p. 711 ^ Eicher, 2001, p. 193 ^ "General Charles Cruft". Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2012-04-11. References Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. Indiana in the Civil War Wabash Valley Profiles Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"Charles Cruft (January 12, 1826 – March 23, 1883) was a teacher, lawyer, railroad executive, and served under Major General Mark S. Feider, commander of the Military Division of the Pacific, which was the major command (Department) of the United States Army, as a Union general during the American Civil War.","title":"Charles Cruft (general)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terre Haute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Wabash College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_College"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Alton, and Terre Haute Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis,_Alton,_and_Terre_Haute_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"31st Indiana Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Regiment_Indiana_Infantry"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fort Donelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson"},{"link_name":"Lew Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Wallace"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Shiloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Battle of Perryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville"},{"link_name":"Stones River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River"},{"link_name":"Chickamauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chattanooga_III"},{"link_name":"IV Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Corps_(ACW)"},{"link_name":"Lookout Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lookout_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Army of the Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"William T. 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He graduated from Wabash College in 1842. He was employed as a bank clerk, lawyer, president of the St. Louis, Alton, and Terre Haute Railroad (1855–1858), and published Terre Haute's Wabash Express newspaper (1861–1872).[1]Early in 1861 he and attorney John P. Baird formed a law partnership, which continued until the death of Colonel Baird in 1881. Of this firm it was quoted \"That the brilliant genius of Col. Baird as a pleader and court advocate, was equaled only by General Cruft's ability as an advisor and counselor, and to the latter fell all the office details in the innumerable cases in which they acted\". The firm held a \"very high reputation\" throughout the State.[2]When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Cruft witnessed the First Battle of Bull Run as a civilian.[3] This encouraged him to return to his native Indiana and raised the 31st Indiana Infantry; he was appointed its colonel on September 20, 1861. At the Battle of Fort Donelson, he commanded a brigade in Lew Wallace's division and was wounded during the fighting. He was again wounded, in the head, shoulder, and left thigh, at the Battle of Shiloh while leading his regiment in the Hornet's Nest. He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on July 16, 1862. He recovered and commanded a brigade at the Battle of Richmond, Kentucky, where he was again wounded. He commanded a brigade during the Battle of Perryville, but was not engaged in the fighting. He fought at Stones River and Chickamauga. At Chattanooga he commanded the 1st Division, IV Corps, and took part in the fight for Lookout Mountain. He led his division during the Atlanta Campaign and commanded a Provisional Division, composed of units from the Army of the Tennessee that could not rejoin William T. Sherman for the March to the Sea, at the Battle of Nashville. On March 7, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Cruft for appointment to the brevet grade of major general of volunteers, to rank from March 5, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on March 10, 1865.[4] Cruft was mustered out on August 24, 1865.[5]After the war he returned to his law practice with his old law partner, Colonel Baird. John Baird was Colonel of the 85th Indiana Volunteer Infantry. In Terre Haute, Cruft befriended businessman Chauncey Rose and aided in the founding of, and was an early manager of, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology.Cruft was an active Freemason, a member of Terre Haute Lodge No. 19, F&AM and served as Grand Commander of the Grand Commandery of Indiana, Knights Templar (Freemasonry) in 1873.[6] He died at his home and is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery, Terre Haute.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"A History of the Wabash Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blog.newspapers.library.in.gov/a-history-of-the-wabash-express/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"General Charles Cruft\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120723145812/http://www.31stindiana.com/C_Cruft.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.31stindiana.com/C_Cruft.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"31st Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.31stindiana.com/C_Cruft.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120723145812/http://www.31stindiana.com/C_Cruft.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8047-3641-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"General Charles Cruft\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120723145812/http://www.31stindiana.com/C_Cruft.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.31stindiana.com/C_Cruft.html"}],"text":"^ A History of the Wabash Express\n\n^ \"General Charles Cruft\". Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2012-04-11.\n\n^ 31st Indiana Archived July 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. p. 711\n\n^ Eicher, 2001, p. 193\n\n^ \"General Charles Cruft\". Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2012-04-11.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of American Civil War generals (Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)"}]	[{"reference":"\"General Charles Cruft\". Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ji-won_(actress)	Kim Ji-won (actress)	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 2008–2012: Beginnings","2.2 2013–2016: Rising popularity and breakthrough","2.3 2017–present: Leading roles","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television series","3.3 Web series","3.4 Hosting","3.5 Music video appearances","4 Discography","4.1 Singles","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]	South Korean actress (born 1992) In this Korean name, the family name is Kim. Kim Ji-wonKim in March 2024Born (1992-10-19) October 19, 1992 (age 31)Geumcheon District, Seoul, South KoreaEducationDongguk University (Department of Theater)OccupationActressYears active2010–presentAgentHighZium StudioHeight164 cm (5 ft 5 in)Korean nameHangul김지원Hanja金智媛Revised RomanizationGim Ji-wonMcCune–ReischauerKim Chiwŏn Websitehighziumstudio.com Kim Ji-won (Korean: 김지원; born October 19, 1992) is a South Korean actress. She gained attention through her roles in television series The Heirs (2013) and Descendants of the Sun (2016), before taking on leading roles in Fight for My Way (2017), Arthdal Chronicles (2019), Lovestruck in the City (2020–2021), My Liberation Notes (2022) and Queen of Tears (2024). Early life and education Kim Ji-won was born on October 19, 1992, in Geumcheon District, Seoul, South Korea, and has an elder sister who is two years older than her. While still a teenager in 2007, she was scouted on the street and signed with an entertainment agency, she subsequently became a trainee for over three years while preparing for her debut. During her first year of junior high school, she spent six months to a year studying in Chicago, Illinois, United States, where her maternal relatives lived. After finally entering the industry in 2010, she continued her education by enrolling at Dongguk University's Department of Theater in 2011. Career 2008–2012: Beginnings Kim was trained in singing, dancing, and acting but eventually chose to pursue the latter. She was a background vocalist for the singer Younha, performing as a keyboardist and background vocalist in various performances as well as appearing in Younha's music video "Gossip Boy" in 2008. During this time there were plans for her to debut as a singer with the stage name "JessicaK". Prior to her official debut, Kim made an appearance in the drama Mrs. Saigon. Kim then officially entered the industry in 2010 in a commercial for LG Cyon's Lollipop 2 featuring the group Big Bang and thus became known as the "Lollipop Girl". She later appeared in a carbonated drink commercial in which she performed a song and dance number and became known as the "Oran C Girl". She was also called Little Kim Tae-hee due to her resemblance to the actress. Kim's first role after her debut was the romance omnibus film Romantic Heaven, however she first gained attention as an actress after starring in the 2011 sitcom High Kick: Revenge of the Short Legged. She then appeared in another major television series in the musical drama What's Up. Kim then starred in the high school drama To the Beautiful You and headlined the horror film Horror Stories, playing a kidnapped high school student. Kim also appeared in Baek Seung Heon's debut music video "Till the Sun Rises" alongside JYJ's Kim Jae-joong. 2013–2016: Rising popularity and breakthrough In 2013, Kim starred as one of the lead roles in the KBS Drama special Waiting for Love, about how four different youths with different views toward love start seeing each other as well as the film Horror Stories 2, the sequel to the previous Horror Stories film, playing a student obsessed with black magic. The same year Kim co-starred in teen drama The Heirs, in which she played a chic and haughty heiress. The Kim Eun-sook-penned drama was viewed over one billion times on Youku and its popularity raised Kim's profile, winning her the New Star Award at the SBS Drama Awards. In 2014, Kim starred in the crime thriller Gap-dong as a high school student and a webtoon artist. The same year, she played a supporting role in the KBS Drama special The Reason I'm Getting Married. In December 2014, Kim signed an exclusive contract with King Kong Entertainment. In 2015, Kim starred alongside So Ji-sub in the romance web series One Sunny Day in 2015. The same year, Kim made a cameo appearance in TVN drama Hidden Identity as Kim Bum's girlfriend. Kim in 2016 In 2016, Kim co-starred in another project written by Kim Eun-sook, KBS2's military romance drama Descendants of the Sun, playing an army surgeon. The drama was a pan-Asia hit with ratings peaking at 38.8% and winning the Grand Prize in television at the 52nd Baeksang Arts Awards as well being declared the Most Popular Show of the year by Korea Broadcasting Advertising Corporation. Its success brought Kim further recognition outside Korea. She hosted the year end KBS Drama Awards with Park Bo-gum and Jun Hyun-moo, where she won the Excellence Award. Kim also won the Best Supporting Actress award at the APAN Star Awards. 2017–present: Leading roles In 2017, Kim was cast in her first leading role in KBS2's romance comedy drama, Fight for My Way alongside Park Seo-joon; as a department store employee at the information desk who dreams of becoming an announcer. The series was noted for its realistic portrayal of struggling youths, friendship, and love, and closed with ratings of 13.8%, solidifying Kim's status as leading actress. Kim once again won the Excellence Award at the KBS Drama Awards. In 2018, she starred in her first period role in the third installment of the Detective K film series, Detective K: Secret of the Living Dead. She played the role of a mysterious woman who loses her memory and takes part in the investigation. Kim, along with her Descendants of the Sun co-star Jin Goo made a cameo appearance in the historical drama Mr.Sunshine by Kim Eun-sook. Kim in 2019 In 2019, Kim played the role of Tanya, who is the head of the Wahan tribe and Song Joong-ki's love interest in the historical fantasy drama Arthdal Chronicles. The drama served as a reunion project for Song and Kim, who both starred in the 2016 hit drama Descendants of the Sun. Although the series received mixed reviews, criticism for its similarities to other programs, and lower-than-expected ratings, it was renewed for a second season. Kim and Song, however, did not reprise their roles for the second season. In February 2020, Kim signed with Salt Entertainment. Later that year, she starred in the web series Lovestruck in the City opposite Ji Chang-wook which premiered on Kakao TV in December 2020. In April 2022, she starred in the television series My Liberation Notes, where she played an introverted employee struggling to escape from her monotonous life. During its run, the series received modest but steadily-increasing ratings and drew attention for its writing and relatable scenarios. Kim earned a Baeksang nomination for her performance in the series. In June 2022, Kim's contract with Salt Entertainment ended, and she decided not to renew. On September 29, 2022, Kim signed with HighZium Studio (formerly History D&C). On December 5, 2022, Studio Dragon and Culture Depot confirmed Kim's participation in the tvN drama Queen of Tears originally slated for the second half of 2023 then, later moved to the first half of 2024. She portrayed Hong Hae-in, the Queens Group's chaebol heiress. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2011 Romantic Heaven Choi Mi-mi 2012 Horror Stories Kim Ji-won Segment: "Beginning" 2013 Horror Stories 2 Sa Tan-hee Segment: "The Escape" 2018 Detective K: Secret of the Living Dead Wol-young / Crown Princess Television series Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2008 Mrs. Saigon Hye-ryeon 2011 High Kick: Revenge of the Short Legged Kim Ji-won What's Up Park Tae-yi 2012 To the Beautiful You Seol Han-na 2013 Waiting for Love Choi Sae-rom One-act drama The Heirs Rachel Yoo 2014 The Reason I'm Getting Married Kim Ji-young Drama special Gap-dong Ma Ji-wool 2015 Hidden Identity Min Tae-hee Cameo (Eps. 1–2, 9–10) 2016 Descendants of the Sun Yoon Myung-joo 2017 Fight for My Way Choi Ae-ra 2018 Mr. Sunshine Hui-jin Cameo (Ep. 1) 2019 Arthdal Chronicles Tan-ya Season 1 2022 My Liberation Notes Yeom Mi-jeong 2024 Queen of Tears Hong Hae-in Web series Year Title Role Ref. 2014 One Sunny Day The Girl (Kim Ji-ho) 2020–2021 Lovestruck in the City Lee Eun-oh / Yoon Seon-a Hosting Year Title Notes Ref. 2016 30th KBS Drama Awards With Jun Hyun-moo and Park Bo-gum Music video appearances Year Title Artist Ref. 2008 "Gossip Boy" Younha 2010 "Lollipop Pt. 2" BigBang 2012 "Until the Sun Rises" Baek Seung-heon Discography Singles Title Year Album Ref. "Pick a Star from the Sky" 2010 OranC Commercial "Over the Rainbow" 2011 High Kick: Revenge of the Short Legged OST "Might Gonna" with Jo Jung-suk & Yang Jiwon 2012 What's Up OST (Japan Edition) Awards and nominations Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination Award ceremony Year Category Nominee / Work Result Ref. APAN Star Awards 2016 Best Supporting Actress Descendants of the Sun Won 2022 Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries My Liberation Notes Nominated Best Couple Award Kim Ji-won (with Son Suk-ku)My Liberation Notes Nominated Asia Artist Awards 2016 Best Celebrity Award, Actress Descendants of the Sun Won Baeksang Arts Awards 2023 Best Actress – Television My Liberation Notes Nominated Elle Style Awards (Korea) 2016 Young Icon Award Kim Ji-won Won Global Film & Television Huading Awards 2023 Best Global Teleplay Leading Actress My Liberation Notes Nominated KBS Drama Awards 2016 Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries Descendants of the Sun Won Best New Actress Won Best Couple Award Kim Ji-won (with Jin Goo)Descendants of the Sun Won 2017 Top Excellence Award, Actress Fight for My Way Nominated Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries Won Netizen Award – Female Won Best Couple Award Kim Ji-won (with Park Seo-joon)Fight for My Way Won KBS World Global Fan Awards 2017 Won Korea Drama Awards 2019 Excellence Award, Actress Arthdal Chronicles Nominated SBS Drama Awards 2013 New Star Award The Heirs Won References ^ a b "김지원". 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Kim Ji-won at IMDb Kim Ji-won at HanCinema Kim Ji-Won at the Korean Movie Database vteAPAN Star Awards for Best Supporting Actress2010s Kim Jung-nan (2012) Kim Sung-ryung (2013) Kim Hye-eun (2014) Chae Jung-an and Gil Hae-yeon (2015) Kim Ji-won and Ye Ji-won (2016) Kim Min-jung and Jang So-yeon (2018) 2020s Kim Sun-young (2020) Kim Shin-rok and Baek Ji-won (2022) vteSBS Drama Awards for Best New Actress1990s Lee Young-ae (1993) Jung Seon-kyung and Hwang Soo-jung (1995) Im Sang-a (1996) Lee Tae-ran and Kim Hyun-joo (1998) Kang Sung-yeon and Jun Ji-hyun (1999) 2000s Hwang In-young, Kim Min-hee and Kim Yoo-mi (2000) Gong Hyo-jin, Lee Yoo-jin and Lee Ji-hyun (2001) Han Eun-jung, Kim Jung-hwa, Kim Min-jung, Lee Yo-won, Park Sol-mi and Sung Yu-ri (2002) Choi Jung-won, Kim Tae-hee, Park Han-byul, Shin Min-a, So Yi-hyun and Yoo Min (2003) Eugene, Jeong Da-bin and Jo An (2004) Yoon Se-ah, Yoon Jung-hee, Lee Bo-young and Hyun Young (2005) Go Ara, Lee Ha-na, Claudia Kim, Yoon Ji-min and Park Si-yeon (2006) Choi Yeo-jin, Koo Hye-sun, Lee Ji-hyun, Lee Young-eun and Wang Bit-na (2007) Cha Ye-ryun, Chae Young-in, Han Hyo-joo, Im Jung-eun, Moon Chae-won and Yoon So-yi (2008) Park Shin-hye, Son Dam-bi, Lee Min-jung, Lee So-yeon and Lee Tae-im (2009) 2010s Hahm Eun-jung, Han Chae-ah, Hwang Jung-eum and Nam Gyu-ri (2010) Goo Hara, Im Soo-hyang, Jin Se-yeon, Jeong Yu-mi, Seo Hyo-rim, Shin Hyun-been and Wang Ji-hye (2011) Go Joon-hee, Kwon Yu-ri, Park Hyo-joo, Park Se-young , Sulli and Yoon Jin-yi (2012) Jeong Eun-ji, Kang So-ra, Kim Ji-won, Kim So-hyun, Kim Yoo-ri and Lee Da-hee (2013) Han Sun-hwa, Han Groo, Lee Yu-bi, Nam Bo-ra and Kim Yoo-jung (2014) Gong Seung-yeon, Go Ah-sung, Lee Yul-eum, Lee Elijah and Lim Ji-yeon (2015) Lee Hye-ri, Bang Min-ah, Moon Ji-in and Yang Jin-sung (2016) Kim Da-som (2017) Lee Yoo-young (2018) Go Min-si and Keum Sae-rok (2019) 2020s So Joo-yeon (2020) Choi Ye-bin, Han Ji-hyun and Roh Jeong-eui (2021) Jang Gyu-ri, Lee Eun-saem and Gong Sung-ha (2022) Kwon Ah-reum, Yang Hye-ji, Jung Soo-bin (2023) From 2001 to 2016, it was the New Star Award. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Korea	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"The Heirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heirs"},{"link_name":"Descendants of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendants_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Fight for My Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_for_My_Way"},{"link_name":"Arthdal Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthdal_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Lovestruck in the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovestruck_in_the_City"},{"link_name":"My Liberation Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Liberation_Notes"},{"link_name":"Queen of Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Tears"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.Kim Ji-won (Korean: 김지원; born October 19, 1992) is a South Korean actress. She gained attention through her roles in television series The Heirs (2013) and Descendants of the Sun (2016), before taking on leading roles in Fight for My Way (2017), Arthdal Chronicles (2019), Lovestruck in the City (2020–2021), My Liberation Notes (2022) and Queen of Tears (2024).","title":"Kim Ji-won (actress)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geumcheon District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geumcheon_District"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Dongguk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongguk_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kim Ji-won was born on October 19, 1992, in Geumcheon District, Seoul, South Korea, and has an elder sister who is two years older than her. While still a teenager in 2007, she was scouted on the street and signed with an entertainment agency, she subsequently became a trainee for over three years while preparing for her debut. During her first year of junior high school, she spent six months to a year studying in Chicago, Illinois, United States, where her maternal relatives lived. After finally entering the industry in 2010, she continued her education by enrolling at Dongguk University's Department of Theater in 2011.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romantic-3"},{"link_name":"Younha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rise-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rise-4"},{"link_name":"LG Cyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Cyon"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_(band)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yes1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yes1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yes2-7"},{"link_name":"Kim Tae-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tae-hee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Romantic Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_Heaven"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romantic-3"},{"link_name":"High Kick: Revenge of the Short Legged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Kick:_Revenge_of_the_Short_Legged"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hk-10"},{"link_name":"What's Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Up_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp-11"},{"link_name":"To the Beautiful You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Beautiful_You"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beautiful-13"},{"link_name":"Horror Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_Stories_(film)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horror-14"},{"link_name":"JYJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JYJ"},{"link_name":"Kim Jae-joong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jae-joong"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"2008–2012: Beginnings","text":"Kim was trained in singing, dancing, and acting but eventually chose to pursue the latter.[3] She was a background vocalist for the singer Younha, performing as a keyboardist and background vocalist in various performances as well as appearing in Younha's music video \"Gossip Boy\" in 2008. During this time there were plans for her to debut as a singer with the stage name \"JessicaK\".[4][5][unreliable source?] Prior to her official debut, Kim made an appearance in the drama Mrs. Saigon.[4] Kim then officially entered the industry in 2010 in a commercial for LG Cyon's Lollipop 2 featuring the group Big Bang and thus became known as the \"Lollipop Girl\".[6] She later appeared in a carbonated drink commercial in which she performed a song and dance number and became known as the \"Oran C Girl\".[6][7] She was also called Little Kim Tae-hee due to her resemblance to the actress.[8][9]Kim's first role after her debut was the romance omnibus film Romantic Heaven,[3] however she first gained attention as an actress after starring in the 2011 sitcom High Kick: Revenge of the Short Legged.[10] She then appeared in another major television series in the musical drama What's Up.[11] Kim then starred in the high school drama To the Beautiful You[12][13] and headlined the horror film Horror Stories, playing a kidnapped high school student.[14] Kim also appeared in Baek Seung Heon's debut music video \"Till the Sun Rises\" alongside JYJ's Kim Jae-joong.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%ED%85%90%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EB%AC%B4%EB%8B%A8%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%AC_%EC%9E%AC%EB%B0%B0%ED%8F%AC%EA%B8%88%EC%A7%80-17"},{"link_name":"Horror Stories 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_Stories_2"},{"link_name":"The Heirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heirs"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heirs-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kim Eun-sook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Eun-sook"},{"link_name":"Youku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youku"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hallyu-20"},{"link_name":"SBS Drama Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_Drama_Awards"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbs-21"},{"link_name":"Gap-dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap-dong"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gap-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"King Kong Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"So Ji-sub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Ji-sub"},{"link_name":"One Sunny Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Sunny_Day"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sunny-25"},{"link_name":"TVN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVN_(South_Korean_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Hidden Identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Identity_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kim Bum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Bum"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91%EC%9D%98%ED%9B%84%EC%98%88%22_%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4_ID%EC%98%81%EC%83%81_-_%EA%B9%80%EC%A7%80%EC%9B%90.jpg"},{"link_name":"KBS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Descendants of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendants_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sun-27"},{"link_name":"52nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Baeksang_Arts_Awards"},{"link_name":"Baeksang Arts Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Park Bo-gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Bo-gum"},{"link_name":"Jun Hyun-moo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Hyun-moo"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ex-33"},{"link_name":"APAN Star Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APAN_Star_Awards"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apan-34"}],"sub_title":"2013–2016: Rising popularity and breakthrough","text":"In 2013, Kim starred as one of the lead roles in the KBS Drama special Waiting for Love, about how four different youths with different views toward love start seeing each other [16][17] as well as the film Horror Stories 2, the sequel to the previous Horror Stories film, playing a student obsessed with black magic. \nThe same year Kim co-starred in teen drama The Heirs, in which she played a chic and haughty heiress.[18][19] The Kim Eun-sook-penned drama was viewed over one billion times on Youku and its popularity raised Kim's profile,[20] winning her the New Star Award at the SBS Drama Awards.[21]In 2014, Kim starred in the crime thriller Gap-dong as a high school student and a webtoon artist.[22] The same year, she played a supporting role in the KBS Drama special The Reason I'm Getting Married.[23] In December 2014, Kim signed an exclusive contract with King Kong Entertainment.[24]In 2015, Kim starred alongside So Ji-sub in the romance web series One Sunny Day in 2015.[25] The same year, Kim made a cameo appearance in TVN drama Hidden Identity as Kim Bum's girlfriend.[26]Kim in 2016In 2016, Kim co-starred in another project written by Kim Eun-sook, KBS2's military romance drama Descendants of the Sun, playing an army surgeon.[27] The drama was a pan-Asia hit with ratings peaking at 38.8% and winning the Grand Prize in television at the 52nd Baeksang Arts Awards as well being declared the Most Popular Show of the year by Korea Broadcasting Advertising Corporation.[28] Its success brought Kim further recognition outside Korea.[29][30][31] She hosted the year end KBS Drama Awards with Park Bo-gum and Jun Hyun-moo, where she won the Excellence Award.[32][33] Kim also won the Best Supporting Actress award at the APAN Star Awards.[34]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fight for My Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_for_My_Way"},{"link_name":"Park Seo-joon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Seo-joon"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fight-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"KBS Drama Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBS_Drama_Awards"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kbs2-39"},{"link_name":"Detective K: Secret of the Living Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_K:_Secret_of_the_Living_Dead"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-detective-40"},{"link_name":"Jin Goo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Goo"},{"link_name":"Mr.Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Sunshine_(2018_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kim Eun-sook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Eun-sook"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kpop_Herald-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:190928_%EB%A9%94%EB%94%94%ED%9E%90_%ED%8C%AC%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B8%ED%9A%8C_%EA%B9%80%EC%A7%80%EC%9B%90.jpg"},{"link_name":"Song Joong-ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Joong-ki"},{"link_name":"Arthdal Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthdal_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arthdal-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Descendants of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendants_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ar-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Lovestruck in the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovestruck_in_the_City"},{"link_name":"Ji Chang-wook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_Chang-wook"},{"link_name":"Kakao TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao_TV"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"My Liberation Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Liberation_Notes"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Baeksang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Award_for_Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Television"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cho_Yeon-kyung-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Studio Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Culture Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_Depot"},{"link_name":"Queen of Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Tears"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QoT-62"}],"sub_title":"2017–present: Leading roles","text":"In 2017, Kim was cast in her first leading role in KBS2's romance comedy drama, Fight for My Way alongside Park Seo-joon; as a department store employee at the information desk who dreams of becoming an announcer.[35][36] The series was noted for its realistic portrayal of struggling youths, friendship, and love, and closed with ratings of 13.8%, solidifying Kim's status as leading actress.[37][38] Kim once again won the Excellence Award at the KBS Drama Awards.[39]In 2018, she starred in her first period role in the third installment of the Detective K film series, Detective K: Secret of the Living Dead. She played the role of a mysterious woman who loses her memory and takes part in the investigation.[40] Kim, along with her Descendants of the Sun co-star Jin Goo made a cameo appearance in the historical drama Mr.Sunshine by Kim Eun-sook.[41]Kim in 2019In 2019, Kim played the role of Tanya, who is the head of the Wahan tribe and Song Joong-ki's love interest in the historical fantasy drama Arthdal Chronicles.[42][43] The drama served as a reunion project for Song and Kim, who both starred in the 2016 hit drama Descendants of the Sun.[44] Although the series received mixed reviews, criticism for its similarities to other programs,[45][46] and lower-than-expected ratings,[47][48] it was renewed for a second season.[49] Kim and Song, however, did not reprise their roles for the second season.[50][51]In February 2020, Kim signed with Salt Entertainment.[52][53] Later that year, she starred in the web series Lovestruck in the City opposite Ji Chang-wook which premiered on Kakao TV in December 2020.[54]In April 2022, she starred in the television series My Liberation Notes, where she played an introverted employee struggling to escape from her monotonous life.[55] During its run, the series received modest but steadily-increasing ratings[56] and drew attention for its writing and relatable scenarios.[57][58] Kim earned a Baeksang nomination for her performance in the series.[59]In June 2022, Kim's contract with Salt Entertainment ended, and she decided not to renew.[60] On September 29, 2022, Kim signed with HighZium Studio (formerly History D&C).[61]On December 5, 2022, Studio Dragon and Culture Depot confirmed Kim's participation in the tvN drama Queen of Tears originally slated for the second half of 2023 then, later moved to the first half of 2024. She portrayed Hong Hae-in, the Queens Group's chaebol heiress.[62]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Web series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hosting","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music video appearances","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[{"image_text":"Kim in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%22%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91%EC%9D%98%ED%9B%84%EC%98%88%22_%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4_ID%EC%98%81%EC%83%81_-_%EA%B9%80%EC%A7%80%EC%9B%90.jpg/220px-%22%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91%EC%9D%98%ED%9B%84%EC%98%88%22_%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4_ID%EC%98%81%EC%83%81_-_%EA%B9%80%EC%A7%80%EC%9B%90.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kim in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/190928_%EB%A9%94%EB%94%94%ED%9E%90_%ED%8C%AC%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B8%ED%9A%8C_%EA%B9%80%EC%A7%80%EC%9B%90.jpg/220px-190928_%EB%A9%94%EB%94%94%ED%9E%90_%ED%8C%AC%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B8%ED%9A%8C_%EA%B9%80%EC%A7%80%EC%9B%90.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"김지원\". Cinefox (씨네폭스) (in Korean). Archived from the original on December 25, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cinefox.com/actor/view?isb=Y&movieman_seq=14662","url_text":"\"김지원\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231225191144/https://cinefox.com/actor/view?isb=Y&movieman_seq=14662","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kim Ji-won\". Marie Claire Korea (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 20, 2024. Retrieved March 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marieclairekorea.com/tag/%EA%B9%80%EC%A7%80%EC%9B%90/","url_text":"\"Kim Ji-won\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Claire","url_text":"Marie Claire Korea"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240320094930/https://www.marieclairekorea.com/tag/%EA%B9%80%EC%A7%80%EC%9B%90/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'오란씨걸' 김지원, \"장진 감독 선택 꿈만 같아요.\"\". Sports Chosun (in Korean). July 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=076&aid=0002087166&sid1=001","url_text":"\"'오란씨걸' 김지원, \"장진 감독 선택 꿈만 같아요.\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Chosun","url_text":"Sports Chosun"}]},{"reference":"\"Kim Jiwon and path to stardom\". JTBC Plus. May 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://channels.vlive.tv/EBF267/vtoday/0.11018028","url_text":"\"Kim Jiwon and path to stardom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kim Jiwon Shares How She Almost Chose Singing over Acting Career in the Past\". KStarLive. February 1, 2018. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210612175721/https://www.kstarlive.com/news/2018/02/01/Kim-Jiwon-Shares-How-She-Almost-Chose-Singing-over-Acting-Career-in-the-Past--5927420","url_text":"\"Kim Jiwon Shares How She Almost Chose Singing over Acting Career in the Past\""},{"url":"https://www.kstarlive.com/news/2018/02/01/Kim-Jiwon-Shares-How-She-Almost-Chose-Singing-over-Acting-Career-in-the-Past--5927420","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"신예 김지원, '롤리팝걸' '오란씨걸' '원빈여친' 다양한 별명 '화제'\". Osen (in Korean). February 25, 2011. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/02/25/2011022500807.html","url_text":"\"신예 김지원, '롤리팝걸' '오란씨걸' '원빈여친' 다양한 별명 '화제'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134115/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/02/25/2011022500807.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'쌈' 김지원 \"애라만큼 애교 없지만 동만같은 남사친 있었으면\"\" [\"'Ssam' Kim Ji-won\": I do not have as much charm as Anna]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). July 27, 2017. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertain.naver.com/ranking/read?oid=001&aid=0009436983&rankingType=default&rankingDate=20170727","url_text":"\"'쌈' 김지원 \"애라만큼 애교 없지만 동만같은 남사친 있었으면\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency","url_text":"Yonhap News Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100301/https://entertain.naver.com/ranking/read?oid=001&aid=0009436983&rankingType=default&rankingDate=20170727","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Female Won Bin, Kim Ji-won looks like Kim Tae-hee\". HanCinema. Nate. March 16, 2011. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayla_Standish	Kayla Steindl	["1 College career","1.1 College statistics","2 Professional career","3 National team career","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]	American basketball player Kayla SteindlSteindl with the Perth Lynx in January 2018Hobart ChargersPositionForwardLeagueNBL1 SouthPersonal informationBorn (1989-11-19) November 19, 1989 (age 34)Ellensburg, WashingtonNationalityAmericanListed height187 cm (6 ft 2 in)Career informationHigh schoolEllensburg (Ellensburg, Washington)CollegeGonzaga (2008–2012)WNBA draft2012: 2nd round, 19th overall pickSelected by the Minnesota LynxPlaying career2012–presentCareer history2012–2014Townsville Fire2013–2015Mackay Meteorettes2015–2016Adelaide Lightning2016Frankston Blues2016–2017Townsville Fire2017–2019Perth Lynx2018Perth Redbacks2019–2021Joondalup Wolves2020Perth Lynx2023–presentHobart Chargers Career highlights and awards WCC champion (2020) WCC Grand Final MVP (2020) 2× All-SBL / NBL1 West First Team (2018, 2021) SBL All-Star (2018) 2× QBL champion (2013, 2014) 2× First-team All-WCC (2011, 2012) Kayla Maria Steindl (née Standish; born November 19, 1989) is an American professional basketball player for the Hobart Chargers of the NBL1 South. The Ellensburg, Washington native played four years of college basketball for Gonzaga before moving to Australia to play in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL). College career Steindl, a two-time All-West Coast Conference honoree, helped Gonzaga to its third-straight NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen appearance in 2011–12. She averaged a team-best 16.4 points, 7.5 rebounds and 1.5 blocks per game as a senior, while shooting an impressive 48.0 percent (214-of-446) from the field and 78.9 percent (127-of-161) at the charity stripe. She exploded in the 2012 post-season, averaging 23.2 points, 6.0 rebounds and 2.0 assists over the Zags' five games, including three NCAA Tournament contests. She shot 50.0 percent (43-of-86) from the field and 85.3 percent (29-of-34) at the free throw line. Steindl closed out her Gonzaga career as the school's leader in games played (138) and blocks (176). She also stands fifth in the career record book for rebounds (809), seventh in both points (1,583) and field goal percentage (48.8), and eight in free throws made (289). Her numbers from the 2011–12 season also placed her in the Zag single-season record book. Her 50 blocks stands sixth; her 557 points, 214 field goals made and 127 free throws made all stand eight in their respective categories; and her 256 rebounds is tied for ninth. Steindl helped Gonzaga to a 115–23 overall record in her four years, a 54–4 West Coast Conference record, four WCC regular-season titles, three WCC Tournament championships, an 8–4 NCAA Tournament record, two Sweet Sixteen appearances and Gonzaga's first-ever Elite Eight appearance. She earned both Associated Press and WBCA State Farm All-America honorable mention accolades in 2011–12 as a result. College statistics Source Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG% Field goal percentage 3P% 3-point field goal percentage FT% Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Year Team GP FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2008–09 Gonzaga 34 .302 .222 .757 2.9 0.5 0.8 0.5 3.9 2009–10 Gonzaga 34 .480 .189 .750 4.4 0.9 1.0 1.4 8.1 2010–11 Gonzaga 36 .561 .375 .789 8.4 1.2 1.3 1.6 17.1 2011–12 Gonzaga 34 .480 .111 .789 7.5 1.6 1.4 1.5 16.4 Career 138 .489 .225 .779 5.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 11.5 Professional career On April 16, 2012, Steindl was selected by the defending WNBA champion Minnesota Lynx with the 19th overall pick in the 2012 WNBA draft. She later moved to Australia and joined the Townsville Fire for the 2012–13 WNBL season. After a stint with the QBL's Mackay Meteorettes in 2013, she re-joined the Fire for the 2013–14 WNBL season. With the Fire, she played a key role in leading the team to successive WNBL Grand Finals, both of which resulted in runner-up finishes. Steindl again played for the Mackay Meteorettes in 2014 and 2015 before returning to the WNBL for the 2015–16 season with the Adelaide Lightning. After a stint with the Frankston Blues in 2016, Steindl returned to the Townsville Fire for the 2016–17 WNBL season. For the 2017–18 WNBL season, Steindl joined the Perth Lynx. After playing for the Perth Redbacks in the 2018 WSBL season, she returned to the Lynx for the 2018–19 WNBL season. Steindl played for the Joondalup Wolves in the 2019 WSBL season. In 2020, she helped the Wolves win the West Coast Classic title behind her grand final MVP performance. She then played for the Lynx in the 2020 WNBL Hub season in Queensland. In 2021, Steindl re-joined the Joondalup Wolves and earned All-NBL1 West First Team honours. In February 2023, Steindl signed with the Hobart Chargers of the NBL1 South. National team career Steindl was selected to represent Team USA at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico. Team USA lost their first two games in close contests, before rebounding to win their next two games. Their 2–2 record earned them seventh-place finish. Steindl appeared in all four games and scored eight points. Personal life Steindl's sister, Tami Willey, is also a professional basketball player. She too has played for Adelaide in the WNBL and with the Mackay Meteorettes in the QBL. In 2018, she married NBL player Clint Steindl. The couple have two children. References ^ a b c "Kayla Standish Selected 19th By The Minnesota Lynx". GoZags.com. April 16, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2017. ^ "NCAA® Career Statistics". web1.ncaa.org. Retrieved May 21, 2016. ^ Evans, Jayda (April 16, 2012). "Gonzaga players Kayla Standish, Katelan Redmon selected in WNBA draft". SeattleTimes.com. Retrieved June 7, 2017. ^ a b Nagy, Boti (November 12, 2015). "Kayla Standish cycle complete as US forward follows sister to Adelaide Lightning as WNBL import". AdelaideNow.com.au. Retrieved June 7, 2017. ^ "Standish returns to the Fire". WNBL.com.au. Archived from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2017. ^ Thompson, Michael (May 4, 2016). "Kayla Standish returns to Fire for another championship tilt". TownsvilleBulletin.com.au. Retrieved June 7, 2017. ^ "KAYLA STANDISH JOINS PERTH LYNX". PerthLynx.com. June 7, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2017. ^ "Welcome to the Perth Redbacks Kayla Standish". SportsTG.com. January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018. ^ "KAYLA STANDISH RETURNS TO PERTH LYNX". PerthLynx.com.au. June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018. ^ O'Donoghue, Craig (June 14, 2018). "Redemption drives returning Perth Lynx trio ahead of 2018-19 WNBL campaign". TheWest.com.au. Retrieved June 14, 2018. ^ "Wolves Secure Kayla Steindl". SportsTG.com. January 21, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2019. ^ "POWERFUL LADY WOLFPACK CLAIM WEST COAST CLASSIC TITLE". SBL.asn.au. September 26, 2020. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. ^ a b "KAYLA STEINDL ANSWERS THE PERTH LYNX CALL". wnbl.basketball/perth. October 29, 2020. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. ^ "Pozoglou and Sharp named NBL1 West MVPs". NBL1.com.au. August 15, 2021. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021. ^ "WELCOME KAYLA STEINDL!". facebook.com/hobartchargers. February 24, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023. ^ "Sixteenth Pan American Games -- 2011". usab.com. February 10, 2012. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015. ^ "FRIDAY WOMEN'S SBL RECAP – QUARTER FINALS WEEK 1". SBL.asn.au. August 4, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2018. ^ "Fresh faces join Steindl in new look leadership group". jackjumpers.com.au. September 14, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kayla Steindl. Kayla Steindl at wnba.com vte2012 WNBA draftFirst round Nneka Ogwumike Shekinna Stricklen Devereaux Peters Glory Johnson Shenise Johnson Samantha Prahalis Kelley Cain Natalie Novosel Astan Dabo LaSondra Barrett Sasha Goodlett Damiris Dantas Second round Farhiya Abdi Tiffany Hayes Khadijah Rushdan Tyra White Riquna Williams Julie Wojta Kayla Standish Nika Barič Chay Shegog Keisha Hampton Shey Peddy C'eira Ricketts	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Hobart Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Chargers"},{"link_name":"NBL1 South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBL1_South"},{"link_name":"Ellensburg, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellensburg,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzaga_Bulldogs_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Women's National Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_League"}],"text":"Kayla Maria Steindl (née Standish; born November 19, 1989) is an American professional basketball player for the Hobart Chargers of the NBL1 South. The Ellensburg, Washington native played four years of college basketball for Gonzaga before moving to Australia to play in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL).","title":"Kayla Steindl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzaga_Bulldogs_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gozags-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gozags-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gozags-1"}],"text":"Steindl, a two-time All-West Coast Conference honoree, helped Gonzaga to its third-straight NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen appearance in 2011–12. She averaged a team-best 16.4 points, 7.5 rebounds and 1.5 blocks per game as a senior, while shooting an impressive 48.0 percent (214-of-446) from the field and 78.9 percent (127-of-161) at the charity stripe. She exploded in the 2012 post-season, averaging 23.2 points, 6.0 rebounds and 2.0 assists over the Zags' five games, including three NCAA Tournament contests. She shot 50.0 percent (43-of-86) from the field and 85.3 percent (29-of-34) at the free throw line.[1]Steindl closed out her Gonzaga career as the school's leader in games played (138) and blocks (176). She also stands fifth in the career record book for rebounds (809), seventh in both points (1,583) and field goal percentage (48.8), and eight in free throws made (289). Her numbers from the 2011–12 season also placed her in the Zag single-season record book. Her 50 blocks stands sixth; her 557 points, 214 field goals made and 127 free throws made all stand eight in their respective categories; and her 256 rebounds is tied for ninth.[1]Steindl helped Gonzaga to a 115–23 overall record in her four years, a 54–4 West Coast Conference record, four WCC regular-season titles, three WCC Tournament championships, an 8–4 NCAA Tournament record, two Sweet Sixteen appearances and Gonzaga's first-ever Elite Eight appearance. She earned both Associated Press and WBCA State Farm All-America honorable mention accolades in 2011–12 as a result.[1]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"College statistics","text":"Source[2]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota Lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Lynx"},{"link_name":"2012 WNBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_WNBA_draft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Townsville Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville_Fire"},{"link_name":"2012–13 WNBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_WNBL_season"},{"link_name":"QBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"2013–14 WNBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_WNBL_season"},{"link_name":"2015–16 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_WNBL_season"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Lightning"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adelaidenow-4"},{"link_name":"Frankston Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston_Blues"},{"link_name":"2016–17 WNBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_WNBL_season"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2017–18 WNBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_WNBL_season"},{"link_name":"Perth Lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Lynx"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Perth Redbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Redbacks"},{"link_name":"2018 WSBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_WSBL_season"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2018–19 WNBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_WNBL_season"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Joondalup Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Wolves"},{"link_name":"2019 WSBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_WSBL_season"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"West Coast Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_State_Basketball_League_season#West_Coast_Classic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2020 WNBL Hub season in Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_WNBL_season"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynx20-13"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NBL1_West_season"},{"link_name":"All-NBL1 West First Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-NBL1_West_First_Team"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hobart Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Chargers"},{"link_name":"NBL1 South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBL1_South"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"On April 16, 2012, Steindl was selected by the defending WNBA champion Minnesota Lynx with the 19th overall pick in the 2012 WNBA draft.[3] She later moved to Australia and joined the Townsville Fire for the 2012–13 WNBL season. After a stint with the QBL's Mackay Meteorettes in 2013, she re-joined the Fire for the 2013–14 WNBL season. With the Fire, she played a key role in leading the team to successive WNBL Grand Finals, both of which resulted in runner-up finishes.Steindl again played for the Mackay Meteorettes in 2014 and 2015 before returning to the WNBL for the 2015–16 season with the Adelaide Lightning.[4]After a stint with the Frankston Blues in 2016, Steindl returned to the Townsville Fire for the 2016–17 WNBL season.[5][6]For the 2017–18 WNBL season, Steindl joined the Perth Lynx.[7] After playing for the Perth Redbacks in the 2018 WSBL season,[8] she returned to the Lynx for the 2018–19 WNBL season.[9][10]Steindl played for the Joondalup Wolves in the 2019 WSBL season.[11] In 2020, she helped the Wolves win the West Coast Classic title behind her grand final MVP performance.[12] She then played for the Lynx in the 2020 WNBL Hub season in Queensland.[13]In 2021, Steindl re-joined the Joondalup Wolves and earned All-NBL1 West First Team honours.[14]In February 2023, Steindl signed with the Hobart Chargers of the NBL1 South.[15]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Steindl was selected to represent Team USA at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico. Team USA lost their first two games in close contests, before rebounding to win their next two games. Their 2–2 record earned them seventh-place finish. Steindl appeared in all four games and scored eight points.[16]","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Lightning"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adelaidenow-4"},{"link_name":"NBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Clint Steindl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Steindl"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynx20-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Steindl's sister, Tami Willey, is also a professional basketball player. She too has played for Adelaide in the WNBL and with the Mackay Meteorettes in the QBL.[4]In 2018, she married NBL player Clint Steindl.[17] The couple have two children.[13][18]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Kayla Standish Selected 19th By The Minnesota Lynx\". GoZags.com. April 16, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gozags.com/sports/w-baskbl/spec-rel/041612aab.html","url_text":"\"Kayla Standish Selected 19th By The Minnesota Lynx\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCAA® Career Statistics\". web1.ncaa.org. Retrieved May 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careersearch","url_text":"\"NCAA® Career Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Jayda (April 16, 2012). \"Gonzaga players Kayla Standish, Katelan Redmon selected in WNBA draft\". SeattleTimes.com. 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Retrieved June 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.perthlynx.com/Media/News/kayla-standish-joins-perth-lynx","url_text":"\"KAYLA STANDISH JOINS PERTH LYNX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Perth Redbacks Kayla Standish\". SportsTG.com. January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://websites.sportstg.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=1-5080-0-0-0&sID=107350&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=61001786","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Perth Redbacks Kayla Standish\""}]},{"reference":"\"KAYLA STANDISH RETURNS TO PERTH LYNX\". PerthLynx.com.au. June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.perthlynx.com/Media/News/kayla-standish-returns-to-perth-lynx","url_text":"\"KAYLA STANDISH RETURNS TO PERTH LYNX\""}]},{"reference":"O'Donoghue, Craig (June 14, 2018). \"Redemption drives returning Perth Lynx trio ahead of 2018-19 WNBL campaign\". TheWest.com.au. Retrieved June 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewest.com.au/sport/basketball/redemption-drives-returning-perth-lynx-trio-ahead-of-2018-19-wnbl-campaign-ng-b88864471z","url_text":"\"Redemption drives returning Perth Lynx trio ahead of 2018-19 WNBL campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wolves Secure Kayla Steindl\". SportsTG.com. January 21, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://websites.sportstg.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=1-892-0-0-0&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=64367101","url_text":"\"Wolves Secure Kayla Steindl\""}]},{"reference":"\"POWERFUL LADY WOLFPACK CLAIM WEST COAST CLASSIC TITLE\". SBL.asn.au. September 26, 2020. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sbl.asn.au/2020/09/26/powerful-lady-wolfpack-claim-west-coast-classic-title/","url_text":"\"POWERFUL LADY WOLFPACK CLAIM WEST COAST CLASSIC TITLE\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200927015023/https://sbl.asn.au/2020/09/26/powerful-lady-wolfpack-claim-west-coast-classic-title/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"KAYLA STEINDL ANSWERS THE PERTH LYNX CALL\". wnbl.basketball/perth. October 29, 2020. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wnbl.basketball/perth/news/kayla-steindl-answers-the-perth-lynx-call/","url_text":"\"KAYLA STEINDL ANSWERS THE PERTH LYNX CALL\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029120042/https://wnbl.basketball/perth/news/kayla-steindl-answers-the-perth-lynx-call/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pozoglou and Sharp named NBL1 West MVPs\". NBL1.com.au. August 15, 2021. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl1.com.au/news/pozoglou-and-sharp-named-nbl1-west-mvps/west/","url_text":"\"Pozoglou and Sharp named NBL1 West MVPs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815020507/https://nbl1.com.au/news/pozoglou-and-sharp-named-nbl1-west-mvps/west/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"WELCOME KAYLA STEINDL!\". facebook.com/hobartchargers. February 24, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/hobartchargers/posts/pfbid0xrHTYFuKctQNhjR2VqTHn7rfmShtrpL5ZHXhSaPECaaGYfn6g6uNC7Bd6hHrz9wrl","url_text":"\"WELCOME KAYLA STEINDL!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sixteenth Pan American Games -- 2011\". usab.com. February 10, 2012. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150907035538/http://www.usab.com/history/pan-am-womens/sixteenth-pan-american-games-2011.aspx","url_text":"\"Sixteenth Pan American Games -- 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.usab.com/history/pan-am-womens/sixteenth-pan-american-games-2011.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FRIDAY WOMEN'S SBL RECAP – QUARTER FINALS WEEK 1\". SBL.asn.au. August 4, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://sbl.asn.au/2018/08/04/friday-womens-sbl-recap-quarter-finals-week-1/","url_text":"\"FRIDAY WOMEN'S SBL RECAP – QUARTER FINALS WEEK 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresh faces join Steindl in new look leadership group\". jackjumpers.com.au. September 14, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jackjumpers.com.au/news/fresh-faces-join-steindl-in-new-look-leadership-group","url_text":"\"Fresh faces join Steindl in new look leadership group\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.gozags.com/sports/w-baskbl/spec-rel/041612aab.html","external_links_name":"\"Kayla Standish Selected 19th By The Minnesota Lynx\""},{"Link":"http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careersearch","external_links_name":"\"NCAA® Career Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://www.seattletimes.com/sports/storm/gonzaga-players-kayla-standish-katelan-redmon-selected-in-wnba-draft/","external_links_name":"\"Gonzaga players Kayla Standish, Katelan Redmon selected in WNBA draft\""},{"Link":"http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/basketball/kayla-standish-cycle-complete-as-us-forward-follows-sister-to-adelaide-lightning-as-wnbl-import/news-story/3a0d6247d3928db3e2b31a309df04b09","external_links_name":"\"Kayla Standish cycle complete as US forward follows sister to Adelaide Lightning as WNBL import\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170423192845/http://wnbl.com.au/townsville_news/standish-returns-to-the-fire/","external_links_name":"\"Standish returns to the Fire\""},{"Link":"http://wnbl.com.au/townsville_news/standish-returns-to-the-fire/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/sport/kayla-standish-returns-to-fire-for-another-championship-tilt/news-story/b76b87740b0ac8e699343cf5e1d4599e","external_links_name":"\"Kayla Standish returns to Fire for another championship tilt\""},{"Link":"http://www.perthlynx.com/Media/News/kayla-standish-joins-perth-lynx","external_links_name":"\"KAYLA STANDISH JOINS PERTH LYNX\""},{"Link":"http://websites.sportstg.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=1-5080-0-0-0&sID=107350&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=61001786","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to the Perth Redbacks Kayla Standish\""},{"Link":"http://www.perthlynx.com/Media/News/kayla-standish-returns-to-perth-lynx","external_links_name":"\"KAYLA STANDISH RETURNS TO PERTH LYNX\""},{"Link":"https://thewest.com.au/sport/basketball/redemption-drives-returning-perth-lynx-trio-ahead-of-2018-19-wnbl-campaign-ng-b88864471z","external_links_name":"\"Redemption drives returning Perth Lynx trio ahead of 2018-19 WNBL campaign\""},{"Link":"http://websites.sportstg.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=1-892-0-0-0&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=64367101","external_links_name":"\"Wolves Secure Kayla Steindl\""},{"Link":"https://sbl.asn.au/2020/09/26/powerful-lady-wolfpack-claim-west-coast-classic-title/","external_links_name":"\"POWERFUL LADY WOLFPACK CLAIM WEST COAST CLASSIC TITLE\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200927015023/https://sbl.asn.au/2020/09/26/powerful-lady-wolfpack-claim-west-coast-classic-title/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://wnbl.basketball/perth/news/kayla-steindl-answers-the-perth-lynx-call/","external_links_name":"\"KAYLA STEINDL ANSWERS THE PERTH LYNX CALL\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029120042/https://wnbl.basketball/perth/news/kayla-steindl-answers-the-perth-lynx-call/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nbl1.com.au/news/pozoglou-and-sharp-named-nbl1-west-mvps/west/","external_links_name":"\"Pozoglou and Sharp named NBL1 West MVPs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815020507/https://nbl1.com.au/news/pozoglou-and-sharp-named-nbl1-west-mvps/west/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/hobartchargers/posts/pfbid0xrHTYFuKctQNhjR2VqTHn7rfmShtrpL5ZHXhSaPECaaGYfn6g6uNC7Bd6hHrz9wrl","external_links_name":"\"WELCOME KAYLA STEINDL!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150907035538/http://www.usab.com/history/pan-am-womens/sixteenth-pan-american-games-2011.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Sixteenth Pan American Games -- 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.usab.com/history/pan-am-womens/sixteenth-pan-american-games-2011.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sbl.asn.au/2018/08/04/friday-womens-sbl-recap-quarter-finals-week-1/","external_links_name":"\"FRIDAY WOMEN'S SBL RECAP – QUARTER FINALS WEEK 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.jackjumpers.com.au/news/fresh-faces-join-steindl-in-new-look-leadership-group","external_links_name":"\"Fresh faces join Steindl in new look leadership group\""},{"Link":"http://www.wnba.com/archive/wnba/draft/2012/profiles/prospect_standish_kayla.html","external_links_name":"Kayla Steindl"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron_syndrome	Upper motor neuron syndrome	["1 Presentation","2 Diagnosis","3 Treatment","4 See also","5 References"]	Motor-control abnormalities resulting from an upper motor neuron lesion Upper motor neuron syndrome (UMNS) is the motor control changes that can occur in skeletal muscle after an upper motor neuron lesion. Following upper motor neuron lesions, affected muscles potentially have many features of altered performance including: weakness (decreased ability for the muscle to generate force) decreased motor control including decreased speed, accuracy and dexterity altered muscle tone (hypotonia or hypertonia) – a decrease or increase in the baseline level of muscle activity decreased endurance exaggerated deep tendon reflexes including spasticity, and clonus (a series of involuntary rapid muscle contractions) Such signs are collectively termed the "upper motor neuron syndrome". Affected muscles typically show multiple signs, with severity depending on the degree of damage and other factors that influence motor control. In neuroanatomical circles, it is often joked, for example, that hemisection of the cervical spinal cord leads to an "upper lower motor neuron syndrome and a lower upper motor neuron syndrome". The saying refers to lower motor neuron symptoms in the upper extremity (arm) and upper motor neurons symptoms in the lower extremity (leg). Health professionals' understanding of impairments in muscles after an upper motor neuron lesion has progressed considerably in recent decades. However, a diagnosis of "spasticity" is still often used interchangeably with upper motor neuron syndrome, and it is not unusual to see patients labeled as spastic who demonstrate an array of UMN findings. Spasticity is an exaggerated stretch reflex, which means that a muscle has a reflex contraction when stretched, and that this contraction is stronger when the stretch is applied more quickly. The commonly quoted definition by Lance (1980) describes "a motor disorder, characterised by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyper-excitability of the stretch reflex as one component of the upper motor neurone (UMN) syndrome". Spasticity is a common feature of muscle performance after upper motor neuron lesions, but is generally of much less clinical significance than other features such as decreased strength, decreased control and decreased endurance. The confusion in the use of the terminology complicates assessment and treatment planning by health professionals, as many confuse the other findings of upper motor neuron syndrome and describe them as spasticity. This confusion potentially leaves health professionals attempting to inhibit an exaggerated stretch reflex to improve muscle performance, potentially leaving more significant UMNS changes such as weakness unaddressed. Improved understanding of the multiple features of the upper motor neuron syndrome supports more rigorous assessment, and improved treatment planning. Presentation The upper motor neuron syndrome signs are seen in conditions where motor areas in the brain and/or spinal cord are damaged or fail to develop normally. These include spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis and acquired brain injury including stroke. The impact of impairment of muscles for an individual is problems with movement, and posture, which often affects their function. Diagnosis Assessment of motor control may involve several health professionals depending on the affected individual's situation, and the severity of their condition. This may include physical therapists, physicians (including neurologists and physiatrists) and rehabilitation physicians, orthotists, occupational therapists, and speech-language pathologists. Assessment is needed of the affected individual's goals, their function, and any symptoms that may be related to the movement disorder, such as pain. A thorough assessment then uses a clinical reasoning approach to determine why difficulties are occurring. Elements of assessment will include analysis of posture, active movement, muscle strength, movement control and coordination, and endurance, as well as muscle tone and spasticity. Impaired muscles typically demonstrate a loss of selective movement, including a loss of eccentric control (decreased ability to actively lengthen); this decreased active lengthening of a muscle is a key factor that limits motor control. While multiple muscles in a limb are usually affected in the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome, there is usually an imbalance of muscle activity (muscle tone), such that there is a stronger pull on one side of a joint, such as into elbow flexion. Decreasing the degree of this imbalance is a common focus of muscle strengthening programs. Impaired motor control also typically features a loss of stabilisation of an affected limb or the head from the trunk, so a thorough assessment requires this to be analysed as well, and exercise to improve proximal stability may be indicated. Secondary effects are likely to impact on assessment of impaired muscles. If muscle tone is assessed with passive muscle lengthening, increased muscle stiffness may affect the feeling of resistance to passive stretch, in addition to neurological resistance to stretch. Other secondary changes such as loss of muscle fibres following acquired muscle weakness are likely to compound the weakness arising from the upper motor neuron lesion. In severely affected muscles, there may be marked secondary changes, such as muscle contracture, particularly if management has been delayed or absent. Treatment Treatment should be based on assessment by the relevant health professionals. For muscles with mild-to-moderate impairment, exercise should be the mainstay of management, and is likely to need to be prescribed by a physical therapist or other health professional skilled in neurological rehabilitation. Muscles with severe impairment are likely to be more limited in their ability to exercise, and may require help to do this. They may require additional interventions, to manage the greater neurological impairment and also greater secondary complications. These interventions may include serial casting, flexibility exercise such as sustained positioning programs, and medical interventions. Research has clearly shown that exercise is beneficial for impaired muscles, even though it was previously believed that strength exercise would increase muscle tone and impair muscle performance further. Also, in previous decades there has been a strong focus on other interventions for impaired muscles, particularly stretching and splinting, but the evidence does not support these as effective. One of the challenges for health professionals working with UMNS movement disorders is that the degree of muscle weakness makes developing an exercise programme difficult. For muscles that lack any volitional control, such as after complete spinal cord injury, exercise may be assisted, and may require equipment, such as using a standing frame to sustain a standing position. Often, muscles require specific stimulation to achieve small amounts of activity, which is most often achieved by weight-bearing (e.g. positioning and supporting a limb such that it supports body weight) or by stimulation to the muscle belly (such as electrical stimulation or vibration). Medical interventions may include such medications as baclofen, diazepam, dantrolene, or clonazepam. Phenol injections or botulinum toxin injections into a muscle belly of the upper or lower extremities can be used to attempt to dampen the signals between nerve and muscle. The effectiveness of medications varies between individuals, and varies based on location of the upper motor neuron lesion (in the brain or the spinal cord). Medications are commonly used for movement disorders, but research has not shown functional benefit for some drugs. Some studies have shown that medications have been effective in decreasing spasticity, but that this has not been accompanied by functional benefits. See also Stroke rehabilitation Strength training Cerebral palsy Spinal cord injury Acquired brain injury Physiotherapy Traumatic brain injury Motor control References ^ a b Ivanhoe CB, Reistetter TA: Spasticity: The misunderstood part of the upper motor neuron syndrome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83(suppl):S3–S9. ^ Ada L, Dorsch S, Canning C G. Strengthening interventions increase strength and improve activity after stroke: a systematic review. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2006;52(4):241–248. ^ Bovend'Eerdt TJ, Newman M, Barker K, Dawes H, Minelli C, Wade DT. The effects of stretching in spasticity: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008 Jul;89(7):1395-406. ^ Farag, Sara M.; Mohammed, Manal O.; EL-Sobky, Tamer A.; ElKadery, Nadia A.; ElZohiery, Abeer K. (March 2020). "Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy". JBJS Reviews. 8 (3): e0119. doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119. PMC 7161716. PMID 32224633. ^ Blumetti, Francesco C; Belloti, João Carlos; Tamaoki, Marcel JS; Pinto, José A (8 October 2019). "Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001408.pub2. PMC 6779591. PMID 31591703. ^ a b Taricco M, Adone R, Pagliacci C, Telaro E. Pharmacological interventions for spasticity following spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD001131. ^ Shakespeare D, Boggild M, Young CA. Anti-spasticity agents for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001332.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motor control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_control"},{"link_name":"skeletal muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle"},{"link_name":"upper motor neuron lesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron_lesion"},{"link_name":"weakness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakness"},{"link_name":"motor control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_control"},{"link_name":"dexterity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexterity"},{"link_name":"muscle tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tone"},{"link_name":"spasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasticity"},{"link_name":"clonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonus"},{"link_name":"motor control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_control"},{"link_name":"upper motor neuron lesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron_lesion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivanhoe_CB-1"},{"link_name":"Spasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasticity"},{"link_name":"stretch reflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretch_reflex"},{"link_name":"endurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivanhoe_CB-1"}],"text":"Upper motor neuron syndrome (UMNS) is the motor control changes that can occur in skeletal muscle after an upper motor neuron lesion.Following upper motor neuron lesions, affected muscles potentially have many features of altered performance including:weakness (decreased ability for the muscle to generate force)\ndecreased motor control including decreased speed, accuracy and dexterity\naltered muscle tone (hypotonia or hypertonia) – a decrease or increase in the baseline level of muscle activity\ndecreased endurance\nexaggerated deep tendon reflexes including spasticity, and clonus (a series of involuntary rapid muscle contractions)Such signs are collectively termed the \"upper motor neuron syndrome\". Affected muscles typically show multiple signs, with severity depending on the degree of damage and other factors that influence motor control. In neuroanatomical circles, it is often joked, for example, that hemisection of the cervical spinal cord leads to an \"upper lower motor neuron syndrome and a lower upper motor neuron syndrome\". The saying refers to lower motor neuron symptoms in the upper extremity (arm) and upper motor neurons symptoms in the lower extremity (leg).Health professionals' understanding of impairments in muscles after an upper motor neuron lesion has progressed considerably in recent decades. However, a diagnosis of \"spasticity\" is still often used interchangeably with upper motor neuron syndrome, and it is not unusual to see patients labeled as spastic who demonstrate an array of UMN findings.[1]Spasticity is an exaggerated stretch reflex, which means that a muscle has a reflex contraction when stretched, and that this contraction is stronger when the stretch is applied more quickly. The commonly quoted definition by Lance (1980) describes \"a motor disorder, characterised by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyper-excitability of the stretch reflex as one component of the upper motor neurone (UMN) syndrome\".Spasticity is a common feature of muscle performance after upper motor neuron lesions, but is generally of much less clinical significance than other features such as decreased strength, decreased control and decreased endurance. The confusion in the use of the terminology complicates assessment and treatment planning by health professionals, as many confuse the other findings of upper motor neuron syndrome and describe them as spasticity.[1] This confusion potentially leaves health professionals attempting to inhibit an exaggerated stretch reflex to improve muscle performance, potentially leaving more significant UMNS changes such as weakness unaddressed. Improved understanding of the multiple features of the upper motor neuron syndrome supports more rigorous assessment, and improved treatment planning.","title":"Upper motor neuron syndrome"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"spinal cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"spinal cord injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury"},{"link_name":"cerebral palsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy"},{"link_name":"multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"acquired brain injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquired_brain_injury"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"}],"text":"The upper motor neuron syndrome signs are seen in conditions where motor areas in the brain and/or spinal cord are damaged or fail to develop normally. These include spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis and acquired brain injury including stroke. The impact of impairment of muscles for an individual is problems with movement, and posture, which often affects their function.","title":"Presentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physical therapists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapists"},{"link_name":"neurologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologists"},{"link_name":"physiatrists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physiatrists&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"orthotists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotists"},{"link_name":"occupational therapists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_therapists"},{"link_name":"proximal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal"},{"link_name":"stiffness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffness"},{"link_name":"muscle fibres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_fibres"},{"link_name":"contracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracture"}],"text":"Assessment of motor control may involve several health professionals depending on the affected individual's situation, and the severity of their condition. This may include physical therapists, physicians (including neurologists and physiatrists) and rehabilitation physicians, orthotists, occupational therapists, and speech-language pathologists. Assessment is needed of the affected individual's goals, their function, and any symptoms that may be related to the movement disorder, such as pain. A thorough assessment then uses a clinical reasoning approach to determine why difficulties are occurring. Elements of assessment will include analysis of posture, active movement, muscle strength, movement control and coordination, and endurance, as well as muscle tone and spasticity. Impaired muscles typically demonstrate a loss of selective movement, including a loss of eccentric control (decreased ability to actively lengthen); this decreased active lengthening of a muscle is a key factor that limits motor control. While multiple muscles in a limb are usually affected in the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome, there is usually an imbalance of muscle activity (muscle tone), such that there is a stronger pull on one side of a joint, such as into elbow flexion. Decreasing the degree of this imbalance is a common focus of muscle strengthening programs. Impaired motor control also typically features a loss of stabilisation of an affected limb or the head from the trunk, so a thorough assessment requires this to be analysed as well, and exercise to improve proximal stability may be indicated.Secondary effects are likely to impact on assessment of impaired muscles. If muscle tone is assessed with passive muscle lengthening, increased muscle stiffness may affect the feeling of resistance to passive stretch, in addition to neurological resistance to stretch. Other secondary changes such as loss of muscle fibres following acquired muscle weakness are likely to compound the weakness arising from the upper motor neuron lesion. In severely affected muscles, there may be marked secondary changes, such as muscle contracture, particularly if management has been delayed or absent.","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physical therapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"splinting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"electrical stimulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_stimulation"},{"link_name":"baclofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baclofen"},{"link_name":"diazepam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam"},{"link_name":"dantrolene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dantrolene"},{"link_name":"clonazepam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam"},{"link_name":"Phenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol"},{"link_name":"botulinum toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum_toxin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taricco_M_2000-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taricco_M_2000-6"}],"text":"Treatment should be based on assessment by the relevant health professionals. For muscles with mild-to-moderate impairment, exercise should be the mainstay of management, and is likely to need to be prescribed by a physical therapist or other health professional skilled in neurological rehabilitation.Muscles with severe impairment are likely to be more limited in their ability to exercise, and may require help to do this. They may require additional interventions, to manage the greater neurological impairment and also greater secondary complications. These interventions may include serial casting, flexibility exercise such as sustained positioning programs, and medical interventions.Research has clearly shown that exercise is beneficial for impaired muscles,[2] even though it was previously believed that strength exercise would increase muscle tone and impair muscle performance further. Also, in previous decades there has been a strong focus on other interventions for impaired muscles, particularly stretching and splinting, but the evidence does not support these as effective.[3] One of the challenges for health professionals working with UMNS movement disorders is that the degree of muscle weakness makes developing an exercise programme difficult. For muscles that lack any volitional control, such as after complete spinal cord injury, exercise may be assisted, and may require equipment, such as using a standing frame to sustain a standing position. Often, muscles require specific stimulation to achieve small amounts of activity, which is most often achieved by weight-bearing (e.g. positioning and supporting a limb such that it supports body weight) or by stimulation to the muscle belly (such as electrical stimulation or vibration).Medical interventions may include such medications as baclofen, diazepam, dantrolene, or clonazepam. Phenol injections or botulinum toxin[4][5] injections into a muscle belly of the upper or lower extremities can be used to attempt to dampen the signals between nerve and muscle. The effectiveness of medications varies between individuals, and varies based on location of the upper motor neuron lesion (in the brain or the spinal cord). Medications are commonly used for movement disorders, but research has not shown functional benefit for some drugs.[6][7] Some studies have shown that medications have been effective in decreasing spasticity, but that this has not been accompanied by functional benefits.[6]","title":"Treatment"}]	[]	[{"title":"Stroke rehabilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_rehabilitation"},{"title":"Strength training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_training"},{"title":"Cerebral palsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy"},{"title":"Spinal cord injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury"},{"title":"Acquired brain injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquired_brain_injury"},{"title":"Physiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiotherapy"},{"title":"Traumatic brain injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury"},{"title":"Motor control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_control"}]	[{"reference":"Farag, Sara M.; Mohammed, Manal O.; EL-Sobky, Tamer A.; ElKadery, Nadia A.; ElZohiery, Abeer K. (March 2020). \"Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy\". JBJS Reviews. 8 (3): e0119. doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119. PMC 7161716. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litom%C4%9B%C5%99ici	West Slavs	["1 History","2 Groupings","2.1 Bavarian Geographer grouping","2.2 Tribal grouping","2.3 Linguistic grouping","3 Population","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography"]	Subgroup of Slavic peoples This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "West Slavs" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ethnic group West SlavsSłowianie Zachodni (Polish)Západní Slované (Czech)Západní Slovania (Slovak)Zôpôdni Słowiónie (Kashubian)Pódwjacorne Słowjany (Lower Sorbian)Zapadni Słowjenjo (Upper Sorbian) Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language Countries where other Slavic languages are the national languageTotal populationsee #PopulationRegions with significant populationsCentral EuropeReligionCatholicism(Poles, Slovaks, Silesians, Kashubians, Moravians, and Sorbs and minority among Czechs)Protestantism (minority among Sorbs)Irreligion (majority among Czechs)Related ethnic groupsOther Slavs The West Slavs are Slavic peoples who speak the West Slavic languages. They separated from the common Slavic group around the 7th century, and established independent polities in Central Europe by the 8th to 9th centuries. The West Slavic languages diversified into their historically attested forms over the 10th to 14th centuries. Today, groups which speak West Slavic languages include the Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, and Sorbs. From the ninth century onwards, most West Slavs converted to Roman Catholicism, thus coming under the cultural influence of the Latin Church, adopting the Latin alphabet, and tending to be more closely integrated into cultural and intellectual developments in western Europe than the East Slavs, who converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity and adopted the Cyrillic alphabet. Linguistically, the West Slavic group can be divided into three subgroups: Lechitic, including Polish, Kashubian, and the extinct Polabian and Pomeranian languages; Sorbian in the region of Lusatia; and Czecho–Slovak in the Czech lands. History Main articles: Early Slavs, Polabian Slavs, and Wends Reconstruction of the Slavic temple in Groß Raden Slavic tribes from the 7th to 9th centuries AD in Europe In the Early Middle Ages, the name "Wends" (probably derived from the Roman-era Veneti) may have applied to Slavic peoples. However, sources such as the Chronicle of Fredegar and Paul the Deacon are neither clear nor consistent in their ethnographic terminology, and whether "Wends" or "Veneti" refer to Slavic people, pre-Slavic people, or to a territory rather than a population, is a matter of scholarly debate. The early Slavic expansion reached Central Europe in the 7th century, and the West Slavic dialects diverged from common Slavic over the following centuries. The West Slavic tribes settled on the eastern fringes of the Carolingian Empire, along the Limes Saxoniae. Prior to the Magyar invasion of Pannonia in the 890s, the West Slavic polity of Great Moravia spanned much of Central Europe between what is now Eastern Germany and Western Romania. In the high medieval period, the West Slavic tribes were again pushed to the east by the incipient German Ostsiedlung, decisively so following the Wendish Crusade in the 11th century. The early Slavic expansion began in the 5th century, and by the 6th century the groups that would become the West, East, and South Slavic groups had probably become geographically separated. One of the distinguishing features of the West Slavic tribes was manifested in the structure of the Pagan sanctuaries of the closed (long) type, while the East Slavic sanctuaries had a round (most often open) shape (see also: Peryn). Early modern historiographers such as Penzel (1777) and Palacky (1827) have claimed Samo's Empire to be first independent Slavic state in history by taking Fredegar's Wendish account at face value. Curta (1997) argued that the text is not as straightforward: according to Fredegar, Wends were a gens, Sclavini merely a genus, and there was no "Slavic" gens. He further states that "Wends occur particularly in political contexts: the Wends, not the Slavs, made Samo their king." Other such alleged early West Slavic states include the Principality of Moravia (8th century–833), the Principality of Nitra (8th century–833), and Great Moravia (833–c. 907). Christiansen (1997) identified the following West Slav tribes in the 11th century from "the coastlands and hinterland from the aby of Kiel to the Vistula, including the islands of Fehmarn, Poel, Rügen, Usedom and Wollin", namely the Wagrians, Obodrites (or Abotrites), the Polabians, the Liutizians or Wilzians, the Rugians or Rani, the Sorbs, the Lusatians, the Poles, and the Pomeranians (later divided into Pomerelians and Cassubians). They came under the domination of the Holy Roman Empire after the Wendish Crusade in the Middle Ages and had been strongly assimilated by Germans at the end of the 19th century. The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony. Groupings Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article: Geographus Bavarus Various attempts have been made to group the West Slavs into subgroups according to various criteria, including geography, historical tribes, and linguistics. Bavarian Geographer grouping In 845 the Bavarian Geographer made a list of West Slavic tribes who lived in the areas of modern-day Poland, Czech Republic, Germany and Denmark: Pos. Latin name in 845 English name no. of gords 1 Nortabtrezi North Obotrites 53 2 Uuilci Veleti 95 7 Hehfeldi Hevellians 8 14 Osterabtrezi East Obotrites 100 15 Miloxi Milceni 67 16 Phesnuzi Besunzane 70 17 Thadesi Dadosesani 200 18 Glopeani Goplans 400 33 Lendizi Lendians 98 34 Thafnezi / 257 36 Prissani Prissani 70 37 Uelunzani Wolinians 70 38 Bruzi / 48 Uuislane Vistulans / 49 Sleenzane Silesians 15 50 Lunsizi Sorbs 30 51 Dadosesani Thadesi 20 52 Milzane Milceni 30 53 Besunzane Phesnuzi 2 56 Lupiglaa Łupigoła 30 57 Opolini Opolans 20 58 Golensizi Golensizi 5 Tribal grouping Further information: List of ancient Slavic peoples West Slav tribes in the 9th and 10th centuries Lechitic group Poles Masovians Polans Lendians Vistulans Silesians Pomeranians Slovincians Polabians Obodrites/Abodrites Obotrites proper Wagrians Warnower Polabians proper Linonen Travnjane Drevani Veleti (Wilzi), succeeded by Lutici (Liutici) Kissini (Kessiner, Chizzinen, Kyzziner) Circipani (Zirzipanen) Tollensians Redarier Ucri (Ukr(an)i, Ukranen) Rani (Rujani) Hevelli (Stodorani) Volinians (Velunzani) Pyritzans (Prissani) Czech–Slovak group Czechs Moravians Slovaks Sorbian group Milceni (Upper Sorbs) Lusatian Sorbs (Lower Sorbs) Linguistic grouping Main article: West Slavic languages § Classification West Slavic languages Lechitic group Polans Lendians Silesians Wends Sorbs Vistulans Polabians Obodrites Slovincians Kashubians Gorals(Highlanders) Czech–Slovak group Czechs Bohemians Moravians Slovaks Population Main article: Slavs § Population See also Slavic peoples List of Slavic studies journals Czechization Polonization Slovakization East Slavs South Slavs Outline of Slavic history and culture References ^ a b c Ilya Gavritukhin, Vladimir Petrukhin (2015). Yury Osipov (ed.). Slavs. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in 35 vol.) Vol. 30. pp. 388–389. Archived from the original on 2022-08-03. Retrieved 2022-08-03. ^ Gołąb, Zbigniew (1992). The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers. pp. 12–13. The present-day Slavic peoples are usually divided into the three following groups: West Slavic, East Slavic, and South Slavic. This division has both linguistic and historico-geographical justification, in the sense that on the one hand the respective Slavic languages show some old features which unite them into the above three groups, and on the other hand the pre- and early historical migrations of the respective Slavic peoples distributed them geographically in just this way. ^ Sergey Skorvid (2015). Yury Osipov (ed.). Slavic languages. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in 35 vol.) Vol. 30. pp. 396–397–389. Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2022-08-03. ^ Butcher, Charity (2019). The handbook of cross-border ethnic and religious affinities. London. p. 90. ISBN 9781442250222.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Vico, Giambattista (2004). Statecraft : the deeds of Antonio Carafa = (De rebus gestis Antonj Caraphaei). New York: P. Lang. p. 374. ISBN 9780820468280. ^ Hart, Anne (2003). The beginner's guide to interpreting ethnic DNA origins for family history : how Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Mizrahi & Europeans are related to everyone else. New York, N.Y.: iUniverse. p. 57. ISBN 9780595283064. ^ Wiarda, Howard J. (2013). Culture and foreign policy : the neglected factor in international relations. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. p. 39. ISBN 9781317156048. ^ Dunn, Dennis J. (2017). The Catholic Church and Soviet Russia, 1917-39. New York. pp. 8–9. ISBN 9781315408859.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Bohemia and Poland. Chapter 20.pp 512-513. Timothy Reuter. The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900 – c. 1024. 2000 ^ Curta 1997, p. 141–144, 152–153. ^ Sedov 1953, p. 94. ^ Curta 1997, p. 143. ^ Curta 1997, p. 152–153. ^ Curta 1997, p. 152. ^ Christiansen, Erik (1997). The Northern Crusades Archived 2023-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. London: Penguin Books. p. 41. ISBN 0-14-026653-4. ^ "Polabian language". Archived from the original on 2020-02-24. Retrieved 2009-01-05. ^ a b c d e f g Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak (2013). "Poselstwo ruskie w państwie niemieckim w roku 839: Kulisy śledztwa w świetle danych Geografa Bawarskiego". Slavia Orientalis (in Polish and English). 62 (1): 25–43. Archived from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2017-12-04. ^ a b c d e Jerzy Strzelczyk. Bohemia and Poland: two examples of successful western Slavonic state-formation. In: Timothy Reuter ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024. Cambridge University Press. 1995. p. 514. Bibliography Gołąb, Zbigniew (1992). The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers. pp. 12–13. Curta, Florin (1997). "Slavs in Fredegar and Paul the Deacon: medieval gens or 'scourge of God'?" (PDF). Early Medieval Europe. 6 (2). Blackwell Publishers: 141–167. doi:10.1111/1468-0254.00009. S2CID 162269231. Retrieved 17 August 2022. While being traditionally regarded, at least in Polish historiography, as forefathers of the western Slavs, and therefore successors of the Veneti mentioned by Pliny, Tacitus, or Claudius Ptolemaeus, recent studies argue that the name may have not been a self-designation. By calling the Slavs 'Wends', German-speaking groups may have alluded to a pre-Slavic population. It is, however, not clear how an ancient terminology came to be used in the case of the early medieval Slavs. (...) a meaning behind Fredegar's presumably inconsistent ethnic vocabulary. Perhaps 'Wends' and 'Sclavenes' are meant to denote a specific social and political configuration, in which such concepts as 'state' or 'ethnicity' are relevant, while 'Slavs' is a more general term, used in a territorial rather than an ethnic sense; Samo as a merchant went in Sclauos to do business... Sergey Skorvid (2015). Yury Osipov (ed.). Slavic languages. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in 35 vol.) Vol. 30. pp. 396–397–389. Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2022-08-03. Ilya Gavritukhin, Vladimir Petrukhin (2015). Yury Osipov (ed.). Slavs. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in 35 vol.) Vol. 30. pp. 388–389. Archived from the original on 2022-08-03. Retrieved 2022-08-03. Sedov, Vasili (1953). "Drevneslavănskoe yazyčeskoe svătilişe v Peryni". Kratkie Soobşeniă Instituta Istorii Materialnoy Kultury (in Russian) (50): 92–103. vteSlavic ethnic groupsEast Slavs Alaskan Creoles Belarusians Belarusian Latvians Belarusian Lithuanians Belarusian Poles Belarusian Russians Karyms Gurans Molokans Podlashuks Poleshuks Russians Albazinians Cossacks Albazinians Baikal Cossacks Don Cossacks Kuban Cossacks Nekrasov Cossacks Siberian Cossacks Terek Cossacks Greben Cossacks Doukhobors Goryuns Harbin Russians Kamchadals Kamenschiks Lipovans Polekhs Pomors Semeiskie Siberians Starozhily Rus’ people Rusyns Lemkos Boykos Hutsuls Pannonian Rusyns Rusyn Romanians Ukrainians Zaporozhian Cossacks → Kuban Cossacks Hutsuls Boykos Podolyans Volga Bulgarians Litvins West Slavs Chodové Czechs Gorals Silesian Gorals Kashubians Gochans Krubans Slovincians Lechites Masurians Moravians Poles Bambers Borderlands Poles Bug River Poles Greater Poland people Kaliszans Taśtaks Kociewians Kurpies Lasovians Łęczycans Lesser Poland people Masovians Łowiczans Międzyrzec Boyars Poborzans Polish Uplanders Russian Poles Sącz Lachs Sieradzans Warmians Obotrites Ruhrpolen Silesians Cieszyn Vlachs Slovaks Sorbs Lower Sorbs Wends Texas Wends Upper Sorbs South Slavs Bosniaks Bosniak Albanians Bosniak Croatians Bosniak Kosovars Bosniak Montenegrins Bosniak Serbians Bulgarians Anatolian Bulgarians Banat Bulgarians Bessarabian Bulgarians Bulgarian Albanians Bulgarian Croatians Bulgarian Hungarians Bulgarian Italians Macedonian Bulgarians Pomaks Thracian Bulgarians Croats Bunjevci Burgenland Croats Croat Muslims Janjevci Krashovani Molise Croats Šokci Gorani Macedonians Albanian Macedonians Bulgarian Macedonians Mijaks Torbeši Montenegrins Ethnic Muslims Resians Serbs Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs Kosovo Serbs Macedonian Serbs Montenegrin Serbs Croatian Serbs Vojvodina Serbs Serb Muslims Shopi Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia Slovenes Carinthian Slovenes Croatian Slovenes Hungarian Slovenes Italian Slovenes Prekmurje Slovenes Venetian Slavs Yugoslavs Authority control databases National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slavic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peoples"},{"link_name":"West Slavic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRE1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptak-2"},{"link_name":"common Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRE1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skorvid-3"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Czechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"Slovaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"Latin alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"East Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lechitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechites"},{"link_name":"Polabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabian_language"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_language"},{"link_name":"Sorbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_languages"},{"link_name":"Lusatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatia"},{"link_name":"Czecho–Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages"},{"link_name":"Czech lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe West Slavs are Slavic peoples who speak the West Slavic languages.[1][2] They separated from the common Slavic group around the 7th century, and established independent polities in Central Europe by the 8th to 9th centuries.[1] The West Slavic languages diversified into their historically attested forms over the 10th to 14th centuries.[3]Today, groups which speak West Slavic languages include the Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, and Sorbs.[4][5][6] From the ninth century onwards, most West Slavs converted to Roman Catholicism, thus coming under the cultural influence of the Latin Church, adopting the Latin alphabet, and tending to be more closely integrated into cultural and intellectual developments in western Europe than the East Slavs, who converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity and adopted the Cyrillic alphabet.[7][8]Linguistically, the West Slavic group can be divided into three subgroups: Lechitic, including Polish, Kashubian, and the extinct Polabian and Pomeranian languages; Sorbian in the region of Lusatia; and Czecho–Slovak in the Czech lands.[9]","title":"West Slavs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WalRhad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Slavic temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_paganism"},{"link_name":"Groß Raden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Raden_Archaeological_Open_Air_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slavic_tribes_in_the_7th_to_9th_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"Early Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Wends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wends"},{"link_name":"Veneti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Veneti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRE1-1"},{"link_name":"Chronicle of Fredegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Fredegar"},{"link_name":"Paul the Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta1997141%E2%80%93144,_152%E2%80%93153-10"},{"link_name":"early Slavic expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Carolingian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Limes Saxoniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_Saxoniae"},{"link_name":"Magyar invasion of Pannonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin"},{"link_name":"Great Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moravia"},{"link_name":"Ostsiedlung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung"},{"link_name":"Wendish Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendish_Crusade"},{"link_name":"early Slavic expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Slavs"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pagan sanctuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_paganism"},{"link_name":"Peryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peryn"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov195394-11"},{"link_name":"Samo's Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta1997143-12"},{"link_name":"gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta1997152%E2%80%93153-13"},{"link_name":"Samo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta1997152-14"},{"link_name":"Principality of Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moravia"},{"link_name":"Principality of Nitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Nitra"},{"link_name":"Great Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moravia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Wagrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagrians"},{"link_name":"Obodrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obodrites"},{"link_name":"Polabians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabians"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Wendish Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendish_Crusade"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"assimilated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanization"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Polabian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabian_language"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Reconstruction of the Slavic temple in Groß RadenSlavic tribes from the 7th to 9th centuries AD in EuropeIn the Early Middle Ages, the name \"Wends\" (probably derived from the Roman-era Veneti) may have applied to Slavic peoples.[1] However, sources such as the Chronicle of Fredegar and Paul the Deacon are neither clear nor consistent in their ethnographic terminology, and whether \"Wends\" or \"Veneti\" refer to Slavic people, pre-Slavic people, or to a territory rather than a population, is a matter of scholarly debate.[10]The early Slavic expansion reached Central Europe in the 7th century, and the West Slavic dialects diverged from common Slavic over the following centuries. The West Slavic tribes settled on the eastern fringes of the Carolingian Empire, along the Limes Saxoniae. Prior to the Magyar invasion of Pannonia in the 890s, the West Slavic polity of Great Moravia spanned much of Central Europe between what is now Eastern Germany and Western Romania. In the high medieval period, the West Slavic tribes were again pushed to the east by the incipient German Ostsiedlung, decisively so following the Wendish Crusade in the 11th century.The early Slavic expansion began in the 5th century, and by the 6th century the groups that would become the West, East, and South Slavic groups had probably become geographically separated.[citation needed] One of the distinguishing features of the West Slavic tribes was manifested in the structure of the Pagan sanctuaries of the closed (long) type, while the East Slavic sanctuaries had a round (most often open) shape (see also: Peryn).[11] Early modern historiographers such as Penzel (1777) and Palacky (1827) have claimed Samo's Empire to be first independent Slavic state in history by taking Fredegar's Wendish account at face value.[12] Curta (1997) argued that the text is not as straightforward: according to Fredegar, Wends were a gens, Sclavini merely a genus, and there was no \"Slavic\" gens.[13] He further states that \"Wends occur particularly in political contexts: the Wends, not the Slavs, made Samo their king.\"[14]Other such alleged early West Slavic states include the Principality of Moravia (8th century–833), the Principality of Nitra (8th century–833), and Great Moravia (833–c. 907).[citation needed] Christiansen (1997) identified the following West Slav tribes in the 11th century from \"the coastlands and hinterland from the aby of Kiel to the Vistula, including the islands of Fehmarn, Poel, Rügen, Usedom and Wollin\", namely the Wagrians, Obodrites (or Abotrites), the Polabians, the Liutizians or Wilzians, the Rugians or Rani, the Sorbs, the Lusatians, the Poles, and the Pomeranians (later divided into Pomerelians and Cassubians).[15] They came under the domination of the Holy Roman Empire after the Wendish Crusade[citation needed] in the Middle Ages and had been strongly assimilated by Germans at the end of the 19th century.[citation needed] The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Geographus Bavarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Geographus_Bavarus"}],"text":"Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nGeographus BavarusVarious attempts have been made to group the West Slavs into subgroups according to various criteria, including geography, historical tribes, and linguistics.","title":"Groupings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bavarian Geographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Geographer"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witczak-17"}],"sub_title":"Bavarian Geographer grouping","text":"In 845 the Bavarian Geographer made a list of West Slavic tribes who lived in the areas of modern-day Poland, Czech Republic, Germany and Denmark:[17]","title":"Groupings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of ancient Slavic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_slavs_9th-10th_c..png"},{"link_name":"Lechitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechites"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strzelczyk-18"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Masovians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovians"},{"link_name":"Polans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polans_(western)"},{"link_name":"Lendians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%99dzianie"},{"link_name":"Vistulans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistulans"},{"link_name":"Silesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesians"},{"link_name":"Pomeranians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranians_(Slavic_tribe)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strzelczyk-18"},{"link_name":"Slovincians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovincians"},{"link_name":"Polabians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabians"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strzelczyk-18"},{"link_name":"Obodrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obodrites"},{"link_name":"Wagrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagrians"},{"link_name":"Warnower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnower"},{"link_name":"Polabians proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabians_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Linonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linonen"},{"link_name":"Travnjane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Travnjane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drevani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevani"},{"link_name":"Veleti (Wilzi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veleti"},{"link_name":"Lutici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutici"},{"link_name":"Kissini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissini"},{"link_name":"Circipani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circipani"},{"link_name":"Tollensians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollensians"},{"link_name":"Redarier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redarier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ucri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucri"},{"link_name":"Rani (Rujani)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_(Slavic_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Hevelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevelli"},{"link_name":"Volinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volinians"},{"link_name":"Pyritzans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyritzans"},{"link_name":"Czech–Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages"},{"link_name":"Czechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"Moravians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravians"},{"link_name":"Slovaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"Sorbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strzelczyk-18"},{"link_name":"Milceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milceni"},{"link_name":"Lusatian Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs"}],"sub_title":"Tribal grouping","text":"Further information: List of ancient Slavic peoplesWest Slav tribes in the 9th and 10th centuriesLechitic group[18]\nPoles\nMasovians\nPolans\nLendians\nVistulans\nSilesians\nPomeranians[18]\nSlovincians\nPolabians[18]\nObodrites/Abodrites\nObotrites proper\nWagrians\nWarnower\nPolabians proper\nLinonen\nTravnjane\nDrevani\nVeleti (Wilzi), succeeded by Lutici (Liutici)\nKissini (Kessiner, Chizzinen, Kyzziner)\nCircipani (Zirzipanen)\nTollensians\nRedarier\nUcri (Ukr(an)i, Ukranen)\nRani (Rujani)\nHevelli (Stodorani)\nVolinians (Velunzani)\nPyritzans (Prissani)\nCzech–Slovak group\nCzechs\nMoravians\nSlovaks\nSorbian group[18]\nMilceni (Upper Sorbs)\nLusatian Sorbs (Lower Sorbs)","title":"Groupings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lenguas_eslavas_occidentales.PNG"},{"link_name":"Lechitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechites"},{"link_name":"Polans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polans_(western)"},{"link_name":"Lendians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lendians"},{"link_name":"Silesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesians"},{"link_name":"Wends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wends"},{"link_name":"Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs"},{"link_name":"Vistulans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistulans"},{"link_name":"Polabians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabians"},{"link_name":"Obodrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obodrites"},{"link_name":"Slovincians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovincians"},{"link_name":"Kashubians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubians"},{"link_name":"Gorals(Highlanders)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorals"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strzelczyk-18"},{"link_name":"Czechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"Bohemians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemians_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Moravians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravians"},{"link_name":"Slovaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"}],"sub_title":"Linguistic grouping","text":"West Slavic languagesLechitic group\nPolans\nLendians\nSilesians\nWends\nSorbs\nVistulans\nPolabians\nObodrites\nSlovincians\nKashubians\nGorals(Highlanders)\nCzech–Slovak group[18]\nCzechs\nBohemians\nMoravians\nSlovaks","title":"Groupings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/04GolabTheOriginsOfTheSlavs/The%20origins%20of%20the%20Slavs%20a%20linguist%27s%20view_djvu.txt"},{"link_name":"\"Slavs in Fredegar and Paul the Deacon: medieval gens or 'scourge of God'?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arheo.ffzg.unizg.hr/ska/tekstovi/fredegar_paul.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/1468-0254.00009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0254.00009"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162269231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162269231"},{"link_name":"Samo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo"},{"link_name":"Yury Osipov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Osipov"},{"link_name":"Slavic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190904000000/https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/3625253"},{"link_name":"Great Russian Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/3625253"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Petrukhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Petrukhin"},{"link_name":"Yury Osipov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Osipov"},{"link_name":"Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220803062631/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3625013"},{"link_name":"Great Russian Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3625013"},{"link_name":"\"Drevneslavănskoe yazyčeskoe svătilişe v Peryni\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.russiancity.ru/hbooks/h011.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"Slavic ethnic groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"East Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Alaskan Creoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people"},{"link_name":"Belarusians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians"},{"link_name":"Belarusian Latvians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians_in_Latvia"},{"link_name":"Belarusian Lithuanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians_in_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Belarusian Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Belarusian Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Karyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyms"},{"link_name":"Gurans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurans_(Transbaikal_people)"},{"link_name":"Molokans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokan"},{"link_name":"Podlashuks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlashuks"},{"link_name":"Poleshuks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleshuks"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Albazinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albazinians"},{"link_name":"Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Albazinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albazinians"},{"link_name":"Baikal Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Don Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Kuban Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Nekrasov Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekrasov_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Siberian Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Terek Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terek_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Greben Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greben_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Doukhobors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doukhobors"},{"link_name":"Goryuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryuns"},{"link_name":"Harbin Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_Russians"},{"link_name":"Kamchadals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchadals"},{"link_name":"Kamenschiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenschik"},{"link_name":"Lipovans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipovans"},{"link_name":"Polekhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polekhs"},{"link_name":"Pomors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomors"},{"link_name":"Semeiskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semeiskie"},{"link_name":"Siberians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberians"},{"link_name":"Starozhily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_old-settlers"},{"link_name":"Rus’ people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_people"},{"link_name":"Rusyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyns"},{"link_name":"Lemkos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemkos"},{"link_name":"Boykos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boykos"},{"link_name":"Hutsuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutsuls"},{"link_name":"Pannonian Rusyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns"},{"link_name":"Rusyn Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyns_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"Zaporozhian Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Kuban Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Hutsuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutsuls"},{"link_name":"Boykos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boykos"},{"link_name":"Podolyans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolyans"},{"link_name":"Volga Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Litvins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litvin#Ethnic_group_in_Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slavic_europe.svg"},{"link_name":"West Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Chodové","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chodov%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Czechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"Gorals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorals"},{"link_name":"Silesian Gorals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Gorals"},{"link_name":"Kashubians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubians"},{"link_name":"Gochans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gochy"},{"link_name":"Krubans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krubans"},{"link_name":"Slovincians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovincians"},{"link_name":"Lechites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechites"},{"link_name":"Masurians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masurians"},{"link_name":"Moravians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravians"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Bambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambers"},{"link_name":"Borderlands Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderlands_Poles"},{"link_name":"Bug River Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_River_Poles"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_people"},{"link_name":"Kaliszans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliszans"},{"link_name":"Taśtaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks"},{"link_name":"Kociewians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kociewie#Kociewians"},{"link_name":"Kurpies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurpie"},{"link_name":"Lasovians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasovians"},{"link_name":"Łęczycans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people"},{"link_name":"Masovians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovians"},{"link_name":"Łowiczans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81owiczans"},{"link_name":"Międzyrzec Boyars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars"},{"link_name":"Poborzans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poborzans"},{"link_name":"Polish Uplanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Uplanders"},{"link_name":"Russian Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Sącz Lachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs"},{"link_name":"Sieradzans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieradzans"},{"link_name":"Warmians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Obotrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotrites"},{"link_name":"Ruhrpolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhrpolen"},{"link_name":"Silesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesians"},{"link_name":"Cieszyn Vlachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs"},{"link_name":"Slovaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs"},{"link_name":"Lower Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language"},{"link_name":"Wends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wends"},{"link_name":"Texas Wends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wends_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Upper Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language"},{"link_name":"South Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Bosniaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks"},{"link_name":"Bosniak Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Bosniak Croatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Bosniak Kosovars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Bosniak Montenegrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Bosniak Serbians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Anatolian Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Banat Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Bessarabian Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabian_Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Croatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Pomaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomaks"},{"link_name":"Thracian Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"},{"link_name":"Bunjevci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunjevci"},{"link_name":"Burgenland Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgenland_Croats"},{"link_name":"Croat Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croat_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Janjevci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janjevci"},{"link_name":"Krashovani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krashovani"},{"link_name":"Molise Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molise_Croats"},{"link_name":"Šokci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0okci"},{"link_name":"Gorani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorani_people"},{"link_name":"Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Albanian Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians_in_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Mijaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijaks"},{"link_name":"Torbeši","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Montenegrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrins"},{"link_name":"Ethnic Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Resians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resia,_Friuli"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Croatian Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_in_Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Serb Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Shopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopi"},{"link_name":"Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenes"},{"link_name":"Carinthian Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes"},{"link_name":"Croatian Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenes_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Slovenes"},{"link_name":"Italian Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Prekmurje Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenes"},{"link_name":"Venetian Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavia_Friulana"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavs"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840454#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4065824-7"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548627805171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85123390"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph180967&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=16400"}],"text":"Gołąb, Zbigniew (1992). The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers. pp. 12–13.\nCurta, Florin (1997). \"Slavs in Fredegar and Paul the Deacon: medieval gens or 'scourge of God'?\" (PDF). Early Medieval Europe. 6 (2). Blackwell Publishers: 141–167. doi:10.1111/1468-0254.00009. S2CID 162269231. Retrieved 17 August 2022. While being traditionally regarded, at least in Polish historiography, as forefathers of the western Slavs, and therefore successors of the Veneti mentioned by Pliny, Tacitus, or Claudius Ptolemaeus, recent studies argue that the name may have not been a self-designation. By calling the Slavs 'Wends', German-speaking groups may have alluded to a pre-Slavic population. It is, however, not clear how an ancient terminology came to be used in the case of the early medieval Slavs. (...) [There may be] a meaning behind Fredegar's presumably inconsistent ethnic vocabulary. Perhaps 'Wends' and 'Sclavenes' are meant to denote a specific social and political configuration, in which such concepts as 'state' or 'ethnicity' are relevant, while 'Slavs' is a more general term, used in a territorial rather than an ethnic sense; Samo as a merchant went in Sclauos to do business...\nSergey Skorvid (2015). Yury Osipov (ed.). Slavic languages. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in 35 vol.) Vol. 30. pp. 396–397–389. Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2022-08-03.\nIlya Gavritukhin, Vladimir Petrukhin (2015). Yury Osipov (ed.). Slavs. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in 35 vol.) Vol. 30. pp. 388–389. Archived from the original on 2022-08-03. Retrieved 2022-08-03.\nSedov, Vasili (1953). \"Drevneslavănskoe yazyčeskoe svătilişe v Peryni\". Kratkie Soobşeniă Instituta Istorii Materialnoy Kultury (in Russian) (50): 92–103.vteSlavic ethnic groupsEast Slavs\nAlaskan Creoles\nBelarusians\nBelarusian Latvians\nBelarusian Lithuanians\nBelarusian Poles\nBelarusian Russians\nKaryms\nGurans\nMolokans\nPodlashuks\nPoleshuks\nRussians\nAlbazinians\nCossacks\nAlbazinians\nBaikal Cossacks\nDon Cossacks\nKuban Cossacks\nNekrasov Cossacks\nSiberian Cossacks\nTerek Cossacks\nGreben Cossacks\nDoukhobors\nGoryuns\nHarbin Russians\nKamchadals\nKamenschiks\nLipovans\nPolekhs\nPomors\nSemeiskie\nSiberians\nStarozhily\nRus’ people\nRusyns\nLemkos\nBoykos\nHutsuls\nPannonian Rusyns\nRusyn Romanians\nUkrainians\nZaporozhian Cossacks → Kuban Cossacks\nHutsuls\nBoykos\nPodolyans\nVolga Bulgarians\nLitvins\nWest Slavs\nChodové\nCzechs\nGorals\nSilesian Gorals\nKashubians\nGochans\nKrubans\nSlovincians\nLechites\nMasurians\nMoravians\nPoles\nBambers\nBorderlands Poles\nBug River Poles\nGreater Poland people\nKaliszans\nTaśtaks\nKociewians\nKurpies\nLasovians\nŁęczycans\nLesser Poland people\nMasovians\nŁowiczans\nMiędzyrzec Boyars\nPoborzans\nPolish Uplanders\nRussian Poles\nSącz Lachs\nSieradzans\nWarmians\nObotrites\nRuhrpolen\nSilesians\nCieszyn Vlachs\nSlovaks\nSorbs\nLower Sorbs\nWends\nTexas Wends\nUpper Sorbs\nSouth Slavs\nBosniaks\nBosniak Albanians\nBosniak Croatians\nBosniak Kosovars\nBosniak Montenegrins\nBosniak Serbians\nBulgarians\nAnatolian Bulgarians\nBanat Bulgarians\nBessarabian Bulgarians\nBulgarian Albanians\nBulgarian Croatians\nBulgarian Hungarians\nBulgarian Italians\nMacedonian Bulgarians\nPomaks\nThracian Bulgarians\nCroats\nBunjevci\nBurgenland Croats\nCroat Muslims\nJanjevci\nKrashovani\nMolise Croats\nŠokci\nGorani\nMacedonians\nAlbanian Macedonians\nBulgarian Macedonians\nMijaks\nTorbeši\nMontenegrins\nEthnic Muslims\nResians\nSerbs\nBosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs\nKosovo Serbs\nMacedonian Serbs\nMontenegrin Serbs\nCroatian Serbs\nVojvodina Serbs\nSerb Muslims\nShopi\nSlavic speakers of Greek Macedonia\nSlovenes\nCarinthian Slovenes\nCroatian Slovenes\nHungarian Slovenes\nItalian Slovenes\nPrekmurje Slovenes\nVenetian Slavs\nYugoslavsAuthority control databases National\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nOther\nEncyclopedia of Modern Ukraine","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Reconstruction of the Slavic temple in Groß Raden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WalRhad.jpg/230px-WalRhad.jpg"},{"image_text":"Slavic tribes from the 7th to 9th centuries AD in Europe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Slavic_tribes_in_the_7th_to_9th_century.jpg/300px-Slavic_tribes_in_the_7th_to_9th_century.jpg"},{"image_text":"West Slav tribes in the 9th and 10th centuries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/West_slavs_9th-10th_c..png/300px-West_slavs_9th-10th_c..png"},{"image_text":"West Slavic languages","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lenguas_eslavas_occidentales.PNG/220px-Lenguas_eslavas_occidentales.PNG"}]	[{"title":"Slavic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"title":"List of Slavic studies journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals"},{"title":"Czechization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechization"},{"title":"Polonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonization"},{"title":"Slovakization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakization"},{"title":"East Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs"},{"title":"South Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"title":"Outline of Slavic history and culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Slavic_history_and_culture"}]	[{"reference":"Ilya Gavritukhin, Vladimir Petrukhin (2015). Yury Osipov (ed.). Slavs. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in 35 vol.) Vol. 30. pp. 388–389. Archived from the original on 2022-08-03. Retrieved 2022-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Petrukhin","url_text":"Vladimir Petrukhin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Osipov","url_text":"Yury Osipov"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220803062631/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3625013","url_text":"Slavs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Great Russian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3625013","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gołąb, Zbigniew (1992). The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers. pp. 12–13. The present-day Slavic peoples are usually divided into the three following groups: West Slavic, East Slavic, and South Slavic. This division has both linguistic and historico-geographical justification, in the sense that on the one hand the respective Slavic languages show some old features which unite them into the above three groups, and on the other hand the pre- and early historical migrations of the respective Slavic peoples distributed them geographically in just this way.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/04GolabTheOriginsOfTheSlavs/The%20origins%20of%20the%20Slavs%20a%20linguist%27s%20view_djvu.txt","url_text":"The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View"}]},{"reference":"Sergey Skorvid (2015). Yury Osipov (ed.). Slavic languages. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in 35 vol.) Vol. 30. pp. 396–397–389. Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2022-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Osipov","url_text":"Yury Osipov"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190904000000/https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/3625253","url_text":"Slavic languages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Great Russian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/3625253","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Butcher, Charity (2019). The handbook of cross-border ethnic and religious affinities. London. p. 90. ISBN 9781442250222.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442250222","url_text":"9781442250222"}]},{"reference":"Vico, Giambattista (2004). Statecraft : the deeds of Antonio Carafa = (De rebus gestis Antonj Caraphaei). New York: P. Lang. p. 374. ISBN 9780820468280.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820468280","url_text":"9780820468280"}]},{"reference":"Hart, Anne (2003). The beginner's guide to interpreting ethnic DNA origins for family history : how Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Mizrahi & Europeans are related to everyone else. New York, N.Y.: iUniverse. p. 57. ISBN 9780595283064.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595283064","url_text":"9780595283064"}]},{"reference":"Wiarda, Howard J. (2013). Culture and foreign policy : the neglected factor in international relations. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. p. 39. ISBN 9781317156048.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317156048","url_text":"9781317156048"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Dennis J. (2017). The Catholic Church and Soviet Russia, 1917-39. New York. pp. 8–9. ISBN 9781315408859.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315408859","url_text":"9781315408859"}]},{"reference":"\"Polabian language\". Archived from the original on 2020-02-24. Retrieved 2009-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-466672/Polabian-language","url_text":"\"Polabian language\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200224143516/https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-466672/Polabian-language","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak (2013). \"Poselstwo ruskie w państwie niemieckim w roku 839: Kulisy śledztwa w świetle danych Geografa Bawarskiego\". Slavia Orientalis (in Polish and English). 62 (1): 25–43. Archived from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2017-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/6870884","url_text":"\"Poselstwo ruskie w państwie niemieckim w roku 839: Kulisy śledztwa w świetle danych Geografa Bawarskiego\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220311074113/https://www.academia.edu/6870884","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gołąb, Zbigniew (1992). The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers. pp. 12–13.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/04GolabTheOriginsOfTheSlavs/The%20origins%20of%20the%20Slavs%20a%20linguist%27s%20view_djvu.txt","url_text":"The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View"}]},{"reference":"Curta, Florin (1997). \"Slavs in Fredegar and Paul the Deacon: medieval gens or 'scourge of God'?\" (PDF). Early Medieval Europe. 6 (2). Blackwell Publishers: 141–167. doi:10.1111/1468-0254.00009. S2CID 162269231. Retrieved 17 August 2022. While being traditionally regarded, at least in Polish historiography, as forefathers of the western Slavs, and therefore successors of the Veneti mentioned by Pliny, Tacitus, or Claudius Ptolemaeus, recent studies argue that the name may have not been a self-designation. By calling the Slavs 'Wends', German-speaking groups may have alluded to a pre-Slavic population. It is, however, not clear how an ancient terminology came to be used in the case of the early medieval Slavs. (...) [There may be] a meaning behind Fredegar's presumably inconsistent ethnic vocabulary. Perhaps 'Wends' and 'Sclavenes' are meant to denote a specific social and political configuration, in which such concepts as 'state' or 'ethnicity' are relevant, while 'Slavs' is a more general term, used in a territorial rather than an ethnic sense; Samo as a merchant went in Sclauos to do business...","urls":[{"url":"https://arheo.ffzg.unizg.hr/ska/tekstovi/fredegar_paul.pdf","url_text":"\"Slavs in Fredegar and Paul the Deacon: medieval gens or 'scourge of God'?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0254.00009","url_text":"10.1111/1468-0254.00009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162269231","url_text":"162269231"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo","url_text":"Samo"}]},{"reference":"Sergey Skorvid (2015). Yury Osipov (ed.). Slavic languages. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in 35 vol.) Vol. 30. pp. 396–397–389. Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2022-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Osipov","url_text":"Yury Osipov"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190904000000/https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/3625253","url_text":"Slavic languages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Great Russian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/3625253","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ilya Gavritukhin, Vladimir Petrukhin (2015). Yury Osipov (ed.). Slavs. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in 35 vol.) Vol. 30. pp. 388–389. Archived from the original on 2022-08-03. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Space_Corporation	Phantom Space Corporation	["1 Company history","2 Daytona I","3 Launch history","4 References","5 External links"]	Rocket manufacturing company in Arizona Phantom Space CorporationIndustrySpace transportation, rocket manufacturingFounded2019 FounderJim Cantrell, Michael D'AngeloHeadquartersTucson, Arizona, United StatesWebsitewww.phantomspace.com Phantom Space Corporation is an American space transportation and rocket manufacturing startup based in Tucson, Arizona. Company history Phantom Space Corporation was founded in 2019 by Jim Cantrell and Michael D'Angelo. Chris Thompson, the second employee at SpaceX and ten-year veteran, joined Phantom Space in October of 2021 as Phantom's Chief Technology Officer in charge of launch and satellite system development. In May 2021, it acquired StratSpace, a satellite program designer and manager Cantrell founded in 2000. The acquisition made Phantom Space the first 100% U.S.-based satellite supply chain in its effort to mass produce rockets on a large scale. In August 2021, the company acquired space systems developer Micro Aerospace Solutions (MAS) operating out of Melbourne, Florida. In 2023, Phantom signed an agreement with Equatorial Launch Australia (ELA) to collaborate on missions at the Arnhem Space Centre in Arnhem Land, a remote location in the Northern Territory of Australia. Phantom has links to the US Department of Defense, and an ELA spokesperson said that the launch site could one day be used for missile testing and development. Phantom hopes to fire rockets from the ASC site by 2025. While the main focus is on commercial uses at the site, the potential for involvement in defense has raised concerns among the local community. Daytona I Daytona IFunctionSmall-lift space launch vehicleManufacturerPhantom Space CorporationCountry of originUSASizeHeight18 mDiameter1.5 mStages2CapacityPayload to LEO180 kgAssociated rocketsComparableElectronLaunch historyLaunch sitesVAFB, CCSFSTotal launches0First flight2025First stageEngines9x HadleyThrust200 kNPropellantLiquid oxygen/RP-1Second stageEngines1x HadleyThrust28.8 kNPropellantLiquid oxygen/RP-1As of March 2024 the company is building a two-stage rocket called Daytona. As designed, the vehicle will be 18 meters tall, 1.5 meters in diameter. It will be able to loft 180 kilograms to low Earth orbit for a claimed launch price of $4 million. It will use nine Hadley engines produced by Ursa Major Technologies on its first stage, and one Hadley Vacuum engine on its second stage. The first launch is projected to take place in 2025. Launch history Date and time, UTC Launch site Payload Orbit Customer Launch outcome 2025 Vandenberg SLC5 TBA LEO TBA Maiden flight of Daytona 2025 Vandenberg SLC5 AFNIO × ? LEO Ingenu Will launch "the majority of" Ingenu's 72-satellite AFNIO constellation. 2025 Vandenberg SLC5 TBA LEO TBA CubeSat Launch Initiative contract awarded by NASA. TBD Hurricane Hunter x ? LEO Tropical Weather Analytics Tropical Weather Analytics, Inc. (TWA), with a revolutionary 3D measurement capability for improved hurricane forecasting and weather intelligence, is announcing a strategic partnership with Phantom Space Corporation (Phantom) to design, manufacture, launch, and operate its Hurricane Hunter Satellite Constellation. References ^ Manfredi, Lucas (September 29, 2021). "Phantom Space, Ingenu to build 72-satellite constellation". FOXBusiness. ^ "Phantom Hires Chris Thompson as CTO". Payload Space. October 21, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2024. ^ "Phantom Space acquires StratSpace in pursuit of becoming a turnkey space service". ^ Wichner, David (June 19, 2021). "Small-sat launch firm Phantom to open Tucson rocket factory". Arizona Daily Star. ^ Ruiz, Michael (May 24, 2021). "Phantom Space startup announces world's first 100% US-based satellite supply chain after acquiring StratSpace". Fox Business. Retrieved February 1, 2023. ^ "Jim Cantrell's Phantom Space Acquires Micro Aerospace Solutions - Via Satellite -". Via Satellite. August 17, 2021. ^ Garrick, Matt (April 26, 2023). "Arnhem Land space centre could be used for missile testing and development, Equatorial (sic) Launch Australia says". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ Messier, Doug (August 25, 2022). "Having It All Come Together, but Not In House: Phantom Space's Approach to Launch". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved August 26, 2022. ^ David Wichner (May 26, 2023). "Tucson Tech: Phantom Space acing early tests in bid for orbital flight". Arizona Daily Star. External links Official Website vteOrbital launch systems developed in the United StatesActive Atlas V†† Electron Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Minotaur I IV V C Pegasus XL RS1† SLS Block 1 Vulcan Centaur In development Antares 330 Daytona I Firefly Beta New Glenn Neutron Nova Red Dwarf SLS Block 1B Block 2 Starship Terran R Retired Antares 110/120/130/230/230+††† Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III** LV-3B SLV-3 Able Agena Centaur Conestoga Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" H-I* Juno I Juno II LauncherOne N-I* N-II* Pilot Rocket 3 Saturn I IB V Scout Space Shuttle SPARK Sparta Terran 1 Thor Able Ablestar Agena Burner Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Vanguard * - Japanese projects using US rockets or stages ** - uses Russian engines † - never succeeded †† - no new orders accepted ††† - used Ukrainian first stage This aeronautical company–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This United States corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tucson, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Phantom Space Corporation is an American space transportation and rocket manufacturing startup based in Tucson, Arizona. [1]","title":"Phantom Space Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Cantrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cantrell"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Micro Aerospace Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micro_Aerospace_Solutions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Melbourne, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Launch Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Launch_Australia"},{"link_name":"Arnhem Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Space_Centre"},{"link_name":"Arnhem Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Land"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Phantom Space Corporation was founded in 2019 by Jim Cantrell and Michael D'Angelo.[citation needed] Chris Thompson, the second employee at SpaceX and ten-year veteran, joined Phantom Space in October of 2021 as Phantom's Chief Technology Officer in charge of launch and satellite system development.[2]In May 2021, it acquired StratSpace, a satellite program designer and manager[3] Cantrell founded in 2000.[4] The acquisition made Phantom Space the first 100% U.S.-based satellite supply chain in its effort to mass produce rockets on a large scale.[5]In August 2021, the company acquired space systems developer Micro Aerospace Solutions (MAS) operating out of Melbourne, Florida.[6]In 2023, Phantom signed an agreement with Equatorial Launch Australia (ELA) to collaborate on missions at the Arnhem Space Centre in Arnhem Land, a remote location in the Northern Territory of Australia. Phantom has links to the US Department of Defense, and an ELA spokesperson said that the launch site could one day be used for missile testing and development. Phantom hopes to fire rockets from the ASC site by 2025. While the main focus is on commercial uses at the site, the potential for involvement in defense has raised concerns among the local community.[7]","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phantom_Space_Corporation&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Hadley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_engine"},{"link_name":"Ursa Major Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursa_Major_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pa-20220825-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"As of March 2024[update] the company is building a two-stage rocket called Daytona. As designed, the vehicle will be 18 meters tall, 1.5 meters in diameter. It will be able to loft 180 kilograms to low Earth orbit for a claimed launch price of $4 million. It will use nine Hadley engines produced by Ursa Major Technologies on its first stage, and one Hadley Vacuum engine on its second stage.[8] The first launch is projected to take place in 2025.[9]","title":"Daytona I"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Launch history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Manfredi, Lucas (September 29, 2021). \"Phantom Space, Ingenu to build 72-satellite constellation\". FOXBusiness.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/phantom-space-john-deere-ingenu-72-satellite-constellation","url_text":"\"Phantom Space, Ingenu to build 72-satellite constellation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phantom Hires Chris Thompson as CTO\". Payload Space. October 21, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://payloadspace.com/phantom-hires-chris-thompson-as-cto","url_text":"\"Phantom Hires Chris Thompson as CTO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phantom Space acquires StratSpace in pursuit of becoming a turnkey space service\".","urls":[{"url":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/05/25/phantom-space-acquires-stratspace-in-pursuit-of-becoming-a-turnkey-space-service/","url_text":"\"Phantom Space acquires StratSpace in pursuit of becoming a turnkey space service\""}]},{"reference":"Wichner, David (June 19, 2021). \"Small-sat launch firm Phantom to open Tucson rocket factory\". Arizona Daily Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://tucson.com/business/small-sat-launch-firm-phantom-to-open-tucson-rocket-factory/article_30fe83a4-cdf2-11eb-a42c-dfea331db6ea.html","url_text":"\"Small-sat launch firm Phantom to open Tucson rocket factory\""}]},{"reference":"Ruiz, Michael (May 24, 2021). \"Phantom Space startup announces world's first 100% US-based satellite supply chain after acquiring StratSpace\". Fox Business. Retrieved February 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/phantom-space-acquiring-stratspace-us-supply-chain","url_text":"\"Phantom Space startup announces world's first 100% US-based satellite supply chain after acquiring StratSpace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jim Cantrell's Phantom Space Acquires Micro Aerospace Solutions - Via Satellite -\". Via Satellite. August 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.satellitetoday.com/business/2021/08/17/jim-cantrells-phantom-space-acquires-micro-aerospace-solutions/","url_text":"\"Jim Cantrell's Phantom Space Acquires Micro Aerospace Solutions - Via Satellite -\""}]},{"reference":"Garrick, Matt (April 26, 2023). \"Arnhem Land space centre could be used for missile testing and development, Equatorial (sic) Launch Australia says\". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved April 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-27/arnhem-land-nt-missile-testing-possibility-raises-concern/102269398","url_text":"\"Arnhem Land space centre could be used for missile testing and development, Equatorial (sic) Launch Australia says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News (Australia)"}]},{"reference":"Messier, Doug (August 25, 2022). \"Having It All Come Together, but Not In House: Phantom Space's Approach to Launch\". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved August 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://parabolicarc.com/2022/08/25/having-it-all-come-together-but-not-in-house-phantom-spaces-approach-to-launch/","url_text":"\"Having It All Come Together, but Not In House: Phantom Space's Approach to Launch\""}]},{"reference":"David Wichner (May 26, 2023). \"Tucson Tech: Phantom Space acing early tests in bid for orbital flight\". Arizona Daily Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://tucson.com/news/local/business/tucson-tech-phantom-space-acing-early-tests-in-bid-for-orbital-flight/article_a0d244a6-f0e4-11ed-9b5e-9fdd18eceb7b.html","url_text":"\"Tucson Tech: Phantom Space acing early tests in bid for orbital flight\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.phantomspace.com/","external_links_name":"www.phantomspace.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phantom_Space_Corporation&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/phantom-space-john-deere-ingenu-72-satellite-constellation","external_links_name":"\"Phantom Space, Ingenu to build 72-satellite constellation\""},{"Link":"https://payloadspace.com/phantom-hires-chris-thompson-as-cto","external_links_name":"\"Phantom Hires Chris Thompson as CTO\""},{"Link":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/05/25/phantom-space-acquires-stratspace-in-pursuit-of-becoming-a-turnkey-space-service/","external_links_name":"\"Phantom Space acquires StratSpace in pursuit of becoming a turnkey space service\""},{"Link":"https://tucson.com/business/small-sat-launch-firm-phantom-to-open-tucson-rocket-factory/article_30fe83a4-cdf2-11eb-a42c-dfea331db6ea.html","external_links_name":"\"Small-sat launch firm Phantom to open Tucson rocket factory\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/phantom-space-acquiring-stratspace-us-supply-chain","external_links_name":"\"Phantom Space startup announces world's first 100% US-based satellite supply chain after acquiring StratSpace\""},{"Link":"https://www.satellitetoday.com/business/2021/08/17/jim-cantrells-phantom-space-acquires-micro-aerospace-solutions/","external_links_name":"\"Jim Cantrell's Phantom Space Acquires Micro Aerospace Solutions - Via Satellite -\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-27/arnhem-land-nt-missile-testing-possibility-raises-concern/102269398","external_links_name":"\"Arnhem Land space centre could be used for missile testing and development, Equatorial (sic) Launch Australia says\""},{"Link":"http://parabolicarc.com/2022/08/25/having-it-all-come-together-but-not-in-house-phantom-spaces-approach-to-launch/","external_links_name":"\"Having It All Come Together, but Not In House: Phantom Space's Approach to Launch\""},{"Link":"https://tucson.com/news/local/business/tucson-tech-phantom-space-acing-early-tests-in-bid-for-orbital-flight/article_a0d244a6-f0e4-11ed-9b5e-9fdd18eceb7b.html","external_links_name":"\"Tucson Tech: Phantom Space acing early tests in bid for orbital flight\""},{"Link":"https://www.phantomspace.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phantom_Space_Corporation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phantom_Space_Corporation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_China	Illegal immigration to China	["1 Policies","1.1 Guangzhou","1.2 North Korean border","1.3 From Southeast Asia","2 References"]	Overview of illegal immigration to China Illegal immigration to China is the process of migrating into China in violation of Chinese immigration laws. The Chinese government has instituted policies against illegal immigration, particularly from North Korean refugees and defectors, workers and refugees from Vietnam, the Philippines, Myanmar, Laos and Africans in Guangzhou. Policies The Chinese government actively discourages this type of behavior out of fears that it may cause instability in the region and encourage more illegal immigration. In 2003, campaigns against illegal immigration were conducted in Guangdong and other Chinese provinces, and around 2008, the police repeatedly conducted so-called "hurricane" campaigns against illegal immigration in Guangdong.: 155–160 Guangzhou Further information: Africans in Guangzhou Since 2004 at the latest, illegal immigration has increasingly come into the focus of the police authorities in Guangzhou, primarily targeted against immigrants from African countries, and later throughout the country. In Guangzhou, a regulation has been in force since 2004 under which citizens are requested to report cases suspected of illegal immigration to the police, which can be rewarded with CN¥100 for information that leads to successful expulsions.: 73–74 According to Reuters in 2009, there were as many as 100,000 Africans and Arabs in Guangzhou, mostly illegal overstayers. In 2012, the legal framework on exit-entry administration was amended and the new regulations featured extended power of the local police in immigration issues, higher sanctions against illegal stay and illegal employment as well as revised rules regarding deportation.: 80–88 North Korean border Further information: China–North Korea border § Border security, and Immigration to China § North Koreans Illegal immigrants from North Korea have moved across the China–North Korea border to seek higher wages and escape repression. The Chinese government transferred responsibility for managing the border to the army from the police in 2003. Chinese authorities began building wire fences "on major defection routes along the Tumen River" in 2003. Beginning in September 2006, China erected a 20 kilometres (12 mi) fence on the border near Dandong to prevent defectors and refugees from crossing the border into China. From Southeast Asia Countryside of Vietnam's impoverished Lao Cai Province, source of many illegal migrant workers to China Significant numbers of Vietnamese, Cambodian and Burmese workers have been smuggled into China illegally to work low-skilled jobs for wages undercutting those of domestic workers and to fill vacancies left by Chinese migrant workers. Thousands of Vietnamese from the poorer northern provinces move to China to work illegally each year. References ^ "Beijing Increases Detentions of Illegal North Korean Immigrants". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-04-01. ^ a b c Habicht, Jasper (2020). The Role of Campaigns in Law Enforcement: The Example of Sanfei Campaigns in Chinese Immigration Law. Studies on the Law and Legal Culture of China. Vol. 9. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. pp. 155–160. doi:10.5771/9783748907817. ISBN 978-3-7489-0781-7. S2CID 218955976. ^ "Illegal Foreigners Cleared Away during Asian Games". Life of Guangzhou. 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2012-10-23. ^ Pomfret, James (21 August 2009). "Out of Africa and into China, immigrants struggle". Reuters. Retrieved 31 August 2020. ^ "Illegal immigrants pour across border seeking work". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-04-01. ^ Foley, James. “China Steps Up Security on North Korean Border”, Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 November 2003. ^ a b Ng Gan Guan, China Erects Fence Along N. Korea Border Archived 2018-04-28 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press (October 16, 2006). ^ Kanto, Dick K. and Mark E. Manyin. China-North Korea Relations Archived 2017-12-28 at the Wayback Machine, Congressional Research Service (December 28, 2010). ^ "China building border fence facing North Korea". Jurist.law.pitt.edu. 2006-10-17. Archived from the original on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2012-10-23. ^ a b "Illegal migration to China hollows north's towns". vietnamnews.vn. ^ "Beijing plans curbs on number of foreigners working in China". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-04-01. ^ "China's Immigration Problem". Forbes. Retrieved 2012-04-01. vteImmigration to ChinaFrom Asia Armenians Burmese Filipinos Indians Israelis Iranians Japanese Shanghai Koreans Shanghai Nepalis Pakistanis Vietnamese From elsewhere Africans Guangzhou Hong Kong Americans Australians Britons Hong Kong Canadians Nigerians Poles Portuguese (Macau) Russians (Albazinians Harbin Shanghai) See also Demographics of China Immigration to Hong Kong Immigration to Macau History of the Jews in China (Hong Kong Kaifeng) Under-occupied developments in China Illegal immigration For immigrants and expatriates in Hong Kong, see: Hong Kong people vteIllegal immigration by countryAngolaArgentinaAustraliaAzerbaijanBangladeshBhutanBrazilCanadaChileChinaFinlandFranceGhanaGreeceHungaryIndiaIranIsraelItalyJapanLatviaLibyaMalaysiaMexicoNigeriaPakistanPhilippinesPortugalRussiaSaudi ArabiaSingaporeSouth AfricaSouth KoreaSyriaThailandUnited KingdomUnited StatesVietnam	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"migrating into China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_China"},{"link_name":"Chinese government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government"},{"link_name":"North Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Africans in Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou"}],"text":"Illegal immigration to China is the process of migrating into China in violation of Chinese immigration laws. The Chinese government has instituted policies against illegal immigration, particularly from North Korean refugees and defectors, workers and refugees from Vietnam, the Philippines, Myanmar, Laos and Africans in Guangzhou.","title":"Illegal immigration to China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Government"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nomos-2"}],"text":"The Chinese government actively discourages this type of behavior out of fears that it may cause instability in the region and encourage more illegal immigration.[1]In 2003, campaigns against illegal immigration were conducted in Guangdong and other Chinese provinces, and around 2008, the police repeatedly conducted so-called \"hurricane\" campaigns against illegal immigration in Guangdong.[2]: 155–160","title":"Policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Africans in Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"African countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nomos-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nomos-2"}],"sub_title":"Guangzhou","text":"Further information: Africans in GuangzhouSince 2004 at the latest, illegal immigration has increasingly come into the focus of the police authorities in Guangzhou, primarily targeted against immigrants from African countries, and later throughout the country. In Guangzhou, a regulation has been in force since 2004 under which citizens are requested to report cases suspected of illegal immigration to the police, which can be rewarded with CN¥100 for information that leads to successful expulsions.[2]: 73–74 [3]According to Reuters in 2009, there were as many as 100,000 Africans and Arabs in Guangzhou, mostly illegal overstayers.[4]In 2012, the legal framework on exit-entry administration was amended and the new regulations featured extended power of the local police in immigration issues, higher sanctions against illegal stay and illegal employment as well as revised rules regarding deportation.[2]: 80–88","title":"Policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China–North Korea border § Border security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_border#Border_security"},{"link_name":"Immigration to China § North Koreans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_China#North_Koreans"},{"link_name":"China–North Korea border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_border"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guan-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guan-7"},{"link_name":"Dandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandong"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kanto-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"North Korean border","text":"Further information: China–North Korea border § Border security, and Immigration to China § North KoreansIllegal immigrants from North Korea have moved across the China–North Korea border to seek higher wages and escape repression.[5]The Chinese government transferred responsibility for managing the border to the army from the police in 2003.[6] Chinese authorities began building wire fences \"on major defection routes along the Tumen River\" in 2003.[7] Beginning in September 2006,[7] China erected a 20 kilometres (12 mi) fence on the border near Dandong to prevent defectors and refugees from crossing the border into China.[8][9]","title":"Policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scenery_at_Can_Cau_-_Lao_Cai_Province_-_Vietnam_-_04_(48210742441).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lao Cai Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Cai_Province"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vietnamnews-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"northern provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vietnamnews-10"}],"sub_title":"From Southeast Asia","text":"Countryside of Vietnam's impoverished Lao Cai Province, source of many illegal migrant workers to China[10]Significant numbers of Vietnamese, Cambodian and Burmese workers have been smuggled into China illegally to work low-skilled jobs for wages undercutting those of domestic workers and to fill vacancies left by Chinese migrant workers.[11][12] Thousands of Vietnamese from the poorer northern provinces move to China to work illegally each year.[10]","title":"Policies"}]	[{"image_text":"Countryside of Vietnam's impoverished Lao Cai Province, source of many illegal migrant workers to China[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Scenery_at_Can_Cau_-_Lao_Cai_Province_-_Vietnam_-_04_%2848210742441%29.jpg/220px-Scenery_at_Can_Cau_-_Lao_Cai_Province_-_Vietnam_-_04_%2848210742441%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Beijing Increases Detentions of Illegal North Korean Immigrants\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/21/world/beijing-increases-detentions-of-illegal-north-korean-immigrants.html","url_text":"\"Beijing Increases Detentions of Illegal North Korean Immigrants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Habicht, Jasper (2020). The Role of Campaigns in Law Enforcement: The Example of Sanfei Campaigns in Chinese Immigration Law. Studies on the Law and Legal Culture of China. Vol. 9. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. pp. 155–160. doi:10.5771/9783748907817. ISBN 978-3-7489-0781-7. 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Retrieved 2012-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_37/node_84/2010/08/18/128210399779463.shtml","url_text":"\"Illegal Foreigners Cleared Away during Asian Games\""}]},{"reference":"Pomfret, James (21 August 2009). \"Out of Africa and into China, immigrants struggle\". Reuters. Retrieved 31 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://reuters.com/article/idUKTRE57K27U20090821","url_text":"\"Out of Africa and into China, immigrants struggle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Illegal immigrants pour across border seeking work\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/19/business/la-fi-china-illegal-immigration-20100919","url_text":"\"Illegal immigrants pour across border seeking work\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"China building border fence facing North Korea\". Jurist.law.pitt.edu. 2006-10-17. Archived from the original on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2012-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120820005602/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/china-building-border-fence-facing.php","url_text":"\"China building border fence facing North Korea\""},{"url":"http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/china-building-border-fence-facing.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Illegal migration to China hollows north's towns\". vietnamnews.vn.","urls":[{"url":"http://vietnamnews.vn/society/462059/illegal-migration-to-china-hollows-norths-towns.html","url_text":"\"Illegal migration to China hollows north's towns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beijing plans curbs on number of foreigners working in China\". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/7756638/Beijing-plans-curbs-on-number-of-foreigners-working-in-China.html","url_text":"\"Beijing plans curbs on number of foreigners working in China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"China's Immigration Problem\". Forbes. Retrieved 2012-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/0719/opinions-china-immigration-illegal-aliens-heads-up.html","url_text":"\"China's Immigration Problem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/21/world/beijing-increases-detentions-of-illegal-north-korean-immigrants.html","external_links_name":"\"Beijing Increases Detentions of Illegal North Korean Immigrants\""},{"Link":"https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783748907817","external_links_name":"The Role of Campaigns in Law Enforcement: The Example of Sanfei Campaigns in Chinese Immigration Law"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5771%2F9783748907817","external_links_name":"10.5771/9783748907817"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218955976","external_links_name":"218955976"},{"Link":"http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_37/node_84/2010/08/18/128210399779463.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Illegal Foreigners Cleared Away during Asian Games\""},{"Link":"http://reuters.com/article/idUKTRE57K27U20090821","external_links_name":"\"Out of Africa and into China, immigrants struggle\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/19/business/la-fi-china-illegal-immigration-20100919","external_links_name":"\"Illegal immigrants pour across border seeking work\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/16/AR2006101600289.html","external_links_name":"China Erects Fence Along N. Korea Border"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181722/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/16/AR2006101600289.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41043.pdf","external_links_name":"China-North Korea Relations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171228173850/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41043.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120820005602/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/china-building-border-fence-facing.php","external_links_name":"\"China building border fence facing North Korea\""},{"Link":"http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/china-building-border-fence-facing.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://vietnamnews.vn/society/462059/illegal-migration-to-china-hollows-norths-towns.html","external_links_name":"\"Illegal migration to China hollows north's towns\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/7756638/Beijing-plans-curbs-on-number-of-foreigners-working-in-China.html","external_links_name":"\"Beijing plans curbs on number of foreigners working in China\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/0719/opinions-china-immigration-illegal-aliens-heads-up.html","external_links_name":"\"China's Immigration Problem\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Cherri	Ali Cherri	["1 Early life and education","2 Work","2.1 Major exhibitions","3 References","4 External links"]	Lebanese ArtistThis biographical article is written like a résumé. Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic. (August 2022) Ali CherriCherri in 2023 at the FIFDH in Geneva, Switzerland.Born1976Known forVideo, InstallationWebsitehttp://www.alicherri.com/ Ali Cherri is a Lebanese artist working in video and installation. His varied practice focuses on documenting and presenting heritage and environment in Lebanon and other Middle Eastern countries. Early life and education Ali Cherri was born in Beirut. He grew up and did his school in Beirut. After graduating he moved to Amsterdam and then Paris for his Masters degrees. Mostly based in Paris, he now works between Beirut and Paris. Work Cherri uses found and original footage in single- and multi-channel video installations. Major exhibitions Guggenheim New York (2016), Sursock Museum, Beirut (2016), Centquatre, Paris (2016), Sharjah Art Space (2016), MACBA, Spain (2015); Warsaw Museum of Modern Art, Poland (2015); Es Baluard Museu d’Art Modern i Contemporani de Palma, Spain (2015); Gwangju Museum of Art, South Korea (2014); Photography Biennial, Finland (2014); Tate Modern, London, United Kingdom (2013); Home Works 6, Beirut, Lebanon (2013); Berlinale Film Festival, Berlin, Germany (2013); the Toronto International Film Festival, Canada (2012 and 2013); Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA (2012); Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (2011); Contemporary Image Collective, Cairo, Egypt (2009); 52nd Venice Biennial, Italy (2007); Manifesta, Amsterdam, Netherlands (2005); and others. Ali Cherri (born in Beirut, Lebanon) is a Paris-based filmmaker and visual artist. He holds a BA in Graphic Design from the American University of Beirut and an MA in Performing Arts from the Amsterdam DasArts – Academy of Drama and Dance. Cherri is the recipient of Harvard University’s Robert E. He received the Fulton Scholarship in 2016, his work has been featured in major exhibitions, including If You Prick Us, Do We Not Bleed? At the National Gallery, London, Milk of Dreams 59th Venice Biennale International Art Exhibition, Minds Rising, Spirits Tuning, 13th Gwangju Biennale, South Korea (2020); Gatekeeper of the Museum of Fine Arts, Marseille - Manifesta 13 , France (2020); Comme un parfum d'aventure in Lyon, France (2020); Phantom limbs in Jameel Art Center, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (2019); but a storm is in New York Solomon R Heaven Blows at the Guggenheim Museum and Gallery of Modern Art in Milan (2018); the statue also dies at the Egizio Museum in Milan (2018); and Somniculus at the Jeu de Paume in Paris and the CAPC Contemporary Art Museum in Bordeaux (2017). His films have been screened at international film festivals including New Director/New Films MoMA NY; Reel Cinemas, Centre Pompidou; CPH:DOX (New Vision Award Winner); Dubai International Film Festival (Best Director Award); VideoBrasil (Southern Panorama Award); Berlin Film Festival; Toronto International Film Festival and San Francisco International Film Festival, etc. References ^ "Guggenheim Collection Online". ^ "people - Sharjah Art Foundation". sharjahart.org. Retrieved 2020-10-23. ^ "Mapping Subjectivity: A Conversation with Filmmaker Ali Cherri". ^ "Mapping Subjectivity: A Conversation with Filmmaker Ali Cherri". ^ "Video Brasil". External links Ali Cherri's Vimeo page Ali Cherri's Website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people"},{"link_name":"installation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ali Cherri is a Lebanese artist working in video and installation.[1] His varied practice focuses on documenting and presenting heritage and environment in Lebanon and other Middle Eastern countries.[2]","title":"Ali Cherri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Ali Cherri was born in Beirut. He grew up and did his school in Beirut. After graduating he moved to Amsterdam and then Paris for his Masters degrees.\nMostly based in Paris, he now works between Beirut and Paris.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video installations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_installation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Cherri uses found and original footage in single- and multi-channel video installations. [4]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Major exhibitions","text":"Guggenheim New York (2016), Sursock Museum, Beirut (2016), Centquatre, Paris (2016), Sharjah Art Space (2016), MACBA, Spain (2015); Warsaw Museum of Modern Art, Poland (2015); Es Baluard Museu d’Art Modern i Contemporani de Palma, Spain (2015); Gwangju Museum of Art, South Korea (2014); Photography Biennial, Finland (2014); Tate Modern, London, United Kingdom (2013); Home Works 6, Beirut, Lebanon (2013); Berlinale Film Festival, Berlin, Germany (2013); the Toronto International Film Festival, Canada (2012 and 2013); Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA (2012); Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (2011); Contemporary Image Collective, Cairo, Egypt (2009); 52nd Venice Biennial, Italy (2007); Manifesta, Amsterdam, Netherlands (2005); and others.[5]Ali Cherri (born in Beirut, Lebanon) is a Paris-based filmmaker and visual artist. He holds a BA in Graphic Design from the American University of Beirut and an MA in Performing Arts from the Amsterdam DasArts – Academy of Drama and Dance. Cherri is the recipient of Harvard University’s Robert E.He received the Fulton Scholarship in 2016, his work has been featured in major exhibitions, including If You Prick Us, Do We Not Bleed? At the National Gallery, London, Milk of Dreams 59th Venice Biennale International Art Exhibition, Minds Rising, Spirits Tuning, 13th Gwangju Biennale, South Korea (2020); Gatekeeper of the Museum of Fine Arts, Marseille - Manifesta 13 , France (2020); Comme un parfum d'aventure in Lyon, France (2020); Phantom limbs in Jameel Art Center, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (2019); but a storm is in New York Solomon R Heaven Blows at the Guggenheim Museum and Gallery of Modern Art in Milan (2018); the statue also dies at the Egizio Museum in Milan (2018); and Somniculus at the Jeu de Paume in Paris and the CAPC Contemporary Art Museum in Bordeaux (2017).His films have been screened at international film festivals including New Director/New Films MoMA NY; Reel Cinemas, Centre Pompidou; CPH:DOX (New Vision Award Winner); Dubai International Film Festival (Best Director Award); VideoBrasil (Southern Panorama Award); Berlin Film Festival; Toronto International Film Festival and San Francisco International Film Festival, etc.","title":"Work"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Guggenheim Collection Online\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/ali-cherri","url_text":"\"Guggenheim Collection Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"people - Sharjah Art Foundation\". sharjahart.org. Retrieved 2020-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/cherri-ali","url_text":"\"people - Sharjah Art Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mapping Subjectivity: A Conversation with Filmmaker Ali Cherri\".","urls":[{"url":"https://moma.org/explore/inside_out/2012/11/19/mapping-subjectivity-a-conversation-with-filmmaker-ali-cherri/","url_text":"\"Mapping Subjectivity: A Conversation with Filmmaker Ali Cherri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mapping Subjectivity: A Conversation with Filmmaker Ali Cherri\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibraaz.org/interviews/111","url_text":"\"Mapping Subjectivity: A Conversation with Filmmaker Ali Cherri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Video Brasil\".","urls":[{"url":"http://site.videobrasil.org.br/en/acervo/artistas/artista/237750","url_text":"\"Video Brasil\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Cherri&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.alicherri.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.alicherri.com/"},{"Link":"http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/ali-cherri","external_links_name":"\"Guggenheim Collection Online\""},{"Link":"http://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/cherri-ali","external_links_name":"\"people - Sharjah Art Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://moma.org/explore/inside_out/2012/11/19/mapping-subjectivity-a-conversation-with-filmmaker-ali-cherri/","external_links_name":"\"Mapping Subjectivity: A Conversation with Filmmaker Ali Cherri\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibraaz.org/interviews/111","external_links_name":"\"Mapping Subjectivity: A Conversation with Filmmaker Ali Cherri\""},{"Link":"http://site.videobrasil.org.br/en/acervo/artistas/artista/237750","external_links_name":"\"Video Brasil\""},{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/alicherri","external_links_name":"Ali Cherri's Vimeo page"},{"Link":"http://www.alicherri.com/","external_links_name":"Ali Cherri's Website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000464145751","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4007148876456949740004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1126669539","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/184256011","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerguelen_Vortex	Aural Vampire	["1 History","2 Members","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]	This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Aural VampireLead singer, EXO-CHIKA, performing at Mang'Azur in 2013Background informationOriginTokyo, Honshū, JapanGenresElectronica, darkwave, Electro-industrialYears active2000–presentLabels Avex Trax Gan-Shin (EU) Bishi Bishi (EU) Yottabyte Records MembersEXO-CHIKARAVEMANWebsiteAuralVampire.com Aural Vampire (オーラルヴァンパイア, ōraru vanpaia) is a Japanese group (formerly duo) led by EXO-CHIKA (vocals/lyrics) and RAVEMAN (music) from Tokyo, Japan. History EXO-CHIKA and RAVEMAN met at high school, where they experimented with writing songs. They recorded several tapes together, eventually performing as a duo alongside their friends' hardcore band. After this first performance, they began to perform live shows and record tapes under the name Aural Vampire. Aural Vampire released an indie album Vampire Ecstasy in 2004 and a single called Death Folder in 2005 that was made available to download online. In 2008, the band announced they had been signed to the label Avex Trax and, at the end of the year, they released a set of three self-titled EPs on iTunes. Their second album Zoltank was released on May 5, 2010. In 2008 and 2010, Aural Vampire made musical appearances at the annual Anime Matsuri in Houston, Texas. In 2009, Aural Vampire made a musical appearance at Katsucon 15, as well as at AnimagiC in Germany. Aural Vampire toured North America in 2010 as a support act for the Canadian band The Birthday Massacre, making musical appearances at Anime Central and Convencion de Juegos de Mesa y Comics. Aural Vampire released an EP, Kerguelen Vortex, on November 18, 2011. EXO-CHIKA has made a guest appearance in the visual kei band AND -Eccentric Agent-'s promotional video for the song LIBERATE. Aural Vampire created and performed a song for the video game Let It Die. Members 2004-present EXO-CHIKA (エキゾチカ) - Vocals, Lyrics RAVEMAN (レイブマン) - Total Sound Master 2012-present Wu-CHY - Bass Higuchuuhei (ヒグチユーヘイ) - Guitar ZEN - Keyboard IZU - Drums Discography Main article: Aural Vampire discography Album studio Vampire Ecstasy (2004) Zoltank (2010) Razors on Backstreet (2014) MIMIC YOUR HAIRSTYLE (2015) EP Death Folder (2005) Aural Vampire (2008) Kerguelen Vortex (2011) Ninja vs Amazones (2018) WANI (2023) Singles BOSS ON PARADE (Aural Vampire's BLAST-O-MATIC) (With Dj Technorch, 2007) Blood (Feat. EXO-CHIKA) (With BLOOD, 2008) Freeeze! (2009) Soloween (2012) Mainazuma 13 (With Dj Technorch, 2017) Bloodline 血統 2091 (By Megahit feat. Aural Vampire, 2021) Other works RAVEMAN composed most of the tracks in the album: "code:Real" (2023) by the trio "QueeenMarionette". References ^ a b Andrew (11 October 2009). "Aural Vampire Interview". Translated by Taku Aihara. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2017. ^ "Biography". music Japan plus. Retrieved 6 January 2017. ^ GB (31 August 2014). "An Interview with The Birthday Massacre". Retrieved 6 January 2017. ^ "music". Let It Die. Retrieved 6 January 2017. External links Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aural Vampire. 2009 Interview J-Pop World Interview Archived 2011-10-03 at the Wayback Machine Aural Vampire artist database+ at musicJAPAN+ Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people"},{"link_name":"Tokyo, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan"}],"text":"Aural Vampire (オーラルヴァンパイア, ōraru vanpaia) is a Japanese group (formerly duo) led by EXO-CHIKA (vocals/lyrics) and RAVEMAN (music) from Tokyo, Japan.","title":"Aural Vampire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_(electronic_dance_music_genre)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-1"},{"link_name":"Vampire Ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_Ecstasy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musicjapan-2"},{"link_name":"Avex Trax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avex_Trax"},{"link_name":"EPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"Zoltank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoltank"},{"link_name":"Anime Matsuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_Matsuri"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"The Birthday Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birthday_Massacre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gothic-3"},{"link_name":"Anime Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_Central"},{"link_name":"Convencion de Juegos de Mesa y Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convencion_de_Juegos_de_Mesa_y_Comics"},{"link_name":"Kerguelen Vortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerguelen_Vortex"},{"link_name":"visual kei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei"},{"link_name":"Let It Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Die_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letitdie-4"}],"text":"EXO-CHIKA and RAVEMAN met at high school, where they experimented with writing songs. They recorded several tapes together, eventually performing as a duo alongside their friends' hardcore band.[1] After this first performance, they began to perform live shows and record tapes under the name Aural Vampire.[1]Aural Vampire released an indie album Vampire Ecstasy in 2004 and a single called Death Folder in 2005 that was made available to download online.[2]In 2008, the band announced they had been signed to the label Avex Trax and, at the end of the year, they released a set of three self-titled EPs on iTunes. Their second album Zoltank was released on May 5, 2010.In 2008 and 2010, Aural Vampire made musical appearances at the annual Anime Matsuri in Houston, Texas. In 2009, Aural Vampire made a musical appearance at Katsucon 15, as well as at AnimagiC in Germany. Aural Vampire toured North America in 2010 as a support act for the Canadian band The Birthday Massacre,[3] making musical appearances at Anime Central and Convencion de Juegos de Mesa y Comics.Aural Vampire released an EP, Kerguelen Vortex, on November 18, 2011.EXO-CHIKA has made a guest appearance in the visual kei band AND -Eccentric Agent-'s promotional video for the song LIBERATE.Aural Vampire created and performed a song for the video game Let It Die.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2004-presentEXO-CHIKA (エキゾチカ) - Vocals, Lyrics\nRAVEMAN (レイブマン) - Total Sound Master2012-presentWu-CHY - Bass\nHiguchuuhei (ヒグチユーヘイ) - Guitar\nZEN - Keyboard\nIZU - Drums","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vampire Ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_Ecstasy"},{"link_name":"Razors on Backstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razors_on_Backstreet"},{"link_name":"Death Folder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Folder"},{"link_name":"Soloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soloween"}],"text":"Album studioVampire Ecstasy (2004)\nZoltank (2010)\nRazors on Backstreet (2014)\nMIMIC YOUR HAIRSTYLE (2015)EPDeath Folder (2005)\nAural Vampire (2008)\nKerguelen Vortex (2011)\nNinja vs Amazones (2018)\nWANI (2023)SinglesBOSS ON PARADE (Aural Vampire's BLAST-O-MATIC) (With Dj Technorch, 2007)\nBlood (Feat. EXO-CHIKA) (With BLOOD, 2008)\nFreeeze! (2009)\nSoloween (2012)\nMainazuma 13 (With Dj Technorch, 2017)\nBloodline 血統 2091 (By Megahit feat. Aural Vampire, 2021)Other worksRAVEMAN composed most of the tracks in the album: \"code:Real\" (2023) by the trio \"QueeenMarionette\".","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Andrew (11 October 2009). \"Aural Vampire Interview\". Translated by Taku Aihara. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111003152333/http://www.j-popworld.com/Interviews/Aural_Vampire.php","url_text":"\"Aural Vampire Interview\""},{"url":"http://www.j-popworld.com/Interviews/Aural_Vampire.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". music Japan plus. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicjapanplus.jp/artistdb/?action=biography&artist_id=307","url_text":"\"Biography\""}]},{"reference":"GB (31 August 2014). \"An Interview with The Birthday Massacre\". Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gothicbeauty.com/2014/08/an-interview-with-the-birthday-massacre/","url_text":"\"An Interview with The Birthday Massacre\""}]},{"reference":"\"music\". Let It Die. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.letitdiethegame.com/music.html","url_text":"\"music\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.auralvampire.com/","external_links_name":"AuralVampire.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111003152333/http://www.j-popworld.com/Interviews/Aural_Vampire.php","external_links_name":"\"Aural Vampire Interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.j-popworld.com/Interviews/Aural_Vampire.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.musicjapanplus.jp/artistdb/?action=biography&artist_id=307","external_links_name":"\"Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.gothicbeauty.com/2014/08/an-interview-with-the-birthday-massacre/","external_links_name":"\"An Interview with The Birthday Massacre\""},{"Link":"http://www.letitdiethegame.com/music.html","external_links_name":"\"music\""},{"Link":"http://www.auralvampire.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.vidgle.com/watch/watch.php?pos=-50","external_links_name":"2009 Interview"},{"Link":"http://www.j-popworld.com/Interviews/Aural_Vampire.php","external_links_name":"J-Pop World Interview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111003152333/http://www.j-popworld.com/Interviews/Aural_Vampire.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://musicjapanplus.jp/artistdb/?artist_id=307","external_links_name":"Aural Vampire artist database+ at musicJAPAN+"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/94f0ad41-39cc-4b82-9bd7-895b3e0120c1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Ruediger	Gabe Ruediger	["1 Mixed martial arts career","1.1 The Ultimate Fighter","1.2 Post UFC","1.3 Return to the UFC","1.4 Post UFC","2 Championships and accomplishments","3 Mixed martial arts record","4 References","5 External links"]	American martial artist Gabe RuedigerBorn (1977-08-29) August 29, 1977 (age 46)Topanga Canyon, California, United StatesOther namesGodzillaResidenceLas Vegas, Nevada, United StatesHeight5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Weight155 lb (70 kg; 11.1 st)DivisionLightweight (155 lb)Reach70 in (180 cm)Fighting out ofVan Nuys, CaliforniaTeamPKGRank Orange belt in Judo Black belt in Brazilian Jiu-JitsuYears active2002–2012Mixed martial arts recordTotal26Wins18By knockout4By submission13By decision1Losses8By knockout5By submission2By decision1 Websitewww.gabegodzilla.comMixed martial arts record from Sherdog Gabriel G. "Gabe" Ruediger (born August 29, 1977) is a former American mixed martial artist, who competed in the Lightweight division for the UFC, WEC and Tachi Palace Fights. He is a former WEC Lightweight Champion, and former TPF Lightweight Champion. Mixed martial arts career Ruediger is a retired mixed martial arts fighter from Rancho Cucamonga. He started training in karate when he was seven years old and eventually moved on to kung fu. He was a student at Nevada Union High School. He appeared in a video as Paris Hilton's personal trainer. Ruediger is a former WEC Lightweight Champion. In the WEC, he maintained a 9 fight winning streak before being defeated by Hermes Franca. Ruediger made his UFC debut at UFC 63, losing to The Ultimate Fighter 2 contestant Melvin Guillard via body punch in the second round. The Ultimate Fighter Ruediger was one of three fighters on The Ultimate Fighter 5 who had previously fought inside the UFC's Octagon (the others being Joe Lauzon and Matt Wiman). Only Lauzon, of the three, had a victory in the UFC. In episode 5, Team Pulver selected Corey Hill to fight Ruediger. The episode showed Ruediger eating ice cream cake after learning of his upcoming fight, shortly before the weigh ins. He was then struggling to make the weight requirement, and let himself be dragged to and from the sauna room, but getting out before it could actually work. Ultimately, Penn and Maynard gave up and walked off as Ruediger literally begged for them to pick him back up. After displaying what could be signs of extreme exhaustion, an ambulance carried him off to the hospital. He took direct criticism from his own coaches and teammates for "taking short cuts" and displaying a lack of dedication, due to his request for a colonic to lose weight (a procedure where they input plastic tubes up your rectum to flush fecal matter out of your system) and his overall poor work ethic. The next day, Dana White dismissed Ruediger from the competition and he was ordered to leave the house. Ruediger later stated that he saw The Ultimate Fighter show as a "marketing tool" and that audience members should "take what you see on TV with a grain of salt." Post UFC In a March 2007 interview Ruediger says that he would be fighting "very soon" in a "large organization". In an article by Loretta Hunt at The Fight Network, it was revealed that FEG officials had a verbal commitment from Ruediger to fight Katsuhiko Nagata for their June 2 K-1 Dynamite!! USA supercard in Los Angeles. Many unsubstantiated rumours appeared on the Internet regarding his failure to obtain a license to fight in California, asserting that his failure to make weight on The Ultimate Fighter was the reason. These were refuted in an interview with Armando Garcia, the executive director of the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC). According to Garcia, because Ruediger was a late replacement on the K-1 Dynamite card doctors with the CSAC did not have sufficient time to review his medical information, and could not issue him a license in time for the K-1 fight. He was then cleared for a license, fighting 5 times in the state of California since his reinstatement . Return to the UFC After Terry Etim injured himself in preparation for his bout against Joe Lauzon at UFC 118, Ruediger signed a four fight deal with the UFC, and stepped in as Etim's replacement. The fight was selected to be shown on the Spike TV broadcast. Ruediger lost the fight early in the first round via armbar submission. Ruediger was expected to face Paul Kelly on November 20, 2010 at UFC 123. However, Ruediger was forced out of the bout with a groin injury. Ruediger faced Paul Taylor on February 5, 2011 at UFC 126. Ruediger was defeated via second round KO and subsequently released from the promotion. Post UFC Ruediger faced Scott "KO" Catlin on March 16, 2012 at BAMMA BadBeat 5 and lost via TKO from punches 36 seconds into the second round. Gabe fought SiriusXM radio host Jason Ellis in a celebrity boxing match at Ellismania 8 "Shave my Friends Tonight" in Las Vegas on July 14, 2012. Gabe was KO'd by Ellis in the 2nd round. Ruediger contested that Ellis had cheated by using different wraps, gloves, and headgear and stated that if they wore the same gear, Ellis would not have won the fight. Gabe then requested a rematch with Ellis and the two fought at Ellismania 9. Gabe lost the decision 29-28, and was generally dominated by Ellis. Championships and accomplishments Tachi Palace Fights TPF Lightweight Championship (One time) World Extreme Cagefighting WEC Lightweight Championship (One time) Two successful title defenses Tied (Jamie Varner; Hermes França) for most consecutive successful defenses in the Lightweight division Tied (Jamie Varner; Hermes França) for most successful defenses in the Lightweight division Mixed martial arts record Professional record breakdown 26 matches 18 wins 8 losses By knockout 4 5 By submission 13 2 By decision 1 1 Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Win 18–8 Scott Catlin Submission (armbar) Bamma USA: Bad Beat 9 May 31, 2013 2 2:13 Commerce, California, United States Retired shortly after the fight. Loss 17–8 Scott Catlin TKO (punches) Bamma USA: Bad Beat 5 March 16, 2012 2 0:36 Anaheim, California, United States Loss 17–7 Paul Taylor KO (head kick and punches) UFC 126 February 5, 2011 2 1:42 Las Vegas, Nevada, United States Loss 17–6 Joe Lauzon Submission (armbar) UFC 118 August 28, 2010 1 2:01 Boston, Massachusetts, United States Win 17–5 Lenny Lovato TKO (punches) TPF 5: Stars and Strikes July 9, 2010 1 3:25 Lemoore, California, United States Won the vacant TPF Lightweight Championship. Win 16–5 Dominique Robinson Submission (rear-naked choke) TPF 3: Champions Collide February 4, 2010 2 4:49 Lemoore, California, United States Win 15–5 Wander Braga Submission (guillotine choke) Call to Arms: Called Out Fights August 15, 2009 2 0:58 Ontario, California, United States Win 14–5 Adam Lehman Submission (rear-naked choke) Fight Circuit MMA: Victorious June 7, 2009 1 2:19 Adelanto, California, United States Win 13–5 Darren Crisp Submission (guillotine choke) PFC 13: Validation May 8, 2009 1 1:03 Lemoore, California, United States Win 12–5 Max Son Submission (rear-naked choke) Gladiator Challenge: Warriors February 4, 2009 1 0:24 Pauma Valley, California, United States Loss 11–5 Justin Wilcox Decision (unanimous) JG and TKT Promotions: Fighting 4 Kidz August 30, 2008 3 5:00 Santa Monica, California, United States Loss 11–4 Akbarh Arreola Submission (kimura) MMA Xtreme 15 November 16, 2007 1 2:03 Mexico City, Mexico Win 11–3 George Kassimatis Submission (guillotine choke) Ringside Ticket August 30, 2007 1 3:51 Highland, California, United States Loss 10–3 Melvin Guillard TKO (punch to the body) UFC 63: Hughes vs. Penn September 23, 2006 2 1:01 Anaheim, California, United States Win 10–2 Savant Young Submission (armbar) PF 1: The Beginning May 12, 2006 3 1:29 Hollywood, California, United States Loss 9–2 Hermes França KO (punches) WEC 19: Undisputed March 17, 2006 1 0:36 Lemoore, California, United States Lost the WEC Lightweight Championship. Win 9–1 Sam Wells Decision (unanimous) WEC 17: Halloween Fury 4 October 14, 2005 3 5:00 Lemoore, California, United States Defended the WEC Lightweight Championship. Win 8–1 Bobir Hasanov Submission (armbar) KOTC 61: Flash Point September 23, 2005 1 0:23 San Jacinto, California, United States Win 7–1 Jason Maxwell Submission (rear-naked choke) WEC 14: Vengeance March 17, 2005 1 3:28 Lemoore, California, United States Defended the WEC Lightweight Championship. Win 6–1 Olaf Alfonso Submission (rear-naked choke) WEC 12 October 21, 2004 1 3:05 Lemoore, California, United States Won the vacant WEC Lightweight Championship. Win 5–1 Steve Ramerez Submission (triangle choke) WEC 11 August 20, 2004 1 1:24 Lemoore, California, United States Win 4–1 Cory Reeves TKO (punches) IFC: Battleground Tahoe January 31, 2004 1 2:40 Lake Tahoe, Nevada, United States Win 3–1 Carlos Cordero TKO (punches) WEC 7 August 9, 2003 1 2:57 Lemoore, California, United States Win 2–1 Phat Houng Submission (rear-naked choke) Pit Fighting Championship July 16, 2003 1 1:10 N/A Win 1–1 Josh Gardner TKO (punches) Gladiator Challenge 14 February 16, 2003 1 1:41 Porterville, California, United States Loss 0–1 Sam Wells KO (punch) WEC 5: Halloween Havoc October 18, 2002 1 4:27 Lemoore, California, United States References ^ "Gabe "Godzilla" Ruediger's Tapology Profile". tapology.com. Retrieved November 13, 2014. ^ "Gabe Ruediger \| UFC". 14 September 2018. ^ "Last post here for a while". mma.tv. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. ^ UFCDaily.com Exclusive Interview with Gabe Ruediger ^ The Fight Network :: All fights, all the time :: Get it on! ^ CSACs Garcia clears air about Ruediger Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ ""TUF 5" vet Gabe Ruediger replaces Terry Etim, faces Joe Lauzon at UFC 118 \| MMAjunkie.com". Archived from the original on 2010-08-17. Retrieved 2010-08-06. ^ "RUEDIGER VS. KELLY SET FOR UFC 123". mmaweekly.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2010-09-07. ^ "Injured Gabe Ruediger out of UFC 123 prelim fight with Paul Kelly". mmajunkie.com. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010. ^ "Gabe Ruediger vs. Paul Taylor Agreed For UFC 126 In Las Vegas". MMAWeekly.com. November 29, 2010. ^ "Gabe Ruediger Released by the UFC, Contemplating Move to 145lbs". MMAWeekly.com. February 14, 2011. External links Gabe's personal site The Ultimate Fighter 5 Bio Post-TUF 5 Interview Professional MMA record for Gabe Ruediger from Sherdog Gabe Ruediger at UFC NOKAUT Profile Awards and achievements VacantTitle last held byGilbert Melendez 2nd WEC Lightweight Champion October 21, 2004 - March 17, 2006 Succeeded byHermes Franca vteWEC Lightweight Champions Gilbert Melendez Gabe Ruediger Hermes França Rob McCullough Jamie Varner Benson Henderson (ic) Benson Henderson Anthony Pettis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"mixed martial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Lightweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_(MMA)"},{"link_name":"UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"WEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Extreme_Cagefighting"},{"link_name":"Tachi Palace Fights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachi_Palace_Fights"},{"link_name":"WEC Lightweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WEC_champions#Lightweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"TPF Lightweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachi_Palace_Fights#Current_champions"}],"text":"Gabriel G. \"Gabe\" Ruediger (born August 29, 1977) is a former American mixed martial artist, who competed in the Lightweight division for the UFC, WEC and Tachi Palace Fights. He is a former WEC Lightweight Champion, and former TPF Lightweight Champion.","title":"Gabe Ruediger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Rancho Cucamonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Cucamonga"},{"link_name":"karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"},{"link_name":"kung fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_fu"},{"link_name":"Nevada Union High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Union_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Paris Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Hilton"},{"link_name":"WEC Lightweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WEC_champions#Lightweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"WEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Extreme_Cagefighting"},{"link_name":"Hermes Franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_Franca"},{"link_name":"UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"UFC 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_63"},{"link_name":"The Ultimate Fighter 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter_2"},{"link_name":"Melvin Guillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Guillard"}],"text":"Ruediger is a retired mixed martial arts fighter from Rancho Cucamonga. He started training in karate when he was seven years old and eventually moved on to kung fu. He was a student at Nevada Union High School.[2] He appeared in a video as Paris Hilton's personal trainer.Ruediger is a former WEC Lightweight Champion. In the WEC, he maintained a 9 fight winning streak before being defeated by Hermes Franca.\nRuediger made his UFC debut at UFC 63, losing to The Ultimate Fighter 2 contestant Melvin Guillard via body punch in the second round.","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ultimate Fighter 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter_5"},{"link_name":"UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Joe Lauzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lauzon"},{"link_name":"Matt Wiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Wiman"},{"link_name":"Corey Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Hill"},{"link_name":"ice cream cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream_cake"},{"link_name":"sauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna"},{"link_name":"colonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonic"},{"link_name":"fecal matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_matter"},{"link_name":"Dana White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_White"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"The Ultimate Fighter","text":"Ruediger was one of three fighters on The Ultimate Fighter 5 who had previously fought inside the UFC's Octagon (the others being Joe Lauzon and Matt Wiman). Only Lauzon, of the three, had a victory in the UFC. In episode 5, Team Pulver selected Corey Hill to fight Ruediger. The episode showed Ruediger eating ice cream cake after learning of his upcoming fight, shortly before the weigh ins. He was then struggling to make the weight requirement, and let himself be dragged to and from the sauna room, but getting out before it could actually work. Ultimately, Penn and Maynard gave up and walked off as Ruediger literally begged for them to pick him back up. After displaying what could be signs of extreme exhaustion, an ambulance carried him off to the hospital. He took direct criticism from his own coaches and teammates for \"taking short cuts\" and displaying a lack of dedication, due to his request for a colonic to lose weight (a procedure where they input plastic tubes up your rectum to flush fecal matter out of your system) and his overall poor work ethic. The next day, Dana White dismissed Ruediger from the competition and he was ordered to leave the house.Ruediger later stated that he saw The Ultimate Fighter show as a \"marketing tool\"[3] and that audience members should \"take what you see on TV with a grain of salt.\"","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Katsuhiko Nagata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuhiko_Nagata"},{"link_name":"K-1 Dynamite!! USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-1_Dynamite!!_USA"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"California State Athletic Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Athletic_Commission"},{"link_name":"K-1 Dynamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-1_Dynamite"},{"link_name":"K-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-1"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Post UFC","text":"In a March 2007 interview Ruediger says that he would be fighting \"very soon\" in a \"large organization\".[4] In an article by Loretta Hunt at The Fight Network, it was revealed that FEG officials had a verbal commitment from Ruediger to fight Katsuhiko Nagata for their June 2 K-1 Dynamite!! USA supercard in Los Angeles.[5] Many unsubstantiated rumours appeared on the Internet regarding his failure to obtain a license to fight in California, asserting that his failure to make weight on The Ultimate Fighter was the reason. These were refuted in an interview with Armando Garcia, the executive director of the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC). According to Garcia, because Ruediger was a late replacement on the K-1 Dynamite card doctors with the CSAC did not have sufficient time to review his medical information, and could not issue him a license in time for the K-1 fight. He was then cleared for a license, fighting 5 times in the state of California since his reinstatement .[6]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terry Etim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Etim"},{"link_name":"Joe Lauzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lauzon"},{"link_name":"UFC 118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_118"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Paul Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kelly_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"UFC 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_123"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Paul Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Taylor_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"UFC 126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_126"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Return to the UFC","text":"After Terry Etim injured himself in preparation for his bout against Joe Lauzon at UFC 118, Ruediger signed a four fight deal with the UFC, and stepped in as Etim's replacement.[7] The fight was selected to be shown on the Spike TV broadcast. Ruediger lost the fight early in the first round via armbar submission.Ruediger was expected to face Paul Kelly on November 20, 2010 at UFC 123.[8] However, Ruediger was forced out of the bout with a groin injury.[9]Ruediger faced Paul Taylor on February 5, 2011 at UFC 126.[10] Ruediger was defeated via second round KO and subsequently released from the promotion.[11]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BAMMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAMMA"},{"link_name":"TKO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_knockout"},{"link_name":"SiriusXM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiriusXM"},{"link_name":"Jason Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Ellis_(radio_host)"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"KO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KO"}],"sub_title":"Post UFC","text":"Ruediger faced Scott \"KO\" Catlin on March 16, 2012 at BAMMA BadBeat 5 and lost via TKO from punches 36 seconds into the second round.Gabe fought SiriusXM radio host Jason Ellis in a celebrity boxing match at Ellismania 8 \"Shave my Friends Tonight\" in Las Vegas on July 14, 2012. Gabe was KO'd by Ellis in the 2nd round. Ruediger contested that Ellis had cheated by using different wraps, gloves, and headgear and stated that if they wore the same gear, Ellis would not have won the fight. Gabe then requested a rematch with Ellis and the two fought at Ellismania 9. Gabe lost the decision 29-28, and was generally dominated by Ellis.","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tachi Palace Fights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachi_Palace_Fights"},{"link_name":"World Extreme Cagefighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Extreme_Cagefighting"},{"link_name":"WEC Lightweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WEC_champions"},{"link_name":"Jamie Varner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Varner"},{"link_name":"Hermes França","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_Fran%C3%A7a"},{"link_name":"Jamie Varner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Varner"},{"link_name":"Hermes França","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_Fran%C3%A7a"}],"text":"Tachi Palace Fights\nTPF Lightweight Championship (One time)\nWorld Extreme Cagefighting\nWEC Lightweight Championship (One time)\nTwo successful title defenses\nTied (Jamie Varner; Hermes França) for most consecutive successful defenses in the Lightweight division\nTied (Jamie Varner; Hermes França) for most successful defenses in the Lightweight division","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed martial arts record"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Gabe \"Godzilla\" Ruediger's Tapology Profile\". tapology.com. Retrieved November 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/gabe-ruediger-godzilla","url_text":"\"Gabe \"Godzilla\" Ruediger's Tapology Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gabe Ruediger \| UFC\". 14 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ufc.com/fighter/Gabe-Ruediger","url_text":"\"Gabe Ruediger \| UFC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Last post here for a while\". mma.tv. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043840/http://mma.tv/tuf/index.cfm?ac=ListMessages&PID=1&TID=1037936&FID=1&pc=276","url_text":"\"Last post here for a while\""},{"url":"http://mma.tv/tuf/index.cfm?ac=ListMessages&PID=1&TID=1037936&FID=1&pc=276","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"TUF 5\" vet Gabe Ruediger replaces Terry Etim, faces Joe Lauzon at UFC 118 \| MMAjunkie.com\". Archived from the original on 2010-08-17. Retrieved 2010-08-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100817201605/http://mmajunkie.com/news/20185/tuf-5-vet-gabe-ruediger-replaces-terry-etim-faces-joe-lauzon-at-ufc-118.mma","url_text":"\"\"TUF 5\" vet Gabe Ruediger replaces Terry Etim, faces Joe Lauzon at UFC 118 \| MMAjunkie.com\""},{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/news/20185/tuf-5-vet-gabe-ruediger-replaces-terry-etim-faces-joe-lauzon-at-ufc-118.mma","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RUEDIGER VS. KELLY SET FOR UFC 123\". mmaweekly.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2010-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100910090629/http://www.mmaweekly.com/absolutenm/templates/dailynews.asp?articleid=12536&zoneid=13","url_text":"\"RUEDIGER VS. KELLY SET FOR UFC 123\""},{"url":"http://www.mmaweekly.com/absolutenm/templates/dailynews.asp?articleid=12536&zoneid=13","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Injured Gabe Ruediger out of UFC 123 prelim fight with Paul Kelly\". mmajunkie.com. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101028102639/http://mmajunkie.com/news/21146/injured-gabe-ruediger-out-of-ufc-123-prelim-fight-with-paul-kelly.mma","url_text":"\"Injured Gabe Ruediger out of UFC 123 prelim fight with Paul Kelly\""},{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/news/21146/injured-gabe-ruediger-out-of-ufc-123-prelim-fight-with-paul-kelly.mma","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gabe Ruediger vs. Paul Taylor Agreed For UFC 126 In Las Vegas\". MMAWeekly.com. November 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmaweekly.com/gabe-ruediger-vs-paul-taylor-agreed-for-ufc-127-in-australia","url_text":"\"Gabe Ruediger vs. Paul Taylor Agreed For UFC 126 In Las Vegas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gabe Ruediger Released by the UFC, Contemplating Move to 145lbs\". MMAWeekly.com. February 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmaweekly.com/gabe-ruediger-released-by-the-ufc-contemplating-move-to-145lbs","url_text":"\"Gabe Ruediger Released by the UFC, Contemplating Move to 145lbs\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://punchkickgrapple.com/","external_links_name":"PKG"},{"Link":"http://www.gabegodzilla.com/","external_links_name":"www.gabegodzilla.com"},{"Link":"http://www.sherdog.com/fightfinder/fightfinder.asp?fighterID=5542","external_links_name":"Mixed martial arts record"},{"Link":"http://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/gabe-ruediger-godzilla","external_links_name":"\"Gabe \"Godzilla\" Ruediger's Tapology Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.ufc.com/fighter/Gabe-Ruediger","external_links_name":"\"Gabe Ruediger \| UFC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043840/http://mma.tv/tuf/index.cfm?ac=ListMessages&PID=1&TID=1037936&FID=1&pc=276","external_links_name":"\"Last post here for a while\""},{"Link":"http://mma.tv/tuf/index.cfm?ac=ListMessages&PID=1&TID=1037936&FID=1&pc=276","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ufcdaily.com/2007/05/16/ufcdailycom-exclusive-interview-with-gabe-ruediger/","external_links_name":"UFCDaily.com Exclusive Interview with Gabe Ruediger"},{"Link":"http://www.thefightnetwork.com/news_detail.php?nid=3917","external_links_name":"The Fight Network :: All fights, all the time :: Get it on!"},{"Link":"http://www.mmaweekly.com/absolutenm/templates/dailynews.asp?articleid=4321&zoneid=13/","external_links_name":"CSACs Garcia clears air about Ruediger"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090324/http://www.mmaweekly.com/absolutenm/templates/dailynews.asp?articleid=4321&zoneid=13%2F","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100817201605/http://mmajunkie.com/news/20185/tuf-5-vet-gabe-ruediger-replaces-terry-etim-faces-joe-lauzon-at-ufc-118.mma","external_links_name":"\"\"TUF 5\" vet Gabe Ruediger replaces Terry Etim, faces Joe Lauzon at UFC 118 \| MMAjunkie.com\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/news/20185/tuf-5-vet-gabe-ruediger-replaces-terry-etim-faces-joe-lauzon-at-ufc-118.mma","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100910090629/http://www.mmaweekly.com/absolutenm/templates/dailynews.asp?articleid=12536&zoneid=13","external_links_name":"\"RUEDIGER VS. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStax_College	OpenStax	["1 Editorial process","2 See also","3 Notes","4 External links"]	Not to be confused with OpenStack. Nonprofit education technology initiative OpenStaxType of siteOpen educational resourcesAvailable inEnglish, Spanish, PolishHeadquartersRice UniversityHouston, Texas, United StatesOwnerRice UniversityRevenueNonprofit funded by foundation grants and commercial servicesURLopenstax.orgLaunched2012 (2012)Current statusActiveContent licenseCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International OpenStax (formerly OpenStax College) is a nonprofit educational technology initiative based at Rice University. Since 2012, OpenStax has created peer-reviewed, openly-licensed textbooks, which are available in free digital formats and for a low cost in print. Most books are also available in Kindle versions on Amazon.com and in the iBooks Store. OpenStax's first textbook was College Physics, which was published online, in print, and in iBooks in 2012. OpenStax launched OpenStax Tutor Beta in June 2017, adaptive courseware based on cognitive science principles, machine learning, and OpenStax content. However, it was announced in October 2022 that Tutor was being discontinued. Aiming to compete with major publishers' offerings, the project was initially funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Michelson 20 Million Minds Foundation, and the Maxfield Foundation. All textbook content is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Licenses; specifically, the books are available under the CC BY license (except for Calculus, which is available under CC BY-NC-SA), which means that instructors are able to use, adapt, and remix the content, as long as they attribute OpenStax. In 2017, OpenStax announced that they were partnering with UK Open Textbooks to spread the use of their open content in the UK, and partnering with Katalyst Education to form OpenStax Polska, bringing Polish-language versions of select OpenStax books to universities in Poland. As of January 2024, OpenStax asserts that their products have saved $2.9 billion in education costs since 2012, and that 7 million students from 150 countries and 70 percent of higher education institutions in the US use OpenStax. Editorial process OpenStax textbooks follow a traditional peer review process aimed at ensuring they meet a high quality standard before publication. Textbooks are developed and peer-reviewed by educators in an attempt to ensure they are readable and accurate, meet the scope and sequence requirements of each course, are supported by instructor ancillaries, and are available with the latest technology-based learning tools. The editors do encourage reviews of the book, slides and other teaching materials. However, notwithstanding the peer-review process, the books have come under criticism for the large numbers of typos and other errors they contain. The free, online version of OpenStax books are kept up-to-date on an ongoing basis. Instructors are encouraged to submit errata suggestions via the OpenStax website, and errata suggestions are reviewed by subject matter experts. Revisions are made when it is determined to be pedagogically necessary. New PDFs and print versions of the books are released each summer when substantial changes are present. OpenStax's original goal was to publish openly licensed textbooks for the 25 highest-enrolled undergraduate college courses: they achieved that goal in 2016. In September 2020 they announced plans to double the number of textbooks they offer. See also Open educational resources OpenCourseWare OpenStax CNX Open Course Library Open.Michigan Rice University Press, Rice's all-digital platform based on the Connexions technology Wikiversity, a Wikimedia Foundation project, devoted to learning materials and activities Notes ^ "How a University Took on the Textbook Industry – EdSurge News". EdSurge. 2019-10-24. Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2019-10-26. ^ "OpenStax". Archived from the original on 2019-10-03. Retrieved 2019-10-26. ^ "OpenStax Tutor Discontinuing, but support and resources remain available!". openstax.org. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2022-10-06. ^ a b Smith, Mitch. "Why Pay for Intro Textbooks?". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013. ^ Coldewey, Devin (7 February 2012). "Rice University And OpenStax Announce First Open-Source Textbooks". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013. ^ Robe, Johnathan. "Free College Textbooks: Wave of the Future?". Forbes. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013. ^ Guttenplan, D.D. (12 February 2012). "Big Savings for U.S. Students in Open-Source Book Program". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2013. ^ "Rice University-based OpenStax partners with UK Open Textbooks". news.rice.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2018-09-20. ^ "OpenStax". openstax.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-04. Retrieved 2024-01-18. ^ Palmiotto, Anthony (2017-04-27). "OpenStax Revisions". OpenStax.org. Archived from the original on 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2019-01-07. ^ "OpenStax to Double OER Textbooks". Archived from the original on 2020-09-11. Retrieved 2020-09-11. ^ "OpenStax College Algebra Test Bank". Archived from the original on 2023-12-29. Retrieved 2022-05-19. External links OpenStax resources on Wikiversity OpenStax official website TED Talk dated 2006-02 Founder Richard Baraniuk discussing Connexions American Astronomical Society video on the OpenStax Astronomy Textbook Interview with Lead Author Andrew Fraknoi	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStack"},{"link_name":"Rice University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University"},{"link_name":"openly-licensed textbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_textbook"},{"link_name":"Kindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"iBooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHE-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TechCrunch-5"},{"link_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation"},{"link_name":"William and Flora Hewlett Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_and_Flora_Hewlett_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Michelson 20 Million Minds Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_K._Michelson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHE-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-7"},{"link_name":"Creative Commons Attribution Licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_commons#Types_of_Creative_Commons_licenses"},{"link_name":"CC BY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC_BY"},{"link_name":"CC BY-NC-SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC_BY-NC-SA"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Not to be confused with OpenStack.Nonprofit education technology initiativeOpenStax (formerly OpenStax College) is a nonprofit educational technology initiative based at Rice University. Since 2012, OpenStax has created peer-reviewed, openly-licensed textbooks, which are available in free digital formats and for a low cost in print. Most books are also available in Kindle versions on Amazon.com and in the iBooks Store. OpenStax's first textbook was College Physics, which was published online, in print, and in iBooks in 2012. OpenStax launched OpenStax Tutor Beta in June 2017, adaptive courseware based on cognitive science principles, machine learning, and OpenStax content. However, it was announced in October 2022 that Tutor was being discontinued.[3]Aiming to compete with major publishers' offerings,[4][5] the project was initially funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Michelson 20 Million Minds Foundation, and the Maxfield Foundation.[4][6][7] All textbook content is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Licenses; specifically, the books are available under the CC BY license (except for Calculus, which is available under CC BY-NC-SA), which means that instructors are able to use, adapt, and remix the content, as long as they attribute OpenStax.In 2017, OpenStax announced that they were partnering with UK Open Textbooks to spread the use of their open content in the UK,[8] and partnering with Katalyst Education to form OpenStax Polska, bringing Polish-language versions of select OpenStax books to universities in Poland.As of January 2024, OpenStax asserts that their products have saved $2.9 billion in education costs since 2012, and that 7 million students from 150 countries and 70 percent of higher education institutions in the US use OpenStax.[9]","title":"OpenStax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"OpenStax textbooks follow a traditional peer review process aimed at ensuring they meet a high quality standard before publication. Textbooks are developed and peer-reviewed by educators in an attempt to ensure they are readable and accurate, meet the scope and sequence requirements of each course, are supported by instructor ancillaries, and are available with the latest technology-based learning tools. The editors do encourage reviews of the book, slides and other teaching materials. However, notwithstanding the peer-review process, the books have come under criticism for the large numbers of typos and other errors they contain.[citation needed]The free, online version of OpenStax books are kept up-to-date on an ongoing basis. Instructors are encouraged to submit errata suggestions via the OpenStax website, and errata suggestions are reviewed by subject matter experts. Revisions are made when it is determined to be pedagogically necessary. New PDFs and print versions of the books are released each summer when substantial changes are present.[10]OpenStax's original goal was to publish openly licensed textbooks for the 25 highest-enrolled undergraduate college courses: they achieved that goal in 2016. In September 2020 they announced plans to double the number of textbooks they offer.[11][12]","title":"Editorial process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"How a University Took on the Textbook Industry – EdSurge News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.edsurge.com/news/2019-10-24-how-a-university-took-on-the-textbook-industry"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191026164537/https://www.edsurge.com/news/2019-10-24-how-a-university-took-on-the-textbook-industry"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"OpenStax\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openstax.org/license"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191003215447/https://openstax.org/license"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"OpenStax Tutor Discontinuing, but support and 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Revisions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openstax.org/blog/openstax-revisions"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190108050104/https://openstax.org/blog/openstax-revisions"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"OpenStax to Double OER Textbooks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2020/09/11/openstax-double-oer-textbooks"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200911210602/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2020/09/11/openstax-double-oer-textbooks"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"OpenStax College Algebra Test Bank\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//exam-banks.com/product/college-algebra-openstax-test-bank/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20231229170406/https://exam-banks.com/product/college-algebra-openstax-test-bank/"}],"text":"^ \"How a University Took on the Textbook Industry – EdSurge News\". EdSurge. 2019-10-24. Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2019-10-26.\n\n^ \"OpenStax\". Archived from the original on 2019-10-03. Retrieved 2019-10-26.\n\n^ \"OpenStax Tutor Discontinuing, but support and resources remain available!\". openstax.org. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2022-10-06.\n\n^ a b Smith, Mitch. \"Why Pay for Intro Textbooks?\". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.\n\n^ Coldewey, Devin (7 February 2012). \"Rice University And OpenStax Announce First Open-Source Textbooks\". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.\n\n^ Robe, Johnathan. \"Free College Textbooks: Wave of the Future?\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.\n\n^ Guttenplan, D.D. (12 February 2012). \"Big Savings for U.S. Students in Open-Source Book Program\". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Rice University-based OpenStax partners with UK Open Textbooks\". news.rice.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2018-09-20.\n\n^ \"OpenStax\". openstax.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-04. Retrieved 2024-01-18.\n\n^ Palmiotto, Anthony (2017-04-27). \"OpenStax Revisions\". OpenStax.org. Archived from the original on 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2019-01-07.\n\n^ \"OpenStax to Double OER Textbooks\". Archived from the original on 2020-09-11. Retrieved 2020-09-11.\n\n^ \"OpenStax College Algebra Test Bank\". Archived from the original on 2023-12-29. Retrieved 2022-05-19.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Open educational resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources"},{"title":"OpenCourseWare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCourseWare"},{"title":"OpenStax CNX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStax_CNX"},{"title":"Open Course Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Course_Library"},{"title":"Open.Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open.Michigan"},{"title":"Rice University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University_Press"},{"title":"Wikiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiversity"}]	[{"reference":"\"How a University Took on the Textbook Industry – EdSurge News\". EdSurge. 2019-10-24. Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2019-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edsurge.com/news/2019-10-24-how-a-university-took-on-the-textbook-industry","url_text":"\"How a University Took on the Textbook Industry – EdSurge News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191026164537/https://www.edsurge.com/news/2019-10-24-how-a-university-took-on-the-textbook-industry","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"OpenStax\". Archived from the original on 2019-10-03. Retrieved 2019-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://openstax.org/license","url_text":"\"OpenStax\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003215447/https://openstax.org/license","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"OpenStax Tutor Discontinuing, but support and resources remain available!\". openstax.org. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://openstax.org/blog/openstax-tutor-discontinuing-but-support-and-resources-remain-available","url_text":"\"OpenStax Tutor Discontinuing, but support and resources remain available!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006145923/https://openstax.org/blog/openstax-tutor-discontinuing-but-support-and-resources-remain-available","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Mitch. \"Why Pay for Intro Textbooks?\". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/02/07/rice-university-announces-open-source-textbooks","url_text":"\"Why Pay for Intro Textbooks?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130616014855/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/02/07/rice-university-announces-open-source-textbooks","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Coldewey, Devin (7 February 2012). \"Rice University And OpenStax Announce First Open-Source Textbooks\". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2012/02/07/rice-university-and-openstax-announce-first-open-source-textbooks/","url_text":"\"Rice University And OpenStax Announce First Open-Source Textbooks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130521220059/http://techcrunch.com/2012/02/07/rice-university-and-openstax-announce-first-open-source-textbooks/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Robe, Johnathan. \"Free College Textbooks: Wave of the Future?\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/ccap/2012/02/09/free-college-textbooks-wave-of-the-future/","url_text":"\"Free College Textbooks: Wave of the Future?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130808022236/http://www.forbes.com/sites/ccap/2012/02/09/free-college-textbooks-wave-of-the-future/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Guttenplan, D.D. (12 February 2012). \"Big Savings for U.S. Students in Open-Source Book Program\". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/13/us/big-savings-for-us-students-in-open-source-book-program.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Big Savings for U.S. Students in Open-Source Book Program\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402203819/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/13/us/big-savings-for-us-students-in-open-source-book-program.html?_r=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rice University-based OpenStax partners with UK Open Textbooks\". news.rice.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2018-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.rice.edu/2017/09/12/rice-university-based-openstax-partners-with-uk-open-textbooks-2/","url_text":"\"Rice University-based OpenStax partners with UK Open Textbooks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180920235053/http://news.rice.edu/2017/09/12/rice-university-based-openstax-partners-with-uk-open-textbooks-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"OpenStax\". openstax.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-04. Retrieved 2024-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://openstax.org/impact","url_text":"\"OpenStax\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240204221427/https://openstax.org/impact","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Palmiotto, Anthony (2017-04-27). \"OpenStax Revisions\". OpenStax.org. Archived from the original on 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2019-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://openstax.org/blog/openstax-revisions","url_text":"\"OpenStax Revisions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190108050104/https://openstax.org/blog/openstax-revisions","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"OpenStax to Double OER Textbooks\". Archived from the original on 2020-09-11. Retrieved 2020-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2020/09/11/openstax-double-oer-textbooks","url_text":"\"OpenStax to Double OER Textbooks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200911210602/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2020/09/11/openstax-double-oer-textbooks","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"OpenStax College Algebra Test Bank\". Archived from the original on 2023-12-29. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsu_Shimojo	Mitsu Shimojo	["1 References","2 External links"]	Japanese politician (born 1955) Mitsu Shimojo (下条みつ, Shimojō Mitsu, born 1955) is a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Matsumoto, Nagano and graduate of Shinshu University, he was elected for the first time in 2003 after an unsuccessful run in 2000. Mitsu Shimojo下条みつMember of the House of RepresentativesIncumbentAssumed office 10 November 2003 - 16 November 201224 October 2017ConstituencyNagano 2nd district Personal detailsBorn (1955-12-29) December 29, 1955 (age 68)Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, JapanPolitical partyCDP(2020-present)Other politicalaffiliationsDemocratic(2000-2016)DP(2016-2017)Kibō no Tō(2017-2018, merger)DPP (2018-2020, merger)Alma materShinshu UniversityWebsite衆議院議員下条みつ（公式ホームページ） References 政治家情報〜下条みつ〜. ザ･選挙 (in Japanese). JANJAN. Archived from the original on 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2007-10-20. {{cite web}}: External link in \|work= (help) External links Official website in Japanese. This article about a Japanese politician born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Matsumoto, Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsumoto,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"Shinshu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinshu_University"}],"text":"Mitsu Shimojo (下条みつ, Shimojō Mitsu, born 1955) is a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Matsumoto, Nagano and graduate of Shinshu University, he was elected for the first time in 2003 after an unsuccessful run in 2000.","title":"Mitsu Shimojo"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"政治家情報〜下条みつ〜. ザ･選挙 (in Japanese). JANJAN. Archived from the original on 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2007-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071203094531/http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/diet/profile/0000/00000145.html","url_text":"政治家情報〜下条みつ〜"},{"url":"http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/","url_text":"ザ･選挙"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JANJAN","url_text":"JANJAN"},{"url":"http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/diet/profile/0000/00000145.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://mitsu-net.com/","external_links_name":"衆議院議員下条みつ（公式ホームページ）"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071203094531/http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/diet/profile/0000/00000145.html","external_links_name":"政治家情報〜下条みつ〜"},{"Link":"http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/","external_links_name":"ザ･選挙"},{"Link":"http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/diet/profile/0000/00000145.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mitsu-net.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitsu_Shimojo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raging_Bully	Raging Bully	["1 Plot summary","2 Voice cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]	6th episode of the 1st season of Phineas and Ferb "Raging Bully"Phineas and Ferb episodeEpisode no.Season 1Episode 6Directed byDan PovenmireWritten byDan Povenmire (story)Jeff "Swampy" Marsh (story)Martin Olson (story)Wendy Grieb (storyboards)Kent Osborne (storyboards)Featured music"He's a Bully"Production code105aOriginal air dateFebruary 4, 2008 (2008-02-04)Guest appearances Evander Holyfield as himselfMichael Buffer as the announcerEpisode chronology ← Previous"Lights, Candace, Action!" Next →"Candace Loses Her Head" Phineas and Ferb (season 1)List of episodes "Raging Bully" is the 6th broadcast episode of the animated television series Phineas and Ferb. The episode was originally broadcast on Disney Channel in the United States on February 4, 2008. In the episode, Phineas Flynn is challenged to a thumb wrestling competition at the mall by the local bully, Buford, after he accidentally embarrasses him in the food court. Meanwhile, the evil Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz tries using a hypnotic contraption to force everyone to celebrate his birthday and clean up their mess after the party. "Raging Bully" was written by series co-creators Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh and directed by Povenmire. Heavyweight boxing champion Evander Holyfield guest starred as himself, training Phineas for the big thumb-wrestling match. The episode originally broadcast on Disney Channel on February 4, 2008, as part of the month-long special event, "Phineas and Ferb-urary." It received generally positive reviews from television critics and the featured musical number, "He's a Bully," became available on the official Phineas and Ferb soundtrack in 2009. Plot summary While at the food court in the mall, Phineas accidentally drops his ice cream cone on bully Buford's pants, causing the whole food court to laugh at Buford. Enraged, he challenges Phineas to a fight right there, but boxing champion Evander Holyfield arrives and convinces them to instead fight in an organized thumb wrestling match later that day, which Buford accepts. Despite being cautioned by Phineas and Ferb's friends Isabella and Baljeet, a nerd who does his homework over the summer because of his low grades, Holyfield trains Phineas through simple tasks, including punching a chain of sausages and playing Dance Dance Revolution. Meanwhile, Perry the Platypus arrives at an abandoned cake factory, where he is trapped in a vat of cake mix. Dr. Doofenshmirtz, appears and explains that today is his birthday. All throughout his life, his parents never showed up to his birthday parties (even his own birth); now, he plans on using a hypnotic device- "the Slave-inator"- to force everyone to celebrate his birthday. He then rides off with the invention on a flying machine. Perry escapes from the mix and follows after him. In the air, Perry and Doofenshmirtz fight and the machine is activated, but while trying to get Perry to let go of the wall of the flying machine he accidentally makes the machine malfunction, causing the people below to still not want to celebrate his birthday. Doofenshmirtz, defeated, drops the ice cream cone he is eating in the fight and it falls to the ground below. Finally, the big match commences and Phineas is vigorously beaten by Buford in each round. Candace takes a picture of the match, but it was obscured by her thumb over the lens when she tried to show Linda inside performing a gig. When the final round begins, Buford overpowers Phineas and pulls him up through the air. Just then, Doofenshmirtz's ice cream cone falls and lands on Phineas's head. Buford is satisfied now that Phineas is embarrassed and calls off the match. The audience who was watching cleans up the mess (due to Doofenshmirtz's machine accidentally telling them to) just before Candace comes out with Linda. At the parking lot a few minutes later, Phineas thanks Holyfield for his help and Holyfield walks off. After Buford and Phineas reconcile and form a friendship with each other, Ferb makes a comment which accidentally offends Buford and he is about to be beaten up, but he knocks Buford out with a Vulcan nerve pinch, to Phineas's surprise. When Phineas asks him why he did it he responds, "Well, he was all up in my face." Voice cast Vincent Martella as Phineas Flynn Ashley Tisdale as Candace Flynn Thomas Sangster as Ferb Fletcher Caroline Rhea as Linda Flynn Dan Povenmire as Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz Jeff “Swampy” Marsh as Francis Monogram Dee Bradley Baker as Perry the Platypus Mitchel Musso as Jeremy Johnson Alyson Stoner as Isabella Garcia-Shapiro Bobby Gaylor as Buford Van Stomm Maulik Pancholy as Baljeet Rai Michael Buffer as Announcer Evander Holyfield as Himself Isabella Murad as Milly (uncredited) Cymphonique Miller as Holly Jeff Bennett, Phil LaMarr and Grey DeLisle as Additional Voices Production Evander Holyfield guest starred in the episode as himself. "Raging Bully" was written by Phineas and Ferb co-creators Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh. It was storyboarded by artists Wendy Grieb and Kent Osbourne and was directed by Povenmire, who managed the bulk of animation direction in the series along with Zac Moncrief. It was originally broadcast in the United States on February 4, 2008, on Disney Channel with a TV-G parental rating. It was part of the network's marathon event "Phineas and Ferb-urary," which debuted new episodes of the series every night for the entire month. Heavyweight boxing champion Evander Holyfield guest starred in the episode as himself, appearing at the mall to help train Phineas for the big thumb wrestling match against Buford. Holyfield's guest performance was heavily expected since the original announcement of guest stars lined up for the series released in September 2007. Cast members response to working with Holyfield was highly positive; Vincent Martella and Alyson Stoner, who portray Phineas and Isabella respectively, cited working along guest stars like him as a benefit of working on the show. In 2008, "Raging Bully" became available on the DVD compilation Phineas and Ferb: The Fast and the Phineas, along with fellow first season episodes of the series "One Good Scare Ought to Do It!" "Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror," "The Fast and the Phineas," "Are You My Mummy?" "Flop Starz," "Lights, Candace, Action!" and "It's About Time!" In 2009, the episode's song, "He's a Bully," became available on the official Phineas and Ferb soundtrack. Reception "Raging Bully" received generally positive reviews from television critics. DVD Talk's David Cornelius stated that he enjoyed Holyfield's guest appearance. Ed Liu, of Toon Zone, wrote that the episode and others included on the DVD The Fast and the Phineas were "way too manic for their own good, never giving a gag enough time to develop a proper laugh before ripping off to the next one," but considered Phineas's "He's a Bully" training montage to be one of the series' "amusing video sequences." A Wired magazine review for the soundtrack said that the "He's a Bully" was "butt-rock," but blended nicely with other melodies of completely different genres. References ^ a b Opening credits for "Raging Bully" from Volume I: "The Fast and the Phineas" (DVD). Buena Vista Home Entertainment. 2008. ^ "Phineas and Ferb: Cast & Details". TV Guide. Retrieved 2009-11-16. ^ "Phineas and Ferb: Raging Bully". Zap2it. Retrieved 2009-11-05. ^ a b Yoo, Jean; Diamond, Hope. "Disney Channel's animated comedy series "Phineas and Ferb," from creators Dan Povenmire and Swampy Marsh, to be seen every night of "Ferb-Bruary" at 8:00 P.M, ET/PT". Press release, Disney Channel. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2009-08-14. ^ Erickson, Hal. "Phineas and Ferb: Raging Bully". Allmovie. Retrieved 2009-11-14. ^ a b c Cornelius, David (2008-08-21). "Phineas and Ferb: The Fast and the Phineas". DVD Talk. Retrieved 2009-11-05. ^ Mitovich, Matt (2007-08-18). "Disney's New Animated Series Sets Tongues Wagging". TV Guide. Retrieved 2009-11-14. ^ Martella, Vincent; Stoner, Alyson (2008). Vincent @ Comic Con 2008 (Adobe Flash video). MSN. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2009-09-30. ^ Thomas, Jim (2008-08-06). "Phineas And Ferb: The Fast And The Phineas". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on 2009-09-28. Retrieved 2009-11-05. ^ Plath, James (2008-07-22). "Phineas and Ferb (TV Show) (DVD) - The Fast and the Phineas". DVD Town. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2012-12-08. Retrieved 2009-11-05. ^ Cedeno, Kelvin. ""Phineas and Ferb" The Fast and the Phineas DVD Review". Ultimate Disney. Retrieved 2009-11-05. ^ "Phineas and Ferb Soundtrack". Disney Music. The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on 2009-11-16. Retrieved 2009-11-05. ^ a b "Rockin' the Tri-State Area: GeekDad Reviews the Phineas and Ferb Soundtrack". Wired. 2009-10-13. Retrieved 2009-11-05. ^ Liu, Ed (2008-07-30). ""Phineas & Ferb: The Fast and the Phineas" is 2 Fast, Kinda Phunny". Toon Zone. Retrieved 2009-11-05. External links "Raging Bully" at IMDb vtePhineas and Ferb Disney Television Animation Creators Dan Povenmire Jeff "Swampy" Marsh Characters Phineas Flynn Ferb Fletcher Perry the Platypus Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz Guest stars Seasons 1 2 3 4 Episodes "Rollercoaster" "Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror" "Are You My Mummy?" "Flop Starz" "Raging Bully" "It's About Time!" "Jerk De Soleil" "Dude, We're Getting the Band Back Together" "Phineas and Ferb Get Busted!" "The Monster of Phineas-n-Ferbenstein" "Phineas and Ferb's Quantum Boogaloo" "Wizard of Odd" Specials "Christmas Vacation" "Summer Belongs to You!" "Mission Marvel" "Star Wars" Films Across the 2nd Dimension Candace Against the Universe Video games Phineas and Ferb Ride Again Across the 2nd Dimension Where's My Perry? Quest for Cool Stuff Music Phineas and Ferb (soundtrack) Phineas and Ferb: Across the 1st and 2nd Dimensions Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Candace Against the Universe (soundtrack) Other Take Two with Phineas and Ferb Milo Murphy's Law Disney Infinity Chibiverse vteEvander HolyfieldFights Muhammad Qawi vs. Holyfield Holyfield vs. Tillman Holyfield vs. Parkey Hoyfield vs. Ocasio Holyfield vs. Muhammad Qawi II Holyfield vs. De León Holyfield vs. Tillis Holyfield vs. Thomas Dokes vs. Holyfield Holyfield vs. Rodrigues Holyfield vs. Stewart Holyfield vs. McDonagh Douglas vs. Holyfield Holyfield vs. Foreman Holyfield vs. Cooper Holyfield vs. Holmes Holyfield vs. Bowe Holyfield vs. Stewart II Bowe vs. Holyfield II Holyfield vs. Moorer Holyfield vs. Mercer Bowe vs. Holyfield III Holyfield vs. Czyz Tyson vs. Holyfield Holyfield vs. Tyson II Holyfield vs. Moorer II Holyfield vs. Bean Holyfield vs. Lewis Holyfield vs. Lewis II Holyfield vs. Ruiz Holyfield vs. Ruiz II Ruiz vs. Holyfield III Holyfield vs. Rahman Byrd vs. Holyfield Holyfield vs. Toney Holyfield vs. Donald Ibragimov vs. Holyfield Valuev vs. Holyfield Holyfield vs. Belfort Team Shelly Finkel Don King George Benton Lou Duva Don Turner Emanuel Steward Ronnie Shields Other Holyfield's Real Deal Records Evander Holyfield's Real Deal Boxing Raging Bully	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_cartoon"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Phineas and Ferb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"Phineas Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Flynn"},{"link_name":"thumb wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb_wrestling"},{"link_name":"hypnotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnotic"},{"link_name":"Dan Povenmire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Povenmire"},{"link_name":"Jeff \"Swampy\" Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_%22Swampy%22_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Heavyweight boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavyweight_boxing"},{"link_name":"Evander Holyfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evander_Holyfield"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"Phineas and Ferb soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb_(soundtrack)"}],"text":"6th episode of the 1st season of Phineas and Ferb\"Raging Bully\" is the 6th broadcast episode of the animated television series Phineas and Ferb. The episode was originally broadcast on Disney Channel in the United States on February 4, 2008. In the episode, Phineas Flynn is challenged to a thumb wrestling competition at the mall by the local bully, Buford, after he accidentally embarrasses him in the food court. Meanwhile, the evil Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz tries using a hypnotic contraption to force everyone to celebrate his birthday and clean up their mess after the party.\"Raging Bully\" was written by series co-creators Dan Povenmire and Jeff \"Swampy\" Marsh and directed by Povenmire. Heavyweight boxing champion Evander Holyfield guest starred as himself, training Phineas for the big thumb-wrestling match. The episode originally broadcast on Disney Channel on February 4, 2008, as part of the month-long special event, \"Phineas and Ferb-urary.\" It received generally positive reviews from television critics and the featured musical number, \"He's a Bully,\" became available on the official Phineas and Ferb soundtrack in 2009.","title":"Raging Bully"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"food court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_court"},{"link_name":"Phineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Flynn"},{"link_name":"Buford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phineas_and_Ferb_characters#Buford_van_Stomm"},{"link_name":"Evander Holyfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evander_Holyfield"},{"link_name":"thumb wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phineas_and_Ferb_characters#Isabella_Garcia-Shapiro"},{"link_name":"sausages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausages"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution"},{"link_name":"cake mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake_mix"},{"link_name":"ice cream cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream_cone"},{"link_name":"parking lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_lot"},{"link_name":"Ferb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferb_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Vulcan nerve pinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_nerve_pinch"}],"text":"While at the food court in the mall, Phineas accidentally drops his ice cream cone on bully Buford's pants, causing the whole food court to laugh at Buford. Enraged, he challenges Phineas to a fight right there, but boxing champion Evander Holyfield arrives and convinces them to instead fight in an organized thumb wrestling match later that day, which Buford accepts. Despite being cautioned by Phineas and Ferb's friends Isabella and Baljeet, a nerd who does his homework over the summer because of his low grades, Holyfield trains Phineas through simple tasks, including punching a chain of sausages and playing Dance Dance Revolution.Meanwhile, Perry the Platypus arrives at an abandoned cake factory, where he is trapped in a vat of cake mix. Dr. Doofenshmirtz, appears and explains that today is his birthday. All throughout his life, his parents never showed up to his birthday parties (even his own birth); now, he plans on using a hypnotic device- \"the Slave-inator\"- to force everyone to celebrate his birthday. He then rides off with the invention on a flying machine. Perry escapes from the mix and follows after him. In the air, Perry and Doofenshmirtz fight and the machine is activated, but while trying to get Perry to let go of the wall of the flying machine he accidentally makes the machine malfunction, causing the people below to still not want to celebrate his birthday. Doofenshmirtz, defeated, drops the ice cream cone he is eating in the fight and it falls to the ground below.Finally, the big match commences and Phineas is vigorously beaten by Buford in each round. Candace takes a picture of the match, but it was obscured by her thumb over the lens when she tried to show Linda inside performing a gig. When the final round begins, Buford overpowers Phineas and pulls him up through the air. Just then, Doofenshmirtz's ice cream cone falls and lands on Phineas's head. Buford is satisfied now that Phineas is embarrassed and calls off the match. The audience who was watching cleans up the mess (due to Doofenshmirtz's machine accidentally telling them to) just before Candace comes out with Linda. At the parking lot a few minutes later, Phineas thanks Holyfield for his help and Holyfield walks off. After Buford and Phineas reconcile and form a friendship with each other, Ferb makes a comment which accidentally offends Buford and he is about to be beaten up, but he knocks Buford out with a Vulcan nerve pinch, to Phineas's surprise. When Phineas asks him why he did it he responds, \"Well, he was all up in my face.\"","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vincent Martella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Martella"},{"link_name":"Ashley Tisdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Tisdale"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sangster"},{"link_name":"Caroline Rhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Rhea"},{"link_name":"Dan Povenmire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Povenmire"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"},{"link_name":"Mitchel Musso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchel_Musso"},{"link_name":"Alyson Stoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyson_Stoner"},{"link_name":"Maulik Pancholy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulik_Pancholy"},{"link_name":"Michael Buffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Buffer"},{"link_name":"Evander Holyfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evander_Holyfield"},{"link_name":"Cymphonique Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymphonique_Miller"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Phil LaMarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_LaMarr"},{"link_name":"Grey DeLisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_DeLisle"}],"text":"Vincent Martella as Phineas Flynn\nAshley Tisdale as Candace Flynn\nThomas Sangster as Ferb Fletcher\nCaroline Rhea as Linda Flynn\nDan Povenmire as Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz\nJeff “Swampy” Marsh as Francis Monogram\nDee Bradley Baker as Perry the Platypus\nMitchel Musso as Jeremy Johnson\nAlyson Stoner as Isabella Garcia-Shapiro\nBobby Gaylor as Buford Van Stomm\nMaulik Pancholy as Baljeet Rai\nMichael Buffer as Announcer\nEvander Holyfield as Himself\nIsabella Murad as Milly (uncredited)\nCymphonique Miller as Holly\nJeff Bennett, Phil LaMarr and Grey DeLisle as Additional Voices","title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evander_Holyfield.jpg"},{"link_name":"Evander Holyfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evander_Holyfield"},{"link_name":"Phineas and Ferb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb"},{"link_name":"Dan Povenmire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Povenmire"},{"link_name":"Jeff \"Swampy\" Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_%22Swampy%22_Marsh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oc-1"},{"link_name":"Zac Moncrief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zac_Moncrief"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"TV-G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV-G"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press-4"},{"link_name":"Heavyweight boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavyweight_boxing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talk-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vincent Martella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Martella"},{"link_name":"Alyson Stoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyson_Stoner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC_2-8"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_Gnome_Beach_Party_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"Are You My Mummy?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_My_Mummy%3F"},{"link_name":"Flop Starz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flop_Starz"},{"link_name":"It's About Time!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_About_Time!_(Phineas_and_Ferb)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talk-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verdict-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-town2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UD-11"},{"link_name":"Phineas and Ferb soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-13"}],"text":"Evander Holyfield guest starred in the episode as himself.\"Raging Bully\" was written by Phineas and Ferb co-creators Dan Povenmire and Jeff \"Swampy\" Marsh.[1] It was storyboarded by artists Wendy Grieb and Kent Osbourne and was directed by Povenmire,[1] who managed the bulk of animation direction in the series along with Zac Moncrief.[2] It was originally broadcast in the United States on February 4, 2008, on Disney Channel with a TV-G parental rating.[3] It was part of the network's marathon event \"Phineas and Ferb-urary,\" which debuted new episodes of the series every night for the entire month.[4]Heavyweight boxing champion Evander Holyfield guest starred in the episode as himself, appearing at the mall to help train Phineas for the big thumb wrestling match against Buford.[4][5][6] Holyfield's guest performance was heavily expected since the original announcement of guest stars lined up for the series released in September 2007.[7] Cast members response to working with Holyfield was highly positive; Vincent Martella and Alyson Stoner, who portray Phineas and Isabella respectively, cited working along guest stars like him as a benefit of working on the show.[8]In 2008, \"Raging Bully\" became available on the DVD compilation Phineas and Ferb: The Fast and the Phineas, along with fellow first season episodes of the series \"One Good Scare Ought to Do It!\" \"Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror,\" \"The Fast and the Phineas,\" \"Are You My Mummy?\" \"Flop Starz,\" \"Lights, Candace, Action!\" and \"It's About Time!\"[6][9][10][11] In 2009, the episode's song, \"He's a Bully,\" became available on the official Phineas and Ferb soundtrack.[12][13]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Talk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talk-6"},{"link_name":"training montage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_montage"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Wired magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-13"}],"text":"\"Raging Bully\" received generally positive reviews from television critics. DVD Talk's David Cornelius stated that he enjoyed Holyfield's guest appearance.[6] Ed Liu, of Toon Zone, wrote that the episode and others included on the DVD The Fast and the Phineas were \"way too manic for their own good, never giving a gag enough time to develop a proper laugh before ripping off to the next one,\" but considered Phineas's \"He's a Bully\" training montage to be one of the series' \"amusing video sequences.\"[14] A Wired magazine review for the soundtrack said that the \"He's a Bully\" was \"butt-rock,\" but blended nicely with other melodies of completely different genres.[13]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"Evander Holyfield guest starred in the episode as himself.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Evander_Holyfield.jpg/190px-Evander_Holyfield.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Opening credits for \"Raging Bully\" from Volume I: \"The Fast and the Phineas\" (DVD). Buena Vista Home Entertainment. 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Vista_Home_Entertainment","url_text":"Buena Vista Home Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Phineas and Ferb: Cast & Details\". TV Guide. Retrieved 2009-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/phineas-ferb/cast/289680","url_text":"\"Phineas and Ferb: Cast & Details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"\"Phineas and Ferb: Raging Bully\". Zap2it. Retrieved 2009-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/phineas-and-ferb-raging-bully/EP009488470006","url_text":"\"Phineas and Ferb: Raging Bully\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zap2it","url_text":"Zap2it"}]},{"reference":"Yoo, Jean; Diamond, Hope. \"Disney Channel's animated comedy series \"Phineas and Ferb,\" from creators Dan Povenmire and Swampy Marsh, to be seen every night of \"Ferb-Bruary\" at 8:00 P.M, ET/PT\". Press release, Disney Channel. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2009-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081206072402/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/DNR/2008/doc/PhineasandFerbEpisodicLaunch.doc","url_text":"\"Disney Channel's animated comedy series \"Phineas and Ferb,\" from creators Dan Povenmire and Swampy Marsh, to be seen every night of \"Ferb-Bruary\" at 8:00 P.M, ET/PT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel","url_text":"Disney Channel"},{"url":"http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/assets/pr%5Chtml/PAF_020108.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Erickson, Hal. \"Phineas and Ferb: Raging Bully\". Allmovie. Retrieved 2009-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmovie.com/work/phineas-and-ferb-raging-bully-465174","url_text":"\"Phineas and Ferb: Raging Bully\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmovie","url_text":"Allmovie"}]},{"reference":"Cornelius, David (2008-08-21). \"Phineas and Ferb: The Fast and the Phineas\". DVD Talk. Retrieved 2009-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/34365/phineas-and-ferb-the-fast-and-the-phineas/","url_text":"\"Phineas and Ferb: The Fast and the Phineas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Talk","url_text":"DVD Talk"}]},{"reference":"Mitovich, Matt (2007-08-18). \"Disney's New Animated Series Sets Tongues Wagging\". TV Guide. Retrieved 2009-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/news/Disneys-New-Animated-12368.aspx","url_text":"\"Disney's New Animated Series Sets Tongues Wagging\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"Martella, Vincent; Stoner, Alyson (2008). Vincent @ Comic Con 2008 (Adobe Flash video). MSN. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2009-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2s8uUwQK9c","url_text":"Vincent @ Comic Con 2008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash","url_text":"Adobe Flash"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN","url_text":"MSN"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/G2s8uUwQK9c","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Jim (2008-08-06). \"Phineas And Ferb: The Fast And The Phineas\". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on 2009-09-28. Retrieved 2009-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090928082755/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/fastandphineas.php","url_text":"\"Phineas And Ferb: The Fast And The Phineas\""},{"url":"http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/fastandphineas.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Plath, James (2008-07-22). \"Phineas and Ferb (TV Show) (DVD) - The Fast and the Phineas\". DVD Town. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2012-12-08. Retrieved 2009-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121208172528/http://www.dvdtown.com/review/phineas-and-ferb-tv-show/dvd/6123/2","url_text":"\"Phineas and Ferb (TV Show) (DVD) - The Fast and the Phineas\""},{"url":"http://www.dvdtown.com/review/phineas-and-ferb-tv-show/dvd/6123/2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cedeno, Kelvin. \"\"Phineas and Ferb\" The Fast and the Phineas DVD Review\". Ultimate Disney. Retrieved 2009-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultimatedisney.com/phineasandferb-fast.html","url_text":"\"\"Phineas and Ferb\" The Fast and the Phineas DVD Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phineas and Ferb Soundtrack\". Disney Music. The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on 2009-11-16. Retrieved 2009-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091116061058/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/phineasandferb.html","url_text":"\"Phineas and Ferb Soundtrack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company","url_text":"The Walt Disney Company"},{"url":"http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/phineasandferb.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rockin' the Tri-State Area: GeekDad Reviews the Phineas and Ferb Soundtrack\". Wired. 2009-10-13. Retrieved 2009-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/geekdad/2009/10/phineas-and-ferb-soundtrack/","url_text":"\"Rockin' the Tri-State Area: GeekDad Reviews the Phineas and Ferb Soundtrack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"}]},{"reference":"Liu, Ed (2008-07-30). \"\"Phineas & Ferb: The Fast and the Phineas\" is 2 Fast, Kinda Phunny\". Toon Zone. Retrieved 2009-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.toonzone.net/articles/25253/phineas-amp-ferb-the-fast-and-the-phineas-is-2-fast-kinda-phunny","url_text":"\"\"Phineas & Ferb: The Fast and the Phineas\" is 2 Fast, Kinda Phunny\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/phineas-ferb/cast/289680","external_links_name":"\"Phineas and Ferb: Cast & Details\""},{"Link":"http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/phineas-and-ferb-raging-bully/EP009488470006","external_links_name":"\"Phineas and Ferb: Raging Bully\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081206072402/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/DNR/2008/doc/PhineasandFerbEpisodicLaunch.doc","external_links_name":"\"Disney Channel's animated comedy series \"Phineas and Ferb,\" from creators Dan Povenmire and Swampy Marsh, to be seen every night of \"Ferb-Bruary\" at 8:00 P.M, ET/PT\""},{"Link":"http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/assets/pr%5Chtml/PAF_020108.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.allmovie.com/work/phineas-and-ferb-raging-bully-465174","external_links_name":"\"Phineas and Ferb: Raging Bully\""},{"Link":"http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/34365/phineas-and-ferb-the-fast-and-the-phineas/","external_links_name":"\"Phineas and Ferb: The Fast and the Phineas\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/news/Disneys-New-Animated-12368.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Disney's New Animated Series Sets Tongues Wagging\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2s8uUwQK9c","external_links_name":"Vincent @ Comic Con 2008"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/G2s8uUwQK9c","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090928082755/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/fastandphineas.php","external_links_name":"\"Phineas And Ferb: The Fast And The Phineas\""},{"Link":"http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/fastandphineas.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121208172528/http://www.dvdtown.com/review/phineas-and-ferb-tv-show/dvd/6123/2","external_links_name":"\"Phineas and Ferb (TV Show) (DVD) - The Fast and the Phineas\""},{"Link":"http://www.dvdtown.com/review/phineas-and-ferb-tv-show/dvd/6123/2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ultimatedisney.com/phineasandferb-fast.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Phineas and Ferb\" The Fast and the Phineas DVD Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091116061058/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/phineasandferb.html","external_links_name":"\"Phineas and Ferb Soundtrack\""},{"Link":"http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/phineasandferb.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/geekdad/2009/10/phineas-and-ferb-soundtrack/","external_links_name":"\"Rockin' the Tri-State Area: GeekDad Reviews the Phineas and Ferb Soundtrack\""},{"Link":"http://news.toonzone.net/articles/25253/phineas-amp-ferb-the-fast-and-the-phineas-is-2-fast-kinda-phunny","external_links_name":"\"\"Phineas & Ferb: The Fast and the Phineas\" is 2 Fast, Kinda Phunny\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1189818/","external_links_name":"\"Raging Bully\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClellan_Ranch_Preserve	McClellan Ranch Preserve	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 37°18′52″N 122°03′46″W / 37.31440°N 122.06289°W / 37.31440; -122.06289McClellan Ranch PreserveBarns in McClellan Ranch PreserveNearest cityCupertino, CaliforniaCoordinates37°18′52″N 122°03′46″W / 37.31440°N 122.06289°W / 37.31440; -122.06289Area18 acres The natural reserve of McClellan Ranch Preserve McClellan Ranch Preserve is a public preserve located in the Monta Vista neighborhood of Cupertino that still retains its rural ranch look. It used to be a horse ranch owed by the McClellan family in the 1930s, and still preserves the original ranch house, a working milk barn and livestock barn, and a replica blacksmiths shop, along with a natural reserve in the middle of the park. A famous birding hot spot, the ranch park also houses the headquarters of the Santa Clara Valley Audubon Society and a nature museum and environmental education center. The preserve received its current name in 2012, when the City of Cupertino renamed what was then McClellan Ranch Park, in order to respect the land's original designation as a preserve. The McClellan Ranch maintains a sedate and scenic trail along the meandering Stevens Creek, which flows from the park to Blackberry Farm. The Master Gardeners program of the Santa Clara County also conducts vegetable trials on the Community Farm situated on the ranch. References ^ a b "McClellan Ranch Preserve". City of Cupertino. Retrieved 11 April 2023. ^ a b Matthew Wilson (5 April 2012). "Cupertino officials lay out plans for McClellan Ranch". Mercury News. Retrieved 27 September 2018. ^ "Contact Us". Santa Clara Valley Audubon Society. Retrieved 27 September 2018. ^ "McClellan Ranch Project". Retrieved 27 September 2018.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McClellanrural.JPG"},{"link_name":"Monta Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monta_Vista,_Cupertino,_California"},{"link_name":"Cupertino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupertino,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercury_news-2"},{"link_name":"birding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birding"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara Valley Audubon Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Clara_Valley_Audubon_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-audubon-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-city_of_cupertino-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercury_news-2"},{"link_name":"trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail"},{"link_name":"Stevens Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens_Creek_(California)"},{"link_name":"Blackberry Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry_Farm_(California)"},{"link_name":"Master Gardeners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Gardeners"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masters-4"}],"text":"The natural reserve of McClellan Ranch PreserveMcClellan Ranch Preserve is a public preserve located in the Monta Vista neighborhood of Cupertino that still retains its rural ranch look. It used to be a horse ranch owed by the McClellan family in the 1930s, and still preserves the original ranch house, a working milk barn and livestock barn, and a replica blacksmiths shop, along with a natural reserve in the middle of the park.[2] A famous birding hot spot, the ranch park also houses the headquarters of the Santa Clara Valley Audubon Society[3] and a nature museum and environmental education center.[1]The preserve received its current name in 2012, when the City of Cupertino renamed what was then McClellan Ranch Park, in order to respect the land's original designation as a preserve.[2]The McClellan Ranch maintains a sedate and scenic trail along the meandering Stevens Creek, which flows from the park to Blackberry Farm. The Master Gardeners program of the Santa Clara County also conducts vegetable trials on the Community Farm situated on the ranch.[4]","title":"McClellan Ranch Preserve"}]	[{"image_text":"The natural reserve of McClellan Ranch Preserve","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/McClellanrural.JPG/250px-McClellanrural.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"McClellan Ranch Preserve\". City of Cupertino. Retrieved 11 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cupertino.org/our-city/departments/parks-recreation/outdoor-activities/mcclellan-ranch-preserve","url_text":"\"McClellan Ranch Preserve\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew Wilson (5 April 2012). \"Cupertino officials lay out plans for McClellan Ranch\". Mercury News. Retrieved 27 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/04/05/cupertino-officials-lay-out-plans-for-mcclellan-ranch/","url_text":"\"Cupertino officials lay out plans for McClellan Ranch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contact Us\". Santa Clara Valley Audubon Society. Retrieved 27 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scvas.org/page.php?page_id=6470","url_text":"\"Contact Us\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Clara_Valley_Audubon_Society&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Santa Clara Valley Audubon Society"}]},{"reference":"\"McClellan Ranch Project\". Retrieved 27 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://mgsantaclara.ucanr.edu/demonstration-gardens/cupertino-mcclellan-ranch-project/","url_text":"\"McClellan Ranch Project\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=McClellan_Ranch_Preserve&params=37.3144_N_122.06289_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°18′52″N 122°03′46″W / 37.31440°N 122.06289°W / 37.31440; -122.06289"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=McClellan_Ranch_Preserve&params=37.3144_N_122.06289_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°18′52″N 122°03′46″W / 37.31440°N 122.06289°W / 37.31440; -122.06289"},{"Link":"https://www.cupertino.org/our-city/departments/parks-recreation/outdoor-activities/mcclellan-ranch-preserve","external_links_name":"\"McClellan Ranch Preserve\""},{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/04/05/cupertino-officials-lay-out-plans-for-mcclellan-ranch/","external_links_name":"\"Cupertino officials lay out plans for McClellan Ranch\""},{"Link":"http://www.scvas.org/page.php?page_id=6470","external_links_name":"\"Contact Us\""},{"Link":"http://mgsantaclara.ucanr.edu/demonstration-gardens/cupertino-mcclellan-ranch-project/","external_links_name":"\"McClellan Ranch Project\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8de_Guidon	Niède Guidon	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Community work","3 Personal life","4 Awards","5 Reception","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Brazilian archaeologist This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Niède Guidon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Niède GuidonBorn (1933-03-12) 12 March 1933 (age 91)Jaú, São Paulo, BrazilNationalityBrazilianCitizenshipBrazilian, FrenchAlma materUniversity of São Paulo University of Paris (Sorbonne)Known forConserving the natural and cultural heritage of the World Heritage Site Serra da Capivara National Park, BrazilAwardsPrince Claus AwardScientific careerFieldsArchaeologyInstitutionsAmerican Man Museum Foundation; Serra da Capivara National Park in Piauí, Brazil Niède Guidon (Portuguese pronunciation: ) (born 12 March 1933) is a Brazilian archaeologist known for her work in pre-historic archeology of South American civilizations and her efforts to secure the conservation of the World Heritage Site Serra da Capivara National Park. Educated in Brazil and France, she worked in Paris for most of her career. Since the early 1970s, Guidon has conducted archeological research in Southeast Piauí, where thousands of archeological sites have been discovered. Her dates from those sites indicate that human settlement preceded North America's Clovis people by tens of thousands of years. In the late 1980s, these findings challenged the mainstream theory of Clovis First and have generated debate in the academic archeology community. She was the founding president of the Fundação Museu do Homem Americano (American Man Museum Foundation), a non-profit organization created to support the Serra da Capivara National Park, a World Heritage Site. Guidon has won several national and international awards, including the Prince Claus Award, and the Ford conservation and Environment award. Early life and education Guidon was born in 1933 in Jaú, in São Paulo (state), Brazil. She moved to São Paulo, where she studied Natural History at the University of São Paulo and subsequently worked for the Ipiranga Museum. In 1963, Guidon organized an exhibition of prehistoric paintings at the Ipiranga Museum. She was approached by a visitor from Serra da Capivara, who showed her photographs of rock art from rock shelters in the area. Guidon recognized that the paintings were significantly different from any known at that time, and was struck by their diversity and abundance. Career In 1964, Guidon was targeted by the Brazilian military dictatorship, which persecuted and tortured alleged communist scholars and students. To escape persecution, she moved to France, where she completed a Ph.D. in prehistory at the Sorbonne University with André Leroi-Gourhan and Annette Laming-Emperaire. From 1966 to 1977, she was a researcher at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) in Paris , and became a professor at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences in Paris. Prehistoric paintings at the Serra da Capivara National Park Guidon visited the rock shelters at Piauí herself and in 1973 began research in the area. In 1978, she convinced the French government to establish an archeological mission to study prehistory in Piauí. Guidon led a mission composed of national and international researchers and local field assistants until her retirement. In 1978, Guidon and other researchers petitioned the Brazilian government to create a protected area in the Serra da Capivara region. The Serra da Capivara National Park was created in 1979, encompassing an area protected by UNESCO, but the legislation has received little investment for its implementation. As the head archaeologist at the national park, Guidon was responsible for the preservation, development and management of archaeological projects in the park. She and her colleagues have discovered more than 800 pre-historic sites revealing occupation of the Americas by human beings, of which more than 600 are accompanied by paintings. The Pedra Furada, where more than 1,150 pre-historic images are located inside the Serra da Capivara National Park Guidon's most famous prehistoric site is the Toca do Boqueira de Pedra Furada, located near São Raimundo Nonato in the Serra de Capivara park. Pedra Furada is a rock shelter 55 feet (17 m) deep; its walls are painted with more than 1,150 pre-historic images. Guidon has found thousands of artifacts here that could suggest human handiwork, and discovered a structure resembling a bonfire equipped with arranged logs and stones that she believes date back 48,700 years. She has suggested that humans reached Brazil about 100,000 years ago, probably by boat from Africa. The plant and animal remains recovered from the c. 10,000-year-old levels of this site and from comparable levels of another rock shelter in the Serra, the Perna site, show that the area was more humid and more forested than today. In Pedra Furada, Guidon and her colleagues excavated an archaeological rock art site to uncover evidence of a Paleoindian culture they believe to be as old as c. 30,000 years B.P., significantly predating previous theories of the first habitation of the area by early Americans. She has recorded over 35,000 archaeological images and published multiple papers and books. Her findings were first brought into the spotlight in 1986 with a publication in the British magazine Nature, in which she claimed to have discovered 32,000-year-old hearths and human artifacts. Although such early dates have not been generally accepted, Guidon and her colleagues have shown that the area was occupied by Paleoindian and Archaic rock art cultures subsisting on broad-spectrum hunting and gathering. In 1988 she began a partnership with the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), to facilitate the continuation of her excavations. After her retirement, Eric Boëda, a researcher at the CNRS and professor at the Université Paris, took over her project . Community work From its creation in 1986 until 2020 Guidon was the president of the non-profit organization Fundação Museo do Homem Americano (FUMDHAM) (American Man Museum Foundation) which she and others founded in response to the growing threat to the integrity of local ecosystems and rock art, and to manage and protect the National Park and develop its surrounding rural communities. Personal life In 1990, Guidon moved from Paris to São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí, the gateway community of the Serra da Capivara National Park, where she has lived since. As president of FUMDHAM, she was involved in creating two museums, the Museum of the American Man and Nature's museum, a research center, and several social projects in education, health care, and sustainable economic activities in rural communities, offering training in ecology, prehistory, and the restoration of archaeological artifacts. Guidon has also led petitions to build schools, successfully establishing five new schools in local communities with a teaching faculty from the University of São Paulo, which have since declined in activity due to the lack of governmental structure. She also started a ceramics business, Cerâmica de Capivara, which she turned over to local entrepreneurs when it began making a profit. Awards Guidon has won the Prince Claus Award, and the Ford conservation and Environment award. In 2005, she was one of the 1000 women nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Reception In 2014, Michael R. Waters, a geoarchaeologist at Texas A&M University, noted the absence of genetic evidence in modern populations to support Guidon's claim. See also Toca da Tira Peia References ^ "The pebbles of contention". revista piauí (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-17. ^ Guidon, Niède; Pessis, Anne-Marie; Parenti, Fabio; Guérin, Claude; Peyre, Evelyne; dos Santos, Guaciara M. (2002). "Pedra Furada, Brazil: Paleoindians, Paintings and Paradoxes, an interview". Athena Review. 3 (2): 42–52. ISSN 1083-4141. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Serra da Capivara National Park". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-01-29. ^ Guidon, Niède y G. Delibrias (1986). "Carbon-14 dates point to man in the Americas 32 000 years ago". Nature. 321 (6072): 769–771. Bibcode:1986Natur.321..769G. doi:10.1038/321769a0. S2CID 4362045. ^ Bellos, Alex. Archaelogists feud over oldest Americans. US doubts over prehistoric relics in Brazil reopen colonial wounds. The Guardian, 11 February 2000. ^ Olmos, Fábio (July 1992). "Serra Da Capivara National Park and the conservation of north-eastern Brazil's caatinga". Oryx. 26 (3): 142–146. doi:10.1017/S0030605300023565. ISSN 1365-3008. ^ Pessis, Anne-Marie; Guidon, Niède (2007-09-01). "Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil: cultural heritage and society". World Archaeology. 39 (3): 406–416. doi:10.1080/00438240701504676. ISSN 0043-8243. S2CID 162280158. ^ Cesario, Manuel (1996). "Contribution of Conservation to Sustainable Living through Health Promotion". Ambio. 25 (1): 39–43. ISSN 0044-7447. JSTOR 4314416. ^ "Prince Claus Fund - Network". www.princeclausfund.org. Retrieved 2018-01-29. ^ Romero, Simon (March 27, 2014). "Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas". New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2020. External links Biography Interview The Rock Art of Pedra Furada - Archaeological research by Niède Guidon vteOrder of Cultural Merit (Brazil)1995 Antônio Carlos Magalhães Celso Furtado Fernanda Montenegro Joãosinho Trinta Jorge Amado José Mindlin José Sarney Nascimento Brito Nise da Silveira Pietro Maria Bardi Ricardo Gribel Roberto Marinho 1996 Athos Bulcão Bibi Ferreira Carybé Carlos Eduardo Moreira Ferreira Edemar Cid Ferreira Francisco Brennand Franco Montoro Jens Olesen Joel Mendes Rennó Max Justo Guedes Mestre Didi Nélida Piñon Olavo Setúbal Padre Vaz Sérgio Motta Walter Salles 1997 Adélia Prado Antônio Poteiro Antônio Salgado Braguinha David Assayag Diogo Pacheco Dona Lenoca Fayga Ostrower Gilberto Chateaubriand Gilberto Ferrez Helena Severo Hilda Hilst Jorge da Cunha Lima Jorge Gerdau José Ermírio de Moraes José Safra Lúcio Costa Luís Carlos Barreto Mãe Olga do Alaketu Marcos Vilaça Maria Clara Machado Robert Broughton Ubiratan Aguiar Wladimir Murtinho 1998 Abram Szajman Altamiro Carrilho Antônio Britto Ariano Suassuna Carlos Diegues Décio de Almeida Prado Franz Weissmann João Carlos Martins José Hugo Celidônio Lily Marinho Mãe Cleusa Millet Milu Villela Miguel Jorge Dona Neuma Octavio Frias Olavo Monteiro de Carvalho Paulo Autran Paulo César Ximenes Roseana Sarney Ruth Rocha Ruy Mesquita Sebastião Salgado Walter Hugo Khouri Zenildo Gonzaga Zoroastro de Lucena 1999 Abraham Koogan Almir Gabriel Aloysio Faria Ana Maria Diniz Angel Vianna Antônio Houaiss Beatriz Pimenta Camargo Ecyla Brandão Enrique Iglesias Esther Bertoletti Hélio Jaguaribe Hermínio Bello de Carvalho J. 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De Dança Fred Gelli Fundação Darcy Ribeiro Grupo Teatro da Laje Instituto Ricardo Brennand Isaurinha Garcia Ismael Silva Jorge Aragão Jovelina Pérola Negra Maracatu Feminino Coração Nazareno Marcus Faustini Mauro Mendonça Museu do Samba Neguinho da Beija-Flor Nelson Sargento Noel Rosa Papete Ricardo Cravo Albin Rildo Hora Rosa Magalhães Rosa Maria Araújo Silas de Oliveira Vik Muniz 2017 Afonso Oliveira Ana Maria Nobrega Miranda Augusto Marzagão Beto Kelner Boni Carla Camurati Carlos Tufvesson Cláudia Costin Domingo Alzugaray Dona Onete Eduardo Portella Eduardo Saron Nunes Fernando Alterio Galo da Madrugada Genival Lacerda Ivo Barroso Jair de Souza Luciane Gorgulho Luis Severiano Ribeiro Luiz Calainho Marcelo Bertini Marcelo Bratke Marcelo Dantas Maria Ignez Mantovani Moeller & Botelho Produções Artísticas Mãe Neide Oyá D´Oxum Paulo Cruz Pierre André Mantovani Renato Aragão Ricardo Amaral Roberto Minczuk Roberto Santucci 2018 Abelardo Barbosa Antonio Mazzafera Biblioteca Oliveira Lima Bruno Wainer Carlos Saldanha Carlos Vereza Dedé Santana Eva Sopher Eva Wilma Festival Villa Mix Guilherme Fiuza Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro Jorge Caldeira José Bonifácio Kati Almeida Braga King's Brazil Institute Luiz Oscar Niemeyer Marcelo Castello Branco Marcio Fraccaroli Martim Vasques da Cunha Milton Gonçalves Monah Delacy Museu de Arte de São Paulo Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo Museu da Gente Sergipana Orquestra Filarmônica de Minas Gerais Roberto Teixeira da Costa Saulo Ferreira Sérgio Mendes Sérgio Mielniczenko Thiago Soares Trio Roraimeira Vó Mera Wanda Sá Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[niˈɛdʒi ɡiˈdõ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologist"},{"link_name":"Serra da Capivara National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_da_Capivara_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Clovis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_culture"},{"link_name":"Clovis First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_culture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Serra da Capivara National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_da_Capivara_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Prince Claus Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Claus_Awards"}],"text":"Niède Guidon (Portuguese pronunciation: [niˈɛdʒi ɡiˈdõ]) (born 12 March 1933) is a Brazilian archaeologist known for her work in pre-historic archeology of South American civilizations and her efforts to secure the conservation of the World Heritage Site Serra da Capivara National Park.Educated in Brazil and France, she worked in Paris for most of her career. Since the early 1970s, Guidon has conducted archeological research in Southeast Piauí, where thousands of archeological sites have been discovered. Her dates from those sites indicate that human settlement preceded North America's Clovis people by tens of thousands of years. In the late 1980s, these findings challenged the mainstream theory of Clovis First and have generated debate in the academic archeology community.[1][2]\nShe was the founding president of the Fundação Museu do Homem Americano (American Man Museum Foundation), a non-profit organization created to support the Serra da Capivara National Park, a World Heritage Site. \nGuidon has won several national and international awards, including the Prince Claus Award, and the Ford conservation and Environment award.","title":"Niède Guidon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"São Paulo (state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"University of São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Ipiranga Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu_do_Ipiranga"},{"link_name":"Ipiranga Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu_do_Ipiranga"},{"link_name":"rock art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_art"}],"text":"Guidon was born in 1933 in Jaú, in São Paulo (state), Brazil. She moved to São Paulo, where she studied Natural History at the University of São Paulo and subsequently worked for the Ipiranga Museum.In 1963, Guidon organized an exhibition of prehistoric paintings at the Ipiranga Museum. She was approached by a visitor from Serra da Capivara, who showed her photographs of rock art from rock shelters in the area. Guidon recognized that the paintings were significantly different from any known at that time, and was struck by their diversity and abundance.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazilian military dictatorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"André Leroi-Gourhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Leroi-Gourhan"},{"link_name":"Annette Laming-Emperaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Laming-Emperaire"},{"link_name":"French National Centre for Scientific Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research"},{"link_name":"School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_da_Capivara_(31697684354).jpg"},{"link_name":"Piauí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piau%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Serra da Capivara National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_da_Capivara_National_Park"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedra_Furada,_no_parque_Nacional_da_Serra_da_Capivara.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pedra Furada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_Furada"},{"link_name":"São Raimundo Nonato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Raimundo_Nonato"},{"link_name":"Pedra Furada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_Furada_sites"},{"link_name":"Paleoindian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoindian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellos-5"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Environment_and_Renewable_Natural_Resources"}],"text":"In 1964, Guidon was targeted by the Brazilian military dictatorship, which persecuted and tortured alleged communist scholars and students. To escape persecution, she moved to France, where she completed a Ph.D. in prehistory at the Sorbonne University with André Leroi-Gourhan and Annette Laming-Emperaire. \nFrom 1966 to 1977, she was a researcher at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) in Paris , and became a professor at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences in Paris.Prehistoric paintings at the Serra da Capivara National ParkGuidon visited the rock shelters at Piauí herself and in 1973 began research in the area. In 1978, she convinced the French government to establish an archeological mission to study prehistory in Piauí. Guidon led a mission composed of national and international researchers and local field assistants until her retirement.[when?]In 1978, Guidon and other researchers petitioned the Brazilian government to create a protected area in the Serra da Capivara region. The Serra da Capivara National Park was created in 1979, encompassing an area protected by UNESCO,[3] but the legislation has received little investment for its implementation.As the head archaeologist at the national park, Guidon was responsible for the preservation, development and management of archaeological projects in the park. She and her colleagues have discovered more than 800 pre-historic sites revealing occupation of the Americas by human beings, of which more than 600 are accompanied by paintings.The Pedra Furada, where more than 1,150 pre-historic images are located inside the Serra da Capivara National ParkGuidon's most famous prehistoric site is the Toca do Boqueira de Pedra Furada, located near São Raimundo Nonato in the Serra de Capivara park. Pedra Furada is a rock shelter 55 feet (17 m) deep; its walls are painted with more than 1,150 pre-historic images. Guidon has found thousands of artifacts here that could suggest human handiwork, and discovered a structure resembling a bonfire equipped with arranged logs and stones that she believes date back 48,700 years. She has suggested that humans reached Brazil about 100,000 years ago, probably by boat from Africa. The plant and animal remains recovered from the c. 10,000-year-old levels of this site and from comparable levels of another rock shelter in the Serra, the Perna site, show that the area was more humid and more forested than today. \nIn Pedra Furada, Guidon and her colleagues excavated an archaeological rock art site to uncover evidence of a Paleoindian culture they believe to be as old as c. 30,000 years B.P.,[4] significantly predating previous theories of the first habitation of the area by early Americans.[5] She has recorded over 35,000 archaeological images and published multiple papers and books.Her findings were first brought into the spotlight in 1986 with a publication in the British magazine Nature, in which she claimed to have discovered 32,000-year-old hearths and human artifacts. Although such early dates have not been generally accepted, Guidon and her colleagues have shown that the area was occupied by Paleoindian and Archaic rock art cultures subsisting on broad-spectrum hunting and gathering. In 1988 she began a partnership with the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), to facilitate the continuation of her excavations.\nAfter her retirement, Eric Boëda, a researcher at the CNRS and professor at the Université Paris, took over her project .","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Community work","text":"From its creation in 1986 until 2020 Guidon was the president of the non-profit organization Fundação Museo do Homem Americano (FUMDHAM) (American Man Museum Foundation) which she and others founded in response to the growing threat to the integrity of local ecosystems and rock art, and to manage and protect the National Park and develop its surrounding rural communities.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"São Raimundo Nonato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Raimundo_Nonato"},{"link_name":"Museum of the American Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Man"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"University of São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"}],"text":"In 1990, Guidon moved from Paris to São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí, the gateway community of the Serra da Capivara National Park, where she has lived since.As president of FUMDHAM, she was involved in creating two museums, the Museum of the American Man and Nature's museum, a research center, and several social projects in education, health care, and sustainable economic activities in rural communities, offering training in ecology, prehistory, and the restoration of archaeological artifacts.[7][8] Guidon has also led petitions to build schools, successfully establishing five new schools in local communities with a teaching faculty from the University of São Paulo, which have since declined in activity due to the lack of governmental structure. She also started a ceramics business, Cerâmica de Capivara, which she turned over to local entrepreneurs when it began making a profit.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Claus Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Claus_Awards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Guidon has won the Prince Claus Award,[9] and the Ford conservation and Environment award.[citation needed]\nIn 2005, she was one of the 1000 women nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.[citation needed]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael R. Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_R._Waters"},{"link_name":"geoarchaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoarchaeology"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTIMES-10"}],"text":"In 2014, Michael R. Waters, a geoarchaeologist at Texas A&M University, noted the absence of genetic evidence in modern populations to support Guidon's claim.[10]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"Prehistoric paintings at the Serra da Capivara National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_da_Capivara_%2831697684354%29.jpg/300px-Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_da_Capivara_%2831697684354%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Pedra Furada, where more than 1,150 pre-historic images are located inside the Serra da Capivara National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pedra_Furada%2C_no_parque_Nacional_da_Serra_da_Capivara.jpg/300px-Pedra_Furada%2C_no_parque_Nacional_da_Serra_da_Capivara.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Toca da Tira Peia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toca_da_Tira_Peia"}]	[{"reference":"\"The pebbles of contention\". revista piauí (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://piaui.folha.uol.com.br/materia/the-pebbles-of-contention/","url_text":"\"The pebbles of contention\""}]},{"reference":"Guidon, Niède; Pessis, Anne-Marie; Parenti, Fabio; Guérin, Claude; Peyre, Evelyne; dos Santos, Guaciara M. (2002). \"Pedra Furada, Brazil: Paleoindians, Paintings and Paradoxes, an interview\". Athena Review. 3 (2): 42–52. ISSN 1083-4141.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/16b81926","url_text":"\"Pedra Furada, Brazil: Paleoindians, Paintings and Paradoxes, an interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1083-4141","url_text":"1083-4141"}]},{"reference":"Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. \"Serra da Capivara National Park\". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/606","url_text":"\"Serra da Capivara National Park\""}]},{"reference":"Guidon, Niède y G. Delibrias (1986). \"Carbon-14 dates point to man in the Americas 32 000 years ago\". Nature. 321 (6072): 769–771. Bibcode:1986Natur.321..769G. doi:10.1038/321769a0. S2CID 4362045.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Natur.321..769G","url_text":"1986Natur.321..769G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F321769a0","url_text":"10.1038/321769a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4362045","url_text":"4362045"}]},{"reference":"Olmos, Fábio (July 1992). \"Serra Da Capivara National Park and the conservation of north-eastern Brazil's caatinga\". Oryx. 26 (3): 142–146. doi:10.1017/S0030605300023565. ISSN 1365-3008.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605300023565","url_text":"\"Serra Da Capivara National Park and the conservation of north-eastern Brazil's caatinga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605300023565","url_text":"10.1017/S0030605300023565"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3008","url_text":"1365-3008"}]},{"reference":"Pessis, Anne-Marie; Guidon, Niède (2007-09-01). \"Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil: cultural heritage and society\". World Archaeology. 39 (3): 406–416. doi:10.1080/00438240701504676. ISSN 0043-8243. S2CID 162280158.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00438240701504676","url_text":"\"Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil: cultural heritage and society\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438240701504676","url_text":"10.1080/00438240701504676"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8243","url_text":"0043-8243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162280158","url_text":"162280158"}]},{"reference":"Cesario, Manuel (1996). \"Contribution of Conservation to Sustainable Living through Health Promotion\". Ambio. 25 (1): 39–43. ISSN 0044-7447. JSTOR 4314416.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4314416","url_text":"\"Contribution of Conservation to Sustainable Living through Health Promotion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0044-7447","url_text":"0044-7447"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4314416","url_text":"4314416"}]},{"reference":"\"Prince Claus Fund - Network\". www.princeclausfund.org. Retrieved 2018-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.princeclausfund.org/en/network/niede.html","url_text":"\"Prince Claus Fund - Network\""}]},{"reference":"Romero, Simon (March 27, 2014). \"Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas\". New York Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Walton_UFO_incident	Travis Walton incident	["1 Background","1.1 Travis Walton and the Turkey Springs forestry job","1.2 Barney Hill and NBC's The UFO Incident","2 Incident","2.1 Missing person investigation","2.2 Walton returns","3 Publicity and popular culture","4 Rogers-Walton dispute of 2021","5 Modern views","5.1 Waltons as UFO buffs and pranksters","5.2 National Enquirer misrepresented polygraph results","5.3 Contrast with alien abduction syndrome","5.4 Possible role of fire lookout tower","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Alleged alien abduction, 1975 Travis Walton at The 2019 International UFO Congress in Phoenix, Arizona The Travis Walton incident was an alleged alien abduction of American forestry worker Travis Walton on November 5, 1975 in the Apache–Sitgreaves National Forests near Heber, Arizona. It is widely regarded as a hoax, even by believers of UFOs and alien abductions. Walton was employed by future brother-in-law Mike Rogers on a federal contract. On October 20, Rogers acknowledged in writing that the job had fallen seriously behind schedule and might not be completed by the deadline. That night, Walton and Rogers watched The UFO Incident, a movie about the alleged abduction of Barney and Betty Hill. After the broadcast, Walton reportedly discussed the possibility of being taken aboard a flying saucer. On November 5, the crew reported Walton missing. They recalled driving back after sunset when Rogers stopped the truck and Walton walked into the forest towards an overhead light. Walton was illuminated by a beam of light, and Rogers drove away with the others. Police organized search parties that were called off at the insistence of Travis's mother. After five days and six hours, Walton called his sister from a phone booth in Heber. Walton sold his story to tabloid The National Enquirer, which published the account and awarded the crew a $5,000 prize. In 1978, he wrote The Walton Experience, which was adapted into the 1993 film Fire in the Sky. Science writers Philip J. Klass and Michael Shermer highlight a potential motive for the hoax was to provide an "Act of God" that would allow the crew to avoid a steep financial penalty from the Forestry Service for failing to complete their contract by the deadline. In 2021, Mike Rogers said the incident had been staged but later retracted his statement. After 2021 interviews with Rogers, researchers proposed that a nearby fire lookout tower and its spotlight were used to create the illusion of a flying saucer shining a beam of light on Walton. Background In the Spring of 1972, the National Enquirer tabloid began advertising a $50,000 prize for proof of extraterrestrial visitors. By 1975, the prize had been raised to $100,000. Travis Walton and the Turkey Springs forestry job Turkey SpringsHeberSnowflakePhoenixclass=notpageimage\| Turkey Springs, about 12 miles south of Heber, was the site of the forestry contract and reported abduction. Travis and the rest of the crew lived 30 miles away in Snowflake. Travis was picked up days later at a phone booth in Heber. After his return, Travis traveled with his brother Duane to Phoenix. Travis Walton was born around 1953 to Mary Walton (later Mary Walton Kellott). On May 5, 1971, Travis Walton and associate Carl Rogers pleaded guilty to breaking into the offices of the Western Molding Company, stealing company checks, forging and then cashing them. The pair were placed on probation for two years, after which they were allowed to plead not guilty and "cleanse their records". In 1975, Travis, age 22, was a member of a seven-person forestry crew led by Carl's older brother Michael H. Rogers, age 28. The year prior, Rogers won a bid for a federal contract to thin out small trees from an area known as Turkey Springs in the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest when he underbid two other contractors. The Turkey Springs job called for the thinning of 1,277 acres by August 1975. Rogers requested, and was granted, an extension until November 10. On October 16, a Forestry Service inspector visited the site and concluded the job could not possibly be completed by the deadline. Failure to complete the job could lead to a $2,500 penalty and a disqualification from bidding on future Forestry Service contracts. On October 20, Rogers wrote to his Forestry Service contracting officer: "I cannot honestly say whether or not we will finish on time. However, we are working every day with as much manpower as I can hire. I will not stop work until the job is finished or until I am asked to stop. I have had considerable trouble keeping a full crew on the job. The area is very thick and the guys have poor morale because of this.... We will keep working and trying hard." Barney Hill and NBC's The UFO Incident Comparison between The UFO Incident starring James Earl Jones (top) and Travis Walton's account, as illustrated on the cover of his book (bottom). Both works depict a motorist who walks into the woods toward an overhead light when he is illuminated by a beam of light. On October 20, 1975, the same night that Rogers wrote to the Forestry Service, the NBC network aired a prime-time special: The UFO Incident, a made-for-TV movie about an alleged alien abduction. The film starred James Earl Jones as Barney Hill, who had undergone a hypnosis session with a psychiatrist in 1964, after which he reported recollections of an alien abduction. Recovered-memory therapy is not based on scientific evidence, and recovered memories are indistinguishable from false memories. The film aired two weeks before the Travis Walton UFO incident, prompting suggestions that the film inspired Rogers and Walton to concoct their own alleged abduction story. Psychologists and skeptics argued that "after viewing this movie, any person with a little imagination could now become an instant celebrity" by claiming an abduction, concluding that "one of those instant celebrities was Travis Walton." According to researcher Philip J. Klass, shortly before his disappearance, Travis told his mother not to worry if he were ever abducted by aliens because he would return safe and sound. Incident On November 5, 1975, crew chief Michael H. Rogers reported Travis Walton missing to the Navajo County Sheriff. Six members of the crew claimed they were driving down a forest road when they saw a lit object above the ground near the roadway. They reported that Walton got out of the truck and ran towards the object, which shone a light on him. They said they drove away in fear, only to return 15 minutes later to find both Walton and the light missing. At 7:45 PM, a member of the logging crew called officer L.C. Ellison. Ellison, Sheriff Marlin Gillespie, and Deputy Kenneth Coplan drove to Heber to meet with the loggers. Rogers and two crew members agreed to return to Turkey Springs with the three officers, while the three other crew members refused to return and instead drove home in Rogers's vehicle. The five men searched Turkey Springs until shortly after midnight, when Sheriff Gillespie paused the search until the morning. Around 1:30 AM, Navajo County Deputy Sheriff Kenneth Coplan and Rogers visited Walton's mother. According to Coplan, when he informed her of the disappearance, she said, "Well, that's the way these things happen." Coplan said he was shocked by how calmly she took the news and her general lack of surprise. Walton, his older brother Duane, and his mother were described by the sheriff as "longtime students of UFOs". Because Travis Walton's mother lived in a ranch house without telephone service, Rogers drove her into town so she could call Travis's brother Duane and their sister while Coplan followed. Around 3:00 AM, Walton's mother called her daughter, waking her; Deputy Coplan was again shocked at how well Travis's family took the news. Missing person investigation In the 1970s, polygraph examinations were a common technique in law enforcement. On November 11, members of the crew underwent polygraph examinations to determine if they had killed Travis — all honestly reported they hadn't. The following day, November 7, a search party of nearly 50 people scoured the Turkey Springs area, but failed to find Travis or any signs of an altercation. Law enforcement were surprised when, after a few hours, Travis's mother told them "I don't think there is any use of looking any further. He's not around here. I don't think he's on this earth." Sheriff Gillespie then dismissed the volunteers. However the following morning, November 8, Rogers and Duane Walton complained in person about the discontinued search. As a result, Sheriff Gillespie assembled another search party which included a helicopter. Regional papers covered the story on November 8, and that day, a member of a Phoenix-based UFO interest group recorded a 65-minute interview with crew chief Mike Rogers and Travis's older brother Duane Walton; At no point during the interview did either express any fear or concern for Travis, rather they expressed confidence that Travis would be returned. During the interview, Rogers discussed the Forestry contract, saying "This contract we have is seriously behind schedule. In fact, Monday the time is up. We haven't done any work on it since Wednesday because of this thing, and therefore it won't be done. I hope they take that into account." Forestry contracts included an Act of God clause that excused contractors who were delinquent due to unforeseeable circumstances. During the interview, Duane revealed that he, Travis, and their mother were UFO buffs who had previously discussed that if they ever saw a UFO, they would "immediately get directly under the object" because the "opportunity" to go aboard a UFO would be "too great to pass up". Duane repeatedly insisted that Travis was "not even missing. He knows where he's at and I know where he's at". On November 9, law enforcement continued the search for Travis, until late afternoon when Walton's mother again requested the search be halted. By November 10, stories of Walton's disappearance were being published throughout the US, UK, and Canada. On November 11, the press reported that Travis's mother felt any further searching for Travis would be useless. Also on November 11, Rogers and the five other members of the forestry crew were interrogated by Arizona Dept. of Public Safety polygraph examiner C.E. Gilson to determine if the men had murdered Travis Walton. All denied having harmed Travis—Gilson opined that five out of the six men were being truthful and described results for the sixth man, Allen Dalis, as "inconclusive". Walton returns On November 12, shortly after midnight, Walton placed a collect call to his sister's home from a payphone in Heber, Arizona. He reached her husband, Grant Neff, who then drove to pick up Duane and proceeded to Heber to pick up Travis; Neff later reported he initially thought the caller was intoxicated. As part of the collect call procedure, Travis told the operator his name; She recognized his name as that of the missing man and alerted Sheriff Gillespie, who dispatched a Deputy to the family ranch house. Deputy Glen Flake arrived at 2:00 AM, where he witnessed Duane Walton transferring fuel from one car to another after having forgotten to purchase gas before local stations closed. Flake did not reveal that they knew Travis had returned home, and Duane did not tell the deputy that Travis had been found. Seeking medical attention for Travis, Duane reached out to a UFO researcher he'd met days prior; the researcher referred them to "Dr." Lester Steward, a hypnotherapist. Duane took Travis to meet with Steward, but his first words were that Travis needed a medical examination with lab tests and was not ready for hypnotic regression. Steward noted that Travis seemed "very confused" and reminiscent of drug addicts he'd treated. Steward also noted that Travis had a small lesion on the inside crease of his right elbow, consistent with intravenous drug use. After meeting with Steward, the Waltons returned to Duane's home where UFO researchers arranged a house call by two medical doctors who were also amateur UFO investigators. When they arrived at 3:00 PM, Duane forbade them to use their camera or tape recorder, nor would he allow them to ask Travis questions about his experience. The doctors noted the presence of the apparent puncture mark and estimated it to be 24 to 48 hours old. That day, stories of Travis's return had begun to spread, and press began calling Duane's home in an attempt to reach Travis. Duane finally informed law enforcement of Travis's return, calling Sheriff Gillespie who insisted on seeing Travis immediately. The sheriff drove the four hours into Glendale and arrived at 11:00 PM. Duane and Travis demanded that Sheriff Gillespie not record the interview. After a local UFO group facilitated the connection, Duane and Travis moved into a suite at the Sheraton Inn in Scottsdale; Costs were covered by The National Enquirer in exchange for exclusive access to Walton and his story. On November 14, Travis skipped a polygraph interview with police, but that night, in the presence of Enquirer reporters, a doctor associated with a UFO group had a two-hour conversation with a hypnotized Travis about the incident. The following day, November 15, Travis was interviewed by Jack McCarthy a free-lance polygraph examiner arranged by a UFO group and the Enquirer. McCarthy concluded that Travis was engaged in a "gross deception" and had even been intentionally holding his breath in an attempt to "beat the machine". On November 22, Travis appeared on Phoenix television station KOOL where he was interviewed about the incident. Travis claimed that he lost consciousness when struck by a beam of light, and that he awoke in a hospital-like room, being observed by three short, bald creatures. He says that he fought with them until a human wearing a helmet led Walton to another room, where he blacked out as three other humans put a clear plastic mask over his face. Walton has said that he remembers nothing else until he found himself walking along a highway five days later, with the flying saucer departing above him. Publicity and popular culture In the days following Walton's UFO claim, The National Enquirer awarded Walton and his co-workers a $5,000 prize for "best UFO case of the year" after they were said to have passed polygraph tests administered by the Enquirer and the Aerial Phenomena Research Organization (APRO). Ufologist Jim Ledwith said, "For five days, the authorities thought he'd been murdered by his co-workers, and then he was returned." According to Ledwith, "all of the co-workers who were there, who saw the spacecraft, they all took polygraph tests, and they all passed, except for one, and that one was inconclusive." Skeptics include the story as an example of a UFO hoax promoted by a credulous media circus with the resulting publicity exploited by Walton to make money. UFO researcher Philip J. Klass, who agreed that Walton's story was a hoax perpetrated for financial gain, identified many discrepancies in the accounts of Walton and his co-workers. After investigating the case, Klass reported that the polygraph tests were "poorly administered", that Walton used "polygraph countermeasures," such as holding his breath, and that Klass uncovered an earlier failed test administered by an examiner who concluded the case involved "gross deception". In 1978, Walton wrote the book The Walton Experience detailing his claims. In 1993, the book served as the inspiration for the 1993 film Fire in the Sky, starring Robert Patrick as Mike Rogers, D.B. Sweeney as Travis Walton, Craig Sheffer as Allan Dallis, Peter Berg as David Whitlock, and Georgia Emelin as Dana Rogers. Travis Walton made a cameo in the film. Paramount Pictures decided that Walton's account was "too fuzzy and too similar to other televised close encounters", so they ordered screenwriter Tracy Tormé to write a "flashier, more provocative" abduction story. On the opening day of Fire in the Sky – March 12, 1993 – Walton and Mike Rogers appeared on the CNN program Larry King Live, which also featured Philip J. Klass. Walton has occasionally appeared at UFO conventions or on television. He sponsors his own UFO conference in Arizona called the "Skyfire Summit". In 2008, Walton appeared on the Fox game show The Moment of Truth. On January 19, 2021, Walton appeared on episode #1597 of the Joe Rogan Experience podcast. On August 25, 2023, he appeared in the fifth episode of the third season of How To with John Wilson, titled "How to Watch Birds". Rogers-Walton dispute of 2021 On March 19, 2021, Mike Rogers posted a statement to his Facebook page announcing "I, Michael H. Rogers, being of sound and rational mind, do hereby give notice that I am no longer to be considered a witness to Travis C. Walton's supposed abduction of November 5, 1975." He later clarified: "Travis tried to keep a new remake of the movie a secret from me. He has always had his big secrets that he has kept from me. It angered me. I tried over the last two weeks to reason with , but of no avail. I don’t believe Travis is an honest person, and therefore I want nothing to do with him." On April 30, Rogers placed a call to producer Ryan Gordon, who was working on a new film about the Walton incident. Gordon recorded the call without Rogers's knowledge, as permitted by Arizona law. Two months later, on July 4, Gordon publicly posted audio from the call which featured Rogers explaining: "We were talking in the woods one day... We were talking about creating a UFO hoax, okay? I don't know how the UFO got there. But I remember... when I was driving the truck and he jumped out, it was all deliberate. It was all a staged thing, okay? He ran up there and there was something about the UFO not being real, although it looked real." Rogers and Walton later reconciled and Rogers issued a statement retracting his confession. Modern views Waltons as UFO buffs and pranksters Mike Rogers and the Waltons were known for their interest in UFOs. One member of the crew recalled Mike Rogers and Travis Walton arguing about how UFOs can fly. Rogers later acknowledged he had watched "the first part" of the recent television special that dramatized the Barney Hill "alien abduction" case, while the Waltons acknowledged prior discussions of wanting to be taken aboard a UFO. The Walton family long had a reputation for pranks and practical jokes. One neighboring family, the Gibsons, recalled being the target of multiple pranks. Within four months of the incident, UFO author Raymond E. Fowler, himself a believer in UFOs and abductions, proposed that some members of the crew had been the victim of a hoax perpetrated by others in the crew. Authors including Klass and Pflock argue that Travis Walton and Mike Rogers planned the incident. As early as 1978, crew member Steve Pierce expressed suspicion that the incident had been a hoax. Pierce noted that on the day of the incident, Rogers made the crew stay past dark whereas they usually ended work at 4:00 PM. Pierce recalled that Walton did not work at all during the day of the incident, instead he slept in the truck while claiming to be ill "from carousing too much". He also reported that Mike Rogers disappeared from the worksite for two hours that day. National Enquirer misrepresented polygraph results Authors including Michael Shermer and Philip Klass note that while the National Enquirer tabloid publicized the opinion of a private polygraph examiner who reported the witnesses as being truthful, it omitted all mention of Walton's prior polygraph examiner who concluded Walton was being "grossly deceptive". They further note that while law enforcement had conducted a polygraph examination of the crew during their missing persons investigation into Walton's disappearance, the objective of that investigation was to determine whether the crew had killed Walton, not to investigate UFOs. Thus, they asked only four questions: three about violence against Walton and one asking if an unusual object was observed. Science writer and skeptic, Michael Shermer opined: "I think the polygraph is not a reliable determiner of truth. I think Travis Walton was not abducted by aliens. In both cases, the power of deception and self-deception is all we need to understand what really happened in 1975 and after." Contrast with alien abduction syndrome In the 1980s, reports of alien abductions became more widespread, promoted by authors Budd Hopkins, John E. Mack, and Whitley Strieber. Folklorist Thomas E. Bullard notes that that stories of alien abductions exhibit a fairly consistent sequence and description of events. Scholars suggest that alien abduction syndrome is the result of sleep paralysis or false memory syndrome. Walton didn't report paralysis, recovered memories or other common elements of an "alien abduction" narrative, leading Fire in the Sky screenwriter Tracy Tormé to opine "I don't think the Travis case is an abduction case... it doesn't fit any of the other patterns as in the cases that were explored in Intruders... So many witnesses, gone for five days... So I think all those things break the mold and make this case unique.' Philip J. Klass noted that "a 'UFO-Abduction Mold' did yet not exist in 1975". Possible role of fire lookout tower The crew normally traveled to and from Turkey Springs by way of Black Canyon Road, a 16.5 mile bumpy, low-speed dirt road which passed by the Gibson Ranch House where the Waltons were allowed to live. But on the night of the Walton incident, the crew may have returned by way of Rim Road, a smoother, graded road that passed the Gentry Fire Lookout Tower (top). Robert Sheaffer, a long-time writer for Skeptical Inquirer and a founding member of the UFO Subcommittee of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, has argued for decades that the Walton incident was a hoax. Starting in 2021, Sheaffer promoted the hypothesis that Rogers and the Waltons made use of a nearby fire lookout tower to achieve their hoax. While the crew typically traveled back to Heber via Black Canyon Road, Sheaffer suggests they returned that night via Rim Road, which passes by Gentry Tower: a 70-foot-tall Forest Service fire lookout tower equipped with a generator, a 200 square-foot living space for the lookout, an outer metal catwalk, and a spotlight. Sheaffer suggests Travis walked towards the tower, which was brightly lit above the tree tops, until an accomplice in the tower illuminated him with the spotlight. Sheaffer proposes that when Rogers later drove the crew back to the supposed abduction site, they actually arrived at a different spot entirely—one closer to their Turkey Springs site. See also List of reported UFO sightings References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Klass, Phillip J. (1983). UFOs: The Public Deceived. Buffalo, N.Y: Prometheus Books. ^ a b c Susan A. Clancy (2009). Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped by Aliens. Harvard University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-0-674-02957-6. ^ a b "Sheriff Skeptical of Story: Saucer Traveler Hiding After Returning To Earth". The Victoria Advocate. Associated Press, Nov 13, 1975. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s UFO-Abductions: A Dangerous Game, p.32 ^ Independent, Karen Warnick The (November 14, 2015). "40 years later: Most documented UFO sighting, abduction still draw interest". White Mountain Independent. Retrieved March 17, 2021. ^ a b c "The Walton Experience – Return". TravisWalton.com. Retrieved March 17, 2021. ^ "The Abduction". SYFY. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021. ^ a b c d Paul Kurtz (2013). The Transcendental Temptation: A Critique of Religion and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 441–. ISBN 978-1-61614-828-7. ^ Speigel, Lee (April 23, 2015). "UFO-Alien Abduction Still Haunts Travis Walton". Huffpost. Retrieved June 22, 2020. ^ a b c Shermer, Michael (August 15, 2012). "Travis Walton's Alien Abduction". Skeptic. The Skeptics Society. Archived from the original on August 23, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2016. ^ a b c d Sheaffer, Robert (March 21, 2021). "Mike Rogers Says that he is "No Longer to be Considered a Witness to Travis Walton's Supposed UFO Abduction"". ^ a b c d e f Sheaffer, Robert (July 17, 2021). "The Travis Walton 'UFO Abduction' Story - Meltdown!". Bad UFOs: Skepticism, UFOs, and The Universe. ^ Salisbury, Frank C. (February 2, 2023). The Utah UFO Display: A Scientist Brings Reason and Logic to over 400 Sightings in Utah's Uintah Basin. Cedar Fort Publishing & Media. ISBN 9781599557786 – via Google Books. ^ "Arizona Daily Sun 10 Nov 1975, page 2". Newspapers.com. ^ UFOs : the public deceived, p. 162 ^ Skomorowsky, Anne. "Alien Abduction or "Accidental Awareness"?". Scientific American. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021. ^ "Travis Walton Nov 8 1975". Arizona Daily Sun. November 8, 1975. p. 1 – via newspapers.com. ^ Fred Sylvanus ^ a b "Travis Walton NOV 11_1975". Arizona Republic. November 11, 1975. p. 10 – via newspapers.com. ^ "Birmingham Evening Mail 10 Nov 1975, page 1". Newspapers.com. ^ "Times Colonist 10 Nov 1975, page 2". Newspapers.com. ^ "The Buffalo News 10 Nov 1975, page 1". Newspapers.com. ^ "Fort Lauderdale News 10 Nov 1975, page Page 21". Newspapers.com. ^ a b Templeton, David (March 25, 2016). "Sonoma UFO forum is out of this world". sonomanews.com. Sonoma Index-Tribune. Retrieved April 27, 2016. ^ Sheaffer, Robert. (1981). The UFO Verdict: Examining the Evidence. Prometheus Books. p. 20. ISBN 978-0879751463 "APRO and The National Enquirer had arranged an earlier secret polygraph test for Travis with John J. McCarthy, the most experienced polygraph examiner in the state of Arizona. McCarthy found Travis to be attempting "gross deception," and pronounced the abduction story a hoax." ^ Baker, Robert Allen. (1992). Hidden Memories: Voices and Visions from Within. Prometheus Books. p. 319. ISBN 978-1-57392-094-0 "With regard to the Travis Walton affair, this was one of the more tawdry examples of "true-believer" chicanery, sensationalizing on the part of the media, and greedy men who tried to pull off a hoax that failed." ^ Hutchinson, Mike; Hoggart, Simon. (2000). Bizarre Beliefs. Richard Cohen Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-1860660214 "To put it bluntly, there is nothing in the Travis Walton story to suggest anything more than a hoax." ^ Nickell, Joe. (1992). Missing Pieces: How to Investigate Ghosts, UFOs, Psychics, & Other Mysteries. Prometheus Books. p. 202. ISBN 0-87975-729-9 "A more rigorous investigation by Philip J. Klass (1989) discovered that the case was a hoax, that the lie detector test was flawed, and the abduction a "put- up job" to make money." ^ Murphy, Ryan (March 19, 1993). "Reworking 'Fire in the Sky' – Paramount Pictures hires writer Tracy Tormé to add excitement to Travis Walton's alien account". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ^ Philip J. Klass (May 1993). "Skeptics UFO Newsletter" (PDF). Century For Inquiry. ^ "Larry King Live – Travis Walton UFO abduction case (3/12/1993)". MUFON NC. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021. ^ Sheaffer, Robert. "UFO Conspiracies at the UFO Congress". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 39, no. 4. p. 20. ^ "(Untitled)". The Moment of Truth. Season 2. Episode 10 (Part 3). October 16, 2015. Fox Broadcasting Company – via YouTube. ^ Rogan, Joe (January 19, 2021). "Travis Walton Tells His Story of Alien Abduction". The Joe Rogan Experience. Retrieved January 19, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ Rogan, Joe (January 19, 2021). "Travis Walton's Problem with 'Theories' on Aliens". The Joe Rogan Experience. Retrieved January 19, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ Rogan, Joe (January 19, 2021). "Travis Walton Remembers Encounter with Aliens". The Joe Rogan Experience. Retrieved January 19, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ Murthi, Vikram (August 25, 2023). "How to Explode a Car: John Wilson on How To with John Wilson's Final Season". Filmmaker magazine. ^ Sheaffer, Robert (July 3, 2021). "Crew Chief Mike Rogers Confesses the Travis Walton Hoax!". ^ "They called the ranch and said somebody has killed a whole bunch of your cows. They are dead all over the meadows up here. So we went running to see.. and there wasn't one dead cow... it was a complete hoax.. Another instance,... the mother called and said 'Your tank-dam is washing out and you're going to lose all your water'.. we got out there and the tank-dam was exactly as it ever was. So it's been just instances after instance that these things have happened." quoted in Klass (1983) ^ Bill Barry, Ultimate Encounter (1978) ^ Reprinted in Clark 1998 ^ Clancy, Susan A. (July 1, 2009). Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped by Aliens. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674029576 – via Google Books. ^ a b Klass, Philip J. (May 1993). "Torme Admits Walton's Tale Doesn't Follow Usual Abduction Script". Skeptics UFO Newsletter: 4. ^ kreidler, Marc (July 1, 2017). "A Good Analysis of Bad UFO Information \| Skeptical Inquirer". ^ "The News and Observer 11 Mar 1993, page 56". Newspapers.com. ^ "Detroit Free Press 31 Jul 1978, page Page 8". Newspapers.com. ^ "Gentry Lookout \| National Historic Lookout Register". nhlr.org. External links Travis Walton phone booth roadside attraction vteUFOs Ufology Claimed sightingsGeneral List of reported UFO sightings Sightings in outer space Pre-20th century Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC) Air ship of Clonmacnoise (740s) 1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg 1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel 1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund José Bonilla observation (1883) Airship wave (1896–97) Aurora (1897) 20th century Los Angeles (1942) Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946) Kenneth Arnold (1947) 1947 craze Flight 105 (1947) Roswell (1947) Rhodes (1947) Mantell (1948) Chiles-Whitted (1948) Gorman Dogfight (1948) Mariana (1950) McMinnville photographs (1950) Sperry (1950) Lubbock Lights (1951) Nash-Fortenberry (1952) Washington, D.C. (1952) Flatwoods monster (1952) Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955) Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956) Antônio Villas Boas (1957) Levelland (1957) Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961) Lonnie Zamora incident (1964) Solway Firth Spaceman (1964) Exeter (1965) Kecksburg (1965) Westall (1966) Falcon Lake (1967) Shag Harbour (1967) Jimmy Carter (1969) Finnish Air Force (1969) Pascagoula Abduction (1973) John Lennon UFO incident (1974) Travis Walton incident (1975) Tehran (1976) Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977) Operação Prato (1977) Zanfretta incident (1978) Valentich disappearance (1978) Kaikoura Lights (1978) Robert Taylor incident (1979) Val Johnson incident (1979) Manises (1979) Cash–Landrum incident (1980) Rendlesham Forest (1980) Trans-en-Provence (1981) Japan Air Lines (1986) Ilkley Moor (1987) Voronezh incident (1989) Belgian UFO wave (1990) Ariel School (1994) Varginha (1996) Phoenix Lights (1997) 21st century USS Nimitz UFO incident (2004) Campeche, Mexico (2004) O'Hare Airport (2006) Alderney (2007) Norway (2009) USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents (2014) Jetpack man (2020–21) High-altitude object events (2023) David Grusch claims (2023) Confirmed hoaxes Maury Island hoax (1947) Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947) Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949) Southern England (1967) Majestic 12 (1985) Gulf Breeze (1987–88) Alien Autopsy (1995 film) Morristown (2009) Sightings by country Africa (South Africa) Albania Argentina Australia Belarus Belgium Brazil Canada China Czech Republic France Greece India Indonesia Iran Italy Mexico Nepal New Zealand Norway Poland Russia Spain (Canary Islands) Sweden United Kingdom United States Types of UFOs Black triangle Flying saucer Foo fighter Ghost rockets Green fireballs Mystery airship Space jellyfish Types of alleged extraterrestrial beings Energy beings Grey aliens Insectoids Little green men Nordic aliens Reptilian humanoids Studies Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government The Flying Saucers Are Real (1947–1950) Project Sign (1948) Project Grudge (1949) Flying Saucer Working Party (1950) Project Magnet (1950–1962) Project Blue Book (1952–1970) Robertson Panel (1953) Ruppelt report (1956) National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980) Condon Report (1966–1968) Institute 22 (1978–?) Project Condign (1997–2000) Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012) Identification studies of UFOs Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current) NASA's UAP independent study team Hypotheses Ancient astronauts Cryptoterrestrial Extraterrestrial Interdimensional Psychosocial Nazi UFOs Time-traveller Trotskyist-Posadism Conspiracy theories Area 51 Storm Area 51 Bob Lazar Dulce Base Men in black Project Serpo InvolvementAbduction claims History Entities Claimants Narrative Perspectives Insurance Other Implants Cattle mutilation Close encounter Contactee Crop circles Government responses GEIPAN Organizations Ufologists Culture Fiction Religions list Skepticism List of scientific skeptics Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Travis_Walton_2019_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"alien abduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abduction"},{"link_name":"Apache–Sitgreaves National Forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache%E2%80%93Sitgreaves_National_Forests"},{"link_name":"Heber, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heber-Overgaard,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clancy2009-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"The UFO Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_UFO_Incident"},{"link_name":"Barney and Betty Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Betty_Hill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TravisWalton.com-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurtz2013-8"},{"link_name":"Fire in the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_in_the_Sky"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Philip J. Klass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J._Klass"},{"link_name":"Michael Shermer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shermer"},{"link_name":"Act of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_God"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shermer-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheaffer2021-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheaffer-12"}],"text":"Travis Walton at The 2019 International UFO Congress in Phoenix, ArizonaThe Travis Walton incident was an alleged alien abduction of American forestry worker Travis Walton on November 5, 1975 in the Apache–Sitgreaves National Forests near Heber, Arizona. It is widely regarded as a hoax, even by believers of UFOs and alien abductions.[1][2][3]Walton was employed by future brother-in-law Mike Rogers on a federal contract. On October 20, Rogers acknowledged in writing that the job had fallen seriously behind schedule and might not be completed by the deadline.[4] That night, Walton and Rogers watched The UFO Incident, a movie about the alleged abduction of Barney and Betty Hill. After the broadcast, Walton reportedly discussed the possibility of being taken aboard a flying saucer.[4]On November 5, the crew reported Walton missing. They recalled driving back after sunset when Rogers stopped the truck and Walton walked into the forest towards an overhead light. Walton was illuminated by a beam of light, and Rogers drove away with the others. Police organized search parties that were called off at the insistence of Travis's mother. After five days and six hours, Walton called his sister from a phone booth in Heber.[5][6][7] Walton sold his story to tabloid The National Enquirer, which published the account and awarded the crew a $5,000 prize.[8] In 1978, he wrote The Walton Experience, which was adapted into the 1993 film Fire in the Sky.[9]Science writers Philip J. Klass and Michael Shermer highlight a potential motive for the hoax was to provide an \"Act of God\" that would allow the crew to avoid a steep financial penalty from the Forestry Service for failing to complete their contract by the deadline.[10][1] In 2021, Mike Rogers said the incident had been staged but later retracted his statement.[11] After 2021 interviews with Rogers, researchers proposed that a nearby fire lookout tower and its spotlight were used to create the illusion of a flying saucer shining a beam of light on Walton.[12]","title":"Travis Walton incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In the Spring of 1972, the National Enquirer tabloid began advertising a $50,000 prize for proof of extraterrestrial visitors. By 1975, the prize had been raised to $100,000.[13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Arizona_location_map_simple.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Arizona_location_map_simple.svg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache-Sitgreaves_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"}],"sub_title":"Travis Walton and the Turkey Springs forestry job","text":"Turkey SpringsHeberSnowflakePhoenixclass=notpageimage\| Turkey Springs, about 12 miles south of Heber, was the site of the forestry contract and reported abduction. Travis and the rest of the crew lived 30 miles away in Snowflake. Travis was picked up days later at a phone booth in Heber. After his return, Travis traveled with his brother Duane to Phoenix.[14]Travis Walton was born around 1953 to Mary Walton (later Mary Walton Kellott). On May 5, 1971, Travis Walton and associate Carl Rogers pleaded guilty to breaking into the offices of the Western Molding Company, stealing company checks, forging and then cashing them. The pair were placed on probation for two years, after which they were allowed to plead not guilty and \"cleanse their records\".[4]In 1975, Travis, age 22, was a member of a seven-person forestry crew led by Carl's older brother Michael H. Rogers, age 28.[15] The year prior, Rogers won a bid for a federal contract to thin out small trees from an area known as Turkey Springs in the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest when he underbid two other contractors. The Turkey Springs job called for the thinning of 1,277 acres by August 1975.[4] Rogers requested, and was granted, an extension until November 10.[4] On October 16, a Forestry Service inspector visited the site and concluded the job could not possibly be completed by the deadline.[4] Failure to complete the job could lead to a $2,500 penalty and a disqualification from bidding on future Forestry Service contracts.[4]On October 20, Rogers wrote to his Forestry Service contracting officer: \"I cannot honestly say whether or not we will finish on time. However, we are working every day with as much manpower as I can hire. I will not stop work until the job is finished or until I am asked to stop. I have had considerable trouble keeping a full crew on the job. The area is very thick and the guys have poor morale because of this.... We will keep working and trying hard.\"[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_of_visual_similarity_between_The_UFO_Incident_starring_James_Earl_Jones_and_cover_art_for_Fire_in_the_Sky_by_Travis_Walton.png"},{"link_name":"The UFO Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_UFO_Incident"},{"link_name":"prime-time special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_special"},{"link_name":"The UFO Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_UFO_Incident"},{"link_name":"James Earl Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Jones"},{"link_name":"Barney Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Hill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"Recovered-memory therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy"},{"link_name":"false memories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_memories"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PWiwN-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clancy2009-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clancy2009-2"},{"link_name":"Philip J. Klass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J._Klass"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"}],"sub_title":"Barney Hill and NBC's The UFO Incident","text":"Comparison between The UFO Incident starring James Earl Jones (top) and Travis Walton's account, as illustrated on the cover of his book (bottom). Both works depict a motorist who walks into the woods toward an overhead light when he is illuminated by a beam of light.On October 20, 1975, the same night that Rogers wrote to the Forestry Service, the NBC network aired a prime-time special: The UFO Incident, a made-for-TV movie about an alleged alien abduction. The film starred James Earl Jones as Barney Hill, who had undergone a hypnosis session with a psychiatrist in 1964, after which he reported recollections of an alien abduction.[4] Recovered-memory therapy is not based on scientific evidence, and recovered memories are indistinguishable from false memories.[16]The film aired two weeks before the Travis Walton UFO incident, prompting suggestions that the film inspired Rogers and Walton to concoct their own alleged abduction story.[2] Psychologists and skeptics argued that \"after viewing this movie, any person with a little imagination could now become an instant celebrity\" by claiming an abduction, concluding that \"one of those instant celebrities was Travis Walton.\"[2]According to researcher Philip J. Klass, shortly before his disappearance, Travis told his mother not to worry if he were ever abducted by aliens because he would return safe and sound.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"}],"text":"On November 5, 1975, crew chief Michael H. Rogers reported Travis Walton missing to the Navajo County Sheriff.[4] Six members of the crew claimed they were driving down a forest road when they saw a lit object above the ground near the roadway.[4] They reported that Walton got out of the truck and ran towards the object, which shone a light on him.[4] They said they drove away in fear, only to return 15 minutes later to find both Walton and the light missing.[4][17] At 7:45 PM, a member of the logging crew called officer L.C. Ellison. Ellison, Sheriff Marlin Gillespie, and Deputy Kenneth Coplan drove to Heber to meet with the loggers. Rogers and two crew members agreed to return to Turkey Springs with the three officers, while the three other crew members refused to return and instead drove home in Rogers's vehicle.[1] The five men searched Turkey Springs until shortly after midnight, when Sheriff Gillespie paused the search until the morning.[1]Around 1:30 AM, Navajo County Deputy Sheriff Kenneth Coplan and Rogers visited Walton's mother. According to Coplan, when he informed her of the disappearance, she said, \"Well, that's the way these things happen.\" Coplan said he was shocked by how calmly she took the news and her general lack of surprise.[1] Walton, his older brother Duane, and his mother were described by the sheriff as \"longtime students of UFOs\".[3] Because Travis Walton's mother lived in a ranch house without telephone service, Rogers drove her into town so she could call Travis's brother Duane and their sister while Coplan followed. Around 3:00 AM, Walton's mother called her daughter, waking her; Deputy Coplan was again shocked at how well Travis's family took the news.[1]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Administration_of_Polygraph_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"Act of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_God"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DangGame32-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MomPointless-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MomPointless-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"}],"sub_title":"Missing person investigation","text":"In the 1970s, polygraph examinations were a common technique in law enforcement. On November 11, members of the crew underwent polygraph examinations to determine if they had killed Travis — all honestly reported they hadn't.The following day, November 7, a search party of nearly 50 people scoured the Turkey Springs area, but failed to find Travis or any signs of an altercation. Law enforcement were surprised when, after a few hours, Travis's mother told them \"I don't think there is any use of looking any further. He's not around here. I don't think he's on this earth.\" Sheriff Gillespie then dismissed the volunteers.[1] However the following morning, November 8, Rogers and Duane Walton complained in person about the discontinued search. As a result, Sheriff Gillespie assembled another search party which included a helicopter.Regional papers covered the story on November 8, and that day, a member of a Phoenix-based UFO interest group[18] recorded a 65-minute interview with crew chief Mike Rogers and Travis's older brother Duane Walton; At no point during the interview did either express any fear or concern for Travis, rather they expressed confidence that Travis would be returned.[4] During the interview, Rogers discussed the Forestry contract, saying \"This contract we have is seriously behind schedule. In fact, Monday the time is up. We haven't done any work on it since Wednesday because of this thing, and therefore it won't be done. I hope they take that into account.\"[4] Forestry contracts included an Act of God clause that excused contractors who were delinquent due to unforeseeable circumstances.[4]During the interview, Duane revealed that he, Travis, and their mother were UFO buffs who had previously discussed that if they ever saw a UFO, they would \"immediately get directly under the object\" because the \"opportunity\" to go aboard a UFO would be \"too great to pass up\".[4] Duane repeatedly insisted that Travis was \"not even missing. He knows where he's at and I know where he's at\".[4]On November 9, law enforcement continued the search for Travis, until late afternoon when Walton's mother again requested the search be halted.[19]\nBy November 10, stories of Walton's disappearance were being published throughout the US, UK, and Canada.[20][21][22][23] On November 11, the press reported that Travis's mother felt any further searching for Travis would be useless.[19] Also on November 11, Rogers and the five other members of the forestry crew were interrogated by Arizona Dept. of Public Safety polygraph examiner C.E. Gilson to determine if the men had murdered Travis Walton. All denied having harmed Travis—Gilson opined that five out of the six men were being truthful and described results for the sixth man, Allen Dalis, as \"inconclusive\".[1]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collect call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collect_call"},{"link_name":"Heber, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heber-Overgaard,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TravisWalton.com-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"short, bald creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_alien"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TravisWalton.com-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurtz2013-8"}],"sub_title":"Walton returns","text":"On November 12, shortly after midnight, Walton placed a collect call to his sister's home from a payphone in Heber, Arizona.[6][1] He reached her husband, Grant Neff, who then drove to pick up Duane and proceeded to Heber to pick up Travis; Neff later reported he initially thought the caller was intoxicated.[1] As part of the collect call procedure, Travis told the operator his name; She recognized his name as that of the missing man and alerted Sheriff Gillespie, who dispatched a Deputy to the family ranch house.[1]Deputy Glen Flake arrived at 2:00 AM, where he witnessed Duane Walton transferring fuel from one car to another after having forgotten to purchase gas before local stations closed. Flake did not reveal that they knew Travis had returned home, and Duane did not tell the deputy that Travis had been found.[1]Seeking medical attention for Travis, Duane reached out to a UFO researcher he'd met days prior; the researcher referred them to \"Dr.\" Lester Steward, a hypnotherapist. Duane took Travis to meet with Steward, but his first words were that Travis needed a medical examination with lab tests and was not ready for hypnotic regression. Steward noted that Travis seemed \"very confused\" and reminiscent of drug addicts he'd treated. Steward also noted that Travis had a small lesion on the inside crease of his right elbow, consistent with intravenous drug use. After meeting with Steward, the Waltons returned to Duane's home where UFO researchers arranged a house call by two medical doctors who were also amateur UFO investigators. When they arrived at 3:00 PM, Duane forbade them to use their camera or tape recorder, nor would he allow them to ask Travis questions about his experience. The doctors noted the presence of the apparent puncture mark and estimated it to be 24 to 48 hours old.[1]That day, stories of Travis's return had begun to spread, and press began calling Duane's home in an attempt to reach Travis. Duane finally informed law enforcement of Travis's return, calling Sheriff Gillespie who insisted on seeing Travis immediately. The sheriff drove the four hours into Glendale and arrived at 11:00 PM. Duane and Travis demanded that Sheriff Gillespie not record the interview.[1]After a local UFO group facilitated the connection, Duane and Travis moved into a suite at the Sheraton Inn in Scottsdale; Costs were covered by The National Enquirer in exchange for exclusive access to Walton and his story. On November 14, Travis skipped a polygraph interview with police, but that night, in the presence of Enquirer reporters, a doctor associated with a UFO group had a two-hour conversation with a hypnotized Travis about the incident. The following day, November 15, Travis was interviewed by Jack McCarthy a free-lance polygraph examiner arranged by a UFO group and the Enquirer. McCarthy concluded that Travis was engaged in a \"gross deception\" and had even been intentionally holding his breath in an attempt to \"beat the machine\".[1]On November 22, Travis appeared on Phoenix television station KOOL where he was interviewed about the incident. Travis claimed that he lost consciousness when struck by a beam of light, and that he awoke in a hospital-like room, being observed by three short, bald creatures. He says that he fought with them until a human wearing a helmet led Walton to another room, where he blacked out as three other humans put a clear plastic mask over his face. Walton has said that he remembers nothing else until he found himself walking along a highway five days later, with the flying saucer departing above him.[6][8]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO"},{"link_name":"The National Enquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Enquirer"},{"link_name":"polygraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph"},{"link_name":"Aerial Phenomena Research Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_Phenomena_Research_Organization"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurtz2013-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shermer-10"},{"link_name":"Ufologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufologist"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Templeton-24"},{"link_name":"Skeptics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_skeptic"},{"link_name":"hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax"},{"link_name":"media circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_circus"},{"link_name":"Philip J. Klass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J._Klass"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurtz2013-8"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Fire in the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_in_the_Sky"},{"link_name":"Robert Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Patrick"},{"link_name":"D.B. Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.B._Sweeney"},{"link_name":"Craig Sheffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Sheffer"},{"link_name":"Peter Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Berg"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Tracy Tormé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Torm%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Larry King Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_King_Live"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Templeton-24"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"The Moment of Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moment_of_Truth_(American_game_show)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Joe Rogan Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Rogan_Experience"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"How To with John Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_To_with_John_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"In the days following Walton's UFO claim, The National Enquirer awarded Walton and his co-workers a $5,000 prize for \"best UFO case of the year\" after they were said to have passed polygraph tests administered by the Enquirer and the Aerial Phenomena Research Organization (APRO).[8][10] Ufologist Jim Ledwith said, \"For five days, the authorities thought he'd been murdered by his co-workers, and then he was returned.\" According to Ledwith, \"all of the co-workers who were there, who saw the spacecraft, they all took polygraph tests, and they all passed, except for one, and that one was inconclusive.\"[24]Skeptics include the story as an example of a UFO hoax promoted by a credulous media circus with the resulting publicity exploited by Walton to make money. UFO researcher Philip J. Klass, who agreed that Walton's story was a hoax perpetrated for financial gain, identified many discrepancies in the accounts of Walton and his co-workers. After investigating the case, Klass reported that the polygraph tests were \"poorly administered\", that Walton used \"polygraph countermeasures,\" such as holding his breath, and that Klass uncovered an earlier failed test administered by an examiner who concluded the case involved \"gross deception\".[25][26][27][8][28]In 1978, Walton wrote the book The Walton Experience detailing his claims. In 1993, the book served as the inspiration for the 1993 film Fire in the Sky, starring Robert Patrick as Mike Rogers, D.B. Sweeney as Travis Walton, Craig Sheffer as Allan Dallis, Peter Berg as David Whitlock, and Georgia Emelin as Dana Rogers. Travis Walton made a cameo in the film. Paramount Pictures decided that Walton's account was \"too fuzzy and too similar to other televised close encounters\", so they ordered screenwriter Tracy Tormé to write a \"flashier, more provocative\" abduction story.[29] On the opening day of Fire in the Sky – March 12, 1993 – Walton and Mike Rogers appeared on the CNN program Larry King Live, which also featured Philip J. Klass.[30][31]Walton has occasionally appeared at UFO conventions or on television. He sponsors his own UFO conference in Arizona called the \"Skyfire Summit\".[24] In 2008, Walton appeared on the Fox game show The Moment of Truth.[32][33] On January 19, 2021, Walton appeared on episode #1597 of the Joe Rogan Experience podcast.[34][35][36] On August 25, 2023, he appeared in the fifth episode of the third season of How To with John Wilson, titled \"How to Watch Birds\".[37]","title":"Publicity and popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheaffer2021-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheaffer2021-11"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheaffer2021-11"}],"text":"On March 19, 2021, Mike Rogers posted a statement to his Facebook page announcing \"I, Michael H. Rogers, being of sound and rational mind, do hereby give notice that I am no longer to be considered a witness to Travis C. Walton's supposed abduction of November 5, 1975.\"[11] He later clarified: \"Travis tried to keep a new remake of the movie a secret from me. He has always had his big secrets that he has kept from me. It angered me. I tried over the last two weeks to reason with [him], but of no avail. I don’t believe Travis is an honest person, and therefore I want nothing to do with him.\"[11]On April 30, Rogers placed a call to producer Ryan Gordon, who was working on a new film about the Walton incident. Gordon recorded the call without Rogers's knowledge, as permitted by Arizona law. Two months later, on July 4, Gordon publicly posted audio from the call which featured Rogers explaining: \"We were talking in the woods one day... We were talking about creating a UFO hoax, okay? I don't know how the UFO got there. But I remember... when I was driving the truck and he jumped out, it was all deliberate. It was all a staged thing, okay? He ran up there and there was something about the UFO not being real, although it looked real.\"[38] Rogers and Walton later reconciled and Rogers issued a statement retracting his confession.[11]","title":"Rogers-Walton dispute of 2021"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Modern views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prankster-39"},{"link_name":"Raymond E. Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_E._Fowler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"}],"sub_title":"Waltons as UFO buffs and pranksters","text":"Mike Rogers and the Waltons were known for their interest in UFOs. One member of the crew recalled Mike Rogers and Travis Walton arguing about how UFOs can fly.[1] Rogers later acknowledged he had watched \"the first part\" of the recent television special that dramatized the Barney Hill \"alien abduction\" case, while the Waltons acknowledged prior discussions of wanting to be taken aboard a UFO.[1]\nThe Walton family long had a reputation for pranks and practical jokes. One neighboring family, the Gibsons, recalled being the target of multiple pranks.[39]Within four months of the incident, UFO author Raymond E. Fowler, himself a believer in UFOs and abductions, proposed that some members of the crew had been the victim of a hoax perpetrated by others in the crew. Authors including Klass and Pflock argue that Travis Walton and Mike Rogers planned the incident.[1]As early as 1978, crew member Steve Pierce expressed suspicion that the incident had been a hoax.[1] Pierce noted that on the day of the incident, Rogers made the crew stay past dark whereas they usually ended work at 4:00 PM.[1] Pierce recalled that Walton did not work at all during the day of the incident, instead he slept in the truck while claiming to be ill \"from carousing too much\".[40][1] He also reported that Mike Rogers disappeared from the worksite for two hours that day.[1]","title":"Modern views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubDeceiv-1"},{"link_name":"Michael Shermer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shermer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shermer-10"}],"sub_title":"National Enquirer misrepresented polygraph results","text":"Authors including Michael Shermer and Philip Klass note that while the National Enquirer tabloid publicized the opinion of a private polygraph examiner who reported the witnesses as being truthful, it omitted all mention of Walton's prior polygraph examiner who concluded Walton was being \"grossly deceptive\".[1] They further note that while law enforcement had conducted a polygraph examination of the crew during their missing persons investigation into Walton's disappearance, the objective of that investigation was to determine whether the crew had killed Walton, not to investigate UFOs. Thus, they asked only four questions: three about violence against Walton and one asking if an unusual object was observed.[1]Science writer and skeptic, Michael Shermer opined: \"I think the polygraph is not a reliable determiner of truth. I think Travis Walton was not abducted by aliens. In both cases, the power of deception and self-deception is all we need to understand what really happened in 1975 and after.\"[10]","title":"Modern views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alien abductions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abductions"},{"link_name":"Budd Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"John E. Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Mack"},{"link_name":"Whitley Strieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitley_Strieber"},{"link_name":"stories of alien abductions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_abduction_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"sleep paralysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis"},{"link_name":"false memory syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_memory_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Tracy Tormé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Torm%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KlassTorme-43"},{"link_name":"Philip J. Klass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J._Klass"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KlassTorme-43"}],"sub_title":"Contrast with alien abduction syndrome","text":"In the 1980s, reports of alien abductions became more widespread, promoted by authors Budd Hopkins, John E. Mack, and Whitley Strieber. Folklorist Thomas E. Bullard notes that that stories of alien abductions exhibit a fairly consistent sequence and description of events.[41] Scholars suggest that alien abduction syndrome is the result of sleep paralysis or false memory syndrome.[42]Walton didn't report paralysis, recovered memories or other common elements of an \"alien abduction\" narrative, leading Fire in the Sky screenwriter Tracy Tormé to opine \"I don't think the Travis case is an abduction case... it doesn't fit any of the other patterns as in the cases that were explored in [Budd Hopkin's book] Intruders... So many witnesses, gone for five days... So I think all those things break the mold and make this case unique.'[43] Philip J. Klass noted that \"a 'UFO-Abduction Mold' did yet not exist in 1975\".[43]","title":"Modern views"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gentry_Fire_Lookout_Tower_in_Apache-Sitgreaves_National_Forests_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_Travis_Walton_incident.svg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheaffer-12"},{"link_name":"Robert Sheaffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sheaffer"},{"link_name":"Skeptical Inquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer"},{"link_name":"Committee for Skeptical Inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheaffer-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheaffer-12"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheaffer-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheaffer-12"}],"sub_title":"Possible role of fire lookout tower","text":"The crew normally traveled to and from Turkey Springs by way of Black Canyon Road, a 16.5 mile bumpy, low-speed dirt road which passed by the Gibson Ranch House where the Waltons were allowed to live. But on the night of the Walton incident, the crew may have returned by way of Rim Road, a smoother, graded road that passed the Gentry Fire Lookout Tower (top).[12]Robert Sheaffer, a long-time writer for Skeptical Inquirer and a founding member of the UFO Subcommittee of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, has argued for decades that the Walton incident was a hoax.[44][45][46] Starting in 2021, Sheaffer promoted the hypothesis that Rogers and the Waltons made use of a nearby fire lookout tower to achieve their hoax.[12]While the crew typically traveled back to Heber via Black Canyon Road, Sheaffer suggests they returned that night via Rim Road, which passes by Gentry Tower: a 70-foot-tall Forest Service fire lookout tower equipped with a generator, a 200 square-foot living space for the lookout, an outer metal catwalk, and a spotlight.[12][47] Sheaffer suggests Travis walked towards the tower, which was brightly lit above the tree tops, until an accomplice in the tower illuminated him with the spotlight.[12] Sheaffer proposes that when Rogers later drove the crew back to the supposed abduction site, they actually arrived at a different spot entirely—one closer to their Turkey Springs site.[12]","title":"Modern views"}]	[{"image_text":"Travis Walton at The 2019 International UFO Congress in Phoenix, Arizona","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Travis_Walton_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Travis_Walton_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Comparison between The UFO Incident starring James Earl Jones (top) and Travis Walton's account, as illustrated on the cover of his book (bottom). Both works depict a motorist who walks into the woods toward an overhead light when he is illuminated by a beam of light.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/61/Comparison_of_visual_similarity_between_The_UFO_Incident_starring_James_Earl_Jones_and_cover_art_for_Fire_in_the_Sky_by_Travis_Walton.png"},{"image_text":"In the 1970s, polygraph examinations were a common technique in law enforcement. On November 11, members of the crew underwent polygraph examinations to determine if they had killed Travis — all honestly reported they hadn't.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Administration_of_Polygraph_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Administration_of_Polygraph_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of reported UFO sightings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings"}]	[{"reference":"Klass, Phillip J. (1983). UFOs: The Public Deceived. Buffalo, N.Y: Prometheus Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ufospublicdeceiv0000klas_o9o5/","url_text":"UFOs: The Public Deceived"}]},{"reference":"Susan A. Clancy (2009). Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped by Aliens. Harvard University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-0-674-02957-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U8fqoTvsvUEC&pg=PA99","url_text":"Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped by Aliens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02957-6","url_text":"978-0-674-02957-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Sheriff Skeptical of Story: Saucer Traveler Hiding After Returning To Earth\". The Victoria Advocate. Associated Press, Nov 13, 1975. Retrieved April 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19751113&id=1RJZAAAAIBAJ&pg=2223,2068472&hl=en","url_text":"\"Sheriff Skeptical of Story: Saucer Traveler Hiding After Returning To Earth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Independent, Karen Warnick The (November 14, 2015). \"40 years later: Most documented UFO sighting, abduction still draw interest\". White Mountain Independent. Retrieved March 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmicentral.com/news/arizona_news/40-years-later-most-documented-ufo-sighting-abduction-still-draw-interest/article_f10689c2-8982-11e5-82e2-d3306821f49b.html","url_text":"\"40 years later: Most documented UFO sighting, abduction still draw interest\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Walton Experience – Return\". TravisWalton.com. Retrieved March 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travis-walton.com/return.html","url_text":"\"The Walton Experience – Return\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Abduction\". SYFY. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003800/https://www.syfy.com/paranormal-witness/episodes/season/2/episode/9/the-abduction","url_text":"\"The Abduction\""},{"url":"https://www.syfy.com/paranormal-witness/episodes/season/2/episode/9/the-abduction","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Paul Kurtz (2013). The Transcendental Temptation: A Critique of Religion and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 441–. ISBN 978-1-61614-828-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PQh6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT441","url_text":"The Transcendental Temptation: A Critique of Religion and the Paranormal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Books","url_text":"Prometheus Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-828-7","url_text":"978-1-61614-828-7"}]},{"reference":"Speigel, Lee (April 23, 2015). \"UFO-Alien Abduction Still Haunts Travis Walton\". Huffpost. Retrieved June 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/travis-walton-still-haunted-by-ufo_n_7119910","url_text":"\"UFO-Alien Abduction Still Haunts Travis Walton\""}]},{"reference":"Shermer, Michael (August 15, 2012). \"Travis Walton's Alien Abduction\". Skeptic. The Skeptics Society. Archived from the original on August 23, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/12-08-15/","url_text":"\"Travis Walton's Alien Abduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptic_(U.S._magazine)","url_text":"Skeptic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptics_Society","url_text":"The Skeptics Society"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120823221138/http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/12-08-15/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sheaffer, Robert (March 21, 2021). \"Mike Rogers Says that he is \"No Longer to be Considered a Witness to Travis Walton's Supposed UFO Abduction\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://badufos.blogspot.com/2021/03/mike-rogers-says-that-he-is-no-longer.html","url_text":"\"Mike Rogers Says that he is \"No Longer to be Considered a Witness to Travis Walton's Supposed UFO Abduction\"\""}]},{"reference":"Sheaffer, Robert (July 17, 2021). \"The Travis Walton 'UFO Abduction' Story - Meltdown!\". Bad UFOs: Skepticism, UFOs, and The Universe.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sheaffer","url_text":"Sheaffer, Robert"},{"url":"https://badufos.blogspot.com/2021/07/the-travis-walton-ufo-abduction-story.html","url_text":"\"The Travis Walton 'UFO Abduction' Story - Meltdown!\""}]},{"reference":"Salisbury, Frank C. (February 2, 2023). The Utah UFO Display: A Scientist Brings Reason and Logic to over 400 Sightings in Utah's Uintah Basin. Cedar Fort Publishing & Media. ISBN 9781599557786 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UWarEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36","url_text":"The Utah UFO Display: A Scientist Brings Reason and Logic to over 400 Sightings in Utah's Uintah Basin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599557786","url_text":"9781599557786"}]},{"reference":"\"Arizona Daily Sun 10 Nov 1975, page 2\". Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/516644977","url_text":"\"Arizona Daily Sun 10 Nov 1975, page 2\""}]},{"reference":"Skomorowsky, Anne. \"Alien Abduction or \"Accidental Awareness\"?\". Scientific American. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/alien-abduction-or-accidental-awareness/","url_text":"\"Alien Abduction or \"Accidental Awareness\"?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American","url_text":"Scientific American"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210427025801/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/alien-abduction-or-accidental-awareness/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Travis Walton Nov 8 1975\". Arizona Daily Sun. November 8, 1975. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-daily-sun-travis-walton-nov-8-19/82602751/","url_text":"\"Travis Walton Nov 8 1975\""}]},{"reference":"\"Travis Walton NOV 11_1975\". Arizona Republic. November 11, 1975. p. 10 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-republic-travis-walton-nov-1119/82607024/","url_text":"\"Travis Walton NOV 11_1975\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham Evening Mail 10 Nov 1975, page 1\". Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/856201496/","url_text":"\"Birmingham Evening Mail 10 Nov 1975, page 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Times Colonist 10 Nov 1975, page 2\". Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/507315174/","url_text":"\"Times Colonist 10 Nov 1975, page 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Buffalo News 10 Nov 1975, page 1\". Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/872800724/","url_text":"\"The Buffalo News 10 Nov 1975, page 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Lauderdale News 10 Nov 1975, page Page 21\". Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/231566136/","url_text":"\"Fort Lauderdale News 10 Nov 1975, page Page 21\""}]},{"reference":"Templeton, David (March 25, 2016). \"Sonoma UFO forum is out of this world\". sonomanews.com. Sonoma Index-Tribune. Retrieved April 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sonomanews.com/home/5422957-181/sonoma-ufo-forum-is-out?artslide=0","url_text":"\"Sonoma UFO forum is out of this world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_Index-Tribune","url_text":"Sonoma Index-Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Ryan (March 19, 1993). \"Reworking 'Fire in the Sky' – Paramount Pictures hires writer Tracy Tormé to add excitement to Travis Walton's alien account\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. 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Retrieved June 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215956/https://www.ncmufon.com/news/2018/3/10/larry-king-live-travis-walton-ufo-abduction-case-3121993","url_text":"\"Larry King Live – Travis Walton UFO abduction case (3/12/1993)\""},{"url":"https://www.ncmufon.com/news/2018/3/10/larry-king-live-travis-walton-ufo-abduction-case-3121993","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sheaffer, Robert. \"UFO Conspiracies at the UFO Congress\". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 39, no. 4. p. 20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer","url_text":"Skeptical Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"\"(Untitled)\". The Moment of Truth. Season 2. Episode 10 (Part 3). October 16, 2015. Fox Broadcasting Company – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWP41Ld6tm0","url_text":"\"(Untitled)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moment_of_Truth_(American_game_show)","url_text":"The Moment of Truth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"Fox Broadcasting Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Rogan, Joe (January 19, 2021). \"Travis Walton Tells His Story of Alien Abduction\". The Joe Rogan Experience. Retrieved January 19, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogan,_Joe","url_text":"Rogan, Joe"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsiKEBAFmm4","url_text":"\"Travis Walton Tells His Story of Alien Abduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joe_Rogan_Experience","url_text":"The Joe Rogan Experience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Rogan, Joe (January 19, 2021). \"Travis Walton's Problem with 'Theories' on Aliens\". The Joe Rogan Experience. Retrieved January 19, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogan,_Joe","url_text":"Rogan, Joe"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C66l3u7PhwQ","url_text":"\"Travis Walton's Problem with 'Theories' on Aliens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joe_Rogan_Experience","url_text":"The Joe Rogan Experience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Rogan, Joe (January 19, 2021). \"Travis Walton Remembers Encounter with Aliens\". The Joe Rogan Experience. Retrieved January 19, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogan,_Joe","url_text":"Rogan, Joe"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwfJIFH3WMY&t=25s","url_text":"\"Travis Walton Remembers Encounter with Aliens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joe_Rogan_Experience","url_text":"The Joe Rogan Experience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Murthi, Vikram (August 25, 2023). \"How to Explode a Car: John Wilson on How To with John Wilson's Final Season\". Filmmaker magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmmakermagazine.com/122676-interview-how-to-with-john-wilson-final-season-exploding-car/","url_text":"\"How to Explode a Car: John Wilson on How To with John Wilson's Final Season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaker_(magazine)","url_text":"Filmmaker magazine"}]},{"reference":"Sheaffer, Robert (July 3, 2021). \"Crew Chief Mike Rogers Confesses the Travis Walton Hoax!\".","urls":[{"url":"https://badufos.blogspot.com/2021/07/crew-chief-mike-rogers-confesses-travis.html","url_text":"\"Crew Chief Mike Rogers Confesses the Travis Walton Hoax!\""}]},{"reference":"Clancy, Susan A. (July 1, 2009). Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped by Aliens. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674029576 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WUkvEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped by Aliens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674029576","url_text":"9780674029576"}]},{"reference":"Klass, Philip J. (May 1993). \"Torme Admits Walton's Tale Doesn't Follow Usual Abduction Script\". Skeptics UFO Newsletter: 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J._Klass","url_text":"Klass, Philip J."}]},{"reference":"kreidler, Marc (July 1, 2017). \"A Good Analysis of Bad UFO Information \| Skeptical Inquirer\".","urls":[{"url":"https://skepticalinquirer.org/2017/07/a-good-analysis-of-bad-ufo-information/","url_text":"\"A Good Analysis of Bad UFO Information \| Skeptical Inquirer\""}]},{"reference":"\"The News and Observer 11 Mar 1993, page 56\". Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/656212180/","url_text":"\"The News and Observer 11 Mar 1993, page 56\""}]},{"reference":"\"Detroit Free Press 31 Jul 1978, page Page 8\". Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/98609221/","url_text":"\"Detroit Free Press 31 Jul 1978, page Page 8\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gentry Lookout \| National Historic Lookout Register\". nhlr.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://nhlr.org/lookouts/us/az/gentry-lookout/","url_text":"\"Gentry Lookout \| National Historic Lookout Register\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Travis_Walton_UFO_incident","external_links_name":"reviewed"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ufospublicdeceiv0000klas_o9o5/","external_links_name":"UFOs: The Public Deceived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U8fqoTvsvUEC&pg=PA99","external_links_name":"Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped by Aliens"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19751113&id=1RJZAAAAIBAJ&pg=2223,2068472&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Sheriff Skeptical of Story: Saucer Traveler Hiding After Returning To Earth\""},{"Link":"https://www.wmicentral.com/news/arizona_news/40-years-later-most-documented-ufo-sighting-abduction-still-draw-interest/article_f10689c2-8982-11e5-82e2-d3306821f49b.html","external_links_name":"\"40 years later: Most documented UFO sighting, abduction still draw interest\""},{"Link":"https://www.travis-walton.com/return.html","external_links_name":"\"The Walton Experience – Return\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003800/https://www.syfy.com/paranormal-witness/episodes/season/2/episode/9/the-abduction","external_links_name":"\"The Abduction\""},{"Link":"https://www.syfy.com/paranormal-witness/episodes/season/2/episode/9/the-abduction","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PQh6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT441","external_links_name":"The Transcendental Temptation: A Critique of Religion and the Paranormal"},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/travis-walton-still-haunted-by-ufo_n_7119910","external_links_name":"\"UFO-Alien Abduction Still Haunts Travis Walton\""},{"Link":"http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/12-08-15/","external_links_name":"\"Travis Walton's Alien Abduction\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120823221138/http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/12-08-15/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://badufos.blogspot.com/2021/03/mike-rogers-says-that-he-is-no-longer.html","external_links_name":"\"Mike Rogers Says that he is \"No Longer to be Considered a Witness to Travis Walton's Supposed UFO Abduction\"\""},{"Link":"https://badufos.blogspot.com/2021/07/the-travis-walton-ufo-abduction-story.html","external_links_name":"\"The Travis Walton 'UFO Abduction' Story - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Chilton_(zoologist)	Charles Chilton (zoologist)	["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	New Zealand zoologist and carcinologist (1860–1929) Charles ChiltonBorn(1860-09-27)27 September 1860Pencombe, Herefordshire, EnglandDied25 October 1929(1929-10-25) (aged 69)EducationUniversity of Canterbury, New Zealand; University of New Zealand; University of EdinburghScientific careerFieldsCrustaceansInstitutionsRoyal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of CanterburyAuthor abbrev. (zoology)Chilton Charles Chilton (27 September 1860 – 25 October 1929) was a New Zealand zoologist, the first rector to be appointed in Australasia, and the first person to be awarded a D.Sc. degree in New Zealand. Biography Chilton was born on 27 September 1860 at Little Marstone, Pencombe, son of Thomas Chilton, (near Leominster, Herefordshire, England) but emigrated with his family to New Zealand in 1862. They settled on a farm at East Eyreton, North Canterbury. He was troubled by his hips from an early age, and had his left leg amputated, using an artificial leg and a crutch thereafter. He entered Canterbury College in 1875 as an unmatriculated student, and matriculated three years later. In 1881, he gained a Master of Art with first class honours, having been taught by Frederick Hutton, who inspired him to take up biology, especially the study of crustaceans, which had been little studied in New Zealand up to that time. Chilton's first scientific publication followed that same year, when he described three new species of crustacean (two crabs and one isopod) from Lyttelton Harbour and Lake Pupuke. He surprised the scientific world later that year by describing four species of amphipod and isopod from groundwaters at the family farm in Eyreton. He went on to discover the isopod Phreatoicus typicus in the same location, the first example ever described of the suborder Phreatoicidea, the "earliest derived isopod". Chilton gained the first BSc degree from the University of New Zealand in 1887, and married Elizabeth Jack, whom he had met at Dunedin Training College, in 1888. In 1893, he gained the first D.Sc. awarded in New Zealand, but in 1895, the family moved to Edinburgh, where Chilton studied medicine in an attempt to improve his career. He specialised in ophthalmic surgery, working at The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, before travelling to study at Heidelberg, Vienna and London in 1900. In 1901, he returned to New Zealand and in 1903 took on the Chair of Biology at the University of Canterbury. From 1904 to 1911, the Chilton family lived at Llanmaes, a house built by Francis Petre in central Christchurch. In 1907 Chilton was selected to be a member of the 1907 Sub-Antarctic Islands Scientific Expedition. The main aim of the expedition was to extend the magnetic survey of New Zealand by investigating Auckland and Campbell Islands but botanical, biological and zoological surveys were also conducted. The voyage also resulted in rescue of the castaways of the shipwreck the Dundonald in the Auckland Islands. Chilton was the editor of the subsequent scientific reports resulting from the expedition. Charles Chilton and students at Cass Field Station, 1920 Chilton was instrumental in establishing the Cass Field Station (formerly Canterbury College Mountain Biological Station), the building of which was completed in 1914. In 1915, Frank Chilton, the couple's only child, a second-year medical student and a lieutenant in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, was killed in the Battle of Gallipoli. Charles Chilton became rector of Canterbury University College in 1921, the first time such a post had been granted in Australia or New Zealand. He was a member of the Board of Governors of Canterbury Agricultural College in Lincoln (now Lincoln University), and chairman of the board in 1927. Chilton died on 25 October 1929 of a sudden attack of pneumonia, before he could collect his life's work into a single monograph. He had published 130 papers on crustaceans, mostly amphipods, isopods and decapods, from all around the world, but especially from New Zealand, subterranean and sub-Antarctic waters. The standard author abbreviation Chilton is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. See also Crustaceans portal List of New Zealand scientists Paraleptamphopus, a genus of groundwater amphipods discovered by Chilton References ^ a b "Arts Centre of Christchurch Old Student Union Building (University of Canterbury Former)". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 1 December 2009. ^ a b Rebecca Priestley. "Charles Chilton". National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2007. ^ a b c d e Pilgrim, R. L. C. "Chilton, Charles". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 22 August 2007. ^ a b c d George M. Thomson (1930). "Obituary: Charles Chilton 1860–1929" (PDF). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 60: 584–587. ^ a b George Ranald Macdonald (1966). "Chilton, Charles (1860–1929)". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. ^ Charles Chilton (1881). "Additions to New Zealand Crustacea" (PDF). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 14 (XXIV): 171–174. ^ a b Graham Fenwick & Mike Scarsbrook (2002). "The rich biodiversity in our groundwater". Aquatic Biodiversity & Biosecurity Update (2): 2–3. ^ Charles Chilton (1881). "On some subterranean Crustacea" (PDF). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 14 (XXV): 174–180. ^ Charles Chilton (1882). "Notes on, and a new species of subterranean Crustacea" (PDF). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 15 (III): 87–92. ^ J. W. Martin & G. E. Davis (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 132 pp. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2009. ^ E. J. Godley (1979). "The 1907 expedition to the Auckland and Campbell Islands, and an unpublished report by B. C. Aston". Tuatara. 23 (3): 133–157. ^ Chilton, Charles (ed). (1909). The subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: J. McKay, Government Printer. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.33075. Retrieved 19 January 2016. ^ Burrows, C. J., ed. (1977). CASS: History and Science in the Cass District, Canterbury, New Zealand. Christchurch, New Zealand: Department of Botany, University of Canterbury. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2016. ^ International Plant Names Index. Chilton. External links Media related to Charles Chilton (zoologist) at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Australia Netherlands Academics International Plant Names Index People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand) vteRecipients of the Hector Medal of the Royal Society of New Zealand Leonard Cockayne (1912) Thomas Easterfield (1913) Elsdon Best (1914) Patrick Marshall (1915) Ernest Rutherford (1916) Charles Chilton (1917) Thomas Cheeseman (1918) Philip Robertson (1919) Percy Smith (1920) Robert Speight (1921) Coleridge Farr (1922) George Hudson (1923) Donald Petrie (1924) Bernard Aston (1925) Harry Skinner (1926) Charles Cotton (1927) Duncan Sommerville (1928) George Thomson (1929) John Holloway (1930) William Percival Evans (1931) Te Rangi Hiroa (Peter H. Buck) (1932) John Marwick, Noel Benson (1933) Charles Ernest Weatherburn (1934) William Benham (1935) Walter Oliver (1936) John Reader Hosking (1937) Herbert Williams (1938) Arthur Bartrum (1939) Donald Macleod (1940) Harold Finlay (1941) Harry Allan (1942) Bob Briggs (1943) Johannes C. Andersen (1944) John Henderson (1945) Henry Forder (1946) Baden Powell (1947) G. H. Cunningham (1948) Robert Anthony Robinson (1949) Ernest Beaglehole (1950) Francis John Turner (1951) Keith Bullen (1952) Lance Richdale (1953) Lucy Cranwell (1954) Brian Shorland (1955) Roger Duff (1956) Harold Wellman (1957) Alister McLellan (1958) Barry Fell (1959) Ted Chamberlain (1960) Harry Bloom (1961) Ralph Piddington (1962) Charles Fleming (1963) Derek Lawden (1964) Richard Dell (1965) Jack Holloway (1966) Con Cambie (1967) Gilbert Archey (1968) Doug Coombs (1969) Brian Wybourne (1970) Ira Cunningham (1971) Ted Bollard (1972) Michael Hartshorn (1973) Herbert Purves (1974) Robert Hayes (1975) Jack Dodd (1976) Cam Reid (1977) Richard Matthews (1978) Leon Phillips (1979) Graham Liggins (1980) Trevor Hatherton (1981) Roy Kerr (1982) Ray Forster (1983) Rod Bieleski (1984) Peter de la Mare (1985) Robin Carrell (1986) Jim Ellis (1987) Dan Walls (1988) Patricia Bergquist (1989) Peter Wardle (1990) Warren Roper (1991) Roger Green (1992) Dick Walcott (1993) Geoff Stedman (1994) Bob Jolly (1995) John C. Butcher (1996) Ted Baker (1997) Paul Callaghan, Jeff Tallon (1998) George Seber (1999) Peter Schwerdtfeger (2001) Ken MacKenzie (2003) Ian Witten (2005) Richard Furneaux (2006) Timothy Haskell (2007) Gaven Martin (2008) Peter Steel (2009) Grant Williams (2010) Rod Downey (2011) Margaret Brimble (2012) Richard Blaikie (2013) Marston Conder (2014) Ian Brown (2015) Stéphane Coen (2016) Sally Brooker (2017) Matt Visser (2018) Jadranka Travaš-Sejdić (2019) Eamonn O'Brien (2020) Eric Le Ru (2021) Murray Cox (2022) Niels Kjærgaard (2023)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zoologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(academia)"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-1"},{"link_name":"D.Sc. degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Priestley-2"}],"text":"Charles Chilton (27 September 1860 – 25 October 1929) was a New Zealand zoologist, the first rector to be appointed in Australasia,[1] and the first person to be awarded a D.Sc. degree in New Zealand.[2]","title":"Charles Chilton (zoologist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pencombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencombe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilgrim-3"},{"link_name":"Leominster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leominster"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomson-4"},{"link_name":"East Eyreton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyreton"},{"link_name":"North Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macdonald-5"},{"link_name":"amputated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation"},{"link_name":"artificial leg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_leg"},{"link_name":"crutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crutch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Priestley-2"},{"link_name":"Canterbury College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"first class honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_class_honours"},{"link_name":"Frederick Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hutton_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomson-4"},{"link_name":"scientific publication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_publication"},{"link_name":"isopod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopod"},{"link_name":"Lyttelton Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyttelton_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Lake Pupuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pupuke"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chil81a-6"},{"link_name":"amphipod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipod"},{"link_name":"isopod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopod"},{"link_name":"groundwaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIWA-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chil81b-8"},{"link_name":"Phreatoicus typicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phreatoicus_typicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Phreatoicidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatoicidea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIWA-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M&D-10"},{"link_name":"University of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomson-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilgrim-3"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"ophthalmic surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_surgery"},{"link_name":"The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Infirmary_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"University of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Llanmaes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dux_de_Lux"},{"link_name":"Francis Petre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Petre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-1"},{"link_name":"1907 Sub-Antarctic Islands Scientific Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_Sub-Antarctic_Islands_Scientific_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Dundonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundonald_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKay1909-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Chilton,_1920.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burrows1977-13"},{"link_name":"Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_and_Sutherland_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macdonald-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilgrim-3"},{"link_name":"Lincoln University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_University_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomson-4"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilgrim-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilgrim-3"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Chilton was born on 27 September 1860 at Little Marstone, Pencombe, son of Thomas Chilton,[3] (near Leominster, Herefordshire, England)[4] but emigrated with his family to New Zealand in 1862. They settled on a farm at East Eyreton, North Canterbury.[5] He was troubled by his hips from an early age, and had his left leg amputated, using an artificial leg and a crutch thereafter.[2]He entered Canterbury College in 1875 as an unmatriculated student, and matriculated three years later. In 1881, he gained a Master of Art with first class honours, having been taught by Frederick Hutton, who inspired him to take up biology, especially the study of crustaceans, which had been little studied in New Zealand up to that time.[4] Chilton's first scientific publication followed that same year, when he described three new species of crustacean (two crabs and one isopod) from Lyttelton Harbour and Lake Pupuke.[6] He surprised the scientific world later that year by describing four species of amphipod and isopod from groundwaters at the family farm in Eyreton.[7][8] He went on to discover the isopod Phreatoicus typicus in the same location,[9] the first example ever described of the suborder Phreatoicidea,[7] the \"earliest derived isopod[s]\".[10]Chilton gained the first BSc degree from the University of New Zealand in 1887,[4] and married Elizabeth Jack, whom he had met at Dunedin Training College, in 1888.[3] In 1893, he gained the first D.Sc. awarded in New Zealand, but in 1895, the family moved to Edinburgh, where Chilton studied medicine in an attempt to improve his career. He specialised in ophthalmic surgery, working at The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, before travelling to study at Heidelberg, Vienna and London in 1900. In 1901, he returned to New Zealand and in 1903 took on the Chair of Biology at the University of Canterbury. From 1904 to 1911, the Chilton family lived at Llanmaes, a house built by Francis Petre in central Christchurch.[1]In 1907 Chilton was selected to be a member of the 1907 Sub-Antarctic Islands Scientific Expedition. The main aim of the expedition was to extend the magnetic survey of New Zealand by investigating Auckland and Campbell Islands but botanical, biological and zoological surveys were also conducted. The voyage also resulted in rescue of the castaways of the shipwreck the Dundonald in the Auckland Islands.[11] Chilton was the editor of the subsequent scientific reports resulting from the expedition.[12]Charles Chilton and students at Cass Field Station, 1920Chilton was instrumental in establishing the Cass Field Station (formerly Canterbury College Mountain Biological Station), the building of which was completed in 1914.[13]In 1915, Frank Chilton, the couple's only child, a second-year medical student and a lieutenant in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, was killed in the Battle of Gallipoli.[5]Charles Chilton became rector of Canterbury University College in 1921, the first time such a post had been granted in Australia or New Zealand.[3] He was a member of the Board of Governors of Canterbury Agricultural College in Lincoln (now Lincoln University), and chairman of the board in 1927.[4]Chilton died on 25 October 1929 of a sudden attack of pneumonia, before he could collect his life's work into a single monograph.[3] He had published 130 papers on crustaceans, mostly amphipods, isopods and decapods, from all around the world, but especially from New Zealand, subterranean and sub-Antarctic waters.[3]The standard author abbreviation Chilton is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[14]","title":"Biography"}]	[{"image_text":"Charles Chilton and students at Cass Field Station, 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_Chilton%2C_1920.jpg/220px-Charles_Chilton%2C_1920.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charybdis_japonica.jpg"},{"title":"Crustaceans portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Crustaceans"},{"title":"List of New Zealand scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_scientists"},{"title":"Paraleptamphopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraleptamphopus"}]	[{"reference":"\"Arts Centre of Christchurch Old Student Union Building (University of Canterbury Former)\". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 1 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/4907/4907","url_text":"\"Arts Centre of Christchurch Old Student Union Building (University of Canterbury Former)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand","url_text":"Heritage New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"Rebecca Priestley. \"Charles Chilton\". National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722021356/http://www.natlib.govt.nz/collections/online-exhibitions/20th-century-scientists/charles-chilton","url_text":"\"Charles Chilton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"National Library of New Zealand"},{"url":"http://www.natlib.govt.nz/collections/online-exhibitions/20th-century-scientists/charles-chilton","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pilgrim, R. L. C. \"Chilton, Charles\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 22 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3C17","url_text":"\"Chilton, Charles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage","url_text":"Ministry for Culture and Heritage"}]},{"reference":"George M. Thomson (1930). \"Obituary: Charles Chilton 1860–1929\" (PDF). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 60: 584–587.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Thomson","url_text":"George M. Thomson"},{"url":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_60/rsnz_60_04_007890.pdf","url_text":"\"Obituary: Charles Chilton 1860–1929\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_and_Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"George Ranald Macdonald (1966). \"Chilton, Charles (1860–1929)\". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/C/ChiltonCharles/ChiltonCharles/en","url_text":"\"Chilton, Charles (1860–1929)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Encyclopaedia_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"Charles Chilton (1881). \"Additions to New Zealand Crustacea\" (PDF). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 14 (XXIV): 171–174.","urls":[{"url":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_14/rsnz_14_00_001640.pdf","url_text":"\"Additions to New Zealand Crustacea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_and_Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"Graham Fenwick & Mike Scarsbrook (2002). \"The rich biodiversity in our groundwater\". Aquatic Biodiversity & Biosecurity Update (2): 2–3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/aquatic-biodiversity-and-biosecurity/publications/all/abb/2002-02/groundwater","url_text":"\"The rich biodiversity in our groundwater\""}]},{"reference":"Charles Chilton (1881). \"On some subterranean Crustacea\" (PDF). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 14 (XXV): 174–180.","urls":[{"url":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_14/rsnz_14_00_001750.pdf","url_text":"\"On some subterranean Crustacea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_and_Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"Charles Chilton (1882). \"Notes on, and a new species of subterranean Crustacea\" (PDF). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 15 (III): 87–92.","urls":[{"url":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_15/rsnz_15_00_001700.pdf","url_text":"\"Notes on, and a new species of subterranean Crustacea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_and_Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"J. W. Martin & G. E. Davis (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 132 pp. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130512091254/http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf","url_text":"An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County","url_text":"Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County"},{"url":"http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"E. J. Godley (1979). \"The 1907 expedition to the Auckland and Campbell Islands, and an unpublished report by B. C. Aston\". Tuatara. 23 (3): 133–157.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio23Tuat03-t1-body-d2.html","url_text":"\"The 1907 expedition to the Auckland and Campbell Islands, and an unpublished report by B. C. Aston\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuatara_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Tuatara"}]},{"reference":"Chilton, Charles (ed). (1909). The subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: J. McKay, Government Printer. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.33075. Retrieved 19 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33075#/summary","url_text":"The subantarctic islands of New Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.33075","url_text":"10.5962/bhl.title.33075"}]},{"reference":"Burrows, C. J., ed. (1977). CASS: History and Science in the Cass District, Canterbury, New Zealand. Christchurch, New Zealand: Department of Botany, University of Canterbury. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100602080519/http://www.ffc.canterbury.ac.nz/cass/casshistory.shtml","url_text":"CASS: History and Science in the Cass District, Canterbury, New Zealand"},{"url":"http://www.ffc.canterbury.ac.nz/cass/casshistory.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index. Chilton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Chilton","url_text":"Chilton"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/4907/4907","external_links_name":"\"Arts Centre of Christchurch Old Student Union Building (University of Canterbury Former)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722021356/http://www.natlib.govt.nz/collections/online-exhibitions/20th-century-scientists/charles-chilton","external_links_name":"\"Charles Chilton\""},{"Link":"http://www.natlib.govt.nz/collections/online-exhibitions/20th-century-scientists/charles-chilton","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3C17","external_links_name":"\"Chilton, Charles\""},{"Link":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_60/rsnz_60_04_007890.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Charles Chilton 1860–1929\""},{"Link":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/C/ChiltonCharles/ChiltonCharles/en","external_links_name":"\"Chilton, Charles (1860–1929)\""},{"Link":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_14/rsnz_14_00_001640.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Additions to New Zealand Crustacea\""},{"Link":"http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/aquatic-biodiversity-and-biosecurity/publications/all/abb/2002-02/groundwater","external_links_name":"\"The rich biodiversity in our groundwater\""},{"Link":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_14/rsnz_14_00_001750.pdf","external_links_name":"\"On some subterranean Crustacea\""},{"Link":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_15/rsnz_15_00_001700.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Notes on, and a new species of subterranean Crustacea\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130512091254/http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf","external_links_name":"An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea"},{"Link":"http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio23Tuat03-t1-body-d2.html","external_links_name":"\"The 1907 expedition to the Auckland and Campbell Islands, and an unpublished report by B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Bobble	Bubble Bobble	["1 Main series","1.1 Bubble Bobble","1.2 Bubble Bobble Part 2","1.3 Bubble Symphony","1.4 Bubble Memories","1.5 Bubble Bobble Revolution","1.6 Bubble Bobble Evolution","1.7 Bubble Bobble Double Shot","1.8 Bubble Bobble Plus!","1.9 Bubble Bobble 4 Friends","2 Rainbow Islands","2.1 Rainbow Islands","2.2 Parasol Stars","2.3 Rainbow Islands Revolution","2.4 Rainbow Islands Evolution","2.5 Rainbow Islands: Towering Adventure!","3 Puzzle Bobble","4 Medal games","5 Notes","6 References"]	Video game series For the first game in the series, see Bubble Bobble (video game). Video game seriesBubble BobbleGenre(s)PlatformDeveloper(s)TaitoPublisher(s)TaitoPlatform(s) Various AmigaAmstrad CPCApple IIArcadeAtari STCommodore 64DOSFamicom Disk SystemGame BoyGame Boy ColorGame GearMaster SystemMicrosoft WindowsMSX2Nintendo DSNintendo Entertainment SystemNintendo SwitchNintendo WiiPlayStationPlayStation 4PlayStation PortableSega SaturnX68000Xbox 360ZX Spectrum First releaseBubble BobbleJune 16, 1986Latest releaseBubble Bobble 4 Friends2019 Bubble Bobble is a platform game series originally developed and published by Taito. The first entry in the series, Bubble Bobble, was released in 1986 as an arcade cabinet. In most entries in the series, players control two dragons named Bub and Bob. This was followed by many sequels in both the main Bubble Bobble series, as well as the spin-off Rainbow Islands series. They were published for and ported to a wide variety of arcade and home video game consoles. The most recent release in the series is Bubble Bobble 4 Friends in 2019. Main series Bubble Bobble series release timeline1986Bubble Bobble1987Rainbow Islands1988–19901991Parasol Stars19921993Bubble Bobble Part 21994Bubble Symphony19951996Bubble Memories1997–20042005Rainbow Islands RevolutionBubble Bobble Revolution2006Bubble Bobble Evolution2007Bubble Bobble Double ShotRainbow Islands Evolution20082009Bubble Bobble Plus!Rainbow Islands: Towering Adventure!2010–20182019Bubble Bobble 4 Friends Bubble Bobble The first game in the series is the platforming arcade game Bubble Bobble, originally released on June 16, 1986, in Japan. The game puts the players in control of two dragons named Bub (who is green) and Bob (who is blue) who need to save their girlfriends from a world known as the Cave of Monsters. In each level, Bub and Bob must defeat each enemy present by trapping them in bubbles blown from their mouths and then popping the bubbles. The enemies then drop bonus items when they hit the ground. There are 100 levels total, each becoming progressively more difficult. The game was designed around two-player gameplay, and so by inserting another coin the second dragon, Bob, can be controlled. Bubble Bobble was ported to many home video game consoles, including the Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, DOS, Apple II, Amiga, Famicom Disk System, Nintendo Entertainment System, MSX2, and Master System. The Master System port featured 200 levels and was released as Final Bubble Bobble in Japan. Ports to the Game Boy (in 1991) and the Game Boy Color (in 1996) were released as Classic Bubble Bobble. Five months after release, Game Machine listed Bubble Bobble as the second most successful arcade cabinet of the month. The same publication later listed it as the fifth-highest grossing arcade cabinet in Japan of 1987. Bubble Bobble is considered by many sources to be among the greatest video games of all time. Bubble Bobble Part 2 Bubble Bobble Part 2 is a sequel to Bubble Bobble which had simultaneous development by different teams on the Nintendo Entertainment System and the Game Boy. This led to each version of the game having different storylines while the gameplay was largely unchanged from the original. Both versions of the game were released in 1993. In the Game Boy version, a character named Robby has to rescue people from a village who have been captured by the floating skull character. In the NES version, Bub's friend Judy is kidnapped by a floating skull character. Bub and Bob then turn into dragons and head off to save her. In addition, unlike the original Bubble Bobble, the two players must take turns playing on every other level, rather than playing the levels cooperatively as in other entries in the series. The NES version also includes three bonus games which are located after the player defeats a boss, or through a certain door. In Japan, the NES version of the game was known as Bubble Bobble 2, and the Game Boy version was known as Bubble Bobble Junior. Bubble Symphony Bubble Symphony (also known as Bubble Bobble II), a sequel to Bubble Bobble was released in 1994 as an arcade game. It makes many changes to the original gameplay formula. The changes that have been made are that a boss is now encountered every five to ten levels, which is similar to a feature in Rainbow Islands, and the player takes a branching route through the levels by selecting one of two doors after every boss. Two new playable female dragons were also added, Kululun (an amber dragon) and Cororon (a pink dragon). The players can now charge the bubble, and if released when the dragon's horns or bow is glowing, he/she will breathe three bubbles at once, with the specific formation dependent on the character chosen. The players must collect certain square cards with music notes inside, in order to get the four keys that lead to the final world or face an early false ending. Also, the characters have to collect a rod to turn their characters from their dragon to human forms during the course of the game. The game was ported to Sega Saturn in Japan. Bubble Memories Bubble Memories: The Story of Bubble Bobble III is a sequel to Bubble Symphony, and was released in February 1996 (despite the title screen saying "1995") as an arcade game. In this game, the dragons must climb 80 levels of a tower to defeat the Super Dark Great Dragon and release his control over the tower. To access the last ten levels of the tower, seven potions must be collected, which are then combined into the Magical Rainbow Potion. The tower had previously used the Magical Rainbow Potion as a form of power, before the Potion was shattered by the Super Dark Great Dragon. Graphically this game is very similar to Bubble Symphony, with the addition of using photographs of animals and plants as the level backgrounds. It also includes a gameplay feature similar to Bubble Symphony's charged bubbles, in this game called Super Bubbles. By holding down the bubble button, the player can produce a giant bubble that can trap multiple enemies or one large enemy. Bubble Bobble Revolution Bubble Bobble Revolution (known in Japan as Bubble Bobble DS) was released on the Nintendo DS in 2005. It includes the entire original Bubble Bobble game, as well as a new mode called New Age, which features new graphics, larger levels, and faster enemies. Similar to Bubble Memories, it features photorealistic backgrounds, this time of Roman-style architecture. Unlike other games in the series, there is no cooperative mode within the New Age mode, instead it is replaced with a 4-player competitive mode, where players compete to earn points. Notably, this game features a bug in the New Age mode only in the North American release, which causes the boss on level 30 not to spawn, thereby preventing the player from progressing past level 30 and finishing the game. This bug, along with the new graphics, led the game to have a poor reception among critics. The developer of the game later replaced the bugged cartidges with a non-bugged version and also gave out a free copy of Rainbow Islands Revolution to the affected customers as an apology. Bubble Bobble Evolution Bubble Bobble Evolution (known in Japan as Bubble Bobble: Magical Tower Daisakusen!!) was released to PlayStation Portable in 2006. Rather than controlling dragons, in this game the player controls two boys (also named Bub and Bob) dressed in dragon costumes. The game is set in 18th-century London. Evolution also features puzzle elements, with the two characters being split into two towers and being required to perform tasks to allow the other character to progress. These tasks can include flipping levers and transporting items across levels. This game does away with the photorealistic backgrounds of the previous two main series games, instead using a cartoonish style. Critics did not receive this game well largely due to the gameplay changes, "monotonous music", graphical changes, and other issues. Bubble Bobble Double Shot Bubble Bobble Double Shot released in 2007 on the Nintendo DS. The gameplay returns to a style similar to the original Bubble Bobble, with only a few twists. The player is able to switch between three dragons (the red dragon named Bubu being new) at will. This means that with three consoles, three players may play together, each controlling a different dragon, while still being able to switch between them. Each dragon blows a bubble matching their color and bubbles of a certain color are required to capture and kill certain enemies. In addition, when the player runs out of lives, they are presented with one of three minigames which, if beaten, allow the player to keep playing the main game. Bubble Bobble Plus! Bubble Bobble Plus! (known in Japan as Bubble Bobble Wii) was released for the Wii in 2009. Later the same year, it released on Xbox 360 as Bubble Bobble Neo!. This game features the same 100 levels from the original Bubble Bobble in "Standard Mode" and 100 more levels in "Arrange Mode", the latter of which also feature a new mechanic, sloped surfaces. There is also "Super" versions of each of these modes, which are harder. This game also has an online leaderboard. The Wii version also has two DLCs which each add 50 more harder maps with a boss at the end. In all modes, the gameplay is similar to the original Bubble Bobble, but in Arrange Mode there is new music. All modes have graphics clearly inspired by the original, but the dragons are rendered in 3D. Bubble Bobble 4 Friends Bubble Bobble 4 Friends was released in 2019 for the Nintendo Switch and later for the PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows. The gameplay is similar to the original Bubble Bobble with the additions of colored wind currents in later levels which control which way bubbles float. It also features boss battles similar to Bubble Symphony and Bubble Memories. In addition, this game allows 4 players to play cooperatively, with 8 lives shared among them. There are 100 levels, the last 50 of which are harder and require the first 50 to be beat to be unlocked. The Steam version of the game also included "The Baron's Workshop", a mode which allows the players to design levels, as well as share their creations with players through the Internet. Rainbow Islands Rainbow Islands Rainbow Islands: The Story of Bubble Bobble 2 released in 1987 for arcade. This game is a sequel to the original Bubble Bobble and the story takes place right after the events of the previous game. Having defeated their enemy, Bub and Bob are returned to human form, which is the form they take throughout this game. Instead of blowing bubbles, they create rainbows, which they can use to defeat enemies and also as platforms to traverse the levels. The game has 7 levels each divided into 4 sections, with a boss at the end of each level. It was later ported to ZX Spectrum, Famicom, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Amiga, Nintendo Entertainment System, Master System, NEC PC Engine, Sega Saturn (as Bubble Bobble also featuring Rainbow Islands), PlayStation (as Bubble Bobble also featuring Rainbow Islands), and Game Boy Color. Parasol Stars Parasol Stars: The Story of Bubble Bobble III is a sequel to Rainbow Islands. It was released in 1991 originally for the PC Engine. In this game, Bub and Bob are in their human forms again. The player grabs enemies using parasols, then throws the enemies to turn them into treats on impact. They can also use the parasols to launch the other player. The game features eight main themed worlds, such as Woodland World and Ocean World. Each world is made up of seven screens. However, the game also contains three hidden worlds. Graphically, this game is similar to Rainbow Islands and Bubble Bobble. It was later ported to the Amiga and other devices. CU Amiga reviewed the game favorably with a 95% rating, praising the "gentle learning curve", graphics, and the addition of minor puzzle elements. Rainbow Islands Revolution Rainbow Islands Revolution is an update of Rainbow Islands released in 2005 for the Nintendo DS. While many features are the same, this game removes the ability to jump or use the rainbows as a platform. These changes are likely due to the change to the way the player controls the character. The player moves Bub or Bob around using the stylus, and rainbows are only used to defeat enemies. However, the stylus must be used to draw the rainbows. The game also adds environmental hazards in the form of spikes and flowing air which push Bub and Bob around. Graphically this game is similar to other entries in this series such as Rainbow Islands and Parasol Stars. GameSpot reviewed it with a 6.2/10, praising it for including the levels from Rainbow Islands, the new control method, and the new enemies. However, the publication considers the gameplay too "old-school" and the graphics and music too "simplistic". GameZone gave the game a 5.0/10, mentioning about dated graphics and audio. Rainbow Islands Evolution Rainbow Islands Evolution (known in Japan as New Rainbow Island: Hurdy Gurdy Daibōken!!) is a remake of Rainbow Islands for the PlayStation Portable released in 2007. This game features a Mexican theme and replaces Bub and Bob's weapons with hurdy-gurdies. The main adversary is an evil record studio. The rainbows are now limited starting at six at the beginning of the game. In addition, platforms in the foreground and background are added, and the player can travese forwards and backwards in the frame. The game had mixed reviews. Eurogamer called it a "garish mockery" and gave the game a 4/10. GameSpot reviewed it at 4.5/10, noting the "grating soundtrack" and slow gameplay. GameZone said it "should have been redone with more care" and rated the game at 6/10. Rainbow Islands: Towering Adventure! Rainbow Islands: Towering Adventure! is a sequel to the Rainbow Islands series, but with several major gameplay tweaks. It was released for Wii and Xbox 360 in 2009. There is no longer a health bar, rather a time limit for each of seven levels. Time left over from each level is added onto the next one and getting hit by enemies incurs removes 30 seconds from the timer. There are three modes in this entry: Story Mode, Challenge Mode, and Time Trial. Story Mode is the normal timed experience through the levels. Challenge Mode is the same but if the players die, all of their progress through the levels is lost. Time Trial allows players to try for the fastest time on individual levels. Towering Adventure! was reviewed middlingly. GamePro gave it a 2.5/5 for a lack of content and being "short". GameSpot gave it a 6/10, praising the cooperative play and the core mechanics, while wanting online cooperative play and more gameplay variety. GamesRadar+ reviewed it at 3 out of 5 stars, calling it "weird", indicating unlikeable characters and boring enemies. Puzzle Bobble Many of the characters and musical themes of Bubble Bobble were used by Taito in a tile-matching video game Puzzle Bobble (also known as Bust-a-Move) and its sequels. Medal games Packy's Treasure Slot (1997, medal game) Bubblen Roulette (1998, roulette medal game) Bubble No KuruKuru Jump! (1999, medal game) Bubble Bobble EX (2001, Pachislot) Notes ^ Japanese: バブルボブル, Hepburn: Baburu Boburu References ^ "Bubble Bobble – Videogame by Taito". Museum of the Game. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ Crash Magazine Issue 39. April 1987. ^ a b "Bubble Bobble, Arcade Video game by Taito Corp. (1986)". www.arcade-history.com. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Atari ST Bubble Bobble : scans, dump, download, screenshots, ads, videos, catalog, instructions, roms". www.atarimania.com. Archived from the original on 2019-06-04. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - テーブル型TVゲーム機 (Table Videos)". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 295. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 November 1986. p. 29. ^ "Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25: '87" Archived 2022-10-09 at Ghost Archive. Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 324. Amusement Press, Inc. 15 January 1988. p. 20. ^ a b c d "Bubble Bobble Part 2 – Hardcore Gaming 101". Archived from the original on 2023-07-22. Retrieved 2024-02-12. ^ "Bubble Symphony – Videogame by Taito". Museum of the Game. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ a b c "Bubble Symphony, Taito F3 cart. by Taito Corp. (1994)". www.arcade-history.com. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ a b "Bubble Memories: The Story of Bubble Bobble III, Arcade Video game by Taito Corp. (1996)". www.arcade-history.com. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ a b "Bubble Bobble Revolution Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Bubble Bobble Revolution – IGN". 2019-06-03. Archived from the original on 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Bubble Bobble Revolution Review • Reviews • DS • Eurogamer.net". Eurogamer.net. 2012-10-13. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Bizarre Bugs: Nine of the Strangest Software Glitches Ever". PCWorld. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ Groenendijk, Ferry (2007-02-06). "Codemasters finally replacing faulty Bubble Bobble Revolution DS cartridges". Video Games Blogger. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ a b "Bubble Bobble Evolution Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ a b c Hatfield, Daemon (2007-02-26). "Bubble Bobble Evolution Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ a b "Bubble Bobble Evolution Review – PSP". 2008-02-29. Archived from the original on 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Bubble Bobble Evolution critic reviews". www.metacritic.com. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ Harris, Craig (2008-03-06). "Bubble Bobble Double Shot Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Bubble Bobble Double Shot". www.pocketgamer.com. 2008-04-10. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "DS Roundup". Eurogamer.net. 2008-04-09. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ Eric _Neigher (2008-04-07). "Bubble Bobble: Double Shot review". gamesradar. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Bubble Bobble Double Shot Review – Nintendo DS". 2008-10-08. Archived from the original on 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Bubble Bobble Neo Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ Thomas, Lucas M. (2009-06-09). "Bubble Bobble Plus! Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Teletext GameCentral Reviews/Features". 2009-04-24. Archived from the original on 2009-04-24. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Bubble Bobble Plus Out On WiiWare Next Week – Siliconera". 2019-02-18. Archived from the original on 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Bubble Bobble Wii – Now With 4 Player Support". Nintendo Life. 2009-01-21. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Review: Bubble Bobble Plus! (WiiWare)". Nintendo Life. 2009-04-11. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Bubble Bobble 4 Friends review – a simple, satisfying revival of an all-time great". Eurogamer.net. 2019-11-18. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Review: Bubble Bobble 4 Friends – A Timely Update That Proves Classic Gameplay Never Ages". Nintendo Life. 2019-11-12. Archived from the original on 2021-07-23. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Bubble Bobble 4 Friends: The Baron's Workshop for PC launches September 30". Gematsu. 2021-09-17. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Review: Bubble Bobble 4 Friends has charm but little value". VGC. 2019-11-12. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ Morics, Peter (2020-03-24). "Bubble Bobble 4 Friends Review". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on 2021-07-23. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ "Rainbow Islands The Story Of Bubble Bobble 2 - Videogame by Taito". Museum of the Game. Archived from the original on 2024-02-07. Retrieved 2024-02-07. ^ ACE Magazine Issue 24. September 1989. ^ "Rainbow Islands: The Story of Bubble Bobble 2, Arcade Video game by Taito Corp. (1987)". www.arcade-history.com. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05. ^ a b "Parasol Stars review from CU Amiga (Mar 1992) - Amiga Magazine Rack". amr.abime.net. Archived from the original on 2023-05-29. Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ "Rainbow Islands Revolution". Eurogamer.net. 2006-04-21. Archived from the original on 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ a b "Rainbow Islands Revolution Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2022-08-03. Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ a b "Rainbow Islands Revolution Review - Nintendo DS". 2008-02-24. Archived from the original on 2008-02-24. Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ a b "Rainbow Islands Evolution \| Eurogamer.net". Eurogamer.net. 2022-08-03. Archived from the original on 2022-08-03. Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ "Rainbow Islands Evolution Review - GameSpot". 2022-08-03. Archived from the original on 2022-08-03. Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ "Rainbow Islands Evolution Review - PSP". 2008-10-07. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ a b "Rainbow Islands Towering Adventure Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ a b "WiiWare Review: Rainbow Islands: Towering Adventure - GamePro Arcade - Insert a quarter to continue". 2009-06-30. Archived from the original on 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ Alex_ Dale (2009-07-13). "Rainbow Islands: Towering Adventure! review". gamesradar. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ Taito (1997). Bubblen Roulette Arcade Flyer. ^ バブルボブルEX Bubble Bobble Ex, 25 May 2022, archived from the original on 2024-02-17, retrieved 2024-02-17 vteBubble BobbleBubble Bobble Bubble Bobble Part 2 Bubble Symphony Bubble Memories Revolution Evolution Double Shot Plus! 4 Friends Rainbow Islands Rainbow Islands Parasol Stars Revolution Evolution Towering Adventure! Puzzle Bobble Puzzle Bobble 2 3 4 Pocket Super Millennium Super 2 Ultra DS Bash! Space Plus! New Universe Related games Chack'n Pop The Fairyland Story Puzzle de Pon! Pop'n Pop The NewZealand Story Touhou Spell Bubble vteSquare Enix video game franchisesSquare Enix Bravely Chaos Rings Chocobo Code Age Chrono The Diofield Chronicle Dragon Quest Drakengard Final Fantasy Front Mission Hanjuku Hero Itadaki Street Kingdom Hearts Lord of Vermilion Mana Million Arthur Octopath Traveler Ogre SaGa Schoolgirl Strikers Star Ocean Valkyrie Profile Voice of Cards The World Ends with You Square Enix Europe Championship Manager Gex Just Cause Life Is Strange Taito Arkanoid Battle Gear Bubble Bobble Darius Densha de Go! Groove Coaster Gunslinger Stratos Lufia Sonic Blast Man Space Invaders	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bubble Bobble (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Bobble_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"platform game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game"},{"link_name":"Taito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taito"},{"link_name":"Bubble Bobble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Bobble_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"arcade cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_cabinet"},{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"home video game consoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video_game_console"},{"link_name":"Bubble Bobble 4 Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Bobble_4_Friends"}],"text":"For the first game in the series, see Bubble Bobble (video game).Video game seriesBubble Bobble[a] is a platform game series originally developed and published by Taito. The first entry in the series, Bubble Bobble, was released in 1986 as an arcade cabinet. In most entries in the series, players control two dragons named Bub and Bob. This was followed by many sequels in both the main Bubble Bobble series, as well as the spin-off Rainbow Islands series. They were published for and ported to a wide variety of arcade and home video game consoles. The most recent release in the series is Bubble Bobble 4 Friends in 2019.","title":"Bubble Bobble"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"platforming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platformer"},{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"Bubble Bobble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Bobble_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"two-player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-player"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Atari ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"Apple II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II_series"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Famicom Disk System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famicom_Disk_System"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"MSX2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX2"},{"link_name":"Master System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_System"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Color"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"the greatest video games of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_games_considered_the_best"}],"sub_title":"Bubble Bobble","text":"The first game in the series is the platforming arcade game Bubble Bobble, originally released on June 16, 1986, in Japan. The game puts the players in control of two dragons named Bub (who is green) and Bob (who is blue) who need to save their girlfriends from a world known as the Cave of Monsters. In each level, Bub and Bob must defeat each enemy present by trapping them in bubbles blown from their mouths and then popping the bubbles. The enemies then drop bonus items when they hit the ground. There are 100 levels total, each becoming progressively more difficult.[1] The game was designed around two-player gameplay, and so by inserting another coin the second dragon, Bob, can be controlled.[2][3]Bubble Bobble was ported to many home video game consoles, including the Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, DOS, Apple II, Amiga, Famicom Disk System, Nintendo Entertainment System, MSX2, and Master System.[4] The Master System port featured 200 levels and was released as Final Bubble Bobble in Japan. Ports to the Game Boy (in 1991) and the Game Boy Color (in 1996) were released as Classic Bubble Bobble.[3]Five months after release, Game Machine listed Bubble Bobble as the second most successful arcade cabinet of the month.[5] The same publication later listed it as the fifth-highest grossing arcade cabinet in Japan of 1987.[6] Bubble Bobble is considered by many sources to be among the greatest video games of all time.","title":"Main series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bubble Bobble Part 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Bobble_Part_2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-8"}],"sub_title":"Bubble Bobble Part 2","text":"Bubble Bobble Part 2 is a sequel to Bubble Bobble which had simultaneous development by different teams on the Nintendo Entertainment System and the Game Boy. This led to each version of the game having different storylines while the gameplay was largely unchanged from the original. Both versions of the game were released in 1993.[7]In the Game Boy version, a character named Robby has to rescue people from a village who have been captured by the floating skull character.[7]In the NES version, Bub's friend Judy is kidnapped by a floating skull character. Bub and Bob then turn into dragons and head off to save her. In addition, unlike the original Bubble Bobble, the two players must take turns playing on every other level, rather than playing the levels cooperatively as in other entries in the series. The NES version also includes three bonus games which are located after the player defeats a boss, or through a certain door.[7]In Japan, the NES version of the game was known as Bubble Bobble 2, and the Game Boy version was known as Bubble Bobble Junior.[7]","title":"Main series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bubble Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Symphony"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Islands"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Sega Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"sub_title":"Bubble Symphony","text":"Bubble Symphony (also known as Bubble Bobble II), a sequel to Bubble Bobble was released in 1994 as an arcade game.[8] It makes many changes to the original gameplay formula. The changes that have been made are that a boss is now encountered every five to ten levels, which is similar to a feature in Rainbow Islands, and the player takes a branching route through the levels by selecting one of two doors after every boss. Two new playable female dragons were also added, Kululun (an amber dragon) and Cororon (a pink dragon).[9]The players can now charge the bubble, and if released when the dragon's horns or bow is glowing, he/she will breathe three bubbles at once, with the specific formation dependent on the character chosen. The players must collect certain square cards with music notes inside, in order to get the four keys that lead to the final world or face an early false ending. Also, the characters have to collect a rod to turn their characters from their dragon to human forms during the course of the game.[9]The game was ported to Sega Saturn in Japan.[9]","title":"Main series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bubble Memories: The Story of Bubble Bobble III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Memories"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"sub_title":"Bubble Memories","text":"Bubble Memories: The Story of Bubble Bobble III is a sequel to Bubble Symphony, and was released in February 1996 (despite the title screen saying \"1995\") as an arcade game. In this game, the dragons must climb 80 levels of a tower to defeat the Super Dark Great Dragon and release his control over the tower. To access the last ten levels of the tower, seven potions must be collected, which are then combined into the Magical Rainbow Potion. The tower had previously used the Magical Rainbow Potion as a form of power, before the Potion was shattered by the Super Dark Great Dragon.[10]Graphically this game is very similar to Bubble Symphony, with the addition of using photographs of animals and plants as the level backgrounds. It also includes a gameplay feature similar to Bubble Symphony's charged bubbles, in this game called Super Bubbles. By holding down the bubble button, the player can produce a giant bubble that can trap multiple enemies or one large enemy.[10]","title":"Main series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bubble Bobble Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Bobble_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Bubble Bobble Revolution","text":"Bubble Bobble Revolution (known in Japan as Bubble Bobble DS) was released on the Nintendo DS in 2005. It includes the entire original Bubble Bobble game, as well as a new mode called New Age, which features new graphics, larger levels, and faster enemies. Similar to Bubble Memories, it features photorealistic backgrounds, this time of Roman-style architecture. Unlike other games in the series, there is no cooperative mode within the New Age mode, instead it is replaced with a 4-player competitive mode, where players compete to earn points.[11]Notably, this game features a bug in the New Age mode only in the North American release, which causes the boss on level 30 not to spawn, thereby preventing the player from progressing past level 30 and finishing the game. This bug, along with the new graphics, led the game to have a poor reception among critics.[11][12][13] The developer of the game later replaced the bugged cartidges with a non-bugged version and also gave out a free copy of Rainbow Islands Revolution to the affected customers as an apology.[14][15]","title":"Main series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bubble Bobble Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Bobble_Evolution"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Bubble Bobble Evolution","text":"Bubble Bobble Evolution (known in Japan as Bubble Bobble: Magical Tower Daisakusen!!) was released to PlayStation Portable in 2006. Rather than controlling dragons, in this game the player controls two boys (also named Bub and Bob) dressed in dragon costumes. The game is set in 18th-century London. Evolution also features puzzle elements, with the two characters being split into two towers and being required to perform tasks to allow the other character to progress. These tasks can include flipping levers and transporting items across levels.[16][17][18]This game does away with the photorealistic backgrounds of the previous two main series games, instead using a cartoonish style.[17]Critics did not receive this game well largely due to the gameplay changes,[17] \"monotonous music\",[16] graphical changes,[18] and other issues.[19]","title":"Main series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bubble Bobble Double Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Bobble_Double_Shot"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Bubble Bobble Double Shot","text":"Bubble Bobble Double Shot released in 2007 on the Nintendo DS. The gameplay returns to a style similar to the original Bubble Bobble, with only a few twists. The player is able to switch between three dragons (the red dragon named Bubu being new) at will. This means that with three consoles, three players may play together, each controlling a different dragon, while still being able to switch between them.[20][21] Each dragon blows a bubble matching their color and bubbles of a certain color are required to capture and kill certain enemies. In addition, when the player runs out of lives, they are presented with one of three minigames which, if beaten, allow the player to keep playing the main game.[22][23][24]","title":"Main series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bubble Bobble Plus!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Bobble_Plus!"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"online leaderboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_leaderboard"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"DLCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Bubble Bobble Plus!","text":"Bubble Bobble Plus! (known in Japan as Bubble Bobble Wii) was released for the Wii in 2009. Later the same year, it released on Xbox 360 as Bubble Bobble Neo!. This game features the same 100 levels from the original Bubble Bobble in \"Standard Mode\" and 100 more levels in \"Arrange Mode\", the latter of which also feature a new mechanic, sloped surfaces. There is also \"Super\" versions of each of these modes, which are harder. This game also has an online leaderboard.[25][26][27] The Wii version also has two DLCs which each add 50 more harder maps with a boss at the end.[28][29]In all modes, the gameplay is similar to the original Bubble Bobble, but in Arrange Mode there is new music. All modes have graphics clearly inspired by the original, but the dragons are rendered in 3D.[30]","title":"Main series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bubble Bobble 4 Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Bobble_4_Friends"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Bubble Bobble 4 Friends","text":"Bubble Bobble 4 Friends was released in 2019 for the Nintendo Switch and later for the PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows. The gameplay is similar to the original Bubble Bobble with the additions of colored wind currents in later levels which control which way bubbles float. It also features boss battles similar to Bubble Symphony and Bubble Memories.[31] In addition, this game allows 4 players to play cooperatively, with 8 lives shared among them.[32] There are 100 levels, the last 50 of which are harder and require the first 50 to be beat to be unlocked. The Steam version of the game also included \"The Baron's Workshop\", a mode which allows the players to design levels, as well as share their creations with players through the Internet.[33][34][35]","title":"Main series"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rainbow Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rainbow Islands: The Story of Bubble Bobble 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Islands:_The_Story_of_Bubble_Bobble_2"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famicom"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC"},{"link_name":"Atari ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Master System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_System"},{"link_name":"NEC PC Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_PC_Engine"},{"link_name":"Sega Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Color"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Rainbow Islands","text":"Rainbow Islands: The Story of Bubble Bobble 2 released in 1987 for arcade.[36] This game is a sequel to the original Bubble Bobble and the story takes place right after the events of the previous game. Having defeated their enemy, Bub and Bob are returned to human form, which is the form they take throughout this game. Instead of blowing bubbles, they create rainbows, which they can use to defeat enemies and also as platforms to traverse the levels. The game has 7 levels each divided into 4 sections, with a boss at the end of each level.[37]It was later ported to ZX Spectrum, Famicom, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Amiga, Nintendo Entertainment System, Master System, NEC PC Engine, Sega Saturn (as Bubble Bobble also featuring Rainbow Islands), PlayStation (as Bubble Bobble also featuring Rainbow Islands), and Game Boy Color.[38]","title":"Rainbow Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parasol Stars: The Story of Bubble Bobble III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasol_Stars"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-40"},{"link_name":"CU Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CU_Amiga"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-40"}],"sub_title":"Parasol Stars","text":"Parasol Stars: The Story of Bubble Bobble III is a sequel to Rainbow Islands. It was released in 1991 originally for the PC Engine. In this game, Bub and Bob are in their human forms again. The player grabs enemies using parasols, then throws the enemies to turn them into treats on impact. They can also use the parasols to launch the other player. The game features eight main themed worlds, such as Woodland World and Ocean World. Each world is made up of seven screens. However, the game also contains three hidden worlds. Graphically, this game is similar to Rainbow Islands and Bubble Bobble. It was later ported to the Amiga and other devices.[39]CU Amiga reviewed the game favorably with a 95% rating, praising the \"gentle learning curve\", graphics, and the addition of minor puzzle elements.[39]","title":"Rainbow Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rainbow Islands Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Islands_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-43"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-43"}],"sub_title":"Rainbow Islands Revolution","text":"Rainbow Islands Revolution is an update of Rainbow Islands released in 2005 for the Nintendo DS. While many features are the same, this game removes the ability to jump or use the rainbows as a platform. These changes are likely due to the change to the way the player controls the character. The player moves Bub or Bob around using the stylus, and rainbows are only used to defeat enemies. However, the stylus must be used to draw the rainbows. The game also adds environmental hazards in the form of spikes and flowing air which push Bub and Bob around. Graphically this game is similar to other entries in this series such as Rainbow Islands and Parasol Stars.[40][41][42]GameSpot reviewed it with a 6.2/10, praising it for including the levels from Rainbow Islands, the new control method, and the new enemies. However, the publication considers the gameplay too \"old-school\" and the graphics and music too \"simplistic\".[41] GameZone gave the game a 5.0/10, mentioning about dated graphics and audio.[42]","title":"Rainbow Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rainbow Islands Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Islands_Evolution"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"hurdy-gurdies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy"},{"link_name":"record studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Studio"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-44"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-44"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Rainbow Islands Evolution","text":"Rainbow Islands Evolution (known in Japan as New Rainbow Island: Hurdy Gurdy Daibōken!!) is a remake of Rainbow Islands for the PlayStation Portable released in 2007. This game features a Mexican theme and replaces Bub and Bob's weapons with hurdy-gurdies. The main adversary is an evil record studio. The rainbows are now limited starting at six at the beginning of the game. In addition, platforms in the foreground and background are added, and the player can travese forwards and backwards in the frame.[43]The game had mixed reviews. Eurogamer called it a \"garish mockery\" and gave the game a 4/10.[43] GameSpot reviewed it at 4.5/10, noting the \"grating soundtrack\" and slow gameplay.[44] GameZone said it \"should have been redone with more care\" and rated the game at 6/10.[45]","title":"Rainbow Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rainbow Islands: Towering Adventure!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Islands:_Towering_Adventure!"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-48"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-47"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Rainbow Islands: Towering Adventure!","text":"Rainbow Islands: Towering Adventure! is a sequel to the Rainbow Islands series, but with several major gameplay tweaks. It was released for Wii and Xbox 360 in 2009. There is no longer a health bar, rather a time limit for each of seven levels. Time left over from each level is added onto the next one and getting hit by enemies incurs removes 30 seconds from the timer.[46] There are three modes in this entry: Story Mode, Challenge Mode, and Time Trial. Story Mode is the normal timed experience through the levels. Challenge Mode is the same but if the players die, all of their progress through the levels is lost. Time Trial allows players to try for the fastest time on individual levels.[47]Towering Adventure! was reviewed middlingly. GamePro gave it a 2.5/5 for a lack of content and being \"short\".[47] GameSpot gave it a 6/10, praising the cooperative play and the core mechanics, while wanting online cooperative play and more gameplay variety.[46] GamesRadar+ reviewed it at 3 out of 5 stars, calling it \"weird\", indicating unlikeable characters and boring enemies.[48]","title":"Rainbow Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tile-matching video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile-matching_video_game"},{"link_name":"Puzzle Bobble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_Bobble"}],"text":"Many of the characters and musical themes of Bubble Bobble were used by Taito in a tile-matching video game Puzzle Bobble (also known as Bust-a-Move) and its sequels.","title":"Puzzle Bobble"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medal game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_game"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Packy's Treasure Slot (1997, medal game)\nBubblen Roulette (1998, roulette medal game)[49]\nBubble No KuruKuru Jump! (1999, medal game)\nBubble Bobble EX (2001, Pachislot)[50]","title":"Medal games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"}],"text":"^ Japanese: バブルボブル, Hepburn: Baburu Boburu","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bubble Bobble – Videogame by Taito\". Museum of the Game. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arcade-museum.com/Videogame/bubble-bobble","url_text":"\"Bubble Bobble – Videogame by Taito\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240205040115/https://www.arcade-museum.com/Videogame/bubble-bobble","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crash Magazine Issue 39. April 1987.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/crash-magazine-39","url_text":"Crash Magazine Issue 39"}]},{"reference":"\"Bubble Bobble, Arcade Video game by Taito Corp. (1986)\". www.arcade-history.com. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arcade-history.com/?n=bubble-bobble&page=detail&id=343","url_text":"\"Bubble Bobble, Arcade Video game by Taito Corp. (1986)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240205064807/https://www.arcade-history.com/?n=bubble-bobble&page=detail&id=343","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Atari ST Bubble Bobble : scans, dump, download, screenshots, ads, videos, catalog, instructions, roms\". www.atarimania.com. Archived from the original on 2019-06-04. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atarimania.com/game-atari-st-bubble-bobble_s7652.html","url_text":"\"Atari ST Bubble Bobble : scans, dump, download, screenshots, ads, videos, catalog, instructions, roms\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190604172745/http://www.atarimania.com/game-atari-st-bubble-bobble_s7652.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bubble Bobble Part 2 – Hardcore Gaming 101\". Archived from the original on 2023-07-22. Retrieved 2024-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/bubble-bobble-part-2/","url_text":"\"Bubble Bobble Part 2 – Hardcore Gaming 101\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230722165723/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/bubble-bobble-part-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bubble Symphony – Videogame by Taito\". Museum of the Game. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arcade-museum.com/Videogame/bubble-symphony","url_text":"\"Bubble Symphony – Videogame by Taito\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240205040115/https://www.arcade-museum.com/Videogame/bubble-symphony","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bubble Symphony, Taito F3 cart. by Taito Corp. (1994)\". www.arcade-history.com. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arcade-history.com/?n=bubble-symphony&page=detail&id=346","url_text":"\"Bubble Symphony, Taito F3 cart. by Taito Corp. (1994)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240205064806/https://www.arcade-history.com/?n=bubble-symphony&page=detail&id=346","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bubble Memories: The Story of Bubble Bobble III, Arcade Video game by Taito Corp. (1996)\". www.arcade-history.com. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arcade-history.com/?n=bubble-memories-the-story-of-bubble-bobble-iii&page=detail&id=345","url_text":"\"Bubble Memories: The Story of Bubble Bobble III, Arcade Video game by Taito Corp. (1996)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240205064807/https://www.arcade-history.com/?n=bubble-memories-the-story-of-bubble-bobble-iii&page=detail&id=345","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bubble Bobble Revolution Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/bubble-bobble-revolution-review/1900-6159689/","url_text":"\"Bubble Bobble Revolution Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240205085018/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/bubble-bobble-revolution-review/1900-6159689/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bubble Bobble Revolution – IGN\". 2019-06-03. Archived from the original on 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190603220213/https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/10/06/bubble-bobble-revolution","url_text":"\"Bubble Bobble Revolution – IGN\""},{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/10/06/bubble-bobble-revolution","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bubble Bobble Revolution Review • Reviews • DS • Eurogamer.net\". Eurogamer.net. 2012-10-13. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121013075838/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_bubblebobblerevolution_ds","url_text":"\"Bubble Bobble Revolution Review • Reviews • DS • Eurogamer.net\""},{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_bubblebobblerevolution_ds","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bizarre Bugs: Nine of the Strangest Software Glitches Ever\". PCWorld. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcworld.com/article/523610/bizarre_bugs.html","url_text":"\"Bizarre Bugs: Nine of the Strangest Software Glitches Ever\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240205100214/https://www.pcworld.com/article/523610/bizarre_bugs.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Groenendijk, Ferry (2007-02-06). \"Codemasters finally replacing faulty Bubble Bobble Revolution DS cartridges\". Video Games Blogger. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.videogamesblogger.com/2007/02/06/codemasters-finally-replacing-faulty-bubble-bobble-revolution-ds-cartridges.htm","url_text":"\"Codemasters finally replacing faulty Bubble Bobble Revolution DS cartridges\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240205100214/https://www.videogamesblogger.com/2007/02/06/codemasters-finally-replacing-faulty-bubble-bobble-revolution-ds-cartridges.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bubble Bobble Evolution Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/bubble-bobble-evolution-review/1900-6165320/","url_text":"\"Bubble Bobble Evolution Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240205091821/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/bubble-bobble-evolution-review/1900-6165320/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hatfield, Daemon (2007-02-26). \"Bubble Bobble Evolution Review\". IGN. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayah_State_Government	Kayah State Government	["1 Cabinet","1.1 April 2016–2021","2 References"]	Coordinates: 19°40′31″N 97°12′08″E / 19.675416°N 97.202306°E / 19.675416; 97.202306Kayah State Governmentကယားပြည်နယ်အစိုးရအဖွဲ့Flag of Kayah StateGovernment overviewFormed30 March 2010 (2010-03-30)HeadquartersLoikaw, Kayah State19°40′31″N 97°12′08″E / 19.675416°N 97.202306°E / 19.675416; 97.202306Government executiveChief MinisterParent departmentGovernment of MyanmarWebsitewww.kayahstate.gov.mm Kayah State Government is the cabinet of Kayah State. The cabinet is led by a chief minister. The Government Office is on the Kanthayawaddi Road. Government Office the government sub-office Cabinet April 2016–2021 No. Name Portfolio (1) L Phaung Sho (2016-2020) Chief Minister Boss Ko (2020-2021) (acting) (2) Myint Wai, Col. Minister of Security and Border Affairs (3) Khin Maung Phyu Minister of Road, Communication and Electricity (4) Boss Ko Minister of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (5) Aung Kyaw Htay, Dr. Minister of Municipal and Social Affairs (6) T Yal Minister of Natural Resources and Environment (7) Maw Maw Minister of Planning and Finance (8) Hla Myo Swe Minister of Bamar Ethnic Affairs (9) Sai Kyaw Zan State Advocate (10) Aung Maung State Auditor References ^ "ရန်ကုန်တိုင်းဒေသကြီး ဝန်ကြီးချုပ်အဖြစ် ဦးစိုးသိန်းနှင့် ကယားပြည်နယ် ဝန်ကြီးချုပ်အဖြစ် ဦးဇော်မျိုးတင်တို့အား ခန့်အပ်". ^ "ကယားပြည်နယ်အစိုးရအဖွဲ့ \| Myanmar President Office". 2017-02-20. Archived from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2021-02-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) vte State and Region Governments of MyanmarCabinet of MyanmarStates Chin Kachin Kayah Kayin Mon Rakhine Shan Regions Ayeyarwady Bago Magway Mandalay Sagaing Taninthayi Yangon	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kayah State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayah_State"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kayah_State_Government_Otfice.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kayah_State_Government_Office.jpg"}],"text":"Kayah State Government is the cabinet of Kayah State. The cabinet is led by a chief minister.[1][2] The Government Office is on the Kanthayawaddi Road.Government Officethe government sub-office","title":"Kayah State Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cabinet"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"April 2016–2021","title":"Cabinet"}]	[{"image_text":"Government Office","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kayah_State_Government_Otfice.jpg/220px-Kayah_State_Government_Otfice.jpg"},{"image_text":"the government sub-office","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kayah_State_Government_Office.jpg/220px-Kayah_State_Government_Office.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"ရန်ကုန်တိုင်းဒေသကြီး ဝန်ကြီးချုပ်အဖြစ် ဦးစိုးသိန်းနှင့် ကယားပြည်နယ် ဝန်ကြီးချုပ်အဖြစ် ဦးဇော်မျိုးတင်တို့အား ခန့်အပ်\".","urls":[{"url":"https://news-eleven.com/article/224947","url_text":"\"ရန်ကုန်တိုင်းဒေသကြီး ဝန်ကြီးချုပ်အဖြစ် ဦးစိုးသိန်းနှင့် ကယားပြည်နယ် ဝန်ကြီးချုပ်အဖြစ် ဦးဇော်မျိုးတင်တို့အား ခန့်အပ်\""}]},{"reference":"\"ကယားပြည်နယ်အစိုးရအဖွဲ့ \| Myanmar President Office\". 2017-02-20. Archived from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2021-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170220014533/http://www.president-office.gov.mm/?q=cabinet/region-and-state-government/id-10191","url_text":"\"ကယားပြည်နယ်အစိုးရအဖွဲ့ \| Myanmar President Office\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kayah_State_Government&params=19.675416_N_97.202306_E_","external_links_name":"19°40′31″N 97°12′08″E / 19.675416°N 97.202306°E / 19.675416; 97.202306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kayah_State_Government&params=19.675416_N_97.202306_E_","external_links_name":"19°40′31″N 97°12′08″E / 19.675416°N 97.202306°E / 19.675416; 97.202306"},{"Link":"http://www.kayahstate.gov.mm/","external_links_name":"www.kayahstate.gov.mm"},{"Link":"https://news-eleven.com/article/224947","external_links_name":"\"ရန်ကုန်တိုင်းဒေသကြီး ဝန်ကြီးချုပ်အဖြစ် ဦးစိုးသိန်းနှင့် ကယားပြည်နယ် ဝန်ကြီးချုပ်အဖြစ် ဦးဇော်မျိုးတင်တို့အား ခန့်အပ်\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170220014533/http://www.president-office.gov.mm/?q=cabinet/region-and-state-government/id-10191","external_links_name":"\"ကယားပြည်နယ်အစိုးရအဖွဲ့ \| Myanmar President Office\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Daniel_Cardellino	Juan Daniel Cardellino	["1 References"]	Uruguayan football referee Juan Daniel Cardellino de San Vicente (March 4, 1942 – September 8, 2007) was a football (soccer) referee from Uruguay, who officiated at two FIFA World Cups: 1982 (two matches) and 1990 (one match). References Profile vteReferees at the 1982 FIFA World CupAFC Ibrahim Youssef Al-Doy Thomson Chan CAF Yousef El Ghoul Benjamin Dwomoh Belaïd Lacarne CONCACAF Rómulo Méndez Luis Paulino Siles David Socha CONMEBOL Gilberto Aristizábal Luis Barrancos Arnaldo Cézar Coelho Gastón Castro Juan Daniel Cardellino Arturo Ithurralde Enrique Labo Revoredo Héctor Ortiz Mario Rubio Vázquez OFC Tony Boskovic UEFA Charles Corver Vojtech Christov Augusto Lamo Castillo Paolo Casarin Bogdan Dochev Walter Eschweiler Erik Fredriksson António Garrido Bruno Galler Alojzy Jarguz Abraham Klein Henning Lund-Sørensen Damir Matovinović Malcolm Moffatt Károly Palotai Alexis Ponnet Adolf Prokop Nicolae Rainea Myroslav Stupar Bob Valentine Michel Vautrot Clive White Franz Wöhrer This biographical article related to Uruguayan football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.larepublica.com.uy/comunidad/274053-avisos-funebres"},{"link_name":"football (soccer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup"}],"text":"Juan Daniel Cardellino de San Vicente [1] (March 4, 1942 – September 8, 2007) was a football (soccer) referee from Uruguay, who officiated at two FIFA World Cups: 1982 (two matches) and 1990 (one match).","title":"Juan Daniel Cardellino"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.larepublica.com.uy/comunidad/274053-avisos-funebres","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929130719/http://www.weltfussball.de/schiedsrichter_profil.php?id=17890","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Daniel_Cardellino&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_at_the_2019_World_Aquatics_Championships	Ethiopia at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships	["1 Swimming","2 References"]	Sporting event delegationEthiopia at the2019 World Aquatics ChampionshipsFlag of EthiopiaFINA codeETHNational federationEthiopian Swimming Federationin Gwangju, South KoreaCompetitors4 in 1 sportMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 World Aquatics Championships appearances200920112013201520172019202220232024 Ethiopia competed at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July. Swimming Main article: Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships Ethiopia entered four swimmers. Men Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Achala Gekabel 50 m butterfly 29.59 84 Did not advance 100 m butterfly 1:06.40 77 Did not advance Abdelmalik Muktar 50 m freestyle 27.39 =116 Did not advance 50 m breaststroke 35.17 72 Did not advance Women Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Rahel Gebresilassie 50 m freestyle 32.36 92 Did not advance 50 m butterfly 36.37 63 Did not advance Lina Selo 100 m freestyle 1:14.88 90 Did not advance 50 m breaststroke DNS Did not advance References ^ "Swimming Entry List" (PDF). www.omegatiming.com. 17 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019. vteNations at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South KoreaAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Comoros Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia New Zealand Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu Others Independent FINA Athletes	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"2019 World Aquatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Gwangju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"}],"text":"Ethiopia competed at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July.","title":"Ethiopia at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ethiopia entered four swimmers.[1]MenWomen","title":"Swimming"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Swimming Entry List\" (PDF). www.omegatiming.com. 17 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.omegatiming.com/File/0001130107FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF20.pdf","url_text":"\"Swimming Entry List\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.omegatiming.com/File/0001130107FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Swimming Entry List\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers	Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers	["1 General MacArthur","1.1 SCAP's relationship with Japanese leadership","2 Transforming Japan","3 Welfare programs","4 Constitution","4.1 Article 9","5 War crimes issues","6 Media censorship","7 Approach to the Japanese Communist Party and Post-War Reforms","8 Legacy","8.1 Active US military presence","9 List of Supreme Commanders for the Allied Powers","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. In particular, the article is a disorganized jumble of passages about MacArthur. Please help clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Head of the Allied occupation of Japan The Dai-Ichi Seimei Building which served as SCAP headquarters, c. 1950 The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (連合国軍最高司令官, Rengōkokugun saikōshireikan, SCAP) was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the United States-led Allied occupation of Japan following World War II. It issued SCAP Directives (alias SCAPIN, SCAP Index Number) to the Japanese government, aiming to suppress its "militaristic nationalism". The position was created at the start of the occupation of Japan on August 14, 1945. It was originally styled the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers. In Japan, the position was generally referred to as GHQ (General Headquarters), as SCAP also referred to the offices of the occupation (which was officially referred by SCAP itself as General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (連合国軍最高司令官総司令部, Rengōkokugun saikōshireikan sōshireibu, abbreviated as GHQ–SCAP)), including a staff of several hundred US civil servants as well as military personnel. Some of these personnel effectively wrote a first draft of the Japanese Constitution, which the National Diet then ratified after a few amendments. Australian, British Empire, and New Zealand forces under SCAP were organized into a sub-command known as British Commonwealth Occupation Force. These actions led MacArthur to be viewed as the new Imperial force in Japan by many Japanese political and civilian figures, even being considered to be the rebirth of the shōgun-style government: 341 which Japan was ruled under until the start of the Meiji Restoration. American biographer William Manchester argues that without MacArthur's leadership, Japan would not have been able to make the move from an imperial, totalitarian state, to a democracy. At his appointment, MacArthur announced that he sought to "restore security, dignity and self-respect" to the Japanese people. MacArthur was also in charge of southern Korea from 1945 to 1948 due to the lack of clear orders or initiative from Washington, D.C. There was no plan or guideline given to MacArthur from the Joint Chiefs of Staff or the State Department on how to rule Korea, resulting in a tumultuous 3 year military occupation that led to the creation of the U.S.-friendly Republic of Korea in 1948. He ordered Lieutenant General John R. Hodge, who accepted the surrender of Japanese forces in southern Korea in September 1945, to govern that area on SCAP's behalf and report to him in Tokyo. General MacArthur Main article: Douglas MacArthur MacArthur arrives at Atsugi airfield, August 30th, 1945. SCAP is oftentimes synonymous with its appointed post war leader, American General Douglas MacArthur. MacArthur ruled Japan with a fairly lenient approach. As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, MacArthur decided not to prosecute Shiro Ishii and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ warfare data based on human experimentation. On May 6, 1947, he wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as "War Crimes" evidence." The deal was concluded in 1948. According to historian Herbert Bix in Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save the Emperor from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war." MacArthur's reasoning was that if the emperor were executed or sentenced to life imprisonment there would be a violent backlash and revolution from the Japanese of all social classes, and this would interfere with his primary goal of changing Japan from a militarist, feudal society to a pro-Western modern democracy. In a cable sent to General Dwight Eisenhower in February 1946, MacArthur stated that executing or imprisoning the emperor would require the use of one million occupation soldiers to keep the peace. SCAP's relationship with Japanese leadership General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito, 29th of September, 1945 The relationship between Japanese leadership and SCAP was tense, as SCAP domineered the former on the path to post war reconstruction. MacArthur was focused on the task at hand, shown by his refusal to address the Japanese leadership or public directly, instead electing to go straight to and from his office every day, without stops. MacArthur and SCAP were adamant that the Emperor especially be shielded from responsibility for the war. MacArthur allowed the Emperor to issue statements that allowed for post war SCAP policy to be reframed as continued Meiji restoration, allowing the Emperor to cling to legitimacy. These views would be reflected in the first eight articles of the Constitution of Japan. Transforming Japan A major land reform was conducted, led by Wolf Ladejinsky of MacArthur's SCAP staff; however, Ladejinsky himself stated that the true architect of the land reform was Hiroo Wada , then-Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries from the Japan Socialist Party. Between 1947 and 1949, approximately 4,700,000 acres (1,900,000 ha), or 38% of Japan's cultivated land, was purchased from the landlords under the government's reform program, and 4,600,000 acres (1,860,000 ha) was resold to the farmers who worked them. By 1950, 89% of all agricultural land was owner-operated and only 11% was tenant-operated. MacArthur's efforts to encourage trade union membership met with phenomenal success, and by 1947, 48% of the non-agricultural workforce was unionized. Some of MacArthur's reforms were rescinded in 1948 when his unilateral control of Japan was ended by the increased involvement of the State Department. During the Occupation, SCAP successfully, if not entirely, abolished many of the financial coalitions known as the Zaibatsu, which had previously monopolized industry. Eventually, looser industrial groupings known as Keiretsu evolved. The reforms alarmed many in the U.S. Departments of Defense and State, who believed they conflicted with the prospect of Japan and its industrial capacity as a bulwark against the spread of communism in Asia. Japan's hereditary peerage, called kazoku, that lasted for over a millennium in different but essentially similar forms, was abolished by the new Japanese constitution that was heavily influenced by MacArthur. This was similar to the European peerage system involving princes, barons and counts that were not part of the royal family. Also, the extended royal family, called ōke and shinnōke, was abolished and stripped of all rights and privileges, transforming into commoners immediately. The only Japanese that were allowed to call themselves a part of royalty or nobility after the U.S. occupation were the emperor and about 20 of his direct family members. This action by MacArthur and the writers of the constitution helped transform Japan drastically by abolishing all of the old extended royal family class and the nobility class. Welfare programs One of the largest of the SCAP programs was Public Health and Welfare, headed by US Army Colonel Crawford F. Sams. Working with the SCAP staff of 150, Sams directed the welfare work of the American doctors, and organized entirely new Japanese medical welfare systems along American lines. The Japanese population was in a poor state: most people badly worn down, doctors and medicines were very scarce, and sanitary systems had been bombed out in larger cities. His earliest priorities were in distributing food supplies from the United States. Millions of refugees from the defunct overseas empire were pouring in, often in bad physical shape, with a high risk of introducing smallpox, typhus and cholera. The outbreaks that did occur were localized, as emergency immunization, quarantine, sanitation, and delousing prevented massive epidemics. Sams, who was promoted to Brigadier General in 1948, worked with Japanese officials to establish vaccine laboratories, reorganize hospitals along American lines, upgrade medical and nursing schools, and bring together Japanese, international, and US teams that dealt with disasters, child care, and health insurance. He set up an Institute of Public Health for educating public health workers and a National Institute of Health for research, and set up statistical divisions and data collection systems. Constitution Main article: Constitution of Japan One of the most significant actions of SCAP during the occupation was the drafting of a new Japanese constitution. One of MacArthur's top priorities was an overhaul of the existing Meiji constitution, to bring the country in line with its new democratic government. He gave the task of drafting the constitution to his officers, frustrated by the slowness of legislators. They would finish the task within a week, and presenting the new constitution as a wholesale amendment to the Meiji Constitution. It provided protections to the Emperor, placing him at the head of the state. It was ratified November of 1946 and went into effect May 3rd, 1947. It remains the oldest unamended constitution in the world. Article 9 The most polarizing aspect of the Japanese constitution, a part that still sees debate to this day, is the presence of Article 9, a clause covering the status of the Japanese military. The clause outlaws belligerency and prohibits the establishment of organized armed forces by the government. Despite this, Japan maintains a "self defense force" (a de facto defensive military) of around 250,000 active personnel. Article 9 and the JSDF are both hotly contested subjects of debates in modern Japanese politics, as pacifists see the JSDF and military involvement in foreign countries as unconstitutional, while nationalists seek Article 9's removal and a wider rearmament of Japan. War crimes issues SCAP arrested 28 suspected war criminals on account of crimes against peace, but it did not conduct the Tokyo Trials; the International Military Tribunal for the Far East was responsible instead. President Harry Truman had negotiated Japanese surrender on the condition the Emperor would not be executed or put on trial. SCAP carried out that policy. As soon as November 26, 1945, MacArthur confirmed to Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai that the emperor's abdication would not be necessary.: 323 Before the war crimes trials actually convened, SCAP, the IPS and officials from Hirohito's Shōwa government worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family being indicted, but also to slant the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor. High officials in court circles and the Shōwa government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as Class A suspects and incarcerated in Sugamo Prison solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility.: 325 As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, MacArthur also decided not to prosecute Shiro Ishii and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ warfare data based on human experimentation. On May 6, 1947, he wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as "War Crimes" evidence." The deal was concluded in 1948. According to historian Herbert Bix in Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save the Emperor from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war." MacArthur's reasoning was if the emperor were executed or sentenced to life imprisonment there would be a violent backlash and revolution from the Japanese from all social classes and this would interfere with his primary goal to change Japan from a militarist, feudal society to a pro-Western modern democracy. In a cable sent to General Dwight Eisenhower in February 1946 MacArthur said executing or imprisoning the emperor would require the use of one million occupation soldiers to keep the peace. Media censorship Above the political and economic control SCAP had for the seven years following Japan's surrender, SCAP also had strict control over all of the Japanese media, under the formation of the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) of SCAP. The CCD eventually banned a total of 31 topics from all forms of media.: 341 These topics included: Criticism of SCAP (individuals and the organization). All Allied countries. Criticism of Allied policy pre- and post-war. Any form of imperial propaganda. Defense of war criminals. Praise of "undemocratic" forms of government, though praise of SCAP itself was permitted. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Black market activities. Open discussion of allied diplomatic relations (Soviet Union–United States relations). Although some of the CCD censorship laws considerably relaxed towards the end of SCAP, some topics, like the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were taboo until 1952 at the end of the occupation. Approach to the Japanese Communist Party and Post-War Reforms This section is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) MacArthur legalized the Japanese Communist Party despite reservations from the United States government out of a desire for Japan to be truly democratic and invited them to take part in the 1946 election, which was also the first ever election to allow women to vote. He ordered the release of all political prisoners of the Imperial Japanese era, including communist prisoners. MacArthur approved the first May Day parade in 11 years in 1946. On the day before the May Day celebrations, which would involve 300,000 Japanese communists demonstrating with red flags and pro-Marxism chants in front of the Tokyo Imperial Palace and the Dai-Ichi Building, a group of would-be assassins led by Hideo Tokayama that planned to assassinate MacArthur with hand grenades and pistols on May Day was stopped and some of its members arrested. Despite this plot the May Day demonstrations went on. MacArthur stopped the Communist Party from gaining any popularity in Japan by releasing their members from prison, conducting landmark land reform that made MacArthur more popular than communism for the rural Japanese farmers and peasants, and allowing the communists to freely participate in elections. In the 1946 election they won only 6 seats. Along with his American aversion to communism, General MacArthur had religious motivation in his subjugation of post war Japan. Unlike their western allies in Germany, the Japanese had a pagan, exotic reputation; he saw the occupation as a christian mission to pacify an "oriental people" and bring them in line with the west. Legacy Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan signing the San Francisco Peace Treaty on September 8, 1951 MacArthur handed over power to the Japanese government in 1949, but remained in Japan until relieved by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951, after which he was succeeded as SCAP by General Matthew Ridgway. The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on 8 September 1951, marked the end of the Allied occupation, and when it went into effect on 28 April 1952, Japan was once again an independent state. The position of SCAP was effectively abolished on 1 July 1957 with the disbandment of the Far East Command. However, the United States continued to administer some Japanese islands after that with, for example, Okinawa being continually under US administration until 1972. Active US military presence Main article: United States Forces Japan All branches of the United States military forces are still present in Japan today. They primarily function in a support role, providing defense for Japan and the surrounding region, per the agreements of the US-Japan Mutual Security Treaty. The United States Forces Japan consists of around 50,000 service members deployed all over Japan to protect Japanese and US interests alike. This has led to tension at times between Japanese citizens and American servicemen, with incidents frequently occurring between locals and servicemen. There are currently plans to relocate military bases in Okinawa, namely Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, as three quarters of all USFJ installations are located in the prefecture, despite its small size. List of Supreme Commanders for the Allied Powers No. Commander Term Service branch Portrait Name Took office Left office Term length 1 MacArthur, DouglasGeneralDouglas MacArthur(1880–1964)14 August 194511 April 19515 years, 240 daysU.S. Army 2 Ridgway, MatthewGeneralMatthew Ridgway(1895–1993)11 April 195112 May 19521 year, 31 daysU.S. Army 3 Clark, MarkGeneralMark W. Clark(1896–1984)12 May 19527 October 19531 year, 148 daysU.S. Army 4 Hull, JohnGeneralJohn E. Hull(1895–1975)7 October 19531 April 19551 year, 176 daysU.S. Army 5 Taylor, MaxwellGeneralMaxwell D. Taylor(1901–1987)1 April 19555 June 195565 daysU.S. Army 6 Lemnitzer, LymanGeneralLyman Lemnitzer(1899–1988)5 June 19551 July 19572 years, 26 daysU.S. Army See also Occupation of Japan GI Baby Supreme Allied Commander Europe References ^ S.C.A.P. (Jan 4, 1946). "Removal and Exclusion of Undesirable Personnel from Public Office". The National Diet Library (Japan). Retrieved 2019-02-20. ^ https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1%20Sup/ch3.htm ^ Hellegers, Dale M. (2002). We, the Japanese people. Stanford University Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-8047-8032-2. ^ a b c d Dower, John W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04686-1. OCLC 39143090. ^ Manchester, William (1978). American Caesar. Little, Brown and Company. p. 472. ISBN 0-316-54498-1. ^ "CHAPTER III: THE COMMAND STRUCTURE: AFPAC, FEC AND SCAP". history.army.mil. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ "CHAPTER II:The House Divided". history.army.mil. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ Gold, Hal (2004). Unit 731 testimony. Boston: Tuttle. p. 109. ISBN 978-4-900737-39-6. OCLC 422879915. ^ Drayton, Richard (May 10, 2005). "An Ethical Blank Cheque: British and US mythology about the second world war ignores our own crimes and legitimises Anglo-American war making". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. ^ Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. p. 562 ^ How the Emperor Became Human (And MacArthur Became Divine)". longreads.com. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ Watanabe Kenichi Olivier Mille Christine Watanabe ARTE France Kami Productions (Firm) Artline Films and Arte éditions (Firm) dirs. 2009. Japan the Emperor and the Army. Icarus Films. ^ Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. p. 562 ^ Ness, Gayl D. (1967), "Review of the book Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World", American Sociological Review, 32 (5): 818–820, doi:10.2307/2092029, JSTOR 2092029. ^ James 1985, pp. 183–192. ^ James 1985, pp. 174–183. ^ Schaller 1985, p. 25. ^ James 1985, pp. 222–224, 252–254. ^ "Occupation of Japan and the New Constitution \| American Experience \| PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ Sams, Crawford F. (1998). "Medic": The Mission of an American Military Doctor in Occupied Japan and Wartorn Korea. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-50371-4. ^ "The Anomalous Life of the Japanese Constitution". Nippon.com. 15 August 2017. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. ^ Maga, Timothy P. (2001). Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2177-2. ^ Tanaka, Yuki; et al. (2011). Beyond Victor's Justice? The Tokyo War Crimes Trial Revisited. BRILL. pp. 149–50. ISBN 978-90-04-21591-7. ^ Ham, Paul (2014). Hiroshima Nagasaki: The Real Story of the Atomic Bombings and Their Aftermath. St. Martin's Press. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-1-4668-4747-7. ^ Gold, Hal (2004). Unit 731 testimony. Boston: Tuttle. p. 109. ISBN 978-4-900737-39-6. OCLC 422879915. ^ Drayton, Richard (May 10, 2005). "An Ethical Blank Cheque: British and US mythology about the second world war ignores our own crimes and legitimises Anglo-American war making". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. ^ Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0. OCLC 247018161. ^ "How the Emperor Became Human (And MacArthur Became Divine)". longreads.com. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ Morris Jr., Seymour. Supreme Commander: MacArthur's Triumph in Japan. Page 169-173 ^ "MacArthur Plot Alarms Japanese; They See Possible Repercussions; JAPANESE FEARFUL ON M'ARTHUR PLOT Timed for Demonstration Plotters Still at Large". The New York Times. May 1946. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ "Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ Dower, John W.. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. United Kingdom: W.W. Norton & Company/New Press, 1999. ^ USFJ (May 13, 2022). "United States Forces Japan". US Forces Japan. Retrieved 2019-02-20. ^ "Tens of thousands protest on Okinawa to close key U.S. bases in Japan". USA Today. Further reading Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161 Dower, John W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04686-1; OCLC 39143090 Gold, Hal. (2003). Japan's Wartime Human Experimentation and the Post-War Cover-up. Boston: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-4-900737-39-6; OCLC 422879915 James, D. Clayton (1985). Volume 3, Triumph and Disaster 1945–1964. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-36004-0. OCLC 36211311. Lind, Jennifer. (2008). Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4625-2; OCLC 214322850 Manchester, William (1978). American Caesar. New York: Little, Brown and Company, pp 459–544. ISBN 0-316-54498-1 Schaller, Michael (1985). The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503626-8. OCLC 11971554. Japanese Press Translations Collection from Dartmouth College Library Justin Williams papers, served as the Chief of the Legislative Division for the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers from 1945 to 1952. At the University of Maryland libraries. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Japan Academics CiNii	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GHQ_building_circa_1950.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dai-Ichi Seimei Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DN_Tower_21"},{"link_name":"Douglas MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"occupation of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"civil servants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service"},{"link_name":"military personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_personnel"},{"link_name":"Japanese Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"National Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth Occupation Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force"},{"link_name":"shōgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dower-4"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"southern Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea"},{"link_name":"3 year military occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"John R. Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Hodge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Head of the Allied occupation of JapanThe Dai-Ichi Seimei Building which served as SCAP headquarters, c. 1950The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (連合国軍最高司令官, Rengōkokugun saikōshireikan, SCAP) was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the United States-led Allied occupation of Japan following World War II. It issued SCAP Directives (alias SCAPIN, SCAP Index Number) to the Japanese government, aiming to suppress its \"militaristic nationalism\".[1] The position was created at the start of the occupation of Japan on August 14, 1945.[2] It was originally styled the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers.[3]In Japan, the position was generally referred to as GHQ (General Headquarters), as SCAP also referred to the offices of the occupation (which was officially referred by SCAP itself as General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (連合国軍最高司令官総司令部, Rengōkokugun saikōshireikan sōshireibu, abbreviated as GHQ–SCAP)), including a staff of several hundred US civil servants as well as military personnel. Some of these personnel effectively wrote a first draft of the Japanese Constitution, which the National Diet then ratified after a few amendments. Australian, British Empire, and New Zealand forces under SCAP were organized into a sub-command known as British Commonwealth Occupation Force.These actions led MacArthur to be viewed as the new Imperial force in Japan by many Japanese political and civilian figures, even being considered to be the rebirth of the shōgun-style government[4]: 341 which Japan was ruled under until the start of the Meiji Restoration. American biographer William Manchester argues that without MacArthur's leadership, Japan would not have been able to make the move from an imperial, totalitarian state, to a democracy. At his appointment, MacArthur announced that he sought to \"restore security, dignity and self-respect\" to the Japanese people.[5]MacArthur was also in charge of southern Korea from 1945 to 1948 due to the lack of clear orders or initiative from Washington, D.C. There was no plan or guideline given to MacArthur from the Joint Chiefs of Staff or the State Department on how to rule Korea, resulting in a tumultuous 3 year military occupation that led to the creation of the U.S.-friendly Republic of Korea in 1948. He ordered Lieutenant General John R. Hodge, who accepted the surrender of Japanese forces in southern Korea in September 1945, to govern that area on SCAP's behalf and report to him in Tokyo.[6][7]","title":"Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MacArthur_arrives_at_Atsugi;ac01732.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shiro Ishii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiro_Ishii"},{"link_name":"bacteriological research units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731"},{"link_name":"germ warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_warfare"},{"link_name":"human experimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_experimentation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Herbert Bix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Bix"},{"link_name":"Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"MacArthur arrives at Atsugi airfield, August 30th, 1945.SCAP is oftentimes synonymous with its appointed post war leader, American General Douglas MacArthur. MacArthur ruled Japan with a fairly lenient approach.As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, MacArthur decided not to prosecute Shiro Ishii and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ warfare data based on human experimentation. On May 6, 1947, he wrote to Washington that \"additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as \"War Crimes\" evidence.\"[8] The deal was concluded in 1948.[9]According to historian Herbert Bix in Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, \"MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save the Emperor from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war.\"[10] MacArthur's reasoning was that if the emperor were executed or sentenced to life imprisonment there would be a violent backlash and revolution from the Japanese of all social classes, and this would interfere with his primary goal of changing Japan from a militarist, feudal society to a pro-Western modern democracy. In a cable sent to General Dwight Eisenhower in February 1946, MacArthur stated that executing or imprisoning the emperor would require the use of one million occupation soldiers to keep the peace.[11]","title":"General MacArthur"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Meiji restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-13"}],"sub_title":"SCAP's relationship with Japanese leadership","text":"General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito, 29th of September, 1945The relationship between Japanese leadership and SCAP was tense, as SCAP domineered the former on the path to post war reconstruction. MacArthur was focused on the task at hand, shown by his refusal to address the Japanese leadership or public directly, instead electing to go straight to and from his office every day, without stops. [12]MacArthur and SCAP were adamant that the Emperor especially be shielded from responsibility for the war. MacArthur allowed the Emperor to issue statements that allowed for post war SCAP policy to be reframed as continued Meiji restoration, allowing the Emperor to cling to legitimacy. These views would be reflected in the first eight articles of the Constitution of Japan.[13]","title":"General MacArthur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"land reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform"},{"link_name":"Wolf Ladejinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Ladejinsky"},{"link_name":"Hiroo Wada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiroo_Wada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%8D%9A%E9%9B%84"},{"link_name":"Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Japan Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1985183%E2%80%93192-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1985174%E2%80%93183-16"},{"link_name":"Zaibatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaibatsu"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaller198525-17"},{"link_name":"Keiretsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiretsu"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1985222%E2%80%93224,_252%E2%80%93254-18"},{"link_name":"kazoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku"},{"link_name":"ōke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cke"},{"link_name":"shinnōke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinn%C5%8Dke"},{"link_name":"direct family members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan#List_of_current_members"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"A major land reform was conducted, led by Wolf Ladejinsky of MacArthur's SCAP staff; however, Ladejinsky himself stated that the true architect of the land reform was Hiroo Wada [ja], then-Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries from the Japan Socialist Party.[14] Between 1947 and 1949, approximately 4,700,000 acres (1,900,000 ha), or 38% of Japan's cultivated land, was purchased from the landlords under the government's reform program, and 4,600,000 acres (1,860,000 ha) was resold to the farmers who worked them. By 1950, 89% of all agricultural land was owner-operated and only 11% was tenant-operated.[15] MacArthur's efforts to encourage trade union membership met with phenomenal success, and by 1947, 48% of the non-agricultural workforce was unionized. Some of MacArthur's reforms were rescinded in 1948 when his unilateral control of Japan was ended by the increased involvement of the State Department.[16] During the Occupation, SCAP successfully, if not entirely, abolished many of the financial coalitions known as the Zaibatsu, which had previously monopolized industry.[17] Eventually, looser industrial groupings known as Keiretsu evolved. The reforms alarmed many in the U.S. Departments of Defense and State, who believed they conflicted with the prospect of Japan and its industrial capacity as a bulwark against the spread of communism in Asia.[18]Japan's hereditary peerage, called kazoku, that lasted for over a millennium in different but essentially similar forms, was abolished by the new Japanese constitution that was heavily influenced by MacArthur. This was similar to the European peerage system involving princes, barons and counts that were not part of the royal family. Also, the extended royal family, called ōke and shinnōke, was abolished and stripped of all rights and privileges, transforming into commoners immediately. The only Japanese that were allowed to call themselves a part of royalty or nobility after the U.S. occupation were the emperor and about 20 of his direct family members. This action by MacArthur and the writers of the constitution helped transform Japan drastically by abolishing all of the old extended royal family class and the nobility class.[19]","title":"Transforming Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"One of the largest of the SCAP programs was Public Health and Welfare, headed by US Army Colonel Crawford F. Sams. Working with the SCAP staff of 150, Sams directed the welfare work of the American doctors, and organized entirely new Japanese medical welfare systems along American lines. The Japanese population was in a poor state: most people badly worn down, doctors and medicines were very scarce, and sanitary systems had been bombed out in larger cities. His earliest priorities were in distributing food supplies from the United States. Millions of refugees from the defunct overseas empire were pouring in, often in bad physical shape, with a high risk of introducing smallpox, typhus and cholera. The outbreaks that did occur were localized, as emergency immunization, quarantine, sanitation, and delousing prevented massive epidemics. Sams, who was promoted to Brigadier General in 1948, worked with Japanese officials to establish vaccine laboratories, reorganize hospitals along American lines, upgrade medical and nursing schools, and bring together Japanese, international, and US teams that dealt with disasters, child care, and health insurance. He set up an Institute of Public Health for educating public health workers and a National Institute of Health for research, and set up statistical divisions and data collection systems.[20]","title":"Welfare programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meiji constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_constitution"},{"link_name":"Meiji Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"One of the most significant actions of SCAP during the occupation was the drafting of a new Japanese constitution. One of MacArthur's top priorities was an overhaul of the existing Meiji constitution, to bring the country in line with its new democratic government. He gave the task of drafting the constitution to his officers, frustrated by the slowness of legislators. They would finish the task within a week, and presenting the new constitution as a wholesale amendment to the Meiji Constitution. It provided protections to the Emperor, placing him at the head of the state. It was ratified November of 1946 and went into effect May 3rd, 1947. It remains the oldest unamended constitution in the world. [21]","title":"Constitution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Article 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution"},{"link_name":"self defense force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"JSDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"military involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Article 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution"}],"sub_title":"Article 9","text":"The most polarizing aspect of the Japanese constitution, a part that still sees debate to this day, is the presence of Article 9, a clause covering the status of the Japanese military. The clause outlaws belligerency and prohibits the establishment of organized armed forces by the government. Despite this, Japan maintains a \"self defense force\" (a de facto defensive military) of around 250,000 active personnel. Article 9 and the JSDF are both hotly contested subjects of debates in modern Japanese politics, as pacifists see the JSDF and military involvement in foreign countries as unconstitutional, while nationalists seek Article 9's removal and a wider rearmament of Japan.","title":"Constitution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Military Tribunal for the Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Harry Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Mitsumasa Yonai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsumasa_Yonai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dower-4"},{"link_name":"Hirohito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito"},{"link_name":"Shōwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period"},{"link_name":"war criminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_criminals"},{"link_name":"Sugamo Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugamo_Prison"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dower-4"},{"link_name":"Shiro Ishii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiro_Ishii"},{"link_name":"bacteriological research units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731"},{"link_name":"germ warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_warfare"},{"link_name":"human experimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_experimentation"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Herbert Bix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Bix"},{"link_name":"Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"SCAP arrested 28 suspected war criminals on account of crimes against peace, but it did not conduct the Tokyo Trials; the International Military Tribunal for the Far East was responsible instead.[22][23] President Harry Truman had negotiated Japanese surrender on the condition the Emperor would not be executed or put on trial. SCAP carried out that policy.[24]As soon as November 26, 1945, MacArthur confirmed to Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai that the emperor's abdication would not be necessary.[4]: 323 Before the war crimes trials actually convened, SCAP, the IPS and officials from Hirohito's Shōwa government worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family being indicted, but also to slant the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor. High officials in court circles and the Shōwa government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as Class A suspects and incarcerated in Sugamo Prison solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility.[4]: 325As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, MacArthur also decided not to prosecute Shiro Ishii and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ warfare data based on human experimentation. On May 6, 1947, he wrote to Washington that \"additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as \"War Crimes\" evidence.\"[25] The deal was concluded in 1948.[26]According to historian Herbert Bix in Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, \"MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save the Emperor from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war.\"[27] MacArthur's reasoning was if the emperor were executed or sentenced to life imprisonment there would be a violent backlash and revolution from the Japanese from all social classes and this would interfere with his primary goal to change Japan from a militarist, feudal society to a pro-Western modern democracy. In a cable sent to General Dwight Eisenhower in February 1946 MacArthur said executing or imprisoning the emperor would require the use of one million occupation soldiers to keep the peace.[28]","title":"War crimes issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Censorship Detachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Censorship_Detachment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dower-4"},{"link_name":"imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"war criminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes"},{"link_name":"forms of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_of_government"},{"link_name":"atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Black market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_economy"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations"}],"text":"Above the political and economic control SCAP had for the seven years following Japan's surrender, SCAP also had strict control over all of the Japanese media, under the formation of the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) of SCAP. The CCD eventually banned a total of 31 topics from all forms of media.[4]: 341 These topics included:Criticism of SCAP (individuals and the organization).\nAll Allied countries.\nCriticism of Allied policy pre- and post-war.\nAny form of imperial propaganda.\nDefense of war criminals.\nPraise of \"undemocratic\" forms of government, though praise of SCAP itself was permitted.\nThe atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.\nBlack market activities.\nOpen discussion of allied diplomatic relations (Soviet Union–United States relations).Although some of the CCD censorship laws considerably relaxed towards the end of SCAP, some topics, like the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were taboo until 1952 at the end of the occupation.","title":"Media censorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"1946 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Imperial Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace"},{"link_name":"Dai-Ichi Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DN_Tower_21"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"MacArthur legalized the Japanese Communist Party despite reservations from the United States government out of a desire for Japan to be truly democratic and invited them to take part in the 1946 election, which was also the first ever election to allow women to vote. He ordered the release of all political prisoners of the Imperial Japanese era, including communist prisoners. MacArthur approved the first May Day parade in 11 years in 1946. On the day before the May Day celebrations, which would involve 300,000 Japanese communists demonstrating with red flags and pro-Marxism chants in front of the Tokyo Imperial Palace and the Dai-Ichi Building, a group of would-be assassins led by Hideo Tokayama that planned to assassinate MacArthur with hand grenades and pistols on May Day was stopped and some of its members arrested. Despite this plot the May Day demonstrations went on. MacArthur stopped the Communist Party from gaining any popularity in Japan by releasing their members from prison, conducting landmark land reform that made MacArthur more popular than communism for the rural Japanese farmers and peasants, and allowing the communists to freely participate in elections. In the 1946 election they won only 6 seats.[29][30][31] Along with his American aversion to communism, General MacArthur had religious motivation in his subjugation of post war Japan. Unlike their western allies in Germany, the Japanese had a pagan, exotic reputation; he saw the occupation as a christian mission to pacify an \"oriental people\" and bring them in line with the west.[32]","title":"Approach to the Japanese Communist Party and Post-War Reforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoshida_signs_San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shigeru Yoshida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"Matthew Ridgway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Peace Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Far East Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Command_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan signing the San Francisco Peace Treaty on September 8, 1951MacArthur handed over power to the Japanese government in 1949, but remained in Japan until relieved by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951, after which he was succeeded as SCAP by General Matthew Ridgway. The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on 8 September 1951, marked the end of the Allied occupation, and when it went into effect on 28 April 1952, Japan was once again an independent state. The position of SCAP was effectively abolished on 1 July 1957 with the disbandment of the Far East Command. However, the United States continued to administer some Japanese islands after that with, for example, Okinawa being continually under US administration until 1972.[33]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US-Japan Mutual Security Treaty.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan"},{"link_name":"United States Forces Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station Futenma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Futenma"}],"sub_title":"Active US military presence","text":"All branches of the United States military forces are still present in Japan today. They primarily function in a support role, providing defense for Japan and the surrounding region, per the agreements of the US-Japan Mutual Security Treaty. The United States Forces Japan consists of around 50,000 service members deployed all over Japan to protect Japanese and US interests alike. This has led to tension at times between Japanese citizens and American servicemen, with incidents frequently occurring between locals and servicemen.[34] There are currently plans to relocate military bases in Okinawa, namely Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, as three quarters of all USFJ installations are located in the prefecture, despite its small size.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Supreme Commanders for the Allied Powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bix, Herbert P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Bix"},{"link_name":"Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-019314-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019314-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"247018161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/247018161"},{"link_name":"Dower, John W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Dower"},{"link_name":"Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embracing_Defeat"},{"link_name":"W. W. Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-04686-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04686-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"39143090","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39143090"},{"link_name":"Tuttle Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-900737-39-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-900737-39-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"422879915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/422879915"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-395-36004-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-36004-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"36211311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/36211311"},{"link_name":"Cornell University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8014-4625-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4625-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"214322850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/214322850"},{"link_name":"Manchester, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Manchester"},{"link_name":"American Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Caesar"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-316-54498-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-54498-1"},{"link_name":"The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/americanoccupati00scha"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-503626-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503626-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11971554","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11971554"},{"link_name":"Japanese Press Translations Collection from Dartmouth College Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//libarchive.dartmouth.edu/cdm/search/collection/presstrans"},{"link_name":"Justin Williams papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1057"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471889#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000107901563"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/139071262"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268612905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n50079003"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00409689"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02482354?l=en"}],"text":"Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161\nDower, John W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04686-1; OCLC 39143090\nGold, Hal. (2003). Japan's Wartime Human Experimentation and the Post-War Cover-up. Boston: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-4-900737-39-6; OCLC 422879915\nJames, D. Clayton (1985). Volume 3, Triumph and Disaster 1945–1964. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-36004-0. OCLC 36211311.\nLind, Jennifer. (2008). Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4625-2; OCLC 214322850\nManchester, William (1978). American Caesar. New York: Little, Brown and Company, pp 459–544. ISBN 0-316-54498-1\nSchaller, Michael (1985). The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503626-8. OCLC 11971554.\nJapanese Press Translations Collection from Dartmouth College Library\nJustin Williams papers, served as the Chief of the Legislative Division for the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers from 1945 to 1952. At the University of Maryland libraries.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States\nJapan\nAcademics\nCiNii","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Dai-Ichi Seimei Building which served as SCAP headquarters, c. 1950","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/GHQ_building_circa_1950.JPG/220px-GHQ_building_circa_1950.JPG"},{"image_text":"MacArthur arrives at Atsugi airfield, August 30th, 1945.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MacArthur_arrives_at_Atsugi%3Bac01732.jpg/220px-MacArthur_arrives_at_Atsugi%3Bac01732.jpg"},{"image_text":"General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito, 29th of September, 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg/220px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan signing the San Francisco Peace Treaty on September 8, 1951","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yoshida_signs_San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty.jpg/220px-Yoshida_signs_San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Occupation of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan"},{"title":"GI Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GI_Baby"},{"title":"Supreme Allied Commander Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe"}]	[{"reference":"S.C.A.P. (Jan 4, 1946). \"Removal and Exclusion of Undesirable Personnel from Public Office\". The National Diet Library (Japan). Retrieved 2019-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/9885619?itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F9885619&__lang=en","url_text":"\"Removal and Exclusion of Undesirable Personnel from Public Office\""}]},{"reference":"Hellegers, Dale M. (2002). We, the Japanese people. Stanford University Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-8047-8032-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GL8h6wZPqIoC&pg=PA360","url_text":"We, the Japanese people"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8032-2","url_text":"978-0-8047-8032-2"}]},{"reference":"Dower, John W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04686-1. OCLC 39143090.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Dower","url_text":"Dower, John W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embracing_Defeat","url_text":"Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton","url_text":"W. W. Norton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04686-1","url_text":"978-0-393-04686-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39143090","url_text":"39143090"}]},{"reference":"Manchester, William (1978). American Caesar. Little, Brown and Company. p. 472. ISBN 0-316-54498-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americancaesardo00manc","url_text":"American Caesar"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americancaesardo00manc/page/n503","url_text":"472"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-54498-1","url_text":"0-316-54498-1"}]},{"reference":"\"CHAPTER III: THE COMMAND STRUCTURE: AFPAC, FEC AND SCAP\". history.army.mil. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1%20Sup/ch3.htm","url_text":"\"CHAPTER III: THE COMMAND STRUCTURE: AFPAC, FEC AND SCAP\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHAPTER II:The House Divided\". history.army.mil. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/books/pd-c-02.htm","url_text":"\"CHAPTER II:The House Divided\""}]},{"reference":"Ness, Gayl D. (1967), \"Review of the book Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World\", American Sociological Review, 32 (5): 818–820, doi:10.2307/2092029, JSTOR 2092029","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2092029","url_text":"10.2307/2092029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2092029","url_text":"2092029"}]},{"reference":"\"Occupation of Japan and the New Constitution \| American Experience \| PBS\". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 18 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/macarthur-occupation-japan-and-constitution/","url_text":"\"Occupation of Japan and the New Constitution \| American Experience \| PBS\""}]},{"reference":"Sams, Crawford F. (1998). \"Medic\": The Mission of an American Military Doctor in Occupied Japan and Wartorn Korea. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-50371-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50371-4","url_text":"978-1-315-50371-4"}]},{"reference":"Maga, Timothy P. (2001). Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2177-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2177-2","url_text":"978-0-8131-2177-2"}]},{"reference":"Tanaka, Yuki; et al. (2011). Beyond Victor's Justice? The Tokyo War Crimes Trial Revisited. BRILL. pp. 149–50. ISBN 978-90-04-21591-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nOIzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149","url_text":"Beyond Victor's Justice? The Tokyo War Crimes Trial Revisited"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21591-7","url_text":"978-90-04-21591-7"}]},{"reference":"Ham, Paul (2014). Hiroshima Nagasaki: The Real Story of the Atomic Bombings and Their Aftermath. St. Martin's Press. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-1-4668-4747-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5FZGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79","url_text":"Hiroshima Nagasaki: The Real Story of the Atomic Bombings and Their Aftermath"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-4747-7","url_text":"978-1-4668-4747-7"}]},{"reference":"Gold, Hal (2004). Unit 731 testimony. Boston: Tuttle. p. 109. ISBN 978-4-900737-39-6. OCLC 422879915.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unit731testimony00halg/page/109","url_text":"Unit 731 testimony"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unit731testimony00halg/page/109","url_text":"109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-900737-39-6","url_text":"978-4-900737-39-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/422879915","url_text":"422879915"}]},{"reference":"Drayton, Richard (May 10, 2005). \"An Ethical Blank Cheque: British and US mythology about the second world war ignores our own crimes and legitimises Anglo-American war making\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111112521/http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0510-24.htm","url_text":"\"An Ethical Blank Cheque: British and US mythology about the second world war ignores our own crimes and legitimises Anglo-American war making\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0510-24.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0. OCLC 247018161.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Bix","url_text":"Bix, Herbert P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan","url_text":"Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019314-0","url_text":"978-0-06-019314-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247018161","url_text":"247018161"}]},{"reference":"\"How the Emperor Became Human (And MacArthur Became Divine)\". longreads.com. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://longreads.com/2015/11/11/how-the-emperor-became-human-and-macarthur-became-divine/","url_text":"\"How the Emperor Became Human (And MacArthur Became Divine)\""}]},{"reference":"James, D. Clayton (1985). Volume 3, Triumph and Disaster 1945–1964. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-36004-0. OCLC 36211311.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-36004-0","url_text":"978-0-395-36004-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36211311","url_text":"36211311"}]},{"reference":"Schaller, Michael (1985). The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503626-8. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Earl_Fickel	Jacob Earl Fickel	["1 Military career","2 Aerial gunnery pioneer","3 References","4 Sources","5 Further reading"]	United States Army Air Forces general Jacob Earl FickelMajor General Jacob Earl Fickel during World War IINickname(s)JakeBorn(1883-01-31)January 31, 1883Des Moines, Iowa, United StatesDiedAugust 7, 1956(1956-08-07) (aged 73)Wiesbaden, GermanyAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1904–1946RankMajor GeneralCommands heldDistrict No. 3 (Western) Technical Training CommandFourth Air Force1st Wing, GHQ Air ForceAir Corps Advanced Flying SchoolBattles/warsWorld War IIAwardsArmy Distinguished Service Medal Jacob Earl "Jake" Fickel (January 31, 1883 – August 7, 1956) was a general officer and an instructor of aviation in the United States Army. He served as a private, corporal and sergeant, prior to being commissioned an officer and rising to the rank of major general. Military career Fickel was born in Des Moines, Iowa, on January 31, 1883. He enlisted in the Regular Army when he was 21 years old. He served as a private, corporal, sergeant, and first sergeant of Company K, 27th Infantry of the United States Army. He was stationed at Fort Hayes, Fort Sheridan, and Fort Leavenworth. In 1907, Fickel was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Infantry. He then joined the 29th Infantry at Fort Douglas. In August of that year, the regiment went to the Philippine Islands, where Fickel served at Fort William McKinley with Second Lieutenant Henry H. Arnold. In 1909, he returned to the United States and was stationed at Fort Jay on Governors Island in New York Harbor. He was there through 1911. He then went to Fort Niagara until November 1913. Fickel returned to the Philippine Islands for a second tour with the 13th Infantry. He served at Fort William McKinley again, and at Camp McGrath, until March 1917. He was then assigned to duty as an instructor at the Officers Training Camp at Fort Benjamin Harrison, where he remained until November of that year. Fickel was then ordered to Washington, D.C., for duty with the headquarters of the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps. He served there until May 1918. Fickel was next ordered to Rockwell Field in California as a student officer at the flying school. Upon completion of his course in November 1918, he assumed command of Carruthers Field in Texas, where he remained until January 1919. Fickel was then ordered back to Washington, where he served in the Office of the Chief of Air Service until March 1921. His next duty was with the Spruce Production Corporation of Portland, Oregon, until the summer of 1922. He then returned to Washington for a two-year tour of duty as Chief of the Supply Division of the Air Service. In June 1925, Fickel graduated from the Air Corps Technical School at Langley Field. In June 1926, he graduated with honors from the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth. His next served as executive officer of the Materiel Division at McCook Field until 1930, with the exception of a three-month period in 1927, during which he attended the Air Corps Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field in Texas. Fickel then attended the Army War College in Washington, D.C. He graduated in June 1931. His next duty was as Chief of the Buildings and Grounds Division in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps, also in Washington. He was there until January 1935. From February 1935 to June 1936, Fickel was Commandant of the Air Corps Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field. His was next Air Officer of the Ninth Corps Area, with headquarters at the Presidio of San Francisco, California, until March 1939, when he was assigned to command the 1st Wing, General Headquarters Air Force at March Field in California. In February 1940, he was appointed Assistant Chief of Air Corps in Washington, D.C. Fickel was assigned to Riverside, California, in 1940, as Air District Commander, becoming the first Commanding General of the Fourth Air Force on December 18, 1940. He was reassigned to command the District No. 3 (Western) Technical Training Command, Oklahoma, on March 5, 1942. He retired in 1946 in San Antonio, Texas. Fickel died of a heart attack while visiting his son in Wiesbaden, Germany, on August 7, 1956. Aerial gunnery pioneer Lieutenant Jacob Earl Fickel with Glenn H. Curtiss experimentally shooting from an airplane in 1910 Fickel became the first aerial gunner in America. These experiments led to low-recoil machine guns. Soon thereafter, machine guns were added to planes for air-to-ground attack and air-to-air fighting. The first airplane machine guns were patented by Samuel Neal McClean\|de. McClean sold his rights to the Automatic Arms Company in late 1910. Isaac Newton Lewis, working for the company, later improved the technology on this airplane machine gun system. The first use of an airplane machine gun in combat was in August 1914, with the first recorded airplane shot down in air-to-air fighting in October of that year. By 1915, air combat was an integral part of fighting in World War I. References ^ "Jacob Earl Fickel". Hall of Valor. Military Times. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ Fogerty, Robert P. (1953). "Biographical Data on Air Force General Officers, 1917-1952, Volume 1 – A thru L" (PDF). Air Force Historical Research Agency. pp. 582–584. USAF historical studies: no. 91. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021. ^ a b c d e f "Major General Jacob E. Fickel". U.S. Air Force. 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2020. ^ "General Fickel dies in Europe". The Evening Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. August 9, 1956. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com . ^ Grant 2014, pp. 7–11. Sources Grant, Neil (2014). The Lewis Gun. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781782007920. Further reading Coffey, Thomas M. (1982). Hap: The Story of the U.S. Air Force and the Man Who Built It General Henry H. 'Hap' Arnold. Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-36069-4. OL 7642046M. Caidin, Martin (1957). Air Force: A Pictorial History of American Airpower. Ayer Company Publishing. ISBN 978-0405121494. OL 7477027M.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afhrastudy91pdf134-2"},{"link_name":"general officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"commissioned an officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"}],"text":"Jacob Earl \"Jake\" Fickel (January 31, 1883[2] – August 7, 1956) was a general officer and an instructor of aviation in the United States Army. He served as a private, corporal and sergeant, prior to being commissioned an officer and rising to the rank of major general.","title":"Jacob Earl Fickel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Des Moines, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_(rank)"},{"link_name":"corporal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal"},{"link_name":"sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Fort Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Fort Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sheridan,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Fort Leavenworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth"},{"link_name":"Fort Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Douglas,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Fort William McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"Henry H. 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He enlisted in the Regular Army when he was 21 years old. He served as a private, corporal, sergeant, and first sergeant of Company K, 27th Infantry of the United States Army. He was stationed at Fort Hayes, Fort Sheridan, and Fort Leavenworth. In 1907, Fickel was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Infantry. He then joined the 29th Infantry at Fort Douglas. In August of that year, the regiment went to the Philippine Islands, where Fickel served at Fort William McKinley with Second Lieutenant Henry H. Arnold. In 1909, he returned to the United States and was stationed at Fort Jay on Governors Island in New York Harbor. He was there through 1911. He then went to Fort Niagara until November 1913.[3]Fickel returned to the Philippine Islands for a second tour with the 13th Infantry. He served at Fort William McKinley again, and at Camp McGrath, until March 1917. He was then assigned to duty as an instructor at the Officers Training Camp at Fort Benjamin Harrison, where he remained until November of that year. Fickel was then ordered to Washington, D.C., for duty with the headquarters of the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps. He served there until May 1918.[3]Fickel was next ordered to Rockwell Field in California as a student officer at the flying school. Upon completion of his course in November 1918, he assumed command of Carruthers Field in Texas, where he remained until January 1919. Fickel was then ordered back to Washington, where he served in the Office of the Chief of Air Service until March 1921. His next duty was with the Spruce Production Corporation of Portland, Oregon, until the summer of 1922. He then returned to Washington for a two-year tour of duty as Chief of the Supply Division of the Air Service.[3]In June 1925, Fickel graduated from the Air Corps Technical School at Langley Field. In June 1926, he graduated with honors from the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth. His next served as executive officer of the Materiel Division at McCook Field until 1930, with the exception of a three-month period in 1927, during which he attended the Air Corps Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field in Texas.[3]Fickel then attended the Army War College in Washington, D.C. He graduated in June 1931. His next duty was as Chief of the Buildings and Grounds Division in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps, also in Washington. He was there until January 1935. From February 1935 to June 1936, Fickel was Commandant of the Air Corps Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field. His was next Air Officer of the Ninth Corps Area, with headquarters at the Presidio of San Francisco, California, until March 1939, when he was assigned to command the 1st Wing, General Headquarters Air Force at March Field in California. In February 1940, he was appointed Assistant Chief of Air Corps in Washington, D.C.[3] Fickel was assigned to Riverside, California, in 1940, as Air District Commander, becoming the first Commanding General of the Fourth Air Force on December 18, 1940. He was reassigned to command the District No. 3 (Western) Technical Training Command, Oklahoma, on March 5, 1942.[3] He retired in 1946 in San Antonio, Texas. Fickel died of a heart attack while visiting his son in Wiesbaden, Germany, on August 7, 1956.[4]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_Earl_Fickel_with_Glenn_Curtiss_1910.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glenn H. Curtiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_H._Curtiss"},{"link_name":"Isaac Newton Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant20147%E2%80%9311-5"}],"text":"Lieutenant Jacob Earl Fickel with Glenn H. Curtiss experimentally shooting from an airplane in 1910Fickel became the first aerial gunner in America. These experiments led to low-recoil machine guns. Soon thereafter, machine guns were added to planes for air-to-ground attack and air-to-air fighting. The first airplane machine guns were patented by Samuel Neal McClean\|de. McClean sold his rights to the Automatic Arms Company in late 1910. Isaac Newton Lewis, working for the company, later improved the technology on this airplane machine gun system. The first use of an airplane machine gun in combat was in August 1914, with the first recorded airplane shot down in air-to-air fighting in October of that year. 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(1982). Hap: The Story of the U.S. Air Force and the Man Who Built It General Henry H. 'Hap' Arnold. Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-36069-4. OL 7642046M.\nCaidin, Martin (1957). Air Force: A Pictorial History of American Airpower. Ayer Company Publishing. ISBN 978-0405121494. OL 7477027M.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Lieutenant Jacob Earl Fickel with Glenn H. Curtiss experimentally shooting from an airplane in 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Jacob_Earl_Fickel_with_Glenn_Curtiss_1910.jpg/275px-Jacob_Earl_Fickel_with_Glenn_Curtiss_1910.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jacob Earl Fickel\". Hall of Valor. Military Times. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/104181","url_text":"\"Jacob Earl Fickel\""}]},{"reference":"Fogerty, Robert P. (1953). \"Biographical Data on Air Force General Officers, 1917-1952, Volume 1 – A thru L\" (PDF). Air Force Historical Research Agency. pp. 582–584. 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OL 7477027M.","urls":[{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7477027M/Air_Force_(Perennial_Works_in_Sociology)","url_text":"Air Force: A Pictorial History of American Airpower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0405121494","url_text":"978-0405121494"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7477027M","url_text":"7477027M"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/104181","external_links_name":"\"Jacob Earl Fickel\""},{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/Portals/16/documents/Studies/51-100/AFD-090601-134.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Biographical Data on Air Force General Officers, 1917-1952, Volume 1 – A thru L\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210831192543/https://www.afhra.af.mil/Portals/16/documents/Studies/51-100/AFD-090601-134.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/108066/major-general-jacob-e-fickel/","external_links_name":"\"Major General Jacob E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor	Ivor	["1 People","1.1 Religious","1.2 Academics","1.3 Arts and entertainment","1.4 Nobility","1.5 Politicians and diplomats","1.6 Sportsmen","2 Fictional characters","3 References"]	This article is about the given name. For the American town, see Ivor, Virginia. For the antithrombotic medication, see Bemiparin. For the parish in England, see Iver. Ivor is an English masculine given name derived either directly from the Norse Ívarr, or from Welsh (which spells it Ifor), Irish (sometimes Ibar), or Scottish, all of which likely derive it also from the original Norse form. The Norse name is derived from the Old Norse elements ýr (yew, bow) and herr (warrior, army): hence, 'archer, bow warrior'. It is possible the old Norse name Ívarr comes from the Celtic root and may be related to the Celtic root of -iv which is found in St. Ives for example, itself possibly referring to yew. This could indicate an earlier shared language origin; potentially through Indo-European, previous contact or another source. Some of the earliest known bearers of the name are Ibar of Beggerin, an Irish saint who may have preceded or been contemporary with St. Patrick and probably died in the 500s; Ivar the Boneless, an 800s Viking who was possibly identical to the Ímair attested in Irish and Scottish annals; and Ifor Bach, a Welsh leader of the 1100s. People Religious Íbar of Killibar Beg, an early Irish saint related to Ibar of Beggerin. Academics Ivor Agyeman-Duah (born 1966), Ghanaian academic, economist and writer Ivor Grattan-Guinness, British historian of mathematics and logic Ivor van Heerden, South African-born American meteorologist Ivor Jennings (1903–1965), British lawyer and constitutional scholar Ivor G. Wilks (1928–2014), British Africanist and historian Arts and entertainment Ivor Barnard (1887–1953), English actor Ivor Casey (born 1983), Irish writer Ivor Cutler (1923–2006), Scottish poet, songwriter and humorist Iva Davies, lead singer of Icehouse Ivor Davies (artist) (born 1935), Welsh painter Ivor Darreg (1917–1994), American composer Ivor Dean (1917–1974), British actor Ivor Dennis (1932–2018), Sri Lankan Sinhala playback vocalist Ivor Emmanuel (1927–2007), British opera singer Ivor Francis (1918–1986), Canadian-born American actor Ivor Gurney (1890–1937), English composer and poet Ivor Hele (1912–1993), Australian painter Ivor James (1882–1963), British cellist Ivor Mairants (1908–1998), British-Polish guitarist Ivor Moreton (1908–1984), British singer and pianist Ivor Novello (1893–1951), Welsh entertainer Ivor Roberts (actor) (1925–1999), British actor and television presenter Ivor Wood (1932–2004), British stop-motion animator Ivor Biggun, stage name of British musician Doc Cox Nobility Lord Ivor Spencer-Churchill (1898–1956), British art collector Politicians and diplomats Ivor Callely (born 1958), Irish politician Ivor Caplin (born 1958), British politician Ivor Cummings (1913 – 1992), British civil servant and colonial administrator Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne (1873–1939), British politician Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne (1835–1914), Welsh industrialist, father of the above Ivor Richard, Baron Richard (1932–2018), British politician Ivor Roberts (diplomat) (born 1946), British diplomat Sportsmen Ivor Allchurch (1929–1997), Wales international footballer Ivan Ivor Broadis (1922–2019), England international footballer Ivor Bueb (1923–1959), British Formula One driver Ivor Jones (1901–1982), Welsh rugby union player Ivor McIvor (1917–1997), Australian rules footballer and captain-coach. Fictional characters the title character of Ivor the Engine, an animated British TV series one of the characters in the Who song "A Quick One, While He's Away" one of the title characters of Ivor Lott and Tony Broke, a British comic strip a main character in the video game Minecraft Story Mode a character in the comedy duo act Damo and Ivor References ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Names (1947) by E. G. Withycombe ^ Ivar; in: Eivind Vågslid, Norderlendske fyrenamn, 1988, ISBN 82-991668-0-2 Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivor, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Bemiparin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemiparin"},{"link_name":"Iver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iver"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaagslid-2"},{"link_name":"Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ibar of Beggerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibar_of_Beggerin"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick"},{"link_name":"Ivar the Boneless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless"},{"link_name":"Ifor Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifor_Bach"}],"text":"This article is about the given name. For the American town, see Ivor, Virginia. For the antithrombotic medication, see Bemiparin. For the parish in England, see Iver.Ivor is an English masculine given name derived either directly from the Norse Ívarr, or from Welsh (which spells it Ifor), Irish (sometimes Ibar), or Scottish, all of which likely derive it also from the original Norse form.[1] The Norse name is derived from the Old Norse elements ýr (yew, bow) and herr (warrior, army): hence, 'archer, bow warrior'.[2] It is possible the old Norse name Ívarr comes from the Celtic root and may be related to the Celtic root of -iv which is found in St. Ives for example, itself possibly referring to yew. This could indicate an earlier shared language origin; potentially through Indo-European, previous contact or another source.[citation needed]Some of the earliest known bearers of the name are Ibar of Beggerin, an Irish saint who may have preceded or been contemporary with St. Patrick and probably died in the 500s; Ivar the Boneless, an 800s Viking who was possibly identical to the Ímair attested in Irish and Scottish annals; and Ifor Bach, a Welsh leader of the 1100s.","title":"Ivor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Íbar of Killibar Beg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dbar_of_Killibar_Beg"},{"link_name":"Ibar of Beggerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibar_of_Beggerin"}],"sub_title":"Religious","text":"Íbar of Killibar Beg, an early Irish saint related to Ibar of Beggerin.","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivor Agyeman-Duah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Agyeman-Duah"},{"link_name":"Ivor Grattan-Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Grattan-Guinness"},{"link_name":"Ivor van Heerden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_van_Heerden"},{"link_name":"Ivor Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Ivor G. Wilks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_G._Wilks"}],"sub_title":"Academics","text":"Ivor Agyeman-Duah (born 1966), Ghanaian academic, economist and writer\nIvor Grattan-Guinness, British historian of mathematics and logic\nIvor van Heerden, South African-born American meteorologist\nIvor Jennings (1903–1965), British lawyer and constitutional scholar\nIvor G. Wilks (1928–2014), British Africanist and historian","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivor Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Barnard"},{"link_name":"Ivor Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivor_Casey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivor Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Cutler"},{"link_name":"Iva Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Davies"},{"link_name":"Icehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehouse_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ivor Davies (artist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Davies_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Ivor Darreg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Darreg"},{"link_name":"Ivor Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Dean"},{"link_name":"Ivor Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Dennis"},{"link_name":"Ivor Emmanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Emmanuel"},{"link_name":"Ivor Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Francis"},{"link_name":"Ivor Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Ivor Hele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Hele"},{"link_name":"Ivor James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_James"},{"link_name":"Ivor Mairants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Mairants"},{"link_name":"Ivor Moreton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Moreton_and_Dave_Kaye"},{"link_name":"Ivor Novello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Novello"},{"link_name":"Ivor Roberts (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Roberts_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ivor Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Wood"},{"link_name":"Doc Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Cox"}],"sub_title":"Arts and entertainment","text":"Ivor Barnard (1887–1953), English actor\nIvor Casey (born 1983), Irish writer\nIvor Cutler (1923–2006), Scottish poet, songwriter and humorist\nIva Davies, lead singer of Icehouse\nIvor Davies (artist) (born 1935), Welsh painter\nIvor Darreg (1917–1994), American composer\nIvor Dean (1917–1974), British actor\nIvor Dennis (1932–2018), Sri Lankan Sinhala playback vocalist\nIvor Emmanuel (1927–2007), British opera singer\nIvor Francis (1918–1986), Canadian-born American actor\nIvor Gurney (1890–1937), English composer and poet\nIvor Hele (1912–1993), Australian painter\nIvor James (1882–1963), British cellist\nIvor Mairants (1908–1998), British-Polish guitarist\nIvor Moreton (1908–1984), British singer and pianist\nIvor Novello (1893–1951), Welsh entertainer\nIvor Roberts (actor) (1925–1999), British actor and television presenter\nIvor Wood (1932–2004), British stop-motion animator\nIvor Biggun, stage name of British musician Doc Cox","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Ivor Spencer-Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Ivor_Spencer-Churchill"}],"sub_title":"Nobility","text":"Lord Ivor Spencer-Churchill (1898–1956), British art collector","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivor Callely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Callely"},{"link_name":"Ivor Caplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Caplin"},{"link_name":"Ivor Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Guest,_1st_Viscount_Wimborne"},{"link_name":"Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Guest,_1st_Baron_Wimborne"},{"link_name":"Ivor Richard, Baron Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Richard,_Baron_Richard"},{"link_name":"Ivor Roberts (diplomat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Roberts_(diplomat)"}],"sub_title":"Politicians and diplomats","text":"Ivor Callely (born 1958), Irish politician\nIvor Caplin (born 1958), British politician\nIvor Cummings (1913 – 1992), British civil servant and colonial administrator\nIvor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne (1873–1939), British politician\nIvor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne (1835–1914), Welsh industrialist, father of the above\nIvor Richard, Baron Richard (1932–2018), British politician\nIvor Roberts (diplomat) (born 1946), British diplomat","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivor Allchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Allchurch"},{"link_name":"Ivor Broadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Broadis"},{"link_name":"Ivor Bueb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Bueb"},{"link_name":"Ivor Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Jones"},{"link_name":"Ivor McIvor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_McIvor"}],"sub_title":"Sportsmen","text":"Ivor Allchurch (1929–1997), Wales international footballer\nIvan Ivor Broadis (1922–2019), England international footballer\nIvor Bueb (1923–1959), British Formula One driver\nIvor Jones (1901–1982), Welsh rugby union player\nIvor McIvor (1917–1997), Australian rules footballer and captain-coach.","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivor the Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_the_Engine"},{"link_name":"the Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"A Quick One, While He's Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Quick_One,_While_He%27s_Away"},{"link_name":"Ivor Lott and Tony Broke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Lott_and_Tony_Broke"},{"link_name":"Minecraft Story Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minecraft_Story_Mode"},{"link_name":"Damo and Ivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damo_and_Ivor"}],"text":"the title character of Ivor the Engine, an animated British TV series\none of the characters in the Who song \"A Quick One, While He's Away\"\none of the title characters of Ivor Lott and Tony Broke, a British comic strip\na main character in the video game Minecraft Story Mode\na character in the comedy duo act Damo and Ivor","title":"Fictional characters"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Ivor&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perv_(disambiguation)	Perv	["1 See also"]	Look up perv in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Perv or PERV may refer to: Perversion Porcine endogenous retrovirus PERVS (Porcine endogenous retroviruses) The Pervs (fictional characters) from videogame Manhunt 2 See also Search for "perv" on Wikipedia. Merv the Perv (fictional character) a 2000s character from Saturday Night Live (SNL) All pages with titles containing Perv or Pervs All pages with titles beginning with Perv Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Perv.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"perv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/perv"},{"link_name":"Perversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perversion"},{"link_name":"Porcine endogenous retrovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcine_endogenous_retrovirus"},{"link_name":"PERVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PERVS"},{"link_name":"The Pervs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pervs"}],"text":"Look up perv in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Perv or PERV may refer to:Perversion\nPorcine endogenous retrovirus\nPERVS (Porcine endogenous retroviruses)\nThe Pervs (fictional characters) from videogame Manhunt 2","title":"Perv"}]	[]	[{"title":"\"perv\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=%22perv%22&ns0=1&fulltext=Search"},{"title":"Merv the Perv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_Saturday_Night_Live_characters_and_sketches_introduced_2002%E2%80%9303#Merv_the_Perv"},{"title":"All pages with titles containing Perv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Perv%22"},{"title":"Pervs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Pervs%22"},{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Perv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Perv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Perv&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=%22perv%22&ns0=1&fulltext=Search","external_links_name":"\"perv\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Perv&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okada_Air	Okada Air	["1 Destinations","2 Historical fleet details","3 Accidents and incidents","3.1 Fatal accidents","3.2 Non-fatal hull-losses","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography"]	Defunct Nigerian airline Okada Air IATA ICAO Callsign 9H OKJ OKADA AIR Founded1983 (1983)Commenced operationsSeptember 1983 (1983-09)Ceased operations1997 (1997) Okada Air Boeing 747-100, Manchester, 1993 Okada Air Douglas DC-8, Luxembourg, 1985 The abandoned fleet of Okada Air at the Benin Airport, 2006. One Boeing 727 and 17 BAC 1-11 are visible Okada Air was an airline based in Benin City, Nigeria. The carrier was established in 1983 with a fleet of BAC-One Eleven 300s. and started charter operations in September the same year. In 1984, a Boeing 707-355C was acquired for cargo operations. By 1990, ten BAC One-Elevens were bought, and eight more were acquired in 1991. The company was granted the right of operating international flights in 1992. The owner of Okada Air was Chief Gabriel Igbinedion, the Esama of Benin. In 1997, the company was disestablished. Destinations Okada Air served the following destinations throughout its history: Abuja – Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Benin – Benin Airport Enugu – Akanu Ibiam International Airport Jos – Yakubu Gowon Airport Kaduna – Kaduna Airport Kano – Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport Lagos – Murtala Muhammed International Airport Port Harcourt – Port Harcourt International Airport Yola – Yola Airport Historical fleet details BAC One-Eleven-200 BAC One-Eleven-300 BAC One-Eleven-400 BAC One-Eleven-500 Boeing 727-200 Boeing 707-300 Boeing 747-100 Douglas DC-8-62 Sud Aviation Caravelle Dornier 228-100 PZL W-3 Sokół (one) Accidents and incidents Fatal accidents 26 June 1991: A BAC One-Eleven 402AP, registration 5N-AOW, force-landed 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) off Sokoto Airport due to fuel exhaustion. There were three fatalities, all of them passengers. The aircraft had been diverted from the original Benin City–Kano route because of bad weather at the airport of destination.: 22 Non-fatal hull-losses 7 September 1989: A BAC One-Eleven 320AZ, registration 5N-AOT, that was finalising a domestic scheduled Lagos–Port Harcourt passenger service, was written off on a hard landing caused by bad weather at Port Harcourt Airport. 1992: A Dornier 228-100, registration 5N-NOR, resulted damaged beyond repair on landing at an unknown location in Nigeria. See also Nigeria portalAviation portal Transportation in Nigeria References ^ "World airline directory – Okada Air". Flight International. 143 (4362): 114. 24–30 March 1993. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. ^ "World airline directory – Okada Air". Flight International. 125 (3908): 874. 31 March 1984. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. ^ a b "World airline directory – Okada Air". Flight International. 149 (4517): 73. 3–9 April 1996. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. ^ Guttery (1998), p. 146. ^ Forrest, Tom (1994). The advance of African capital: the growth of Nigerian private enterprise. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute. ISBN 0-7486-0492-8. ^ Sałata, Dariusz; Sałata, Krzysztof; Wrona, Andrzej (2004). "Użytkownicy śmigłowców W-3" . Aeroplan (in Polish). No. 5–6/2004 (50/51). Agencja Lotnicza Altair. p. 29. ISSN 1232-8839. ^ Accident description for 5N-AOW at the Aviation Safety Network ^ "Airline safety review 1991 (page 20)". Flight International. 141 (4303). 24 January – 4 February 1992. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. "Airline safety review 1991 (page 21)". Flight International. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. "Airline safety review 1991 (page 22)". Flight International. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2013. "Airline safety review 1991 (page 23)". Flight International. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. "Airline safety review 1991 (page 24)". Flight International. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. "Airline safety review 1991 (page 25)". Flight International. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. "Airline safety review 1991 (page 26)". Flight International. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. ^ Accident description for 5N-AOT at the Aviation Safety Network ^ Accident description for 5N-AOR at the Aviation Safety Network Bibliography Guttery, Ben R. (1998). Encyclopedia of African Airlines. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-0495-7. vteAirlines of NigeriaScheduled Aero Contractors Air Peace Arik Air Azman Air Dana Air Green Africa Airways Ibom Air Max Air Overland Airways United Nigeria Airlines Charter Dornier Aviation Nigeria Max Air Pan African Airlines Cargo Allied Air Defunct ADC Airlines Afrijet Airlines Air Midwest Air Nigeria Albarka Air Al-Dawood Air Associated Aviation Bellview Airlines Capital Airlines Chanchangi Airlines Chrome Air Service Concord Airlines Dasab Airlines Earth Airlines EAS Airlines EAS Cargo Airlines Easy Link Aviation Executive Airlines Services Elders Colonial Airways First Nation Airways Fleet Air Nigeria Freedom Air Services Fresh Air IRS Airlines Kabo Air Mangal Airlines Med-View Airline Merchant Express Aviation Nicon Airways Nigeria Airways Okada Air TAT Nigeria Premium Air Shuttle Savanah Airlines Skyline Skypower Express Airways Slok Air Sosoliso Airlines Wings Aviation	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okada_Air_Boeing_747-146_Hoppe.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okada_Air_Douglas_DC-8-62_Haafke.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okada_Air_fleet_abandoned_at_Benin_Airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benin Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Airport"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727"},{"link_name":"BAC 1-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven"},{"link_name":"Benin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_City"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"BAC-One Eleven 300s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1993-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1984-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1996-3"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707-355C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707-320C"},{"link_name":"BAC One-Elevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998146-4"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Igbinedion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Igbinedion"},{"link_name":"Esama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isbn0-7486-0492-8-5"}],"text":"Okada Air Boeing 747-100, Manchester, 1993Okada Air Douglas DC-8, Luxembourg, 1985The abandoned fleet of Okada Air at the Benin Airport, 2006. One Boeing 727 and 17 BAC 1-11 are visibleOkada Air was an airline based in Benin City, Nigeria. The carrier was established in 1983 with a fleet of BAC-One Eleven 300s.[1][2] and started charter operations in September the same year.[3] In 1984, a Boeing 707-355C was acquired for cargo operations. By 1990, ten BAC One-Elevens were bought, and eight more were acquired in 1991. The company was granted the right of operating international flights in 1992.[4]The owner of Okada Air was Chief Gabriel Igbinedion, the Esama of Benin.[5] In 1997, the company was disestablished.","title":"Okada Air"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1996-3"},{"link_name":"Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja"},{"link_name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_City"},{"link_name":"Benin Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Airport"},{"link_name":"Enugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enugu"},{"link_name":"Akanu Ibiam International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akanu_Ibiam_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos"},{"link_name":"Yakubu Gowon Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kaduna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna"},{"link_name":"Kaduna Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)"},{"link_name":"Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallam_Aminu_Kano_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"Murtala Muhammed International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtala_Muhammed_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Port Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"Port Harcourt International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Yola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yola,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Yola Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yola_Airport"}],"text":"Okada Air served the following destinations throughout its history:[3]Abuja – Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport\nBenin – Benin Airport\nEnugu – Akanu Ibiam International Airport\nJos – Yakubu Gowon Airport\nKaduna – Kaduna Airport\nKano – Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport\nLagos – Murtala Muhammed International Airport\nPort Harcourt – Port Harcourt International Airport\nYola – Yola Airport","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BAC One-Eleven-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven#Variants"},{"link_name":"BAC One-Eleven-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven#Variants"},{"link_name":"BAC One-Eleven-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven#Variants"},{"link_name":"BAC One-Eleven-500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven#Variants"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727-200"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707-300"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-100"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-8-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8-62"},{"link_name":"Sud Aviation Caravelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle"},{"link_name":"Dornier 228-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_228"},{"link_name":"PZL W-3 Sokół","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_W-3_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"BAC One-Eleven-200\nBAC One-Eleven-300\nBAC One-Eleven-400\nBAC One-Eleven-500\nBoeing 727-200\nBoeing 707-300\nBoeing 747-100\nDouglas DC-8-62\nSud Aviation Caravelle\nDornier 228-100\nPZL W-3 Sokół (one)[6]","title":"Historical fleet details"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BAC One-Eleven 402AP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven"},{"link_name":"registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration"},{"link_name":"Sokoto Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_Abubakar_III_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"fuel exhaustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_exhaustion"},{"link_name":"Benin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_City"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1992-8"}],"sub_title":"Fatal accidents","text":"26 June 1991: A BAC One-Eleven 402AP, registration 5N-AOW, force-landed 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) off Sokoto Airport due to fuel exhaustion. There were three fatalities, all of them passengers. The aircraft had been diverted from the original Benin City–Kano route because of bad weather at the airport of destination.[7][8]: 22","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BAC One-Eleven 320AZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"Port Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"written off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_off"},{"link_name":"hard landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_landing"},{"link_name":"Port Harcourt Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Airport"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dornier 228-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_228"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Non-fatal hull-losses","text":"7 September 1989: A BAC One-Eleven 320AZ, registration 5N-AOT, that was finalising a domestic scheduled Lagos–Port Harcourt passenger service, was written off on a hard landing caused by bad weather at Port Harcourt Airport.[9]\n1992: A Dornier 228-100, registration 5N-NOR, resulted damaged beyond repair on landing at an unknown location in Nigeria.[10]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7864-0495-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0495-7"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Airlines_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Airlines_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Airlines_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Scheduled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Aero Contractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_Contractors_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Air Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Peace"},{"link_name":"Arik Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arik_Air"},{"link_name":"Azman Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azman_Air"},{"link_name":"Dana Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Air"},{"link_name":"Green Africa Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Africa_Airways"},{"link_name":"Ibom Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibom_Air"},{"link_name":"Max Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Air"},{"link_name":"Overland Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_Airways"},{"link_name":"United Nigeria Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nigeria_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Dornier Aviation Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Aviation_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Max Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Air"},{"link_name":"Pan African Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_African_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Allied Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Air"},{"link_name":"Defunct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"ADC Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADC_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Afrijet Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrijet_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Air Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Midwest_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Air Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Albarka Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albarka_Air"},{"link_name":"Al-Dawood Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dawood_Air"},{"link_name":"Associated Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Bellview Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellview_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Capital Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Airlines_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Chanchangi Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanchangi_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Chrome Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Concord Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Dasab Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasab_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Earth Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Airlines"},{"link_name":"EAS Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAS_Airlines"},{"link_name":"EAS Cargo Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAS_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Easy Link Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Link_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Executive Airlines Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAS_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Elders Colonial Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elders_Colonial_Airways"},{"link_name":"First Nation Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nation_Airways"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicon_Airways"},{"link_name":"Freedom Air Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Air_Services"},{"link_name":"Fresh Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Air_(airline)"},{"link_name":"IRS Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Kabo Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabo_Air"},{"link_name":"Mangal Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Air"},{"link_name":"Med-View Airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med-View_Airline"},{"link_name":"Merchant Express Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Express_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Nicon Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicon_Airways"},{"link_name":"Nigeria Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Airways"},{"link_name":"Okada Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"TAT Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAT_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Premium Air Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_Air_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"Savanah Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanah_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Skyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyline_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Skypower Express Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skypower_Express_Airways"},{"link_name":"Slok Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slok_Air_International"},{"link_name":"Sosoliso Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosoliso_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Wings Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_Aviation"}],"text":"Guttery, Ben R. (1998). Encyclopedia of African Airlines. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-0495-7.vteAirlines of NigeriaScheduled\nAero Contractors\nAir Peace\nArik Air\nAzman Air\nDana Air\nGreen Africa Airways\nIbom Air\nMax Air\nOverland Airways\nUnited Nigeria Airlines\nCharter\nDornier Aviation Nigeria\nMax Air\nPan African Airlines\nCargo\nAllied Air\nDefunct\nADC Airlines\nAfrijet Airlines\nAir Midwest\nAir Nigeria\nAlbarka Air\nAl-Dawood Air\nAssociated Aviation\nBellview Airlines\nCapital Airlines\nChanchangi Airlines\nChrome Air Service\nConcord Airlines\nDasab Airlines\nEarth Airlines\nEAS Airlines\nEAS Cargo Airlines\nEasy Link Aviation\nExecutive Airlines Services\nElders Colonial Airways\nFirst Nation Airways\nFleet Air Nigeria\nFreedom Air Services\nFresh Air\nIRS Airlines\nKabo Air\nMangal Airlines\nMed-View Airline\nMerchant Express Aviation\nNicon Airways\nNigeria Airways\nOkada Air\nTAT Nigeria\nPremium Air Shuttle\nSavanah Airlines\nSkyline\nSkypower Express Airways\nSlok Air\nSosoliso Airlines\nWings Aviation","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Okada Air Boeing 747-100, Manchester, 1993","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Okada_Air_Boeing_747-146_Hoppe.jpg/250px-Okada_Air_Boeing_747-146_Hoppe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Okada Air Douglas DC-8, Luxembourg, 1985","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Okada_Air_Douglas_DC-8-62_Haafke.jpg/250px-Okada_Air_Douglas_DC-8-62_Haafke.jpg"},{"image_text":"The abandoned fleet of Okada Air at the Benin Airport, 2006. One Boeing 727 and 17 BAC 1-11 are visible","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Okada_Air_fleet_abandoned_at_Benin_Airport.jpg/250px-Okada_Air_fleet_abandoned_at_Benin_Airport.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Nigeria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nigeria"},{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Transportation in Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Nigeria"}]	[{"reference":"\"World airline directory – Okada Air\". Flight International. 143 (4362): 114. 24–30 March 1993. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075546/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%200637.html","url_text":"\"World airline directory – Okada Air\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%200637.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World airline directory – Okada Air\". Flight International. 125 (3908): 874. 31 March 1984. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306151838/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1984/1984%20-%200576.html","url_text":"\"World airline directory – Okada Air\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1984/1984%20-%200576.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World airline directory – Okada Air\". Flight International. 149 (4517): 73. 3–9 April 1996. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407105225/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%200809.html","url_text":"\"World airline directory – Okada Air\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%200809.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Forrest, Tom (1994). The advance of African capital: the growth of Nigerian private enterprise. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute. ISBN 0-7486-0492-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0492-8","url_text":"0-7486-0492-8"}]},{"reference":"Sałata, Dariusz; Sałata, Krzysztof; Wrona, Andrzej (2004). \"Użytkownicy śmigłowców W-3\" [W-3 helicopter users]. Aeroplan (in Polish). No. 5–6/2004 (50/51). Agencja Lotnicza Altair. p. 29. ISSN 1232-8839.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1232-8839","url_text":"1232-8839"}]},{"reference":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 20)\". Flight International. 141 (4303). 24 January – 4 February 1992. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/6Ie42yX7q?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200186.html","url_text":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 20)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200186.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 21)\". Flight International. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/6Ie437uRp?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200187.html","url_text":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 21)\""},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200187.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 22)\". Flight International. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200188.html","url_text":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 22)\""},{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/68R9JZZdf?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200188.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 23)\". Flight International. 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Archived from the original on 5 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/6Ie4B9CPy?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200191.html","url_text":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 25)\""},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200191.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 26)\". Flight International. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/6Ie4F3bYO?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200192.html","url_text":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 26)\""},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200192.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guttery, Ben R. (1998). Encyclopedia of African Airlines. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-0495-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0495-7","url_text":"0-7864-0495-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075546/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%200637.html","external_links_name":"\"World airline directory – Okada Air\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%200637.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306151838/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1984/1984%20-%200576.html","external_links_name":"\"World airline directory – Okada Air\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1984/1984%20-%200576.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407105225/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%200809.html","external_links_name":"\"World airline directory – Okada Air\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%200809.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1232-8839","external_links_name":"1232-8839"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19910626-0","external_links_name":"Accident description for 5N-AOW"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6Ie42yX7q?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200186.html","external_links_name":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 20)\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200186.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6Ie437uRp?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200187.html","external_links_name":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 21)\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200187.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200188.html","external_links_name":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 22)\""},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/68R9JZZdf?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200188.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6Ie42mqnW?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200189.html","external_links_name":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 23)\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200189.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6Ie46AdSv?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200190.html","external_links_name":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 24)\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200190.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6Ie4B9CPy?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200191.html","external_links_name":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 25)\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200191.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6Ie4F3bYO?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200192.html","external_links_name":"\"Airline safety review 1991 (page 26)\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200192.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890907-0","external_links_name":"Accident description for 5N-AOT"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19929999-1","external_links_name":"Accident description for 5N-AOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cap_de_Barcelona	El Cap de Barcelona	["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°22′51″N 2°10′57″E / 41.38093°N 2.18247°E / 41.38093; 2.18247Sculpture by Roy Lichtenstein Roy Lichtenstein, El Cap de Barcelona (The Head) (1991–1992) El Cap de Barcelona (1991–1992) is a surrealist sculpture created by American Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein for the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Its English title is The Head of Barcelona. The sculpture was Lichtenstein's first outdoor work using ceramic tile. It is said to acknowledge Antoni Gaudí and Barcelona's affinity for mosaics. The sculpture stands tall on the waterfront in the heart of the city. Made out of concrete and ceramic, it is an abstract rendition of a woman's head and appears exactly how one would expect a Lichtenstein sculpture to be. Lichtenstein did not start experimenting with three-dimensional art until the late 1970s, and prior to this his main focus was on pop art. He mainly painted on large canvases and his paintings resembled comic-strip art; his signature use of bold primary colors, thick dark lines, thought bubbles containing context and sound effects, and dots used as a method of shading, can be seen in most of his works from 1961 and later, starting with his painting Look Mickey. Although it is very abstract, it is clear that the sculpture was made to resemble the head and face of a woman. It is made up of thick pieces of concrete completely covered in red, yellow, blue, black and white mosaic tiles, and from far away it looks like it could be a painting. The woman's eyes look like thick blue and black brush strokes; same with her nose, and her lips look like Lichtenstein could have used a quick stroke of bright red paint. The left third of her face, the side with the blue nose and eye, is covered with white tiles, while the right two thirds of her face is covered in a grid of red dots, typical of Lichtenstein's pop-art style. Lichtenstein added other artistic elements to this sculpture as well. Below her head, what would probably be considered the woman's neck, is a tall, flat stroke of blue and white that extends all the way up through her face and ends a few inches above her head. Perpendicular to the blue and white stroke is a stroke of yellow and black, beginning at the bottom and then reappearing at the top of her head. Similar to his sculptures from the early eighties, specifically his Brushstrokes pieces, the entire sculpture looks like it could have been painted with a few quick strokes of paint. The difference between these earlier pieces and The Head of Barcelona is that his Brushstrokes pieces are created with painted aluminum while The Head is his only piece made out of concrete and covered in mosaic tiles. The reason for this difference in his sculptures is because The Head of Barcelona was built to resemble the style of Antoni Gaudi, a Catalan architect who is famous for employing organic lines and mosaic tiles throughout his architecture, and for which Barcelona is known. See also Public art in Barcelona Notes ^ a b c "Lichtenstein Unveils a New Sculpture in Barcelona". New York Times. July 8, 1992. ^ "Barcelona Head". The Roy Lichtenstein Foundation. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2013. ^ Perdue, Jane (September 24, 2003). "Strolling through an urban gallery". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2008-08-20. References Braff, Phyllis. "Lichtenstein Sculpture: Full View." New York Times (Aug 16, 1992): 1-2. Carroll, Colleen. "About the artist, Roy Lichtenstein." Arts & Activities 151, no. 1(Feb. 2012): 24. The Roy Lichtenstein Foundation, "Barcelona Head," accessed June 4, 2013, lichtensteinfoundation.org. The Roy Lichtenstein Foundation, "Roy Lichtenstein Chronology: the 1950s," accessed June 4, 2013, lichtensteinfoundation.org. "Lichtenstein Unveils a New Sculpture in Barcelona". New York Times. 8 July 1992. p. C15. ProQuest 428605067. External links Media related to La Cara de Barcelona at Wikimedia Commons vteRoy LichtensteinPaintings Ten Dollar Bill (1956) Electric Cord (1961) Engagement Ring (1961) Girl with Ball (1961) I Can See the Whole Room...and There's Nobody in It! (1961) Look Mickey (1961) Mr. Bellamy (1961) Roto Broil (1961) Blam (1962) Brattata (1962) Golf Ball (1962) Jet Pilot (1962) Kiss II (1962) Masterpiece (1962) Portrait of Madame Cézanne (1962) Takka Takka (1962) Baseball Manager (1963) Bratatat! (1963) Crak! (1963) Crying Girl (1963) Drowning Girl (1963) Hopeless (1963) In the Car (1963) Okay Hot-Shot, Okay! (1963) Torpedo...Los! (1963) Varoom! (1963) Whaam! (1963) Woman with Flowered Hat (1963) As I Opened Fire (1964) Girl in Mirror (1964) Happy Tears (1964) Nurse (1964) I Know...Brad (1964) Oh, Jeff...I Love You, Too...But... (1964) Ohhh...Alright... (1964) Sleeping Girl (1964) We Rose Up Slowly (1964) Brushstrokes (1965) Big Painting No. 6 (1965) Girl with Hair Ribbon (1965) Grrrrrrrrrrr!! (1965) Little Big Painting (1965) M-Maybe (1965) The Melody Haunts My Reverie (1965) Yellow and Green Brushstrokes (1966) Artist's Studio—Look Mickey (1973) Cubist Still Life with Lemons (1975) Bedroom at Arles (1992) Large Interior with Three Reflections (1993) Nude with Yellow Flower (1994) Nudes with Beach Ball (1994) Sculptures Mermaid (1979) Expressionist Head (1980) Brushstrokes in Flight (1984) Five Brushstrokes (1984 sculpture) Five Brushstrokes (1984 series) Modern Head (1989) The Head of Barcelona (1992) Tokyo Brushstroke I and II (1994) Brushstroke (1996) Brushstrokes (1996) House I (1996) Murals Mural with Blue Brushstroke (1986) Times Square Mural (1994) Other works Brushstrokes series (1965–66) BMW Art Car (1977) Related Mitchell Lichtenstein (son) 41°22′51″N 2°10′57″E / 41.38093°N 2.18247°E / 41.38093; 2.18247	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Cara_de_Barcelona_-_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roy Lichtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein"},{"link_name":"surrealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Pop artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art"},{"link_name":"Roy Lichtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ceramic tile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_tile"},{"link_name":"Antoni Gaudí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Sculpture by Roy LichtensteinRoy Lichtenstein, El Cap de Barcelona (The Head) (1991–1992)El Cap de Barcelona (1991–1992) is a surrealist sculpture created by American Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein for the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Its English title is The Head of Barcelona.[1][2]The sculpture was Lichtenstein's first outdoor work using ceramic tile. It is said to acknowledge Antoni Gaudí and Barcelona's affinity for mosaics.[3]The sculpture stands tall on the waterfront in the heart of the city. Made out of concrete and ceramic, it is an abstract rendition of a woman's head and appears exactly how one would expect a Lichtenstein sculpture to be.[1] Lichtenstein did not start experimenting with three-dimensional art until the late 1970s, and prior to this his main focus was on pop art. He mainly painted on large canvases and his paintings resembled comic-strip art; his signature use of bold primary colors, thick dark lines, thought bubbles containing context and sound effects, and dots used as a method of shading, can be seen in most of his works from 1961 and later, starting with his painting Look Mickey.Although it is very abstract, it is clear that the sculpture was made to resemble the head and face of a woman. It is made up of thick pieces of concrete completely covered in red, yellow, blue, black and white mosaic tiles, and from far away it looks like it could be a painting. The woman's eyes look like thick blue and black brush strokes; same with her nose, and her lips look like Lichtenstein could have used a quick stroke of bright red paint. The left third of her face, the side with the blue nose and eye, is covered with white tiles, while the right two thirds of her face is covered in a grid of red dots, typical of Lichtenstein's pop-art style. 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The reason for this difference in his sculptures is because The Head of Barcelona was built to resemble the style of Antoni Gaudi, a Catalan architect who is famous for employing organic lines and mosaic tiles throughout his architecture, and for which Barcelona is known.[1]","title":"El Cap de Barcelona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Barcelona Head\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130518225317/http://www.lichtensteinfoundation.org/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lichtensteinfoundation.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Strolling through an urban gallery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theglobeandmail.com/life/strolling-through-an-urban-gallery/article25578472/"}],"text":"^ a b c \"Lichtenstein Unveils a New Sculpture in Barcelona\". New York Times. July 8, 1992.\n\n^ \"Barcelona Head\". The Roy Lichtenstein Foundation. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2013.\n\n^ Perdue, Jane (September 24, 2003). \"Strolling through an urban gallery\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2008-08-20.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Roy Lichtenstein, El Cap de Barcelona (The Head) (1991–1992)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/La_Cara_de_Barcelona_-_001.jpg/220px-La_Cara_de_Barcelona_-_001.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Public art in Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_art_in_Barcelona"}]	[{"reference":"\"Lichtenstein Unveils a New Sculpture in Barcelona\". New York Times. July 8, 1992.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Barcelona Head\". The Roy Lichtenstein Foundation. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay%27s_bridge	Hay's bridge	["1 References"]	For other uses, see Hay Bridge. Hay's bridge is used to determine the Inductance of an inductor with a high Q factor. Maxwell's bridge is only appropriate for measuring the values for inductors with a medium quality factor. Thus, the bridge is the advanced form of Maxwell’s bridge. One of the arms of a Hay's bridge has an accurately characterized capacitor used to balance the unknown inductance value. The other arms contain resistors. References ^ U.A.Bakshi, K. A. Bakshi A. V. Bakshi (2007). Electrical Measurements & Measuring Instruments. Technical Publications. pp. 4, 35. ISBN 9788184312553. ^ "Hay's Bridge". Circuit Globe. 2017-07-27. Retrieved 2019-08-23. ^ "Hay Bridge: Definition, Circuit Diagram, Explanation, Advantages and Disadvantages". BrainKart. Retrieved 2019-08-23. vteBridge circuitsResistance Kelvin bridge Wheatstone bridge Resistance–Capacitance Schering bridge Wien bridge General Bridged T circuit Carey Foster bridge Fontana bridge Lattice filter Murray loop bridge Transformer ratio arm bridge Inductance Maxwell bridge Anderson's bridge Hay's bridge Other Diode bridge H-bridge	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hay Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_Bridge_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Inductance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductance"},{"link_name":"Q factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_factor"},{"link_name":"Maxwell's bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_bridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Hay Bridge.Hay's bridge is used to determine the Inductance of an inductor with a high Q factor. Maxwell's bridge is only appropriate for measuring the values for inductors with a medium quality factor.[1] Thus, the bridge is the advanced form of Maxwell’s bridge.[2]One of the arms of a Hay's bridge has an accurately characterized capacitor used to balance the unknown inductance value. The other arms contain resistors.[3]","title":"Hay's bridge"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"U.A.Bakshi, K. A. Bakshi A. V. Bakshi (2007). Electrical Measurements & Measuring Instruments. Technical Publications. pp. 4, 35. ISBN 9788184312553.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_tMzPxe8NXEC&pg=SA4-PA35&dq=hay%27s+bridge","url_text":"Electrical Measurements & Measuring Instruments"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184312553","url_text":"9788184312553"}]},{"reference":"\"Hay's Bridge\". Circuit Globe. 2017-07-27. Retrieved 2019-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://circuitglobe.com/hays-bridge.html","url_text":"\"Hay's Bridge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hay Bridge: Definition, Circuit Diagram, Explanation, Advantages and Disadvantages\". BrainKart. Retrieved 2019-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brainkart.com/article/Hay-Bridge--Definition,-Circuit-Diagram,-Explanation,-Advantages-and-Disadvantages_12740/","url_text":"\"Hay Bridge: Definition, Circuit Diagram, Explanation, Advantages and Disadvantages\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_tMzPxe8NXEC&pg=SA4-PA35&dq=hay%27s+bridge","external_links_name":"Electrical Measurements & Measuring Instruments"},{"Link":"https://circuitglobe.com/hays-bridge.html","external_links_name":"\"Hay's Bridge\""},{"Link":"https://www.brainkart.com/article/Hay-Bridge--Definition,-Circuit-Diagram,-Explanation,-Advantages-and-Disadvantages_12740/","external_links_name":"\"Hay Bridge: Definition, Circuit Diagram, Explanation, Advantages and Disadvantages\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Faguet	Serge Faguet	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Biohacking","4 References","5 External links"]	Serge FaguetBorn (1985-07-04) 4 July 1985 (age 38)NationalityRussianAlma materCornell University (B.A) Stanford Graduate School of BusinessOccupationInternet entrepreneurTitleCEO of Mirror AI Serge Faguet (born July 4, 1985) is a Russian internet entrepreneur in Silicon Valley and Russia. He is the founder of Tokbox, a PaaS video communications company; Ostrovok.ru, a Russian online travel company; and Mirror AI, a computer vision consumer application. Early life and education Born in Russia, Serge graduated with a B.A from Cornell University, and attended Stanford Graduate School of Business, from which he dropped out at the age of 21 to start Tokbox. He is a former Google employee. Career At the age of 22, Faguet started Tokbox and raised $4.5M USD from Sequoia Capital, YouTube founder Jawed Karim and Stanford Computer Science professor Rajeev Motwani. He later left the company as part of shareholder disagreements. The company was acquired by Telefónica. In 2010, Faguet started Ostrovok.ru, an online hotel booking company for the Russian market. He retired as CEO after 6.5 years while retaining a major stake and board positions. Immediately after leaving Ostrovok.ru, Faguet started Mirror AI, a mobile app that uses computer vision to create personalized emojis to the consumer. Biohacking Faguet has written a number of posts about his experiences regarding biohacking in which he claimed to have become "calmer, thinner, extroverted, healthier & happier." He talks about widely recognized practices such as intermittent fasting and interval training; as well as controversial practices such as large-scale biomarker testing, using prescription medicine without meeting medical criteria, and using illegal drugs. Faguet takes antidepressants and statins despite never having been depressed and not being at risk for heart disease. He believes that taking antidepressants will protect him from negative emotion. In August 2021 Faguet was arrested in Moscow airport of Domodedovo for having some amphetamine and LSD; he was detained for 30 days and released from custody in September, 2021. References ^ Rooney, Ben (2011-11-15). "Russian Online Travel Booming". WSJ. Retrieved 2018-06-21. ^ "Co-Founder Departs Ostrovok Citing Role-Overlap And Russian Focus – TechCrunch". techcrunch.com. Retrieved 2018-06-21. ^ Faguet, Serge (2018-01-25). "Усиливайте интеллект или останетесь на обочине истории". vc.ru. Retrieved 2018-06-22. ^ Wauters, Robin (2013-03-26). "Russian hotel booking site Ostrovok lands $25m from Yuri Milner, Accel and others". The Next Web. Retrieved 2018-06-21. ^ "Travel Site Ostrovok Is Launching Next Week With $13 Million From Accel and General Catalyst". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-06-21. ^ "Russia's Growth Leads Yuri Milner Back As Ostrovok Takes $25M From General Catalyst, Accel and Others – TechCrunch". techcrunch.com. Retrieved 2018-06-21. ^ Chernova, Yuliya (2014-09-18). "Russian Startup Ostrovok.ru CEO Said Venture Investors Paid It Not to Sue". WSJ. Retrieved 2018-06-21. ^ "Extreme biohacking: The tech guru who spent $250,000 trying to live for ever". 21 September 2018. ^ Faguet, Serge (2017-10-04). "Мне 32 года, и я потратил $200 тысяч на «биохакинг»". vc.ru. Retrieved 2018-06-22. ^ ntv.ru. "Как дольше жить: существуют ли действенные способы борьбы со старостью". НТВ. Retrieved 2018-06-22. ^ Черных, Евгений (2017-11-05). "Биохакер Серж Фаге: «К 2085 году люди, наконец, обретут бессмертие!»". Сайт «Комсомольской правды» (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-06-22. ^ "Взломать организм. Как правильно бороться со старением, чтобы прожить долго и счастливо \| Технологии \| Forbes.ru". www.forbes.ru. Retrieved 2018-06-22. ^ "Допинг для мозга". Газета РБК. Retrieved 2018-06-22. ^ Marsh, Stefanie (21 September 2018). "Extreme biohacking: the tech guru who spent $250,000 trying to live for ever". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 July 2019. ^ Липанова, Лиана (8 September 2021). "Сооснователя «Островка» Сергея Фаге задержали в Домодедово — у него нашли наркотики". vc.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 9 September 2021. ^ Цепелеева, Маша (5 May 2022). "«Всё закончилось»: сооснователь «Островка» Сергей Фаге рассказал об уголовном деле за контрабанду наркотиков". vc.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 22 September 2022. ^ Мамедов, Джейхун (29 September 2022). "«Теперь я знаю, что выбраться можно даже из такого». Серж Фаге — о жизни в СИЗО, медитации во время допросов и выходе из депрессии". incrussia.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 29 September 2022. External links Serge Faguet on Medium (in English) Serge FM channel on Telegram (in Russian)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TokBox"},{"link_name":"PaaS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_service"}],"text":"Serge Faguet (born July 4, 1985) is a Russian internet entrepreneur in Silicon Valley and Russia. He is the founder of Tokbox, a PaaS video communications company; Ostrovok.ru, a Russian online travel company; and Mirror AI, a computer vision consumer application.","title":"Serge Faguet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Stanford Graduate School of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Business"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Born in Russia, Serge graduated with a B.A from Cornell University, and attended Stanford Graduate School of Business, from which he dropped out at the age of 21 to start Tokbox.[1] He is a former Google employee.[2][3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TokBox"},{"link_name":"Sequoia Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital"},{"link_name":"Jawed Karim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawed_Karim"},{"link_name":"Rajeev Motwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajeev_Motwani"},{"link_name":"Telefónica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"At the age of 22, Faguet started Tokbox and raised $4.5M USD from Sequoia Capital, YouTube founder Jawed Karim and Stanford Computer Science professor Rajeev Motwani. He later left the company as part of shareholder disagreements. The company was acquired by Telefónica.In 2010, Faguet started Ostrovok.ru, an online hotel booking company for the Russian market.[4][5][6] He retired as CEO after 6.5 years while retaining a major stake and board positions.[7]Immediately after leaving Ostrovok.ru, Faguet started Mirror AI, a mobile app that uses computer vision to create personalized emojis to the consumer.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biohacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantified_self"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"intermittent fasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_fasting"},{"link_name":"interval training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_training"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"antidepressants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRI"},{"link_name":"statins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Domodedovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domodedovo_(airport)"},{"link_name":"amphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine"},{"link_name":"LSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Faguet has written a number of posts about his experiences regarding biohacking in which he claimed to have become \"calmer, thinner, extroverted, healthier & happier.\"[8][9][10] He talks about widely recognized practices such as intermittent fasting and interval training; as well as controversial practices such as large-scale biomarker testing, using prescription medicine without meeting medical criteria, and using illegal drugs.[11][12][13] Faguet takes antidepressants and statins despite never having been depressed and not being at risk for heart disease. He believes that taking antidepressants will protect him from negative emotion.[14]In August 2021 Faguet was arrested in Moscow airport of Domodedovo for having some amphetamine and LSD; he was detained for 30 days and released from custody in September, 2021.[15]\n[16] [17]","title":"Biohacking"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rooney, Ben (2011-11-15). \"Russian Online Travel Booming\". WSJ. Retrieved 2018-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2011/11/15/russian-online-travel-booming/","url_text":"\"Russian Online Travel Booming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Co-Founder Departs Ostrovok Citing Role-Overlap And Russian Focus – TechCrunch\". techcrunch.com. Retrieved 2018-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/05/13/co-founder-departs-ostrovok-citing-role-overlap-and-russian-focus/","url_text":"\"Co-Founder Departs Ostrovok Citing Role-Overlap And Russian Focus – TechCrunch\""}]},{"reference":"Faguet, Serge (2018-01-25). \"Усиливайте интеллект или останетесь на обочине истории\". vc.ru. Retrieved 2018-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://vc.ru/32226-usilivayte-intellekt-ili-ostanetes-na-obochine-istorii","url_text":"\"Усиливайте интеллект или останетесь на обочине истории\""}]},{"reference":"Wauters, Robin (2013-03-26). \"Russian hotel booking site Ostrovok lands $25m from Yuri Milner, Accel and others\". The Next Web. Retrieved 2018-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/03/26/ostrovok/","url_text":"\"Russian hotel booking site Ostrovok lands $25m from Yuri Milner, Accel and others\""}]},{"reference":"\"Travel Site Ostrovok Is Launching Next Week With $13 Million From Accel and General Catalyst\". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/new-startup-ostrovok-is-launching-next-week-with-a-13-million-round-from-accel-peter-thiel-and-zyngas-mark-pincus-2011-7","url_text":"\"Travel Site Ostrovok Is Launching Next Week With $13 Million From Accel and General Catalyst\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia's Growth Leads Yuri Milner Back As Ostrovok Takes $25M From General Catalyst, Accel and Others – TechCrunch\". techcrunch.com. Retrieved 2018-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/26/russias-growth-leads-yuri-milner-back-as-ostrovok-takes-25m-from-general-catalyst-accel-and-others/","url_text":"\"Russia's Growth Leads Yuri Milner Back As Ostrovok Takes $25M From General Catalyst, Accel and Others – TechCrunch\""}]},{"reference":"Chernova, Yuliya (2014-09-18). \"Russian Startup Ostrovok.ru CEO Said Venture Investors Paid It Not to Sue\". WSJ. Retrieved 2018-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2014/09/18/russian-startup-ostrovok-ru-ceo-said-venture-investors-paid-it-not-to-sue/","url_text":"\"Russian Startup Ostrovok.ru CEO Said Venture Investors Paid It Not to Sue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Extreme biohacking: The tech guru who spent $250,000 trying to live for ever\". 21 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/21/extreme-biohacking-tech-guru-who-spent-250000-trying-to-live-for-ever-serge-faguet","url_text":"\"Extreme biohacking: The tech guru who spent $250,000 trying to live for ever\""}]},{"reference":"Faguet, Serge (2017-10-04). \"Мне 32 года, и я потратил $200 тысяч на «биохакинг»\". vc.ru. Retrieved 2018-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://vc.ru/26886-personal-biohacking","url_text":"\"Мне 32 года, и я потратил $200 тысяч на «биохакинг»\""}]},{"reference":"ntv.ru. \"Как дольше жить: существуют ли действенные способы борьбы со старостью\". НТВ. Retrieved 2018-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/1944882/","url_text":"\"Как дольше жить: существуют ли действенные способы борьбы со старостью\""}]},{"reference":"Черных, Евгений (2017-11-05). \"Биохакер Серж Фаге: «К 2085 году люди, наконец, обретут бессмертие!»\". Сайт «Комсомольской правды» (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kp.ru/daily/26752/3783140/","url_text":"\"Биохакер Серж Фаге: «К 2085 году люди, наконец, обретут бессмертие!»\""}]},{"reference":"\"Взломать организм. Как правильно бороться со старением, чтобы прожить долго и счастливо \| Технологии \| Forbes.ru\". www.forbes.ru. Retrieved 2018-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forbes.ru/tehnologii/351717-vzlomat-organizm-kak-pravilno-borotsya-so-stareniem-chtoby-prozhit-dolgo-i","url_text":"\"Взломать организм. Как правильно бороться со старением, чтобы прожить долго и счастливо \| Технологии \| Forbes.ru\""}]},{"reference":"\"Допинг для мозга\". Газета РБК. Retrieved 2018-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2017/10/27/59e9ff259a794714660f71d0","url_text":"\"Допинг для мозга\""}]},{"reference":"Marsh, Stefanie (21 September 2018). \"Extreme biohacking: the tech guru who spent $250,000 trying to live for ever\". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/21/extreme-biohacking-tech-guru-who-spent-250000-trying-to-live-for-ever-serge-faguet","url_text":"\"Extreme biohacking: the tech guru who spent $250,000 trying to live for ever\""}]},{"reference":"Липанова, Лиана (8 September 2021). \"Сооснователя «Островка» Сергея Фаге задержали в Домодедово — у него нашли наркотики\". vc.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 9 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://vc.ru/legal/287726-soosnovatelya-ostrovka-sergeya-fage-zaderzhali-v-domodedovo-u-nego-nashli-narkotiki","url_text":"\"Сооснователя «Островка» Сергея Фаге задержали в Домодедово — у него нашли наркотики\""}]},{"reference":"Цепелеева, Маша (5 May 2022). \"«Всё закончилось»: сооснователь «Островка» Сергей Фаге рассказал об уголовном деле за контрабанду наркотиков\". vc.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 22 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://vc.ru/legal/416624-vse-zakonchilos-soosnovatel-ostrovka-sergey-fage-rasskazal-ob-ugolovnom-dele-za-kontrabandu-narkotikov","url_text":"\"«Всё закончилось»: сооснователь «Островка» Сергей Фаге рассказал об уголовном деле за контрабанду наркотиков\""}]},{"reference":"Мамедов, Джейхун (29 September 2022). \"«Теперь я знаю, что выбраться можно даже из такого». Серж Фаге — о жизни в СИЗО, медитации во время допросов и выходе из депрессии\". incrussia.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 29 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://incrussia.ru/understand/serge-fage/","url_text":"\"«Теперь я знаю, что выбраться можно даже из такого». Серж Фаге — о жизни в СИЗО, медитации во время допросов и выходе из депрессии\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2011/11/15/russian-online-travel-booming/","external_links_name":"\"Russian Online Travel Booming\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/05/13/co-founder-departs-ostrovok-citing-role-overlap-and-russian-focus/","external_links_name":"\"Co-Founder Departs Ostrovok Citing Role-Overlap And Russian Focus – TechCrunch\""},{"Link":"https://vc.ru/32226-usilivayte-intellekt-ili-ostanetes-na-obochine-istorii","external_links_name":"\"Усиливайте интеллект или останетесь на обочине истории\""},{"Link":"https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/03/26/ostrovok/","external_links_name":"\"Russian hotel booking site Ostrovok lands $25m from Yuri Milner, Accel and others\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/new-startup-ostrovok-is-launching-next-week-with-a-13-million-round-from-accel-peter-thiel-and-zyngas-mark-pincus-2011-7","external_links_name":"\"Travel Site Ostrovok Is Launching Next Week With $13 Million From Accel and General Catalyst\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/26/russias-growth-leads-yuri-milner-back-as-ostrovok-takes-25m-from-general-catalyst-accel-and-others/","external_links_name":"\"Russia's Growth Leads Yuri Milner Back As Ostrovok Takes $25M From General Catalyst, Accel and Others – TechCrunch\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2014/09/18/russian-startup-ostrovok-ru-ceo-said-venture-investors-paid-it-not-to-sue/","external_links_name":"\"Russian Startup Ostrovok.ru CEO Said Venture Investors Paid It Not to Sue\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/21/extreme-biohacking-tech-guru-who-spent-250000-trying-to-live-for-ever-serge-faguet","external_links_name":"\"Extreme biohacking: The tech guru who spent $250,000 trying to live for ever\""},{"Link":"https://vc.ru/26886-personal-biohacking","external_links_name":"\"Мне 32 года, и я потратил $200 тысяч на «биохакинг»\""},{"Link":"http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/1944882/","external_links_name":"\"Как дольше жить: существуют ли действенные способы борьбы со старостью\""},{"Link":"https://www.kp.ru/daily/26752/3783140/","external_links_name":"\"Биохакер Серж Фаге: «К 2085 году люди, наконец, обретут бессмертие!»\""},{"Link":"http://www.forbes.ru/tehnologii/351717-vzlomat-organizm-kak-pravilno-borotsya-so-stareniem-chtoby-prozhit-dolgo-i","external_links_name":"\"Взломать организм. Как правильно бороться со старением, чтобы прожить долго и счастливо \| Технологии \| Forbes.ru\""},{"Link":"https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2017/10/27/59e9ff259a794714660f71d0","external_links_name":"\"Допинг для мозга\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/21/extreme-biohacking-tech-guru-who-spent-250000-trying-to-live-for-ever-serge-faguet","external_links_name":"\"Extreme biohacking: the tech guru who spent $250,000 trying to live for ever\""},{"Link":"https://vc.ru/legal/287726-soosnovatelya-ostrovka-sergeya-fage-zaderzhali-v-domodedovo-u-nego-nashli-narkotiki","external_links_name":"\"Сооснователя «Островка» Сергея Фаге задержали в Домодедово — у него нашли наркотики\""},{"Link":"https://vc.ru/legal/416624-vse-zakonchilos-soosnovatel-ostrovka-sergey-fage-rasskazal-ob-ugolovnom-dele-za-kontrabandu-narkotikov","external_links_name":"\"«Всё закончилось»: сооснователь «Островка» Сергей Фаге рассказал об уголовном деле за контрабанду наркотиков\""},{"Link":"https://incrussia.ru/understand/serge-fage/","external_links_name":"\"«Теперь я знаю, что выбраться можно даже из такого». Серж Фаге — о жизни в СИЗО, медитации во время допросов и выходе из депрессии\""},{"Link":"https://medium.com/@sergefaguet","external_links_name":"Serge Faguet"},{"Link":"https://t.me/Faguet","external_links_name":"Serge FM channel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Orzechowski	Paweł Orzechowski	["1 References","2 External links"]	Polish footballer (1941–2016) Paweł OrzechowskiPersonal informationDate of birth (1941-12-15)15 December 1941Date of death 17 November 2016(2016-11-17) (aged 74)Position(s) DefenderSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1961–1973 Polonia Bytom 1973–1974 Lens 8 (0)1974–1976 Polonia Bytom International career1964–1966 Poland 4 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals Paweł Orzechowski (15 December 1941 – 17 November 2016) was a Polish footballer who played as a defender for Polonia Bytom and Lens. He made four appearances for the Poland national team from 1964 to 1966. References ^ "Paweł Orzechowski". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "Paweł Orzechowski". EU Football. Retrieved 3 October 2021. External links Paweł Orzechowski at WorldFootball.net Paweł Orzechowski at EU-Football.info Paweł Orzechowski at FootballDatabase.eu This biographical article relating to Polish football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Polonia Bytom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia_Bytom"},{"link_name":"Lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Lens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Poland national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Paweł Orzechowski (15 December 1941 – 17 November 2016) was a Polish footballer who played as a defender for Polonia Bytom and Lens.[1] He made four appearances for the Poland national team from 1964 to 1966.[2]","title":"Paweł Orzechowski"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Paweł Orzechowski\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/pawel-orzechowski/","url_text":"\"Paweł Orzechowski\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paweł Orzechowski\". EU Football. Retrieved 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=15707","url_text":"\"Paweł Orzechowski\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/pawel-orzechowski/","external_links_name":"\"Paweł Orzechowski\""},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=15707","external_links_name":"\"Paweł Orzechowski\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/pawel-orzechowski/","external_links_name":"Paweł Orzechowski"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11814306#P2020"},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=15707","external_links_name":"Paweł Orzechowski"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11814306#P3726"},{"Link":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/64628","external_links_name":"Paweł Orzechowski"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pawe%C5%82_Orzechowski&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Akka	Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka	["1 Territory and statistics","2 History","3 List of episcopal ordinaries","3.1 Eparchs of Akka","3.2 Archeparchs of Akka","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Sources and external links"]	Coordinates: 32°49′09″N 34°59′41″E / 32.8192°N 34.9946°E / 32.8192; 34.9946Melkite Greek Catholic archeparchy in Israel Archeparchy of Akka (Melkite Greek)Archieparchia Ptolemaidensis Melchitarumأبرشية عكا وحيفا والناصرة وسائر الجليل للروم الملكيين الكاثوليكSt. Elijah CathedralLocationCountryIsraelHeadquartersSyriaStatisticsPopulation- Catholics(as of 2022)73,921Parishes37InformationDenominationMelkite Greek Catholic ChurchRiteByzantine RiteEstablished1753CathedralSaint Elias CathedralCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisPatriarchYoussef AbsiArcheparchYoussef Matta Bishops emeritusPierre MouallemElias ChacourWebsitehttps://logosofgalilee.com/ Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka (Arabic: أبرشية عكا وحيفا والناصرة وسائر الجليل للروم الملكيين الكاثوليك) is an Eastern Catholic diocese of Melkite Greek Catholic Church (Byzantine Rite, Arabic), directly subject to the Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch. Its Cathedral episcopal see is St. Elijah Greek-Melkite Cathedral, in Haifa. Territory and statistics Church of Saint Andrew, Acre. The archeparchy extends its jurisdiction to Melkites of Israel, especially of Galilee. The headquarters of the archeparchy (archdiocese) is Haifa, where the Saint Elias Cathedral is located. The Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka counted 73,921 baptised members, and had a territory subdivided into thirty-seven parishes in 2022. As of 2014 the Melkite Greek Catholic Church was the largest Christian community in Israel, with roughly 60 per cent of Israeli Christians belonging to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. The city of Haifa has the largest Melkite Greek Catholic community in Israel, followed by the cities of Nazareth and Shefa-Amr. Melkite Greek Catholic communities exist in a number of other towns in Galilee, either as the sole religious community or amongst other commuunities of Muslims, Druze and other Christians, including in:Abu SnanArrabaBi'inaDaliyat al-KarmelDeir HannaEilabunHurfeishI'billinIsfiyaJadeidi-MakrJishKafr KannaKafr YasifKisra-SumeiMagharMazra'aMuqeiblePeki'inRamehRas al-EinReinehSakhninShefa-AmrTur'anYafa an-Naseriyye They also have a presence in other mixed cities, especially Jerusalem and Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Ramleh, Lod, Acre, Nof HaGalil, and Ma'alot Tarshiha. It is reported that all the inhabitants of Fassuta and Mi'ilya are Melkite Christians. History Ancient Ptolemais-Acre was visited by Paul of Tarsus during his trip described in chapter 21 of the Acts of Apostles. Soon, the city was a strong Christian community. In the third century was established headquarters of an ancient episcopal see here and the capital of the bishop of the diocese, which is suffragan of the Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre, referring to the ancient period in Ptolemais in Phoenicia, called Acre in the Crusader period. In 1753, the see was restored as a Melkite diocese by Patriarch Cyril VI Tanas and attached once again to Tyre, which had become independent from Jerusalem. However, the Melkite bishops of Acre began to reside there only in 1804. Before 1932, the jurisdiction of Acre included Transjordan. The see became an Archeparchy on 18 November 1964 with the Papal Bull Apostolic constitution of Pope Paul VI and includes all Galilee. List of episcopal ordinaries Eparchs of Akka The following were Melkite Greek Catholic eparchs (bishops) of Akka: Macaire Ajemi, 1759 – 25 December 1774 (resigned) Michel (Germanos) Adam, consecrated 25 December 1774 – July 1777, then appointed Archeparch of Aleppo) Makarios Fakhoury, after July 1777 (uncertain) –1794 Makarios Nahas (1795 – c. 1809) Habib Theodosius (1809 – c. 1833) Michel Clement Bahouth BS, consecrated 10 August 1836, served until 16 June 1856, when confirmed as Patriarch of Antioch Hanna (Gregory) Youssef-Sayour, consecrated 13 November 1856, until 27 March 1865 when confirmed as Patriarch of Antioch Agapio Dumani BS, 4 December 1864–1893 (deceased) Athanase Sabbagh, 18 April 1894 – 2 June 1899 (deceased) Grégoire Haggiar, 24 March 1901 – 30 October 1940 (deceased) Joseph Malouf (apostolic administrator), 1940–1943 Archeparchs of Akka A list of Melkite Greek Catholic archeparchs (archbishops) of Akka is shown below: Georges Hakim, 13 March 1943 – 26 November 1967, later Patriarch of Antioch of the Greek-Melkites (Syria) Joseph-Marie Raya, 9 September 1968 – 21 August 1974 (resigned), then Titular Archbishop of Scythopolis, 21 August 1974 – 10 June 2005 Maximos Salloum, 20 August 1975 – 23 July 1997 (withdrawn) Lutfi Laham (apostolic administrator), 1997–1998 Pierre Mouallem SMSP , 29 July 1998 – 18 July 2003 (withdrawn) Georges Nicholas Haddad (apostolic administrator), 21 March 2003 – 10 December 2005 Elias Chacour, 7 February 2006 – 27 January 2014 (withdrawn) Moussa El-Hage, OAM (apostolic administrator), (27 January 2014 – 21 June 2014) George Bacouni, 21 June 2014 – 9 November 2018 Fr. Andraus Bahus (apostolic administrator), (24 November 2018 – March 2019) Youssef Matta (since 18 March 2019) See also Catholic Church in Israel Latin Catholic Diocese of Acre Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land Notes ^ Previously (1975–1987) the Superior General of Society of Missionaries of Saint Paul; and eparch (bishop) of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo (Brazil), 20 April 1990 – 29 July 1998 ^ Simultaneously apostolic exarch of Argentina (20 April 2002 – 19 December 2005), Titular Bishop of Myra (20 April 2002 – 14 October 2006); later Archeparch of Baniyas (Lebanon), from 14 October 2006 ^ Simultaneously Maronite archeparch of Haifa and Holy Land and Maronite patriarchal exarch of Jerusalem and Palestine and Jordan, since 16 June 2012 ^ Formerly Metropolitan Archeparch of Tyre (Lebanon), 20 October 2005 – 21 June 2014), later metropolitan archbishop of Beirut and Byblos (since 9 November 2018) References ^ a b "Archeparchy of Akka (Melkite Greek Archeparchy)". Catholic Hierarchy ^ "The Christian communities in Israel". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2014. ^ a b Zeedan, Rami (2019). Arab-Palestinian Society in the Israeli Political System: Integration versus Segregation in the Twenty-First Century. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 52. ISBN 9781498553155. ^ "Celebrating Christmas in Israel's ancient Greek Catholic villages". Ynetnews. Ynet. 23 December 2018. ^ catholicchurch-holyland.com ^ Paulus VI (18 November 1964). "Constitutio Apostolica – Ptolemaidensis Melchitarum: Ecclesia episcopalis Ptolemaidensis Melchitarum ad gradum archidioecesis evehitur". Acta Apostolicae Sedis: Acta Pauli Pp. VI (in Latin). Vol. LVII (1965). Vatican: Libreria Editrice Vaticana; The Holy See. pp. 629–630. no. 9. PDF file Sources and external links GigaCatholic, with incumbent biography links vteReligion in IsraelJudaism Orthodox Ashkenazi Hasidic Sepharadi Conservative Reform Masortim Hiloni Haymanot Karaite ChristianityCatholicism Latin Armenian Catholic Chaldean Catholic Maronites Haifa Jerusalem Melkite Greek Catholic Akka Jerusalem Syriac Catholic Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Orthodox Russian Orthodox Oriental Orthodoxy Armenian Apostolic Syriac Orthodox Coptic Orthodox Ethiopian Tewahedo Protestantism Anglican Hebrew Christian movement Jehovah's Witnesses Lutheran Messianic Judaism Templers The Church of Almighty God Islam Sunni Shia Ahmadiyya Other Abrahamic religions Druzism Baháʼí Faith Samaritanism Black Hebrews Other Buddhism Hinduism Irreligion Neopaganism vteMelkite Catholic ChurchByzantine RitePatriarchs Cyril VI Tanas Athanasius IV Jawhar Maximos II Hakim Theodosius V Dahan Athanasius IV Jawhar Cyril VII Siaj Agapius II Matar Ignatius IV Sarrouf Athanasius V Matar Macarius IV Tawil Ignatius V Qattan Maximos III Mazloum Clement Bahouth Gregory II Youssef Peter IV Geraigiry Cyril VIII Geha Demetrius I Qadi Cyril IX Moghabghab Maximos IV Sayegh Maximos V Hakim Gregory III Laham Youssef I Absi Eparchies Archeparchy of Damascus Archeparchy of Aleppo Archeparchy of Bosra-Hauran Archeparchy of Homs Archeparchy of Latakia Archeparchy of Tyre Archeparchy of Beirut and Byblos Archeparchy of Baalbek Archeparchy of Baniyas Archeparchy of Sidon Archeparchy of Tripoli Archeparchy of Zahle and Forzol Archeparchy of Petra and Philadelphia in Amman Archeparchy of Akka Patriarchal Dependent Territory of Jerusalem Patriarchal Exarchate of Iraq Patriarchal Exarchate of Kuwait Patriarchal Dependent Territory of Egypt, Sudan, and South Sudan Patriarchal Exarchate of Istanbul Eparchy of Newton Eparchy of Saint-Sauveur of Montréal Eparchy of Nuestra Señora del Paraíso in Mexico City Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo Apostolic Exarchate of Argentina Apostolic Exarchate of Venezuela Eparchy of Saint Michael Archangel in Sydney Churches Cathedrals: Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition, Damascus St. Elias Cathedral, Beirut St. George's Cathedral, Amman St. Elijah Cathedral, Haifa Cathedral of Our Lady of the Annunciation, Jerusalem Annunciation Cathedral, Boston St. Anne's Cathedral, Los Angeles Saint Sauveur Cathedral, Montréal Porta Coeli Cathedral, Mexico City Our Lady of Paradise Cathedral, São Paulo St. George's Cathedral, Caracas Churches: Sts Peter and Paul Church, Ottawa St. Peter and St. Paul Church, Shefa-Amr Synagogue Church, Nazareth St. George's Church, Milwaukee St. Jude's Church, Miami Chapel of Saint Paul, Damascus Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre, Paris Shrine: Our Lady of Awaiting Religious institutes Basilian Aleppian Order Basilian Aleppian Sisters Basilian Chouerite Order of Saint John the Baptist Basilian Chouerite Sisters Basilian Salvatorian Order See also Mariam Baouardy Lebanese Melkite Christians Catholic Church portal 32°49′09″N 34°59′41″E / 32.8192°N 34.9946°E / 32.8192; 34.9946	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Melkite Greek Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Rite"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"St. Elijah Greek-Melkite Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elijah_Cathedral,_Haifa"},{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"}],"text":"Melkite Greek Catholic archeparchy in IsraelMelkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka (Arabic: أبرشية عكا وحيفا والناصرة وسائر الجليل للروم الملكيين الكاثوليك) is an Eastern Catholic diocese of Melkite Greek Catholic Church (Byzantine Rite, Arabic), directly subject to the Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch. Its Cathedral episcopal see is St. Elijah Greek-Melkite Cathedral, in Haifa.","title":"Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Andrews_Melkite_church_in_Akko.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint Andrew, Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Andrew,_Acre"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch-1"},{"link_name":"Melkite Greek Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Israeli Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Christians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFA2014-2"},{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"},{"link_name":"Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth"},{"link_name":"Shefa-Amr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shefa-Amr"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-int_21st-3"},{"link_name":"Abu Snan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Snan"},{"link_name":"Arraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraba,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Bi'ina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%27ina"},{"link_name":"Daliyat al-Karmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel"},{"link_name":"Deir Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Hanna"},{"link_name":"Eilabun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilabun"},{"link_name":"Hurfeish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurfeish"},{"link_name":"I'billin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27billin"},{"link_name":"Isfiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfiya"},{"link_name":"Jadeidi-Makr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadeidi-Makr"},{"link_name":"Jish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jish"},{"link_name":"Kafr Kanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Kanna"},{"link_name":"Kafr Yasif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Yasif"},{"link_name":"Kisra-Sumei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisra-Sumei"},{"link_name":"Maghar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghar,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Mazra'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazra%27a"},{"link_name":"Muqeible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqeible"},{"link_name":"Peki'in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peki%27in"},{"link_name":"Rameh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rameh"},{"link_name":"Ras al-Ein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_al-Ein"},{"link_name":"Reineh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reineh"},{"link_name":"Sakhnin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhnin"},{"link_name":"Shefa-Amr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shefa-Amr"},{"link_name":"Tur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%27an"},{"link_name":"Yafa an-Naseriyye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yafa_an-Naseriyye"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"link_name":"Ramleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramleh"},{"link_name":"Lod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Nof HaGalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nof_HaGalil"},{"link_name":"Ma'alot Tarshiha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27alot_Tarshiha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-int_21st-3"},{"link_name":"Fassuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassuta"},{"link_name":"Mi'ilya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27ilya"},{"link_name":"Melkite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Christians"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChristianYnet-4"}],"text":"Church of Saint Andrew, Acre.The archeparchy extends its jurisdiction to Melkites of Israel, especially of Galilee. \nThe headquarters of the archeparchy (archdiocese) is Haifa, where the Saint Elias Cathedral is located. The Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka counted 73,921 baptised members,[1] and had a territory subdivided into thirty-seven parishes in 2022.[1]As of 2014 the Melkite Greek Catholic Church was the largest Christian community in Israel, with roughly 60 per cent of Israeli Christians belonging to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.[2]The city of Haifa has the largest Melkite Greek Catholic community in Israel, followed by the cities of Nazareth and Shefa-Amr. Melkite Greek Catholic communities exist in a number of other towns in Galilee, either as the sole religious community or amongst other commuunities of Muslims, Druze and other Christians, including in:[3]Abu SnanArrabaBi'inaDaliyat al-KarmelDeir HannaEilabunHurfeishI'billinIsfiyaJadeidi-MakrJishKafr KannaKafr YasifKisra-SumeiMagharMazra'aMuqeiblePeki'inRamehRas al-EinReinehSakhninShefa-AmrTur'anYafa an-NaseriyyeThey also have a presence in other mixed cities, especially Jerusalem and Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Ramleh, Lod, Acre, Nof HaGalil, and Ma'alot Tarshiha.[3] It is reported that all the inhabitants of Fassuta and Mi'ilya are Melkite Christians.[4]","title":"Territory and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Ptolemais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemais_in_Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Paul of Tarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Acts of Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Apostles"},{"link_name":"Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"Cyril VI Tanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Transjordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transjordan_(region)"},{"link_name":"Apostolic constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_constitution"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ancient Ptolemais-Acre was visited by Paul of Tarsus during his trip described in chapter 21 of the Acts of Apostles. Soon, the city was a strong Christian community. In the third century was established headquarters of an ancient episcopal see here and the capital of the bishop of the diocese, which is suffragan of the Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre, referring to the ancient period in Ptolemais in Phoenicia, called Acre in the Crusader period.In 1753, the see was restored as a Melkite diocese by Patriarch Cyril VI Tanas and attached once again to Tyre, which had become independent from Jerusalem. However, the Melkite bishops of Acre began to reside there only in 1804.[5]Before 1932, the jurisdiction of Acre included Transjordan. The see became an Archeparchy on 18 November 1964 with the Papal Bull Apostolic constitution of Pope Paul VI[6] and includes all Galilee.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of episcopal ordinaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michel (Germanos) Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanos_Adam"},{"link_name":"Archeparch of Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Clement Bahouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Bahouth"},{"link_name":"Hanna (Gregory) Youssef-Sayour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_II_Youssef"},{"link_name":"Agapio Dumani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agapio_Dumani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Athanase Sabbagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athanase_Sabbagh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grégoire Haggiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%A9goire_Haggiar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joseph Malouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Malouf"},{"link_name":"apostolic administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_administrator"}],"sub_title":"Eparchs of Akka","text":"The following were Melkite Greek Catholic eparchs (bishops) of Akka:Macaire Ajemi, 1759 – 25 December 1774 (resigned)\nMichel (Germanos) Adam, consecrated 25 December 1774 – July 1777, then appointed Archeparch of Aleppo)\nMakarios Fakhoury, after July 1777 (uncertain) –1794\nMakarios Nahas (1795 – c. 1809)\nHabib Theodosius (1809 – c. 1833)\nMichel Clement Bahouth BS, consecrated 10 August 1836, served until 16 June 1856, when confirmed as Patriarch of Antioch\nHanna (Gregory) Youssef-Sayour, consecrated 13 November 1856, until 27 March 1865 when confirmed as Patriarch of Antioch\nAgapio Dumani BS, 4 December 1864–1893 (deceased)\nAthanase Sabbagh, 18 April 1894 – 2 June 1899 (deceased)\nGrégoire Haggiar, 24 March 1901 – 30 October 1940 (deceased)\nJoseph Malouf (apostolic administrator), 1940–1943","title":"List of episcopal ordinaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georges Hakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximos_V_Hakim"},{"link_name":"Antioch of the Greek-Melkites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Marie Raya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Raya"},{"link_name":"Titular Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Scythopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythopolis_(see)"},{"link_name":"Maximos Salloum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximos_Salloum"},{"link_name":"Lutfi Laham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_III_Laham"},{"link_name":"apostolic administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_administrator"},{"link_name":"Pierre Mouallem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mouallem"},{"link_name":"SMSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Missionaries_of_Saint_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_missionnaires_de_Saint_Paul"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Georges Nicholas Haddad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Nicholas_Haddad"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Elias Chacour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Chacour"},{"link_name":"Moussa El-Hage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_El-Hage"},{"link_name":"OAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Maronite_Order"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"George Bacouni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bacouni"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Andraus Bahus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andraus_Bahus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"apostolic administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_administrator"},{"link_name":"Youssef Matta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youssef_Matta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef_Matta"}],"sub_title":"Archeparchs of Akka","text":"A list of Melkite Greek Catholic archeparchs (archbishops) of Akka is shown below:Georges Hakim, 13 March 1943 – 26 November 1967, later Patriarch of Antioch of the Greek-Melkites (Syria)\nJoseph-Marie Raya, 9 September 1968 – 21 August 1974 (resigned), then Titular Archbishop of Scythopolis, 21 August 1974 – 10 June 2005\nMaximos Salloum, 20 August 1975 – 23 July 1997 (withdrawn)\nLutfi Laham (apostolic administrator), 1997–1998\nPierre Mouallem SMSP [fr], 29 July 1998 – 18 July 2003 (withdrawn)[a]\nGeorges Nicholas Haddad (apostolic administrator), 21 March 2003 – 10 December 2005[b]\nElias Chacour, 7 February 2006 – 27 January 2014 (withdrawn)\nMoussa El-Hage, OAM (apostolic administrator), (27 January 2014 – 21 June 2014)[c]\nGeorge Bacouni, 21 June 2014 – 9 November 2018[d]\nFr. Andraus Bahus (apostolic administrator), (24 November 2018 – March 2019)\nYoussef Matta [de] (since 18 March 2019)","title":"List of episcopal ordinaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Superior General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_General"},{"link_name":"Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Nossa_Senhora_do_Para%C3%ADso_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"apostolic exarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_exarch"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Myra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra"},{"link_name":"Archeparch of Baniyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Baniyas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Maronite archeparch of Haifa and Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Haifa_and_the_Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"patriarchal exarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchal_exarch"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem and Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Archeparch of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"metropolitan archbishop of Beirut and Byblos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Beirut_and_Byblos"}],"text":"^ Previously (1975–1987) the Superior General of Society of Missionaries of Saint Paul; and eparch (bishop) of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo (Brazil), 20 April 1990 – 29 July 1998\n\n^ Simultaneously apostolic exarch of Argentina (20 April 2002 – 19 December 2005), Titular Bishop of Myra (20 April 2002 – 14 October 2006); later Archeparch of Baniyas (Lebanon), from 14 October 2006\n\n^ Simultaneously Maronite archeparch of Haifa and Holy Land and Maronite patriarchal exarch of Jerusalem and Palestine and Jordan, since 16 June 2012 \n\n^ Formerly Metropolitan Archeparch of Tyre (Lebanon), [27 June 2005] 20 October 2005 – 21 June 2014), later metropolitan archbishop of Beirut and Byblos (since 9 November 2018)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GigaCatholic, with incumbent biography links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/akka0.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"Religion in 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Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Exarchate of Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Eparchy of Saint Michael Archangel in Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Michael_Archangel_in_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition, Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Dormition"},{"link_name":"St. Elias Cathedral, Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elias_Cathedral,_Beirut"},{"link_name":"St. George's Cathedral, Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Amman"},{"link_name":"St. Elijah Cathedral, Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elijah_Cathedral,_Haifa"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Our Lady of the Annunciation, Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Annunciation,_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Annunciation Cathedral, Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_Melkite_Catholic_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"St. Anne's Cathedral, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anne_Melkite_Catholic_Cathedral_(North_Hollywood,_California)"},{"link_name":"Saint Sauveur Cathedral, Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sauveur_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Porta Coeli Cathedral, Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Coeli_Cathedral,_Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Paradise Cathedral, São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Paradise_Cathedral,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"St. George's Cathedral, Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Caracas"},{"link_name":"Sts Peter and Paul Church, Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Melkite_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Peter and St. Paul Church, Shefa-Amr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter_and_St._Paul_Church,_Shefa-Amr"},{"link_name":"Synagogue Church, Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue_Church_(Nazareth)"},{"link_name":"St. George's Church, Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Melkite_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Jude's Church, Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jude_Melkite_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Chapel of Saint Paul, Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Paul"},{"link_name":"Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre, Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Awaiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Awaiting"},{"link_name":"Basilian Aleppian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Order"},{"link_name":"Basilian Aleppian Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Basilian Chouerite Order of Saint John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Order_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Basilian Chouerite Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Basilian Salvatorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilian_Salvatorian_Order"},{"link_name":"Mariam Baouardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam_Baouardy"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Melkite Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Melkite_Christians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"32°49′09″N 34°59′41″E / 32.8192°N 34.9946°E / 32.8192; 34.9946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Akka&params=32.8192_N_34.9946_E_source:wikidata"}],"text":"GigaCatholic, with incumbent biography linksvteReligion in IsraelJudaism\nOrthodox\nAshkenazi\nHasidic\nSepharadi\nConservative\nReform\nMasortim\nHiloni\nHaymanot\nKaraite\nChristianityCatholicism\nLatin\nArmenian Catholic\nChaldean Catholic\nMaronites\nHaifa\nJerusalem\nMelkite Greek Catholic\nAkka\nJerusalem\nSyriac Catholic\nEastern Orthodoxy\nGreek Orthodox\nRussian Orthodox\nOriental Orthodoxy\nArmenian Apostolic\nSyriac Orthodox\nCoptic Orthodox\nEthiopian Tewahedo\nProtestantism\nAnglican\nHebrew Christian movement\nJehovah's Witnesses\nLutheran\nMessianic Judaism\nTemplers\nThe Church of Almighty God\nIslam\nSunni\nShia\nAhmadiyya\nOther Abrahamic religions\nDruzism\nBaháʼí Faith\nSamaritanism\nBlack Hebrews\nOther\nBuddhism\nHinduism\nIrreligion\nNeopaganismvteMelkite Catholic ChurchByzantine RitePatriarchs\nCyril VI Tanas\nAthanasius IV Jawhar\nMaximos II Hakim\nTheodosius V Dahan\nAthanasius IV Jawhar\nCyril VII Siaj\nAgapius II Matar\nIgnatius IV Sarrouf\nAthanasius V Matar\nMacarius IV Tawil\nIgnatius V Qattan\nMaximos III Mazloum\nClement Bahouth\nGregory II Youssef\nPeter IV Geraigiry\nCyril VIII Geha\nDemetrius I Qadi\nCyril IX Moghabghab\nMaximos IV Sayegh\nMaximos V Hakim\nGregory III Laham\nYoussef I Absi\nEparchies\nArcheparchy of Damascus\nArcheparchy of Aleppo\nArcheparchy of Bosra-Hauran\nArcheparchy of Homs\nArcheparchy of Latakia\nArcheparchy of Tyre\nArcheparchy of Beirut and Byblos\nArcheparchy of Baalbek\nArcheparchy of Baniyas\nArcheparchy of Sidon\nArcheparchy of Tripoli\nArcheparchy of Zahle and Forzol\nArcheparchy of Petra and Philadelphia in Amman\nArcheparchy of Akka\nPatriarchal Dependent Territory of Jerusalem\nPatriarchal Exarchate of Iraq\nPatriarchal Exarchate of Kuwait\nPatriarchal Dependent Territory of Egypt, Sudan, and South Sudan\nPatriarchal Exarchate of Istanbul\nEparchy of Newton\nEparchy of Saint-Sauveur of Montréal\nEparchy of Nuestra Señora del Paraíso in Mexico City\nEparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo\nApostolic Exarchate of Argentina\nApostolic Exarchate of Venezuela\nEparchy of Saint Michael Archangel in Sydney\nChurches\nCathedrals:\nCathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition, Damascus\nSt. Elias Cathedral, Beirut\nSt. George's Cathedral, Amman\nSt. Elijah Cathedral, Haifa\nCathedral of Our Lady of the Annunciation, Jerusalem\nAnnunciation Cathedral, Boston\nSt. Anne's Cathedral, Los Angeles\nSaint Sauveur Cathedral, Montréal\nPorta Coeli Cathedral, Mexico City\nOur Lady of Paradise Cathedral, São Paulo\nSt. George's Cathedral, Caracas\nChurches:\nSts Peter and Paul Church, Ottawa\nSt. Peter and St. Paul Church, Shefa-Amr\nSynagogue Church, Nazareth\nSt. George's Church, Milwaukee\nSt. Jude's Church, Miami\nChapel of Saint Paul, Damascus\nSaint-Julien-le-Pauvre, Paris\nShrine:\nOur Lady of Awaiting\nReligious institutes\nBasilian Aleppian Order\nBasilian Aleppian Sisters\nBasilian Chouerite Order of Saint John the Baptist\nBasilian Chouerite Sisters\nBasilian Salvatorian Order\nSee also\nMariam Baouardy\nLebanese Melkite Christians\n\n Catholic Church portal32°49′09″N 34°59′41″E / 32.8192°N 34.9946°E / 32.8192; 34.9946","title":"Sources and external links"}]	[{"image_text":"Church of Saint Andrew, Acre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/St._Andrews_Melkite_church_in_Akko.jpg/220px-St._Andrews_Melkite_church_in_Akko.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Catholic Church in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel"},{"title":"Latin Catholic Diocese of Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Catholic_Diocese_of_Acre"},{"title":"Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Haifa_and_the_Holy_Land"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Christian communities in Israel\". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017004653/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Spotlight/Pages/The-Christian-communities-in-Israel-May-2014.aspx","url_text":"\"The Christian communities in Israel\""},{"url":"http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Spotlight/Pages/The-Christian-communities-in-Israel-May-2014.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zeedan, Rami (2019). Arab-Palestinian Society in the Israeli Political System: Integration versus Segregation in the Twenty-First Century. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 52. ISBN 9781498553155.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498553155","url_text":"9781498553155"}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrating Christmas in Israel's ancient Greek Catholic villages\". Ynetnews. Ynet. 23 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5431903,00.html","url_text":"\"Celebrating Christmas in Israel's ancient Greek Catholic villages\""}]},{"reference":"Paulus VI (18 November 1964). \"Constitutio Apostolica – Ptolemaidensis Melchitarum: Ecclesia episcopalis Ptolemaidensis Melchitarum ad gradum archidioecesis evehitur\". Acta Apostolicae Sedis: Acta Pauli Pp. VI (in Latin). Vol. LVII (1965). Vatican: Libreria Editrice Vaticana; The Holy See. pp. 629–630. no. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI","url_text":"Paulus VI"},{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19641113_ptolemaidensis.html","url_text":"\"Constitutio Apostolica – Ptolemaidensis Melchitarum: Ecclesia episcopalis Ptolemaidensis Melchitarum ad gradum archidioecesis evehitur\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Akka&params=32.8192_N_34.9946_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"32°49′09″N 34°59′41″E / 32.8192°N 34.9946°E / 32.8192; 34.9946"},{"Link":"https://logosofgalilee.com/","external_links_name":"https://logosofgalilee.com/"},{"Link":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dakka.html","external_links_name":"\"Archeparchy of Akka [San Giovanni d'Acri; Tolemaide"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017004653/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Spotlight/Pages/The-Christian-communities-in-Israel-May-2014.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Christian communities in Israel\""},{"Link":"http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Spotlight/Pages/The-Christian-communities-in-Israel-May-2014.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5431903,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Celebrating Christmas in Israel's ancient Greek Catholic villages\""},{"Link":"http://catholicchurch-holyland.com/?p=246","external_links_name":"catholicchurch-holyland.com"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19641113_ptolemaidensis.html","external_links_name":"\"Constitutio Apostolica – Ptolemaidensis Melchitarum: Ecclesia episcopalis Ptolemaidensis Melchitarum ad gradum archidioecesis evehitur\""},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-57-1965-ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF file"},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/akka0.htm","external_links_name":"GigaCatholic, with incumbent biography links"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Akka&params=32.8192_N_34.9946_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"32°49′09″N 34°59′41″E / 32.8192°N 34.9946°E / 32.8192; 34.9946"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Bonagura	Gianni Bonagura	["1 Life and career","2 Death","3 Partial filmography","4 References","5 External links"]	Italian actor (1925–2017) Gianni BonaguraBonagura in 1969BornGianfelice Bonagura(1925-10-27)27 October 1925Milan, ItalyDied8 October 2017(2017-10-08) (aged 91)Milan, ItalyOccupation(s)Actor, voice actorYears active1950–2005 Gianfelice "Gianni" Bonagura (27 October 1925 – 8 October 2017) was an Italian actor and voice actor. Life and career Born in Milan, Bonagura was active on film, stage, television and radio. He appeared in 40 films between 1950 and 2001. He arrived at the threshold of a degree in philosophy, then in 1946 he abandoned his studies to attend the Silvio d'Amico National Academy of Dramatic Arts. Essentially a stage actor, Bonagura became popular in the second half of the fifties as a radio actor, protagonist of vignettes together with Nino Manfredi and Paolo Ferrari. In cinema and television, he was only used as a character actor, with the exception of the role of Dr. Watson in the 1968 RAI television series Sherlock Holmes. Bonagura also worked as a voice actor. He occasionally dubbed over the voices of Danny De Vito, Mel Brooks and Ian Holm. One of his most popular dubbing roles includes providing the Italian voice of Palpatine's alter ego, Darth Sidious in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. In his animated roles, he dubbed the voices of Uncle Waldo in The Aristocats and Mr. Snoops in The Rescuers. Death Bonagura died in Milan on 8 October 2017, 19 days before his 92nd birthday. Partial filmography Against the Law (1950) Fugitive in Trieste (1951) Susanna Whipped Cream (1957) - Un complice del ladro Femmine tre volte (1957) - Cesare, il sindicalista Carmela è una bambola (1958) - The Prosecutor The Employee (1959) - Amedeo - Totocalcio Accountant Audace colpo dei soliti ignoti (1960) - Pippetto aka Father Filippo Le signore (1960) Le pillole di Ercole (1960) - Un medico al congresso di gerontologia The Passionate Thief (1960) Behind Closed Doors (1961) - L'avvocato difensore Damon and Pythias (1962) - Phylemon Le pillole di Ercole (1962) - Cerrocchi I cuori infranti (1963) - Filippini (segment "E vissero felici") I soldi (1965) Marcia nuziale (1966) - Veterinario Coribaldo Che notte ragazzi! (1966) - Direttore dell'albergo La notte è fatta per... rubare (1967) - Notaio Jacques Gaspard Les cracks (1968) - Pifarelli Sherlock Holmes (1968, TV Mini-Series) - Dr. Watson The Adventures of Pinocchio (1971) - The Coachman (voice) In Prison Awaiting Trial (1971) - Avv. Sallustio Giordana La Tosca (1973) - Sciarrone My Darling Slave (1973) - Balzarini The Great Kidnapping (1973) - Il commissario Zenoni Il figlioccio del padrino (1973) - RAI-TV General Manager Sex Pot (1975) - Receptionist Segni particolari: bellissimo (1983) - Professore I Am an ESP (1985) - De Angelis Grandi magazzini (1986) - Dott. Gruber Mia moglie è una bestia (1988) - Professore di scienze naturali Tre colonne in cronaca (1990) - Petroni In the Name of the Sovereign People (1990) - Pio IX Prestazione straordinaria (1994) - Mercantoni Ferdinando and Carolina (1999) - Austrian Ambassador Padre Pio: Miracle Man (2000, TV Movie) - Padre Benedetto References ^ "Gianni Bonagura's dubbing contributions". Antoniogenna.net. Retrieved 3 November 2018. ^ a b c Roberto Chiti, Roberto Poppi. Dizionario del cinema italiano. Gli attori. Gremese Editore, 2003. ISBN 8884402131. ^ Redazione. "Gianni Bonagura". MyMovies. Retrieved 11 November 2013. ^ Cronologia fondamentale dell'epoca d'oro del doppiaggio italiano Dagli albori agli anni 1970 (in Italian) ^ "Cinema: è morto Gianni Bonagura, il caratterista preso in prestito dal teatro". www.adnkronos.com. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017. External links Media related to Gianni Bonagura at Wikimedia Commons Gianni Bonagura at IMDb Gianni Bonagura at AllMovie Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Italy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Gianfelice \"Gianni\" Bonagura (27 October 1925 – 8 October 2017) was an Italian actor and voice actor.[1]","title":"Gianni Bonagura"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Silvio d'Amico National Academy of Dramatic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Arte_Drammatica_Silvio_D%27Amico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"vignettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_comedy"},{"link_name":"Nino Manfredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Manfredi"},{"link_name":"Paolo Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Ferrari_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"character actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_actor"},{"link_name":"Dr. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Watson"},{"link_name":"RAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(1968_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Danny De Vito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_De_Vito"},{"link_name":"Mel Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Ian Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Holm"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace"},{"link_name":"The Aristocats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aristocats"},{"link_name":"The Rescuers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rescuers"}],"text":"Born in Milan, Bonagura was active on film, stage, television and radio. He appeared in 40 films between 1950 and 2001. He arrived at the threshold of a degree in philosophy, then in 1946 he abandoned his studies to attend the Silvio d'Amico National Academy of Dramatic Arts.[2] Essentially a stage actor, Bonagura became popular in the second half of the fifties as a radio actor, protagonist of vignettes together with Nino Manfredi and Paolo Ferrari.[2][3] In cinema and television, he was only used as a character actor, with the exception of the role of Dr. Watson in the 1968 RAI television series Sherlock Holmes.[2]Bonagura also worked as a voice actor.[4] He occasionally dubbed over the voices of Danny De Vito, Mel Brooks and Ian Holm. One of his most popular dubbing roles includes providing the Italian voice of Palpatine's alter ego, Darth Sidious in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. In his animated roles, he dubbed the voices of Uncle Waldo in The Aristocats and Mr. Snoops in The Rescuers.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Bonagura died in Milan on 8 October 2017, 19 days before his 92nd birthday.[5]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Against the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_the_Law_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Fugitive in Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_in_Trieste"},{"link_name":"Susanna Whipped Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Whipped_Cream"},{"link_name":"The Employee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Employee"},{"link_name":"Audace colpo dei soliti ignoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audace_colpo_dei_soliti_ignoti"},{"link_name":"Le pillole di Ercole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_pillole_di_Ercole"},{"link_name":"The Passionate Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passionate_Thief"},{"link_name":"Behind Closed Doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_Closed_Doors_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"Damon and Pythias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_and_Pythias_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"Le pillole di Ercole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_pillole_di_Ercole"},{"link_name":"I cuori infranti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_cuori_infranti"},{"link_name":"I soldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_soldi"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(1968_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio_(1972_film)"},{"link_name":"In Prison Awaiting Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Prison_Awaiting_Trial"},{"link_name":"La Tosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tosca_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"My Darling Slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Darling_Slave"},{"link_name":"The Great Kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Il figlioccio del padrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_figlioccio_del_padrino"},{"link_name":"Sex Pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pot_(1975_film)"},{"link_name":"Segni particolari: bellissimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segni_particolari:_bellissimo"},{"link_name":"I Am an ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_an_ESP"},{"link_name":"Grandi magazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandi_magazzini"},{"link_name":"Tre colonne in cronaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre_colonne_in_cronaca"},{"link_name":"In the Name of the Sovereign People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Name_of_the_Sovereign_People"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando and Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_and_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Padre Pio: Miracle Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padre_Pio:_Miracle_Man"}],"text":"Against the Law (1950)\nFugitive in Trieste (1951)\nSusanna Whipped Cream (1957) - Un complice del ladro\nFemmine tre volte (1957) - Cesare, il sindicalista\nCarmela è una bambola (1958) - The Prosecutor\nThe Employee (1959) - Amedeo - Totocalcio Accountant\nAudace colpo dei soliti ignoti (1960) - Pippetto aka Father Filippo\nLe signore (1960)\nLe pillole di Ercole (1960) - Un medico al congresso di gerontologia\nThe Passionate Thief (1960)\nBehind Closed Doors (1961) - L'avvocato difensore\nDamon and Pythias (1962) - Phylemon\nLe pillole di Ercole (1962) - Cerrocchi\nI cuori infranti (1963) - Filippini (segment \"E vissero felici\")\nI soldi (1965)\nMarcia nuziale (1966) - Veterinario Coribaldo\nChe notte ragazzi! (1966) - Direttore dell'albergo\nLa notte è fatta per... rubare (1967) - Notaio Jacques Gaspard\nLes cracks (1968) - Pifarelli\nSherlock Holmes (1968, TV Mini-Series) - Dr. Watson\nThe Adventures of Pinocchio (1971) - The Coachman (voice)\nIn Prison Awaiting Trial (1971) - Avv. Sallustio Giordana\nLa Tosca (1973) - Sciarrone\nMy Darling Slave (1973) - Balzarini\nThe Great Kidnapping (1973) - Il commissario Zenoni\nIl figlioccio del padrino (1973) - RAI-TV General Manager\nSex Pot (1975) - Receptionist\nSegni particolari: bellissimo (1983) - Professore\nI Am an ESP (1985) - De Angelis\nGrandi magazzini (1986) - Dott. Gruber\nMia moglie è una bestia (1988) - Professore di scienze naturali\nTre colonne in cronaca (1990) - Petroni\nIn the Name of the Sovereign People (1990) - Pio IX\nPrestazione straordinaria (1994) - Mercantoni\nFerdinando and Carolina (1999) - Austrian Ambassador\nPadre Pio: Miracle Man (2000, TV Movie) - Padre Benedetto","title":"Partial filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Gianni Bonagura's dubbing contributions\". Antoniogenna.net. Retrieved 3 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antoniogenna.net/doppiaggio/voci/vocigbona.htm","url_text":"\"Gianni Bonagura's dubbing contributions\""}]},{"reference":"Roberto Chiti, Roberto Poppi. Dizionario del cinema italiano. Gli attori. Gremese Editore, 2003. ISBN 8884402131.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8884402131","url_text":"8884402131"}]},{"reference":"Redazione. \"Gianni Bonagura\". MyMovies. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Gneiss	Peninsular Gneiss	["1 Geology","2 Geology of the Lalbagh hill monument","3 Geological age","3.1 Lalbagh","3.2 Access","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]	Geological formations in India Peninsular Gneiss or Peninsular Gniessic Complex are the gneissic complex of the metamorphics found all over the Indian Peninsula, on top of which, the supra-crustal Dharwar System have been laid down. The term was first fashioned by W.F.Smeeth of the Mysore Geological Department in 1916 based on the first scientific study of this rock exposure. One of the best exposures of this rock mass, dated 2.5 to 3.4 billion years, is located at Lal Bagh in Bangalore. The exposure is also called the Lalbagh rock. Geology Main article: Geology of India Exposed gneiss hillock at Lal Bagh Geological Map of South India – The Dharwars of South India The Archean gneisses and schists, which are the oldest rocks of the Indian Shield, constitute a considerable area of Peninsular India. The Dharwar (Super Group) and the Peninsular Gneissic Complex are the classified groups of the Precambrian rocks of India. The extent of the Archean system is depicted as the dominant system of South India in the pictured Geological Map of India. In most stratigraphic schemes, the peninsular gneisses are shown as the younger Archaean strata situated above the Sargur Group. Granitization of the older sedimentary–volcogenic sequence are reported as sources of the peninsular gneisses made up of polyphase migmatites, gneisses and granites ranging in composition from granodiorite to tonalite. The rocks of the Dharwar Group, which are mainly sedimentary in origin, occur in narrow elongated synclines resting on the gneisses found in Bellary district, Mysore and the Aravallis of Rajputana. The supracrustal rocks of the Dharwar Group of the southern Indian Peninsula, as depicted in the geological map of South India, have the Peninsular Gneiss as the basement rock formation, also stated to be the remobilized basement. Migmatization of pre-existing metasedimentary and meta–igneous rocks are considered the contributors to formation of the composite gneiss. Geology of the Lalbagh hill monument Plaque gives history of the Lalbagh and the monument The Lalbagh hill, which has been declared as a Geological Monument (plaque pictured) to represent the Peninsular Gneiss, has dark biolite gneiss of granitic to granodioritic composition containing streaks of biolite. Remnants of older rocks are seen in the form of enclaves. The research information of the geological record of the gneisses, collated and reported in the publication "Geological Monuments of India" published by the Geological Survey of India, is quoted below to provide an undiluted version. A common enclave is a dark grey to black rock called amphibolite containing the minerals plagioclase feldspar and hornblende. Due to interactions with granite fluids, these enclaves have developed a border rich in biotite mica. Later magmatic activity represented by grey poryphiritic granite followed by pink massive granite is also seen at several places. The gneisses and granites have been profusely invaded by still younger veins of coarse grained pegmatite which have cut up the gneisses into several irregular and lenticular shapes. . The earliest rock was a dark coloured amphibolite which was converted into grey biotite gneiss during migmatization. The grey biotite gneiss during migmatization was first intruded by grey porphyritic granite and later by pink granites. Pegamatities of several generations have traversed all these rocks. Gneissic exposure at the Lalbagh hillock Geological age Initial studies on the Gneiss samples of the Lalbagh hill and other locations in Bengaluru, carried out in the early 1970s, have attributed two major events of 2.9 –3.0 Ga and 2.5 Ga −2.6 Ga for development of the Peninsular Gneisses of Bengaluru. Recent studies carried out with precision techniques indicate that the gneisses have accreted in the following major episodes. Geological/Radiometric ages Study Region/Belt 3.4 Ga. The oldest Peninsular Gneiss found in areas in the Hosur – Gorur – Holenarsipur – Hunsur belt 3.3–3.2 Ga. The second generation Peninsular Gneiss found in the Bengaluru– Chickmagalur –Holenarsipur region 3.0–2.9 Ga a) Grandiorite facies in the Bengaluru Gneisses established by the Single Zircon Kober evaporation 207Pb/206 Pb data. b) In the Dharwar Craton studies done on the trondhjemites of Holenarsipur, major crust forming event are attributed through the Rb–Sr whole rock isochron ages. c) In Karighatta – Kunigal areas also, a similar age is indicated. In this case, data of U–Pb SHRIMP of Zircons from amphibolite facies gneisses from Kobaladurga and Kober single zircon evaporation ages of grey gneisses have been considered Thus, three major episodes, namely, 3.4 Ga., 3.3–3.2 Ga., and 3.0–2.9 Ga., are accreted to form the Peninsular Gneiss of the region, dated 2500 to 3400 million years. The Sargur schist belts within the Peninsular Gneiss could be the oldest suture zones in the Indian subcontinent. Lalbagh One of the four Cardinal towers of Bengaluru erected above the Lalbagh hill of Peninsular Gneiss Further information: Lal Bagh Lalbagh established by Hyder Ali based on Mughal Gardens at Sira is not only a famous botanical garden but has also a historical link. The creation of the Bengaluru city in the 16th century is attributed to Kempegowda, the then feudal leader under the feudatory of the Vijayanagara empire, who established four cardinal towers setting limits to the growth of the city. One of the towers at the southern end of the city is the Lalbagh tower erected over the Lalbagh hill which is made up of Peninsular Gneiss, now identified as a National Geological Monument. The city has outgrown the limits set by Kempegowda many times and is now part of the downtown area. The topographic setting of the Lalbagh rock, from a layman's interest, is that in the western and northern directions it slopes steeply while it merges gently with soil in the east and south. View from the North is impressive since the rock has retained its original form. The west or north–west view is panoramic and aesthetic, with grayish–white clean plates like appearance (see picture). The rock shines white after the rains and attracts attention of the visitors who excitedly climb the rock mass to the tower at the top to get a panoramic view of the gardens and the city. Access Further information: Bangalore The monument, located in the southern part of Bengaluru, 4 kilometres (2 mi) from the Legislature office complex of the Karnataka Government (Vidhana Soudha) within the Lalbagh gardens is easily approachable by road (Metro Map of the city in the Info box gives exact location). Bengaluru is well connected by road, rail and air with the rest of the country and is also well known internationally. Gallery Plaque declaring the Peninsular Gneiss as a Geological Monument A plaque displayed at Lalbagh gives history of the tower and the garden Tourist at the Lalbagh Tower on the Peninsular Gneissic Rock hill References ^ Naha, K.; Srinivasan, R.; Jayaram, S. (1 February 1990). "Structural evolution of the Peninsular Gneiss — an early Precambrian migmatitic complex from South India". Geologische Rundschau. 79 (1): 99–109. doi:10.1007/BF01830449. ISSN 1432-1149. ^ a b c "Peninsular Gneiss". Geological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2009. ^ a b c d National Geological Monuments, pages 96, Peninsular Gneiss,page29-32. Geological Survey of India,27, Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata-700016. 2001. ISSN 0254-0436. ^ a b "Lalbagh - Abounting with natural landmarks". Tourism Karnataka. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2009. ^ Precambrian of the Northern Hemisphere: And General Features of Early Geological Evolution by Lazarʹ Iosifovich Salop, G. M. Young. Elsevier. 1977. p. 64. ISBN 9780444415103. ^ Jayaram, S.; Srinivasan, R.; Naha, K. (February 1990). "Structural evolution of the Peninsular Gneiss — an early Precambrian migmatitic complex from South India K. Naha, R. Srinivasan and S. Jayaram". Geologische Rundschau. 79 (1). Springlink: 99–109. doi:10.1007/BF01830449. ^ "stratigraphy of Asia ( in Asia: The Precambrian )". Retrieved 28 February 2009. ^ a b "lalbagh Botanical garden Bangalore". Mysore Horticulturtal Society, Bangalore. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2009. ^ "Kempe Gowdas of Bengalooru (Bangalore)". Vokkaligara Parishat of America (VPA). Retrieved 28 February 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peninsular Gneiss. Locations Map of the 26 Nartional Geological Monuments of India Trans. Min. Geology Institute India, 1, 47 (1906). Rec. Geology Survey India, 69, 109 and 458 (1935). Mem. Geology Survey India, 70 (1936 and 1940). Explanatory brochure on Geological and Mineral Map of Karnataka and Goa Aug 1981	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gneissic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"metamorphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic"},{"link_name":"Indian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Dharwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharwar_Craton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lal Bagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monument-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSI-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lalbagh-4"}],"text":"Peninsular Gneiss or Peninsular Gniessic Complex are the gneissic complex of the metamorphics found all over the Indian Peninsula, on top of which, the supra-crustal Dharwar System have been laid down.[1] The term was first fashioned by W.F.Smeeth of the Mysore Geological Department in 1916 based on the first scientific study of this rock exposure. One of the best exposures of this rock mass, dated 2.5 to 3.4 billion years, is located at Lal Bagh in Bangalore.[2][3]\nThe exposure is also called the Lalbagh rock.[4]","title":"Peninsular Gneiss"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Peninsular_Gneiss_in_the_Lalbagh_Botanical_Garden_-_panoramio_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthIndiaGeology.svg"},{"link_name":"Dharwars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharwar"},{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"Archean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archean"},{"link_name":"gneisses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"schists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schists"},{"link_name":"Indian Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Shield"},{"link_name":"Dharwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharwar"},{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"Sargur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargur"},{"link_name":"Granitization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitization"},{"link_name":"sedimentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary"},{"link_name":"migmatites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migmatite"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bellary district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellary_district"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"Rajputana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputana"},{"link_name":"supracrustal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supracrustal"},{"link_name":"Dharwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharwar"},{"link_name":"Indian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"metasedimentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasedimentary"},{"link_name":"igneous rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rocks"},{"link_name":"gneiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSI-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-migmatic-6"}],"text":"Exposed gneiss hillock at Lal BaghGeological Map of South India – The Dharwars of South IndiaThe Archean gneisses and schists, which are the oldest rocks of the Indian Shield, constitute a considerable area of Peninsular India. The Dharwar (Super Group) and the Peninsular Gneissic Complex are the classified groups of the Precambrian rocks of India. The extent of the Archean system is depicted as the dominant system of South India in the pictured Geological Map of India.In most stratigraphic schemes, the peninsular gneisses are shown as the younger Archaean strata situated above the Sargur Group. Granitization of the older sedimentary–volcogenic sequence are reported as sources of the peninsular gneisses made up of polyphase migmatites, gneisses and granites ranging in composition from granodiorite to tonalite.[5]The rocks of the Dharwar Group, which are mainly sedimentary in origin, occur in narrow elongated synclines resting on the gneisses found in Bellary district, Mysore and the Aravallis of Rajputana.The supracrustal rocks of the Dharwar Group of the southern Indian Peninsula, as depicted in the geological map of South India, have the Peninsular Gneiss as the basement rock formation, also stated to be the remobilized basement. Migmatization of pre-existing metasedimentary and meta–igneous rocks are considered the contributors to formation of the composite gneiss.[3][6]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pensisualar_Gneiss,_Plaque_at_Monument_at_Lalbagh.JPG"},{"link_name":"biolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolite"},{"link_name":"gneiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"granitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monument-2"},{"link_name":"Geological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSI-3"},{"link_name":"amphibolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibolite"},{"link_name":"plagioclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagioclase"},{"link_name":"feldspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspar"},{"link_name":"hornblende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornblende"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"biotite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotite"},{"link_name":"mica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica"},{"link_name":"magmatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatic"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"pegmatite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatite"},{"link_name":"lenticular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenticular_(geology)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gneiss_exposure_at_Geological_monument.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lalbagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh"}],"text":"Plaque gives history of the Lalbagh and the monumentThe Lalbagh hill, which has been declared as a Geological Monument (plaque pictured) to represent the Peninsular Gneiss, has dark biolite gneiss of granitic to granodioritic composition containing streaks of biolite. Remnants of older rocks are seen in the form of enclaves.[2] The research information of the geological record of the gneisses, collated and reported in the publication \"Geological Monuments of India\" published by the Geological Survey of India, is quoted below to provide an undiluted version.[3]A common enclave is a dark grey to black rock called amphibolite containing the minerals plagioclase feldspar and hornblende. Due to interactions with granite fluids, these enclaves have developed a border rich in biotite mica. Later magmatic activity represented by grey poryphiritic granite followed by pink massive granite is also seen at several places. The gneisses and granites have been profusely invaded by still younger veins of coarse grained pegmatite which have cut up the gneisses into several irregular and lenticular shapes..The earliest rock was a dark coloured amphibolite which was converted into grey biotite gneiss during migmatization. The grey biotite gneiss during migmatization was first intruded by grey porphyritic granite and later by pink granites. Pegamatities of several generations have traversed all these rocks.Gneissic exposure at the Lalbagh hillock","title":"Geology of the Lalbagh hill monument"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSI-3"},{"link_name":"Ga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monument-2"},{"link_name":"Sargur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargur"},{"link_name":"schist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schist"},{"link_name":"suture zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suture_zone"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Initial studies on the Gneiss samples of the Lalbagh hill and other locations in Bengaluru, carried out in the early 1970s, have attributed two major events of 2.9 –3.0 Ga and 2.5 Ga −2.6 Ga for development of the Peninsular Gneisses of Bengaluru. Recent studies carried out with precision techniques indicate that the gneisses have accreted in the following major episodes.[3]Thus, three major episodes, namely, 3.4 Ga., 3.3–3.2 Ga., and 3.0–2.9 Ga., are accreted to form the Peninsular Gneiss of the region, dated 2500 to 3400 million years.[2]The Sargur schist belts within the Peninsular Gneiss could be the oldest suture zones in the Indian subcontinent.[7]","title":"Geological age"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kempegowda_Tower_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"Lalbagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh"},{"link_name":"Gneiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"Lal Bagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh"},{"link_name":"Lalbagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh"},{"link_name":"Hyder Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Ali"},{"link_name":"Mughal Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Sira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Sira"},{"link_name":"botanical garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hort-8"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_empire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lalbagh-4"}],"sub_title":"Lalbagh","text":"One of the four Cardinal towers of Bengaluru erected above the Lalbagh hill of Peninsular GneissFurther information: Lal BaghLalbagh established by Hyder Ali based on Mughal Gardens at Sira is not only a famous botanical garden but has also a historical link.[8] The creation of the Bengaluru city in the 16th century is attributed to Kempegowda, the then feudal leader under the feudatory of the Vijayanagara empire, who established four cardinal towers setting limits to the growth of the city. One of the towers at the southern end of the city is the Lalbagh tower erected over the Lalbagh hill which is made up of Peninsular Gneiss, now identified as a National Geological Monument. The city has outgrown the limits set by Kempegowda many times and is now part of the downtown area.[9]\nThe topographic setting of the Lalbagh rock, from a layman's interest, is that in the western and northern directions it slopes steeply while it merges gently with soil in the east and south. View from the North is impressive since the rock has retained its original form. The west or north–west view is panoramic and aesthetic, with grayish–white clean plates like appearance (see picture). The rock shines white after the rains and attracts attention of the visitors who excitedly climb the rock mass to the tower at the top to get a panoramic view of the gardens and the city.[4]","title":"Geological age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"Vidhana Soudha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhana_Soudha"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hort-8"}],"sub_title":"Access","text":"Further information: BangaloreThe monument, located in the southern part of Bengaluru, 4 kilometres (2 mi) from the Legislature office complex of the Karnataka Government (Vidhana Soudha) within the Lalbagh gardens is easily approachable by road (Metro Map of the city in the Info box gives exact location). Bengaluru is well connected by road, rail and air with the rest of the country and is also well known internationally.[8]","title":"Geological age"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque_at_lalbagh_on_geological_monument.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kemepegowda_Plaque_at_lalbagh.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lalbagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ST830103.jpg"}],"text":"Plaque declaring the Peninsular Gneiss as a Geological Monument\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA plaque displayed at Lalbagh gives history of the tower and the garden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTourist at the Lalbagh Tower on the Peninsular Gneissic Rock hill","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Exposed gneiss hillock at Lal Bagh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Peninsular_Gneiss_in_the_Lalbagh_Botanical_Garden_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/200px-The_Peninsular_Gneiss_in_the_Lalbagh_Botanical_Garden_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Geological Map of South India – The Dharwars of South India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SouthIndiaGeology.svg/200px-SouthIndiaGeology.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Plaque gives history of the Lalbagh and the monument","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pensisualar_Gneiss%2C_Plaque_at_Monument_at_Lalbagh.JPG/250px-Pensisualar_Gneiss%2C_Plaque_at_Monument_at_Lalbagh.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gneissic exposure at the Lalbagh hillock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gneiss_exposure_at_Geological_monument.JPG/300px-Gneiss_exposure_at_Geological_monument.JPG"},{"image_text":"One of the four Cardinal towers of Bengaluru erected above the Lalbagh hill of Peninsular Gneiss","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kempegowda_Tower_2.jpg/300px-Kempegowda_Tower_2.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Naha, K.; Srinivasan, R.; Jayaram, S. (1 February 1990). \"Structural evolution of the Peninsular Gneiss — an early Precambrian migmatitic complex from South India\". Geologische Rundschau. 79 (1): 99–109. doi:10.1007/BF01830449. ISSN 1432-1149.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01830449","url_text":"\"Structural evolution of the Peninsular Gneiss — an early Precambrian migmatitic complex from South India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01830449","url_text":"10.1007/BF01830449"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1149","url_text":"1432-1149"}]},{"reference":"\"Peninsular Gneiss\". Geological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivorous_Plants_(book)	Insectivorous Plants (book)	["1 Summary","2 See also","3 Notes","4 External links"]	Written by Charles Darwin(Book about insect eater plants)Insectivorous Plants Cover of 1876 German translationAuthorCharles DarwinSubjectBotany, EvolutionPublisherJohn MurrayPublication date2 July 1875Publication placeUnited Kingdom Insectivorous Plants is a book by British naturalist and evolutionary theory pioneer Charles Darwin, first published on 2 July 1875 in London. Part of a series of works by Darwin related to his theory of natural selection, the book is a study of carnivorous plants with specific attention paid to the adaptations that allow them to live in difficult conditions. It includes illustrations by Darwin himself, along with drawings by his sons George and Francis Darwin. The book chronicles Darwin's experiments with various carnivorous plants, in which he carefully studied their feeding mechanisms. Darwin tried several methods to stimulate the plants into activating their trap mechanisms, including feeding them meat and glass, blowing on them and prodding them with hair. He found that only the movement of an animal would cause the plants to react, and concluded that this was an evolutionary adaptation to conserve energy for prey and to ignore stimuli that were not likely to be nutritious. He also discovered that while some plants have distinct trap-like structures, others produce sticky fluids to ensnare their prey and concluded that this was an example of natural selection pressure resulting in various methods for food capture. The first edition had a reported printing of 3,000 copies. It was translated into several languages during Darwin's lifetime, including German. A second English-language edition was published in 1888 after Darwin's death. It was edited with additions and footnotes by Francis Darwin. Summary Drawing of a Venus flytrap, one of the plants Darwin studied, from the German translation All page numbers refer to where the quotes can be found in the 1875, John Murray edition. From his initial observations in 1860 of Drosera rotundifolia, the common sundew, Darwin developed a series of experiments ultimately establishing how "excellently adapted" these plants are to catching insects (p. 3). Darwin knew that these plants flourish in nitrogen-limited environments, growing in bogs, poor peaty soil and moss (p. 18). Most plants receive nutrients from the soil by their roots, but these plants have poor root systems and have adapted to receive nutrients (primarily nitrogenous substances) from captured insects. Darwin noted that Drosera and other carnivorous plants also feed on seeds, thus also making them vegetable feeders (p. 134). His notable observations are (p. 3–4): 1. The sensitivity of the glands to slight pressure and to minute doses of nitrogenous substances. He noted that although there is extreme sensitivity it is wholly appropriate to the purpose of gaining sustenance, e.g. they do not respond to heavy rain falling on them nor to the wind blowing other leaves against them. They have adapted well to insects alighting upon them and this saves them from wasting energy through excess movement. 2. The power to digest nitrogenous substances by secreting digestive matter and then absorbing them. He noted that digestion follows a similar pattern to animal processes (p. 135) in that acid is added to ferment the nutrient source(equivalent to pepsin). How they adapted this process from already existing substances in their system is explored later on in the book (p. 361). 3. The changes which took place within the cells when the glands are excited in various ways. A major part of the book enumerates his experiments on Drosera rotundifolia. Darwin then turns his attention to other varieties of insectivorous plants and makes comparisons, noting that in some cases different parts of the leaf are used for digestion and others for absorption of decayed matter (p. 330–331). He conjectured that plants may become adapted exclusively to one of these functions by gradually losing the other over a period of time. This would explain how Pinguicula and Utricularia came to use different functions even though they belong to the same family; p. 331). Darwin wrote in his autobiography that "the fact that a plant should secrete, when properly excited, a fluid containing an acid and ferment, closely analogous to the digestive fluid of an animal, was certainly a remarkable discovery." See also Insectivorous Plant Society Notes ^ a b c "Darwin Online: Insectivorous Plants". The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online. Retrieved 2009-08-26. ^ a b Schaefer, John R. (28 October 2021). "From Poetry to Pulp Fiction: Carnivorous Plants in Popular Culture". Biodiversity Heritage Library. Retrieved 16 March 2022. ^ a b c d Montgomery, Stephen. "Darwin & Botany". Christ's College, Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2010-07-31. Retrieved 2009-08-26. ^ Pain, Stephanie (2 March 2022). "How plants turned predator". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-030122-1. Retrieved 11 March 2022. ^ Hedrich, Rainer; Fukushima, Kenji (17 June 2021). "On the Origin of Carnivory: Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Plants on an Animal Diet". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 72 (1): 133–153. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429. ISSN 1543-5008. PMID 33434053. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Insectenfressende Pflanzen (Darwin). Full Text from The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online vteCharles DarwinLife Darwin–Wedgwood family Erasmus Darwin Josiah Wedgwood Education Voyage on HMS Beagle Inception of theory Development of theory Publication of theory Reactions to On the Origin of Species Orchids to Variation Descent of Man to Emotions Insectivorous Plants to Worms Religious views Health Women Portraits of Darwin (caricatures) Writings Extracts from Letters to Henslow (1835) The Voyage of the Beagle (1839) The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (1842) Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (1838–1843) Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands (1844) Geological Observations on South America (1846) "On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties" (1858) On the Origin of Species (1859) Fertilisation of Orchids (1862) The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (1868) Natural Selection The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) Insectivorous Plants (1875) On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants (1875) The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom (1876) The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species (1877) The Power of Movement in Plants (1880) The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms (1881) The Autobiography of Charles Darwin (1887) Correspondence The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, 1887 More Letters of Charles Darwin, 1903 List of described taxa Related Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation History of evolutionary thought Pangenesis Darwin Industry Commemoration things named for Darwin Darwinism Neural Darwinism Quantum Darwinism Social Darwinism Universal Darwinism Alternatives Eclipse HMS Beagle Darwin Medal Darwin Awards	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalist"},{"link_name":"evolutionary theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darwinonline-1"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"carnivorous plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivorous_plant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darwinonline-1"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Francis Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Darwin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schaefer-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darwinbotany-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darwinbotany-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darwinbotany-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darwinbotany-3"},{"link_name":"first edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_edition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darwinonline-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schaefer-2"}],"text":"Insectivorous Plants is a book by British naturalist and evolutionary theory pioneer Charles Darwin, first published on 2 July 1875 in London.[1]Part of a series of works by Darwin related to his theory of natural selection, the book is a study of carnivorous plants with specific attention paid to the adaptations that allow them to live in difficult conditions.[1] It includes illustrations by Darwin himself, along with drawings by his sons George and Francis Darwin.[2]The book chronicles Darwin's experiments with various carnivorous plants, in which he carefully studied their feeding mechanisms.[3] Darwin tried several methods to stimulate the plants into activating their trap mechanisms, including feeding them meat and glass, blowing on them and prodding them with hair.[3] He found that only the movement of an animal would cause the plants to react, and concluded that this was an evolutionary adaptation to conserve energy for prey and to ignore stimuli that were not likely to be nutritious.[3] He also discovered that while some plants have distinct trap-like structures, others produce sticky fluids to ensnare their prey and concluded that this was an example of natural selection pressure resulting in various methods for food capture.[3]The first edition had a reported printing of 3,000 copies. It was translated into several languages during Darwin's lifetime, including German.[1] A second English-language edition was published in 1888 after Darwin's death. It was edited with additions and footnotes by Francis Darwin.[2]","title":"Insectivorous Plants (book)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darwin_IP_12.jpg"},{"link_name":"Venus flytrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_flytrap"},{"link_name":"Drosera rotundifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosera_rotundifolia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pain-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hedrich-5"},{"link_name":"Drosera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosera"},{"link_name":"pepsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsin"},{"link_name":"Pinguicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinguicula"},{"link_name":"Utricularia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricularia"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"}],"text":"Drawing of a Venus flytrap, one of the plants Darwin studied, from the German translationAll page numbers refer to where the quotes can be found in the 1875, John Murray edition.From his initial observations in 1860 of Drosera rotundifolia, the common sundew, Darwin developed a series of experiments ultimately establishing how \"excellently adapted\" these plants are to catching insects (p. 3). Darwin knew that these plants flourish in nitrogen-limited environments, growing in bogs, poor peaty soil and moss (p. 18). Most plants receive nutrients from the soil by their roots, but these plants have poor root systems and have adapted to receive nutrients (primarily nitrogenous substances) from captured insects.[4][5]Darwin noted that Drosera and other carnivorous plants also feed on seeds, thus also making them vegetable feeders (p. 134).His notable observations are (p. 3–4):1. The sensitivity of the glands to slight pressure and to minute doses of nitrogenous substances. He noted that although there is extreme sensitivity it is wholly appropriate to the purpose of gaining sustenance, e.g. they do not respond to heavy rain falling on them nor to the wind blowing other leaves against them. They have adapted well to insects alighting upon them and this saves them from wasting energy through excess movement.2. The power to digest nitrogenous substances by secreting digestive matter and then absorbing them. He noted that digestion follows a similar pattern to animal processes (p. 135) in that acid is added to ferment the nutrient source(equivalent to pepsin). How they adapted this process from already existing substances in their system is explored later on in the book (p. 361).3. The changes which took place within the cells when the glands are excited in various ways. A major part of the book enumerates his experiments on Drosera rotundifolia. Darwin then turns his attention to other varieties of insectivorous plants and makes comparisons, noting that in some cases different parts of the leaf are used for digestion and others for absorption of decayed matter (p. 330–331). He conjectured that plants may become adapted exclusively to one of these functions by gradually losing the other over a period of time. This would explain how Pinguicula and Utricularia came to use different functions even though they belong to the same family; p. 331).Darwin wrote in his autobiography that \"the fact that a plant should secrete, when properly excited, a fluid containing an acid and ferment, closely analogous to the digestive fluid of an animal, was certainly a remarkable discovery.\"","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-darwinonline_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-darwinonline_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-darwinonline_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Darwin Online: Insectivorous Plants\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_InsectivorousPlants.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schaefer_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schaefer_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"From Poetry to Pulp Fiction: Carnivorous Plants in Popular Culture\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//blog.biodiversitylibrary.org/2021/10/from-poetry-to-pulp-fiction-carnivorous-plants-in-popular-culture.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-darwinbotany_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-darwinbotany_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-darwinbotany_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-darwinbotany_3-3"},{"link_name":"\"Darwin & Botany\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100731015803/http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/darwin200/pages/index.php?page_id=c2"},{"link_name":"Christ's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.christs.cam.ac.uk/darwin200/pages/index.php?page_id=c2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pain_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"How plants turned predator\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/how-plants-turned-predator"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1146/knowable-030122-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1146%2Fknowable-030122-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hedrich_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"On the Origin of Carnivory: Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Plants on an Animal Diet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-080620-010429"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-080620-010429"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1543-5008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1543-5008"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33434053","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33434053"}],"text":"^ a b c \"Darwin Online: Insectivorous Plants\". The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online. Retrieved 2009-08-26.\n\n^ a b Schaefer, John R. (28 October 2021). \"From Poetry to Pulp Fiction: Carnivorous Plants in Popular Culture\". Biodiversity Heritage Library. Retrieved 16 March 2022.\n\n^ a b c d Montgomery, Stephen. \"Darwin & Botany\". Christ's College, Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2010-07-31. Retrieved 2009-08-26.\n\n^ Pain, Stephanie (2 March 2022). \"How plants turned predator\". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-030122-1. Retrieved 11 March 2022.\n\n^ Hedrich, Rainer; Fukushima, Kenji (17 June 2021). \"On the Origin of Carnivory: Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Plants on an Animal Diet\". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 72 (1): 133–153. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429. ISSN 1543-5008. PMID 33434053.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Drawing of a Venus flytrap, one of the plants Darwin studied, from the German translation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Darwin_IP_12.jpg/220px-Darwin_IP_12.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Insectivorous Plant Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivorous_Plant_Society"}]	[{"reference":"\"Darwin Online: Insectivorous Plants\". The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online. Retrieved 2009-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_InsectivorousPlants.html","url_text":"\"Darwin Online: Insectivorous Plants\""}]},{"reference":"Schaefer, John R. (28 October 2021). \"From Poetry to Pulp Fiction: Carnivorous Plants in Popular Culture\". Biodiversity Heritage Library. Retrieved 16 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.biodiversitylibrary.org/2021/10/from-poetry-to-pulp-fiction-carnivorous-plants-in-popular-culture.html","url_text":"\"From Poetry to Pulp Fiction: Carnivorous Plants in Popular Culture\""}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, Stephen. \"Darwin & Botany\". Christ's College, Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2010-07-31. Retrieved 2009-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100731015803/http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/darwin200/pages/index.php?page_id=c2","url_text":"\"Darwin & Botany\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge","url_text":"Christ's College, Cambridge"},{"url":"http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/darwin200/pages/index.php?page_id=c2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pain, Stephanie (2 March 2022). \"How plants turned predator\". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-030122-1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mower	Joseph A. Mower	["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	American carpenter and general Joseph Anthony MowerMaj. Gen. Joseph A. MowerBorn(1827-08-22)August 22, 1827Woodstock, Vermont, USDiedJanuary 6, 1870(1870-01-06) (aged 42)New Orleans, Louisiana, USPlace of burialArlington National CemeteryAllegianceUnited States of AmericaService/branchUnited States ArmyUnion ArmyYears of service1847–18481855–1870Rank Major GeneralUnit1st U.S. InfantryCommands held11th Missouri InfantryXX Corps39th U.S. Infantry25th U.S. InfantryBattles/warsMexican–American WarAmerican Civil War Battle of Iuka Battle of Corinth Battle of Jackson Siege of Vicksburg Battle of Richmond Battle of Fort DeRussy Battle of Pleasant Hill Battle of Old River Lake Battle of Tupelo Battle of Rivers Bridge Battle of Bentonville Other workcarpenter Joseph Anthony Mower (August 22, 1827 – January 6, 1870) was a Union general during the American Civil War. He was a competent officer, and he was well respected by his troops and fellow officers. He was known among his troops as "Fighting Joe". Major General William Tecumseh Sherman said of Mower, "he's the boldest young officer we have". Biography Mower was born in Woodstock, Vermont. He volunteered as a private in the Mexican–American War. In 1855 he entered the U.S. army as a 2nd Lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Infantry. As part of the 1st US Infantry, Mower saw action in the Battle of Wilson's Creek in August 1861. Still with the regiment during the Battle of Island No. 10, Major-General John Pope selected Mower to construct a siege battery in front of New Madrid, leading to the capture of that river port early in the campaign. He later became colonel of the 11th Missouri Infantry Regiment and fought at the Siege of Corinth. He assumed command of the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Division in the Army of the Mississippi and led it into action at the Battle of Corinth. He was wounded in the neck and taken prisoner by Confederate forces but he was recovered by Union soldiers the same day. He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on November 29, 1862. He recovered from his wounds and returned to command a brigade during the Vicksburg Campaign and siege of Vicksburg where he caught the attention of William T. Sherman. During the Red River Campaign he commanded the 1st and 3rd Divisions of the XVI Army Corps and won brevets in the regular army for actions at the battles of Fort DeRussy and Yellow Bayou. He commanded the 1st Division of the Right Wing, XVI Corps at the Battle of Tupelo. He was promoted to major general on August 12, 1864, and General Sherman ordered Mower to join the Union forces in Atlanta. He commanded the 1st Division of the XVII Army Corps during the March to the Sea and the Carolinas Campaign. His division played a significant role in the battles of Salkehatchie and Bentonville. Sherman made him commander of XX Corps in the Army of Georgia late in the war. After the fighting had ceased, he sailed for Texas along with General Gordon Granger. He was placed in command of the District of Eastern Texas. After the war he stayed in the army and became Colonel of the 39th U.S. Infantry and the 25th U.S. Infantry. He died in New Orleans, Louisiana, on January 6, 1870. See also American Civil War portal List of American Civil War generals (Union) References ^ The Civil War: A Narrative, Red River to Appomattox, Page 834. Shelby Foote Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. Joseph Anthony Mower from the Handbook of Texas Online Foote, Shelby., The Civil War: A Narrative, Red River to Appomattox, Random House, ISBN 0-394-46512-1 External links Media related to Joseph A. Mower at Wikimedia Commons Arlington National Cemetery Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"William Tecumseh Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman"}],"text":"Joseph Anthony Mower (August 22, 1827 – January 6, 1870) was a Union general during the American Civil War. He was a competent officer, and he was well respected by his troops and fellow officers. He was known among his troops as \"Fighting Joe\". Major General William Tecumseh Sherman said of Mower, \"he's the boldest young officer we have\".","title":"Joseph A. Mower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodstock, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"volunteered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"1st U.S. Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_U.S._Infantry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Wilson's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"Battle of Island No. 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Island_No._10"},{"link_name":"John Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)"},{"link_name":"11th Missouri Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Missouri_Volunteer_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Siege of Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth"},{"link_name":"Army of the Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Battle of Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Corinth_II"},{"link_name":"prisoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg_Campaign"},{"link_name":"siege of Vicksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg"},{"link_name":"William T. Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Sherman"},{"link_name":"Red River Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Campaign"},{"link_name":"XVI Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_Corps_(ACW)"},{"link_name":"Fort DeRussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_DeRussy"},{"link_name":"Yellow Bayou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yellow_Bayou"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tupelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tupelo"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"XVII Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_Corps_(ACW)"},{"link_name":"March to the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Carolinas Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinas_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Salkehatchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rivers%27_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Bentonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bentonville"},{"link_name":"XX Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"Army of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Gordon Granger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Granger"},{"link_name":"39th U.S. Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"25th U.S. Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"}],"text":"Mower was born in Woodstock, Vermont. He volunteered as a private in the Mexican–American War. In 1855 he entered the U.S. army as a 2nd Lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Infantry.[1] As part of the 1st US Infantry, Mower saw action in the Battle of Wilson's Creek in August 1861. Still with the regiment during the Battle of Island No. 10, Major-General John Pope selected Mower to construct a siege battery in front of New Madrid, leading to the capture of that river port early in the campaign. He later became colonel of the 11th Missouri Infantry Regiment and fought at the Siege of Corinth. He assumed command of the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Division in the Army of the Mississippi and led it into action at the Battle of Corinth. He was wounded in the neck and taken prisoner by Confederate forces but he was recovered by Union soldiers the same day.He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on November 29, 1862. He recovered from his wounds and returned to command a brigade during the Vicksburg Campaign and siege of Vicksburg where he caught the attention of William T. Sherman. During the Red River Campaign he commanded the 1st and 3rd Divisions of the XVI Army Corps and won brevets in the regular army for actions at the battles of Fort DeRussy and Yellow Bayou. He commanded the 1st Division of the Right Wing, XVI Corps at the Battle of Tupelo.He was promoted to major general on August 12, 1864, and General Sherman ordered Mower to join the Union forces in Atlanta. He commanded the 1st Division of the XVII Army Corps during the March to the Sea and the Carolinas Campaign. His division played a significant role in the battles of Salkehatchie and Bentonville. Sherman made him commander of XX Corps in the Army of Georgia late in the war. After the fighting had ceased, he sailed for Texas along with General Gordon Granger. He was placed in command of the District of Eastern Texas.\nAfter the war he stayed in the army and became Colonel of the 39th U.S. Infantry and the 25th U.S. Infantry. He died in New Orleans, Louisiana, on January 6, 1870.","title":"Biography"}]	[]	[{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of American Civil War generals (Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmo84","external_links_name":"Joseph Anthony Mower"},{"Link":"https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgVtb3dlchIGam9zZXBo/","external_links_name":"Arlington National Cemetery"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1646827/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/51124679","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwhyYg489Gp9bkBxbCqQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006163080","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cc5m9d","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Guajome_Adobe	Rancho Guajome Adobe	["1 Description","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°13′59.59″N 117°15′14.42″W / 33.2332194°N 117.2540056°W / 33.2332194; -117.2540056Historic house in California, United States United States historic placeRancho Guajome AdobeU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic Landmark Show map of San Diego County, CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaShow map of the United StatesLocationVista, Southern CaliforniaCoordinates33°13′59.59″N 117°15′14.42″W / 33.2332194°N 117.2540056°W / 33.2332194; -117.2540056Area158 acres (64 ha) (landmarked area)Built1852–1853Architectural styleSpanish—Mexican Colonial adobeNRHP reference No.70000145Significant datesAdded to NRHPApril 15, 1970Designated NHLApril 15, 1970 Rancho Guajome Adobe is a historic 19th-century hacienda (and now a historic house museum) in Rancho Guajome Adobe County Park, on North Santa Fe Avenue in Vista, San Diego County, California. Built in 1852–53, it is a well-preserved but late example of Spanish-Mexican colonial architecture, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970. It is also a California Historical Landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places. Description Rancho Guajome Adobe is located in the northwestern part of Vista, on the south side of North Santa Fe Avenue. It is located just east of Guajome County Park, a larger park on the north side of the road. The adobe complex includes the main house, around which are arrayed a number of outbuildings. The main house is a large, rambling, 20-room, Spanish Colonial-style hacienda with two courtyards, and an arcaded veranda. The arches on the veranda are not original to the house, however; they were added in the 1920s during the height of Mission and Spanish Colonial Revival architecture. The outbuildings include stables, a blacksmith shop, chapel, and carriage house. History The adobe was built in 1852 and served as the headquarters of Rancho Guajome, a Mexican land grant. Abel Stearns had given the rancho to Ysidora Bandini (sister of his wife Arcadia Bandini), as a wedding gift when she married Lieutenant Cave Johnson Couts in 1851. It was built with the profits from the cattle boom of the 1850s, when many California ranchos supplied the Gold Rush miners and associated new American immigrants with meat and leather. Couts was appointed sub-agent for the native Luiseño people (San Luis Rey Mission Indians) in 1853. He used their labor to improve his properties in the area, including this one and nearby Rancho Buena Vista and Rancho Vallecitos de San Marcos. Northwestern view of Rancho Guajome landscape and adobes (1936). Beginning in the 1970s, the county undertook a major rehabilitation of the property, which was completed in 1996. It is now the centerpiece of a county park 112 acres (45 ha) in size. Guided and self-guided tours are available, and the park facilities are available for special events. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in California - federal National Register of Historic Places listings in San Diego County, California — federal California Historical Landmarks in San Diego County, California — state Index — Ranchos of San Diego County, California List of Ranchos of California References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007. ^ a b "Guajome Ranch House". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2007. ^ a b Patricia Heintzelman and Charles Snell (January 23, 1979). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Guajome Ranchhouse" (pdf). National Park Service. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) and Accompanying 8 photos, exterior, from 1975 and undated. (2.37 MB) ^ ^ Historyandculture.com: Guajome adobe . accessed 9.6.2012 ^ Slavery in the Golden State ^ Michael Magliari, 2004, Free Soil, Unfree Labor: Cave Johnson Couts and the Binding of Indian Workers in California, 1850-1867; August 2004; Pacific Historical Review External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rancho Guajome Adobe. San Diego Parks - Rancho Guajome Adobe Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. CA-43, "Casa de Rancho Guajome, San Luis Rey, San Diego County, CA", 14 photos, 12 measured drawings, 2 data pages, supplemental material vteHistory of California Before 1900 Native Californian Precontact First explorations Later explorations Genocide of indigenous population Spanish colonization Mexican rule California Trail Mexican–American War Californios California Republic Conquest of California Interim government of California United States rule Gold Rush Civil War Since 1900 Labor Engineering Water wars Industrial growth Postwar culture Development Legal revolution Tech boom Present day By topic Etymology Highways Maritime Missions Railroads Ranchos Slavery Territorial evolution By region Bay Area San Fernando Valley Santa Catalina Island Yosemite Regions San Fernando Valley By county Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba By city Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim Santa Ana Riverside Stockton Chula Vista Fremont Irvine San Bernardino Modesto Oxnard Fontana Moreno Valley Glendale Huntington Beach Santa Clarita Garden Grove Santa Rosa Oceanside Rancho Cucamonga Ontario Lancaster Elk Grove Palmdale Corona Salinas Pomona Torrance Hayward Escondido Sunnyvale Pasadena Fullerton Orange Thousand Oaks Visalia Simi Valley Concord Roseville Santa Clara Vallejo Victorville El Monte Berkeley Downey Costa Mesa Inglewood Ventura Fairfield Santa Maria Redding Santa Monica Santa Barbara Chico Merced Napa Redwood City Yuba City Madera Santa Cruz San Rafael Woodland Hanford San Luis Obispo El Centro Lompoc Martinez Hollister Eureka Susanville Ukiah Oroville Red Bluff Auburn Marysville Piedmont Placerville Yreka Crescent City Willows Colusa Sonora Lakeport Jackson Nevada City Alturas vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hacienda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacienda"},{"link_name":"historic house museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_house_museum"},{"link_name":"Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlsum-2"},{"link_name":"California Historical Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmark"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"text":"Historic house in California, United StatesUnited States historic placeRancho Guajome Adobe is a historic 19th-century hacienda (and now a historic house museum) in Rancho Guajome Adobe County Park, on North Santa Fe Avenue in Vista, San Diego County, California. Built in 1852–53, it is a well-preserved but late example of Spanish-Mexican colonial architecture, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970.[2] It is also a California Historical Landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places.","title":"Rancho Guajome Adobe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"courtyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtyard"},{"link_name":"arcaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"veranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-3"},{"link_name":"Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Spanish Colonial Revival architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv2-3"}],"text":"Rancho Guajome Adobe is located in the northwestern part of Vista, on the south side of North Santa Fe Avenue. It is located just east of Guajome County Park, a larger park on the north side of the road. The adobe complex includes the main house, around which are arrayed a number of outbuildings. The main house is a large, rambling, 20-room, Spanish Colonial-style hacienda with two courtyards, and an arcaded veranda.[3] The arches on the veranda are not original to the house, however; they were added in the 1920s during the height of Mission and Spanish Colonial Revival architecture.[4] The outbuildings include stables, a blacksmith shop, chapel, and carriage house.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe"},{"link_name":"Rancho Guajome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Guajome"},{"link_name":"Mexican land grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchos_of_California"},{"link_name":"Abel Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Stearns"},{"link_name":"Arcadia Bandini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Bandini_de_Stearns_Baker"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Cave Johnson Couts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Cave_Johnson_Couts"},{"link_name":"California ranchos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ranchos_of_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historyandculture-5"},{"link_name":"Luiseño people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people"},{"link_name":"Mission Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Indians"},{"link_name":"Rancho Buena Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Buena_Vista_(Felipe)"},{"link_name":"Rancho Vallecitos de San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Vallecitos_de_San_Marcos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rancho_Guajome_1-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rancho Guajome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Guajome"}],"text":"The adobe was built in 1852 and served as the headquarters of Rancho Guajome, a Mexican land grant. Abel Stearns had given the rancho to Ysidora Bandini (sister of his wife Arcadia Bandini), as a wedding gift when she married Lieutenant Cave Johnson Couts in 1851. It was built with the profits from the cattle boom of the 1850s, when many California ranchos supplied the Gold Rush miners and associated new American immigrants with meat and leather.[5]Couts was appointed sub-agent for the native Luiseño people (San Luis Rey Mission Indians) in 1853. He used their labor to improve his properties in the area, including this one and nearby Rancho Buena Vista and Rancho Vallecitos de San Marcos.[6][7]Northwestern view of Rancho Guajome landscape and adobes (1936).Beginning in the 1970s, the county undertook a major rehabilitation of the property, which was completed in 1996. It is now the centerpiece of a county park 112 acres (45 ha) in size. Guided and self-guided tours are available, and the park facilities are available for special events.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Northwestern view of Rancho Guajome landscape and adobes (1936).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rancho_Guajome_1-1.jpg/300px-Rancho_Guajome_1-1.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_California"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_San_Diego_County,_California"},{"title":"California Historical Landmarks in San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmarks_in_San_Diego_County,_California"},{"title":"Index — Ranchos of San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ranchos_of_San_Diego_County,_California"},{"title":"List of Ranchos of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ranchos_of_California"}]	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Guajome Ranch House\". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071114223112/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=904&ResourceType=Building","url_text":"\"Guajome Ranch House\""},{"url":"http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=904&ResourceType=Building","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Patricia Heintzelman and Charles Snell (January 23, 1979). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Guajome Ranchhouse\" (pdf). National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/70000145_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Guajome Ranchhouse\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rancho_Guajome_Adobe&params=33_13_59.59_N_117_15_14.42_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"33°13′59.59″N 117°15′14.42″W / 33.2332194°N 117.2540056°W / 33.2332194; -117.2540056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rancho_Guajome_Adobe&params=33_13_59.59_N_117_15_14.42_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"33°13′59.59″N 117°15′14.42″W / 33.2332194°N 117.2540056°W / 33.2332194; -117.2540056"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/70000145","external_links_name":"70000145"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071114223112/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=904&ResourceType=Building","external_links_name":"\"Guajome Ranch House\""},{"Link":"http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=904&ResourceType=Building","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/70000145_text","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Guajome Ranchhouse\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/70000145_photos","external_links_name":"Accompanying 8 photos, exterior, from 1975 and undated."},{"Link":"https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/1995/october/archlegacy/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.historyandculture.com/guajome/index.html","external_links_name":"Historyandculture.com: Guajome adobe"},{"Link":"http://www.newsreview.com/chico/content?oid=602737","external_links_name":"Slavery in the Golden State"},{"Link":"http://www.sdparks.org/content/sdparks/en/park-pages/RanchoGuajomeAdobe.html","external_links_name":"San Diego Parks - Rancho Guajome Adobe"},{"Link":"https://loc.gov/pictures/item/ca0616/","external_links_name":"Casa de Rancho Guajome, San Luis Rey, San Diego County, CA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2008_Manhattan_construction_crane_collapse	303 East 51st Street	["1 History","2 Crane collapse","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°45′20″N 73°58′03″W / 40.7556°N 73.9676°W / 40.7556; -73.9676 Skyscraper in Manhattan, New York 303 East 51st StreetUnfinished apartment building at 303 East 51st Street after a fatal crane collapse on March 15, 2008General informationStatusComplete TypeResidentialCoordinates40°45′20″N 73°58′03″W / 40.7556°N 73.9676°W / 40.7556; -73.9676Construction started2007Completed2015CostUS$ 70 millionHeightAntenna spire360 feet (110 m)Technical detailsFloor count32Design and constructionArchitect(s)Garrett Gourlay ArchitectDeveloperHFZ Capital GroupKennelly Development Company 303 East 51st Street is a skyscraper in the Turtle Bay neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States. The residential building is 360 ft (110 m) with 32 floors. The building was under construction when, on March 15, 2008, the luffing-jib tower crane used to construct the skyscraper snapped off and fell, killing seven people in what Mayor Michael Bloomberg called the worst construction accident in New York City's recent history. History The original design for the skyscraper was a 40-story building that stood 470 feet (140 m) tall. On December 19, 2007, during the building's construction, the developer decided to scale up the building slightly to 44 stories for 117 residential units and 504 ft (154 m) tall. It was only a few months later that the crane collapsed and construction was halted. Construction at the site was completed in 2015. The finished building, the Halcyon Building, has 32 floors and its street address is 305 East 51st Street. Crane collapse On March 15, 2008, a crane owned by New York Crane & Equipment collapsed during construction. Seven people were killed and 24 others were injured. It was a luffing-jib tower crane manufactured by Favco that was 200 feet (61 m) tall at the time of the collapse. The accident occurred when workers were attaching a new steel collar to anchor it to the building at the 18th floor, as part of an operation to extend the crane upwards. The OSHA investigation determined that the Favco instructions for lifting a stabilizing collar to the ninth floor level were not followed, using only half the number of polyester slings recommended. The overloaded slings failed, causing the collar to drop and dislodge two lower-level collars from the building. This left the crane without any lateral support, allowing it to topple. Before the crane accident, New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) had already issued 13 citations for safety violations at the construction site, two of which were considered serious violations. The DOB and Mayor Michael Bloomberg later stated, to the ire of local residents, that the infractions were normal for a project of that scale. Furthermore, after 311 registered a complaint stating the crane had become structurally detached from the building, the DOB scheduled an inspection for March 4, 2008, a little over one week before the crane collapsed. On March 4, a DOB inspector filed a report stating that no safety violations were identified at the site; however, the inspector was later charged with falsifying a report after it was determined that no inspection took place on March 4. The DOB commissioner stated that, even if the site had been inspected on March 4, the collapse would not have been prevented because the crane was in a different position at the time of the collapse. In the wake of the crane accident, the owners of a 2nd Avenue building that was damaged when the crane collapsed were planning to demolish the building when they were sued by the owner of Crave Ceviche Bar, a tenant of the building, in response to those plans. The building owner said the building had sustained irreparable damage and it therefore must be demolished so the owner could rebuild. The building owner settled the lawsuit and a settlement of over $1 million was agreed upon, which allowed the owner of Crave Ceviche Bar to reopen in a different location and therefore continue his business. References ^ "Halcyon". Skyscraper Center. CTBUH. Retrieved September 10, 2017. ^ a b c d e "303 East 51st Street". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved May 20, 2008. ^ a b c d "Ch 07 News Crane Collapse In Midtown Manhattan New York City". ABC 7 News. YouTube. March 15, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2008. ^ a b c "303 East 51st Street". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2008. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (March 16, 2008). "Crane Collapse in Manhattan Kills at Least 4". The New York Times. ^ "Crane collapse in New York City". GoStructural.com. March 25, 2008. Archived from the original on October 29, 2008. ^ "Investigation of the March 15, 2008 Fatal Tower Crane Collapse at 303 East 51st Street, New York, NY" (PDF). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. September 2008. ^ Hamacher, Brian; Fenner, Austin; Greene, Leonard (March 17, 2008). "BEHIND SITE'S UNLUCKY 13 VIOLATIONS". New York Post. Archived from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2008. ^ Joey (March 20, 2008). "Crane Collapse Arrest". Curbed.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved May 21, 2008. ^ "Crave Ceviche Bar Still On the Ropes". Timeout New York. February 26, 2009. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. External links Slideshow of the collapse scene vteEast Midtown (34th–59th Sts, east of Lexington Ave) and Turtle BayManhattan, New York CityBuildings34th–42nd Sts 146 East 38th Street 152 East 38th Street 333 East 38th Street Allerton 39th Street House Civic Club / Estonian House The Copper The Corinthian Daily News Building George S. Bowdoin Stable Jonathan W. Allen Stable Kips Bay Brewing Company Manhattan Place Socony–Mobil Building Tudor City View 34 42nd–51st Sts 50 United Nations Plaza 219 East 49th Street 525 Lexington Avenue 569 Lexington Avenue Amster Yard Beaux-Arts Apartments Beekman Tower Edgar J. Kaufmann Conference Center Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice Lescaze House Luxembourg House One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza Trump World Tower Tudor City Turkish House Turtle Bay Gardens United Nations headquarters Dag Hammarskjöld Library Conference Building General Assembly Building Secretariat Building 51st–59th Sts One Sutton Place South 23 Beekman Place 252 East 57th Street 300 East 57th Street 303 East 51st Street 312 and 314 East 53rd Street 599 Lexington Avenue 731 Lexington Avenue 919 Third Avenue Citigroup Center Lipstick Building Modulightor Building River House Rockefeller Guest House The Sovereign Former East Side Airline Terminal Kips Bay Generating Station Waterside Generating Station CultureShops, restaurants, nightlife Mischa P. J. Clarke's Sarge's Deli Shun Lee Palace Sparks Steak House Sushi Amane Sushi Yasuda Tempura Matsui Townhouse Bar Museums/venues The ImaginAsian Japan Society Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre Trygve Lie Gallery Hotels The Benjamin Royal Sonesta New York Lexington Hotel Millennium Hilton New York One UN Plaza The Westin New York Grand Central Hotel Former Belmont Plaza Hotel Café Nicholson Caesar's Retreat Christ Cella Cloud Club Convivio DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Metropolitan New York City El Morocco The Embers Lafayette Le Cirque Le Club Lutèce Murray Hill Theatre Museum of the Peaceful Arts New York Marriott East Side Tulsi Vong Other points of interestGreen spaces Amster Yard Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza East River Greenway Greenacre Park MacArthur Playground Peter Detmold Park Ralph Bunche Park Robert Moses Playground St. Vartan Park Trygve Lie Plaza Education Cathedral High School High School of Art and Design Lyceum Kennedy International School P.S. 135 Stern College for Women Religion Church Center for the United Nations Church of the Covenant Church of the Holy Family St. Agnes Church St. Boniface Church St. Gabriel Church St. John the Evangelist Church St. Vartan Armenian Cathedral Sutton Place Synagogue TransportationSubway stations Grand Central–42nd Street Lexington Avenue/51st Street Lexington Avenue/59th Street Railroad, ferry Grand Central Madison Grand Central Terminal East 34th Street Ferry Landing Streets First Avenue Second Avenue Third Avenue 34th Street 42nd 47th 50th 51st 52nd 53rd 54th 55th 57th 59th Beekman Place Lexington Avenue Sutton Place Related topics Murray Hill Sniffen Court Historic District See also: Manhattan Community Board 6	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turtle Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Bay,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emp1-4"},{"link_name":"luffing-jib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_luffing_crane"},{"link_name":"tower crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_crane"},{"link_name":"Michael Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEWS-3"}],"text":"Skyscraper in Manhattan, New York303 East 51st Street is a skyscraper in the Turtle Bay neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States. The residential building is 360 ft (110 m) with 32 floors.[4]The building was under construction when, on March 15, 2008, the luffing-jib tower crane used to construct the skyscraper snapped off and fell, killing seven people in what Mayor Michael Bloomberg called the worst construction accident in New York City's recent history.[3]","title":"303 East 51st Street"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky1-2"}],"text":"The original design for the skyscraper was a 40-story building that stood 470 feet (140 m) tall.[2] On December 19, 2007, during the building's construction, the developer decided to scale up the building slightly to 44 stories for 117 residential units and 504 ft (154 m) tall. It was only a few months later that the crane collapsed and construction was halted.Construction at the site was completed in 2015. The finished building, the Halcyon Building, has 32 floors and its street address is 305 East 51st Street.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"tower crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_crane"},{"link_name":"Favco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favelle_Favco_Group"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New York City Department of Buildings (DOB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Buildings"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Michael Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEWS-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEWS-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On March 15, 2008, a crane owned by New York Crane & Equipment collapsed during construction. Seven people were killed and 24 others were injured.[5] It was a luffing-jib tower crane manufactured by Favco that was 200 feet (61 m) tall at the time of the collapse. The accident occurred when workers were attaching a new steel collar to anchor it to the building at the 18th floor, as part of an operation to extend the crane upwards.[6] The OSHA investigation determined that the Favco instructions for lifting a stabilizing collar to the ninth floor level were not followed, using only half the number of polyester slings recommended. The overloaded slings failed, causing the collar to drop and dislodge two lower-level collars from the building. This left the crane without any lateral support, allowing it to topple.[7]Before the crane accident, New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) had already issued 13 citations for safety violations at the construction site, two of which were considered serious violations. The DOB and Mayor Michael Bloomberg later stated, to the ire of local residents, that the infractions were normal for a project of that scale.[3][8]Furthermore, after 311 registered a complaint stating the crane had become structurally detached from the building, the DOB scheduled an inspection for March 4, 2008, a little over one week before the crane collapsed. On March 4, a DOB inspector filed a report stating that no safety violations were identified at the site; however, the inspector was later charged with falsifying a report after it was determined that no inspection took place on March 4. The DOB commissioner stated that, even if the site had been inspected on March 4, the collapse would not have been prevented because the crane was in a different position at the time of the collapse.[3][9]In the wake of the crane accident, the owners of a 2nd Avenue building that was damaged when the crane collapsed were planning to demolish the building when they were sued by the owner of Crave Ceviche Bar, a tenant of the building, in response to those plans. The building owner said the building had sustained irreparable damage and it therefore must be demolished so the owner could rebuild. The building owner settled the lawsuit and a settlement of over $1 million was agreed upon, which allowed the owner of Crave Ceviche Bar to reopen in a different location and therefore continue his business.[10]","title":"Crane collapse"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Halcyon\". Skyscraper Center. CTBUH. 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Retrieved May 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080319024912/http://www.nypost.com/seven/03172008/news/regionalnews/behind_sites_unlucky_13_violations_102324.htm","url_text":"\"BEHIND SITE'S UNLUCKY 13 VIOLATIONS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"},{"url":"http://www.nypost.com/seven/03172008/news/regionalnews/behind_sites_unlucky_13_violations_102324.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joey (March 20, 2008). \"Crane Collapse Arrest\". Curbed.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved May 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080409151807/http://curbed.com/archives/2008/03/20/crane_collapse_arrest.php","url_text":"\"Crane Collapse Arrest\""},{"url":"http://curbed.com/archives/2008/03/20/crane_collapse_arrest.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crave Ceviche Bar Still On the Ropes\". Timeout New York. February 26, 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	["1 Name","2 Geography","2.1 Flora and fauna","3 Climate","4 Demographics","5 History","5.1 Discovery and early history","5.2 Annexation by the British Empire","5.3 World War I","5.4 World War II","5.5 Transfer to Australia","5.6 Indigenous status","6 Government","6.1 Federal politics","6.2 Defence and law enforcement","6.3 Courts","6.4 Health care","7 Economy","8 Plastic pollution","9 Strategic importance","10 Communications and transport","10.1 Transport","10.2 Communications","10.3 Internet","11 Media","11.1 Newspapers","11.2 Radio","11.3 Television","12 Education","13 Culture","14 Heritage listings","15 Museum","16 Marine park","17 Sport","18 Image gallery","19 See also","20 Notes","21 References","21.1 Citations","21.2 Sources","22 External links"]	Coordinates: 12°07′03″S 96°53′42″E / 12.11750°S 96.89500°E / -12.11750; 96.89500Australian islands in the Indian Ocean "Cocos Islands" redirects here. For other uses, see Cocos Islands (disambiguation). Place in AustraliaCocos (Keeling) IslandsAustralian Indian Ocean TerritoryExternal territory of AustraliaTerritory of Cocos (Keeling) IslandsPulu Kokos (Keeling) (Cocos Islands Malay)Wilayah Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling) (Malay) FlagMotto: "Maju Pulu Kita" (Cocos Islands Malay)(English: "Onward our island")Anthem: "Advance Australia Fair"Location of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (circled in red)Sovereign state AustraliaAnnexed by the United Kingdom1857Transferred from Singaporeto Australia23 November 1955CapitalWest Island12°11′13″S 96°49′42″E / 12.18694°S 96.82833°E / -12.18694; 96.82833Largest villageBantam (Home Island)Official languagesNoneSpoken languagesMalayEnglishGovernmentDirectly administered dependency• Monarch Charles III• Governor-General David Hurley• Administrator Farzian Zainal• Shire President Aindil Minkom Parliament of Australia• Senaterepresented by Northern Territory senators• House of Representativesincluded in the Division of LingiariArea• Total14 km2 (5.4 sq mi)• Water (%)0Highest elevation5 m (16 ft)Population• 2021 census593 (not ranked)GDP (nominal)2010 estimate• TotalUS$11,012,550 (not ranked)• Per capita$18,570.91 (not ranked)CurrencyAustralian dollar (AU$) (AUD)Time zoneUTC+06:30Driving sideleftCalling code+61 891PostcodeWA 6799ISO 3166 codeCCInternet TLD.cc The Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Cocos Islands Malay: Pulu Kokos ), officially the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (/ˈkoʊkəs/; Cocos Islands Malay: Pulu Kokos ), are an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean, comprising a small archipelago approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka and relatively close to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The territory's dual name (official since the islands' incorporation into Australia in 1955) reflects that the islands have historically been known as either the Cocos Islands or the Keeling Islands. The territory consists of two atolls made up of 27 coral islands, of which only two – West Island and Home Island – are inhabited. The population of around 600 people consists mainly of Cocos Malays, who mostly practise Sunni Islam and speak a dialect of Malay as their first language. The territory is administered by the Australian federal government's Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts as an Australian external territory and together with Christmas Island (which is about 960 kilometres (600 mi) to the east) forms the Australian Indian Ocean Territories administrative grouping. However, the islanders do have a degree of self-government through the local shire council. Many public services – including health, education, and policing – are provided by the state of Western Australia, and Western Australian law applies except where the federal government has determined otherwise. The territory also uses Western Australian postcodes. The islands were discovered in 1609 by the British sea captain William Keeling, but no settlement occurred until the early 19th century. One of the first settlers was John Clunies-Ross, a Scottish merchant; much of the island's current population is descended from the Malay workers he brought in to work his copra plantation. The Clunies-Ross family ruled the islands as a private fiefdom for almost 150 years, with the head of the family usually recognised as resident magistrate. The British annexed the islands in 1857, and for the next century they were administered from either Ceylon or Singapore. The territory was transferred to Australia in 1955, although until 1979 virtually all of the territory's real estate still belonged to the Clunies-Ross family. Name Home Island Beach The islands have been called the Cocos Islands (from 1622), the Keeling Islands (from 1703), the Cocos–Keeling Islands (since James Horsburgh in 1805) and the Keeling–Cocos Islands (19th century). Cocos refers to the abundant coconut trees, while Keeling refers to William Keeling, who discovered the islands in 1609. United Kingdom legislationCocos Islands Act 1955Act of ParliamentParliament of the United KingdomLong titleAn Act to enable Her Majesty to place the Cocos or Keeling Islands under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia, and for purposes connected therewith.Citation3 & 4 Eliz. 2. c. 5DatesRoyal assent29 March 1955Other legislationRepealed byStatute Law (Repeals) Act 1976Status: Repealed John Clunies-Ross, who sailed there in the Borneo in 1825, called the group the Borneo Coral Isles, restricting Keeling to North Keeling, and calling South Keeling "the Cocos properly so called". The form Cocos (Keeling) Islands, attested from 1916, was made official by the Cocos Islands Act 1955 (3 & 4 Eliz. 2. c. 5). The territory's Malay name is Pulu Kokos (Keeling). Sign boards on the island also feature Malay translations. Geography The Cocos (Keeling) Islands consist of two flat, low-lying coral atolls with an area of 14.2 square kilometres (5.5 sq mi), 26 kilometres (16 mi) of coastline, a highest elevation of 5 metres (16 ft) and thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation. The climate is pleasant, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year and with moderate rainfall. Tropical cyclones may occur in the early months of the year. North Keeling Island is an atoll consisting of just one C-shaped island, a nearly closed atoll ring with a small opening into the lagoon, about 50 metres (160 ft) wide, on the east side. The island measures 1.1 square kilometres (270 acres) in land area and is uninhabited. The lagoon is about 0.5 square kilometres (120 acres). North Keeling Island and the surrounding sea to 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from shore form the Pulu Keeling National Park, established on 12 December 1995. It is home to the only surviving population of the endemic, and endangered, Cocos Buff-banded Rail. South Keeling Islands is an atoll consisting of 24 individual islets forming an incomplete atoll ring, with a total land area of 13.1 square kilometres (5.1 sq mi). Only Home Island and West Island are populated. The Cocos Malays maintain weekend shacks, referred to as pondoks, on most of the larger islands. Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1889 map of South Keeling Islands 1976 map of South Keeling Islands Islets forming the South Keeling Islands atoll (clockwise from north) Islet(Malay name) Translation of Malay name English name Area(approx.) km2 mi2 1 Pulau Luar Outer Island Horsburgh Island 1.04 0.40 2 Pulau Tikus Mouse Island Direction Island 3 Pulau Pasir Sand Island Workhouse Island 0.01 0.00 4 Pulau Beras Rice Island Prison Island 0.02 0.01 5 Pulau Gangsa Copper Island Closed sandbar, now part of Home Island 0.01 0.00 6 Pulau Selma Home Island 0.95 0.37 7 Pulau Ampang Kechil Little Ampang Island Scaevola Islet 0.01 0.00 8 Pulau Ampang Ampang Island Canui Island 0.06 0.02 9 Pulau Wa-idas Ampang Minor 0.02 0.01 10 Pulau Blekok Reef Heron Island Goldwater Island 0.03 0.01 11 Pulau Kembang Flower Island Thorn Island 0.04 0.02 12 Pulau Cheplok Cape Gooseberry Island Gooseberry Island 0.01 0.00 13 Pulau Pandan Pandanus Island Misery Island 0.24 0.09 14 Pulau Siput Shell Island Goat Island 0.10 0.04 15 Pulau Jambatan Bridge Island Middle Mission Isle 0.01 0.00 16 Pulau Labu Pumpkin Island South Goat Island 0.04 0.02 17 Pulau Atas Up Wind Island South Island 3.63 1.40 18 Pulau Kelapa Satu One Coconut Island North Goat Island 0.02 0.01 19 Pulau Blan East Cay 0.03 0.01 20 Pulau Blan Madar Burial Island 0.03 0.01 21 Pulau Maria Maria Island West Cay 0.01 0.00 22 Pulau Kambing Goat Island Keelingham Horn Island 0.01 0.00 23 Pulau Panjang Long Island West Island 6.23 2.41 24 Pulau Wak Bangka Turtle Island 0.22 0.08 There are no rivers or lakes on either atoll. Fresh water resources are limited to water lenses on the larger islands, underground accumulations of rainwater lying above the seawater. These lenses are accessed through shallow bores or wells. Flora and fauna Main articles: Flora of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Fauna of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Climate Cocos (Keeling) Islands experience a tropical rainforest climate (Af) according to the Köppen climate classification; the archipelago lies approximately midway between the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. The archipelago has two distinct seasons, the wet season and the dry season. The wettest month is April with precipitation totaling 262.6 millimetres (10.34 in), and the driest month is October with precipitation totaling 88.2 millimetres (3.47 in). Due to the strong maritime control, temperatures vary little although its location is some distance from the Equator. The hottest month is March with an average high temperature of 30.0 °C (86.0 °F), while the coolest month is September with an average low temperature of 24.2 °C (75.6 °F). Climate data for Cocos Islands Airport Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 32.2(90.0) 32.2(90.0) 32.7(90.9) 32.8(91.0) 31.5(88.7) 30.8(87.4) 30.3(86.5) 30.3(86.5) 30.1(86.2) 31.0(87.8) 30.9(87.6) 31.4(88.5) 32.8(91.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.8(85.6) 29.9(85.8) 30.0(86.0) 29.8(85.6) 29.3(84.7) 28.6(83.5) 28.1(82.6) 28.1(82.6) 28.2(82.8) 28.6(83.5) 29.0(84.2) 29.4(84.9) 29.1(84.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 25.1(77.2) 25.2(77.4) 25.4(77.7) 25.5(77.9) 25.4(77.7) 24.8(76.6) 24.3(75.7) 24.3(75.7) 24.2(75.6) 24.5(76.1) 24.8(76.6) 24.8(76.6) 24.9(76.8) Record low °C (°F) 21.0(69.8) 20.1(68.2) 19.8(67.6) 22.2(72.0) 21.2(70.2) 21.5(70.7) 20.5(68.9) 20.8(69.4) 21.2(70.2) 21.3(70.3) 20.8(69.4) 21.2(70.2) 19.8(67.6) Average rainfall mm (inches) 153.9(6.06) 181.6(7.15) 231.4(9.11) 262.6(10.34) 205.0(8.07) 212.3(8.36) 220.2(8.67) 104.9(4.13) 86.4(3.40) 88.2(3.47) 96.9(3.81) 93.5(3.68) 1,936.9(76.25) Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 12.9 14.2 18.3 18.3 18.9 19.2 21.4 17.2 13.5 10.1 10.1 10.6 184.7 Source: Bureau of Meteorology Demographics According to the 2021 Australian Census, the population of the Cocos Islands is 593 people. The gender distribution stands at an approximate 51% male and 49% female. The median age of the population is 40 years, slightly older than the median Australian population age of 38 years. As of 2021, there are no people living on the Cocos Islands who identify as Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander). Religion in Cocos Islands (2021) Islam (65.6%) Non-religious (14%) Catholic (2%) Anglican (1.5%) Unspecified (15.3%) Other (1.6%) The majority religion of the Cocos Islands is Islam, with 65.6% of the total population identifying as Muslim, followed by Unspecified (15.3%), Non-religious (14.0%), Catholic (2.0%), Anglican (1.5%). The remaining 1.6% of Cocos Islanders identify as secular or hold various other beliefs (including atheism, agnosticism and unspecified spiritual beliefs). 73.5% of the population were born in Australia - either on the mainland, on the Cocos Islands, or in another Australian territory. The remaining 26.5% born outside of Australia come from various countries, including Malaysia (4.0%), England (1.3%), New Zealand (1.2%), Singapore (0.5%) and Argentina (0.5%), among others. 61.2% of the population speak Malay rather than English at home, while 19.1% use English as their primary language and 3.5% speak another language (including Spanish and various Austronesian and African languages). Kaum Ibu (Women's Group) is a women's rights organisation that represents the view of women at a local and national level. History Discovery and early history Historic compass chart of the Cocos islands The archipelago was discovered in 1609 by Captain William Keeling of the East India Company, on a return voyage from the East Indies. North Keeling was sketched by Ekeberg, a Swedish captain, in 1749, showing the presence of coconut palms. It also appears on a 1789 chart produced by British hydrographer Alexander Dalrymple. In 1825, Scottish merchant seaman Captain John Clunies-Ross stopped briefly at the islands on a trip to India, nailing up a Union Jack and planning to return and settle on the islands with his family in the future. Wealthy Englishman Alexander Hare had similar plans, and hired a captain – coincidentally, Clunies-Ross's brother – to bring him and a volunteer harem of 40 Malay women to the islands, where he hoped to establish his private residence. Hare had previously served as resident of Banjarmasin, a town in Borneo, and found that "he could not confine himself to the tame life that civilisation affords". Clunies-Ross returned two years later with his wife, children and mother-in-law, and found Hare already established on the island and living with the private harem. A feud grew between the two. Clunies-Ross's eight sailors "began at once the invasion of the new kingdom to take possession of it, women and all". After some time, Hare's women began deserting him, and instead finding themselves partners amongst Clunies-Ross's sailors. Disheartened, Hare left the island. He died in Bencoolen in 1834. Encouraged by members of the former harem, Clunies-Ross then recruited Malays to come to the island for work and wives. Clunies-Ross's workers were paid in a currency called the Cocos rupee, a currency John Clunies-Ross minted himself that could only be redeemed at the company store. 1840 chart of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands On 1 April 1836, HMS Beagle under Captain Robert FitzRoy arrived to take soundings to establish the profile of the atoll as part of the survey expedition of the Beagle. To the naturalist Charles Darwin, aboard the ship, the results supported a theory he had developed of how atolls formed, which he later published as The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. He studied the natural history of the islands and collected specimens. Darwin's assistant Syms Covington noted that "an Englishman and HIS family, with about sixty or seventy mulattos from the Cape of Good Hope, live on one of the islands. Captain Ross, the governor, is now absent at the Cape." Annexation by the British Empire The islands were annexed by the British Empire in 1857. This annexation was carried out by Captain Stephen Grenville Fremantle in command of HMS Juno. Fremantle claimed the islands for the British Empire and appointed Ross II as Superintendent. In 1878, by Letters Patent, the Governor of Ceylon was made Governor of the islands, and, by further Letters Patent in 1886, responsibility for the islands was transferred to the Governor of the Straits Settlement to exercise his functions as "Governor of Cocos Islands". The islands were made part of the Straits Settlement under an Order in Council of 20 May 1903. Meanwhile, in 1886 Queen Victoria had, by indenture, granted the islands in perpetuity to John Clunies-Ross. The head of the family enjoyed semi-official status as Resident Magistrate and Government representative. In 1901 a telegraph cable station was established on Direction Island. Undersea cables went to Rodrigues, Mauritius, Batavia, Java and Fremantle, Western Australia. In 1910 a wireless station was established to communicate with passing ships. The cable station ceased operation in 1966. World War I A landing party from the German Navy cruiser Emden leaves the Cocos (Keeling) Islands via this jetty on Direction Island on 9 November 1914. Main article: Battle of Cocos On the morning of 9 November 1914, the islands became the site of the Battle of Cocos, one of the first naval battles of World War I. A landing party from the German cruiser SMS Emden captured and disabled the wireless and cable communications station on Direction Island, but not before the station was able to transmit a distress call. An Allied troop convoy was passing nearby, and the Australian cruiser HMAS Sydney was detached from the convoy escort to investigate. Sydney spotted the island and Emden at 09:15, with both ships preparing for combat. At 11:20, the heavily damaged Emden beached herself on North Keeling Island. The Australian warship broke to pursue Emden's supporting collier, which scuttled herself, then returned to North Keeling Island at 16:00. At this point, Emden's battle ensign was still flying: usually a sign that a ship intends to continue fighting. After no response to instructions to lower the ensign, two salvoes were shot into the beached cruiser, after which the Germans lowered the flag and raised a white sheet. Sydney had orders to ascertain the status of the transmission station, but returned the next day to provide medical assistance to the Germans. Casualties totaled 134 personnel aboard Emden killed, and 69 wounded, compared to four killed and 16 wounded aboard Sydney. The German survivors were taken aboard the Australian cruiser, which caught up to the troop convoy in Colombo on 15 November, then transported to Malta and handed over the prisoners to the British Army. An additional 50 German personnel from the shore party, unable to be recovered before Sydney arrived, commandeered a schooner and escaped from Direction Island, eventually arriving in Constantinople. Emden was the last active Central Powers warship in the Indian or Pacific Ocean, which meant troopships from Australia and New Zealand could sail without naval escort, and Allied ships could be deployed elsewhere. World War II During World War II, the cable station was once again a vital link. The Cocos were valuable for direction finding by the Y service, the worldwide intelligence system used during the war. Allied planners noted that the islands might be seized as an airfield for German planes and as a base for commerce raiders operating in the Indian Ocean. Following Japan's entry into the war, Japanese forces occupied neighbouring islands. To avoid drawing their attention to the Cocos cable station and its islands' garrison, the seaplane anchorage between Direction and Horsburgh islands was not used. Radio transmitters were also kept silent, except in emergencies. After the Fall of Singapore in 1942, the islands were administered from Ceylon and West and Direction Islands were placed under Allied military administration. The islands' garrison initially consisted of a platoon from the British Army's King's African Rifles, located on Horsburgh Island, with two 6-inch (152.4 mm) guns to cover the anchorage. The local inhabitants all lived on Home Island. Despite the importance of the islands as a communication centre, the Japanese made no attempt either to raid or to occupy them and contented themselves with sending over a reconnaissance aircraft about once a month. On the night of 8–9 May 1942, 15 members of the garrison, from the Ceylon Defence Force, mutinied under the leadership of Gratien Fernando. The mutineers were said to have been provoked by the attitude of their British officers and were also supposedly inspired by Japanese anti-British propaganda. They attempted to take control of the gun battery on the islands. The Cocos Islands Mutiny was crushed, but the mutineers murdered one non-mutinous soldier and wounded one officer. Seven of the mutineers were sentenced to death at a trial that was later alleged to have been improperly conducted, though the guilt of the accused was admitted. Four of the sentences were commuted, but three men were executed, including Fernando. These were to be the only British Commonwealth soldiers executed for mutiny during the Second World War. On 25 December 1942, the Japanese submarine I-166 bombarded the islands but caused no damage. Later in the war, two airstrips were built, and three bomber squadrons were moved to the islands to conduct raids against Japanese targets in South East Asia and to provide support during the planned reinvasion of Malaya and reconquest of Singapore. The first aircraft to arrive were Supermarine Spitfire Mk VIIIs of No. 136 Squadron RAF. They included some Liberator bombers from No. 321 (Netherlands) Squadron RAF (members of exiled Dutch forces serving with the Royal Air Force), which were also stationed on the islands. When in July 1945 No. 99 and No. 356 RAF squadrons arrived on West Island, they brought with them a daily newspaper called Atoll which contained news of what was happening in the outside world. Run by airmen in their off-duty hours, it achieved fame when dropped by Liberator bombers on POW camps over the heads of the Japanese guards. In 1946, the administration of the islands reverted to Singapore and it became part of the Colony of Singapore. Transfer to Australia On 23 November 1955, the islands were transferred from the United Kingdom to the Commonwealth of Australia. Immediately before the transfer the islands were part of the United Kingdom's Colony of Singapore, in accordance with the Straits Settlements (Repeal) Act, 1946 of the United Kingdom and the British Settlements Acts, 1887 and 1945, as applied by the Act of 1946. The legal steps for effecting the transfer were as follows: The Commonwealth Parliament and the Government requested and consented to the enactment of a United Kingdom Act for the purpose. The Cocos Islands Act, 1955, authorised Her Majesty, by Order in Council, to direct that the islands should cease to form part of the Colony of Singapore and be placed under the authority of the Commonwealth. By the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act, 1955, the Parliament of the Commonwealth provided for the acceptance of the islands as a territory under the authority of the Commonwealth and for its government. The Cocos Islands Order in Council, 1955, made under the United Kingdom Act of 1955, provided that upon the appointed day (23 November 1955) the islands should cease to form part of the Colony of Singapore and be placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia. The reason for this comparatively complex machinery was due to the terms of the Straits Settlement (Repeal) Act, 1946. According to Sir Kenneth Roberts-Wray "any other procedure would have been of doubtful validity". The separation involved three steps: separation from the Colony of Singapore; transfer by United Kingdom and acceptance by Australia. H. J. Hull was appointed the first official representative (now administrator) of the new territory. He had been a lieutenant-commander in the Royal Australian Navy and was released for the purpose. Under Commonwealth Cabinet Decision 1573 of 9 September 1958, Hull's appointment was terminated and John William Stokes was appointed on secondment from the Northern Territory police. A media release at the end of October 1958 by the Minister for Territories, Hasluck, commended Hull's three years of service on Cocos. Stokes served in the position from 31 October 1958 to 30 September 1960. His son's boyhood memories and photos of the Islands have been published. C. I. Buffett MBE from Norfolk Island succeeded him and served from 28 July 1960 to 30 June 1966, and later acted as Administrator back on Cocos and on Norfolk Island. In 1974, Ken Mullen wrote a small book about his time with wife and son from 1964 to 1966 working at the Cable Station on Direction Island. In the 1970s, the Australian government's dissatisfaction with the Clunies-Ross feudal style of rule of the island increased. In 1978, Australia forced the family to sell the islands for the sum of A$6,250,000, using the threat of compulsory acquisition. By agreement, the family retained ownership of Oceania House, their home on the island. In 1983, the Australian government reneged on this agreement and told John Clunies-Ross that he should leave the Cocos. The following year the High Court of Australia ruled that resumption of Oceania House was unlawful, but the Australian government ordered that no government business was to be granted to Clunies-Ross's shipping company, an action that contributed to his bankruptcy. John Clunies-Ross later moved to Perth, Western Australia. However, some members of the Clunies-Ross family still live on the Cocos. Extensive preparations were undertaken by the government of Australia to prepare the Cocos Malays to vote in their referendum of self-determination. Discussions began in 1982, with an aim of holding the referendum, under United Nations supervision, in mid-1983. Under guidelines developed by the UN Decolonization Committee, residents were to be offered three choices: full independence, free association, or integration with Australia. The last option was preferred by both the islanders and the Australian government. A change in government in Canberra following the March 1983 Australian elections delayed the vote by one year. While the Home Island Council stated a preference for a traditional communal consensus "vote", the UN insisted on a secret ballot. The referendum was held on 6 April 1984, with all 261 eligible islanders participating, including the Clunies-Ross family: 229 voted for integration, 21 for Free Association, nine for independence, and two failed to indicate a preference. In the first decade of the 21st century, a series of disputes have occurred between the Muslim and the non-Muslim population of the islands. The airstrip on West Island has an airstrip that is more than two kilometres long and is designed to accommodate Boeing 737 passenger flights and smaller military planes. In 2023, the Australian parliament approved plans to extend the airstrip by 150 metres so that it could take Boeing P-8 Poseidon aircraft capable of low-level anti-submarine warfare operations and high-tech military surveillance. Construction was scheduled to start in 2024 and be completed by 2026. Prior to the upgrade, the United States had been using the airstrip for several decades as a stopover point between Diego Garcia and Guam, and as a partial alternative to the Paya Lebar Air Base. Indigenous status Descendants of the Cocos Malays brought to the islands from the Malay Peninsula, the Indonesian archipelago, Southern Africa and New Guinea by Hare and by Clunies-Ross as indentured workers, slaves or convicts are as of 2019 seeking recognition from the Australian government to be acknowledged as Indigenous Australians. Government The capital of the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands is West Island while the largest settlement is the village of Bantam, on Home Island. Governance of the islands is based on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955 and depends heavily on the laws of Australia. The islands are administered from Canberra by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts through a non-resident Administrator appointed by the Governor-General. They were previously the responsibility of the Department of Transport and Regional Services (before 2007), the Attorney-General's Department (2007–2013), Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development (2013–2017) and Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities (2017–2020). As of November 2023, the Administrator is Farzian Zainal, she is also the Administrator of Christmas Island. These two territories comprise the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. The Australian Government provides Commonwealth-level government services through the Christmas Island Administration and the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts. As per the Federal Government's Territories Law Reform Act 1992, which came into force on 1 July 1992, Western Australian laws are applied to the Cocos Islands, "so far as they are capable of applying in the Territory"; non-application or partial application of such laws is at the discretion of the federal government. The Act also gives Western Australian courts judicial power over the islands. The Cocos Islands remain constitutionally distinct from Western Australia, however; the power of the state to legislate for the territory is power-delegated by the federal government. The kind of services typically provided by a state government elsewhere in Australia are provided by departments of the Western Australian Government, and by contractors, with the costs met by the federal government. There also exists a unicameral Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shire Council with seven seats. A full term lasts four years, though elections are held every two years; approximately half the members retire each two years. As of March 2024 the president of the shire is Aindil Minkom. The most recent local election took place on 21 October 2023 alongside elections on Christmas Island. Federal politics Senate, 2016 Labor 54.64% Rise Up Australia 22.86% Country Liberal 11.07% Greens 5.00% CEC 3.21% HEMP/Sex 3.21% House of Representatives, 2016 Labor 64.34% Shooters 19.49% Country Liberal 8.82% Others 4.41% Greens 2.94% Cocos (Keeling) Islands residents who are Australian citizens also vote in federal elections. Cocos (Keeling) Islanders are represented in the House of Representatives by the member for the Division of Lingiari (in the Northern Territory) and in the Senate by Northern Territory senators. At the 2016 federal election, the Labor Party received absolute majorities from Cocos electors in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Defence and law enforcement Defence is the responsibility of the Australian Defence Force. Until 2023, there were no active military installations or defence personnel on the island; the administrator could request the assistance of the Australian Defence Force if required. In 2016, the Australian Department of Defence announced that the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport (West Island) would be upgraded to support the Royal Australian Air Force's P-8 Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft. Work was scheduled to begin in early 2023 and be completed by 2026. The airfield will act as a forward operating base for Australian surveillance and electronic warfare aircraft in the region. The Royal Australian Navy and Australian Border Force also deploy Cape and Armidale-class patrol boats to conduct surveillance and counter-migrant smuggling patrols in adjacent waters. As of 2023, the Navy's Armidale-class boats are in the process of being replaced by larger Arafura-class offshore patrol vessels. Civilian law enforcement and community policing is provided by the Australian Federal Police. The normal deployment to the island is one sergeant and one constable. These are augmented by two locally engaged Special Members who have police powers. Courts See also: Supreme Court of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Since 1992, court services have been provided by the Western Australian Department of the Attorney-General under a service delivery arrangement with the Australian Government. Western Australian Court Services provide Magistrates Court, District Court, Supreme Court, Family Court, Children's Court, Coroner's Court and Registry for births, deaths and marriages and change of name services. Magistrates and judges from Western Australia convene a circuit court as required. Health care Home Island and West Island have medical clinics providing basic health services, but serious medical conditions and injuries cannot be treated on the island and patients are sent to Perth for treatment, a distance of 3,000 km (1,900 mi). Economy The population of the islands is approximately 600. There is a small and growing tourist industry focused on water-based or nature activities. In 2016, a beach on Direction Island was named the best beach in Australia by Brad Farmer, an Aquatic and Coastal Ambassador for Tourism Australia and co-author of 101 Best Beaches 2017. Small local gardens and fishing contribute to the food supply, but most food and most other necessities must be imported from Australia or elsewhere. The Cocos Islands Cooperative Society Ltd. employs construction workers, stevedores, and lighterage worker operations. Tourism employs others. The unemployment rate was 6.7% in 2011. Plastic pollution A 2019 study led by Jennifer Lavers from the University of Tasmania's Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies published in the journal Scientific Reports estimated the volume of plastic rubbish on the Islands as around 414 million pieces, weighing 238 tonnes, 93% of which lies buried under the sand. It said that previous surveys which only assessed surface garbage probably "drastically underestimated the scale of debris accumulation". The plastic waste found in the study consisted mostly of single-use items such as bottles, plastic cutlery, bags and drinking straws. Strategic importance This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2017) The Cocos Islands are strategically important because of their proximity to shipping lanes in the Indian and Pacific oceans. The islands could be used to monitor the Malacca, Sunda and Lombok straits. The United States and Australia have expressed interest in stationing surveillance drones on the Cocos Islands. Euronews described the plan as Australian support for an increased American presence in Southeast Asia, but expressed concern that it was likely to upset Chinese officials. James Cogan has written for the World Socialist Web Site that the plan to station surveillance drones at Cocos is one component of former US President Barack Obama's "pivot" towards Asia, facilitating control of the sea lanes and potentially allowing US forces to enforce a blockade against China. After plans to construct airbases were reported on by The Washington Post, Australian defence minister Stephen Smith stated that the Australian government views the "Cocos as being potentially a long-term strategic location, but that is down the track." In 2023, Indian aircraft from their Navy and Air Force paid a visit to the islands. Australia hopes to further advance relationships with India in order to grow their monitoring strength in the Indian Ocean. Communications and transport This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Transport The Cocos (Keeling) Islands have fifteen kilometres (9.3 miles) of highway. There is one paved airport on the West Island. A tourist bus operates on Home Island. The only airport is Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport with a single 2,441 m (8,009 ft) paved runway. Virgin Australia operates scheduled jet services from Perth Airport via Christmas Island. After 1952, the airport at Cocos Islands was a stop for airline flights between Australia and South Africa, and Qantas and South African Airways stopped there to refuel. The arrival of long-range jet aircraft ended this need in 1967. The Cocos Islands Cooperative Society operates an interisland ferry, the Cahaya Baru, connecting West, Home and Direction Islands, as well as a bus service on West Island. There is a lagoon anchorage between Horsburgh and Direction islands for larger vessels, while yachts have a dedicated anchorage area in the southern lee of Direction Island. There are no major seaports on the islands. Communications The islands are connected within Australia's telecommunication system (with number range +61 8 9162 xxxx). Public phones are located on both West Island and Home Island. A reasonably reliable GSM mobile phone network (number range +61 406 xxx), run by CiiA (Christmas Island Internet Association), operates on Cocos (Keeling) Islands. SIM cards (full size) and recharge cards can be purchased from the Telecentre on West Island to access this service. Australia Post provides mail services with the postcode 6799. There are post offices on West Island and Home Island. Standard letters and express post items are sent by air twice weekly, but all other mail is sent by sea and can take up to two months for delivery. Internet .cc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Cocos (Keeling) Islands. It is administered by VeriSign through a subsidiary company eNIC, which promotes it for international registration as "the next .com"; .cc was originally assigned in October 1997 to eNIC Corporation of Seattle WA by the IANA. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also uses the .cc domain, along with .nc.tr. Internet access on Cocos is provided by CiiA (Christmas Island Internet Association), and is supplied via satellite ground station on West Island, and distributed via a wireless PPPoE-based WAN on both inhabited islands. Casual internet access is available at the Telecentre on West Island and the Indian Ocean Group Training office on Home Island. The National Broadband Network announced in early 2012 that it would extend service to Cocos in 2015 via high-speed satellite link. The Oman Australia Cable, completed in 2022, links Australia and Oman with a spur to the Cocos Islands. Media The Cocos (Keeling) Islands have access to a range of modern communication services. Digital television stations are broadcast from Western Australia via satellite. A local radio station, 6CKI – Voice of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, is staffed by community volunteers and provides some local content. Newspapers The Cocos Islands Community Resource Centre publishes a fortnightly newsletter called The Atoll. It is available in paper and electronic formats. Radio Television Australian The Cocos (Keeling) Islands receives a range of digital channels from Western Australia via satellite and is broadcast from the Airport Building on the West Island on the following VHF frequencies: ABC6, SBS7, WAW8, WOW10 and WDW11 Malaysian From 2013 onwards, Cocos Island received four Malaysian channels via satellite: TV3, ntv7, 8TV and TV9. Education There is a school in the archipelago, Cocos Islands District High School, with campuses located on West Island (Kindergarten to Year 10), and the other on Home Island (Kindergarten to Year 6). CIDHS is part of the Western Australia Department of Education. School instruction is in English on both campuses, with Cocos Malay teacher aides assisting the younger children in Kindergarten, Pre-Preparatory and early Primary with the English curriculum on the Home Island Campus. The Home Language of Cocos Malay is valued whilst students engage in learning English. Culture Main article: Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Although it is an Australian territory, the culture of the islands has extensive influences from Malaysia and Indonesia due to its predominantly ethnic Malay population. Heritage listings The West Island Mosque on Alexander Street is listed on the Australian Commonwealth Heritage List. Museum The Pulu Cocos Museum on Home Island was established in 1987, in recognition of the fact that the distinct culture of Home Island needed formal preservation. The site includes the displays on local culture and traditions, as well as the early history of the islands and their ownership by the Clunies-Ross family. The museum also includes displays on military and naval history, as well as local botanical and zoological items. Marine park Reefs near the islands have healthy coral and are home to several rare species of marine life. The region, along with the Christmas Island reefs, have been described as "Australia's Galapagos Islands". In the 2021 budget the Australian Government committed $A39.1M to create two new marine parks off Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The parks will cover up to 740,000 square kilometres (290,000 sq mi) of Australian waters. After months of consultation with local people, both parks were approved in March 2022, with a total coverage of 744,000 square kilometres (287,000 sq mi). The park will help to protect spawning of bluefin tuna from illegal international fishers, but local people will be allowed to practise fishing sustainably inshore in order to source food. Sport Rugby league is a popular sport on the islands. The Cocos Islands Golf Club, located on West Island and established in 1962, is the only golf course in the world that plays across an international airport runway. Unlike Norfolk Island, another external territory of Australia, the Cocos Islands do not participate in the Commonwealth Games or the Pacific Games. Image gallery Gallery Aerial view of Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport (ICAO code: YPCC). Home Island. Compass stand from the bridge of HMAS Sydney, which destroyed the SMS Emden, installed at Port Macquarie, New South Wales, in 1929. A broadside view of the wrecked Emden after her encounter with HMAS Sydney. Crew huddle on the wreck, awaiting rescue by Sydney. The last bombing raid of World War II by 99, 356 and 321 Squadrons is cancelled, 15 August 1945. Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip arrive at the Cocos Islands, April 1954. Prince Philip waves goodbye as he and Queen Elizabeth, accompanied by John Clunies-Ross, return to their ship from Home Island (1954). Queen Elizabeth at a garden party held in her honour at Home Island (1954). See also Geography portalIslands portalAsia portalAustralia portal Banknotes of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Index of Cocos (Keeling) Islands-related articles Pearl Islands (Isla de Cocos, Panama; Cocos Island, Costa Rica). Notes ^ English does not have de jure status on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and in Australia, but it is the de facto language of communication in government. References Citations ^ "RDA Appointments". ^ a b c d e f g h "2021 Census QuickStats: Cocos (Keeling) Islands". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. ^ Lundy, Kate (2010). "Chapter 3: The economic environment of the Indian Ocean Territories". Inquiry into the changing economic environment in the Indian Ocean Territories (PDF). Parliament House, Canberra ACT: Joint Standing Committee on the National Capital and External Territories. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-642-79276-1. ^ "List of left- & right-driving countries". ^ "COCOS ISLANDS \| Meaning & Definition for UK English \| Lexico.com". Lexico Dictionaries \| English. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022. ^ Cocos Keeling Islands (11 February 2021). "Cocos Keeling Islands - Destination WA 2020 - Motorised Canoe Safari". YouTube. 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The India directory, or, Directions for sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, and the interjacent ports of Africa and South America: comp. chiefly from original journals of the honourable company's ships, and from observations and remarks, resulting from the experience of twenty-one years in the navigation of those seas. Vol. 1 (5th ed.). London: W.H. Allen and Co. pp. 141–2. ^ Ross, J. C. (May 1835). "The Cocos' Isles". The Metropolitan. Peck and Newton. p. 220. ^ Weber, Max Carl Wilhelm; Weber, Lieven Ferdinand de Beaufort, Max Wilhelm Carl (1916). The Fishes of the Indo-australian Archipelago. Brill Archive. p. 286. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Photo of a sign". ^ "10429811_10152701070713780_7000322669539587620_n1.jpg (960×716)". Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018. ^ a b c Mangan, Sinead (1 September 2023). "Some 'inconvenient Australians' fear their slice of paradise will be ruined in the name of national security". ABC News. Retrieved 30 May 2024. ^ "Climate statistics for Australian locations. Cocos Island Airport". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. ^ "2021 Census QuickStats: Australia". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. ^ Jupp, James; Jupp, Director Centre for Immigration and Multicultural Studies James (2001). The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80789-0. ^ Nationaal Archief, The Hague, archive 4.VEL inventorynumber 338 ^ Pulu Keeling National Park Management Plan. Australian Government. 2004. ISBN 0-642-54964-8. ^ "Gleanings in Science, Volume 2". Baptist Mission Press. 1830. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015. ^ a b c d Joshua Slocum, "Sailing Alone Around the World", p. 212 Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine ^ The Clunies-Ross Chronicle Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ Morning Post (London) 20 March 1835 ^ "BBC NEWS - Programmes - From Our Own Correspondent - The man who lost a 'coral kingdom'". Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008. ^ Keynes, Richard (2001), Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary, Cambridge University Press, pp. 413–418, archived from the original on 26 December 2016, retrieved 20 January 2009 ^ a b c Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. p. 882 ^ "The Cocos Islands". The Chambers's Journal. 76: 187–190. 1899. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015. ^ S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. XXI, 512. ^ S.R.O. 1903 No. 478, S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. XXI, 515 ^ a b Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. p. 883 ^ "Timeline of major dates". Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013. ^ McKay, S. 2012. The Secret Listeners. Aurum Press Ltd. ISBN 978 1 78131 079 3 ^ Cruise, Noel (2002). The Cocos Islands Mutiny. Fremantle: Fremantle Arts Centre Press. p. 248. ISBN 1-86368-310-0. ^ "Imperial Submarines". Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2008. ^ Fail, J.E.H. "FORWARD STRATEGIC AIR BASE COCOS ISLAND". rquirk.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013. ^ Colony of Singapore. Government Gazette. (1 April 1946). The Singapore Colony Order in Council, 1946 (G.N. 2, pp. 2–3). Singapore: . Call no.: RCLOS 959.57 SGG; White paper on Malaya (26 January 1946). The Straits Times, p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Tan, K. Y. L. (Ed.). (1999). The Singapore legal system (pp. 232–233). Singapore: Singapore University Press. Call no.: RSING 349.5957 SIN. ^ 9 & 10 G. 6, c. 37 ^ Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. pp. 133–134 ^ Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. p. 134 ^ Stokes, Tony (2012). Whatever Will Be, I'll See: Growing Up in the 1940s, 50s and 60s in the Northern Territory, Christmas and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. Tony Stokes. p. 238. ISBN 9780646575643. ^ Ken Mullen (1974). Cocos Keeling, the Islands Time Forgot. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. p. 122. ISBN 9780207131950. OCLC 1734040. ^ "Cabinet papers: The last King of Cocos loses his palace". The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 December 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016. ^ Kenneth Chen, "Pacific Island Development Plan: Cocos (Keeling) Islands- The Political Evolution of a Small Island Territory in the Indian Ocean" (1987): Mr Chen was Administrator, Cocos Islands, from December 1983 – November 1985. ^ "Lost in transition". www.theaustralian.com.au. 31 August 2009. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2018. ^ Bashfield, Samuel (16 April 2019). "Australia's Cocos Islands Cannot Replace America's Troubled Diego Garcia". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 30 May 2024. ^ Herriman, Nicholas; Irving, David R.M.; Acciaioli, Greg; Winarnita, Monika; Kinajil, Trixie Tangit (25 June 2018). "A group of Southeast Asian descendants wants to be recognised as Indigenous Australians". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ WebLaw – full resource metadata display Archived 22 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2006. ^ "Territories of Australia". Archived from the original on 16 December 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2008. As part of the Machinery of Government Changes following the Federal Election on 29 November 2007, administrative responsibility for Territories has been transferred to the Attorney General's Department. ^ First Assistant Secretary, Territories Division (30 January 2008). "Territories of Australia". Attorney-General's Department. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2008. The Federal Government, through the Attorney-General's Department administers Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, Jervis Bay, and Norfolk Island as Territories. ^ Farid, Farid (6 November 2023). "Malay Muslim engineer leads Christmas, Cocos Isles". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ "Commonwealth of Australia Administrative Arrangements Order made on 18 September 2013" (PDF). Australian Government Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 18 September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2013. ^ "Territories Law Reform Act 1992". 30 June 1992. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012. ^ "Cocos (Keeling) Islands governance and administration". Australian Government. Retrieved 27 January 2023. ^ "Meet the Council". Shire of Cocos Islands. Retrieved 3 March 2024. ^ "Council Elections". Shire of Cocos Islands. Retrieved 3 March 2024. ^ a b Senate polling places: Home Island Archived 19 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine Home Island PPVC Archived 19 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine West Island Archived 19 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b House of Representatives polling places: Home Island Archived 19 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine Home Island PPVC Archived 19 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine West Island Archived 19 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Profile of the electoral division of Lingiari (NT)". Australian Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016. ^ "2016 Defence White Paper (para. 4.66)" (PDF). defence.gov.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016. ^ "$384m cost blowout on ADF plan to upgrade airstrip, boost military presence on Cocos (Keeling) Islands". ABC. 15 January 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023. ^ Layton, Peter (29 June 2023). "Australian Defence's Forgotten Indian Ocean Territories". Griffith Asia Insights. Retrieved 19 August 2023. ^ "Operation Resolute". Australian Government - Defence. Retrieved 20 August 2023. ^ "Third asylum seeker boat intercepted". Sky News. 14 June 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2023. ^ "Arafura Class OPV". Royal Australian Navy. Retrieved 20 August 2023. ^ Jackson, Belinda (4 December 2016). "Cossies Beach, Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Beach expert Brad Farmer names Australia's best beach 2017". traveller.com.au. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016. ^ Bonnor, James (22 August 2016). "Australia appoints Brad Farmer to beach ambassador role". www.surfersvillage.com. XTreme Video. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016. ^ "Cocos (Keeling) Islands : Region Data Summary". Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015. ^ Smee, Ben (16 May 2019). "414 million pieces of plastic found on remote island group in Indian Ocean". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 October 2019. ^ J. L. Lavers; L. Dicks; M. R. Dicks; A. Finger (16 May 2019). "Significant plastic accumulation on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia". Scientific Reports. 9 (Article number 7102): 7102. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.7102L. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43375-4. PMC 6522509. PMID 31097730. ^ McGrath, Matt (16 May 2019). "Plastic pollution: Flip-flop tide engulfs 'paradise' island". BBC News. Retrieved 7 October 2019. ^ Kahn, Jo (17 May 2019). "Tonnes of plastic waste pollute Cocos Island beaches, and what you see is only a fragment". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 October 2019. ^ a b Cogan, James, "US Marines begin operations in northern Australia Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine." World Socialist Web Site, 14 April 2012. ^ Whitlock, Craig, "U.S., Australia to broaden military ties amid Pentagon pivot to SE Asia Archived 9 February 2013 at archive.today", The Washington Post, 26 March 2012. ^ Grubel, James, "Australia open to US spy flights from Indian Ocean." Euronews, 28 March 2012. Archived 27 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Whitlock, Craig (26 March 2012). "U.S., Australia announce deeper military ties amid Pentagon pivot to SE Asia". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 December 2020. ^ Hawley, Samantha (28 March 2012). "Cocos Islands: US military base, not in our lifetime". abc.net.au. ABC. Retrieved 9 December 2020. ^ Brewster, David (6 July 2023). "Indian aircraft visit Cocos Islands as Australia strengthens its maritime security network". The Strategist. Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ "Logistics Group - Cocos Islands Cooperative Society Ltd". Cocoscoop.cc. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ Kidman, Alex, "NBN To Launch Satellites in 2015 Archived 12 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine." Gizmodo, 8 February 2012. ^ "$300M Oman-Australia cable switched on". www.arnnet.com.au. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ "Oman Australia Cable (OAC) Completes Final Landing in Oman". www.submarinenetworks.com. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ "SUB.CO - Submarine Cable Infrastructure Development Specialists". www.sub.co. Retrieved 22 June 2021. ^ Brock, Joe (6 July 2023). "Inside the subsea cable firm secretly helping America take on China". Reuters. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ "The Atoll Newsletter". Shire of Cocos Keeling Islands. Retrieved 13 August 2020. ^ "List of licensed broadcasting transmitters". ACMA. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2013. ^ "West Island Mosque (Place ID 105219)". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. Retrieved 15 May 2019. ^ Conference, Museums Australia National (1997). Unlocking Museums: The Proceedings : 4th National Conference of Museums Australia Inc. Museums Australia. ISBN 978-0-949069-23-8. ^ "Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shadow Puppets". Australia Post Collectables. Retrieved 4 September 2021. ^ "Home Island \| Cocos Keeling Islands". www.cocoskeelingislands.com.au. Retrieved 4 September 2021. ^ RACWA. "Things To Do on Christmas Island and Cocos Keeling Islands \| RAC WA". RAC WA - For a better WA. Retrieved 4 September 2021. ^ "Cocos Museum". Commonwealth Walkway Trust. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021. ^ a b Birch, Laura (20 March 2022). "Indian Ocean marine parks off Christmas Island and Cocos Islands get the go-ahead". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022. ^ "Budget 2021–22" (PDF). Government of Australia. 11 May 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021. ^ "Indian Ocean adventures with rugby league". Department of Local Government, Sport and Cultural Industries. 11 October 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2024. ^ Wynne, Emma (22 June 2019). "Cocos Islands international airport runway doubles as part of local golf course". ABC News. Retrieved 8 April 2024. ^ Maj-General J. T. Durrant (SA Air Force, Commanding Officer, Cocos Islands), watched by Wing Commander "Sandy" Webster (Commanding Officer, 99 Squadron), Squadron Leader Les Evans (Acting Commanding Officer, 356 Squadron) and Lieutenant Commander W. van Prooijen (Commanding Officer, 321 Squadron). Sources This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2003 edition.) Clunies-Ross, John Cecil; Souter, Gavin. The Clunies-Ross Cocos Chronicle, Self, Perth 2009, ISBN 9780980586718. McGrath, Tony (2019). In Tropical Skies: A History of Aviation to Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Carlisle, WA: Hesperian Press. ISBN 9780859057561. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Shire of Cocos (Keeling) Islands homepage Areas of individual islets Atoll Research Bulletin vol. 403 Cocos (Keeling) Islands Tourism website "Keeling Islands" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 712. Noel Crusz, The Cocos Islands mutiny Archived 11 September 2001 at the Wayback Machine, reviewed by Peter Stanley (Principal Historian, Australian War Memorial). 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Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area People Trove UK Parliament Other NARA 12°07′03″S 96°53′42″E / 12.11750°S 96.89500°E / -12.11750; 96.89500	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cocos Islands (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Islands_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Cocos Islands Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Islands_Malay_language"},{"link_name":"/ˈkoʊkəs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cocos Islands Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Islands_Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Australian external territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"dual name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_naming"},{"link_name":"atolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll"},{"link_name":"coral islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_island"},{"link_name":"West Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"},{"link_name":"Home Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Island"},{"link_name":"Cocos Malays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Malays"},{"link_name":"Sunni Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"a dialect of Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Malay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-8"},{"link_name":"Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Infrastructure,_Transport,_Regional_Development,_Communications_and_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island"},{"link_name":"Australian Indian Ocean Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories"},{"link_name":"the local shire council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Cocos"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"William Keeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Keeling"},{"link_name":"copra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copra"},{"link_name":"Clunies-Ross family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clunies-Ross_family"},{"link_name":"resident magistrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_magistrate"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"real estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate"}],"text":"Australian islands in the Indian Ocean\"Cocos Islands\" redirects here. For other uses, see Cocos Islands (disambiguation).Place in AustraliaThe Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Cocos Islands Malay: Pulu Kokos [Keeling]), officially the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (/ˈkoʊkəs/;[5][6] Cocos Islands Malay: Pulu Kokos [Keeling]), are an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean, comprising a small archipelago approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka and relatively close to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The territory's dual name (official since the islands' incorporation into Australia in 1955) reflects that the islands have historically been known as either the Cocos Islands or the Keeling Islands.The territory consists of two atolls made up of 27 coral islands, of which only two – West Island and Home Island – are inhabited. The population of around 600 people consists mainly of Cocos Malays, who mostly practise Sunni Islam and speak a dialect of Malay as their first language.[7] The territory is administered by the Australian federal government's Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts as an Australian external territory and together with Christmas Island (which is about 960 kilometres (600 mi) to the east) forms the Australian Indian Ocean Territories administrative grouping. However, the islanders do have a degree of self-government through the local shire council. Many public services – including health, education, and policing – are provided by the state of Western Australia, and Western Australian law applies except where the federal government has determined otherwise. The territory also uses Western Australian postcodes.The islands were discovered in 1609 by the British sea captain William Keeling, but no settlement occurred until the early 19th century. One of the first settlers was John Clunies-Ross, a Scottish merchant; much of the island's current population is descended from the Malay workers he brought in to work his copra plantation. The Clunies-Ross family ruled the islands as a private fiefdom for almost 150 years, with the head of the family usually recognised as resident magistrate. The British annexed the islands in 1857, and for the next century they were administered from either Ceylon or Singapore. The territory was transferred to Australia in 1955, although until 1979 virtually all of the territory's real estate still belonged to the Clunies-Ross family.","title":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lagoon_Beach_(25152057091).jpg"},{"link_name":"James Horsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Horsburgh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arb399p1t2-9"},{"link_name":"coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"William Keeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Keeling"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arb399p1t2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"North Keeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Keeling"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeberWeber1916-13"},{"link_name":"3 & 4 Eliz. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_%26_4_Eliz._2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arb399p1t2-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Home Island BeachThe islands have been called the Cocos Islands (from 1622), the Keeling Islands (from 1703), the Cocos–Keeling Islands (since James Horsburgh in 1805) and the Keeling–Cocos Islands (19th century).[8] Cocos refers to the abundant coconut trees, while Keeling refers to William Keeling, who discovered the islands in 1609.[8]United Kingdom legislationJohn Clunies-Ross,[9] who sailed there in the Borneo in 1825, called the group the Borneo Coral Isles, restricting Keeling to North Keeling, and calling South Keeling \"the Cocos properly so called\".[10][11] The form Cocos (Keeling) Islands, attested from 1916,[12] was made official by the Cocos Islands Act 1955 (3 & 4 Eliz. 2. c. 5).[8]The territory's Malay name is Pulu Kokos (Keeling). Sign boards on the island also feature Malay translations.[13][14]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_winds"},{"link_name":"Tropical cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"North Keeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Keeling"},{"link_name":"Pulu Keeling National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulu_Keeling_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Cocos Buff-banded Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Buff-banded_Rail"},{"link_name":"South Keeling Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Keeling_Islands"},{"link_name":"Home Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Island"},{"link_name":"West Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc010923-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands-CIA_WFB_Map.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cocos_Islands_1889.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cocos(keeling)_76.jpg"},{"link_name":"water lenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(hydrology)"}],"text":"The Cocos (Keeling) Islands consist of two flat, low-lying coral atolls with an area of 14.2 square kilometres (5.5 sq mi), 26 kilometres (16 mi) of coastline, a highest elevation of 5 metres (16 ft) and thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation. The climate is pleasant, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year and with moderate rainfall. Tropical cyclones may occur in the early months of the year.North Keeling Island is an atoll consisting of just one C-shaped island, a nearly closed atoll ring with a small opening into the lagoon, about 50 metres (160 ft) wide, on the east side. The island measures 1.1 square kilometres (270 acres) in land area and is uninhabited. The lagoon is about 0.5 square kilometres (120 acres). North Keeling Island and the surrounding sea to 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from shore form the Pulu Keeling National Park, established on 12 December 1995. It is home to the only surviving population of the endemic, and endangered, Cocos Buff-banded Rail.South Keeling Islands is an atoll consisting of 24 individual islets forming an incomplete atoll ring, with a total land area of 13.1 square kilometres (5.1 sq mi). Only Home Island and West Island are populated.[15] The Cocos Malays maintain weekend shacks, referred to as pondoks, on most of the larger islands.Cocos (Keeling) Islands1889 map of South Keeling Islands1976 map of South Keeling IslandsThere are no rivers or lakes on either atoll. Fresh water resources are limited to water lenses on the larger islands, underground accumulations of rainwater lying above the seawater. These lenses are accessed through shallow bores or wells.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Flora and fauna","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical rainforest climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"Tropic of Capricorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn"},{"link_name":"Equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands experience a tropical rainforest climate (Af) according to the Köppen climate classification; the archipelago lies approximately midway between the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. The archipelago has two distinct seasons, the wet season and the dry season. The wettest month is April with precipitation totaling 262.6 millimetres (10.34 in), and the driest month is October with precipitation totaling 88.2 millimetres (3.47 in). Due to the strong maritime control, temperatures vary little although its location is some distance from the Equator. The hottest month is March with an average high temperature of 30.0 °C (86.0 °F), while the coolest month is September with an average low temperature of 24.2 °C (75.6 °F).Climate data for Cocos Islands Airport\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n32.8(91.0)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n30.1(86.2)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n30.9(87.6)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n32.8(91.0)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n29.3(84.7)\n\n28.6(83.5)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n28.2(82.8)\n\n28.6(83.5)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n29.1(84.4)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n25.4(77.7)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n25.4(77.7)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n153.9(6.06)\n\n181.6(7.15)\n\n231.4(9.11)\n\n262.6(10.34)\n\n205.0(8.07)\n\n212.3(8.36)\n\n220.2(8.67)\n\n104.9(4.13)\n\n86.4(3.40)\n\n88.2(3.47)\n\n96.9(3.81)\n\n93.5(3.68)\n\n1,936.9(76.25)\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm)\n\n12.9\n\n14.2\n\n18.3\n\n18.3\n\n18.9\n\n19.2\n\n21.4\n\n17.2\n\n13.5\n\n10.1\n\n10.1\n\n10.6\n\n184.7\n\n\nSource: Bureau of Meteorology[16]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-3"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Non-religious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-religious"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-3"},{"link_name":"Kaum Ibu (Women's Group)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaum_Ibu_(Women%27s_Group)"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"According to the 2021 Australian Census, the population of the Cocos Islands is 593 people.[2] The gender distribution stands at an approximate 51% male and 49% female.[2] The median age of the population is 40 years, slightly older than the median Australian population age of 38 years.[17] As of 2021, there are no people living on the Cocos Islands who identify as Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander).[2]Religion in Cocos Islands (2021) [2]\n\n Islam (65.6%) Non-religious (14%) Catholic (2%) Anglican (1.5%) Unspecified (15.3%) Other (1.6%)The majority religion of the Cocos Islands is Islam, with 65.6% of the total population identifying as Muslim, followed by Unspecified (15.3%), Non-religious (14.0%), Catholic (2.0%), Anglican (1.5%). The remaining 1.6% of Cocos Islanders identify as secular or hold various other beliefs (including atheism, agnosticism and unspecified spiritual beliefs).[2]73.5% of the population were born in Australia - either on the mainland, on the Cocos Islands, or in another Australian territory. The remaining 26.5% born outside of Australia come from various countries, including Malaysia (4.0%), England (1.3%), New Zealand (1.2%), Singapore (0.5%) and Argentina (0.5%), among others.[2] 61.2% of the population speak Malay rather than English at home, while 19.1% use English as their primary language and 3.5% speak another language (including Spanish and various Austronesian and African languages).[2]Kaum Ibu (Women's Group) is a women's rights organisation that represents the view of women at a local and national level.[18]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMH-5134-NA_Compass_chart_of_the_Kokos_islands.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"William Keeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Keeling"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"North Keeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Keeling"},{"link_name":"coconut palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dalrymple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dalrymple"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PKNPMP-21"},{"link_name":"John Clunies-Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clunies-Ross"},{"link_name":"Union Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Jack"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hare"},{"link_name":"harem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joshua-23"},{"link_name":"Banjarmasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjarmasin"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joshua-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joshua-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joshua-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bencoolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencoolen_(city)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chart_of_Cocos_Keeling_Islands.png"},{"link_name":"HMS Beagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Beagle"},{"link_name":"Robert FitzRoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy"},{"link_name":"survey expedition of the Beagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Syms Covington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syms_Covington"},{"link_name":"mulattos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"}],"sub_title":"Discovery and early history","text":"Historic compass chart of the Cocos islands[19]The archipelago was discovered in 1609 by Captain William Keeling of the East India Company, on a return voyage from the East Indies. North Keeling was sketched by Ekeberg, a Swedish captain, in 1749, showing the presence of coconut palms. It also appears on a 1789 chart produced by British hydrographer Alexander Dalrymple.[20]In 1825, Scottish merchant seaman Captain John Clunies-Ross stopped briefly at the islands on a trip to India, nailing up a Union Jack and planning to return and settle on the islands with his family in the future.[21] Wealthy Englishman Alexander Hare had similar plans, and hired a captain – coincidentally, Clunies-Ross's brother – to bring him and a volunteer harem of 40 Malay women to the islands, where he hoped to establish his private residence.[22] Hare had previously served as resident of Banjarmasin, a town in Borneo, and found that \"he could not confine himself to the tame life that civilisation affords\".[22]Clunies-Ross returned two years later with his wife, children and mother-in-law, and found Hare already established on the island and living with the private harem. A feud grew between the two.[22] Clunies-Ross's eight sailors \"began at once the invasion of the new kingdom to take possession of it, women and all\".[22]After some time, Hare's women began deserting him, and instead finding themselves partners amongst Clunies-Ross's sailors.[23] Disheartened, Hare left the island. He died in Bencoolen in 1834.[24] Encouraged by members of the former harem, Clunies-Ross then recruited Malays to come to the island for work and wives.Clunies-Ross's workers were paid in a currency called the Cocos rupee, a currency John Clunies-Ross minted himself that could only be redeemed at the company store.[25]1840 chart of the Cocos (Keeling) IslandsOn 1 April 1836, HMS Beagle under Captain Robert FitzRoy arrived to take soundings to establish the profile of the atoll as part of the survey expedition of the Beagle. To the naturalist Charles Darwin, aboard the ship, the results supported a theory he had developed of how atolls formed, which he later published as The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. He studied the natural history of the islands and collected specimens.[26] Darwin's assistant Syms Covington noted that \"an Englishman [he was in fact Scottish] and HIS family, with about sixty or seventy mulattos from the Cape of Good Hope, live on one of the islands. Captain Ross, the governor, is now absent at the Cape.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._882-28"},{"link_name":"Stephen Grenville Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Grenville_Fremantle"},{"link_name":"HMS Juno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Juno_(1844)"},{"link_name":"Ross II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Letters Patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_Patent"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Straits Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlement"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._882-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._883-32"},{"link_name":"Resident Magistrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Magistrate"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._883-32"},{"link_name":"telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Rodrigues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigues"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Batavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Annexation by the British Empire","text":"The islands were annexed by the British Empire in 1857.[27] This annexation was carried out by Captain Stephen Grenville Fremantle in command of HMS Juno. Fremantle claimed the islands for the British Empire and appointed Ross II as Superintendent.[28] In 1878, by Letters Patent, the Governor of Ceylon was made Governor of the islands, and, by further Letters Patent in 1886,[29] responsibility for the islands was transferred to the Governor of the Straits Settlement to exercise his functions as \"Governor of Cocos Islands\".[27]The islands were made part of the Straits Settlement under an Order in Council of 20 May 1903.[30] Meanwhile, in 1886 Queen Victoria had, by indenture, granted the islands in perpetuity to John Clunies-Ross.[31] The head of the family enjoyed semi-official status as Resident Magistrate and Government representative.[31]In 1901 a telegraph cable station was established on Direction Island. Undersea cables went to Rodrigues, Mauritius, Batavia, Java and Fremantle, Western Australia. In 1910 a wireless station was established to communicate with passing ships. The cable station ceased operation in 1966.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WW1_Landing_at_Direction_Island.jpg"},{"link_name":"German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"},{"link_name":"Emden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Emden_(1908)"},{"link_name":"Direction Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cocos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cocos"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"SMS Emden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Emden"},{"link_name":"Direction Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"},{"link_name":"HMAS Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(1912)"},{"link_name":"North Keeling Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Keeling_Island"},{"link_name":"collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_(ship)"},{"link_name":"battle ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_ensign"},{"link_name":"white sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_surrender"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"}],"sub_title":"World War I","text":"A landing party from the German Navy cruiser Emden leaves the Cocos (Keeling) Islands via this jetty on Direction Island on 9 November 1914.On the morning of 9 November 1914, the islands became the site of the Battle of Cocos, one of the first naval battles of World War I. A landing party from the German cruiser SMS Emden captured and disabled the wireless and cable communications station on Direction Island, but not before the station was able to transmit a distress call. An Allied troop convoy was passing nearby, and the Australian cruiser HMAS Sydney was detached from the convoy escort to investigate.Sydney spotted the island and Emden at 09:15, with both ships preparing for combat. At 11:20, the heavily damaged Emden beached herself on North Keeling Island. The Australian warship broke to pursue Emden's supporting collier, which scuttled herself, then returned to North Keeling Island at 16:00. At this point, Emden's battle ensign was still flying: usually a sign that a ship intends to continue fighting. After no response to instructions to lower the ensign, two salvoes were shot into the beached cruiser, after which the Germans lowered the flag and raised a white sheet. Sydney had orders to ascertain the status of the transmission station, but returned the next day to provide medical assistance to the Germans.Casualties totaled 134 personnel aboard Emden killed, and 69 wounded, compared to four killed and 16 wounded aboard Sydney. The German survivors were taken aboard the Australian cruiser, which caught up to the troop convoy in Colombo on 15 November, then transported to Malta and handed over the prisoners to the British Army. An additional 50 German personnel from the shore party, unable to be recovered before Sydney arrived, commandeered a schooner and escaped from Direction Island, eventually arriving in Constantinople. Emden was the last active Central Powers warship in the Indian or Pacific Ocean, which meant troopships from Australia and New Zealand could sail without naval escort, and Allied ships could be deployed elsewhere.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Y service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_service"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"seaplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane"},{"link_name":"Horsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsburgh_Island"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fall of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"King's African Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Ceylon Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"mutinied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny"},{"link_name":"Gratien Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratien_Fernando"},{"link_name":"gun battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"Cocos Islands Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Islands_Mutiny"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIM-35"},{"link_name":"I-166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-166"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"planned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiderace"},{"link_name":"Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"No. 136 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._136_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-24"},{"link_name":"No. 321 (Netherlands) Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._321_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._99_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 356","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._356_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"During World War II, the cable station was once again a vital link. The Cocos were valuable for direction finding by the Y service, the worldwide intelligence system used during the war.[33]Allied planners noted that the islands might be seized as an airfield for German planes and as a base for commerce raiders operating in the Indian Ocean. Following Japan's entry into the war, Japanese forces occupied neighbouring islands. To avoid drawing their attention to the Cocos cable station and its islands' garrison, the seaplane anchorage between Direction and Horsburgh islands was not used. Radio transmitters were also kept silent, except in emergencies.[citation needed]After the Fall of Singapore in 1942, the islands were administered from Ceylon and West and Direction Islands were placed under Allied military administration. The islands' garrison initially consisted of a platoon from the British Army's King's African Rifles, located on Horsburgh Island, with two 6-inch (152.4 mm) guns to cover the anchorage. The local inhabitants all lived on Home Island. Despite the importance of the islands as a communication centre, the Japanese made no attempt either to raid or to occupy them and contented themselves with sending over a reconnaissance aircraft about once a month.On the night of 8–9 May 1942, 15 members of the garrison, from the Ceylon Defence Force, mutinied under the leadership of Gratien Fernando. The mutineers were said to have been provoked by the attitude of their British officers and were also supposedly inspired by Japanese anti-British propaganda. They attempted to take control of the gun battery on the islands. The Cocos Islands Mutiny was crushed, but the mutineers murdered one non-mutinous soldier and wounded one officer. Seven of the mutineers were sentenced to death at a trial that was later alleged to have been improperly conducted, though the guilt of the accused was admitted. Four of the sentences were commuted, but three men were executed, including Fernando. These were to be the only British Commonwealth soldiers executed for mutiny during the Second World War.[34]On 25 December 1942, the Japanese submarine I-166 bombarded the islands but caused no damage.[35]Later in the war, two airstrips were built, and three bomber squadrons were moved to the islands to conduct raids against Japanese targets in South East Asia and to provide support during the planned reinvasion of Malaya and reconquest of Singapore. The first aircraft to arrive were Supermarine Spitfire Mk VIIIs of No. 136 Squadron RAF.[36] They included some Liberator bombers from No. 321 (Netherlands) Squadron RAF (members of exiled Dutch forces serving with the Royal Air Force), which were also stationed on the islands. When in July 1945 No. 99 and No. 356 RAF squadrons arrived on West Island, they brought with them a daily newspaper called Atoll which contained news of what was happening in the outside world. Run by airmen in their off-duty hours, it achieved fame when dropped by Liberator bombers on POW camps over the heads of the Japanese guards.In 1946, the administration of the islands reverted to Singapore and it became part of the Colony of Singapore.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._882-28"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Colony of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Roberts-Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Roberts-Wray"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"John William Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Stokes"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Island"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"A$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_dollar"},{"link_name":"John Clunies-Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clunies-Ross_Family#John_Cecil_Clunies-Ross"},{"link_name":"High Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Perth, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"The referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_status_referendum"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"Boeing P-8 Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon"},{"link_name":"anti-submarine warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc010923-16"},{"link_name":"Diego Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Paya Lebar Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paya_Lebar_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dip160419-47"}],"sub_title":"Transfer to Australia","text":"On 23 November 1955, the islands were transferred from the United Kingdom to the Commonwealth of Australia. Immediately before the transfer the islands were part of the United Kingdom's Colony of Singapore, in accordance with the Straits Settlements (Repeal) Act, 1946 of the United Kingdom[38] and the British Settlements Acts, 1887 and 1945, as applied by the Act of 1946.[27] The legal steps for effecting the transfer were as follows:[39]The Commonwealth Parliament and the Government requested and consented to the enactment of a United Kingdom Act for the purpose.\nThe Cocos Islands Act, 1955, authorised Her Majesty, by Order in Council, to direct that the islands should cease to form part of the Colony of Singapore and be placed under the authority of the Commonwealth.\nBy the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act, 1955, the Parliament of the Commonwealth provided for the acceptance of the islands as a territory under the authority of the Commonwealth and for its government.\nThe Cocos Islands Order in Council, 1955, made under the United Kingdom Act of 1955, provided that upon the appointed day (23 November 1955) the islands should cease to form part of the Colony of Singapore and be placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia.The reason for this comparatively complex machinery was due to the terms of the Straits Settlement (Repeal) Act, 1946. According to Sir Kenneth Roberts-Wray \"any other procedure would have been of doubtful validity\".[40] The separation involved three steps: separation from the Colony of Singapore; transfer by United Kingdom and acceptance by Australia.H. J. Hull was appointed the first official representative (now administrator) of the new territory. He had been a lieutenant-commander in the Royal Australian Navy and was released for the purpose. Under Commonwealth Cabinet Decision 1573 of 9 September 1958, Hull's appointment was terminated and John William Stokes was appointed on secondment from the Northern Territory police. A media release at the end of October 1958 by the Minister for Territories, Hasluck, commended Hull's three years of service on Cocos.Stokes served in the position from 31 October 1958 to 30 September 1960. His son's boyhood memories and photos of the Islands have been published.[41] C. I. Buffett MBE from Norfolk Island succeeded him and served from 28 July 1960 to 30 June 1966, and later acted as Administrator back on Cocos and on Norfolk Island. In 1974, Ken Mullen wrote a small book[42] about his time with wife and son from 1964 to 1966 working at the Cable Station on Direction Island.In the 1970s, the Australian government's dissatisfaction with the Clunies-Ross feudal style of rule of the island increased. In 1978, Australia forced the family to sell the islands for the sum of A$6,250,000, using the threat of compulsory acquisition. By agreement, the family retained ownership of Oceania House, their home on the island. In 1983, the Australian government reneged on this agreement and told John Clunies-Ross that he should leave the Cocos. The following year the High Court of Australia ruled that resumption of Oceania House was unlawful, but the Australian government ordered that no government business was to be granted to Clunies-Ross's shipping company, an action that contributed to his bankruptcy.[43] John Clunies-Ross later moved to Perth, Western Australia. However, some members of the Clunies-Ross family still live on the Cocos.Extensive preparations were undertaken by the government of Australia to prepare the Cocos Malays to vote in their referendum of self-determination. Discussions began in 1982, with an aim of holding the referendum, under United Nations supervision, in mid-1983. Under guidelines developed by the UN Decolonization Committee, residents were to be offered three choices: full independence, free association, or integration with Australia. The last option was preferred by both the islanders and the Australian government. A change in government in Canberra following the March 1983 Australian elections delayed the vote by one year. While the Home Island Council stated a preference for a traditional communal consensus \"vote\", the UN insisted on a secret ballot. The referendum was held on 6 April 1984, with all 261 eligible islanders participating, including the Clunies-Ross family: 229 voted for integration, 21 for Free Association, nine for independence, and two failed to indicate a preference.[44] In the first decade of the 21st century, a series of disputes have occurred between the Muslim and the non-Muslim population of the islands.[45]The airstrip on West Island has an airstrip that is more than two kilometres long and is designed to accommodate Boeing 737 passenger flights and smaller military planes. In 2023, the Australian parliament approved plans to extend the airstrip by 150 metres so that it could take Boeing P-8 Poseidon aircraft capable of low-level anti-submarine warfare operations and high-tech military surveillance. Construction was scheduled to start in 2024 and be completed by 2026.[15] Prior to the upgrade, the United States had been using the airstrip for several decades as a stopover point between Diego Garcia and Guam, and as a partial alternative to the Paya Lebar Air Base.[46]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malay Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Indonesian archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"indentured workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude"},{"link_name":"slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"convicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convict"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Australian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Indigenous status","text":"Descendants of the Cocos Malays brought to the islands from the Malay Peninsula, the Indonesian archipelago, Southern Africa and New Guinea by Hare and by Clunies-Ross as indentured workers, slaves or convicts are as of 2019[update] seeking recognition from the Australian government to be acknowledged as Indigenous Australians.[47]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Governor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Department of Transport and Regional Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Transport_and_Regional_Services"},{"link_name":"Attorney-General's Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney-General%27s_Department_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Infrastructure_and_Regional_Development"},{"link_name":"Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Infrastructure,_Regional_Development_and_Cities"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOTARS-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AussieAG-52"},{"link_name":"Farzian Zainal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farzian_Zainal"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Australian Indian Ocean Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAO_Sep_2013-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shire Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Cocos"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"The capital of the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands is West Island while the largest settlement is the village of Bantam, on Home Island.[citation needed]Governance of the islands is based on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955[48][49] and depends heavily on the laws of Australia. The islands are administered from Canberra by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts through a non-resident Administrator appointed by the Governor-General. They were previously the responsibility of the Department of Transport and Regional Services (before 2007), the Attorney-General's Department (2007–2013), Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development (2013–2017) and Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities (2017–2020).[50][51]As of November 2023, the Administrator is Farzian Zainal, she is also the Administrator of Christmas Island.[52] These two territories comprise the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. The Australian Government provides Commonwealth-level government services through the Christmas Island Administration and the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts.[53] As per the Federal Government's Territories Law Reform Act 1992, which came into force on 1 July 1992, Western Australian laws are applied to the Cocos Islands, \"so far as they are capable of applying in the Territory\";[54] non-application or partial application of such laws is at the discretion of the federal government. The Act also gives Western Australian courts judicial power over the islands. The Cocos Islands remain constitutionally distinct from Western Australia, however; the power of the state to legislate for the territory is power-delegated by the federal government. The kind of services typically provided by a state government elsewhere in Australia are provided by departments of the Western Australian Government, and by contractors, with the costs met by the federal government.[55]There also exists a unicameral Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shire Council with seven seats. A full term lasts four years, though elections are held every two years; approximately half the members retire each two years.[citation needed] As of March 2024[update] the president of the shire is Aindil Minkom.[56] The most recent local election took place on 21 October 2023 alongside elections on Christmas Island.[57]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senate-59"},{"link_name":"Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Rise Up Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Up_Australia_Party"},{"link_name":"Country Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Greens"},{"link_name":"CEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Electoral_Council"},{"link_name":"HEMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_End_Marijuana_Prohibition_(HEMP)_Party"},{"link_name":"Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Sex_Party"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-house-60"},{"link_name":"Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Shooters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooters,_Fishers_and_Farmers_Party"},{"link_name":"Country Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Greens"},{"link_name":"federal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Division of Lingiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Lingiari"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEC-61"},{"link_name":"2016 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senate-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-house-60"}],"sub_title":"Federal politics","text":"Senate, 2016[58]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLabor\n \n54.64%\n\n\nRise Up Australia\n \n22.86%\n\n\nCountry Liberal\n \n11.07%\n\n\nGreens\n \n5.00%\n\n\nCEC\n \n3.21%\n\n\nHEMP/Sex\n \n3.21%House of Representatives, 2016[59]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLabor\n \n64.34%\n\n\nShooters\n \n19.49%\n\n\nCountry Liberal\n \n8.82%\n\n\nOthers\n \n4.41%\n\n\nGreens\n \n2.94%Cocos (Keeling) Islands residents who are Australian citizens also vote in federal elections. Cocos (Keeling) Islanders are represented in the House of Representatives by the member for the Division of Lingiari (in the Northern Territory) and in the Senate by Northern Territory senators.[60] At the 2016 federal election, the Labor Party received absolute majorities from Cocos electors in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.[58][59]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_Airport"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"P-8 Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Australian Border Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Border_Force"},{"link_name":"Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape-class_patrol_boat"},{"link_name":"Armidale-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armidale-class_patrol_boat"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Arafura-class offshore patrol vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafura-class_offshore_patrol_vessel"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Australian Federal Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police"},{"link_name":"sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant"},{"link_name":"constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable"}],"sub_title":"Defence and law enforcement","text":"Defence is the responsibility of the Australian Defence Force. Until 2023, there were no active military installations or defence personnel on the island; the administrator could request the assistance of the Australian Defence Force if required.In 2016, the Australian Department of Defence announced that the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport (West Island) would be upgraded to support the Royal Australian Air Force's P-8 Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft.[61] Work was scheduled to begin in early 2023 and be completed by 2026. The airfield will act as a forward operating base for Australian surveillance and electronic warfare aircraft in the region.[62][63]The Royal Australian Navy and Australian Border Force also deploy Cape and Armidale-class patrol boats to conduct surveillance and counter-migrant smuggling patrols in adjacent waters.[64] As of 2023, the Navy's Armidale-class boats are in the process of being replaced by larger Arafura-class offshore patrol vessels.[65][66]Civilian law enforcement and community policing is provided by the Australian Federal Police. The normal deployment to the island is one sergeant and one constable. These are augmented by two locally engaged Special Members who have police powers.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Department of the Attorney-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Attorney_General_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"circuit court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_court"}],"sub_title":"Courts","text":"See also: Supreme Court of the Cocos (Keeling) IslandsSince 1992, court services have been provided by the Western Australian Department of the Attorney-General under a service delivery arrangement with the Australian Government. Western Australian Court Services provide Magistrates Court, District Court, Supreme Court, Family Court, Children's Court, Coroner's Court and Registry for births, deaths and marriages and change of name services. Magistrates and judges from Western Australia convene a circuit court as required.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Health care","text":"Home Island and West Island have medical clinics providing basic health services, but serious medical conditions and injuries cannot be treated on the island and patients are sent to Perth for treatment, a distance of 3,000 km (1,900 mi).","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brad Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Farmer"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"stevedores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevedore"},{"link_name":"lighterage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightering"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"The population of the islands is approximately 600. There is a small and growing tourist industry focused on water-based or nature activities. In 2016, a beach on Direction Island was named the best beach in Australia by Brad Farmer, an Aquatic and Coastal Ambassador for Tourism Australia and co-author of 101 Best Beaches 2017.[67][68]Small local gardens and fishing contribute to the food supply, but most food and most other necessities must be imported from Australia or elsewhere.The Cocos Islands Cooperative Society Ltd. employs construction workers, stevedores, and lighterage worker operations. Tourism employs others. The unemployment rate was 6.7% in 2011.[69]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Scientific Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Reports"},{"link_name":"plastic rubbish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution"},{"link_name":"plastic cutlery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_cutlery"},{"link_name":"drinking straws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_straw"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"A 2019 study led by Jennifer Lavers from the University of Tasmania's Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies published in the journal Scientific Reports estimated the volume of plastic rubbish on the Islands as around 414 million pieces, weighing 238 tonnes, 93% of which lies buried under the sand. It said that previous surveys which only assessed surface garbage probably \"drastically underestimated the scale of debris accumulation\". The plastic waste found in the study consisted mostly of single-use items such as bottles, plastic cutlery, bags and drinking straws.[70][71][72][73]","title":"Plastic pollution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Strait"},{"link_name":"Sunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Strait"},{"link_name":"Lombok straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombok_Strait"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc010923-16"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsws-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post-76"},{"link_name":"Euronews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronews"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euro-77"},{"link_name":"World Socialist Web Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Socialist_Web_Site"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsws-75"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Stephen Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Smith_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"The Cocos Islands are strategically important because of their proximity to shipping lanes in the Indian and Pacific oceans. The islands could be used to monitor the Malacca, Sunda and Lombok straits.[15][74] The United States and Australia have expressed interest in stationing surveillance drones on the Cocos Islands.[75] Euronews described the plan as Australian support for an increased American presence in Southeast Asia, but expressed concern that it was likely to upset Chinese officials.[76]James Cogan has written for the World Socialist Web Site that the plan to station surveillance drones at Cocos is one component of former US President Barack Obama's \"pivot\" towards Asia, facilitating control of the sea lanes and potentially allowing US forces to enforce a blockade against China.[74] After plans to construct airbases were reported on by The Washington Post,[77] Australian defence minister Stephen Smith stated that the Australian government views the \"Cocos as being potentially a long-term strategic location, but that is down the track.\"[78] In 2023, Indian aircraft from their Navy and Air Force paid a visit to the islands. Australia hopes to further advance relationships with India in order to grow their monitoring strength in the Indian Ocean. [79]","title":"Strategic importance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communications and transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway"},{"link_name":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_Airport"},{"link_name":"Virgin Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Airport"},{"link_name":"Qantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantas"},{"link_name":"South African Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Airways"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon"},{"link_name":"seaports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"The Cocos (Keeling) Islands have fifteen kilometres (9.3 miles) of highway.There is one paved airport on the West Island. A tourist bus operates on Home Island.The only airport is Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport with a single 2,441 m (8,009 ft) paved runway. Virgin Australia operates scheduled jet services from Perth Airport via Christmas Island. After 1952, the airport at Cocos Islands was a stop for airline flights between Australia and South Africa, and Qantas and South African Airways stopped there to refuel. The arrival of long-range jet aircraft ended this need in 1967.The Cocos Islands Cooperative Society operates an interisland ferry, the Cahaya Baru, connecting West, Home and Direction Islands, as well as a bus service on West Island.[80]There is a lagoon anchorage between Horsburgh and Direction islands for larger vessels, while yachts have a dedicated anchorage area in the southern lee of Direction Island. There are no major seaports on the islands.","title":"Communications and transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Post"}],"sub_title":"Communications","text":"The islands are connected within Australia's telecommunication system (with number range +61 8 9162 xxxx). Public phones are located on both West Island and Home Island. A reasonably reliable GSM mobile phone network (number range +61 406 xxx), run by CiiA (Christmas Island Internet Association), operates on Cocos (Keeling) Islands. SIM cards (full size) and recharge cards can be purchased from the Telecentre on West Island to access this service.Australia Post provides mail services with the postcode 6799. There are post offices on West Island and Home Island. Standard letters and express post items are sent by air twice weekly, but all other mail is sent by sea and can take up to two months for delivery.","title":"Communications and transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":".cc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cc"},{"link_name":"ccTLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CcTLD"},{"link_name":"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"National Broadband Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadband_Network"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gizmodo-82"},{"link_name":"Oman Australia Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_Australia_Cable"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-20230706-86"}],"sub_title":"Internet","text":".cc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Cocos (Keeling) Islands. It is administered by VeriSign through a subsidiary company eNIC, which promotes it for international registration as \"the next .com\"; .cc was originally assigned in October 1997 to eNIC Corporation of Seattle WA by the IANA. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also uses the .cc domain, along with .nc.tr.Internet access on Cocos is provided by CiiA (Christmas Island Internet Association), and is supplied via satellite ground station on West Island, and distributed via a wireless PPPoE-based WAN on both inhabited islands. Casual internet access is available at the Telecentre on West Island and the Indian Ocean Group Training office on Home Island.The National Broadband Network announced in early 2012 that it would extend service to Cocos in 2015 via high-speed satellite link.[81]The Oman Australia Cable, completed in 2022, links Australia and Oman with a spur to the Cocos Islands.[82][83][84][85]","title":"Communications and transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"}],"text":"The Cocos (Keeling) Islands have access to a range of modern communication services. Digital television stations are broadcast from Western Australia via satellite. A local radio station, 6CKI – Voice of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, is staffed by community volunteers and provides some local content.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"Newspapers","text":"The Cocos Islands Community Resource Centre publishes a fortnightly newsletter called The Atoll. It is available in paper and electronic formats.[86]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"ABC6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABW_(TV_station)"},{"link_name":"SBS7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"WAW8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWN7"},{"link_name":"WOW10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOW_(TV_station)"},{"link_name":"WDW11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Digital_Television"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"TV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV3_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"ntv7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntv7"},{"link_name":"8TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8TV_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"TV9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV9_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"AustralianThe Cocos (Keeling) Islands receives a range of digital channels from Western Australia via satellite and is broadcast from the Airport Building on the West Island on the following VHF frequencies: ABC6, SBS7, WAW8, WOW10 and WDW11[87]MalaysianFrom 2013 onwards, Cocos Island received four Malaysian channels via satellite: TV3, ntv7, 8TV and TV9.[citation needed]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cocos Islands District High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Islands_District_High_School"},{"link_name":"Western Australia Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia_Department_of_Education"}],"text":"There is a school in the archipelago, Cocos Islands District High School, with campuses located on West Island (Kindergarten to Year 10), and the other on Home Island (Kindergarten to Year 6). CIDHS is part of the Western Australia Department of Education. School instruction is in English on both campuses, with Cocos Malay teacher aides assisting the younger children in Kindergarten, Pre-Preparatory and early Primary with the English curriculum on the Home Island Campus. The Home Language of Cocos Malay is valued whilst students engage in learning English.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"}],"text":"Although it is an Australian territory, the culture of the islands has extensive influences from Malaysia and Indonesia due to its predominantly ethnic Malay population.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Island Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Island_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Australian Commonwealth Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Commonwealth_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahd-105219-89"}],"text":"The West Island Mosque on Alexander Street is listed on the Australian Commonwealth Heritage List.[88]","title":"Heritage listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pulu Cocos Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulu_Cocos_Museum"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-91"},{"link_name":"Clunies-Ross family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clunies-Ross_family"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-94"}],"text":"The Pulu Cocos Museum on Home Island was established in 1987, in recognition of the fact that the distinct culture of Home Island needed formal preservation.[89][90] The site includes the displays on local culture and traditions, as well as the early history of the islands and their ownership by the Clunies-Ross family.[91][92] The museum also includes displays on military and naval history, as well as local botanical and zoological items.[93]","title":"Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral"},{"link_name":"Galapagos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos_Islands"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birch_2022-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"bluefin tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefin_tuna"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birch_2022-95"}],"text":"Reefs near the islands have healthy coral and are home to several rare species of marine life. The region, along with the Christmas Island reefs, have been described as \"Australia's Galapagos Islands\".[94]In the 2021 budget the Australian Government committed $A39.1M to create two new marine parks off Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The parks will cover up to 740,000 square kilometres (290,000 sq mi) of Australian waters.[95] After months of consultation with local people, both parks were approved in March 2022, with a total coverage of 744,000 square kilometres (287,000 sq mi). The park will help to protect spawning of bluefin tuna from illegal international fishers, but local people will be allowed to practise fishing sustainably inshore in order to source food.[94]","title":"Marine park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Department-97"},{"link_name":"airport runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_runway"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wynne_2019-98"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Island"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Pacific Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Games"}],"text":"Rugby league is a popular sport on the islands.[96] The Cocos Islands Golf Club, located on West Island and established in 1962, is the only golf course in the world that plays across an international airport runway.[97]Unlike Norfolk Island, another external territory of Australia, the Cocos Islands do not participate in the Commonwealth Games or the Pacific Games.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_Airport_-_RWY33.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cocos(Keeling)Islands_HomeIsland02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Home Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMAS_Sydney_1912_compass-stand_Port_Macquarie.JPG"},{"link_name":"HMAS Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(1912)"},{"link_name":"SMS Emden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Emden"},{"link_name":"Port Macquarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Macquarie"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMS_Emden_1914.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BRIG_DURRANT_WRITING_CANCELLED.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._99_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"356","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._356_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"321 Squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._321_(Dutch)_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H.M._Queen_Elizabeth_and_Prince_Philip_at_the_Cocos_Islands,_April_1954.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Prince Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Philip-Queen_Elizabeth-John_Clunies_Ross@Coco_Islands_1954.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Clunies-Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clunies-Ross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_garden_part_1954-04.jpg"}],"text":"Gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAerial view of Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport (ICAO code: YPCC).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHome Island.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCompass stand from the bridge of HMAS Sydney, which destroyed the SMS Emden, installed at Port Macquarie, New South Wales, in 1929.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA broadside view of the wrecked Emden after her encounter with HMAS Sydney. Crew huddle on the wreck, awaiting rescue by Sydney.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe last bombing raid of World War II by 99, 356 and 321 Squadrons is cancelled, 15 August 1945.[98]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQueen Elizabeth and Prince Philip arrive at the Cocos Islands, April 1954.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrince Philip waves goodbye as he and Queen Elizabeth, accompanied by John Clunies-Ross, return to their ship from Home Island (1954).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQueen Elizabeth at a garden party held in her honour at Home Island (1954).","title":"Image gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"de jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"}],"text":"^ English does not have de jure status on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and in Australia, but it is the de facto language of communication in government.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Home Island Beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lagoon_Beach_%2825152057091%29.jpg/300px-Lagoon_Beach_%2825152057091%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands-CIA_WFB_Map.png/200px-Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands-CIA_WFB_Map.png"},{"image_text":"1889 map of South Keeling Islands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cocos_Islands_1889.jpg/200px-Cocos_Islands_1889.jpg"},{"image_text":"1976 map of South Keeling Islands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cocos%28keeling%29_76.jpg/200px-Cocos%28keeling%29_76.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historic compass chart of the Cocos islands[19]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/AMH-5134-NA_Compass_chart_of_the_Kokos_islands.jpg/220px-AMH-5134-NA_Compass_chart_of_the_Kokos_islands.jpg"},{"image_text":"1840 chart of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Chart_of_Cocos_Keeling_Islands.png/220px-Chart_of_Cocos_Keeling_Islands.png"},{"image_text":"A landing party from the German Navy cruiser Emden leaves the Cocos (Keeling) Islands via this jetty on Direction Island on 9 November 1914.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/WW1_Landing_at_Direction_Island.jpg/220px-WW1_Landing_at_Direction_Island.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/130px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png"},{"image_text":"English speaking countries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg"},{"title":"Islands portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg"},{"title":"Asia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia"},{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"title":"Banknotes of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"},{"title":"Index of Cocos (Keeling) Islands-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands-related_articles"},{"title":"Pearl Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Islands"}]	[{"reference":"\"RDA Appointments\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rda.gov.au/rda-appointments","url_text":"\"RDA Appointments\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Census QuickStats: Cocos (Keeling) Islands\". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/POA6799","url_text":"\"2021 Census QuickStats: Cocos (Keeling) Islands\""}]},{"reference":"Lundy, Kate (2010). \"Chapter 3: The economic environment of the Indian Ocean Territories\". Inquiry into the changing economic environment in the Indian Ocean Territories (PDF). Parliament House, Canberra ACT: Joint Standing Committee on the National Capital and External Territories. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-642-79276-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_Committees?url=/ncet/economicenvironment/report/chapter%203.pdf","url_text":"Inquiry into the changing economic environment in the Indian Ocean Territories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-642-79276-1","url_text":"978-0-642-79276-1"}]},{"reference":"\"List of left- & right-driving countries\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/?location=cn","url_text":"\"List of left- & right-driving countries\""}]},{"reference":"\"COCOS ISLANDS \| Meaning & Definition for UK English \| Lexico.com\". Lexico Dictionaries \| English. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220323164925/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cocos_islands","url_text":"\"COCOS ISLANDS \| Meaning & Definition for UK English \| Lexico.com\""},{"url":"https://www.lexico.com/definition/cocos_islands","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cocos Keeling Islands (11 February 2021). \"Cocos Keeling Islands - Destination WA 2020 - Motorised Canoe Safari\". YouTube. Retrieved 23 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmj571hdJzk&t=9s","url_text":"\"Cocos Keeling Islands - Destination WA 2020 - Motorised Canoe Safari\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cocos (Keeling) Islands\". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090912042550/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ck.html","url_text":"\"Cocos (Keeling) Islands\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ck.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Woodroffe, C.D.; Berry, P.F. (February 1994). Scientific Studies in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands: An Introduction. Atoll Research Bulletin. Vol. 399. Washington DC: National Museum of Natural History. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/atollresearchbu399425smit#page/n14","url_text":"Scientific Studies in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands: An Introduction"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160410073158/https://archive.org/stream/atollresearchbu399425smit/#page/n14","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dynasties: Clunies-Ross\". www.abc.net.au. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140831132048/http://www.abc.net.au/dynasties/txt/s1227294.htm","url_text":"\"Dynasties: Clunies-Ross\""},{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/dynasties/txt/s1227294.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Horsburgh, James (1841). \"Islands to the Southward and South-eastward of Java; The Keeling or Cocos Islands\". The India directory, or, Directions for sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, and the interjacent ports of Africa and South America: comp. chiefly from original journals of the honourable company's ships, and from observations and remarks, resulting from the experience of twenty-one years in the navigation of those seas. Vol. 1 (5th ed.). London: W.H. Allen and Co. pp. 141–2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Horsburgh","url_text":"Horsburgh, James"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/indiadirectoryor01hors#page/142/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Islands to the Southward and South-eastward of Java; The Keeling or Cocos Islands\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, J. C. (May 1835). \"The Cocos' Isles\". The Metropolitan. Peck and Newton. p. 220.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3h3ZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA220","url_text":"\"The Cocos' Isles\""}]},{"reference":"Weber, Max Carl Wilhelm; Weber, Lieven Ferdinand de Beaufort, Max Wilhelm Carl (1916). The Fishes of the Indo-australian Archipelago. Brill Archive. p. 286. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Oh	Sandra Oh	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 1994–2004: Early work","2.2 2005–2013: Grey's Anatomy","2.3 2014–present: Film roles and Killing Eve","3 Personal life","3.1 Activism","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 Awards and nominations","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Canadian and American actress (born 1971) Sandra OhOCOh in 2016BornSandra Miju Oh (1971-07-20) July 20, 1971 (age 52)Nepean, Ontario, CanadaCitizenship Canada United States (since 2018) EducationNational Theatre SchoolOccupationActressYears active1989–presentSpouse Alexander Payne (m. 2003; div. 2006)AwardsFull list Sandra Miju Oh OC (born July 20, 1971) is a Canadian and American actress. She is known for her starring roles as Rita Wu in the HBO comedy series Arliss (1996–2002), Dr. Cristina Yang in the ABC medical drama series Grey's Anatomy (2005–2014), and Eve Polastri in the BBC America spy thriller series Killing Eve (2018–2022). She has received two Golden Globe Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards. In 2019, Time magazine named Oh one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Oh first gained recognition for her roles in the Canadian films Double Happiness (1994) and The Diary of Evelyn Lau (1994). Her later television credits include Judging Amy and American Crime, as well as voice roles on American Dad!, American Dragon: Jake Long, The Proud Family, Phineas and Ferb, Chop Socky Chooks, She-Ra and the Princesses of Power, and Invincible. In 2021, she played the lead role in the Netflix comedy drama series The Chair and was also one of the executive producers of the series. She has had notable supporting and leading performances in films such as Bean (1997), Last Night (1998), The Princess Diaries (2001), Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity (2002), Under the Tuscan Sun (2003), Sideways (2004), Wilby Wonderful (2004), Hard Candy (2005), Rabbit Hole (2010), Tammy (2014), Catfight (2016), and Meditation Park (2017), as well as voice roles in Mulan II (2004), The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends (2007), Over the Moon (2020), Raya and the Last Dragon (2021) and Turning Red (2022). Oh won two Genie Awards for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role for Double Happiness and Last Night and she won a Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series for The Diary of Evelyn Lau. She hosted the 28th Genie Awards in 2008, and became the first woman of Asian descent to host the Golden Globe Awards at the 76th ceremony in 2019. In March 2019, she became the first Asian-Canadian woman to host Saturday Night Live, and was the third actress of Asian descent to do so, after Lucy Liu in 2000 and Awkwafina in 2018. She was also the first actress of Asian descent to be nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and the first woman of Asian descent to win two Golden Globes. Early life Sandra Miju Oh was born in Nepean, Ontario, on July 20, 1971, the daughter of middle-class South Korean immigrants Oh Young-nam, a biochemist, and Oh Jun-su (John), a businessperson. Her parents had moved to the area in the early 1960s. She has a brother, Ray, and a sister, Grace, and grew up in a Christian household, living on Camwood Crescent in Nepean, where she began acting and practicing ballet at age four to correct her pigeon-toed stance. Growing up, Oh was one of the few youths of Asian descent in Nepean. At age ten, Oh played The Wizard of Woe in a class musical called The Canada Goose. Later, at Sir Robert Borden High School, she founded the environmental club BASE (Borden Active Students for the Environment), leading a campaign against the use of styrofoam cups. While in high school, she was elected student council president. She also played the flute and continued both her ballet training and acting studies, though she knew that she "was not good enough to be a professional dancer" and eventually focused on acting. She took drama classes, acted in school plays, and joined the drama club, where she took part in the Canadian Improv Games and Skit Row High, a comedy group. Against her parents' advice, she rejected a four-year journalism scholarship to Carleton University to study drama at the National Theatre School of Canada in Montreal, paying her own way. Oh told her parents that she would try acting for a few years, and promised to return to university if it failed. Reflecting on forgoing university, she has said that she is "the only person in family who doesn't have a master's in something". Soon after graduating from the National Theatre School in 1993, she starred in a stage production of David Mamet's Oleanna in London, Ontario. Around the same time, she won roles in biographical television films of two significant female Chinese-Canadians: as Vancouver author Evelyn Lau in The Diary of Evelyn Lau, where she won the role over more than 1,000 others who auditioned, and as Adrienne Clarkson in a CBC biopic of Clarkson's life. Career 1994–2004: Early work Oh came to prominence in her home country for her lead performance in the Canadian film Double Happiness (1994), playing Jade Li, a twenty-something Chinese-Canadian woman negotiating her wishes and those of her parents. The film received critical acclaim, with Roger Ebert praising Oh's "warm performance". Janet Maslin of The New York Times also praised her performance, saying: "Ms. Oh's performance makes Jade a smart, spiky heroine you won't soon forget." Oh won the Genie Award for Best Actress for the role. In 1995 she appeared in the Canadian film Little Criminals with a multi-scene, but uncredited, performance. In 1997 she appeared in the film Bean, playing the supporting role of Bernice, the art gallery PR manager. Her other Canadian films include Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity and Last Night (1998), for which she again won a Best Actress Genie. She was cast in the drama Dancing at the Blue Iguana (2000), playing a stripper at an adult dance club opposite Daryl Hannah. The film received mediocre reviews, though Oh was praised for her performance. The New York Times review said, "Oh make the most of opportunity to explore the vulnerability below characters' hard-edged surface." The same year, she appeared in the drama Waking the Dead. In 2002, Oh appeared in the family comedy Big Fat Liar, followed by a minor role in Steven Soderbergh's Full Frontal (2002). Oh garnered critical acclaim for her six seasons as Rita Wu, the assistant to the president of a major sports agency, on the HBO series Arliss, receiving a nomination for an NAACP Image Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and a Cable Ace award for Best Actress in a Comedy for her work. She also made several guest appearances on the series Popular (1999) playing a humanities teacher and guest starred in the television series Kung Fu: The Legend Continues, Judging Amy, Six Feet Under and Odd Job Jack. In theatre, Oh has also starred in the world premieres of Jessica Hagedorn's Dogeaters at the La Jolla Playhouse and Diana Son's Stop Kiss at Joseph Papp's Public Theater in New York City. In 2003, she was cast in a supporting role opposite Diane Lane in Under the Tuscan Sun, followed by a supporting role in Alexander Payne's drama Sideways (2004). She considers Sideways and The Diary of Evelyn Lau to be the two best films she has made. 2005–2013: Grey's Anatomy In 2005, Oh appeared in several films, including David Slade's controversial thriller Hard Candy; and the independent anthology drama 3 Needles (2005), opposite Chloë Sevigny and Olympia Dukakis, in which she plays a Catholic nun in an AIDS-stricken African village. The same year, Oh was cast as Cristina Yang in the first season of what became the hit ABC medical series Grey's Anatomy. Oh's role on the show earned her both a 2005 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series and a 2006 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series. In July 2009, she received her fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actress in a Drama for her work on the series. Oh at the presentation of her star on Canada's Walk of Fame in 2011 In addition to her work on Grey's Anatomy, Oh continued to appear in films. She co-starred in the thriller The Night Listener (2006), alongside Robin Williams and Toni Collette; in the superhero comedy Defendor (2009); Ramona and Beezus (2010); and in the critically acclaimed drama Rabbit Hole (2010), opposite Nicole Kidman and Aaron Eckhart. In her only audiobook, she played Brigid O'Shaughnessy in a Grammy-nominated dramatization of The Maltese Falcon (2008), which also featured Michael Madsen and Edward Herrmann. She also has done a few voice roles in animation, including a few guest appearances in American Dragon: Jake Long, the voice of Princess Ting-Ting in Mulan II, and the voice of Doofah in The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends. Oh was the host of the 28th Genie Awards on March 3, 2008. In 2009, Oh performed in The People Speak, a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States. During the off-season hiatus from filming Grey's Anatomy in 2010, Oh took the part of Sarah Chen in the British crime drama, Thorne. She undertook intensive dialect coaching in order to play her British character. On June 28, 2011, it was announced that Oh would receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame; she was inducted on October 1 at Elgin Theatre in Toronto. In 2013, Oh formally announced that she would be leaving Grey's Anatomy at the end of the tenth season. Oh exited the series with the season 10 finale. 2014–present: Film roles and Killing Eve Oh during the 2021 Peabody Awards In October 2014, Oh announced that she would be teaming up with Canadian director Ann Marie Fleming to collaborate on an animated feature film titled Window Horses. She also appeared in a supporting role in the comedy film Tammy (2014), playing the wife of Kathy Bates' character. In 2015, she starred on the Refinery29 comedy web series Shitty Boyfriends. Oh began filming the comedy film, Catfight (2016), in New York City in December 2015. In 2017, Oh starred as Abby Tanaka in the third season of the anthology drama series American Crime. Beginning in April 2018, Oh began a leading role in the BBC iPlayer spy thriller series Killing Eve, playing British intelligence agent Eve Polastri whose quarry is psychopathic assassin Villanelle (played by Jodie Comer), with the two women developing a mutual fascination. Upon reading the series script, Oh did not realize she was being considered for a leading role, stating that she had been "brainwashed" by years of being typecast as the leads' best friend. The series was renewed for a second season ahead of its debut, and a third was announced less than a day after the second premiered in the United States. Killing Eve was also renewed for a fourth season shortly after. Oh has garnered critical acclaim for her performance on the series, with Jenna Scherer describing her in Rolling Stone as "a compulsively watchable actor – expressive and complex, blending wry wit and deep pathos." When Vulture declared Oh the best actress currently on television, critic Matt Zoller Seitz wrote: "It's a tour de force performance, yet so self-effacing and invisible in its effects that you come away thinking that you've seen a crackling yarn with compelling characters rather than a cultural landmark. This is a magic trick of a high order." In 2018, Oh became the first actress of Asian descent to be nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, for that role. She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama, becoming the first woman of Asian descent to win two Golden Globe Awards. Oh won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series at the SAG Awards in 2019. From 2018 to 2020, Oh voiced the role of Castaspella in the animated superhero series She-Ra and the Princesses of Power. In 2019, she co-hosted the 76th Golden Globe Awards, alongside Andy Samberg. Oh became the first woman of Asian descent to host the awards show. In March 2019, she became the first Asian-Canadian woman to host Saturday Night Live, and only the third actress of Asian descent, after Lucy Liu in 2000 and Awkwafina in 2018. In 2021, Oh voiced Virana, the chieftess of the Fang tribe in the Disney animated film Raya and the Last Dragon. Oh voices the role of Debbie Grayson in the animated superhero drama series Invincible. The series, based on the comic book series of the same name, premiered on Amazon Prime Video in 2021. In 2021, Oh served as executive producer and had the lead role in the Netflix comedy-drama series The Chair. In 2022, Oh voiced the role of Ming Lee, the strict and overprotective mother of the main character in the Pixar animated film Turning Red. She joined Lynne Ramsay's adaptation of Margaret Atwood's short story collection Stone Mattress. In 2023, Oh played the role of Jenny Yum, a brash, outgoing, and impulsive older sister of the main character in the 20th Century Studios comedy film Quiz Lady. Her upcoming projects include Good Fortune directed by Aziz Ansari. Personal life Oh was in a relationship with filmmaker Alexander Payne for five years. They married in January 2003, separated in early 2005, and divorced in late 2006. On July 8, 2013, Oh received the key to the city of Ottawa from Mayor Jim Watson. Oh practices Vipassanā, a Buddhist form of meditation. Her work in acting is informed by a loose creative collective that teaches "creative dream work", which reportedly fuses Jungian dream analysis with method acting and aims to bring one's "subconscious work into consciousness". Oh became a US citizen in 2018. On the first anniversary of her citizenship, she discussed it while hosting Saturday Night Live and referred to herself as an "Asian-Canadian-American". Oh was awarded the National Arts Centre Award from the Governor General of Canada in 2019, as a part of the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards. In June 2022, Oh was named an officer of the Order of Canada. Later in that year, she was one of a number of recent inductees to the Order to be included in the Canadian delegation to the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II. Activism On March 22, 2021, Oh gave a speech at a Stop Asian Hate rally in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in response to the Atlanta spa shootings. She encouraged people "to reach out to the Asian American community", stating that they were "very scared". I'm gonna be very, very brief, but one thing I know, many of us in our community are very scared, and I understand that, and one way to try to kind of go through– get through our fear is to reach out to our communities.....I will challenge everyone here: if you see something, will you help me? If you see one of our brothers and sisters in need, will you help us?...I am proud to be Asian! I wanna hear you say, I am proud to be Asian! I belong here! I am proud to be Asian! I belong here! Many of us don't get the chance to be able to say that, so I just wanted to give us an opportunity to be able to shout that. Filmography Key † Denotes films that have not yet been released Film Year Title Role Notes 1994 Double Happiness Jade Li 1997 Bean Bernice Schimmel Bad Day on the Block Unknown 1998 Last Night Sandra The Red Violin Madame Ming Permanent Midnight Friend 1999 Guinevere Cindy 2000 Waking the Dead Kim Dancing at the Blue Iguana Jasmine Bulut 2001 The Princess Diaries Vice Principal Gupta The Frank Truth Herself Documentary 2002 Big Fat Liar Phyllis Caldwell Full Frontal Fourth fired employee Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity Kin Ho Lum Barrier Device Audrey Short film 2003 Rick Michelle Under the Tuscan Sun Patti 2004 Sideways Stephanie Wilby Wonderful Carol French Mulan II Ting Ting Voice 2005 Hard Candy Judy Tokuda Break a Leg Young Turk Cake Lulu 3 Needles Mary Sorry, Haters Phyllis MacIntyre Kind of a Blur Joe 2006 The Night Listener Anna For Your Consideration Marketing person 2007 The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends Doofah Voice 2008 Blindness Minister of Health 2009 Defendor Dr. Park The People Speak Herself Documentary 2010 Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey Gal 2000 Voice Ramona and Beezus Mrs. Meacham Rabbit Hole Gabby 2014 Tammy Susanne 2015 Snowtime! Four-Eyed Frankie Voice 2016 Window Horses Rosie Ming Voice, also producer Catfight Veronica Salt 2017 Meditation Park Ava 2020 Over the Moon Mrs. Zhong Voice 2021 Raya and the Last Dragon Virana Voice The Same Storm Grace Park 2022 Turning Red Ming Lee Voice Umma Amanda Also executive producer 2023 Quiz Lady Jenny Yum Also producer 2024 The Tiger's Apprentice Mistral Voice TBA Good Fortune Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 1989 Denim Blues Gwen Television pilot 1992 Degrassi High: School's Out Waitress Television film 1994 The Diary of Evelyn Lau Evelyn Lau Television film 1995 Cagney & Lacey: The View Through the Glass Ceiling Angela Lum Television film If Not for You Anna Episode: "The Kiss/Taking a Shower with My Two True Loves" Lonesome Dove: The Outlaw Years Ming Li Episode: "Badlands" 1996 Kung Fu: The Legend Continues Mai Chi Episode: "The First Temple" 1996–2002 Arliss Rita Wu Main role 1999 Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Breadcrumb Voice, episode: "The Three Little Pigs" Popular Humanities teacher Episode: "Under Siege/Mo' Menace, Mo' Problems" 2001 Further Tales of the City Bambi Kanetaka Miniseries Judging Amy Shelly Tran 3 episodes Six Feet Under Porn starlet Episode: "An Open Book" 2001–2002 The Proud Family Marsha Mitsubishi Voice, 3 episodes 2005–2013 American Dad! Katie, Hiko Yoshida Voice, 6 episodes 2005–2014 Grey's Anatomy Cristina Yang Main role (seasons 1–10) 2006 Odd Job Jack Vanessa Episode: "My Big Miserable African Honeymoon/Jack Ryder Gets Hitched" 2006–2007 American Dragon: Jake Long Sun Park Voice, recurring role, Season 2 2008 Phineas and Ferb Dr. Doofenshmirtz's girlfriend Voice, episode: "Get That Bigfoot Outa My Face!" Sesame Street Fairy cookie person Episode: "The Cookie Touch" 2009 Robot Chicken Kate Winslet, Sarah Connor Voice, episode: "Cannot Be Erased, So Sorry" 2010 Thorne Sarah Chen Episode: "Scaredycat" 2011 Michael: Every Day Judy Song Episode: "Ridicule" 2014 Betas Sharron Episode: "Steppin' Out" 2015 Shitty Boyfriends Kathy 6 episodes 2016 Peg + Cat President Voice, episode: "The Package Problem" 2017 American Crime Abby Tanaka 4 episodes The Magic School Bus Rides Again Dr. Sarah Bellum Voice, episode: "Ralphie Strikes A Nerve" 2018–2022 Killing Eve Eve Polastri Main role; also executive producer 2018–2020 She-Ra and the Princesses of Power Castaspella Voice, recurring role 2019 76th Golden Globe Awards Herself (co-host) Television special Saturday Night Live Herself (host) Episode: "Sandra Oh / Tame Impala" 2021 The Chair Ji-Yoon Kim Main role; also executive producer 2021–present Invincible Deborah Grayson Voice, main role 2022 The Sandman The Prophet Cat Voice, episode: "Dream of a Thousand Cats" 2023 Gremlins: Secrets of the Mogwai Nüwa Voice, 3 episodes 2024 The Sympathizer Ms. Sofia Mori 5 episodes Awards and nominations Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Sandra Oh Among her accolades, she has received two Golden Globe Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as nominations for thirteen Primetime Emmy Awards. See also Eve Polastri Koreans in New York City References ^ "Sandra Oh celebrates U.S. Citizenship anniversary on 'Saturday Night Live'". NBC News. April 1, 2019. ^ a b "Governor General announces new appointments to the Order of Canada and promotions within the Order". Office of the Secretary to the Governor General. June 29, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022. ^ "Horoscope". TV Guide. December 20, 2021. p. 70. ^ Rhimes, Shonda. "Sandra Oh: The 100 Most Influential People of 2019". Time. Retrieved April 17, 2019. ^ "Sandra Oh first Asian woman to host, win at Golden Globes". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2019. ^ Butler, Karen (March 10, 2019). "Sandra Oh to guest host 'SNL'; Awkwafina celebrates". UPI. Retrieved March 31, 2019. ^ a b "Sandra Oh". www.goldenglobes.com. ^ a b c d Posner, Michael (May 12, 2007). "Sandra Oh's Doing Just Fine: Profile". The Globe and Mail. pp. R6–R7. Archived from the original on June 5, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2007. ^ "The Winding Career of Sandra Oh". NPR. November 23, 2004. Retrieved May 31, 2007. ^ a b "Sandra Oh on the Challenge of Being Korean in Hollywood". The Chosun Ilbo. April 13, 2007. Archived from the original on May 19, 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007. ^ "Sandra Oh: "Asians ROCK Month"". Asia Society. April 30, 2008. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2013. ^ "Sandra Oh Live On Kelly And Michael Talks About Leaving Greys Anatomy". Kelly and Michael. October 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013. ^ The Canada Goose: a musical play in three acts from Canada is- music 3–4 (Musical score, 1988). May 15, 2018. OCLC 83101677 – via WorldCat.org. ^ a b Dodge, Brier (July 18, 2013). "Sandra Oh receives key to the city". Ottawa Community News. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013. ^ McDonald, Soraya Nadia (May 16, 2014). "Seven things you didn't know about Sandra Oh, who played Cristina Yang on 'Grey's Anatomy'". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 17, 2016. ^ Ebert, Roger (August 25, 1995). "Double Happiness Movie Review". The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved April 17, 2016. ^ Maslin, Janet (July 28, 1995). "FILM REVIEW; A Delicate Asian Flower In a Motorcycle Jacket". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2016. ^ Little Criminals ^ "Dancing at the Blue Iguana (2000)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 1, 2016. ^ Holden, Stephen (October 19, 2001). "FILM REVIEW; A Club Where Strippers May Also Be Dreamers". Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2016. ^ "Awards Ceremony Host biography". Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2008. ^ Archived May 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Thorne: Characters: Sandra Oh – Sky1 HD". Sky1.sky.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012. ^ "Press Release: Canada's Walk of Fame Announces the 2011 Inductees". Canada's Walk of Fame. June 28, 2011. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (August 13, 2013). "Sandra Oh to Exit 'Grey's Anatomy' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 16, 2013. ^ Bibel, Sara (August 13, 2013). "Sandra Oh Will Leave 'Grey's Anatomy' at the End of the Tenth Season". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 17, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013. ^ Harnick, Chris (August 13, 2013). "Sandra Oh Leaving 'Grey's'". Huffington Post. ^ "Home". CBC News. July 27, 2015. ^ Evry, Max (December 23, 2015). "Catfight Stars Sandra Oh, Anne Heche and Alicia Silverstone". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved December 25, 2015. ^ Roshanian, Arya (September 29, 2016). "TV News Roundup: Sandra Oh Joins 'American Crime' Season 3". Variety. Retrieved June 26, 2020. ^ a b c Wittmer, Carrie (May 8, 2018). "Killing Eve is a smart and seductive spy thriller that has a 100% score on Rotten Tomatoes". Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. ^ Lee, Jess (April 8, 2019). "Killing Eve has been renewed for season 3 – with another new showrunner". Digital Spy. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ Scherer, Jenna (May 14, 2018). "Killing Eve: The Cracked Female Spy-Thriller Buddy Comedy of the Year". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. ^ Seitz, Matt Zoller (June 27, 2018). "The Best Actress on TV Is Killing Eve's Sandra Oh". Vulture. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018. ^ Dockterman, Eliana. "Sandra Oh Is Now the First Asian Best Actress Emmy Nominee". Time. Retrieved July 12, 2018. ^ Melas, Chloe (January 28, 2019). "See who won at the SAG Awards". CNN. ^ "She-Ra gets a makeover! A first look at the new Netflix series and meet the cast". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2018. ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (March 10, 2019). "Sandra Oh to Make SNL Hosting Debut". TVLine. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2019. ^ "Raya and the Last Dragon Voice Cast: Who's Voicing Each Character". Cinema Blend. March 5, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021. ^ Unni Krishnan, Adersh (March 13, 2020). "Invincible TV Show Release Date, Cast, Plot, Trailer And What Fan Theories You Should Know??". Pop Culture Times. Retrieved June 26, 2020. ^ Andreeva, Nellie; Petski, Denise (February 21, 2020). "Sandra Oh To Star In 'The Chair' Dramedy Series From Amanda Peet & 'Game Of Thrones' Creators At Netflix". Deadline. Retrieved June 26, 2020. ^ "Sandra Oh Stars In Disney's 'Turning Red' Set In Toronto — Watch The Trailer". ET Canada. July 13, 2021. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021. ^ "Julianne Moore & Sandra Oh Set For Lynne Ramsay's 'Stone Mattress'; Margaret Atwood Thriller Adaptation From Amazon, John Lesher, JoAnne Sellar, Studiocanal & Film4". Deadline. May 18, 2022. ^ Horton, Adrian (November 2, 2023). "Quiz Lady review – Sandra Oh and Awkwafina can't lift uneven comedy". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 29, 2023. ^ "Sandra Oh Joins Aziz Ansari's Lionsgate Comedy 'Good Fortune". Deadline. April 5, 2024. ^ Lee, Ken; Silverman, Stephen M. (December 27, 2006). "Sandra Oh's Marriage Is Officially Over". People Magazine. Archived from the original on January 23, 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2007. ^ "Actor Sandra Oh to get Ottawa's Key to the City". CBC News. May 30, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013. ^ a b Jung, E. Alex (August 21, 2018). "The Protagonist After decades in supporting parts, Emmy nominee Sandra Oh plays the hero in Killing Eve". Vulture.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2018. ^ Night Live (March 30, 2019). Sandra Oh Monologue - SNL. YouTube. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2019. ^ "Sandra Oh celebrates U.S. citizenship anniversary on 'Saturday Night Live': The Canadian-born Sandra Oh announced the special occasion during the monologue of "Saturday Night Live."". NBC News. April 1, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019. I love Americans. You are confident and direct. And now that I am an Asian-Canadian-American, I'm trying to learn a thing or two about tooting my own horn. ^ "Award Recipients - Governor General's Performing Arts Awards (GGPAA)". ggpaa.ca. Retrieved December 16, 2019. ^ Vlessing, Etan (September 19, 2022). "Why Sandra Oh Attended Queen Elizabeth's Funeral". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ Massie, Graeme (March 22, 2021). "Sandra Oh gives speech at Stop Asian Hate rally in Pittsburgh". The Independent. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021. ^ "Sandra Oh gives speech at Stop Asian Hate rally in Pittsburgh". The Independent. March 21, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2022. ^ "'Gremlins' Star Zach Galligan, Sandra Oh, George Takei & More Join 'Secrets of the Mogwai' Guests". July 22, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sandra Oh. Sandra Oh discography at Discogs Sandra Oh at IMDb Sandra Oh at People.com Awards for Sandra Oh vteCanadian Screen Award for Best Lead Performance in a FilmActor (1968–2021) Gerard Parkes (1968) No award (1969) Doug McGrath and Paul Bradley (1970) Jean Duceppe (1971) Gordon Pinsent (1972) Jacques Godin (1973) No award (1974) Stuart Gillard (1975) André Melançon (1976) Len Cariou (1977) Richard Gabourie (1978) Christopher Plummer (1980) Thomas Peacocke (1981) Nick Mancuso (1982) Donald Sutherland (1983) Eric Fryer (1984) Gabriel Arcand (1985) John Wildman (1986) Gordon Pinsent (1987) Roger Lebel (1988) Jeremy Irons (1989) Lothaire Bluteau (1990) Rémy Girard (1991) Tony Nardi (1992) Tom McCamus (1993) Maury Chaykin (1994) David La Haye (1995) William Hutt (1996) Ian Holm (1997) Roshan Seth (1998) Bob Hoskins (1999) Tony Nardi (2000) Brendan Fletcher (2001) Luc Picard (2002) Rémy Girard (2003) Roy Dupuis (2004) Michel Côté (2005) Roy Dupuis (2006) Gordon Pinsent (2007) Natar Ungalaaq (2008) Joshua Jackson (2009) Paul Giamatti (2010) Mohamed Fellag (2011) James Cromwell (2012) Gabriel Arcand (2013) Antoine Olivier Pilon (2014) Jacob Tremblay (2015) Stephan James (2016) Nabil Rajo (2017) Théodore Pellerin (2018) Mark O'Brien (2019) Michael Greyeyes (2020) Liam Diaz (2021) Actress (1968–2021) Geneviève Bujold (1968) No award (1969) Geneviève Bujold (1970) Ann Knox (1971) Micheline Lanctôt (1972) Geneviève Bujold (1973) No award (1974) Margot Kidder (1975) Marilyn Lightstone (1976) Monique Mercure (1977) Helen Shaver (1978) Kate Lynch (1980) Marie Tifo (1981) Margot Kidder (1982) Rae Dawn Chong (1983) Martha Henry (1984) Louise Marleau (1985) Margaret Langrick (1986) Martha Henry (1987) Sheila McCarthy (1988) Jackie Burroughs (1989) Rebecca Jenkins (1990) Pascale Montpetit (1991) Janet Wright (1992) Sheila McCarthy (1993) Sandra Oh (1994) Helena Bonham Carter (1995) Martha Henry (1996) Molly Parker (1997) Sandra Oh (1998) Sylvie Moreau (1999) Marie-Josée Croze (2000) Élise Guilbault (2001) Arsinée Khanjian (2002) Sarah Polley (2003) Pascale Bussières (2004) Seema Biswas (2005) Julie Le Breton (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Ellen Burstyn (2008) Karine Vanasse (2009) Lubna Azabal (2010) Vanessa Paradis (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Gabrielle Marion-Rivard (2013) Anne Dorval (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Tatiana Maslany (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Émilie Bierre (2018) Nahéma Ricci (2019) Michelle Pfeiffer (2020) Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers (2021) Lead Performance in a Film(2022) Lamar Johnson (2022) Lead Performance in a Comedy Film(2023–present) Jay Baruchel (2023) Lead Performance in a Drama Film(2023–present) Amrit Kaur (2023) Canadian Film Awards 1968–1978, Genie Awards 1980-2011, Canadian Screen Awards 2012–present.Separate awards were presented by gender prior to 2022; a single unified category for best performance regardless of gender has been presented since. vteCritics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series Julianna Margulies (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Tatiana Maslany (2013) Tatiana Maslany (2014) Taraji P. Henson (2015) Carrie Coon (2016) Evan Rachel Wood (2016) Elisabeth Moss (2017) Sandra Oh (2018) Regina King (2019) Emma Corrin (2020) Melanie Lynskey (2021) Zendaya (2022) Sarah Snook (2023) vteGolden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama1969–1979 Linda Cristal (1969) Peggy Lipton (1970) Patricia Neal (1971) Gail Fisher (1972) Lee Remick (1973) Angie Dickinson (1974) Lee Remick (1975) Susan Blakely (1976) Lesley Ann Warren (1977) Rosemary Harris (1978) Natalie Wood (1979) 1980–1999 Yoko Shimada (1980) Linda Evans / Barbara Bel Geddes (1981) Joan Collins (1982) Jane Wyman (1983) Angela Lansbury (1984) Sharon Gless (1985) Angela Lansbury (1986) Susan Dey (1987) Jill Eikenberry (1988) Angela Lansbury (1989) Sharon Gless / Patricia Wettig (1990) Angela Lansbury (1991) Regina Taylor (1992) Kathy Baker (1993) Claire Danes (1994) Jane Seymour (1995) Gillian Anderson (1996) Christine Lahti (1997) Keri Russell (1998) Edie Falco (1999) 2000–2019 Sela Ward (2000) Jennifer Garner (2001) Edie Falco (2002) Frances Conroy (2003) Mariska Hargitay (2004) Geena Davis (2005) Kyra Sedgwick (2006) Glenn Close (2007) Anna Paquin (2008) Julianna Margulies (2009) Katey Sagal (2010) Claire Danes (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Robin Wright (2013) Ruth Wilson (2014) Taraji P. Henson (2015) Claire Foy (2016) Elisabeth Moss (2017) Sandra Oh (2018) Olivia Colman (2019) 2020–present Emma Corrin (2020) Michaela Jaé Rodriguez (2021) Zendaya (2022) Sarah Snook (2023) vteGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Television1970–1989 Gail Fisher (1970) Sue Ane Langdon (1971) Ruth Buzzi (1972) Ellen Corby (1973) Betty Garrett (1974) Hermione Baddeley (1975) Josette Banzet (1976) No Award (1977) Polly Holliday (1978) Polly Holliday (1979) Valerie Bertinelli / Diane Ladd (1980) Valerie Bertinelli (1981) Shelley Long (1982) Barbara Stanwyck (1983) Faye Dunaway (1984) Sylvia Sidney (1985) Olivia de Havilland (1986) Claudette Colbert (1987) Katherine Helmond (1988) Amy Madigan (1989) 1990–2009 Piper Laurie (1990) Amanda Donohoe (1991) Joan Plowright (1992) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1993) Miranda Richardson (1994) Shirley Knight (1995) Kathy Bates (1996) Angelina Jolie (1997) Faye Dunaway / Camryn Manheim (1998) Nancy Marchand (1999) Vanessa Redgrave (2000) Rachel Griffiths (2001) Kim Cattrall (2002) Mary-Louise Parker (2003) Anjelica Huston (2004) Sandra Oh (2005) Emily Blunt (2006) Samantha Morton (2007) Laura Dern (2008) Chloë Sevigny (2009) 2010–present Jane Lynch (2010) Jessica Lange (2011) Maggie Smith (2012) Jacqueline Bisset (2013) Joanne Froggatt (2014) Maura Tierney (2015) Olivia Colman (2016) Laura Dern (2017) Patricia Clarkson (2018) Patricia Arquette (2019) Gillian Anderson (2020) Sarah Snook (2021) Jennifer Coolidge / Julia Garner (2022) Elizabeth Debicki (2023) vteScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Kathy Baker (1994) Gillian Anderson (1995) Gillian Anderson (1996) Julianna Margulies (1997) Julianna Margulies (1998) Edie Falco (1999) Allison Janney (2000) Allison Janney (2001) Edie Falco (2002) Frances Conroy (2003) Jennifer Garner (2004) Sandra Oh (2005) Chandra Wilson (2006) Edie Falco (2007) Sally Field (2008) Julianna Margulies (2009) Julianna Margulies (2010) Jessica Lange (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Maggie Smith (2013) Viola Davis (2014) Viola Davis (2015) Claire Foy (2016) Claire Foy (2017) Sandra Oh (2018) Jennifer Aniston (2019) Gillian Anderson (2020) Jung Ho-yeon (2021) Jennifer Coolidge (2022) Elizabeth Debicki (2023) Portals: Canada Biography Film Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Artists Emmy Awards People Deutsche Synchronkartei Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg.ca-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Arliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arliss_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cristina 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She is known for her starring roles as Rita Wu in the HBO comedy series Arliss (1996–2002), Dr. Cristina Yang in the ABC medical drama series Grey's Anatomy (2005–2014), and Eve Polastri in the BBC America spy thriller series Killing Eve (2018–2022). She has received two Golden Globe Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards. In 2019, Time magazine named Oh one of the 100 most influential people in the world.[4]Oh first gained recognition for her roles in the Canadian films Double Happiness (1994) and The Diary of Evelyn Lau (1994). Her later television credits include Judging Amy and American Crime, as well as voice roles on American Dad!, American Dragon: Jake Long, The Proud Family, Phineas and Ferb, Chop Socky Chooks, She-Ra and the Princesses of Power, and Invincible. In 2021, she played the lead role in the Netflix comedy drama series The Chair and was also one of the executive producers of the series. She has had notable supporting and leading performances in films such as Bean (1997), Last Night (1998), The Princess Diaries (2001), Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity (2002), Under the Tuscan Sun (2003), Sideways (2004), Wilby Wonderful (2004), Hard Candy (2005), Rabbit Hole (2010), Tammy (2014), Catfight (2016), and Meditation Park (2017), as well as voice roles in Mulan II (2004), The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends (2007), Over the Moon (2020), Raya and the Last Dragon (2021) and Turning Red (2022).Oh won two Genie Awards for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role for Double Happiness and Last Night and she won a Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series for The Diary of Evelyn Lau. She hosted the 28th Genie Awards in 2008, and became the first woman of Asian descent to host the Golden Globe Awards at the 76th ceremony in 2019.[5] In March 2019, she became the first Asian-Canadian woman to host Saturday Night Live, and was the third actress of Asian descent to do so, after Lucy Liu in 2000 and Awkwafina in 2018.[6] She was also the first actress of Asian descent to be nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and the first woman of Asian descent to win two Golden Globes.[7]","title":"Sandra Oh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-posner-8"},{"link_name":"Nepean, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepean,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-9"},{"link_name":"pigeon-toed stance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_toe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chosun-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asiasociety-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kellymichael-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-posner-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawacommunity-14"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Borden High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Borden_High_School"},{"link_name":"styrofoam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_polystyrene_foam"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chosun-10"},{"link_name":"Canadian Improv Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Improv_Games"},{"link_name":"journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"link_name":"Carleton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University"},{"link_name":"National Theatre School of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_School_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-posner-8"},{"link_name":"master's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"David Mamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mamet"},{"link_name":"Oleanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleanna_(play)"},{"link_name":"London, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Lau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Lau"},{"link_name":"The Diary of Evelyn Lau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diary_of_Evelyn_Lau"},{"link_name":"Adrienne Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"}],"text":"Sandra Miju Oh[8] was born in Nepean, Ontario, on July 20, 1971, the daughter of middle-class South Korean immigrants Oh Young-nam, a biochemist, and Oh Jun-su (John), a businessperson.[citation needed] Her parents had moved to the area in the early 1960s.[9] She has a brother, Ray, and a sister, Grace, and grew up in a Christian household, living on Camwood Crescent in Nepean, where she began acting and practicing ballet at age four to correct her pigeon-toed stance.[10] Growing up, Oh was one of the few youths of Asian descent in Nepean.[11][12]At age ten, Oh played The Wizard of Woe in a class musical called The Canada Goose.[13][8][14] Later, at Sir Robert Borden High School, she founded the environmental club BASE (Borden Active Students for the Environment), leading a campaign against the use of styrofoam cups. While in high school, she was elected student council president. She also played the flute and continued both her ballet training and acting studies, though she knew that she \"was not good enough to be a professional dancer\"[10] and eventually focused on acting. She took drama classes, acted in school plays, and joined the drama club, where she took part in the Canadian Improv Games and Skit Row High, a comedy group. Against her parents' advice, she rejected a four-year journalism scholarship to Carleton University to study drama at the National Theatre School of Canada in Montreal, paying her own way.Oh told her parents that she would try acting for a few years, and promised to return to university if it failed.[8] Reflecting on forgoing university, she has said that she is \"the only person in [her] family who doesn't have a master's in something\".[15] Soon after graduating from the National Theatre School in 1993, she starred in a stage production of David Mamet's Oleanna in London, Ontario. Around the same time, she won roles in biographical television films of two significant female Chinese-Canadians: as Vancouver author Evelyn Lau in The Diary of Evelyn Lau, where she won the role over more than 1,000 others who auditioned, and as Adrienne Clarkson in a CBC biopic of Clarkson's life.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Double Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Happiness_(film)"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Janet Maslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Maslin"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Genie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Little Criminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Criminals_(film)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_(film)"},{"link_name":"Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Life,_Happiness_%26_Prosperity"},{"link_name":"Last Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Night_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"Dancing at the Blue Iguana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_at_the_Blue_Iguana"},{"link_name":"Daryl Hannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Hannah"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Waking the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waking_the_Dead_(film)"},{"link_name":"Big Fat Liar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Fat_Liar"},{"link_name":"Steven Soderbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh"},{"link_name":"Full Frontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Frontal_(film)"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Arliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arliss_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"Image Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Award"},{"link_name":"Popular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Kung Fu: The Legend Continues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu:_The_Legend_Continues"},{"link_name":"Judging Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judging_Amy"},{"link_name":"Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Odd Job Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Job_Jack"},{"link_name":"Jessica Hagedorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Hagedorn"},{"link_name":"Dogeaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogeaters"},{"link_name":"La Jolla Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Jolla_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Diana Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Son"},{"link_name":"Stop Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Kiss"},{"link_name":"Joseph Papp's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Papp"},{"link_name":"Public Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Theater"},{"link_name":"Diane Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Lane"},{"link_name":"Under the Tuscan Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Tuscan_Sun_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Payne"},{"link_name":"Sideways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideways"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-posner-8"}],"sub_title":"1994–2004: Early work","text":"Oh came to prominence in her home country for her lead performance in the Canadian film Double Happiness (1994), playing Jade Li, a twenty-something Chinese-Canadian woman negotiating her wishes and those of her parents. The film received critical acclaim, with Roger Ebert praising Oh's \"warm performance\".[16] Janet Maslin of The New York Times also praised her performance, saying: \"Ms. Oh's performance makes Jade a smart, spiky heroine you won't soon forget.\"[17] Oh won the Genie Award for Best Actress for the role. In 1995 she appeared in the Canadian film Little Criminals with a multi-scene, but uncredited, performance.[18]In 1997 she appeared in the film Bean, playing the supporting role of Bernice, the art gallery PR manager. Her other Canadian films include Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity and Last Night (1998), for which she again won a Best Actress Genie. She was cast in the drama Dancing at the Blue Iguana (2000), playing a stripper at an adult dance club opposite Daryl Hannah. The film received mediocre reviews,[19] though Oh was praised for her performance. The New York Times review said, \"Oh make[s] the most of [her] opportunity to explore the vulnerability below [her] characters' hard-edged surface.\"[20] The same year, she appeared in the drama Waking the Dead. In 2002, Oh appeared in the family comedy Big Fat Liar, followed by a minor role in Steven Soderbergh's Full Frontal (2002).Oh garnered critical acclaim for her six seasons as Rita Wu, the assistant to the president of a major sports agency, on the HBO series Arliss, receiving a nomination for an NAACP Image Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and a Cable Ace award for Best Actress in a Comedy for her work. She also made several guest appearances on the series Popular (1999) playing a humanities teacher and guest starred in the television series Kung Fu: The Legend Continues, Judging Amy, Six Feet Under and Odd Job Jack.In theatre, Oh has also starred in the world premieres of Jessica Hagedorn's Dogeaters at the La Jolla Playhouse and Diana Son's Stop Kiss at Joseph Papp's Public Theater in New York City.In 2003, she was cast in a supporting role opposite Diane Lane in Under the Tuscan Sun, followed by a supporting role in Alexander Payne's drama Sideways (2004). She considers Sideways and The Diary of Evelyn Lau to be the two best films she has made.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Slade"},{"link_name":"Hard Candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Candy_(film)"},{"link_name":"anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology"},{"link_name":"3 Needles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Needles"},{"link_name":"Chloë Sevigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Sevigny"},{"link_name":"Olympia Dukakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_Dukakis"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"Cristina Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Yang"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actress in a Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Golden_Globe_Awards:_Mini-series,_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards#Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandra_Oh_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canada's Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"The Night Listener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Listener_(film)"},{"link_name":"Robin Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Williams"},{"link_name":"Toni Collette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Collette"},{"link_name":"Defendor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendor"},{"link_name":"Ramona and Beezus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramona_and_Beezus"},{"link_name":"Rabbit Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_Hole_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Nicole Kidman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Kidman"},{"link_name":"Aaron Eckhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Eckhart"},{"link_name":"audiobook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook"},{"link_name":"The Maltese Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maltese_Falcon_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Michael Madsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madsen"},{"link_name":"Edward Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Herrmann"},{"link_name":"American Dragon: Jake Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dragon:_Jake_Long"},{"link_name":"Mulan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan_II"},{"link_name":"The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_Before_Time_XIII:_The_Wisdom_of_Friends"},{"link_name":"28th Genie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Genie_Awards"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The People Speak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_Speak_(film)"},{"link_name":"Howard Zinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Zinn"},{"link_name":"A People's History of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Thorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorne_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"dialect coaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_coach"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Canada's Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Elgin Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_and_Winter_Garden_Theatres"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OhDepart-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"2005–2013: Grey's Anatomy","text":"In 2005, Oh appeared in several films, including David Slade's controversial thriller Hard Candy; and the independent anthology drama 3 Needles (2005), opposite Chloë Sevigny and Olympia Dukakis, in which she plays a Catholic nun in an AIDS-stricken African village. The same year, Oh was cast as Cristina Yang in the first season of what became the hit ABC medical series Grey's Anatomy. Oh's role on the show earned her both a 2005 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series and a 2006 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series. In July 2009, she received her fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actress in a Drama for her work on the series.Oh at the presentation of her star on Canada's Walk of Fame in 2011In addition to her work on Grey's Anatomy, Oh continued to appear in films. She co-starred in the thriller The Night Listener (2006), alongside Robin Williams and Toni Collette; in the superhero comedy Defendor (2009); Ramona and Beezus (2010); and in the critically acclaimed drama Rabbit Hole (2010), opposite Nicole Kidman and Aaron Eckhart.In her only audiobook, she played Brigid O'Shaughnessy in a Grammy-nominated dramatization of The Maltese Falcon (2008), which also featured Michael Madsen and Edward Herrmann. She also has done a few voice roles in animation, including a few guest appearances in American Dragon: Jake Long, the voice of Princess Ting-Ting in Mulan II, and the voice of Doofah in The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends.Oh was the host of the 28th Genie Awards on March 3, 2008.[21] In 2009, Oh performed in The People Speak, a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States.[22] During the off-season hiatus from filming Grey's Anatomy in 2010, Oh took the part of Sarah Chen in the British crime drama, Thorne. She undertook intensive dialect coaching in order to play her British character.[23]On June 28, 2011, it was announced that Oh would receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame; she was inducted on October 1 at Elgin Theatre in Toronto.[24] In 2013, Oh formally announced that she would be leaving Grey's Anatomy at the end of the tenth season.[25][26] Oh exited the series with the season 10 finale.[27]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandra_Oh_Peabody_Awards,_June_2021.png"},{"link_name":"2021 Peabody Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Awards"},{"link_name":"Ann Marie Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Marie_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Window Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Horses"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Tammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kathy Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Bates"},{"link_name":"web series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_series"},{"link_name":"Catfight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfight_(film)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"American Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Crime_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"BBC iPlayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_iPlayer"},{"link_name":"Killing Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Eve"},{"link_name":"British intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies"},{"link_name":"Eve Polastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Polastri"},{"link_name":"Villanelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanelle_(character)"},{"link_name":"Jodie Comer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Comer"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusInsider20180508-31"},{"link_name":"typecast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typecasting"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusInsider20180508-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusInsider20180508-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RollingStone20180514-33"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com"},{"link_name":"Matt Zoller Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Zoller_Seitz"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture20180627-34"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Television_Series_Drama"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenglobes.com-7"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"She-Ra and the Princesses of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She-Ra_and_the_Princesses_of_Power"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"76th Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76th_Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Andy Samberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Samberg"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Lucy Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Liu"},{"link_name":"Awkwafina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awkwafina"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"Raya and the Last Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raya_and_the_Last_Dragon"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Invincible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"comic book series of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_(comic_series)"},{"link_name":"Amazon Prime Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"The Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chair_(2021_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Pixar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar"},{"link_name":"Turning Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_Red"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Lynne Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"Margaret Atwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Atwood"},{"link_name":"Stone Mattress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Mattress"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"20th Century Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Studios"},{"link_name":"Quiz Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz_Lady"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Good Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Fortune_(film)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"2014–present: Film roles and Killing Eve","text":"Oh during the 2021 Peabody AwardsIn October 2014, Oh announced that she would be teaming up with Canadian director Ann Marie Fleming to collaborate on an animated feature film titled Window Horses.[28] She also appeared in a supporting role in the comedy film Tammy (2014), playing the wife of Kathy Bates' character.In 2015, she starred on the Refinery29 comedy web series Shitty Boyfriends. Oh began filming the comedy film, Catfight (2016), in New York City in December 2015.[29] In 2017, Oh starred as Abby Tanaka in the third season of the anthology drama series American Crime.[30]Beginning in April 2018, Oh began a leading role in the BBC iPlayer spy thriller series Killing Eve, playing British intelligence agent Eve Polastri whose quarry is psychopathic assassin Villanelle (played by Jodie Comer), with the two women developing a mutual fascination.[31] Upon reading the series script, Oh did not realize she was being considered for a leading role, stating that she had been \"brainwashed\" by years of being typecast as the leads' best friend.[31] The series was renewed for a second season ahead of its debut,[31] and a third was announced less than a day after the second premiered in the United States.[32] Killing Eve was also renewed for a fourth season shortly after.Oh has garnered critical acclaim for her performance on the series, with Jenna Scherer describing her in Rolling Stone as \"a compulsively watchable actor – expressive and complex, blending wry wit and deep pathos.\"[33] When Vulture declared Oh the best actress currently on television, critic Matt Zoller Seitz wrote: \"It's a tour de force performance, yet so self-effacing and invisible in its effects that you come away thinking that you've seen a crackling yarn with compelling characters rather than a cultural landmark. This is a magic trick of a high order.\"[34] In 2018, Oh became the first actress of Asian descent to be nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, for that role.[35] She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama, becoming the first woman of Asian descent to win two Golden Globe Awards.[7] Oh won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series at the SAG Awards in 2019.[36]From 2018 to 2020, Oh voiced the role of Castaspella in the animated superhero series She-Ra and the Princesses of Power.[37] In 2019, she co-hosted the 76th Golden Globe Awards, alongside Andy Samberg. Oh became the first woman of Asian descent to host the awards show. In March 2019, she became the first Asian-Canadian woman to host Saturday Night Live, and only the third actress of Asian descent, after Lucy Liu in 2000 and Awkwafina in 2018.[38] In 2021, Oh voiced Virana, the chieftess of the Fang tribe in the Disney animated film Raya and the Last Dragon.[39]Oh voices the role of Debbie Grayson in the animated superhero drama series Invincible. The series, based on the comic book series of the same name, premiered on Amazon Prime Video in 2021.[40]In 2021, Oh served as executive producer and had the lead role in the Netflix comedy-drama series The Chair.[41]In 2022, Oh voiced the role of Ming Lee, the strict and overprotective mother of the main character in the Pixar animated film Turning Red.[42] She joined Lynne Ramsay's adaptation of Margaret Atwood's short story collection Stone Mattress.[43]In 2023, Oh played the role of Jenny Yum, a brash, outgoing, and impulsive older sister of the main character in the 20th Century Studios comedy film Quiz Lady.[44]Her upcoming projects include Good Fortune directed by Aziz Ansari.[45]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Payne"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People2-46"},{"link_name":"key to the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_to_the_City"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Jim Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Watson_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawacommunity-14"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Vipassanā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture20180821-48"},{"link_name":"Jungian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung"},{"link_name":"method acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_acting"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture20180821-48"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OhCitizenUS-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Governor General of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"June 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Canadian_honours"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg.ca-2"},{"link_name":"state funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"Oh was in a relationship with filmmaker Alexander Payne for five years. They married in January 2003, separated in early 2005, and divorced in late 2006.[46]On July 8, 2013, Oh received the key to the city of Ottawa from Mayor Jim Watson.[14][47]Oh practices Vipassanā, a Buddhist form of meditation.[48] Her work in acting is informed by a loose creative collective that teaches \"creative dream work\", which reportedly fuses Jungian dream analysis with method acting and aims to bring one's \"subconscious work into consciousness\".[48]Oh became a US citizen in 2018. On the first anniversary of her citizenship, she discussed it while hosting Saturday Night Live and referred to herself as an \"Asian-Canadian-American\".[49][50]Oh was awarded the National Arts Centre Award from the Governor General of Canada in 2019, as a part of the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards.[51]In June 2022, Oh was named an officer of the Order of Canada.[2] Later in that year, she was one of a number of recent inductees to the Order to be included in the Canadian delegation to the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II.[52]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stop Asian Hate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Asian_Hate"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Atlanta spa shootings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Atlanta_spa_shootings"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Activism","text":"On March 22, 2021, Oh gave a speech at a Stop Asian Hate rally in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in response to the Atlanta spa shootings. She encouraged people \"to reach out to the Asian American community\", stating that they were \"very scared\".[53]I'm gonna be very, very brief, but one thing I know, many of us in our community are very scared, and I understand that, and one way to try to kind of go through– get through our fear is to reach out to our communities.....I will challenge everyone here: if you see something, will you help me? If you see one of our brothers and sisters in need, will you help us?...I am proud to be Asian! I wanna hear you say, I am proud to be Asian! I belong here! I am proud to be Asian! I belong here! Many of us don't get the chance to be able to say that, so I just wanted to give us an opportunity to be able to shout that.[54]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"}],"text":"Among her accolades, she has received two Golden Globe Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as nominations for thirteen Primetime Emmy Awards.","title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[{"image_text":"Oh at the presentation of her star on Canada's Walk of Fame in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sandra_Oh_2011.jpg/170px-Sandra_Oh_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oh during the 2021 Peabody Awards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sandra_Oh_Peabody_Awards%2C_June_2021.png/170px-Sandra_Oh_Peabody_Awards%2C_June_2021.png"}]	[{"title":"Eve Polastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Polastri"},{"title":"Koreans in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans_in_New_York_City"}]	[{"reference":"\"Sandra Oh celebrates U.S. Citizenship anniversary on 'Saturday Night Live'\". NBC News. April 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/sandra-oh-celebrates-u-s-citizenship-anniversary-saturday-night-live-n989671","url_text":"\"Sandra Oh celebrates U.S. Citizenship anniversary on 'Saturday Night Live'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News","url_text":"NBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Governor General announces new appointments to the Order of Canada and promotions within the Order\". Office of the Secretary to the Governor General. June 29, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gg.ca/en/media/news/2022/appointments-promotions-order-canada","url_text":"\"Governor General announces new appointments to the Order of Canada and promotions within the Order\""}]},{"reference":"\"Horoscope\". TV Guide. December 20, 2021. p. 70.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rhimes, Shonda. \"Sandra Oh: The 100 Most Influential People of 2019\". Time. Retrieved April 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonda_Rhimes","url_text":"Rhimes, Shonda"},{"url":"http://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567697/sandra-oh/","url_text":"\"Sandra Oh: The 100 Most Influential People of 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sandra Oh first Asian woman to host, win at Golden Globes\". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. 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Retrieved June 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://popculturetimes.com/2020/03/13/invincible-tv-show-release-date-cast-plot-trailer-and-what-fan-theories-you-should-know/","url_text":"\"Invincible TV Show Release Date, Cast, Plot, Trailer And What Fan Theories You Should Know??\""}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie; Petski, Denise (February 21, 2020). \"Sandra Oh To Star In 'The Chair' Dramedy Series From Amanda Peet & 'Game Of Thrones' Creators At Netflix\". Deadline. Retrieved June 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/02/sandra-oh-jay-duplass-the-chair-dramedy-series-amanda-peet-netflix-1202865641/","url_text":"\"Sandra Oh To Star In 'The Chair' Dramedy Series From Amanda Peet & 'Game Of Thrones' Creators At Netflix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sandra Oh Stars In Disney's 'Turning Red' Set In Toronto — Watch The Trailer\". ET Canada. July 13, 2021. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210811162121/https://etcanada.com/news/800615/sandra-oh-stars-in-disneys-turning-red-set-in-toronto-watch-the-trailer/","url_text":"\"Sandra Oh Stars In Disney's 'Turning Red' Set In Toronto — Watch The Trailer\""},{"url":"https://etcanada.com/news/800615/sandra-oh-stars-in-disneys-turning-red-set-in-toronto-watch-the-trailer/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Julianne Moore & Sandra Oh Set For Lynne Ramsay's 'Stone Mattress'; Margaret Atwood Thriller Adaptation From Amazon, John Lesher, JoAnne Sellar, Studiocanal & Film4\". Deadline. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPFIX	IP Flow Information Export	["1 Architecture","2 Protocol","3 Example","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Internet Protocol Flow Information Export Internet Protocol Flow Information Export (IPFIX) is an IETF protocol, as well as the name of the IETF working group defining the protocol. It was created based on the need for a common, universal standard of export for Internet Protocol flow information from routers, probes and other devices that are used by mediation systems, accounting/billing systems and network management systems to facilitate services such as measurement, accounting and billing. The IPFIX standard defines how IP flow information is to be formatted and transferred from an exporter to a collector. Previously many data network operators were relying on Cisco Systems' proprietary NetFlow technology for traffic flow information export. The IPFIX standards requirements were outlined in the original RFC 3917. Cisco NetFlow Version 9 was the basis for IPFIX. The basic specifications for IPFIX are documented in RFC 7011 through RFC 7015, and RFC 5103. Architecture The following figure shows a typical architecture of information flow in an IPFIX architecture: Exporter IPFIX Collector O--------------------------->O \| \| Observation \| Domain \| Metering #1 \| Metering #2 O----------------O----------------O Metering #3 \| \| \| \| Observation \| Observation \| Observation \| Point #1 \| Point #2 \| Point #3 v \| \| ---- IP Traffic ---> \| \| v \| --------------- More IP Traffic ---> \| v ---------------------------------- More IP Traffic ---> A pool of Metering Processes collects data packets at one or more Observation Points, optionally filters them and aggregates information about these packets. An Exporter then gathers each of the Observation Points together into an Observation Domain and sends this information via the IPFIX protocol to a Collector. Exporters and Collectors are in a many-to-many relationship: One Exporter can send data to many Collectors and one Collector can receive data from many Exporters. Protocol Similar to the NetFlow Protocol, IPFIX considers a flow to be any number of packets observed in a specific timeslot and sharing a number of properties, e.g. "same source, same destination, same protocol". Using IPFIX, devices like routers can inform a central monitoring station about their view of a potentially larger network. IPFIX is a push protocol, i.e. each sender will periodically send IPFIX messages to configured receivers without any interaction by the receiver. The actual makeup of data in IPFIX messages is to a great extent up to the sender. IPFIX introduces the makeup of these messages to the receiver with the help of special Templates. The sender is also free to use user-defined data types in its messages, so the protocol is freely extensible and can adapt to different scenarios. IPFIX prefers the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as its transport layer protocol, but also allows the use of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Example A simple information set sent via IPFIX might look like this: Source Destination Packets ------------------------------------------ 192.168.0.201 192.168.0.1 235 192.168.0.202 192.168.0.1 42 This information set would be sent in the following IPFIX message: Bits 0..15 Bits 16..31 Version = 0x000a Message Length = 64 Bytes Export Timestamp = 2005-12-31 23:59:60 Sequence Number = 0 Observation Domain ID = 12345678 Set ID = 2 (Template) Set Length = 20 Bytes Template ID = 256 Number of Fields = 3 Typ = sourceIPv4Address Field Length = 4 Bytes Typ = destinationIPv4Address Field Length = 4 Bytes Typ = packetDeltaCount Field Length = 4 Bytes Set ID = 256 (Data Set using Template 256) Set Length = 28 Bytes Record 1, Field 1 = 192.168.0.201 Record 1, Field 2 = 192.168.0.1 Record 1, Field 3 = 235 Packets Record 2, Field 1 = 192.168.0.202 Record 2, Field 2 = 192.168.0.1 Record 2, Field 3 = 42 Packets As can be seen, the message contains the IPFIX header and two IPFIX Sets: One Template Set that introduces the build-up of the Data Set used, as well as one Data Set, which contains the actual data. When IPFIX is sent over a protocol which keeps a session state (TCP or SCTP), the Template Set need not be retransmitted since it is buffered in Collectors. Since the Template Set can change over time, it must be retransmitted if a new session state is established or if IPFIX is sent over UDP which is a session-less protocol. See also Network traffic measurement Telemetry References ^ Hofstede, Rick; Celeda, Pavel; Trammell, Brian; Drago, Idilio; Sadre, Ramin; Sperotto, Anna; Pras, Aiko (2014). "Flow Monitoring Explained: From Packet Capture to Data Analysis with NetFlow and IPFIX". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 16 (4): 2037–2064. doi:10.1109/COMST.2014.2321898. S2CID 14042725. ^ IEEE communications magazine,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5741152 External links IPFIX Status Pages IETF IPFIX Charter Network World IPFIX Introduction RFC3954 - NetFlow Version 9 RFC3955 - Candidate Protocols for IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) RFC5103 - Bidirectional Flow Export Using IP Flow Information Export RFC5153 - IPFIX Implementation Guidelines RFC5470 - Architecture for IP Flow Information Export RFC5471 - Guidelines for IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Testing RFC5472 - IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Applicability RFC5473 - Reducing Redundancy in IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) and Packet Sampling (PSAMP) Reports RFC7011 - Specification of the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Protocol for the Exchange of IP Traffic Flow Information (IPFIX) RFC7012 - Information Model for IP Flow Information Export RFC7013 - Guidelines for Authors and Reviewers of IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Information Elements RFC7014 - Flow Selection Techniques RFC7015 - Flow Aggregation for the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Protocol Library for parsing, collecting and exporting IPFIX messages Enterprise Open Source IPFIX Collector Understanding NetFlow/IPFIX Principle Animation What is IPFIX and Differences between Netflow	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IETF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF"},{"link_name":"working group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_group"},{"link_name":"Internet Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol"},{"link_name":"routers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flow_Monitoring_Tutorial-1"},{"link_name":"Cisco Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_Systems"},{"link_name":"NetFlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetFlow"},{"link_name":"NetFlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetFlow"}],"text":"Internet Protocol Flow Information Export (IPFIX) is an IETF protocol, as well as the name of the IETF working group defining the protocol. It was created based on the need for a common, universal standard of export for Internet Protocol flow information from routers, probes and other devices that are used by mediation systems, accounting/billing systems and network management systems to facilitate services such as measurement, accounting and billing. The IPFIX standard defines how IP flow information is to be formatted and transferred from an exporter to a collector.[1] Previously many data network operators were relying on Cisco Systems' proprietary NetFlow technology for traffic flow information export.The IPFIX standards requirements were outlined in the original RFC 3917. Cisco NetFlow Version 9 was the basis for IPFIX. The basic specifications for IPFIX are documented in RFC 7011 through RFC 7015, and RFC 5103.","title":"IP Flow Information Export"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"many-to-many","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-to-many"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The following figure shows a typical architecture of information flow in an IPFIX architecture:Exporter IPFIX Collector\n O--------------------------->O\n \|\n \| Observation\n \| Domain\n \|\n Metering #1 \| Metering #2\n O----------------O----------------O Metering #3\n \| \| \|\n \| Observation \| Observation \| Observation\n \| Point #1 \| Point #2 \| Point #3\n v \| \|\n---- IP Traffic ---> \| \|\n v \|\n--------------- More IP Traffic ---> \|\n v\n---------------------------------- More IP Traffic --->A pool of Metering Processes collects data packets at one or more Observation Points, optionally filters them and aggregates information about these packets. An Exporter then gathers each of the Observation Points together into an Observation Domain and sends this information via the IPFIX protocol to a Collector. Exporters and Collectors are in a many-to-many relationship: One Exporter can send data to many Collectors and one Collector can receive data from many Exporters.\n[2]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol"},{"link_name":"transport layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layer"},{"link_name":"Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol"},{"link_name":"User Datagram Protocol (UDP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol"}],"text":"Similar to the NetFlow Protocol, IPFIX considers a flow to be any number of packets observed in a specific timeslot and sharing a number of properties, e.g. \"same source, same destination, same protocol\". Using IPFIX, devices like routers can inform a central monitoring station about their view of a potentially larger network.IPFIX is a push protocol, i.e. each sender will periodically send IPFIX messages to configured receivers without any interaction by the receiver.The actual makeup of data in IPFIX messages is to a great extent up to the sender. IPFIX introduces the makeup of these messages to the receiver with the help of special Templates. The sender is also free to use user-defined data types in its messages, so the protocol is freely extensible and can adapt to different scenarios.IPFIX prefers the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as its transport layer protocol, but also allows the use of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP).","title":"Protocol"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A simple information set sent via IPFIX might look like this:Source Destination Packets\n------------------------------------------\n192.168.0.201 192.168.0.1 235\n192.168.0.202 192.168.0.1 42This information set would be sent in the following IPFIX message:As can be seen, the message contains the IPFIX header and two IPFIX Sets: One Template Set that introduces the build-up of the Data Set used, as well as one Data Set, which contains the actual data. When IPFIX is sent over a protocol which keeps a session state (TCP or SCTP), the Template Set need not be retransmitted since it is buffered in Collectors. Since the Template Set can change over time, it must be retransmitted if a new session state is established or if IPFIX is sent over UDP which is a session-less protocol.","title":"Example"}]	[]	[{"title":"Network traffic measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_traffic_measurement"},{"title":"Telemetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry"}]	[{"reference":"Hofstede, Rick; Celeda, Pavel; Trammell, Brian; Drago, Idilio; Sadre, Ramin; Sperotto, Anna; Pras, Aiko (2014). \"Flow Monitoring Explained: From Packet Capture to Data Analysis with NetFlow and IPFIX\". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 16 (4): 2037–2064. doi:10.1109/COMST.2014.2321898. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat-beg_Tardi%C4%87	Murat Bey Tardić	["1 Biography","2 References"]	Murat Bey Tardić or Murat-beg Tardić (Croatian: Murat-beg Tardić or Murad-beg Tardić; also Amurat Vaivoda) was an Ottoman general. Biography Tardić was born to a Croatian family in Šibenik, where he had a brother called Zorzi or Juraj. As a young man he became a prisoner of war. After being released he converted to Islam and entered the Ottoman military serving under Gazi Husrev Bey as his vojvoda, where he quickly rose through the ranks. As a close associate of Gazi Husrev Bey, he led numerous military conquests against the Croatian army in northern Bosnia and Croatia. In 1528, Murat Bey led the conquest of Jajce. In 1536, Murat Bey Tardić was charged by Suleiman the Magnificent with 8,000 men to lay siege to the Klis Fortress under Petar Kružić. He was successful in the Siege of Klis, occupying it in 1537. For his military services he was put in charge of the Klis Sanjak with the title Beg. As the first Sanjak-Bey of Klis, he built a notable mosque in the town. He was later made the beg of the Sanjak of Pojega in 1541 or in 1543. He is believed to have died in May 1545. He was buried in one of the two mausoleums (türbe) next to the Gazi Husrev Bey Mosque in Sarajevo. Bosnian-American author Aleksandar Hemon and others infer a lover relationship between Tardić and Gazi Husrev Bey. References ^ a b Spandouginos, Theodōros (1997). On the Origin of the Ottoman Emperors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-521-58510-1. ^ "Most 172 (83) - Abdulah Talundžić: Ostaci ostataka islamske arhitekture u Dalmaciji". ^ http://ktp.isam.org.tr/pdfdkm/18/dkm182344.pdf ^ a b c "Murat-begovo turbe". vakuf-gazi.ba. Retrieved 2012-07-02. ^ a b Jurin Starčević, Kornelija (17 November 2006). "Islamsko-osmanski gradovi dalmatinskog zaleđa: prilog istraživanju urbanog razvoja u 16. i 17. stoljeću" . Radovi (in Croatian). 38 (1): 113–154. ^ Kužić, Krešimir (1 November 2005). "A Contribution to the Biographies of Some of Kačić's Knights and to the Origins of the Population of Their Territories" . Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru (in Croatian) (47): 191–224. ^ Oruç, Hatice (1 December 2009). "Gazi Hüsrev Bey'in Saraybosna'daki Vakıfları" . Belleten (in Turkish). 73 (268): 645–670. doi:10.37879/belleten.2009.645. S2CID 113426092. ^ a b "Commission to preserve national monuments". Archived from the original on 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2012-06-28. ^ a b c "Posjedi Zvaničnika I Njihovih Porodica". Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2012-06-28. ^ "Oficijelni web portal Gazi Husrev-begovog vakufa u Sarajevu". Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2012-06-28. ^ Hemon, Aleksandar (June 2024). "Zurück nach Sarajevo" (PDF). Siegessäule. 40 (6): 30. ^ "Tolerance: A woman's perogative? - History Forum ~ All Empires". www.allempires.com. Retrieved 2024-06-08.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Murat Bey Tardić"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Šibenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vakuf-gazi.ba-hist-4"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vakuf-gazi.ba-hist-4"},{"link_name":"Gazi Husrev Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_Husrev_Bey"},{"link_name":"vojvoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvoda"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jurin_Star%C4%8Devi%C4%87_2006-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kons.gov.ba-8"},{"link_name":"Jajce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajce"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vakuf-gazi.ba-hist-4"},{"link_name":"Suleiman the Magnificent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"Klis Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klis_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Petar Kružić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Kru%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spandouginos_75-1"},{"link_name":"Siege of Klis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Klis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibn-sina.net-9"},{"link_name":"Sanjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak"},{"link_name":"Beg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beg_(title)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jurin_Star%C4%8Devi%C4%87_2006-5"},{"link_name":"Sanjak of Pojega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_Pojega"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibn-sina.net-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibn-sina.net-9"},{"link_name":"türbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe"},{"link_name":"Gazi Husrev Bey Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_Husrev_Bey_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kons.gov.ba-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Hemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Hemon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Tardić was born to a Croatian family in Šibenik,[2] where he had a brother called Zorzi or Juraj.[3][4] As a young man he became a prisoner of war. After being released he converted to Islam[4] and entered the Ottoman military serving under Gazi Husrev Bey as his vojvoda, where he quickly rose through the ranks.[5][6]\nAs a close associate of Gazi Husrev Bey, he led numerous military conquests against the Croatian army in northern Bosnia and Croatia.[7][8] In 1528, Murat Bey led the conquest of Jajce.[4]In 1536, Murat Bey Tardić was charged by Suleiman the Magnificent with 8,000 men to lay siege to the Klis Fortress under Petar Kružić.[1] He was successful in the Siege of Klis, occupying it in 1537.[9] For his military services he was put in charge of the Klis Sanjak with the title Beg. As the first Sanjak-Bey of Klis, he built a notable mosque in the town.[5]He was later made the beg of the Sanjak of Pojega in 1541 or in 1543.[9]\nHe is believed to have died in May 1545.[9]\nHe was buried in one of the two mausoleums (türbe) next to the Gazi Husrev Bey Mosque in Sarajevo.[8][10] Bosnian-American author Aleksandar Hemon and others infer a lover relationship between Tardić and Gazi Husrev Bey.[11][12]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Spandouginos, Theodōros (1997). On the Origin of the Ottoman Emperors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-521-58510-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58510-1","url_text":"978-0-521-58510-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Most 172 (83) - Abdulah Talundžić: Ostaci ostataka islamske arhitekture u Dalmaciji\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.most.ba/083/078.aspx","url_text":"\"Most 172 (83) - Abdulah Talundžić: Ostaci ostataka islamske arhitekture u Dalmaciji\""}]},{"reference":"\"Murat-begovo turbe\". vakuf-gazi.ba. Retrieved 2012-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vakuf-gazi.ba/tour/turbeta/","url_text":"\"Murat-begovo turbe\""}]},{"reference":"Jurin Starčević, Kornelija (17 November 2006). \"Islamsko-osmanski gradovi dalmatinskog zaleđa: prilog istraživanju urbanog razvoja u 16. i 17. stoljeću\" [Islamic-Ottoman towns in the hinterland of Dalmatia: a contribution to the research of urban development in the 16th and the 17th centuries]. Radovi (in Croatian). 38 (1): 113–154.","urls":[{"url":"https://hrcak.srce.hr/51816","url_text":"\"Islamsko-osmanski gradovi dalmatinskog zaleđa: prilog istraživanju urbanog razvoja u 16. i 17. stoljeću\""}]},{"reference":"Kužić, Krešimir (1 November 2005). \"A Contribution to the Biographies of Some of Kačić's Knights and to the Origins of the Population of Their Territories\" [A Contribution to the Biographies of Some of Kačić's Knights and to the Origins of the Population of Their Territories]. Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru (in Croatian) (47): 191–224.","urls":[{"url":"https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=13306","url_text":"\"A Contribution to the Biographies of Some of Kačić's Knights and to the Origins of the Population of Their Territories\""}]},{"reference":"Oruç, Hatice (1 December 2009). \"Gazi Hüsrev Bey'in Saraybosna'daki Vakıfları\" [Gazi Husrev Beg's Foundations in Sarajevo]. Belleten (in Turkish). 73 (268): 645–670. doi:10.37879/belleten.2009.645. S2CID 113426092.","urls":[{"url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ttkbelleten/issue/52587/692239","url_text":"\"Gazi Hüsrev Bey'in Saraybosna'daki Vakıfları\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.37879%2Fbelleten.2009.645","url_text":"10.37879/belleten.2009.645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:113426092","url_text":"113426092"}]},{"reference":"\"Commission to preserve national monuments\". Archived from the original on 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2012-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141022112109/http://kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=2897","url_text":"\"Commission to preserve national monuments\""},{"url":"http://www.kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=2897","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Posjedi Zvaničnika I Njihovih Porodica\". Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2012-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120707015502/http://www.ibn-sina.net/bs/component/content/article/1412-posjedi-zvaninika-i-njihovih-porodica.html","url_text":"\"Posjedi Zvaničnika I Njihovih Porodica\""},{"url":"http://www.ibn-sina.net/bs/component/content/article/1412-posjedi-zvaninika-i-njihovih-porodica.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oficijelni web portal Gazi Husrev-begovog vakufa u Sarajevu\". Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2012-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120405050816/http://www.vakuf-gazi.ba/ghhusrev_beg.html","url_text":"\"Oficijelni web portal Gazi Husrev-begovog vakufa u Sarajevu\""},{"url":"http://www.vakuf-gazi.ba/ghhusrev_beg.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hemon, Aleksandar (June 2024). \"Zurück nach Sarajevo\" (PDF). Siegessäule. 40 (6): 30.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.siegessaeule.de/documents/sis_06_24.pdf","url_text":"\"Zurück nach Sarajevo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tolerance: A woman's perogative? - History Forum ~ All Empires\". www.allempires.com. Retrieved 2024-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allempires.com/allempires.com-redirect/Forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=11682","url_text":"\"Tolerance: A woman's perogative? - History Forum ~ All Empires\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.most.ba/083/078.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Most 172 (83) - Abdulah Talundžić: Ostaci ostataka islamske arhitekture u Dalmaciji\""},{"Link":"http://ktp.isam.org.tr/pdfdkm/18/dkm182344.pdf","external_links_name":"http://ktp.isam.org.tr/pdfdkm/18/dkm182344.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.vakuf-gazi.ba/tour/turbeta/","external_links_name":"\"Murat-begovo turbe\""},{"Link":"https://hrcak.srce.hr/51816","external_links_name":"\"Islamsko-osmanski gradovi dalmatinskog zaleđa: prilog istraživanju urbanog razvoja u 16. i 17. stoljeću\""},{"Link":"https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=13306","external_links_name":"\"A Contribution to the Biographies of Some of Kačić's Knights and to the Origins of the Population of Their Territories\""},{"Link":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ttkbelleten/issue/52587/692239","external_links_name":"\"Gazi Hüsrev Bey'in Saraybosna'daki Vakıfları\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.37879%2Fbelleten.2009.645","external_links_name":"10.37879/belleten.2009.645"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:113426092","external_links_name":"113426092"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141022112109/http://kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=2897","external_links_name":"\"Commission to preserve national monuments\""},{"Link":"http://www.kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=2897","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120707015502/http://www.ibn-sina.net/bs/component/content/article/1412-posjedi-zvaninika-i-njihovih-porodica.html","external_links_name":"\"Posjedi Zvaničnika I Njihovih Porodica\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibn-sina.net/bs/component/content/article/1412-posjedi-zvaninika-i-njihovih-porodica.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120405050816/http://www.vakuf-gazi.ba/ghhusrev_beg.html","external_links_name":"\"Oficijelni web portal Gazi Husrev-begovog vakufa u Sarajevu\""},{"Link":"http://www.vakuf-gazi.ba/ghhusrev_beg.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://cdn.siegessaeule.de/documents/sis_06_24.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Zurück nach Sarajevo\""},{"Link":"http://www.allempires.com/allempires.com-redirect/Forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=11682","external_links_name":"\"Tolerance: A woman's perogative? - History Forum ~ All Empires\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik%27s_Expansions	Menelik II's conquests	["1 Background","2 Menelik's imperial strategy","3 Early conquests","3.1 Hadiya","3.2 Welega","3.3 Arsi Oromo","4 Annexation of Harar","5 Conquest of Wolaita and Kaffa kingdoms","5.1 Wolaita","5.2 Kaffa","6 Expansion into Ogaden","7 Impact and legacy","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Bibliography"]	1878–1904 series of conquests and annexations by Ethiopian emperor Menelik II vteMenelik's Expansion Embabo Azule Hirna Chelenqo Guté Dili Dodota Menelik's conquestsThe cover of French magazine Le Petit Journal, depicting attacks on HararDate1878–1904LocationPresent-day EthiopiaResult Shewan-Ethiopian victoryBelligerents Ethiopian Empire Shewa Armed by: France United Kingdom Emirate of HararHadiyaKingdom of KaffaArsi OromosKingdom of WolaitaDervishesand others...Commanders and leaders Menelik II Ras Gobana Dacche Habte Giyorgis Dinagde Darge Sahle SelassieTessema Nadew Welde Giyorgis Aboye Ras Makonnen Amir Abdullahi IIGaki SherochoKawo Tona GagaHassan EnjamoMohammed Hassan and others... Menelik's conquests, also known as the Agar Maqnat (Amharic: አገር ማቅናት, romanized: ʾägär maqnat, lit. 'Colonization, Cultivation and Christianization of Land'), were a series of expansionist wars and conquests carried out by Emperor Menelik II of Shewa to expand the Ethiopian Empire. In 1866 Menelik II became the king of Shewa, and in 1878 began a series of wars to conquer land for the Ethiopian Empire and to increase Shewan supremacy within Ethiopia. This was carried out predominantly with soldiers from the Amhara people of Shewa. Menelik is viewed as the founder of modern Ethiopia as a result of the expansion. Background After a period of disunity, much of the 19th century saw the reign of two Abyssinian monarchs,Tewodros II (1855-68) and Yohannes IV (1871-89), who progressively centralized the state. The third and last emperor of the century, Menelik II, the King of Abyssinia's Shewa region, managed to bring all of northern Abyssinia under his control and subsequently embarked on a massive expansion of the Ethiopian Empire. From the late 1880s, Menelik dispatched armies and colonists across the west, south, and southeast. Menelik's expansions coincided with the era of European colonial advances in the Horn of Africa, during which the Ethiopian Empire received significant military resources from foreign powers. France in particular poured in arms into the country during the 1880s, alongside Russia and Italy; seeking to secure favor for protectorate status over the empire. The influx of military equipment facilitated Emperor Menelik's unprecedented campaign of Amhara conquest and expansion. The Emperor conveyed to his European counterparts his 'sacred civilizing mission' to extend the benefits of Christian rule to the 'heathens'. Menelik became a signatory to the Brussels Act of 1890, which regulated the importation of arms into the African continent. Italy sponsored Ethiopia's inclusion in this act, enabling Abyssinia to "legally" import arms. This move also served to legitimize the arms shipments that had been ongoing for years prior from France. Thus when conflict later began with the Italians during the First Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895-6, the Ethiopian Empire had accrued a significant amount of modern weapons that allowed them to fight on similar terms as the European powers and maintain expansion. British writer Evelyn Waugh describing this nineteenth century event stated: The process (the creation of the Ethiopian Empire) was closely derived from the European model; sometimes the invaded areas were overawed by the show of superior force and accepted treaties of protection; sometimes they resisted and were slaughtered with the use of modern weapons which were being imported both openly and illicitly in enormous numbers; sometimes they were simply recorded as Ethiopian without their own knowledge. Menelik's imperial strategy A system of imperial conquest effectively based on settler colonialism, involving the deployment of armed settlers in newly created military colonies, was widespread throughout the southern and western territories that came under Menelik's dominion. Under the 'Neftenya-Gabbar scheme' the Ethiopian Empire had developed a relatively effective system of occupation and pacification. Soldier-settlers and their families moved into fortified villages known as katamas in strategic regions to secure the southern expansion. These armed settlers and their families were known as the neftenya and peasant farmers who were assigned to them the gabbar. The Neftenya (lit. 'Gun-carrier' or 'Armed settler') were assigned gabbar from the locally conquered population, who effectively worked in serfdom for the conquerors. The vast majority of the neftenya were Shewans. The neftenya-gabbar relationship was a 'feudal-like patron client relationship' between the northern settlers and southern locals. As land was taken, the northern administrators became the owners and possessed the right to dispose of land as they pleased. Those conquered found themselves displaced, often reduced to tenants on their own lands by the new Amhara ruling elite. The feudal obligations imposed on the gabbar were so intensive that they continued to serve the family of a neftegna even after the latter's death. The gabbar system worked efficiently for nearly half a century in financing the garrisoning and administration of the south until its formal dissolution in 1941. This system was not employed in all parts of the regions Menelik expanded into for varying reasons. In the case of many southern lowlands 'fringes', the territory was not suitable for colonization by the Shewan highlander plough agriculturalists and the lowland pastoralists were far harder to manage and control than the settled horticulturalists of the southern highlands. These regions were instead raided for revenue extraction, often in the form of livestock, into the 20th century. Though some polities negotiated differing levels of autonomy through tribute payments and taxation, elsewhere local populations were frequently decimated by violent colonial expansions that rested largely on cultural assimilation. Due to economic motives driving the northern expansions, it was usually preferred to disturb indigenous economies as little as possible in regions where there was little resistance. Extreme violence was carried out during the conquest of regions like the Kingdoms of Wolaita and Kaffa to the south, along with Illubabor and other territories in the Sudanese borderlands. Military expeditions into the Somali-inhabited Ogaden region under Ras Makonnen were characterized by massacres and expropriation, laying foundations for future incorporation into the Ethiopian Empire. Menelik's imperialism was culmination of a century of Abyssinian militarization. His army had expanded to such a degree that continual raiding and pillaging became a core feature of the empire, necessary to keep the youthful and armed population preoccupied. University of Oxford Professor of African History Richard Reid observes, "Menelik's empire was as brutally violent and as reliant on the atrocity-as-method genre of imperialism as the European colonial projects developing apace on Menelik's borders." Early conquests Shewan expansion had started before Menelik, as rulers of the region had started a southward thrust against the Oromo in the early part of the 19th century. During the first half of the 1880s, then king of Shewa Sahla Selassie conducted numerous military expeditions against the Oromo people residing on the Shewan plateau. Ethiopian Empire before conquests Ethiopian Empire after conquestsMenelik's first battles to expand the empire occurred when he was still under the nominal authority of Emperor Yohannes IV during the 1870s. With Menelik's incorporations of Wollo to his north during the late 1870s, all of the central region had been consolidated. Menelik dispatched an army against Gojjam to the east and achieved a victory. Emperor Yohannes punished Menelik and the ruler of Gojjam for going to war by taking away parts of their regions, but recognized 'Menelik's right to the south-west.' Having secured the watershed to his south-west, Menelik turn his attention to the Muslim inhabited south-east. During this early period of expansion, Menelik brought the provincial nobility that traditionally dominated Abyssinia under his rule. Hadiya In the late 1870s Menelik led a campaign to incorporate the lands of Hadiya which included the Gurage people into Shewa. In 1878, the Soddo Gurage living in Northern and Eastern Gurageland peacefully submitted to Menelik and their lands were left untouched by his armies, likely due to their shared Ethiopian Orthodox faith and prior submission to Negus Sahle Selassie, grandfather of the Emperor. However, in Western Gurage and Hadiya which was inhabited by the Sebat Bet, Kebena, and Wolane fiercely resisted Menelik. They were led by Hassan Enjamo of Kebena who on the advice of his sheiks declared jihad against the Shewans. For over a decade Hassan Injamo fought to expel the Shewans from the Muslim areas of Hadiya and Gurage until 1888 when Gobana Dacche faced him in the Battle of Jebdu Meda where the Muslim Hadiya and Gurage army was defeated by the Shewans, and with that all of Gurageland was subdued. The Halaba Hadiya however under their chief Barre Kagaw continued to resist until 1893 when the Abyssinians took advantage of the famine that had struck the region and led a conquest into their territory. Welega By the early 1880s, Shewan and Gojjam forces had made their first forays over the Gibe river into the region of Welega ruled by king Kumsa Moroda from the Machaa people of the Oromo. Ras Gobena, an Oromo general serving Menelik, arrived in the region at the head of a well armed force of Shewan troops. Menelik's primary motive in conquering Welega was control over the gold producing districts in the west. Ras Gobenas campaigns in Western Welega from 1886 to 1888 established Shewan rule over the entire region and ended the threat of Mahdist incursions. Menelik's success in these Oromo regions were in great measure due to Ras Gobena, with his large cavalry force he conquered and extracted tribute from Oromo leaders for the Shewan court. Arsi Oromo Main articles: Battle of Azule and Battle of Dodota Menelik's campaign against the Arsi people of the Oromo were among his bloodiest and most sustained efforts. After a series of military campaigns over several years they were finally subjugated by Shewan firepower. Conflicts between the Kingdom of Shewa and the Arsi Oromo date back to the 1840s when Sahle Selassie led an expedition against the Arsi. Shewans rulers had longed to pacify and incorporate this territory into their realm. In 1881, Menelik led a campaign against the Arsi Oromo, this campaign proved difficult, as the Oromos abandoned their homeland to wage guerilla war against the Shewan army, the Arsi inflicted significant losses against Menelik's forces through ambushes and raids. Menelik eventually left Arsi territory and his uncle Darge Sahle Selassie was left in charge of the campaign. In September 1886, Darge faced a large Arsi force at the Battle of Azule, the result was an overwhelming Shewan victory as the Arsi Oromo were completely defeated by the Shewan army. After the defeat of the Arsi at Azule the province of Arsi was pacified and Darge was named its governor. After six military campaigns, during 1887 the Arsi finally were brought under the rule of Menelik. After the conquest, much of the best Arsi grazing land was given as war booty to soldiers. Arsi Oromo during the 1960s spoke of the era of Amhara rule beginning after their subjection in 1887 as the start of an 'era of miseries'. Menelik's military expeditions pushing into southern Ethiopia set a pattern of razing entire districts, killing all male defender and then enslaving the women and children. From the initial raids Menelik and his commanders had seized thousands of prisoners, resulting in an increase in slavery on the domestic and international market. Before the mid-1890's Menelik rarely opposed the slave trade of captives taken during the expansions. Menelik gained half of the plunder and captives taken, while his soldiers and generals divided the rest according to their respective ranks. Despite publicly opposing slavery, Menelik actively supported it during the southern expansions. Four years after the conquest of the Arsi, foreign travelers passing through their regions noted that they were regarded as slaves by the new rulers and in sold openly in markets. The campaigns during 1885 in Ittu Oromo territory that had preceded the occupation of Harar left whole tracts of their territory depopulated. Annexation of Harar Main articles: Harar and Battle of Chelenqo From 1883 to 1885 the Shewan forces under Menelik attempted to invade the Chercher region of Harar and were defeated by the Ittu Oromo. During 1886, Menelik had started embarking on a large scale campaign to subjugate the south. In 1886 an Italian explorer and his entire party were massacred by soldiers from the Emirate of Harar, giving the Emperor an excuse to invade the Emirate of Harar. The Shewans then led an invasion force, however when this force was camped in Hirna the small army of Emir Abdullah II shot fireworks at the encampment, startling the Shewans and making them flee towards the Awash River during the Battle of Hirna. Menelik first utilized the significant influx of European arms he received at Harar. The Emperor wrote to European powers: "Ethiopia has been for 14 centuries a Christian island in a sea of pagans. If Powers at a distance come forward to partition Africa between them, I do not intend to remain an indifferent spectator." He did not, sending word to Emir Abdullah, ruler of the historic city of Harar which was pivotal to Muslim East Africa, to accept his suzerainty. The Emir suggested that Menelik should accept Islam. Menelik promised to conquer Harar and turn the principal mosque into a church, saying "I will come to Harar and replace the Mosque by a Christian church. Await me." The Medihane Alam Church is proof Menelik kept his word. In 1887 the Shewans sent another large force personally led by Menelik II to subjugate the Emirate of Harar. Emir Abdullah, in the Battle of Chelenqo, decided to attack early in the morning of Ethiopian Christmas assuming they would be unprepared and befuddled with food and alcohol, but was defeated as Menelik had awoken his army early expecting a surprise attack. The Emir then fled to the Ogaden and the Shewans conquered Hararghe. Finally having conquered Harar, Menelik extended trade routes through the city, importing valuable goods such as arms, and exporting other valuables such as coffee. He would place his cousin, Makonnen Wolde Mikael in control of the city. Harari oral tradition recounts 300 Hafiz and 700 newly-wed soldiers killed by Menelik's forces in the short battle. The remembrance of the seven hundred "wedded martyrs" became part of Harari wedding customs to this day, when every Harari groom is given fabric that is called "satti baqla" in Harari, which means "seven hundred." It's a rectangular cloth from white woven cotton ornamented with a red stripe along the edges symbolizing the martyrs' murders. When he presents it, the giver (who usually is the paternal uncle of the woman's father), whispers in the ear of the groom: "So that you do not forget.Conversion of Sheikh Bazikh Mosque to Medhanealem Church in Harar The largest Mosque in Harar (known as Sheikh Bazikh, "The capital Mosque," or Raoûf), located in Faras Magala, and the local Madrassa were turned into churches, notably "Medhane Alem church" in 1887 by Menelik II after the conquest. Conquest of Wolaita and Kaffa kingdoms Wolaita In 1890 Menelik invaded the Kingdom of Wolaita. The war of conquest has been described by Bahru Zewde as "one of the bloodiest campaigns of the whole period of expansion", and Wolayta oral tradition holds that 118,000 Welayta and 90,000 Shewan troops died in the fighting. Kawo (King) Tona Gaga, the last king of Welayta, was defeated and Welayta conquered in 1895. Welayta was then incorporated into the Ethiopian Empire. However, Welayta had a form of self-administrative status and was ruled by governors directly accountable to the king until the fall of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974. Kaffa Army of Ras Wolde Giyorgis after the conquest of Kaffa bows before the Emperor The Kingdom of Kaffa was a powerful kingdom located south of the Gojeb river in the dense jungles of the Kaffa mountains. Due to constant invasions from the Mecha Oromos, the Kafficho people developed a very unique defense system unlike anything seen in the Horn of Africa. The Kafficho built very deep trenches (Hiriyoo) and ditches (Kuripoa) along the borders of the kingdom to prevent intruders from entering. They also used natural barriers such the Gojeb River and the mountains to repel invaders. As a result, Kaffa earned a reputation of being impenetrable and inaccessible to outsiders. In 1895 Menelik II ordered the Kingdom of Kaffa to be invaded and sent three armies led by Dejazmach Tessema Nadew, Ras Wolde Giyorgis and Dejazmach Demissew Nassibu supported by Abba Jifar II of Jimma (who submitted to Menelik) to conquer the mountainous kingdom. Gaki Sherocho the king of Kaffa hid in the hinterlands of his kingdom and resisted the armies of Menelik II until he was captured in 1897 and exiled to Addis Ababa. After the kingdom was conquered Ras Wolde Giyorgis was named its governor. Expansion into Ogaden Main articles: Ogaden and Ethiopian–Somali conflict 1873 cartography by John Bartholomew designating “Ugaden” east of HararAfter conquering the city of Harar in 1887, Menelik announced a programme of ambitious expansion and colonialism to the European powers in 1891. This marked the start of a tentative yet violent invasion into the Ogaden. In the first phase of invasion, Menelik dispatched his troops on frequent raids that terrorized the region. Indiscriminate killing and looting was commonplace before the raiding soldiers returned to their bases with stolen livestock. Repeatedly between 1890 and 1900, Ethiopian raiding parties into the Ogaden caused devastation. The large scale importation of European arms completely upset the balance of power between the Somalis and the Ethiopian Empire, as the colonial powers blocked Somalis from receiving firearms. Many clans in British Somaliland signed the protection treaties with the British in response to Menelik's Invasions, which dictated the protection of Somali rights and the maintenance of independence. In 1897 in order to appease Menelik's expansionist policy Britain ceded almost half of the British Somaliland protectorate to Ethiopia in the Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897. Ethiopian authorities have since then based their claims to the Ogaden upon the 1897 treaty and the exchange of letters which followed it. The 1897 treaty was legally void because it presumed an authority which the Somalis had never accorded to Great Britain, as agreements that had been signed between the British and Somali had been to protect lands. While previous Ethiopian raids had been primarily disruptive to trade, Emperor Meneliks well armed incursions in the era of colonialism provoked significant unease among the Somali all the way to the Banaadir coast. A force of several thousand Ethiopian horseman armed with rifles pushed into the Shabelle valley near Balad, only a days march from Mogadishu during the spring of 1905. Several clans residing in the region engaged in battles with the invading forces, repulsing them. In several other cases poorly armed Somali warriors devastated the invading armies. In 1893, British Army officer Colonel Swayne, who was visiting Imi was shown "the remains of the bivouac of an enormous Abyssinian army which had been defeated some two or three years before." In the far eastern frontier largely inhabited by the Somalis, Professor of Anthropology Donald L. Donham observes that Menelik's imperial administration had dramatically failed to adopt to local religion and politics, while facing significant resistance at the start of the 20th century from the Somali anti-colonial Dervish movement. As the Ethiopian Empire began expanding into Somali territories at the start of the 1890s, Jigjiga came under intermittent military occupation until 1900. At the start of the year, Abyssinian troops occupied the town and completed construction on a fort. Following these incursions, Amhara settlers began arriving in Jigjiga and its surroundings for the first time. That year the Somali Dervishes had their first major battle when they attacked the Ethiopian garrison at Jigjiga with the aim of returning looted livestock. The following year a joint British-Ethiopian military expedition was launched to crush the Dervishes. In the early decades of the 20th century, Ethiopia exerted no actual influence over the Ogaden east of Jijiga even after the treaty and ruled in name only. When the boundary commission attempted to demarcate the treaty boundary in 1934 the native Somalis were unaware that they were under Ethiopian rule. Impact and legacy 1879–1889. 1889–1896. 1897–1904. The incorporation of the southern highlands created unprecedented resources for the imperial core. Before the mid-19th century, Emperor Tewodros II had relied on tribute from the central regions for revenue, but by the start of the 20th century, these same regions provided very little and the majority of state revenue was drawn from the south. Exaction on northern peasants by the imperial state was lightened, and the burden was shifted to the newly ruled southerners. In contrast to imperial expansion into the central and northern highlands, where locals were protected by shared ethnicity and kinship, the people of the south lost most of their traditional lands to the Amhara rulers and were reduced to tenancy on their own lands. The vast southwards expansions carried out by Emperor Menelik exacerbated the divide between the largely Semetic populated north and the primarily Cushitic inhabited south, creating the conditions which encouraged significant future social and political transformations. In southern Ethiopia, the word Amhara is often treated synonymously to Neftenya, the title given to the soldiers Menelik employed in this period to colonize the people of the south while living off the indigenous population and their lands. The southern expansions and raids fueled a national market for slaves, which Menelik aided and abetted, despite his public proclamations to the contrary. See also Territorial evolution of Ethiopia Neftenya Scramble for Africa Colonisation of Africa References ^ Penrose, Ernest. European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa. Taylor & Francis. p. 79. ^ Sheik-Abdi, Abdi (1977). "Somali Nationalism: Its Origins and Future". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 15 (4): 657–665. ISSN 1469-7777. ^ Tibebu, Teshale. The Making of Modern Ethiopia 1896-1974. Red Sea Press. p. 40. ^ Bereketeab, Redie (28 March 2023). Historical Sociology of State Formation in the Horn of Africa. Springer International Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 9783031241628. ^ The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974. The Red Sea Press. 1995. ISBN 9781569020012. ^ a b Lewis 1983, pp. 15–16. ^ Selassie, Tsehai Brhane (1975). "The question of Damot and Wälamo". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 13 (1): 37–46. JSTOR 41965880. ^ Richard Pankhurst The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books", 1997. p. 284. ^ Donham & James 1986, p. 3. ^ a b c Reid, Richard (2022-01-02). "Atrocity in Ethiopian History". Journal of Genocide Research. 24 (1): 97–108. doi:10.1080/14623528.2021.1992924. ISSN 1462-3528 – via Taylor & Francis. ^ a b c Lewis 1983, pp. 2–4. ^ Miguel, Madueño; Alberto, Guerrero (2023-03-28). Examining Colonial Wars and Their Impact on Contemporary Military History. IGI Global. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-1-6684-7042-8. ^ Gnamo 2014, p. 112. ^ Lewis 1983, p. 122. ^ a b Keefer, Edward C. (1973). "Great Britain and Ethiopia, 1897-1910: Competition for Empire". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 6 (3): 468–474. doi:10.2307/216612. ISSN 0361-7882. ^ a b Lewis 1983, p. 120. ^ a b c Donham & James 1986, p. 179. ^ Donham & James 1986, p. 42. ^ Donham & James 1986, p. 23. ^ Simone, Ed (1975). "The Amhara Military Expeditions Against the Shawa Galla (1800-1850): A Reappraisal". In Marcus, Harold G.; Schoonmaker, Kathleen M. (eds.). Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Michigan State University, 2-5 May, 1973. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. pp. 101–115. ^ a b Dohham & James 1986, p. 23. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDohhamJames1986 (help) ^ Donham & James 1986, p. 77. ^ "The Introduction and Legacy of Menelik's life". 20 August 2018. ^ "Change and Continuity of TraditionalSystem of Governance: The Case of Oget among the Qebena, South Ethiopia". ^ "Fanonet: Ethnohistorical Notes on the Gurage Urban Migration in Ethiopia" (PDF). ^ Abdel Karim, El Amin. AN HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE SHAWAN –AMHARA CONQUEST OF THE OROMO and SIDAMAREGIONS OF SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA 1865-1900. University of Khartoum. p. 154. ^ Donham & James 1986, pp. 51–52. ^ Donham & James 1986, p. 55. ^ Triulzi, Alessandro (1975). "The background to Ras Gobäna's expeditions to Western Wällägga in 1886-1888: a review of the evidence". In Marcus, Harold G.; Schoonmaker, Kathleen M. (eds.). Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Michigan State University, 2-5 May, 1973. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. pp. 101–115. ^ a b c Lewis 1983, pp. 140–141. ^ "Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974: The Case of the Arsi Oromo". The Arsi Oromo Resistance against Ethiopian Imperial Conquest (1880–1900). Brill. 23 January 2014. ISBN 9789004265486. ^ Tafla, Bairu (July 1975). "Ras Dargé Sahle Selassie, c 1827 - 1900". The Journal of African History. 13 (2): 17–37. ^ a b c Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2013-12-16). "Slave Trade in Southern Ethiopia". The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century. Routledge. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-1-135-18214-4. ^ Slikkerveer, Leendert (28 October 2013). Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates. Taylor & Francis. p. 123. ISBN 9781136143304. ^ Lewis 1983, p. 2-3. ^ Akbar, M. J. (2010-12-01). Have Pen, Will Travel. Roli Books Private Limited. ISBN 978-81-7436-993-2. ^ Have Pen, Will Travel, M.J. Akbar, 2010 ^ Selassie, Bereket H. (2007). The Crown and the Pen: The Memoirs of a Lawyer Turned Rebel. Red Sea Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-56902-276-4. ^ Sauldie, Madan M. (1987). Super Powers in the Horn of Africa. APT Books. ISBN 978-0-86590-092-9. ^ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (2003). "Ugas Nuur". Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 248–249. ISBN 978-0-8108-6604-1. ^ Harold G. Marcus, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), p. 91 ISBN 1-56902-010-8 ^ HISTORY OF HARAR AND THE HARARIS, REFINED VERSION, REFINED BY WEHIB M. AHMED (DUA’LE), HARARI PEOPLE REGIONAL STATE CULTURE, HERITAGE AND TOURISM BUREAU, October 2015/2008 EC. HARAR https://everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf ^ Feener, R. Michael (2004-10-26). Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-57607-516-6. ^ Apotsos, Michelle Moore (2021-07-29). The Masjid in Contemporary Islamic Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-61799-4. ^ Harar Jugol (Ethiopia), UNESCO, p.28, p.30 https://whc.unesco.org/document/151989 ^ a b Sarah Vaughan, "Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia" Archived 2011-08-13 at the Wayback Machine (University of Edinburgh: Ph.D. Thesis, 2003), p. 253. ^ Yimam, Baye (2002). Ethiopian studies at the end of the second millennium. Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University. p. 930. Retrieved 13 July 2016. ^ "Hisotorical glimpse of Hiriyoo". 2021. S2CID 234070093. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|url= (help) ^ "ETHIOPIA THROUGH RUSSIAN EYES". Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. ^ Woodward, Peter; Forsyth, Murray (1994). Conflict and peace in the Horn of Africa : federalism and its alternatives. Dartmouth: Aldershot. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-1-85521-486-6. ^ Abdi 2021, pp. 35–36. ^ Irons, Roy (2013-11-04). Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921. Pen and Sword. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-78346-380-0. ^ Gorman, Robert F. (1981). Political Conflict on the Horn of Africa. Praeger. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-03-059471-7. Facing the Ethiopian threat, many Somali clans accepted British protection. ^ Ahmed Yusuf, Abdulqawi (1980). "The Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897 and the Somali-Ethiopian Dispute". Horn of Africa. 3 (1): 39. ^ Lewis 1983, p. 157–159. ^ Cassanelli, Lee V. (1982). The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 199–201. ISBN 978-0-8122-7832-3. ^ H. G. C. Swayne, "A Trip to Harar and Imé", Geographical Journal, 2 (September 1893), p. 251 ^ Donham & James 1986, pp. 46–47. ^ Martin, B. G. (2003). Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-521-53451-2. ^ Girma, Zerihun; Imana, Gutema (2020). "The Impact of Somali Nationalism on the Amhara-Somali Ethnic Interaction in Jigjiga Town and its Surroundings (1940s–1990s)". East African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 5 (2): 21–28. ^ Lewis, Modern History, p. 61 ^ Dohnam & James 1986, p. 24. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDohnamJames1986 (help) ^ Lewis 1983, p. 5. Bibliography Lewis, I.M., ed. (1983). Nationalism & Self Determination in the Horn of Africa. Ithaca Press. Gnamo, Abbas (2014). Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974: The Case of the Arsi Oromo. Brill. ISBN 9789004265486. Donham, Donald; James, Wendy, eds. (1986). The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521322375. Abdi, Mohamed Mohamud (2021). A History of the Ogaden (Western Somali) Struggle for Self-Determination: Part I (1300-2007) (2nd ed.). UK: Safis Publishing. ISBN 978-1-906342-39-5. OCLC 165059930. vteEthiopia articlesHistory Prehistoric Kingdom of Dʿmt Kingdom of Aksum Kingdom of Wolaita Ethiopian Empire Emperor list regnal lists Solomonic dynasty Zagwe dynasty Kingdom of Kaffa Ethiopian–Adal War Gondarine period Zemene Mesafint Menelik's Expansions Italo-Ethiopian wars 1887–89 First Second World War I Italian occupation World War II Revolution 1974 coup d'état Derg Civil War Ogaden War Federal Democratic Republic Eritrean–Ethiopian War Border conflict 2018 peace summit War in Somalia (2006–09) Civil conflict Tigray War Historiography Territorial evolution GeographyGeology Mountains Rivers Lakes Volcanoes Earthquakes Flora Fauna Administrative Regions Governors Zones Woredas Cities Kebele Politics Constitution history Government President list Prime Minister list Council Parliament Political parties Elections Foreign relations Foreign aid Military National Defense Force Ground Forces Air Force Military history Army of the Empire Navy Economy Agriculture Banks Birr (currency) Companies Energy Foreign aid Industrial development Land reform Manufacturing Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Architecture Child marriage Demographics Education Ethnic groups Famines Flag Health Healthcare Maternal Women's Human rights LGBT Human trafficking Languages Law enforcement People Polygamy Public holidays Water and sanitation Women Culture Art Cuisine (wine) Literature Media Music Religion Sports World Heritage Sites OutlineIndex Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Menelik%27s_Expansion"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Menelik%27s_Expansion"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Menelik%27s_Expansion"},{"link_name":"Menelik's Expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik%27s_Invasions"},{"link_name":"Embabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Embabo"},{"link_name":"Azule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Azule"},{"link_name":"Hirna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hirna"},{"link_name":"Chelenqo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chelenqo"},{"link_name":"Guté Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gut%C3%A9_Dili"},{"link_name":"Dodota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dodota"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Menelik II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_II"},{"link_name":"Shewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shewa"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis198315%E2%80%9316-6"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D3-2-8"}],"text":"vteMenelik's Expansion\nEmbabo\nAzule\nHirna\nChelenqo\nGuté Dili\nDodotaMenelik's conquests, also known as the Agar Maqnat (Amharic: አገር ማቅናት, romanized: ʾägär maqnat, lit. 'Colonization, Cultivation and Christianization of Land'),[3] were a series of expansionist wars and conquests carried out by Emperor Menelik II of Shewa to expand the Ethiopian Empire.[4]In 1866 Menelik II became the king of Shewa, and in 1878 began a series of wars to conquer land for the Ethiopian Empire and to increase Shewan supremacy within Ethiopia.[5] This was carried out predominantly with soldiers from the Amhara people of Shewa.[6] Menelik is viewed as the founder of modern Ethiopia as a result of the expansion.[7][8]","title":"Menelik II's conquests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"19th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century"},{"link_name":"Abyssinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssinia"},{"link_name":"Tewodros II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewodros_II"},{"link_name":"Yohannes IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohannes_IV"},{"link_name":"Menelik II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_II"},{"link_name":"Shewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shewa"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonhamJames19863-9"},{"link_name":"colonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"European colonial advances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa"},{"link_name":"Horn of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate"},{"link_name":"Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people"},{"link_name":"civilizing mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizing_mission"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis19832%E2%80%934-11"},{"link_name":"Brussels Act of 1890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Conference_Act_of_1890"},{"link_name":"First Italo-Ethiopian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnamo2014112-13"}],"text":"After a period of disunity, much of the 19th century saw the reign of two Abyssinian monarchs,Tewodros II (1855-68) and Yohannes IV (1871-89), who progressively centralized the state. The third and last emperor of the century, Menelik II, the King of Abyssinia's Shewa region, managed to bring all of northern Abyssinia under his control and subsequently embarked on a massive expansion of the Ethiopian Empire.[9] From the late 1880s, Menelik dispatched armies and colonists across the west, south, and southeast.[10]Menelik's expansions coincided with the era of European colonial advances in the Horn of Africa, during which the Ethiopian Empire received significant military resources from foreign powers. France in particular poured in arms into the country during the 1880s, alongside Russia and Italy; seeking to secure favor for protectorate status over the empire. The influx of military equipment facilitated Emperor Menelik's unprecedented campaign of Amhara conquest and expansion. The Emperor conveyed to his European counterparts his 'sacred civilizing mission' to extend the benefits of Christian rule to the 'heathens'.[11] Menelik became a signatory to the Brussels Act of 1890, which regulated the importation of arms into the African continent. Italy sponsored Ethiopia's inclusion in this act, enabling Abyssinia to \"legally\" import arms. This move also served to legitimize the arms shipments that had been ongoing for years prior from France. Thus when conflict later began with the Italians during the First Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895-6, the Ethiopian Empire had accrued a significant amount of modern weapons that allowed them to fight on similar terms as the European powers and maintain expansion.[12] British writer Evelyn Waugh describing this nineteenth century event stated:[13]The process (the creation of the Ethiopian Empire) was closely derived from the European model; sometimes the invaded areas were overawed by the show of superior force and accepted treaties of protection; sometimes they resisted and were slaughtered with the use of modern weapons which were being imported both openly and illicitly in enormous numbers; sometimes they were simply recorded as Ethiopian without their own knowledge.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"settler colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler_colonialism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1983122-14"},{"link_name":"neftenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neftenya"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"serfdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1983120-16"},{"link_name":"Shewans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shewa"},{"link_name":"feudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonhamJames1986179-17"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis19832%E2%80%934-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1983120-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonhamJames1986179-17"},{"link_name":"pastoralists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism"},{"link_name":"horticulturalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonhamJames198642-18"},{"link_name":"polities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polity"},{"link_name":"autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"cultural assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonhamJames1986179-17"},{"link_name":"Wolaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wolaita"},{"link_name":"Kaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa"},{"link_name":"Illubabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illubabor_Province"},{"link_name":"Sudanese borderlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Sudan_border"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people"},{"link_name":"Ogaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden"},{"link_name":"Ras Makonnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makonnen_Wolde_Mikael"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"militarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarization"},{"link_name":"pillaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looting"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"}],"text":"A system of imperial conquest effectively based on settler colonialism, involving the deployment of armed settlers in newly created military colonies, was widespread throughout the southern and western territories that came under Menelik's dominion.[14] Under the 'Neftenya-Gabbar scheme' the Ethiopian Empire had developed a relatively effective system of occupation and pacification. Soldier-settlers and their families moved into fortified villages known as katamas in strategic regions to secure the southern expansion. These armed settlers and their families were known as the neftenya and peasant farmers who were assigned to them the gabbar.[15] The Neftenya (lit. 'Gun-carrier' or 'Armed settler') were assigned gabbar from the locally conquered population, who effectively worked in serfdom for the conquerors.[16] The vast majority of the neftenya were Shewans. The neftenya-gabbar relationship was a 'feudal-like patron client relationship' between the northern settlers and southern locals. As land was taken, the northern administrators became the owners and possessed the right to dispose of land as they pleased.[17] Those conquered found themselves displaced, often reduced to tenants on their own lands by the new Amhara ruling elite.[11] The feudal obligations imposed on the gabbar were so intensive that they continued to serve the family of a neftegna even after the latter's death.[16] The gabbar system worked efficiently for nearly half a century in financing the garrisoning and administration of the south until its formal dissolution in 1941.[17] This system was not employed in all parts of the regions Menelik expanded into for varying reasons. In the case of many southern lowlands 'fringes', the territory was not suitable for colonization by the Shewan highlander plough agriculturalists and the lowland pastoralists were far harder to manage and control than the settled horticulturalists of the southern highlands. These regions were instead raided for revenue extraction, often in the form of livestock, into the 20th century.[18]Though some polities negotiated differing levels of autonomy through tribute payments and taxation, elsewhere local populations were frequently decimated by violent colonial expansions that rested largely on cultural assimilation.[10] Due to economic motives driving the northern expansions, it was usually preferred to disturb indigenous economies as little as possible in regions where there was little resistance.[17] Extreme violence was carried out during the conquest of regions like the Kingdoms of Wolaita and Kaffa to the south, along with Illubabor and other territories in the Sudanese borderlands. Military expeditions into the Somali-inhabited Ogaden region under Ras Makonnen were characterized by massacres and expropriation, laying foundations for future incorporation into the Ethiopian Empire. Menelik's imperialism was culmination of a century of Abyssinian militarization. His army had expanded to such a degree that continual raiding and pillaging became a core feature of the empire, necessary to keep the youthful and armed population preoccupied. University of Oxford Professor of African History Richard Reid observes, \"Menelik's empire was as brutally violent and as reliant on the atrocity-as-method genre of imperialism as the European colonial projects developing apace on Menelik's borders.\"[10]","title":"Menelik's imperial strategy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shewa"},{"link_name":"Oromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_people"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonhamJames198623-19"},{"link_name":"Sahla Selassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahle_Selassie"},{"link_name":"plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_II_conquests_map_on_world_sphere.svg"},{"link_name":"Yohannes IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohannes_IV"},{"link_name":"Wollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollo_Province"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohhamJames198623-21"},{"link_name":"Gojjam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojjam"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohhamJames198623-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonhamJames198677-22"}],"text":"Shewan expansion had started before Menelik, as rulers of the region had started a southward thrust against the Oromo in the early part of the 19th century.[19] During the first half of the 1880s, then king of Shewa Sahla Selassie conducted numerous military expeditions against the Oromo people residing on the Shewan plateau.[20]Ethiopian Empire before conquests Ethiopian Empire after conquestsMenelik's first battles to expand the empire occurred when he was still under the nominal authority of Emperor Yohannes IV during the 1870s. With Menelik's incorporations of Wollo to his north during the late 1870s, all of the central region had been consolidated.[21] Menelik dispatched an army against Gojjam to the east and achieved a victory. Emperor Yohannes punished Menelik and the ruler of Gojjam for going to war by taking away parts of their regions, but recognized 'Menelik's right to the south-west.' Having secured the watershed to his south-west, Menelik turn his attention to the Muslim inhabited south-east.[21] During this early period of expansion, Menelik brought the provincial nobility that traditionally dominated Abyssinia under his rule.[22]","title":"Early conquests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hadiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiya_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Gurage people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_people"},{"link_name":"Shewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shewa"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church"},{"link_name":"Sahle Selassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahle_Selassie"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Kebena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebena_people"},{"link_name":"Wolane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolane_people"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Hassan Enjamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Enjamo"},{"link_name":"Kebena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebena_people"},{"link_name":"Hadiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiya_people"},{"link_name":"Gobana Dacche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobana_Dacche"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jebdu Meda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jebdu_Meda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Halaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaba_people"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Hadiya","text":"In the late 1870s Menelik led a campaign to incorporate the lands of Hadiya which included the Gurage people into Shewa. In 1878, the Soddo Gurage living in Northern and Eastern Gurageland peacefully submitted to Menelik and their lands were left untouched by his armies, likely due to their shared Ethiopian Orthodox faith and prior submission to Negus Sahle Selassie, grandfather of the Emperor. However, in Western Gurage and Hadiya which was inhabited by the Sebat Bet, Kebena, and Wolane fiercely resisted Menelik.[23] They were led by Hassan Enjamo of Kebena who on the advice of his sheiks declared jihad against the Shewans. For over a decade Hassan Injamo fought to expel the Shewans from the Muslim areas of Hadiya and Gurage until 1888 when Gobana Dacche faced him in the Battle of Jebdu Meda where the Muslim Hadiya and Gurage army was defeated by the Shewans, and with that all of Gurageland was subdued.[24][25]The Halaba Hadiya however under their chief Barre Kagaw continued to resist until 1893 when the Abyssinians took advantage of the famine that had struck the region and led a conquest into their territory.[26]","title":"Early conquests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shewa"},{"link_name":"Gojjam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojjam"},{"link_name":"Gibe river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibe_River"},{"link_name":"Welega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welega_Province"},{"link_name":"Kumsa Moroda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumsa_Moroda"},{"link_name":"Machaa people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machaa"},{"link_name":"Ras Gobena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobana_Dacche"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonhamJames198651%E2%80%9352-27"},{"link_name":"gold producing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonhamJames198655-28"},{"link_name":"Mahdist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Welega","text":"By the early 1880s, Shewan and Gojjam forces had made their first forays over the Gibe river into the region of Welega ruled by king Kumsa Moroda from the Machaa people of the Oromo. Ras Gobena, an Oromo general serving Menelik, arrived in the region at the head of a well armed force of Shewan troops.[27] Menelik's primary motive in conquering Welega was control over the gold producing districts in the west.[28] Ras Gobenas campaigns in Western Welega from 1886 to 1888 established Shewan rule over the entire region and ended the threat of Mahdist incursions. Menelik's success in these Oromo regions were in great measure due to Ras Gobena, with his large cavalry force he conquered and extracted tribute from Oromo leaders for the Shewan court.[29]","title":"Early conquests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arsi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsi_people"},{"link_name":"Oromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_people"},{"link_name":"Shewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shewa"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1983140%E2%80%93141-30"},{"link_name":"Sahle Selassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahle_Selassie"},{"link_name":"guerilla war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Darge Sahle Selassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darge_Sahle_Selassie"},{"link_name":"Battle of Azule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Azule"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Arsi Oromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsi_people"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1983140%E2%80%93141-30"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-33"},{"link_name":"sold openly in markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_market"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1983140%E2%80%93141-30"},{"link_name":"Ittu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituu"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-33"}],"sub_title":"Arsi Oromo","text":"Menelik's campaign against the Arsi people of the Oromo were among his bloodiest and most sustained efforts. After a series of military campaigns over several years they were finally subjugated by Shewan firepower.[30]Conflicts between the Kingdom of Shewa and the Arsi Oromo date back to the 1840s when Sahle Selassie led an expedition against the Arsi. Shewans rulers had longed to pacify and incorporate this territory into their realm. In 1881, Menelik led a campaign against the Arsi Oromo, this campaign proved difficult, as the Oromos abandoned their homeland to wage guerilla war against the Shewan army, the Arsi inflicted significant losses against Menelik's forces through ambushes and raids. Menelik eventually left Arsi territory and his uncle Darge Sahle Selassie was left in charge of the campaign. In September 1886, Darge faced a large Arsi force at the Battle of Azule, the result was an overwhelming Shewan victory as the Arsi Oromo were completely defeated by the Shewan army. After the defeat of the Arsi at Azule the province of Arsi was pacified and Darge was named its governor.[31][32] After six military campaigns, during 1887 the Arsi finally were brought under the rule of Menelik. After the conquest, much of the best Arsi grazing land was given as war booty to soldiers. Arsi Oromo during the 1960s spoke of the era of Amhara rule beginning after their subjection in 1887 as the start of an 'era of miseries'.[30]Menelik's military expeditions pushing into southern Ethiopia set a pattern of razing entire districts, killing all male defender and then enslaving the women and children. From the initial raids Menelik and his commanders had seized thousands of prisoners, resulting in an increase in slavery on the domestic and international market. Before the mid-1890's Menelik rarely opposed the slave trade of captives taken during the expansions. Menelik gained half of the plunder and captives taken, while his soldiers and generals divided the rest according to their respective ranks. Despite publicly opposing slavery, Menelik actively supported it during the southern expansions.[33] Four years after the conquest of the Arsi, foreign travelers passing through their regions noted that they were regarded as slaves by the new rulers and in sold openly in markets.[30] The campaigns during 1885 in Ittu Oromo territory that had preceded the occupation of Harar left whole tracts of their territory depopulated.[33]","title":"Early conquests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shewan"},{"link_name":"Chercher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chercher_province"},{"link_name":"Ittu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittu"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Harar"},{"link_name":"Hirna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirna"},{"link_name":"Emir Abdullah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Abd_Allah_II_ibn_%27Ali_%27Abd_ash-Shakur"},{"link_name":"Awash River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awash_River"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hirna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hirna"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis19832-3-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chelenqo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chelenqo"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country#Ethiopia_and_Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Ogaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden"},{"link_name":"Hararghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hararghe"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Makonnen Wolde Mikael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makonnen_Wolde_Mikael"},{"link_name":"oral tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"Hafiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harar_Church_construction.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Madrassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Menelik II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_II"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"From 1883 to 1885 the Shewan forces under Menelik attempted to invade the Chercher region of Harar and were defeated by the Ittu Oromo.[34] During 1886, Menelik had started embarking on a large scale campaign to subjugate the south.[15] In 1886 an Italian explorer and his entire party were massacred by soldiers from the Emirate of Harar, giving the Emperor an excuse to invade the Emirate of Harar. The Shewans then led an invasion force, however when this force was camped in Hirna the small army of Emir Abdullah II shot fireworks at the encampment, startling the Shewans and making them flee towards the Awash River during the Battle of Hirna.Menelik first utilized the significant influx of European arms he received at Harar.[35] The Emperor wrote to European powers: \"Ethiopia has been for 14 centuries a Christian island in a sea of pagans. If Powers at a distance come forward to partition Africa between them, I do not intend to remain an indifferent spectator.\"[36] He did not, sending word to Emir Abdullah, ruler of the historic city of Harar which was pivotal to Muslim East Africa, to accept his suzerainty. The Emir suggested that Menelik should accept Islam. Menelik promised to conquer Harar and turn the principal mosque into a church, saying \"I will come to Harar and replace the Mosque by a Christian church. Await me.\" The Medihane Alam Church is proof Menelik kept his word.[37][38][39]In 1887 the Shewans sent another large force personally led by Menelik II to subjugate the Emirate of Harar. Emir Abdullah, in the Battle of Chelenqo, decided to attack early in the morning of Ethiopian Christmas assuming they would be unprepared and befuddled with food and alcohol, but was defeated as Menelik had awoken his army early expecting a surprise attack. The Emir then fled to the Ogaden and the Shewans conquered Hararghe.[40][41] Finally having conquered Harar, Menelik extended trade routes through the city, importing valuable goods such as arms, and exporting other valuables such as coffee. He would place his cousin, Makonnen Wolde Mikael in control of the city. Harari oral tradition recounts 300 Hafiz and 700 newly-wed soldiers killed by Menelik's forces in the short battle. The remembrance of the seven hundred \"wedded martyrs\" became part of Harari wedding customs to this day, when every Harari groom is given fabric that is called \"satti baqla\" in Harari, which means \"seven hundred.\" It's a rectangular cloth from white woven cotton ornamented with a red stripe along the edges symbolizing the martyrs' murders. When he presents it, the giver (who usually is the paternal uncle of the woman's father), whispers in the ear of the groom: \"So that you do not forget.[42][43]Conversion of Sheikh Bazikh Mosque to Medhanealem Church in HararThe largest Mosque in Harar (known as Sheikh Bazikh, \"The capital Mosque,\" or Raoûf), located in Faras Magala, and the local Madrassa[citation needed] were turned into churches, notably \"Medhane Alem church\" in 1887[44] by Menelik II after the conquest.[45]","title":"Annexation of Harar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Conquest of Wolaita and Kaffa kingdoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Wolaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wolaita"},{"link_name":"Bahru Zewde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahru_Zewde"},{"link_name":"Welayta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welayta_people"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sarahvaughan-46"},{"link_name":"Tona Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawo_Tona_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Haile Selassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sarahvaughan-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Wolaita","text":"In 1890 Menelik invaded the Kingdom of Wolaita. The war of conquest has been described by Bahru Zewde as \"one of the bloodiest campaigns of the whole period of expansion\", and Wolayta oral tradition holds that 118,000 Welayta and 90,000 Shewan troops died in the fighting.[46] Kawo (King) Tona Gaga, the last king of Welayta, was defeated and Welayta conquered in 1895. Welayta was then incorporated into the Ethiopian Empire. However, Welayta had a form of self-administrative status and was ruled by governors directly accountable to the king until the fall of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974.[46][47]","title":"Conquest of Wolaita and Kaffa kingdoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army_of_Ras_Wolda_Giyorigs_after_the_conquest_of_Kaffa_bows_before_the_Emperor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa"},{"link_name":"Kaffa mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafa_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Mecha Oromos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machaa"},{"link_name":"Kafficho people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafficho_people"},{"link_name":"Horn of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Gojeb River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojeb_River"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Menelik II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_II"},{"link_name":"Tessema Nadew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessema_Nadew"},{"link_name":"Abba Jifar II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Jifar_II"},{"link_name":"Jimma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimma"},{"link_name":"Gaki Sherocho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaki_Sherocho"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Kaffa","text":"Army of Ras Wolde Giyorgis after the conquest of Kaffa bows before the EmperorThe Kingdom of Kaffa was a powerful kingdom located south of the Gojeb river in the dense jungles of the Kaffa mountains. Due to constant invasions from the Mecha Oromos, the Kafficho people developed a very unique defense system unlike anything seen in the Horn of Africa. The Kafficho built very deep trenches (Hiriyoo) and ditches (Kuripoa) along the borders of the kingdom to prevent intruders from entering. They also used natural barriers such the Gojeb River and the mountains to repel invaders. As a result, Kaffa earned a reputation of being impenetrable and inaccessible to outsiders.[48]In 1895 Menelik II ordered the Kingdom of Kaffa to be invaded and sent three armies led by Dejazmach Tessema Nadew, Ras Wolde Giyorgis and Dejazmach Demissew Nassibu supported by Abba Jifar II of Jimma (who submitted to Menelik) to conquer the mountainous kingdom. Gaki Sherocho the king of Kaffa hid in the hinterlands of his kingdom and resisted the armies of Menelik II until he was captured in 1897 and exiled to Addis Ababa. After the kingdom was conquered Ras Wolde Giyorgis was named its governor.[49]","title":"Conquest of Wolaita and Kaffa kingdoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia,_Shoa,_Harar_(1873).jpg"},{"link_name":"John Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_George_Bartholomew"},{"link_name":"Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar"},{"link_name":"Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar"},{"link_name":"Ogaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi202135%E2%80%9336-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"British Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1897"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1983157%E2%80%93159-55"},{"link_name":"Meneliks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_II"},{"link_name":"colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people"},{"link_name":"Shabelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebelle_River"},{"link_name":"Balad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad,_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-56"},{"link_name":"Colonel Swayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_John_Eagles_Swayne"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Dervish movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonhamJames198646%E2%80%9347-58"},{"link_name":"Jigjiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jijiga"},{"link_name":"military occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_occupation"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-59"},{"link_name":"Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"attacked the Ethiopian garrison at Jigjiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jigjiga_(1900)"},{"link_name":"Jijiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jijiga"},{"link_name":"treaty boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1897"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"1873 cartography by John Bartholomew designating “Ugaden” east of HararAfter conquering the city of Harar in 1887, Menelik announced a programme of ambitious expansion and colonialism to the European powers in 1891. This marked the start of a tentative yet violent invasion into the Ogaden.[50] In the first phase of invasion, Menelik dispatched his troops on frequent raids that terrorized the region. Indiscriminate killing and looting was commonplace before the raiding soldiers returned to their bases with stolen livestock. Repeatedly between 1890 and 1900, Ethiopian raiding parties into the Ogaden caused devastation.[51] The large scale importation of European arms completely upset the balance of power between the Somalis and the Ethiopian Empire, as the colonial powers blocked Somalis from receiving firearms.[52] Many clans in British Somaliland signed the protection treaties with the British in response to Menelik's Invasions, which dictated the protection of Somali rights and the maintenance of independence.[53] In 1897 in order to appease Menelik's expansionist policy Britain ceded almost half of the British Somaliland protectorate to Ethiopia in the Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897. Ethiopian authorities have since then based their claims to the Ogaden upon the 1897 treaty and the exchange of letters which followed it.[54] The 1897 treaty was legally void because it presumed an authority which the Somalis had never accorded to Great Britain, as agreements that had been signed between the British and Somali had been to protect lands.[55]While previous Ethiopian raids had been primarily disruptive to trade, Emperor Meneliks well armed incursions in the era of colonialism provoked significant unease among the Somali all the way to the Banaadir coast. A force of several thousand Ethiopian horseman armed with rifles pushed into the Shabelle valley near Balad, only a days march from Mogadishu during the spring of 1905. Several clans residing in the region engaged in battles with the invading forces, repulsing them.[56] In several other cases poorly armed Somali warriors devastated the invading armies. In 1893, British Army officer Colonel Swayne, who was visiting Imi was shown \"the remains of the bivouac of an enormous Abyssinian army which had been defeated some two or three years before.\"[57]In the far eastern frontier largely inhabited by the Somalis, Professor of Anthropology Donald L. Donham observes that Menelik's imperial administration had dramatically failed to adopt to local religion and politics, while facing significant resistance at the start of the 20th century from the Somali anti-colonial Dervish movement.[58] As the Ethiopian Empire began expanding into Somali territories at the start of the 1890s, Jigjiga came under intermittent military occupation until 1900. At the start of the year, Abyssinian troops occupied the town and completed construction on a fort.[59] Following these incursions, Amhara settlers began arriving in Jigjiga and its surroundings for the first time.[60] That year the Somali Dervishes had their first major battle when they attacked the Ethiopian garrison at Jigjiga with the aim of returning looted livestock. The following year a joint British-Ethiopian military expedition was launched to crush the Dervishes. In the early decades of the 20th century, Ethiopia exerted no actual influence over the Ogaden east of Jijiga even after the treaty and ruled in name only. When the boundary commission attempted to demarcate the treaty boundary in 1934 the native Somalis were unaware that they were under Ethiopian rule.[61]","title":"Expansion into Ogaden"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg"},{"link_name":"Tewodros II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewodros_II"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohnamJames198624-62"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis19832%E2%80%934-11"},{"link_name":"Semetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_people"},{"link_name":"Cushitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushitic-speaking_peoples"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis19835-63"},{"link_name":"Neftenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neftenya"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis198315%E2%80%9316-6"},{"link_name":"slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-33"}],"text":"1879–1889.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1889–1896.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1897–1904.The incorporation of the southern highlands created unprecedented resources for the imperial core. Before the mid-19th century, Emperor Tewodros II had relied on tribute from the central regions for revenue, but by the start of the 20th century, these same regions provided very little and the majority of state revenue was drawn from the south. Exaction on northern peasants by the imperial state was lightened, and the burden was shifted to the newly ruled southerners.[62] In contrast to imperial expansion into the central and northern highlands, where locals were protected by shared ethnicity and kinship, the people of the south lost most of their traditional lands to the Amhara rulers and were reduced to tenancy on their own lands.[11] The vast southwards expansions carried out by Emperor Menelik exacerbated the divide between the largely Semetic populated north and the primarily Cushitic inhabited south, creating the conditions which encouraged significant future social and political transformations.[63]In southern Ethiopia, the word Amhara is often treated synonymously to Neftenya, the title given to the soldiers Menelik employed in this period to colonize the people of the south while living off the indigenous population and their lands.[6] The southern expansions and raids fueled a national market for slaves, which Menelik aided and abetted, despite his public proclamations to the contrary.[33]","title":"Impact and legacy"}]	[{"image_text":" Ethiopian Empire before conquests Ethiopian Empire after conquests","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Menelik_II_conquests_map_on_world_sphere.svg/250px-Menelik_II_conquests_map_on_world_sphere.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Conversion of Sheikh Bazikh Mosque to Medhanealem Church in Harar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Harar_Church_construction.jpg/220px-Harar_Church_construction.jpg"},{"image_text":"Army of Ras Wolde Giyorgis after the conquest of Kaffa bows before the Emperor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Army_of_Ras_Wolda_Giyorigs_after_the_conquest_of_Kaffa_bows_before_the_Emperor.jpg/220px-Army_of_Ras_Wolda_Giyorigs_after_the_conquest_of_Kaffa_bows_before_the_Emperor.jpg"},{"image_text":"1873 cartography by John Bartholomew designating “Ugaden” east of Harar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Abyssinia%2C_Shoa%2C_Harar_%281873%29.jpg/260px-Abyssinia%2C_Shoa%2C_Harar_%281873%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Territorial evolution of Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Ethiopia"},{"title":"Neftenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neftenya"},{"title":"Scramble for Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa"},{"title":"Colonisation of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa"}]	[{"reference":"Penrose, Ernest. European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa. Taylor & Francis. p. 79.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.ca/books/edition/European_Imperialism_and_the_Partition_o/HSMRxOjDPhEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=French+had+begun+to+support+Menelik%27s+attempts+to+resist+the+imposition+of+an+Italian+protectorate+and+to+supply+him+with+arms&pg=PA79&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa"}]},{"reference":"Sheik-Abdi, Abdi (1977). \"Somali Nationalism: Its Origins and Future\". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 15 (4): 657–665. ISSN 1469-7777.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/somali-nationalism-its-origins-and-future/C009A6DE4B6528A5775FEEE9E62CFD11","url_text":"\"Somali Nationalism: Its Origins and Future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-7777","url_text":"1469-7777"}]},{"reference":"Tibebu, Teshale. The Making of Modern Ethiopia 1896-1974. Red Sea Press. p. 40.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DeD4gruvuNEC&dq=Agar+Maqnat&pg=PA40","url_text":"The Making of Modern Ethiopia 1896-1974"}]},{"reference":"Bereketeab, Redie (28 March 2023). Historical Sociology of State Formation in the Horn of Africa. Springer International Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 9783031241628.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5UK2EAAAQBAJ&dq=menelik%27s+invasions&pg=PA93","url_text":"Historical Sociology of State Formation in the Horn of Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783031241628","url_text":"9783031241628"}]},{"reference":"The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974. The Red Sea Press. 1995. ISBN 9781569020012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DeD4gruvuNEC&dq=Gaki+Sherocho&pg=PA43","url_text":"The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781569020012","url_text":"9781569020012"}]},{"reference":"Selassie, Tsehai Brhane (1975). \"The question of Damot and Wälamo\". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 13 (1): 37–46. JSTOR 41965880.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965880","url_text":"\"The question of Damot and Wälamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965880","url_text":"41965880"}]},{"reference":"Reid, Richard (2022-01-02). \"Atrocity in Ethiopian History\". Journal of Genocide Research. 24 (1): 97–108. doi:10.1080/14623528.2021.1992924. ISSN 1462-3528 – via Taylor & Francis.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2021.1992924","url_text":"\"Atrocity in Ethiopian History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2021.1992924","url_text":"10.1080/14623528.2021.1992924"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528","url_text":"1462-3528"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"}]},{"reference":"Miguel, Madueño; Alberto, Guerrero (2023-03-28). Examining Colonial Wars and Their Impact on Contemporary Military History. IGI Global. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-1-6684-7042-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pAu4EAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en","url_text":"Examining Colonial Wars and Their Impact on Contemporary Military History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6684-7042-8","url_text":"978-1-6684-7042-8"}]},{"reference":"Keefer, Edward C. (1973). \"Great Britain and Ethiopia, 1897-1910: Competition for Empire\". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 6 (3): 468–474. doi:10.2307/216612. ISSN 0361-7882.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/216612","url_text":"\"Great Britain and Ethiopia, 1897-1910: Competition for Empire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F216612","url_text":"10.2307/216612"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-7882","url_text":"0361-7882"}]},{"reference":"Simone, Ed (1975). \"The Amhara Military Expeditions Against the Shawa Galla (1800-1850): A Reappraisal\". In Marcus, Harold G.; Schoonmaker, Kathleen M. (eds.). Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Michigan State University, 2-5 May, 1973. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. pp. 101–115.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.ca/books/about/Proceedings_of_the_First_United_States_C.html?id=kXoMAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y","url_text":"Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Michigan State University, 2-5 May, 1973"}]},{"reference":"\"The Introduction and Legacy of Menelik's life\". 20 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://zehabesha.com/the-introduction-and-legacy-of-meneliks-life-by-samuel-bekele/","url_text":"\"The Introduction and Legacy of Menelik's life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Change and Continuity of TraditionalSystem of Governance: The Case of Oget among the Qebena, South Ethiopia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/35539230","url_text":"\"Change and Continuity of TraditionalSystem of Governance: The Case of Oget among the Qebena, South Ethiopia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fanonet: Ethnohistorical Notes on the Gurage Urban Migration in Ethiopia\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt23k7n21t/qt23k7n21t.pdf?t=mnq1ka","url_text":"\"Fanonet: Ethnohistorical Notes on the Gurage Urban Migration in Ethiopia\""}]},{"reference":"Abdel Karim, El Amin. AN HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE SHAWAN –AMHARA CONQUEST OF THE OROMO and SIDAMAREGIONS OF SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA 1865-1900. University of Khartoum. p. 154.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/document/666511823/AMHARA-CONQUEST-OF-THE-OROMO-and-SIDAMA-REGIONS-OF-SOUTHERN-ETHIOPIA-1865-PDFDrive","url_text":"AN HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE SHAWAN –AMHARA CONQUEST OF THE OROMO and SIDAMAREGIONS OF SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA 1865-1900"}]},{"reference":"Triulzi, Alessandro (1975). \"The background to Ras Gobäna's expeditions to Western Wällägga in 1886-1888: a review of the evidence\". In Marcus, Harold G.; Schoonmaker, Kathleen M. (eds.). Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Michigan State University, 2-5 May, 1973. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. pp. 101–115.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.ca/books/about/Proceedings_of_the_First_United_States_C.html?id=kXoMAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y","url_text":"Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Michigan State University, 2-5 May, 1973"}]},{"reference":"\"Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974: The Case of the Arsi Oromo\". The Arsi Oromo Resistance against Ethiopian Imperial Conquest (1880–1900). Brill. 23 January 2014. ISBN 9789004265486.","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/view/title/24518?crawler=true&lang=en&language=en&mimetype=application%2Fpdf","url_text":"The Arsi Oromo Resistance against Ethiopian Imperial Conquest (1880–1900)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004265486","url_text":"9789004265486"}]},{"reference":"Tafla, Bairu (July 1975). \"Ras Dargé Sahle Selassie, c 1827 - 1900\". The Journal of African History. 13 (2): 17–37.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2013-12-16). \"Slave Trade in Southern Ethiopia\". The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century. Routledge. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-1-135-18214-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18214-4","url_text":"978-1-135-18214-4"}]},{"reference":"Slikkerveer, Leendert (28 October 2013). Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates. Taylor & Francis. p. 123. ISBN 9781136143304.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5eErBgAAQBAJ&dq=battle+of+chelenqo+chercher&pg=PA123","url_text":"Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136143304","url_text":"9781136143304"}]},{"reference":"Akbar, M. J. (2010-12-01). Have Pen, Will Travel. Roli Books Private Limited. ISBN 978-81-7436-993-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4S5hBAAAQBAJ&dq=Ethiopia+has+been+for+14+centuries+a+Christian+island+in+a+sea+of+pagans.+If+Powers+at+a+distance+come+forward+to+partition+Africa+between+them%2C+I+do+not+intend+to+remain+an+indifferent+spectator.&pg=PT31","url_text":"Have Pen, Will Travel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-993-2","url_text":"978-81-7436-993-2"}]},{"reference":"Selassie, Bereket H. (2007). The Crown and the Pen: The Memoirs of a Lawyer Turned Rebel. Red Sea Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-56902-276-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5kicAAAAMAAJ&q=menelik+harar+mosque","url_text":"The Crown and the Pen: The Memoirs of a Lawyer Turned Rebel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-276-4","url_text":"978-1-56902-276-4"}]},{"reference":"Sauldie, Madan M. (1987). Super Powers in the Horn of Africa. APT Books. ISBN 978-0-86590-092-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8AtAQAAIAAJ&q=menelik+harar+mosque","url_text":"Super Powers in the Horn of Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86590-092-9","url_text":"978-0-86590-092-9"}]},{"reference":"Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (2003). \"Ugas Nuur\". Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 248–249. ISBN 978-0-8108-6604-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC","url_text":"\"Ugas Nuur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_Press","url_text":"Scarecrow Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6604-1","url_text":"978-0-8108-6604-1"}]},{"reference":"Feener, R. Michael (2004-10-26). Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-57607-516-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&dq=harar+newly+weds&pg=PA248","url_text":"Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-516-6","url_text":"978-1-57607-516-6"}]},{"reference":"Apotsos, Michelle Moore (2021-07-29). The Masjid in Contemporary Islamic Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-61799-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vic6EAAAQBAJ&dq=menelik+harar+mosque&pg=PT179","url_text":"The Masjid in Contemporary Islamic Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-61799-4","url_text":"978-1-108-61799-4"}]},{"reference":"Yimam, Baye (2002). Ethiopian studies at the end of the second millennium. Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University. p. 930. Retrieved 13 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-91yAAAAMAAJ&q=Wolamo","url_text":"Ethiopian studies at the end of the second millennium"}]},{"reference":"\"Hisotorical glimpse of Hiriyoo\". 2021. S2CID 234070093.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234070093","url_text":"234070093"}]},{"reference":"\"ETHIOPIA THROUGH RUSSIAN EYES\". 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ISBN 978-1-78346-380-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t9MVBAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en","url_text":"Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-380-0","url_text":"978-1-78346-380-0"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Robert F. (1981). Political Conflict on the Horn of Africa. Praeger. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-03-059471-7. Facing the Ethiopian threat, many Somali clans accepted British protection.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YKlyAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Political Conflict on the Horn of Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-059471-7","url_text":"978-0-03-059471-7"}]},{"reference":"Ahmed Yusuf, Abdulqawi (1980). \"The Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897 and the Somali-Ethiopian Dispute\". Horn of Africa. 3 (1): 39.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cassanelli, Lee V. (1982). The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 199–201. ISBN 978-0-8122-7832-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mlhyAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press","url_text":"University of Pennsylvania Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7832-3","url_text":"978-0-8122-7832-3"}]},{"reference":"Martin, B. G. (2003). Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-521-53451-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53451-2","url_text":"978-0-521-53451-2"}]},{"reference":"Girma, Zerihun; Imana, Gutema (2020). \"The Impact of Somali Nationalism on the Amhara-Somali Ethnic Interaction in Jigjiga Town and its Surroundings (1940s–1990s)\". East African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 5 (2): 21–28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lewis, I.M., ed. (1983). Nationalism & Self Determination in the Horn of Africa. Ithaca Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.ca/books/about/Nationalism_Self_Determination_in_the_Ho.html?id=uDdyAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y","url_text":"Nationalism & Self Determination in the Horn of Africa"}]},{"reference":"Gnamo, Abbas (2014). Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974: The Case of the Arsi Oromo. Brill. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Layton	Bob Layton	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 CPL","2.2 Marvel Comics and DC Comics","2.3 Valiant Comics","2.4 Return to DC and Marvel","2.5 2000s","3 Selected bibliography","3.1 DC Comics","3.2 Marvel Comics","4 References","5 External links"]	American comic book artist, writer, and editor This article is about the comic book creator. For the Canadian newscaster, see Bob Layton (newscaster). For the Canadian politician, see Robert Layton. Bob LaytonBob Layton at the 2014 New York Comic ConBorn1953 (age 70–71)NationalityAmericanArea(s)Writer, Penciller, Inker, EditorNotable worksIron Man, HerculesAwardsInkwell Awards Joe Sinnott Hall of Fame (2020)http://www.boblayton.com Bob Layton (born September 25, 1953) is an American comic book artist, writer, and editor. He is best known for his work on Marvel Comics titles such as Iron Man and Hercules, and for co-founding Valiant Comics with Jim Shooter. Early life Bob Layton was born on September 25, 1953. He learned to read comics from the age of four, explaining that his "older sister Sue became bored with reading the same comic to me about fifty times. (It was a Showcase featuring the Challengers of the Unknown.)" After leaving high school, Layton began "playing comics dealer ... selling them out of his apartment in Indianapolis," through which he met Roger Stern in 1973, while the latter was working for a radio station in Indianapolis. Career CPL Layton and Stern began publishing a fanzine called CPL (Contemporary Pictorial Literature) out of Layton's apartment. Stern recalls that, "CPL started out as Bob's sale catalog. Bob was drawing the covers and including little reviews written by some of his customers. By issue #5, it turned into a small 'zine with a catalog insert, and I started writing short articles for it. I eventually became an editor of sorts." CPL rapidly became a popular fan publication, and led to the two forming an alliance with Charlton Comics to produce and publish "the now-famous Charlton Bullseye magazine." During the mid-1970s, both Marvel and DC were publishing in-house "fan" publications (F.O.O.M. and The Amazing World of DC Comics respectively), and Charlton wished to make inroads into the superhero market, as well as "establish a fan presence", leading to the alliance with CPL to produce the Charlton Bullseye. This led to Charlton giving Layton and Stern "access to unpublished material from their vaults by the likes of Steve Ditko, Jeff Jones and a host of others." This association with Charlton (and Bill Pearson, production manager) in turn led to Layton becoming acquainted with the legendary Wally Wood, with whom he apprenticed. This apprenticeship led to work for Charlton on anthology titles, but not working from the Charlton offices, Marvel Comics and DC Comics, while still publishing fanzines. Marvel Comics and DC Comics Layton's first, albeit uncredited, work for Marvel Comics was inking a single page in the Marvel UK title The Avengers and the Savage Sword of Conan #135 (April 17, 1976). Part of Layton's role as Wally Wood's apprentice included him occasionally delivering artwork to "NYC from Connecticut." Layton recalls that: One day, I was in the Marvel offices ... handing in Woody's pages to the production dept. So, I used the opportunity to show my samples around while I had 'my foot in the door'. When I passed the art director's office, I heard John Romita on the phone, frantically trying to find someone to ink a desperately late issue of Iron Man . Like an idiot, I stuck my head in his doorway and said I could get the job done in the four or five days that was left on the schedule. It was an utter fabrication ... but I really wanted to work for Marvel Comics! Johnny gave me the pages and said, 'Show me what you can do, kiddo.' Layton's reaction was one of panic, and his search for help to meet the deadline led him to Dick Giordano and Neal Adams' Continuity Associates where his "fledgling contemporaries," the Crusty Bunkers ("Terry Austin, Bob Wiacek, Joe Rubinstein, Bob McLeod, Joe Brozowski, Carl Potts and a host of others") were able to lend a hand and help him finish the book. A month later, Layton received a package containing "an entire issue of pencils on the Champions", and discovered that he was "the new regular inker on the book." He worked for Marvel "for about a year, then signed an exclusive one-year contract with DC — after they made me 'an offer I couldn't refuse'." Layton began work for DC Comics in early 1977, taking up regular inking duties on All Star Comics, as well as inking multiple issues of Secret Society of Super Villains, DC Super Stars, and DC Special, among others. In Nov./Dec. 1977, he inked the first issue of David Michelinie's Star Hunters, and after a number of other shorter inking jobs, moved back to Marvel in 1978, to ultimately take up one of his best remembered roles. In 1978, Layton reunited with Michelinie, to co-write Iron Man. The two would become regular creative partners, and began their collaboration on Iron Man with #116 (November 1978). Micheline and Layton established Tony Stark's alcoholism with the story "Demon in a Bottle", and introduced several supporting characters, including Stark's bodyguard girlfriend Bethany Cabe; Stark's personal pilot and confidant James Rhodes, who later became the superhero War Machine; and rival industrialist Justin Hammer, who was revealed to be the employer of numerous high-tech armed enemies Iron Man fought over the years. The duo introduced the concept of Stark's specialized armors The two collaborated on the title until #154 and then returned for a second run from #215 (Feb. 1987) to #250 (Dec 1989). Layton continued to ink and work on covers for titles such as The Incredible Hulk, Captain America, Power Man and Iron Fist, and Micronauts. In September 1982, he launched one of Marvel's first limited series, writing and drawing the four-issue Hercules: Prince of Power. Its success spawned a four-issue sequel in 1984 and a 1988 graphic novel (#37 in the "Marvel Graphic Novel" series) - Full Circle. Around this time, he designed the highly successful Marvel Secret Wars toy line for Mattel, which formed the impetus behind the 1984 Secret Wars event. Layton was one of the inkers on The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #18 (1984) which featured the wedding of Spider-Man supporting characters J. Jonah Jameson and Marla Madison in a story written by Stan Lee. In February 1986, Layton revived the original X-Men characters in the series X-Factor, which he wrote and Jackson Guice drew. Layton wrote the first five issues before handing over the series to Louise Simonson. Michelinie and Layton became the creative team on Iron Man once again in issue #215 (Feb. 1987) They crafted the "Armor Wars" storyline which ran from #225 (Dec. 1987) through #231 (June 1988). After Michelinie and Layton finished their second Iron Man run with issue #250, Layton returned to the title briefly to write and draw #254 and write #256 before leaving Marvel. A year later, he returned to the comics industry to ink Jim Shooter's Magnus, Robot Fighter #1, from Valiant Comics. Valiant Comics Bob Layton was one of the chief architects of the Valiant Universe, along with Jim Shooter, Barry Windsor-Smith, Steven J. Massarsky, and Jon Hartz. He co-created a number of the core characters including X-O Manowar, and later became Editor-in-Chief and Senior Vice President, during which time he controlled the company during its most profitable period. His first Valiant work appeared in Magnus, Robot Fighter #1 (May 1991), in which he inked Art Nichols' artwork from Jim Shooter's script. He would continue with Magnus for five issues and produce covers to issue #9, while inking the inaugural issues of Solar, Man of the Atom, which he edited. In February 1992, he co-created with Shooter and Steve Englehart and penciled the first issue of X-O Manowar, after which he handed over the core art duties to Sal Velluto, but provided inks for #2. The following month he drew the cover to David Michelinie's Rai. In August 1992, he co-wrote, edited and inked Archer & Armstrong #1, edited and provided pencilwork on Eternal Warrior #1, and inked Barry Windsor-Smith on Unity #0. Starting in November 1992, he co-edited with Dark Horse publisher Mike Richardson the Predator/Magnus, Robot Fighter two-issue crossover, and in December was again inking and editing a Michelinie-written comic book series: H.A.R.D. Corps. Layton edited Turok, Dinosaur Hunter, Deathmate and Secret Weapons before writing the first of thirteen issues of The Second Life of Doctor Mirage. He was editing a vast array of titles during this time, for which he won the Editor of the Year award in 1993, as voted by the readers of the comics magazine, Wizard. His workload decreased greatly towards the end of 1994, in large part due to the sale of Valiant (Voyager Communications, Inc.) to video game giant Acclaim Entertainment for $65,000,000.00 USD, a deal in which Layton played an instrumental part. His story concepts and design work on Turok, Dinosaur Hunter was utilized to great effect by Acclaim when the video game became the largest selling title in Acclaim's history, with over 1.5 million units sold. He continued to work editorially, largely for the new Acclaim imprint Armada Comics, for which he edited a number of Magic: The Gathering comics during 1995-96. He edited Bob Hall's four-issue Armed & Dangerous (April–July 1996), and returned to X-O Manowar for which he wrote the final three issues. After a several-year association with Valiant/Acclaim, Layton moved to Florida for a short retirement. Although he found time to write the first eleven (of twelve) issues of Acclaim's Doctor Tomorrow between 1997 and 1998, inking a couple of issues, notably #6 which was drawn by Dick Giordano, who resided in Florida as well and was something of a mentor to Layton. Return to DC and Marvel In 1998, he returned to DC, re-teaming briefly with penciler Sal Velluto on a story in September 1998's The New Gods Secret Files and Origins, before collabotaring with his fellow Floridian and artistic friend/mentor Dick Giordano on several projects. The two-issue prestige format Elseworlds tale Batman: Dark Knight of the Round Table was co-drawn and co-inked by the both of them, from a script by Layton and debuted a month after their six-issue mini-series The L.A.W. (Living Assault Weapons), which ran from September 1999 to February 2000, with script and inks by Layton, and full pencils by Giordano. The two wrote a second Batman Elseworlds tale, Batman: Hollywood Knight a three-issue mini-series which told the story of a Serials-actor who became convinced he was The Batman. It was written by Layton with pencils and inks by Giordano. Between Elseworlds, Layton worked with Marvel Comics on an Iron Man reunion, which saw him produce the four-part limited series Iron Man: Bad Blood with his long-term collaborator David Michelinie. The series ran from September to December 2000, with art by Layton and, as previously, the plot was a joint effort, and the final script by Michelinie. Layton then stayed at Marvel for a short time, teaming with Dan Jurgens as inker on Captain America (#38-50), as well as inking a short run on The Avengers (#44-47). He inked the Dan Jurgens-drawn The Power Company: Manhunter and part of Just Imagine Stan Lee ... Secret Files and Origins for DC in March 2002. 2000s Layton in 2013 In December 2000, Layton launched Future Comics, with Dick Giordano, Allen Berrebbi, and David Michelinie. Layton acted as editor-in-chief, Berrebbi was CFO and director of marketing, Michelinie was head writer, Giordano was art director, and Skip Farrell was the publisher. Between 2000 and 2002, they prepared to revolutionize the direct market system by bypassing distributors and selling direct to customers and shops through the Internet. In August 2002, Freemind #0 was released. Edited and inked by Layton, written by Layton and Michelinie, and with pencils by Giordano, it was followed by another title, Metallix, before the company bowed to pressure and signed with distributor Diamond Comics Distribution in an attempt to maximize sales while maintaining their independent approach. Ultimately, after three titles the third was Deathmask, and seventeen total issues, the company was not making enough money to survive, and it folded, with one announced title — Peacekeeper — unpublished. Layton's work continues to be collected in multiple trade paperback collections. In 2006, he produced a number of variant covers to issues of Superverse Comics' Zoom Suit, written by John Taddeo, and in 2007 his work was featured in issues of Marvel's encyclopedic All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A to Z: Update. Layton worked for Marvel as a freelance artist and writer on several projects including the miniseries Iron Man: Legacy of Doom and Iron Man: The End. He continues to enjoy doing commission work, writing: How often do you, as an artist, get an opportunity to revisit a drawing and correct your mistakes? It's also a lot less work that doing a monthly, 22-page comic. And occasionally, the fans come up with some great concepts fore me to execute. Layton has been quoted as saying that he "miss telling stories," and to that end has showcased unpublished issues of Future Comics properties on his website, where he presented his serialized comic" Colony, with art by Giordano, and which "is a project that been developing for 10 years and is currently making the rounds in Hollywood." Other potential film deals for the Future Comics characters are reportedly semi-ongoing. Selected bibliography Comics work includes: DC Comics Adventure Comics #458 (1978) All Star Comics #66-72 (1977–1978) Batman Family #18-20 (Huntress) (1978) Batman: Dark Knight of the Round Table #1-2 (1998–1999) Batman: Hollywood Knight #1-3 (2001) Claw the Unconquered #9, 12 (1976–1978) DC Special #28-29 (1977) DC Super Stars #14, 16-18 (1977–1978) Hercules Unbound #9-10 (1977) House of Mystery #259, 287 (1978–1980) Just Imagine Stan Lee ... Secret Files and Origins #1 (2002) L.A.W. (Living Assault Weapons) #1-6 (1999–2000) Legends of the DC Universe 80-Page Giant #2 (2000) New Gods Secret Files #1 (1998) Power Company Manhunter #1 (2002) Secret Society of Super Villains #6-8 (1977) Star Hunters #1-5 (1977–1978) Superboy #222, 233 (1976–1977) The Superman Family #182 (1977) The Unexpected #191 (1979) World's Finest Comics #251 (Green Arrow) (1978) Marvel Comics The Amazing Spider-Man #240, 262, 277, 282-283, Annual #18 (1983–1986) The Avengers vol. 3 #44-47 (2001) Avengers Annual #16 (1987) Captain America vol. 3 #38-48, 50 (2001–2002) Champions #9, 11-13 (1976–1977) Ghost Rider #31 (1978) Hercules #1-4 (1982) Hercules vol. 2 #1-4 (1984) Hercules, Prince of Power: Full Circle graphic novel (1988) Heroes for Hope Starring the X-Men #1 (1985) Hulk vs. Hercules: When Titans Collide #1 (2008) The Incredible Hulk #230, Annual #7 (1978) Iron Man #91 (1976); #116-128, 130-135, 137-153 (1978–1981); #215-244, 246-250, 254, 256, Annual #9 (1987–1990) Iron Man vol. 3 #25 (2000) Iron Man: Bad Blood #1-4 (2000) Iron Man: Legacy of Doom #1-4 (2008) John Carter, Warlord of Mars #17 (1978) Marvel Comics Presents #11, 39-41 (1989–1990) Marvel Premiere #47-48 (Ant Man) (1979) Marvel Super-Heroes Secret Wars #4-5 (1984) Marvel Tales #197 (Hercules backup story) (1987) Marvel Treasury Edition #28 (Superman and Spider-Man) (1981) The Order #4 (2002) Rom #59, 72 (1984–1985) Shadows & Light #3 (1998) Solo Avengers #4, 7, 11 (1988) The Spectacular Spider-Man #130 (1987) Star Wars #78 (1983) The Thing #23 (1985) Thor #292, 356, Annual #14 (1980–1989) Web of Spider-Man #6, 28 (1985–1987) What If ... ? #33 (Iron Man) (1982) X-Factor #1-5, Annual #1 (1986) X-Men #105 (1977) References ^ VIAF: "Layton, Bob" ^ a b c d Meth, Clifford (2008). "Bob Layton: Man & Iron Man". Comics Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2008. ^ a b Cooke, Jon B. (March 2001). "Rog-2001: Sterno Speaks! Writer Roger Stern on the CPL/Gang-Charlton Connection". Comic Book Artist. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g Vasseur, Richard (May 30, 2006). "Bob Layton Legendary Comic Book Writer and Artist". Jazma Online. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2012. ^ "All-Star Comments," All-Star Comics #66 (May/June 1977). ^ "Baby's First Steps: Bob Layton's First Published Work for Marvel". Back Issue! (106). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 14–18. August 2018. Iron Man #91 is the first US comic you inked. It's dated October 1976. All of your British art predates that. ^ a b c Bob Layton at the Grand Comics Database ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 187. ISBN 978-0756641238. {{cite book}}: \|first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 187: "In December , co-plotters David Michelinie and Bob Layton, and penciler John Romita Jr. ... came up with Bethany Cabe, a highly capable professional bodyguard and a different sort of leading lady." ^ Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 188: "Writer David Michelinie and artists John Byrne and Bob Layton introduced James Rhodes Tony Stark's best friend and future super hero War Machine in The Invincible Iron Man #118." ^ Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 189: "Tony Stark's billionaire nemesis Justin Hammer made his first appearance in The Invincible Iron Man #120 by writer David Michelinie and artist John Romita Jr. and Bob Layton." ^ DeFalco, Tom "1980s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 202: "In The Invincible Iron Man #152, Iron Man unveiled his all-black stealth armor." ^ DeFalco "1980s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 208: "Written and drawn by Bob Layton, Hercules, Prince of Power was a four-issue limited series set in the twenty-fourth century." ^ DeFalco "1980s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 216: "The first Hercules: Prince of Power limited series (1982) sold so well that writer/artist Bob Layton was commissioned to do another." ^ Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1980s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 143. ISBN 978-0756692360. Lee's script was unmistakable and meshed well with drawings by Frenz and finishes by artists Bob Layton and Jackson Guice. The occasion for Stan's return was the wedding of J. Jonah Jameson to Doctor Marla Madison. {{cite book}}: \|first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ DeFalco "1980s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 227: "Like many older fans, writer/artist Bob Layton longed for the good old days. He missed the original five X-Men and wanted to do a book that featured Cyclops, Angel, Beast, Iceman, and Marvel Girl." ^ DeFalco "1980s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 233: "Although actually called 'Stark Wars', the story arc that became known as 'Armor Wars began in this issue and ran until June 1988." ^ a b c Eury, Michael (2003). "Reinventing the Rules: Bob Layton on Giordano". Dick Giordano: Changing Comics, One Day At A Time. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-1893905276. ^ Manning, Matthew K.; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1990s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. {{cite book}}: \|first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Layton, Bob; Giordano, Dick (2012). Colony. IDW Publishing. p. 164. ISBN 978-1613775219. ^ Layton, Bob (n.d.). "The Days of Future Past". BobLayton.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2008. External links Official website Bob Layton at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) "DC Profiles #23: Bob Layton" at the Grand Comics Database Bob Layton at Mike's Amazing World of Comics Bob Layton at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Preceded byWally Wood All Star Comics inker 1977–1978 Succeeded byJoe Giella Preceded byBill Mantlo Iron Man writer 1978–1981(with David Michelinie) Succeeded byDavid Michelinie Preceded byn/a X-Factor writer 1986 Succeeded byLouise Simonson Preceded byDanny Fingeroth Iron Man writer 1987–1989(with David Michelinie) Succeeded byDwayne McDuffie Preceded byArt Thibert Captain America vol. 3 inker 2001–2002 Succeeded byJohn Cassaday vteValiant ComicsValiant Universe (1992–1994)Valiant universe publications Archer & Armstrong Armorines Bloodshot Eternal Warrior Geomancers H.A.R.D. Corps Harbinger Magnus, Robot Fighter Ninjak Outcast Psi Lords PunX Rai The Second Life of Dr. Mirage Secret Weapons Shadowman Solar Timewalker Turok The Visitor X-O Manowar Miniseries Unity Chaos Effect Crossovers Deathmate Unity Editors-in-chief Jim Shooter (1989–1992) Bob Layton (1992–1994) Acclaim Comics (1994–2004)Acclaim universe publications Bloodshot Doctor Tomorrow Eternal Warriors Psi Lords Killer Instinct Magnus, Robot Fighter Ninjak N.I.O. Quantum and Woody Shadowman Sliders Trinity Angels Troublemakers Turok X-O Manowar Editors-in-chief Fabian Nicieza (1994–1999) Walter Black (1999–2004) Valiant Entertainment (2005–present)Ongoing series Archer & Armstrong Bloodshot Bloodshot Reborn Doctor Mirage Doctor Tomorrow Eternal Warrior Harbinger Imperium Ivar, Timewalker Livewire Ninjak Quantum and Woody Rai Shadowman Unity Wrath of the Eternal Warrior X-O Manowar Miniseries The Death Defying Dr. Mirage The Death Defying Dr. Mirage: Second Lives The Delinquents Secret Weapons Divinity Eternal Warrior: Days of Steel Harbinger: Omegas Faith Quantum and Woody Must Die Roku Shadowman: End Times Events Armor Hunters Book of Death Dead Drop Harbinger Wars The Valiant 4001 AD Divinity III: Stalinverse Editors-in-chief Dinesh Shamdasani (2005–2018) Warren Simons (2012–2018) Joe Illidge (2018) Robert Meyers (–present) Adaptations Ninjak vs. the Valiant Universe (2018 web series) Bloodshot (2020 film) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Poland Portugal Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Layton (newscaster)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Layton_(newscaster)"},{"link_name":"Robert Layton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Layton_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Valiant Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiant_Comics"},{"link_name":"Jim Shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Shooter"}],"text":"This article is about the comic book creator. For the Canadian newscaster, see Bob Layton (newscaster). For the Canadian politician, see Robert Layton.Bob Layton (born September 25, 1953) is an American comic book artist, writer, and editor. He is best known for his work on Marvel Comics titles such as Iron Man and Hercules, and for co-founding Valiant Comics with Jim Shooter.","title":"Bob Layton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Showcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showcase_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Challengers of the Unknown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challengers_of_the_Unknown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meth-2"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stern-3"},{"link_name":"Roger Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Stern"}],"text":"Bob Layton was born on September 25, 1953.[1] He learned to read comics from the age of four, explaining that his \"older sister Sue became bored with reading the same comic to me about fifty times. (It was a Showcase featuring the Challengers of the Unknown.)\"[2]After leaving high school, Layton began \"playing comics dealer ... selling them out of his apartment in Indianapolis,\"[3] through which he met Roger Stern in 1973, while the latter was working for a radio station in Indianapolis.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fanzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanzine"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Pictorial Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Pictorial_Literature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jazma-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stern-3"},{"link_name":"Charlton Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Comics"},{"link_name":"Charlton Bullseye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Bullseye_(fanzine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jazma-4"},{"link_name":"F.O.O.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.O.O.M."},{"link_name":"The Amazing World of DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_World_of_DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jazma-4"},{"link_name":"Steve Ditko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ditko"},{"link_name":"Jeff Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Catherine_Jones"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jazma-4"},{"link_name":"Wally Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Wood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jazma-4"}],"sub_title":"CPL","text":"Layton and Stern began publishing a fanzine called CPL (Contemporary Pictorial Literature) out of Layton's apartment.[4]Stern recalls that, \"CPL started out as Bob's sale catalog. Bob was drawing the covers and including little reviews written by some of his customers. By issue #5, it turned into a small 'zine with a catalog insert, and I started writing short articles for it. I eventually became an editor of sorts.\"[3]CPL rapidly became a popular fan publication, and led to the two forming an alliance with Charlton Comics to produce and publish \"the now-famous Charlton Bullseye magazine.\"[4] During the mid-1970s, both Marvel and DC were publishing in-house \"fan\" publications (F.O.O.M. and The Amazing World of DC Comics respectively), and Charlton wished to make inroads into the superhero market, as well as \"establish a fan presence\", leading to the alliance with CPL to produce the Charlton Bullseye.[4] This led to Charlton giving Layton and Stern \"access to unpublished material from their vaults by the likes of Steve Ditko, Jeff Jones and a host of others.\"[4] This association with Charlton (and Bill Pearson, production manager) in turn led to Layton becoming acquainted with the legendary Wally Wood, with whom he apprenticed.[5] This apprenticeship led to work for Charlton on anthology titles, but not working from the Charlton offices, Marvel Comics and DC Comics, while still publishing fanzines.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_UK"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wally Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Wood"},{"link_name":"Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"John Romita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Romita_Sr."},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"George Tuska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tuska"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jazma-4"},{"link_name":"Dick Giordano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Giordano"},{"link_name":"Neal Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Adams"},{"link_name":"Continuity Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_Associates"},{"link_name":"Crusty Bunkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusty_Bunkers"},{"link_name":"Terry Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Austin_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Bob Wiacek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wiacek"},{"link_name":"Joe Rubinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Rubinstein"},{"link_name":"Bob McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McLeod_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Joe Brozowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Brozowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carl Potts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Potts"},{"link_name":"Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champions_(1975_team)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meth-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jazma-4"},{"link_name":"All Star Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Star_Comics"},{"link_name":"Secret Society of Super Villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Society_of_Super_Villains"},{"link_name":"DC Super Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Super_Stars"},{"link_name":"DC Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Special"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCD-7"},{"link_name":"David Michelinie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Michelinie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"Demon in a Bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_in_a_Bottle"},{"link_name":"Bethany Cabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_Cabe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"War Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Justin Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hammer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Incredible Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Power Man and Iron Fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Man_and_Iron_Fist"},{"link_name":"Micronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronauts_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCD-7"},{"link_name":"limited series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Hercules: Prince of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattel"},{"link_name":"Secret Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Wars"},{"link_name":"The Amazing Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"J. Jonah Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"X-Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Factor_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jackson Guice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Guice"},{"link_name":"Louise Simonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Simonson"},{"link_name":"Armor Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor_Wars"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Jim Shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Shooter"},{"link_name":"Magnus, Robot Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus,_Robot_Fighter"},{"link_name":"Valiant Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiant_Comics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCD-7"}],"sub_title":"Marvel Comics and DC Comics","text":"Layton's first, albeit uncredited, work for Marvel Comics was inking a single page in the Marvel UK title The Avengers and the Savage Sword of Conan #135 (April 17, 1976).[6]Part of Layton's role as Wally Wood's apprentice included him occasionally delivering artwork to \"NYC from Connecticut.\" Layton recalls that:One day, I was in the Marvel offices ... handing in Woody's pages to the production dept. So, I used the opportunity to show my samples around while I had 'my foot in the door'. When I passed the art director's office, I heard John Romita on the phone, frantically trying to find someone to ink a desperately late issue of Iron Man [by George Tuska]. Like an idiot, I stuck my head in his doorway and said I could get the job done in the four or five days that was left on the schedule. It was an utter fabrication ... but I really wanted to work for Marvel Comics! Johnny gave me the pages and said, 'Show me what you can do, kiddo.'[4]Layton's reaction was one of panic, and his search for help to meet the deadline led him to Dick Giordano and Neal Adams' Continuity Associates where his \"fledgling contemporaries,\" the Crusty Bunkers (\"Terry Austin, Bob Wiacek, Joe Rubinstein, Bob McLeod, Joe Brozowski, Carl Potts and a host of others\") were able to lend a hand and help him finish the book.A month later, Layton received a package containing \"an entire issue of pencils on the Champions\", and discovered that he was \"the new regular inker on the book.\" He worked for Marvel \"for about a year, then signed an exclusive one-year contract with DC — after they made me 'an offer I couldn't refuse'.\"[2][4]Layton began work for DC Comics in early 1977, taking up regular inking duties on All Star Comics, as well as inking multiple issues of Secret Society of Super Villains, DC Super Stars, and DC Special, among others.[7] In Nov./Dec. 1977, he inked the first issue of David Michelinie's Star Hunters, and after a number of other shorter inking jobs, moved back to Marvel in 1978, to ultimately take up one of his best remembered roles.In 1978, Layton reunited with Michelinie, to co-write Iron Man. The two would become regular creative partners, and began their collaboration on Iron Man with #116 (November 1978).[8] Micheline and Layton established Tony Stark's alcoholism with the story \"Demon in a Bottle\", and introduced several supporting characters, including Stark's bodyguard girlfriend Bethany Cabe;[9] Stark's personal pilot and confidant James Rhodes, who later became the superhero War Machine;[10] and rival industrialist Justin Hammer,[11] who was revealed to be the employer of numerous high-tech armed enemies Iron Man fought over the years. The duo introduced the concept of Stark's specialized armors[12] The two collaborated on the title until #154 and then returned for a second run from #215 (Feb. 1987) to #250 (Dec 1989).Layton continued to ink and work on covers for titles such as The Incredible Hulk, Captain America, Power Man and Iron Fist, and Micronauts.[7] In September 1982, he launched one of Marvel's first limited series, writing and drawing the four-issue Hercules: Prince of Power.[13] Its success spawned a four-issue sequel in 1984[14] and a 1988 graphic novel (#37 in the \"Marvel Graphic Novel\" series) - Full Circle. Around this time, he designed the highly successful Marvel Secret Wars toy line for Mattel, which formed the impetus behind the 1984 Secret Wars event. Layton was one of the inkers on The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #18 (1984) which featured the wedding of Spider-Man supporting characters J. Jonah Jameson and Marla Madison in a story written by Stan Lee.[15]In February 1986, Layton revived the original X-Men characters in the series X-Factor,[16] which he wrote and Jackson Guice drew. Layton wrote the first five issues before handing over the series to Louise Simonson. Michelinie and Layton became the creative team on Iron Man once again in issue #215 (Feb. 1987) They crafted the \"Armor Wars\" storyline which ran from #225 (Dec. 1987)[17] through #231 (June 1988). After Michelinie and Layton finished their second Iron Man run with issue #250, Layton returned to the title briefly to write and draw #254 and write #256 before leaving Marvel. A year later, he returned to the comics industry to ink Jim Shooter's Magnus, Robot Fighter #1, from Valiant Comics.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valiant Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiant_Universe"},{"link_name":"Jim Shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Shooter"},{"link_name":"Barry Windsor-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Windsor-Smith"},{"link_name":"Steven J. Massarsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_J._Massarsky"},{"link_name":"X-O Manowar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-O_Manowar"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giordano-18"},{"link_name":"Art Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_Nichols_(comics)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solar, Man of the Atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar,_Man_of_the_Atom"},{"link_name":"Steve Englehart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Englehart"},{"link_name":"X-O Manowar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-O_Manowar"},{"link_name":"Sal Velluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sal_Velluto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archer & Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_%26_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Barry Windsor-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Windsor-Smith"},{"link_name":"Dark Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics"},{"link_name":"Mike Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Richardson_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Predator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"H.A.R.D. Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.A.R.D._Corps"},{"link_name":"Turok, Dinosaur Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turok,_Dinosaur_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Deathmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathmate"},{"link_name":"Wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giordano-18"},{"link_name":"Acclaim Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclaim_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"Magic: The Gathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_storylines#Comics_Titles"},{"link_name":"Bob Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hall_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Dick Giordano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Giordano"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giordano-18"}],"sub_title":"Valiant Comics","text":"Bob Layton was one of the chief architects of the Valiant Universe, along with Jim Shooter, Barry Windsor-Smith, Steven J. Massarsky, and Jon Hartz. He co-created a number of the core characters including X-O Manowar, and later became Editor-in-Chief and Senior Vice President, during which time he controlled the company during its most profitable period.[18]His first Valiant work appeared in Magnus, Robot Fighter #1 (May 1991), in which he inked Art Nichols' artwork from Jim Shooter's script. He would continue with Magnus for five issues and produce covers to issue #9, while inking the inaugural issues of Solar, Man of the Atom, which he edited. In February 1992, he co-created with Shooter and Steve Englehart and penciled the first issue of X-O Manowar, after which he handed over the core art duties to Sal Velluto, but provided inks for #2. The following month he drew the cover to David Michelinie's Rai.In August 1992, he co-wrote, edited and inked Archer & Armstrong #1, edited and provided pencilwork on Eternal Warrior #1, and inked Barry Windsor-Smith on Unity #0. Starting in November 1992, he co-edited with Dark Horse publisher Mike Richardson the Predator/Magnus, Robot Fighter two-issue crossover, and in December was again inking and editing a Michelinie-written comic book series: H.A.R.D. Corps. Layton edited Turok, Dinosaur Hunter, Deathmate and Secret Weapons before writing the first of thirteen issues of The Second Life of Doctor Mirage. He was editing a vast array of titles during this time, for which he won the Editor of the Year award in 1993, as voted by the readers of the comics magazine, Wizard.[18]His workload decreased greatly towards the end of 1994, in large part due to the sale of Valiant (Voyager Communications, Inc.) to video game giant Acclaim Entertainment for $65,000,000.00 USD, a deal in which Layton played an instrumental part. His story concepts and design work on Turok, Dinosaur Hunter was utilized to great effect by Acclaim when the video game became the largest selling title in Acclaim's history, with over 1.5 million units sold. He continued to work editorially, largely for the new Acclaim imprint Armada Comics, for which he edited a number of Magic: The Gathering comics during 1995-96. He edited Bob Hall's four-issue Armed & Dangerous (April–July 1996), and returned to X-O Manowar for which he wrote the final three issues.After a several-year association with Valiant/Acclaim, Layton moved to Florida for a short retirement. Although he found time to write the first eleven (of twelve) issues of Acclaim's Doctor Tomorrow between 1997 and 1998, inking a couple of issues, notably #6 which was drawn by Dick Giordano, who resided in Florida as well and was something of a mentor to Layton.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sal Velluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sal_Velluto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The New Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Gods"},{"link_name":"Dick Giordano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Giordano"},{"link_name":"Elseworlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elseworlds"},{"link_name":"The L.A.W. (Living Assault Weapons)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A.W._(comics)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Serials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_serial"},{"link_name":"Dan Jurgens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Jurgens"},{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Just Imagine Stan Lee ... Secret Files and Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Imagine...#Secret_Files_and_Origins"}],"sub_title":"Return to DC and Marvel","text":"In 1998, he returned to DC, re-teaming briefly with penciler Sal Velluto on a story in September 1998's The New Gods Secret Files and Origins, before collabotaring with his fellow Floridian and artistic friend/mentor Dick Giordano on several projects. The two-issue prestige format Elseworlds tale Batman: Dark Knight of the Round Table was co-drawn and co-inked by the both of them, from a script by Layton and debuted a month after their six-issue mini-series The L.A.W. (Living Assault Weapons), which ran from September 1999 to February 2000, with script and inks by Layton, and full pencils by Giordano.[19] The two wrote a second Batman Elseworlds tale, Batman: Hollywood Knight a three-issue mini-series which told the story of a Serials-actor who became convinced he was The Batman. It was written by Layton with pencils and inks by Giordano.Between Elseworlds, Layton worked with Marvel Comics on an Iron Man reunion, which saw him produce the four-part limited series Iron Man: Bad Blood with his long-term collaborator David Michelinie. The series ran from September to December 2000, with art by Layton and, as previously, the plot was a joint effort, and the final script by Michelinie. Layton then stayed at Marvel for a short time, teaming with Dan Jurgens as inker on Captain America (#38-50), as well as inking a short run on The Avengers (#44-47). He inked the Dan Jurgens-drawn The Power Company: Manhunter and part of Just Imagine Stan Lee ... Secret Files and Origins for DC in March 2002.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bob_Layton_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Future Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Comics"},{"link_name":"Dick Giordano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Giordano"},{"link_name":"Allen Berrebbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allen_Berrebbi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Michelinie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Michelinie"},{"link_name":"Skip Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skip_Farrell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"direct market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_market"},{"link_name":"Diamond Comics Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Comics_Distribution"},{"link_name":"trade paperback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Zoom Suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_Suit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meth-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meth-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Future_Past-21"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"Layton in 2013In December 2000, Layton launched Future Comics, with Dick Giordano, Allen Berrebbi, and David Michelinie. Layton acted as editor-in-chief, Berrebbi was CFO and director of marketing, Michelinie was head writer, Giordano was art director, and Skip Farrell was the publisher. Between 2000 and 2002, they prepared to revolutionize the direct market system by bypassing distributors and selling direct to customers and shops through the Internet.In August 2002, Freemind #0 was released. Edited and inked by Layton, written by Layton and Michelinie, and with pencils by Giordano, it was followed by another title, Metallix, before the company bowed to pressure and signed with distributor Diamond Comics Distribution in an attempt to maximize sales while maintaining their independent approach. Ultimately, after three titles the third was Deathmask, and seventeen total issues, the company was not making enough money to survive, and it folded, with one announced title — Peacekeeper — unpublished.Layton's work continues to be collected in multiple trade paperback collections. In 2006, he produced a number of variant covers to issues of Superverse Comics' Zoom Suit, written by John Taddeo, and in 2007 his work was featured in issues of Marvel's encyclopedic All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A to Z: Update. Layton worked for Marvel as a freelance artist and writer on several projects including the miniseries Iron Man: Legacy of Doom and Iron Man: The End.He continues to enjoy doing commission work, writing:How often do you, as an artist, get an opportunity to revisit a drawing and correct your mistakes? It's also a lot less work that doing a monthly, 22-page comic. And occasionally, the fans come up with some great concepts fore [sic] me to execute.[2]Layton has been quoted as saying that he \"miss[es] telling stories,\" and to that end has showcased unpublished issues of Future Comics properties on his website, where he presented his serialized comic\" Colony,[20] with art by Giordano, and which \"is a project that [Layton has] been developing for [over] 10 years and is currently making the rounds in Hollywood.\"[2] Other potential film deals for the Future Comics characters are reportedly semi-ongoing.[21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Comics work includes:","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adventure Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Comics"},{"link_name":"All Star Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Star_Comics"},{"link_name":"Batman Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Family"},{"link_name":"Huntress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntress_(Helena_Wayne)"},{"link_name":"Claw the Unconquered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw_the_Unconquered"},{"link_name":"DC Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Special"},{"link_name":"DC Super Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Super_Stars"},{"link_name":"Hercules Unbound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"House of Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Mystery"},{"link_name":"Just Imagine Stan Lee ... Secret Files and Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Imagine...#Secret_Files_and_Origins"},{"link_name":"L.A.W. (Living Assault Weapons)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A.W._(comics)"},{"link_name":"New Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Gods"},{"link_name":"Power Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Company"},{"link_name":"Secret Society of Super Villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Society_of_Super_Villains"},{"link_name":"Superboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"The Superman Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Superman_Family"},{"link_name":"The Unexpected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unexpected_(1968_comic_book)"},{"link_name":"World's Finest Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Finest_Comics"},{"link_name":"Green Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Arrow"}],"sub_title":"DC Comics","text":"Adventure Comics #458 (1978)\nAll Star Comics #66-72 (1977–1978)\nBatman Family #18-20 (Huntress) (1978)\nBatman: Dark Knight of the Round Table #1-2 (1998–1999)\nBatman: Hollywood Knight #1-3 (2001)\nClaw the Unconquered #9, 12 (1976–1978)\nDC Special #28-29 (1977)\nDC Super Stars #14, 16-18 (1977–1978)\nHercules Unbound #9-10 (1977)\nHouse of Mystery #259, 287 (1978–1980)\nJust Imagine Stan Lee ... Secret Files and Origins #1 (2002)\nL.A.W. (Living Assault Weapons) #1-6 (1999–2000)\nLegends of the DC Universe 80-Page Giant #2 (2000)\nNew Gods Secret Files #1 (1998)\nPower Company Manhunter #1 (2002)\nSecret Society of Super Villains #6-8 (1977)\nStar Hunters #1-5 (1977–1978)\nSuperboy #222, 233 (1976–1977)\nThe Superman Family #182 (1977)\nThe Unexpected #191 (1979)\nWorld's Finest Comics #251 (Green Arrow) (1978)","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Amazing Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champions_(1975_team)"},{"link_name":"Ghost Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Rider_(Johnny_Blaze)"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Heroes for Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_for_Hope"},{"link_name":"The Incredible Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"John Carter, Warlord of Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carter,_Warlord_of_Mars"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics_Presents"},{"link_name":"Marvel Premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Premiere"},{"link_name":"Ant Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant-Man_(Scott_Lang)"},{"link_name":"Secret Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Wars"},{"link_name":"Marvel Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Tales_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Treasury Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Treasury_Edition"},{"link_name":"Superman and Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_and_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"The Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Order_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Rom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Solo Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_Avengers"},{"link_name":"The Spectacular Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectacular_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(1977_comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thing_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Web of Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"What If ... ?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If_(comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Factor_(comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_X-Men"}],"sub_title":"Marvel Comics","text":"The Amazing Spider-Man #240, 262, 277, 282-283, Annual #18 (1983–1986)\nThe Avengers vol. 3 #44-47 (2001)\nAvengers Annual #16 (1987)\nCaptain America vol. 3 #38-48, 50 (2001–2002)\nChampions #9, 11-13 (1976–1977)\nGhost Rider #31 (1978)\nHercules #1-4 (1982)\nHercules vol. 2 #1-4 (1984)\nHercules, Prince of Power: Full Circle graphic novel (1988)\nHeroes for Hope Starring the X-Men #1 (1985)\nHulk vs. Hercules: When Titans Collide #1 (2008)\nThe Incredible Hulk #230, Annual #7 (1978)\nIron Man #91 (1976); #116-128, 130-135, 137-153 (1978–1981); #215-244, 246-250, 254, 256, Annual #9 (1987–1990)\nIron Man vol. 3 #25 (2000)\nIron Man: Bad Blood #1-4 (2000)\nIron Man: Legacy of Doom #1-4 (2008)\nJohn Carter, Warlord of Mars #17 (1978)\nMarvel Comics Presents #11, 39-41 (1989–1990)\nMarvel Premiere #47-48 (Ant Man) (1979)\nMarvel Super-Heroes Secret Wars #4-5 (1984)\nMarvel Tales #197 (Hercules backup story) (1987)\nMarvel Treasury Edition #28 (Superman and Spider-Man) (1981)\nThe Order #4 (2002)\nRom #59, 72 (1984–1985)\nShadows & Light #3 (1998)\nSolo Avengers #4, 7, 11 (1988)\nThe Spectacular Spider-Man #130 (1987)\nStar Wars #78 (1983)\nThe Thing #23 (1985)\nThor #292, 356, Annual #14 (1980–1989)\nWeb of Spider-Man #6, 28 (1985–1987)\nWhat If ... ? #33 (Iron Man) (1982)\nX-Factor #1-5, Annual #1 (1986)\nX-Men #105 (1977)","title":"Selected bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Layton in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bob_Layton_2013.jpg/220px-Bob_Layton_2013.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Meth, Clifford (2008). \"Bob Layton: Man & Iron Man\". Comics Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080724020854/http://www.comicsbulletin.com/meth/113839218246028.htm","url_text":"\"Bob Layton: Man & Iron Man\""},{"url":"http://www.comicsbulletin.com/meth/113839218246028.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cooke, Jon B. (March 2001). \"Rog-2001: Sterno Speaks! Writer Roger Stern on the CPL/Gang-Charlton Connection\". Comic Book Artist. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309145846/http://twomorrows.com/comicbookartist/articles/12stern.html","url_text":"\"Rog-2001: Sterno Speaks! Writer Roger Stern on the CPL/Gang-Charlton Connection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Artist","url_text":"Comic Book Artist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TwoMorrows_Publishing","url_text":"TwoMorrows Publishing"},{"url":"http://twomorrows.com/comicbookartist/articles/12stern.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vasseur, Richard (May 30, 2006). \"Bob Layton Legendary Comic Book Writer and Artist\". Jazma Online. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080408182344/http://www.jazmaonline.com/interviews/interviews2.asp?intID=334","url_text":"\"Bob Layton Legendary Comic Book Writer and Artist\""},{"url":"http://www.jazmaonline.com/interviews/interviews2.asp?intID=334","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Baby's First Steps: Bob Layton's First Published Work for Marvel\". Back Issue! (106). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 14–18. August 2018. Iron Man #91 is the first US comic you inked. It's dated October 1976. All of your British art predates that.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Issue!","url_text":"Back Issue!"}]},{"reference":"Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). \"1970s\". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 187. ISBN 978-0756641238.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sanderson","url_text":"Sanderson, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756641238","url_text":"978-0756641238"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). \"1980s\". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 143. ISBN 978-0756692360. [Stan] Lee's script was unmistakable and meshed well with drawings by [Ron] Frenz and finishes by artists Bob Layton and Jackson Guice. The occasion for Stan's return was the wedding of J. Jonah Jameson to Doctor Marla Madison.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756692360","url_text":"978-0756692360"}]},{"reference":"Eury, Michael (2003). \"Reinventing the Rules: Bob Layton on Giordano\". Dick Giordano: Changing Comics, One Day At A Time. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-1893905276.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eury","url_text":"Eury, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TwoMorrows_Publishing","url_text":"TwoMorrows Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1893905276","url_text":"978-1893905276"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Matthew K.; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). \"1990s\". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6742-9","url_text":"978-0-7566-6742-9"}]},{"reference":"Layton, Bob; Giordano, Dick (2012). Colony. IDW Publishing. p. 164. ISBN 978-1613775219.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Giordano","url_text":"Giordano, Dick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDW_Publishing","url_text":"IDW Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1613775219","url_text":"978-1613775219"}]},{"reference":"Layton, Bob (n.d.). \"The Days of Future Past\". BobLayton.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929050444/http://www.boblayton.com/Archive/November%2004/nov.editorial.htm","url_text":"\"The Days of Future Past\""},{"url":"http://www.boblayton.com/Archive/November%2004/nov.editorial.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.boblayton.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.boblayton.com"},{"Link":"http://viaf.org/viaf/163545571/","external_links_name":"\"Layton, Bob\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080724020854/http://www.comicsbulletin.com/meth/113839218246028.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bob Layton: Man & Iron Man\""},{"Link":"http://www.comicsbulletin.com/meth/113839218246028.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309145846/http://twomorrows.com/comicbookartist/articles/12stern.html","external_links_name":"\"Rog-2001: Sterno Speaks! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn_(TV_series)	Anne Boleyn (TV series)	["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 Episodes","4 Production","4.1 Development","4.2 Casting","4.3 Filming","5 Release","6 Reception","7 References","8 External links"]	British thriller miniseries (2021) Anne BoleynGenreDramaWritten byEve Hedderwick TurnerDirected byLynsey MillerStarringJodie Turner-SmithComposerKeaton HensonCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producerDan JonesProducers Faye Ward Hannah Farrell Production companyFable PicturesOriginal releaseNetworkChannel 5Release1 June (2021-06-01) –3 June 2021 (2021-06-03) Anne Boleyn is a British three-part psychological thriller television miniseries developed for Channel 5 starring Jodie Turner-Smith in the title role. It was written by Eve Hedderwick Turner and directed by Lynsey Miller with historian Dan Jones as executive producer. Premise The series is set in Anne's final five months prior to her execution by beheading for treason in 1536. Cast Jodie Turner-Smith as Anne Boleyn Mark Stanley as Henry VIII Paapa Essiedu as George Boleyn Barry Ward as Thomas Cromwell Amanda Burton as Anne Shelton Lola Petticrew as Jane Seymour Thalissa Teixeira as Madge Shelton Isabella Laughland as Elizabeth Browne Anna Brewster as Jane Boleyn Kris Hitchen as the Duke of Norfolk Turlough Convery as Henry Norris Jamael Westman as Edward Seymour Phoenix Di Sebastiani as Eustace Chapuys Aoife Hinds as Princess Mary James Harkness as William Kingston Abhin Galeya as Thomas Cranmer Episodes No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date U.K viewers(millions)1"Episode 1"Lynsey MillerEve Hedderwick Turner1 June 2021 (2021-06-01)1.44 2"Episode 2"Lynsey MillerEve Hedderwick Turner2 June 2021 (2021-06-02)1.05 3"Episode 3"Lynsey MillerEve Hedderwick Turner3 June 2021 (2021-06-03)1.00 Production Development Ben Frow of Channel 5 first mentioned the project at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in summer 2020. The three-part "convention-defying" series from Fable Pictures was officially announced in October 2020, with Eve Hedderwick Turner as writer and Lynsey Miller as director. Faye Ward and Hannah Farrell of Fable produced and historian Dan Jones executive produced. The series "sets out to examine Anne Boleyn's life through a feminist lens as she struggles to conceive a boy heir and pushback against the society she was born into." Casting In October 2020, it was announced with the series that Jodie Turner-Smith would star as Anne Boleyn with Paapa Essiedu, Amanda Burton, Thalissa Teixeira, Barry Ward, and Jamael Westman also set to feature. Mark Stanley joined the cast as Henry VIII in November. Filming Principal photography took place in Yorkshire over six weeks, finishing in December 2020. Filming locations included Castle Howard in North Yorkshire, Bolton Castle in Wensleydale, Bolton Abbey in Wharfedale, Oakwell Hall in Birstall, St Michael's Church in Emley, Harewood House in Harewood, and Ripley Castle in Ripley. Release The first episode premiered in the UK on Channel 5 on 1 June 2021. Sony Pictures Television co-financed the project with Channel 5 and distributed the series internationally. The drama was released in the United States on AMC+ and on Crave in Canada. Reception Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 53% based on 17 critic reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Though the show around her isn't quite up to snuff, there's no denying the pleasure of Jodie Turner-Smith's powerful turn as the one-and-only Anne Boleyn." The Guardian and The Independent both gave the drama 3 stars out 5. Lucy Mangan of the former said the series "works" but criticised its "silly surplus of metaphors" and portrayal of Henry. Adam White of the latter found the show a "soapy romp" but that it made sense for the story being told. Turner-Smith's performance was widely praised. Beth Webb of Empire called the series a "showcase of Jodie Turner-Smith's resilience as a performer" and mentioned how the "small but well-assembled supporting cast elevates her performance". There was some criticism of the race swapping historical characters, as some of the actors were Black and the characters portrayed were White, such as Boleyn herself. The Radio Times described this as "identity-conscious casting" and quoted the actor Mark Stanley: "It was all about this being the right person for the job, rather than what we as a society might perceive as the ‘right look’ for the job". References ^ "Keaton Henson scores Channel 5's 'Anne Boleyn'". Faber Music. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021. ^ "Anne Boleyn to be played by Jodie Turner-Smith in new Henry VIII thriller for Channel 5 \| Evening Standard". Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2021. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (8 April 2021). "Jodie Turner-Smith Exits 'The Witcher: Blood Origin' Netflix Limited Series Due To Scheduling Issue". Deadline. Retrieved 27 May 2021. ^ a b Kanter, Jake (30 October 2020). "Jodie Turner-Smith To Play Anne Boleyn In Convention-Defying Channel 5 Series From Sony-Backed Fable Pics". Deadline. Retrieved 27 May 2021. ^ Channel 5. "Anne Boleyn – Listings". Channel 5. Retrieved 27 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Ben Frow pledges to 'shake up' Channel 5 programming". Televisual. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2021. ^ a b Carr, Flora (20 May 2021). "Anne Boleyn release date: Cast, trailer for Channel 5 drama starring Jodie Turner-Smith". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 May 2021. ^ Ravindran, Manori (13 November 2020). "Jodie Turner-Smith's Anne Boleyn Drama Sets 'Game of Thrones' Star Mark Stanley as Henry VIII (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 5 June 2021. ^ Ramsden, Sam (1 June 2021). "All The Gorgeous Anne Boleyn Locations You Can Visit IRL". Bustle. Retrieved 5 June 2021. ^ Smith, Stephanie (3 June 2021). "The Yorkshire historic castles and stately homes used for filming the Channel 5 Anne Boleyn drama". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 5 June 2021. ^ Firth-Bernard, Bryony (9 April 2021). "Channel 5 releases first look trailer for new Anne Boleyn drama". Good Housekeeping. Retrieved 27 May 2021. ^ "August 2021: Crave Streaming Overview". Bell Media. 22 July 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021. ^ "Anne Boleyn: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 2 August 2021. ^ Mangan, Lucy (1 June 2021). "Anne Boleyn review – spoiler alert: she won't make it out alive!". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2021. ^ White, Adam (1 June 2020). "Anne Boleyn Review". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2021. ^ Webb, Beth (3 June 2021). "Anne Boleyn Review". Empire. Retrieved 11 June 2021. ^ Solly, Meilan (3 June 2021). "Why the Controversy Over a Black Actress Playing Anne Boleyn Is Unnecessary and Harmful". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 10 January 2022. ^ Carr, Flora (3 June 2021). "Why Channel 5's Anne Boleyn is a Black woman – a look at the real Anne". Radio Times. Retrieved 10 January 2022. External links Official website Anne Boleyn at IMDb vteAnne BoleynFamily Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (father) Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (mother) George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford (brother) Mary Boleyn (sister) Elizabeth I (daughter) Henry VIII (husband) Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland (betrothed) Lady Margaret Butler (paternal grandmother) William Boleyn (paternal grandfather) Elizabeth Tilney, Countess of Surrey (maternal grandmother) Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (maternal grandfather) Elizabeth Boleyn, Lady Boleyn (aunt) Joyce Culpeper (aunt) James Boleyn (uncle) Catherine Howard (cousin) Jane Boleyn (sister-in-law) Geoffrey Boleyn (great grandfather) George Boleyn (priest) Thomas Hoo, Baron Hoo and Hastings (great great grandfather) Films Anna Boleyn (1920) Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) The Other Boleyn Girl (2008) Stage Anna Bolena (1830 opera) Anne Boleyn (2010 play) Literature Murder Most Royal (1949) Doomed Queen Anne (2002) Other Coronation Cultural depictions O Death Rock Me Asleep (poem) "With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm" (1934 song)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Jodie Turner-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Turner-Smith"},{"link_name":"title role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Dan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Jones_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Anne Boleyn is a British three-part psychological thriller television miniseries developed for Channel 5 starring Jodie Turner-Smith in the title role. It was written by Eve Hedderwick Turner and directed by Lynsey Miller with historian Dan Jones as executive producer.[2][3]","title":"Anne Boleyn (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fable-4"}],"text":"The series is set in Anne's final five months prior to her execution by beheading for treason in 1536.[4]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jodie Turner-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Turner-Smith"},{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Mark Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Paapa Essiedu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paapa_Essiedu"},{"link_name":"George Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Barry Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Ward_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Amanda Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Burton"},{"link_name":"Anne Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Shelton_(courtier)"},{"link_name":"Lola Petticrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Petticrew"},{"link_name":"Jane Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour"},{"link_name":"Thalissa Teixeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalissa_Teixeira"},{"link_name":"Madge Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madge_Shelton"},{"link_name":"Isabella Laughland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Laughland"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Somerset,_Countess_of_Worcester_(wife_of_the_2nd_Earl)"},{"link_name":"Anna Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Brewster"},{"link_name":"Jane Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Duke of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Turlough Convery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turlough_Convery"},{"link_name":"Henry Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Norris_(courtier)"},{"link_name":"Jamael Westman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamael_Westman"},{"link_name":"Edward Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Eustace Chapuys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Chapuys"},{"link_name":"Aoife Hinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoife_Hinds"},{"link_name":"Princess Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"James Harkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harkness_(actor)"},{"link_name":"William Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Abhin Galeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhin_Galeya"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cranmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer"}],"text":"Jodie Turner-Smith as Anne Boleyn\nMark Stanley as Henry VIII\nPaapa Essiedu as George Boleyn\nBarry Ward as Thomas Cromwell\nAmanda Burton as Anne Shelton\nLola Petticrew as Jane Seymour\nThalissa Teixeira as Madge Shelton\nIsabella Laughland as Elizabeth Browne\nAnna Brewster as Jane Boleyn\nKris Hitchen as the Duke of Norfolk\nTurlough Convery as Henry Norris\nJamael Westman as Edward Seymour\nPhoenix Di Sebastiani as Eustace Chapuys\nAoife Hinds as Princess Mary\nJames Harkness as William Kingston\nAbhin Galeya as Thomas Cranmer","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Frow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Frow"},{"link_name":"Channel 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Fringe Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Fringe_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Jones_(writer)"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fable-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT1-7"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Ben Frow of Channel 5 first mentioned the project at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in summer 2020.[6] The three-part \"convention-defying\" series from Fable Pictures was officially announced in October 2020, with Eve Hedderwick Turner as writer and Lynsey Miller as director. Faye Ward and Hannah Farrell of Fable produced and historian Dan Jones executive produced. The series \"sets out to examine Anne Boleyn's life through a feminist lens as she struggles to conceive a boy heir and pushback against the society she was born into.\"[4][7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jodie Turner-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Turner-Smith"},{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Paapa Essiedu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paapa_Essiedu"},{"link_name":"Amanda Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Burton"},{"link_name":"Thalissa Teixeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalissa_Teixeira"},{"link_name":"Barry Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Ward_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jamael Westman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamael_Westman"},{"link_name":"Mark Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"In October 2020, it was announced with the series that Jodie Turner-Smith would star as Anne Boleyn with Paapa Essiedu, Amanda Burton, Thalissa Teixeira, Barry Ward, and Jamael Westman also set to feature. Mark Stanley joined the cast as Henry VIII in November.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT1-7"},{"link_name":"Castle Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Howard"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Bolton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Castle"},{"link_name":"Wensleydale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wensleydale"},{"link_name":"Bolton Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Wharfedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharfedale"},{"link_name":"Oakwell Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakwell_Hall"},{"link_name":"Birstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birstall,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Emley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emley,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Harewood House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harewood_House"},{"link_name":"Harewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harewood,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Ripley Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley_Castle"},{"link_name":"Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Principal photography took place in Yorkshire over six weeks, finishing in December 2020.[7] Filming locations included Castle Howard in North Yorkshire, Bolton Castle in Wensleydale, Bolton Abbey in Wharfedale, Oakwell Hall in Birstall, St Michael's Church in Emley, Harewood House in Harewood, and Ripley Castle in Ripley.[9][10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Television"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"AMC+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%2B"},{"link_name":"Crave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crave_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The first episode premiered in the UK on Channel 5 on 1 June 2021. Sony Pictures Television co-financed the project with Channel 5 and distributed the series internationally.[11] The drama was released in the United States on AMC+ and on Crave in Canada.[12]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"Lucy Mangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Mangan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"race swapping historical characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color-blind_casting"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-17"},{"link_name":"Radio Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times"},{"link_name":"Mark Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stanley"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT-18"}],"text":"Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 53% based on 17 critic reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's critics consensus reads, \"Though the show around her isn't quite up to snuff, there's no denying the pleasure of Jodie Turner-Smith's powerful turn as the one-and-only Anne Boleyn.\"[13]The Guardian and The Independent both gave the drama 3 stars out 5. Lucy Mangan of the former said the series \"works\" but criticised its \"silly surplus of metaphors\" and portrayal of Henry.[14] Adam White of the latter found the show a \"soapy romp\" but that it made sense for the story being told.[15] Turner-Smith's performance was widely praised. Beth Webb of Empire called the series a \"showcase of Jodie Turner-Smith's resilience as a performer\" and mentioned how the \"small but well-assembled supporting cast elevates her performance\".[16]There was some criticism of the race swapping historical characters, as some of the actors were Black and the characters portrayed were White, such as Boleyn herself.[17] The Radio Times described this as \"identity-conscious casting\" and quoted the actor Mark Stanley: \"It was all about this being the right person for the job, rather than what we as a society might perceive as the ‘right look’ for the job\".[18]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Keaton Henson scores Channel 5's 'Anne Boleyn'\". Faber Music. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fabermusic.com/news/keaton-henson-scores-channel-5s-anne-boleyn01062021","url_text":"\"Keaton Henson scores Channel 5's 'Anne Boleyn'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anne Boleyn to be played by Jodie Turner-Smith in new Henry VIII thriller for Channel 5 \| Evening Standard\". Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201125092139/https://www.standard.co.uk/stayingin/jodie-turnersmith-to-play-anne-boleyn-in-new-henry-viii-thriller-b30195.html?amp","url_text":"\"Anne Boleyn to be played by Jodie Turner-Smith in new Henry VIII thriller for Channel 5 \| Evening Standard\""},{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/stayingin/jodie-turnersmith-to-play-anne-boleyn-in-new-henry-viii-thriller-b30195.html%3Famp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (8 April 2021). \"Jodie Turner-Smith Exits 'The Witcher: Blood Origin' Netflix Limited Series Due To Scheduling Issue\". Deadline. Retrieved 27 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/04/jodie-turner-smith-exits-the-witcher-blood-origin-netflix-limited-series-prequel-scheduling-1234729941/","url_text":"\"Jodie Turner-Smith Exits 'The Witcher: Blood Origin' Netflix Limited Series Due To Scheduling Issue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline"}]},{"reference":"Kanter, Jake (30 October 2020). \"Jodie Turner-Smith To Play Anne Boleyn In Convention-Defying Channel 5 Series From Sony-Backed Fable Pics\". Deadline. Retrieved 27 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/10/jodie-turner-smith-plays-anne-boleyn-channel-5-series-from-fable-pictures-1234605855/","url_text":"\"Jodie Turner-Smith To Play Anne Boleyn In Convention-Defying Channel 5 Series From Sony-Backed Fable Pics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline"}]},{"reference":"Channel 5. \"Anne Boleyn – Listings\". Channel 5. Retrieved 27 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channel5.com/show/anne-boleyn/","url_text":"\"Anne Boleyn – Listings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)","url_text":"Channel 5"}]},{"reference":"\"Ben Frow pledges to 'shake up' Channel 5 programming\". Televisual. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.televisual.com/news/ben-frow-pledges-to-shake-up-channel-5-programming/","url_text":"\"Ben Frow pledges to 'shake up' Channel 5 programming\""}]},{"reference":"Carr, Flora (20 May 2021). \"Anne Boleyn release date: Cast, trailer for Channel 5 drama starring Jodie Turner-Smith\". Radio Times. Retrieved 27 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/anne-boleyn-release-date/","url_text":"\"Anne Boleyn release date: Cast, trailer for Channel 5 drama starring Jodie Turner-Smith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"}]},{"reference":"Ravindran, Manori (13 November 2020). \"Jodie Turner-Smith's Anne Boleyn Drama Sets 'Game of Thrones' Star Mark Stanley as Henry VIII (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved 5 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/tv/global/jodie-turner-smith-anne-boleyn-henry-viii-mark-stanley-game-of-thrones-1234831101/","url_text":"\"Jodie Turner-Smith's Anne Boleyn Drama Sets 'Game of Thrones' Star Mark Stanley as Henry VIII (EXCLUSIVE)\""}]},{"reference":"Ramsden, Sam (1 June 2021). \"All The Gorgeous Anne Boleyn Locations You Can Visit IRL\". Bustle. Retrieved 5 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/who-plays-annes-brother-in-channel-5s-anne-boleyn","url_text":"\"All The Gorgeous Anne Boleyn Locations You Can Visit IRL\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Stephanie (3 June 2021). \"The Yorkshire historic castles and stately homes used for filming the Channel 5 Anne Boleyn drama\". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 5 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/the-yorkshire-historic-castles-and-stately-homes-used-for-filming-the-channel-5-anne-boleyn-drama-3259635","url_text":"\"The Yorkshire historic castles and stately homes used for filming the Channel 5 Anne Boleyn drama\""}]},{"reference":"Firth-Bernard, Bryony (9 April 2021). \"Channel 5 releases first look trailer for new Anne Boleyn drama\". Good Housekeeping. Retrieved 27 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/uk/lifestyle/a36072558/channel-5-anne-boleyn-plot-air-date-spoilers/","url_text":"\"Channel 5 releases first look trailer for new Anne Boleyn drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Housekeeping","url_text":"Good Housekeeping"}]},{"reference":"\"August 2021: Crave Streaming Overview\". Bell Media. 22 July 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bellmedia.ca/the-lede/press/august-2021-crave-streaming-overview/","url_text":"\"August 2021: Crave Streaming Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Media","url_text":"Bell Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Anne Boleyn: Season 1\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 2 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/anne_boleyn/s01","url_text":"\"Anne Boleyn: Season 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"Mangan, Lucy (1 June 2021). \"Anne Boleyn review – spoiler alert: she won't make it out alive!\". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/jun/01/anne-boleyn-review-spoiler-alert-she-wont-make-it-out-alive","url_text":"\"Anne Boleyn review – spoiler alert: she won't make it out alive!\""}]},{"reference":"White, Adam (1 June 2020). \"Anne Boleyn Review\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/anne-boleyn-review-jodie-turner-smith-b1856923.html","url_text":"\"Anne Boleyn Review\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/anne-boleyn-review-jodie-turner-smith-b1856923.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Beth (3 June 2021). \"Anne Boleyn Review\". Empire. Retrieved 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.empireonline.com/tv/reviews/anne-boleyn/","url_text":"\"Anne Boleyn Review\""}]},{"reference":"Solly, Meilan (3 June 2021). \"Why the Controversy Over a Black Actress Playing Anne Boleyn Is Unnecessary and Harmful\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 10 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/who-was-first-woman-color-bring-anne-boleyns-story-screen-180977882/","url_text":"\"Why the Controversy Over a Black Actress Playing Anne Boleyn Is Unnecessary and Harmful\""}]},{"reference":"Carr, Flora (3 June 2021). \"Why Channel 5's Anne Boleyn is a Black woman – a look at the real Anne\". Radio Times. Retrieved 10 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/anne-boleyn-channel-5-casting","url_text":"\"Why Channel 5's Anne Boleyn is a Black woman – a look at the real Anne\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.fabermusic.com/news/keaton-henson-scores-channel-5s-anne-boleyn01062021","external_links_name":"\"Keaton Henson scores Channel 5's 'Anne Boleyn'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201125092139/https://www.standard.co.uk/stayingin/jodie-turnersmith-to-play-anne-boleyn-in-new-henry-viii-thriller-b30195.html?amp","external_links_name":"\"Anne Boleyn to be played by Jodie Turner-Smith in new Henry VIII thriller for Channel 5 \| Evening Standard\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/stayingin/jodie-turnersmith-to-play-anne-boleyn-in-new-henry-viii-thriller-b30195.html%3Famp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/04/jodie-turner-smith-exits-the-witcher-blood-origin-netflix-limited-series-prequel-scheduling-1234729941/","external_links_name":"\"Jodie Turner-Smith Exits 'The Witcher: Blood Origin' Netflix Limited Series Due To Scheduling Issue\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2020/10/jodie-turner-smith-plays-anne-boleyn-channel-5-series-from-fable-pictures-1234605855/","external_links_name":"\"Jodie Turner-Smith To Play Anne Boleyn In Convention-Defying Channel 5 Series From Sony-Backed Fable Pics\""},{"Link":"https://www.channel5.com/show/anne-boleyn/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Boleyn – Listings\""},{"Link":"https://www.televisual.com/news/ben-frow-pledges-to-shake-up-channel-5-programming/","external_links_name":"\"Ben Frow pledges to 'shake up' Channel 5 programming\""},{"Link":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/anne-boleyn-release-date/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Boleyn release date: Cast, trailer for Channel 5 drama starring Jodie Turner-Smith\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2020/tv/global/jodie-turner-smith-anne-boleyn-henry-viii-mark-stanley-game-of-thrones-1234831101/","external_links_name":"\"Jodie Turner-Smith's Anne Boleyn Drama Sets 'Game of Thrones' Star Mark Stanley as Henry VIII (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/who-plays-annes-brother-in-channel-5s-anne-boleyn","external_links_name":"\"All The Gorgeous Anne Boleyn Locations You Can Visit IRL\""},{"Link":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/the-yorkshire-historic-castles-and-stately-homes-used-for-filming-the-channel-5-anne-boleyn-drama-3259635","external_links_name":"\"The Yorkshire historic castles and stately homes used for filming the Channel 5 Anne Boleyn drama\""},{"Link":"https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/uk/lifestyle/a36072558/channel-5-anne-boleyn-plot-air-date-spoilers/","external_links_name":"\"Channel 5 releases first look trailer for new Anne Boleyn drama\""},{"Link":"https://www.bellmedia.ca/the-lede/press/august-2021-crave-streaming-overview/","external_links_name":"\"August 2021: Crave Streaming Overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/anne_boleyn/s01","external_links_name":"\"Anne Boleyn: Season 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/jun/01/anne-boleyn-review-spoiler-alert-she-wont-make-it-out-alive","external_links_name":"\"Anne Boleyn review – spoiler alert: she won't make it out alive!\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/anne-boleyn-review-jodie-turner-smith-b1856923.html","external_links_name":"\"Anne Boleyn Review\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/anne-boleyn-review-jodie-turner-smith-b1856923.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.empireonline.com/tv/reviews/anne-boleyn/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Boleyn Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/who-was-first-woman-color-bring-anne-boleyns-story-screen-180977882/","external_links_name":"\"Why the Controversy Over a Black Actress Playing Anne Boleyn Is Unnecessary and Harmful\""},{"Link":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/anne-boleyn-channel-5-casting","external_links_name":"\"Why Channel 5's Anne Boleyn is a Black woman – a look at the real Anne\""},{"Link":"https://www.channel5.com/show/anne-boleyn/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13406036/","external_links_name":"Anne Boleyn"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/704_Hauser	704 Hauser	["1 Overview","2 Cast","3 List of episodes","4 Home media","5 References","6 External links"]	American TV series or program 704 HauserGenreSitcomCreated byNorman LearDirected by Jack Shea Norman Lear (pilot) Starring John Amos Lynnie Godfrey T.E. Russell Maura Tierney Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes6 (1 unaired)ProductionCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time22–24 minutesProduction companies ELP Communications Act III Television Castle Rock Entertainment Columbia Pictures Television Original releaseNetworkCBSReleaseApril 11 (1994-04-11) –May 9, 1994 (1994-05-09)Related All in the Family Archie Bunker's Place Maude The Jeffersons Gloria Good Times Checking In 704 Hauser is an American sitcom television series and a spin-off of All in the Family (the final of several) that aired on CBS from April 11 to May 9, 1994. The series is built around the concept of a black family, the Cumberbatch Family, moving into the former Queens home of Archie Bunker after Bunker had sold the house located at 704 Hauser Street. Overview The 704 Hauser living room set. Norman Lear created the series during the time when conservative talk radio was experiencing its initial upswing in popularity in the United States, particularly in the form of Rush Limbaugh. Lear felt that the time was right for a new show to explore new issues, making 704 Hauser even more explicitly political than All in the Family. John Amos, a veteran of the earlier Lear sitcom Good Times (itself a spin-off of the All in the Family spin-off Maude), starred as Ernie Cumberbatch, while Lynnie Godfrey played his wife, Rose. The show features a reversal of the original All in the Family formula. Ernie and Rose Cumberbatch are working class Democrats, while their son Goodie is a conservative activist and his girlfriend, Cherlyn Markowitz (Maura Tierney), is white and Jewish. The show attracted middling ratings, and was cancelled after five episodes (with one episode remaining unaired). Cast John Amos as Ernie Cumberbatch Lynnie Godfrey as Rose Cumberbatch T.E. Russell as Thurgood Marshall 'Goodie' Cumberbatch Maura Tierney as Cherlyn Markowitz Casey Siemaszko plays Joey Stivic, Archie's grandson, in the first episode. CBS anchor Bob Schieffer appears in the first episode as himself. List of episodes No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date Viewers(millions)1"Meet the Cumberbatchs"Norman LearStory by : Norman LearTeleplay by : Norman Lear and Kevin HeelanApril 11, 1994 (1994-04-11)16.8 A pair of liberal black parents struggles with their conservative son and his white girlfriend. 2"Here's Why Ernie Should Never Be Left Home Alone"Jack SheaJohn Baskin and Roger ShulmanApril 18, 1994 (1994-04-18)15.2 Ernie conspires to find Goodie a new girlfriend. 3"Ernie Live on Tape"Jack SheaJanet Lynne JacksonApril 25, 1994 (1994-04-25)13.5 Ernie and Goodie disagree over an incident of alleged racial harassment. 4"Triskaidekaphobia"Jack SheaGreg Cope and Sean DwyerMay 2, 1994 (1994-05-02)13.2 Friday the 13th brings bad luck to the Cumberbatchs. 5"All That Jasmine"Jack SheaAndrea Allen-WileyMay 9, 1994 (1994-05-09)13.7 Rose's sister interferes with Ernie's birthday surprise. 6"Revelations"Jack SheaWalter Allen Bennett, Jr.Unaired (Unaired)N/A Ernie discovers a master plan to reduce his taxes by becoming a minister. Home media The pilot episode, "Meet the Cumberbatchs", was included as a bonus feature on the All in the Family: The Complete Series DVD box set released by Shout! Factory on October 30, 2012. References ^ "704 Hauser Street TV Show - Reviews, Cast, Schedule & Times and More. Television Shows at Film.com". May 4, 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-05-04. ^ Svetkey, Benjamin (April 15, 1994). "Norman Lear's new sitcom 704 Hauser". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 10, 2016. ^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. April 20, 1994. p. 3D. ^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. April 27, 1994. p. 3D. ^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. May 4, 1994. p. 3D. ^ DeRosa, Robin (May 11, 1994). "ABC keeps hammering away". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. May 18, 1994. p. 3D. External links 704 Hauser at IMDb vteAll in the FamilyMain characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Episodes "Maude" "Cousin Liz" "Edith's 50th Birthday" "Edith's Crisis of Faith" "The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family" Related seriesBased on Till Death Us Do Part Till Death... In Sickness and in Health Spin-offs Maude (1972–1978) (episodes) Good Times (1974–1979) (episodes) The Jeffersons (1975–1985) (episodes) Checking In (1981) Gloria (1982–1983) Sequels Archie Bunker's Place (1979–1983) (episodes) 704 Hauser (1994) Live in Front of a Studio Audience (2019) Foreign adaptations Ein Herz und eine Seele vteNorman LearCreated The Deputy (1959–61) Maude (1972–78) The Nancy Walker Show (1976) All That Glitters (1977) Fernwood 2 Night (1977) America 2-Night (1978) In the Beginning (1978) Apple Pie (1978) Hanging In (1979) Palmerstown, U.S.A. (1980–81) a.k.a. Pablo (1984) Sunday Dinner (1991) 704 Hauser (1994) Guess Who Died (2018) Developed All in the Family (1971–79) Sanford and Son (1972–77) Good Times (1974–79) Hot l Baltimore (1975) The Jeffersons (1975–85) One Day at a Time (1975–84) Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman (1976–78) The Dumplings (1976) All's Fair (1976–77) Sanford Arms (1977) The Baxters (1979–81) Channel Umptee-3 (1997–98) One Day at a Time (2017) (2017–20) Film Come Blow Your Horn (screenwriter; 1963) Divorce American Style (screenwriter; 1967) The Night They Raided Minsky's (screenwriter; 1968) Cold Turkey (director; 1971) Heartsounds (executive producer; 1984) Related articles Tandem Productions ELP Communications Act III Communications People for the American Way The Powers That Be Live in Front of a Studio Audience	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"All in the Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_in_the_Family"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Archie Bunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Bunker"}],"text":"704 Hauser is an American sitcom television series and a spin-off of All in the Family (the final of several) that aired on CBS from April 11 to May 9, 1994. The series is built around the concept of a black family, the Cumberbatch Family, moving into the former Queens home of Archie Bunker after Bunker had sold the house located at 704 Hauser Street.","title":"704 Hauser"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:704_Hauser_living_room_set.png"},{"link_name":"Norman Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear"},{"link_name":"conservative talk radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio#U.S._politically-oriented_talk_radio"},{"link_name":"Rush Limbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh"},{"link_name":"John Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Amos"},{"link_name":"Good Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Times"},{"link_name":"Maude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maude_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"Maura Tierney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_Tierney"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"}],"text":"The 704 Hauser living room set.Norman Lear created the series during the time when conservative talk radio was experiencing its initial upswing in popularity in the United States, particularly in the form of Rush Limbaugh. Lear felt that the time was right for a new show to explore new issues, making 704 Hauser even more explicitly political than All in the Family.\nJohn Amos, a veteran of the earlier Lear sitcom Good Times (itself a spin-off of the All in the Family spin-off Maude), starred as Ernie Cumberbatch, while Lynnie Godfrey played his wife, Rose.[1] The show features a reversal of the original All in the Family formula. Ernie and Rose Cumberbatch are working class Democrats, while their son Goodie is a conservative activist and his girlfriend, Cherlyn Markowitz (Maura Tierney), is white and Jewish.The show attracted middling ratings, and was cancelled after five episodes (with one episode remaining unaired).","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Amos"},{"link_name":"Lynnie Godfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynnie_Godfrey"},{"link_name":"Maura Tierney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_Tierney"},{"link_name":"Casey Siemaszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Siemaszko"},{"link_name":"Joey Stivic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Stivic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bob Schieffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Schieffer"}],"text":"John Amos as Ernie Cumberbatch\nLynnie Godfrey as Rose Cumberbatch\nT.E. Russell as Thurgood Marshall 'Goodie' Cumberbatch\nMaura Tierney as Cherlyn MarkowitzCasey Siemaszko plays Joey Stivic, Archie's grandson, in the first episode.[2] CBS anchor Bob Schieffer appears in the first episode as himself.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Shout! Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Factory"}],"text":"The pilot episode, \"Meet the Cumberbatchs\", was included as a bonus feature on the All in the Family: The Complete Series DVD box set released by Shout! Factory on October 30, 2012.","title":"Home media"}]	[{"image_text":"The 704 Hauser living room set.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/704_Hauser_living_room_set.png/200px-704_Hauser_living_room_set.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"704 Hauser Street TV Show - Reviews, Cast, Schedule & Times and More. Television Shows at Film.com\". 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April 27, 1994. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. May 4, 1994. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"DeRosa, Robin (May 11, 1994). \"ABC keeps hammering away\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. May 18, 1994. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090504045121/http://www.film.com/tv/704-hauser-street/21327869","external_links_name":"\"704 Hauser Street TV Show - Reviews, Cast, Schedule & Times and More. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artspace_Projects	Artspace Projects	["1 Description","2 Programs","2.1 Property development","2.2 Asset management","2.3 Consulting services","3 References","4 External links"]	American nonprofit placemaking organization This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Artspace Projects" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Artspace Projects, Inc is a nonprofit organization based in Minneapolis, Minnesota that develops performance spaces for artists, otherwise known as placemaking. Description Artspace Projects has its headquarters in Minneapolis, and also has offices in Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Seattle and Washington DC. The organization seeks to provide affordable live/work space to artists and arts organizations. As of July 2022 Artspace has 57 properties in operation around the country. Traffic Zone Center for Visual Art, and Artspace Headquarters One of these is in the old Read's Department Store building in Bridgeport, Connecticut, known as Artspace Read's, which opened in May 2005 after a full restoration and conversion of the building (also known as the Sterling Market Lofts building). Programs Artspace programs fall in three broad categories: property development, asset management and national consulting. Property development Development projects, which typically involve the adaptive reuse of older buildings but can also involve new construction, are the most visible of Artspace’s activities. Asset management Artspace owns or co-owns all the buildings it develops. Revenues in excess of expenses are set aside for preventive maintenance, commons area improvements, and building upgrades. Consulting services In addition to its roles as developer, owner, and manager, Artspace acts as a consultant to communities, organizations, and individuals seeking information and advice about developing affordable housing and work space for artists, performing arts centers, and cultural districts, often within the context of historic preservation. References ^ "Welcome". Artspace. Retrieved July 13, 2022. ^ "Sterling Market Lofts/Read's". A.P. Construction. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ Chamberlain, Lisa (May 29, 2005). "Finally, Progress in Restoring Bridgeport's Grandeur". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2022. External links United States portal Official website Artspace Projects, Inc. at Emporis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"placemaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placemaking"}],"text":"Artspace Projects, Inc is a nonprofit organization based in Minneapolis, Minnesota that develops performance spaces for artists, otherwise known as placemaking.","title":"Artspace Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Washington DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_DC"},{"link_name":"arts organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not-for-profit_arts_organization"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artspace_Projects&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mpls_Moline_Stoddard_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bridgeport, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Artspace Read's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artspace_Read%27s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Artspace Projects has its headquarters in Minneapolis, and also has offices in Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Seattle and Washington DC. The organization seeks to provide affordable live/work space to artists and arts organizations. As of July 2022[update] Artspace has 57 properties in operation around the country.[1]Traffic Zone Center for Visual Art, and Artspace HeadquartersOne of these is in the old Read's Department Store building in Bridgeport, Connecticut, known as Artspace Read's, which opened in May 2005 after a full restoration and conversion of the building (also known as the Sterling Market Lofts building).[2][3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Artspace programs fall in three broad categories: property development, asset management and national consulting.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Property development","text":"Development projects, which typically involve the adaptive reuse of older buildings but can also involve new construction, are the most visible of Artspace’s activities.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asset management","text":"Artspace owns or co-owns all the buildings it develops. Revenues in excess of expenses are set aside for preventive maintenance, commons area improvements, and building upgrades.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Consulting services","text":"In addition to its roles as developer, owner, and manager, Artspace acts as a consultant to communities, organizations, and individuals seeking information and advice about developing affordable housing and work space for artists, performing arts centers, and cultural districts, often within the context of historic preservation.","title":"Programs"}]	[{"image_text":"Traffic Zone Center for Visual Art, and Artspace Headquarters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mpls_Moline_Stoddard_1.jpg/200px-Mpls_Moline_Stoddard_1.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Welcome\". Artspace. Retrieved July 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artspace.org/","url_text":"\"Welcome\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sterling Market Lofts/Read's\". A.P. Construction. Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apconst.com/portfolio-item/sterling-market-loftsreads/","url_text":"\"Sterling Market Lofts/Read's\""}]},{"reference":"Chamberlain, Lisa (May 29, 2005). \"Finally, Progress in Restoring Bridgeport's Grandeur\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/29/realestate/finally-progress-in-restoring-bridgeports-grandeur.html","url_text":"\"Finally, Progress in Restoring Bridgeport's Grandeur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Artspace+Projects%22","external_links_name":"\"Artspace Projects\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Artspace+Projects%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Artspace+Projects%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Artspace+Projects%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Artspace+Projects%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Artspace+Projects%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artspace_Projects&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.artspace.org/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome\""},{"Link":"https://apconst.com/portfolio-item/sterling-market-loftsreads/","external_links_name":"\"Sterling Market Lofts/Read's\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/29/realestate/finally-progress-in-restoring-bridgeports-grandeur.html","external_links_name":"\"Finally, Progress in Restoring Bridgeport's Grandeur\""},{"Link":"http://www.artspace.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121014220540/http://www.emporis.com/en/cd/cm/?id=artspaceprojects,inc-minneapolis-mn-usa","external_links_name":"Artspace Projects, Inc."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauch,_Buenos_Aires	Rauch, Buenos Aires	["1 External links"]	Coordinates: 36°46′S 59°06′W / 36.767°S 59.100°W / -36.767; -59.100Place in Buenos Aires, ArgentinaRauch Coat of armsRauchLocation in ArgentinaCoordinates: 36°46′S 59°06′W / 36.767°S 59.100°W / -36.767; -59.100Country ArgentinaProvince Buenos AiresPartidoRauchFounded19 July 1865Elevation87 m (285 ft)Population (2001 census ) • Total11,483CPA BaseB 7203Area code+54 2297 Rauch is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the administrative headquarters for Rauch Partido. In 1829, the "combate de Las Vizcacheras" (part of the Argentine Civil War) was fought in Rauch. External links Municipal information: Municipal Affairs Federal Institute (IFAM), Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina. (in Spanish) (in Spanish) Municipal website This article about a place in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"administrative headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre"},{"link_name":"Rauch Partido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauch_Partido"},{"link_name":"Argentine Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Civil_War"}],"text":"Place in Buenos Aires, ArgentinaRauch is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the administrative headquarters for Rauch Partido.In 1829, the \"combate de Las Vizcacheras\" (part of the Argentine Civil War) was fought in Rauch.","title":"Rauch, Buenos Aires"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rauch,_Buenos_Aires&params=36_46_S_59_06_W_region:AR_type:city(11483)","external_links_name":"36°46′S 59°06′W / 36.767°S 59.100°W / -36.767; -59.100"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rauch,_Buenos_Aires&params=36_46_S_59_06_W_region:AR_type:city(11483)","external_links_name":"36°46′S 59°06′W / 36.767°S 59.100°W / -36.767; -59.100"},{"Link":"http://www.mininterior.gov.ar/municipios/masinfo.php?municipio=BUE103","external_links_name":"Municipal information"},{"Link":"http://www.rauch.mun.gba.gov.ar/","external_links_name":"Municipal website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rauch,_Buenos_Aires&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_O%27Brien,_1st_Baron_O%27Brien	Peter O'Brien, 1st Baron O'Brien	["1 Background and education","2 Legal and judicial career","3 Personal life","4 Arms","5 References"]	The Right HonourableThe Lord O'BrienPC QCLord O'Brien.Lord Chief Justice of IrelandIn office1889–1913MonarchsVictoria Edward VII George VPreceded bySir Michael Morris, BtSucceeded byRichard Robert Cherry Personal detailsBorn29 June 1842Carnelly House, Clarecastle, County ClareDied7 September 1914 (1914-09-08) (aged 72)Airfield, Stillorgan, County DublinNationalityIrishAlma materTrinity College Dublin Peter O'Brien, 1st Baron O'Brien, PC, QC (29 June 1842 – 7 September 1914), known as Sir Peter O'Brien, Bt, between 1891 and 1900, was an Irish lawyer and judge. He served as Lord Chief Justice of Ireland between 1889 and 1913. In his lifetime he was universally known as Peter the Packer, due to the skill he displayed as Attorney-General in securing verdicts by packed juries. Background and education O'Brien was born at Carnelly House, Clarecastle, County Clare, the fifth son of John O'Brien, Liberal Member of Parliament for Limerick, and his wife Ellen Murphy, daughter of Jeremiah Murphy of Hyde Park, County Cork. He was a nephew of Mr. Justice James O'Brien of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland). He was educated at Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College Dublin and was called to the Irish Bar in 1865. Legal and judicial career O'Brien joined the Munster circuit and built up a successful practice, and in 1880 became a Queen's Counsel. The following year he was appointed Junior Crown Counsel at Green Street, Dublin, becoming Senior in 1882, and was made a bencher of the King's Inns in 1884. He was one of the principal prosecutors in the Phoenix Park murders, and it is said that his life was threatened as a result. He unsuccessfully stood for the House of Commons as the Liberal candidate for County Clare in 1879: his defeat is said to have been due to his opposition to Irish Home Rule. In 1887 O'Brien was appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland, becoming Attorney-General for Ireland and an Irish Privy Counsellor the following year. He was finally appointed Lord Chief Justice of Ireland in 1889, holding the office for 24 years. As Attorney General he was considered to be a highly efficient civil servant; even Arthur Balfour, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, who thought poorly of most of the Irish Law Officers who served under him, praised O'Brien for his hard work. He showed great skill in "packing" juries in politically sensitive cases with jurors who could be trusted to convict, thus earning the nickname "Peter the Packer", which stuck to him all his life. Opinions on his judicial ability vary. A. M. Sullivan wrote that as a pupil of the great Chief Baron Christopher Palles he must have learned the principles of common law but, though intelligent, he was generally too lazy to apply them. Palles himself is said to have remarked of one of O'Brien's judgments "you never learned that law from me!". However, his judgement in R. (Bridgeman) v. Drury 2 I.R. 489 where he refused to allow the members of Dublin Corporation to charge the ratepayers of Dublin for a particularly lavish picnic, is still often quoted both for its legal principle and its remarkable wit and humour. His judgment in Ussher v Ussher (1912), on whether a marriage conducted according to the Roman Catholic rite can be valid if there is only one witness to it, has also been praised as "careful and erudite." Hr was notoriously susceptible to female charms: it was said that a pretty young lady was generally treated as a conclusive witness for whichever side she appeared. He was created a Baronet, of Merrion Square in the County of the City of Dublin, on 28 September 1891, and was ennobled as Baron O'Brien, of Kilfenora in the County of Clare, in 1900. Personal life Lord O'Brien married Annie Clarke, daughter of Robert Hare Clarke of Bansha Castle, County Tipperary, and his second wife Anne Butler in 1867 and had three children: James, who died young, Ellen (who died in 1930) and Anne Georgina. Lord O'Brien also had an Irish mistress, based in London, called Mary McNally with whom he separately had 4 children, who went by the name of Blake. His only legitimate son having predeceased him, he died without male heirs at Airfield, Stillorgan, County Dublin, on 7 September 1914, his barony and baronetcy thus becoming extinct. His daughter, Annie Georgina O'Brien, published an affectionate memoir of her father a few years after his death. His main personal foibles were his refusal to wear the judicial wig, and a lisp so pronounced that it often made his remarks from the Bench difficult to follow. Maurice Healy in his own memoir The Old Munster Circuit described O'Brien as a man of considerable legal ability and great natural kindness, who was deservedly very popular. On the other hand, he was rather vain and self-important, and inclined to stand on the dignity of his office. Arms Coat of arms of Peter O'Brien, 1st Baron O'Brien Notes Confirmed 1 September 1891 by Sir John Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms. Crest An arm embowed vested Azure brandishing a sword Argent hilt and pommel Or and charged with a fasces in pale Proper. Escutcheon Gules three lions passant guardant in pale per pale Or and Argent a chief of the second. Motto Vigueur De Dessus References ^ a b c Biography, clarelibrary.ie. Accessed 24 December 2022. ^ Ball, F. Elrington, The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921. John Murray London 1926 volume II, p. 38 ^ Hart, A.R. A History of the King's Serjeants-at-law in Ireland, Dublin Four Courts Press (2000), p. 177 ^ "No. 26207". The London Gazette. 29 September 1891. p. 5086. ^ "No. 27202". The London Gazette. 15 June 1902. p. 3751. ^ G. O'Brien Reminisces of the Right Hon Lord O'Brien (1916) ^ Healy, Maurice The Old Munster Circuit London Michael Joseph Ltd. (1939) ^ "Grants and Confirmations of Arms, Vol. H". National Library of Ireland. 1880. p. 248. Retrieved 18 August 2022. Legal offices Preceded byJohn George Gibson Solicitor-General for Ireland 1887–1888 Succeeded byDodgson Hamilton Madden Preceded byJohn George Gibson Attorney-General for Ireland 1888–1889 Succeeded byDodgson Hamilton Madden Preceded bySir Michael Morris, Bt Lord Chief Justice of Ireland 1889–1913 Succeeded byRichard Robert Cherry Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Baron O'Brien 1900–1914 Extinct Baronetage of the United Kingdom New creation Baronet(of Kilfenora) 1891–1914 Extinct vteSolicitors-General for Ireland Thomas Rochfort Thomas Luttrell Patrick Barnewall John Bathe James Dowdall Nicholas Nugent Richard Bellings Jesse Smythes Roger Wilbraham Sir John Davies Robert Jacobe Richard Bolton Edward Bolton William Sambach William Ellis Robert Shapcote John Temple Theobald Butler Richard Levinge Alan Brodrick Richard Levinge John Forster William Whitshed Francis Bernard John Rogerson Thomas Marlay Robert Jocelyn John Bowes St George Caulfeild Warden Flood Philip Tisdall John Gore Marcus Paterson Godfrey Lill John Scott Robert Hellen Hugh Carleton Arthur Wolfe John Toler John Stewart William Cusack-Smith James McClelland William Plunkett Charles Kendal Bushe Henry Joy John Doherty Philip Cecil Crampton Michael O'Loghlen Edward Pennefather Michael O'Loghlen John Richards Stephen Woulfe Maziere Brady David Richard Pigot Richard Moore Edward Pennefather Joseph Devonsher Jackson Thomas Cusack-Smith Richard Wilson Greene Abraham Brewster James Henry Monahan John Hatchell Henry George Hughes James Whiteside William Keogh John Fitzgerald Jonathan Christian Henry George Hughes Edmund Hayes John George Rickard Deasy Thomas O'Hagan James Anthony Lawson Sir Edward Sullivan, 1st Baronet Michael Morris, Baron Morris Hedges Eyre Chatterton Robert Warren Michael Harrison John Thomas Ball Henry Ormsby Charles Robert Barry Richard Dowse Christopher Palles Hugh Law Henry Ormsby David Plunket Gerald Fitzgibbon Hugh Holmes William Moore Johnson Andrew Porter John Naish Samuel Walker The MacDermot John Monroe John George Gibson The MacDermot John George Gibson Peter O'Brien Dodgson Hamilton Madden John Atkinson Edward Carson Charles Hare Hemphill William Kenny Dunbar Barton George Wright James Campbell Redmond Barry Charles O'Connor Ignatius O'Brien Thomas Molony John Moriarty Jonathan Pim James O'Connor James Chambers Arthur Samuels John Blake Powell Denis Henry Daniel Martin Wilson Thomas Watters Brown Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States People Ireland Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"packed juries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packed_juries"}],"text":"Peter O'Brien, 1st Baron O'Brien, PC, QC (29 June 1842 – 7 September 1914), known as Sir Peter O'Brien, Bt, between 1891 and 1900, was an Irish lawyer and judge. He served as Lord Chief Justice of Ireland between 1889 and 1913. In his lifetime he was universally known as Peter the Packer, due to the skill he displayed as Attorney-General in securing verdicts by packed juries.","title":"Peter O'Brien, 1st Baron O'Brien"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarecastle"},{"link_name":"County Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clare-1"},{"link_name":"John O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Brien_(Irish_politician)"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_City_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"James O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O%27Brien_(1806%E2%80%931882)"},{"link_name":"Court of King's Bench (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Clongowes Wood College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clongowes_Wood_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Irish Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Bar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clare-1"}],"text":"O'Brien was born at Carnelly House, Clarecastle, County Clare,[1] the fifth son of John O'Brien, Liberal Member of Parliament for Limerick, and his wife Ellen Murphy, daughter of Jeremiah Murphy of Hyde Park, County Cork. He was a nephew of Mr. Justice James O'Brien of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland).[2] He was educated at Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College Dublin and was called to the Irish Bar in 1865.[1]","title":"Background and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster"},{"link_name":"circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_(political_division)"},{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsel"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"King's Inns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Inns"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Park murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Park_murders"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"County Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Irish Home Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clare-1"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General for Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_for_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Attorney-General for Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney-General_for_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish Privy Counsellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Arthur Balfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Balfour"},{"link_name":"Chief Secretary for Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"A. M. Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._M._Sullivan_(Irish_lawyer)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Palles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Palles"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"Dublin Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Corporation"},{"link_name":"picnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnic"},{"link_name":"marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kilfenora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilfenora"},{"link_name":"County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"O'Brien joined the Munster circuit and built up a successful practice, and in 1880 became a Queen's Counsel. The following year he was appointed Junior Crown Counsel at Green Street, Dublin, becoming Senior in 1882, and was made a bencher of the King's Inns in 1884.[3]He was one of the principal prosecutors in the Phoenix Park murders, and it is said that his life was threatened as a result. He unsuccessfully stood for the House of Commons as the Liberal candidate for County Clare in 1879: his defeat is said to have been due to his opposition to Irish Home Rule.[1]In 1887 O'Brien was appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland, becoming Attorney-General for Ireland and an Irish Privy Counsellor the following year. He was finally appointed Lord Chief Justice of Ireland in 1889, holding the office for 24 years. As Attorney General he was considered to be a highly efficient civil servant; even Arthur Balfour, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, who thought poorly of most of the Irish Law Officers who served under him, praised O'Brien for his hard work. He showed great skill in \"packing\" juries in politically sensitive cases with jurors who could be trusted to convict, thus earning the nickname \"Peter the Packer\", which stuck to him all his life.[citation needed]Opinions on his judicial ability vary. A. M. Sullivan wrote that as a pupil of the great Chief Baron Christopher Palles he must have learned the principles of common law but, though intelligent, he was generally too lazy to apply them. Palles himself is said to have remarked of one of O'Brien's judgments \"you never learned that law from me!\". However, his judgement in R. (Bridgeman) v. Drury [1894] 2 I.R. 489 where he refused to allow the members of Dublin Corporation to charge the ratepayers of Dublin for a particularly lavish picnic, is still often quoted both for its legal principle and its remarkable wit and humour. His judgment in Ussher v Ussher (1912), on whether a marriage conducted according to the Roman Catholic rite can be valid if there is only one witness to it, has also been praised as \"careful and erudite.\" Hr was notoriously susceptible to female charms: it was said that a pretty young lady was generally treated as a conclusive witness for whichever side she appeared.[citation needed]He was created a Baronet, of Merrion Square in the County of the City of Dublin, on 28 September 1891,[4] and was ennobled as Baron O'Brien, of Kilfenora in the County of Clare, in 1900.[5]","title":"Legal and judicial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bansha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansha"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Stillorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillorgan"},{"link_name":"County Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Dublin"},{"link_name":"barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"wig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wig"},{"link_name":"lisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Lord O'Brien married Annie Clarke, daughter of Robert Hare Clarke of Bansha Castle, County Tipperary, and his second wife Anne Butler in 1867 and had three children: James, who died young, Ellen (who died in 1930) and Anne Georgina.Lord O'Brien also had an Irish mistress, based in London, called Mary McNally with whom he separately had 4 children, who went by the name of Blake.His only legitimate son having predeceased him, he died without male heirs at Airfield, Stillorgan, County Dublin, on 7 September 1914, his barony and baronetcy thus becoming extinct.His daughter, Annie Georgina O'Brien, published an affectionate memoir of her father a few years after his death.[6] His main personal foibles were his refusal to wear the judicial wig, and a lisp so pronounced that it often made his remarks from the Bench difficult to follow.[citation needed]Maurice Healy in his own memoir The Old Munster Circuit described O'Brien as a man of considerable legal ability and great natural kindness, who was deservedly very popular. On the other hand, he was rather vain and self-important, and inclined to stand on the dignity of his office.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/O%27Brien_Escutcheon.png/200px-O%27Brien_Escutcheon.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"No. 26207\". The London Gazette. 29 September 1891. p. 5086.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26207/page/5086","url_text":"\"No. 26207\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27202\". The London Gazette. 15 June 1902. p. 3751.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27202/page/3751","url_text":"\"No. 27202\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Grants and Confirmations of Arms, Vol. H\". National Library of Ireland. 1880. p. 248. Retrieved 18 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000529303","url_text":"\"Grants and Confirmations of Arms, Vol. H\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/people/peterpack.htm","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26207/page/5086","external_links_name":"\"No. 26207\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27202/page/3751","external_links_name":"\"No. 27202\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000529303","external_links_name":"\"Grants and Confirmations of Arms, Vol. H\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000077340426","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/71765997","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88071111","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.006492.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hc23xc","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jining,_Inner_Mongolia	Jining District	["1 History","2 Administrative divisions","3 Transportation","4 Natural resources","5 References"]	Coordinates: 41°1′50.3″N 113°5′55.9″E / 41.030639°N 113.098861°E / 41.030639; 113.098861This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jining District" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) District in Inner Mongolia, ChinaJining 集宁区 • ᠵᠢᠨᠢᠩ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭTsining, Chi-ningDistrictJining South Railway Station, c. 2013Location in UlanqabJiningShow map of Inner MongoliaJiningShow map of ChinaCoordinates: 41°1′50.3″N 113°5′55.9″E / 41.030639°N 113.098861°E / 41.030639; 113.098861CountryChinaAutonomous regionInner MongoliaPrefecture-level cityUlanqabCity establishedApril 1956District establishedApril 2004District seatQuanshan SubdistrictArea • Total114.2 km2 (44.1 sq mi)Population (2020) • Total425,059 • Density3,700/km2 (9,600/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Postal code012000Area code0474Websitewww.jnq.gov.cn Jining DistrictChinese nameSimplified Chinese集宁区Traditional Chinese集寧區TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinJíníng QūYue: CantoneseJyutpingzaap6ning4 keoi1Mongolian nameMongolian CyrillicЖинин тойрогMongolian scriptᠵᠢᠨᠢᠩ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭTranscriptionsSASM/GNCJiniŋ toɣoriɣ Jining District (Mongolian: ᠵᠢᠨᠢᠩ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ; Chinese: 集宁区) is an urban district that serves as the administrative seat of Ulanqab, a region governed as a prefecture-level city in the mid-western part of Inner Mongolia, China. It has an area of approximately 114.2 km2 and is in the southern foothills of the Yinshan mountains. As of 2011, it had a population of roughly 377,100, including members of the Mongol, Hui, Manchu, Daur, Tibetan, Uyghur, Hmong, and Yi national minorities. Administratively speaking, Ulanqab is a "city" and Jining a "district", in reality Jining is a de facto city, while Ulanqab is an administrative division covering a much larger area. See prefecture-level city for more information on this arrangement. Jining South Railway Station (集宁南站) serves as a railway intersection: the Trans-Mongolian Railway terminates her and runs via the border town of Erenhot (Erlian) through Mongolia to Russia in the north, Hohhot and Baotou to the west, Shanxi province's Datong to the south, and the Jining–Tongliao railway to the east. History Map including Jining (labeled as 集寧 CHI-NING (P'ING-TI-CH'ÜAN)) (AMS, 1963) Recorded human activity in the Jining area dates back to the Shang dynasty. It was originally named Bingzhou (并州). In the Song dynasty it was part of the Yunzhong Commandery (云中府); it was placed under the administration of Datong during the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). During the Yuan dynasty, it was named "Jining" for the first time. In 1675, the Jining area was placed under the administration of the Plain Yellow Banner of Chahar Province, and in 1750 was transferred to Fengzhen City's administration. In 1922, it was renamed Jining and became a municipality, and the following year a county. In 1948 Jining fell under the control of the Communist Party. The urban core was subsequently renamed Chengguan Town (roughly, "urban district"), then Pingdiquan Town (平地泉), then finally back to Jining in April 1956. In 2004, Ulanqab League, to which it is the seat of government, was 'converted' to a prefecture-level city, and Jining is correspondingly changed from a county-level city to a district. Ulanqab is named Chaborte in the writings of P. Evariste Huc. Administrative divisions Jining District is divided into 8 subdistricts, 1 town, and 1 township. Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Mongolian (Hudum Script) Mongolian (Cyrillic) Administrative division code Subdistricts Xinti Road Subdistrict 新体路街道 Xīntǐlù Jiēdào ᠰᠢᠨ ᠲᠢ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Шин ди замын зээл гудамж 150902001 Qiaodong Subdistrict 桥东街道 Qiáodōng Jiēdào ᠴᠢᠶᠣᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Чяо дүн зээл гудамж 150902002 Qianjin Road Subdistrict 前进路街道 Qiánjìnlù Jiēdào ᠴᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Чонгийн замын зээл гудамж 150902003 Changqing Subdistrict 常青街道 Chángqīng Jiēdào ᠴᠠᠩ ᠴᠢᠩ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Цан чин зээл гудамж 150902004 Hushan Subdistrict 虎山街道 Hǔshān Jiēdào ᠬᠤ ᠱᠠᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Хоо шин зээл гудамж 150902005 Qiaoxi Subdistrict 桥西街道 Qiáoxī Jiēdào ᠴᠢᠶᠣᠤ ᠰᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Чяо ший зээл гудамж 150902006 Xinhua Street Subdistrict 新华街街道 Xīnhuájiē Jiēdào ᠰᠢᠨᠬᠤᠸᠠ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Шэнхуа зээл гудамж 150902007 Quanshan Subdistrict 泉山街道 Quánshān Jiēdào ᠴᠢᠦᠸᠠᠨ ᠱᠠᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Чиован шин зээл гудамж 150902008 Town Baihaizi Town 白海子镇 Báihǎizi Zhèn ᠪᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠢ ᠽᠢ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Бай хай зи балгас 150902105 Township Malianqu Township 马莲渠乡 Mǎliánqú Xiāng ᠮᠠ ᠯᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠦᠢ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ Ма лиан чюй шиян 150902205 Transportation Jining is a major transport node in central Inner Mongolia. It is on the Beijing-Baotou railway, and the terminus of the Jining-Erenhot, Jining-Tongliao, and Trans-Mongolian railways, making the city a short connection away from urban centres such as Hohhot, Baotou, Zhangjiakou, Datong, and Beijing. High-speed rail access is available to Hohhot and Baotou; travel time to the regional capital is approximately an hour. Jining is also on the route of China National Highway 208, China National Highway 110, and the G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway. Intercity buses are available to neighboring cities and towns. Natural resources The Jining area is a source of limestone and turquoise. References ^ Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties vteCounty-level divisions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous RegionHohhot (capital)Prefecture-level citiesHohhot Huimin District Xincheng District Yuquan District Saihan District Togtoh County Wuchuan County Horinger County Qingshuihe County Tumed Left Banner Baotou Hondlon District Donghe District Qingshan District Shiguai District Bayan'obo Mining District Jiuyuan District Guyang County Tumed Right Banner Darhan'muminggan United Banner Wuhai Haibowan District Hainan District Wuda District Chifeng Hongshan District Yuanbaoshan District Songshan District Ningcheng County Linxi County Ar'horqin Banner Bairin Left Banner Bairin Right Banner Hexigten Banner Ongniud Banner Harqin Banner Aohan Banner Tongliao Horqin District Holingol city Kailu County Hure Banner Naiman Banner Jarud Banner Horqin Left Middle Banner Horqin Left Rear Banner Ordos Dongsheng District Kangbashi District Dalad Banner Jungar Banner Otog Front Banner Otog Banner Hanggin Banner Uxin Banner Ejin'horo Banner Hulunbuir Hailar District Zhalainuo'er District Manzhouli city Zalantun city Yakeshi city Genhe city Ergun city Arun Banner New Barag Right Banner New Barag Left Banner Old Barag Banner Oroqin Banner Evenk Banner Morin'dawa Daur Banner Bayannur Linhe District Wuyuan County Dengkou County Urad Front Banner Urad Middle Banner Urad Rear Banner Hanggin Rear Banner Ulanqab Jining District Fengzhen city Zhuozi County Huade County Shangdu County Xinghe County Liangcheng County Qahar Right Front Banner Qahar Right Middle Banner Qahar Right Rear Banner Dorbod Banner LeaguesHinggan Ulanhot city Arxan city Tuquan County Horqin Right Front Banner Horqin Right Middle Banner Jalaid Banner Xilingol Xilinhot city Erenhot city Duolun County Abag Banner Sonid Left Banner Sonid Right Banner East Ujimqin Banner West Ujimqin Banner Taibus Banner Bordered Yellow Banner Plain and Bordered White Banner Plain Blue Banner Alxa Alxa Left Banner Alxa Right Banner Ejin Banner Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_China"},{"link_name":"Ulanqab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulanqab"},{"link_name":"prefecture-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Yinshan mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinshan_mountains"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol"},{"link_name":"Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu"},{"link_name":"Daur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_people"},{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_people"},{"link_name":"Uyghur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_people"},{"link_name":"Hmong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_people"},{"link_name":"Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_people"},{"link_name":"national minorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalities_of_China"},{"link_name":"prefecture-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"Trans-Mongolian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mongolian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Erenhot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erenhot"},{"link_name":"Hohhot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohhot"},{"link_name":"Baotou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baotou"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"Datong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datong"},{"link_name":"Jining–Tongliao railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jining%E2%80%93Tongliao_railway"}],"text":"District in Inner Mongolia, ChinaJining District (Mongolian: ᠵᠢᠨᠢᠩ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ; Chinese: 集宁区) is an urban district that serves as the administrative seat of Ulanqab, a region governed as a prefecture-level city in the mid-western part of Inner Mongolia, China. It has an area of approximately 114.2 km2 and is in the southern foothills of the Yinshan mountains.As of 2011, it had a population of roughly 377,100, including members of the Mongol, Hui, Manchu, Daur, Tibetan, Uyghur, Hmong, and Yi national minorities.Administratively speaking, Ulanqab is a \"city\" and Jining a \"district\", in reality Jining is a de facto city, while Ulanqab is an administrative division covering a much larger area. See prefecture-level city for more information on this arrangement.Jining South Railway Station (集宁南站) serves as a railway intersection: the Trans-Mongolian Railway terminates her and runs via the border town of Erenhot (Erlian) through Mongolia to Russia in the north, Hohhot and Baotou to the west, Shanxi province's Datong to the south, and the Jining–Tongliao railway to the east.","title":"Jining District"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nk49-9.jpg"},{"link_name":"AMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Map_Service"},{"link_name":"Shang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Yunzhong Commandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunzhong_Commandery"},{"link_name":"Datong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datong"},{"link_name":"Jin dynasty (1115–1234)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)"},{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Plain Yellow Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Banners"},{"link_name":"Chahar Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahar_Province"},{"link_name":"Fengzhen City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengzhen_City"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"Ulanqab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulanqab"},{"link_name":"League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leagues_of_China"},{"link_name":"prefecture-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"county-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-level_city"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_China"}],"text":"Map including Jining (labeled as 集寧 CHI-NING (P'ING-TI-CH'ÜAN)) (AMS, 1963)Recorded human activity in the Jining area dates back to the Shang dynasty. It was originally named Bingzhou (并州). In the Song dynasty it was part of the Yunzhong Commandery (云中府); it was placed under the administration of Datong during the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). During the Yuan dynasty, it was named \"Jining\" for the first time. In 1675, the Jining area was placed under the administration of the Plain Yellow Banner of Chahar Province, and in 1750 was transferred to Fengzhen City's administration. In 1922, it was renamed Jining and became a municipality, and the following year a county. In 1948 Jining fell under the control of the Communist Party. The urban core was subsequently renamed Chengguan Town (roughly, \"urban district\"), then Pingdiquan Town (平地泉), then finally back to Jining in April 1956.In 2004, Ulanqab League, to which it is the seat of government, was 'converted' to a prefecture-level city, and Jining is correspondingly changed from a county-level city to a district. Ulanqab is named Chaborte in the writings of P. Evariste Huc.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subdistricts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistricts_of_China"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_China"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townships_of_China"}],"text":"Jining District is divided into 8 subdistricts, 1 town, and 1 township.","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hohhot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohhot"},{"link_name":"Baotou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baotou"},{"link_name":"Zhangjiakou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangjiakou"},{"link_name":"Datong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datong"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"China National Highway 208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_208"},{"link_name":"China National Highway 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_110"},{"link_name":"G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G6_Beijing%E2%80%93Lhasa_Expressway"}],"text":"Jining is a major transport node in central Inner Mongolia. It is on the Beijing-Baotou railway, and the terminus of the Jining-Erenhot, Jining-Tongliao, and Trans-Mongolian railways, making the city a short connection away from urban centres such as Hohhot, Baotou, Zhangjiakou, Datong, and Beijing. High-speed rail access is available to Hohhot and Baotou; travel time to the regional capital is approximately an hour.Jining is also on the route of China National Highway 208, China National Highway 110, and the G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway.Intercity buses are available to neighboring cities and towns.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"turquoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise"}],"text":"The Jining area is a source of limestone and turquoise.","title":"Natural resources"}]	[{"image_text":"Map including Jining (labeled as 集寧 CHI-NING (P'ING-TI-CH'ÜAN)) (AMS, 1963)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Txu-oclc-10552568-nk49-9.jpg/220px-Txu-oclc-10552568-nk49-9.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jining_District&params=41_1_50.3_N_113_5_55.9_E_type:city(425059)_region:CN-NM","external_links_name":"41°1′50.3″N 113°5′55.9″E / 41.030639°N 113.098861°E / 41.030639; 113.098861"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jining+District%22","external_links_name":"\"Jining District\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jining+District%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jining+District%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jining+District%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jining+District%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jining+District%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jining_District&params=41_1_50.3_N_113_5_55.9_E_type:city(425059)_region:CN-NM","external_links_name":"41°1′50.3″N 113°5′55.9″E / 41.030639°N 113.098861°E / 41.030639; 113.098861"},{"Link":"https://www.jnq.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"www.jnq.gov.cn"},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/neimenggu/admin/","external_links_name":"Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134623819","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Pennsylvania	Sugarcreek, Pennsylvania	["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]	Coordinates: 41°25′16″N 79°49′08″W / 41.42111°N 79.81889°W / 41.42111; -79.81889Borough in Pennsylvania, United StatesSugarcreek, PennsylvaniaBoroughLocation of Sugarcreek in Venango County, Pennsylvania.Sugarcreek, PennsylvaniaCoordinates: 41°25′16″N 79°49′08″W / 41.42111°N 79.81889°W / 41.42111; -79.81889CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyVenangoSettled1796Government • MayorMatthew CarlsonArea • Total38.65 sq mi (100.10 km2) • Land37.51 sq mi (97.16 km2) • Water1.14 sq mi (2.95 km2)Population (2020) • Total4,824 • Estimate (2021)4,773 • Density130.73/sq mi (50.47/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Zip code16323, 16343, 16301Area code814FIPS code42-75000Websitehttps://www.sugarcreekborough.us Sugarcreek is a borough in Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 4,824 at the 2020 census. It is the largest borough by total area in all Venango County. Geography Sugarcreek is located at 41°25′16″N 79°49′8″W / 41.42111°N 79.81889°W / 41.42111; -79.81889 (41.420993, -79.818883). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 37.9 square miles (98 km2), of which 37.4 square miles (97 km2) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2) (1.35%) is water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19705,944—19805,9540.2%19905,532−7.1%20005,331−3.6%20105,294−0.7%20204,824−8.9%2021 (est.)4,773−1.1%Sources: As of the census of 2000, there were 5,331 people, 2,093 households, and 1,521 families residing in the borough. The population density was 142.7 inhabitants per square mile (55.1/km2). There were 2,245 housing units at an average density of 60.1 per square mile (23.2/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.74% White, 0.32% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.28% of the population. There were 2,093 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.8% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.88. In the borough the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $31,952, and the median income for a family was $36,926. Males had a median income of $32,875 versus $21,996 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,873. About 8.8% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.1% of those under age 18 and 0.9% of those age 65 or over. References ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 28, 2020. ^ a b c d Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved 17 July 2022. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 December 2013. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013. vteMunicipalities and communities of Venango County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: FranklinCities Franklin Oil City Boroughs Barkeyville Clintonville Cooperstown Emlenton‡ Pleasantville Polk Rouseville Sugarcreek Utica Townships Allegheny Canal Cherrytree Clinton Cornplanter Cranberry Frenchcreek Irwin Jackson Mineral Oakland Oil Creek Pinegrove Plum President Richland Rockland Sandycreek Scrubgrass Victory CDPs Hannasville Hasson Heights Kennerdell Seneca Woodland Heights Unincorporatedcommunities Cranberry Dempseytown Petroleum Center Pittsville Toonerville Venus‡ Ghost town Pithole Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Pennsylvania portal United States portal vteFeatures of Venango County, PennsylvaniaGeography Allegheny River Clear Creek State Forest Cornplanter State Forest East Sandy Creek French Creek Oil Creek History Drake's Well Fort Le Boeuf Fort Machault Fort Venango McClintocksville Petroleum industry Pithole Pontiac's Rebellion USS Venango Wamsutta Oil Refinery National Register of Historic Places Industry Joy Mining Machinery Pennzoil Quaker State Attractions Applefest Custaloga Town DeBence Antique Music World Drake Well Museum Oil Creek State Park Oil Region Astronomical Observatory Franklin Silver Cornet Band Venango Regional Airport Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Venango County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venango_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-2021-2"}],"text":"Borough in Pennsylvania, United StatesSugarcreek is a borough in Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 4,824 at the 2020 census.[2] It is the largest borough by total area in all Venango County.","title":"Sugarcreek, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"41°25′16″N 79°49′8″W / 41.42111°N 79.81889°W / 41.42111; -79.81889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sugarcreek,_Pennsylvania&params=41_25_16_N_79_49_8_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-3"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Sugarcreek is located at 41°25′16″N 79°49′8″W / 41.42111°N 79.81889°W / 41.42111; -79.81889 (41.420993, -79.818883).[3]According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 37.9 square miles (98 km2), of which 37.4 square miles (97 km2) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2) (1.35%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 5,331 people, 2,093 households, and 1,521 families residing in the borough. The population density was 142.7 inhabitants per square mile (55.1/km2). There were 2,245 housing units at an average density of 60.1 per square mile (23.2/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.74% White, 0.32% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.28% of the population.There were 2,093 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.8% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.88.In the borough the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.The median income for a household in the borough was $31,952, and the median income for a family was $36,926. Males had a median income of $32,875 versus $21,996 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,873. About 8.8% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.1% of those under age 18 and 0.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Venango_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Venango_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_42.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved 17 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn,_Flatbush_and_Coney_Island_Railway	BMT Brighton Line	["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Grade crossing eliminations, 1903–1908 and 1918–1920","1.3 Brighton–Franklin Line","1.4 Platform extensions, track repairs, and Stillwell Avenue reconstruction","1.5 Brighton Line Station Reconstruction Project","2 Service patterns","3 Description","3.1 DeKalb Avenue to Prospect Park","3.2 Prospect Park to Brighton Beach","3.3 Brighton Beach to Coney Island","4 Station listing","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Route map: New York City Subway line BMT Brighton Line The B train provides express service on the BMT Brighton Line on weekdays while the Q provides local service at all times.OverviewStatusOperationalOwnerCity of New YorkLocaleBrooklyn, New York City, NYTerminiDeKalb AvenueConey Island–Stillwell AvenueStations20ServiceTypeRapid transit lineSystemNew York City SubwayOperator(s)New York City Transit AuthorityDaily ridership134,074HistoryOpenedJuly 2, 1878TechnicalNumber of tracks2–6CharacterOpen cut, at-grade, underground,embankment and elevatedTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)Electrification600V DC third rail Route map Legend Broadway Line Sixth Avenue Line (express) Manhattan Bridge (East River) Sixth Avenue Line (local) Myrtle Avenue Fourth Avenue Line (express) Fourth Avenue Line (local) DeKalb Avenue Fulton Street & Crosstown Lines Eastern Parkway Line Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center Fourth Avenue Line Bergen Street Seventh Avenue Grand Army Plaza Eastern Parkway Line Franklin Avenue Line Prospect Park Parkside Avenue Church Avenue Beverley Road Cortelyou Road Newkirk Plaza Avenue H Avenue J Avenue M Kings Highway Avenue U Neck Road Sheepshead Bay Race Track Sheepshead Bay Brighton Beach Ocean Parkway Culver Line former BMT Culver Line connection West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue West End and Sea Beach Lines Legend Express station Local station Closed station This diagram: viewtalkedit The BMT Brighton Line, also known as the Brighton Beach Line, is a rapid transit line in the B Division of the New York City Subway in Brooklyn, New York City, United States. Local service is provided at all times by the Q train, but is joined by the B express train on weekdays. The Q train runs the length of the entire line from Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue to the Manhattan Bridge south tracks. The B begins at Brighton Beach and runs via the bridge's north tracks. The line first opened in 1878 as a two-track surface-level excursion railroad called the Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railway, transporting riders from Downtown Brooklyn via a connection with the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) to the seaside resorts at Coney Island. When its connection with the LIRR was severed in 1883, the line became the Brooklyn and Brighton Beach Railroad, which was eventually acquired by the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation ). From 1903 to 1908, all of the original line's grade crossings were eliminated; This project also widened the line from two to four tracks from Church Avenue to Sheepshead Bay; From 1918 to 1920 the portion of original open-cut right-of-way from Church Avenue to Prospect Park station was widened to four tracks and a new subway alignment was built north of the Prospect Park station. The northern part of the original line became the modern-day BMT Franklin Avenue Line, which still runs today. In subsequent years, numerous improvements were made to the Brighton Line. History Origins Route designation on BMT Triplex equipment The Brighton Line opened from the Willink Plaza entrance of Prospect Park (modern intersection of Flatbush and Ocean Avenues and Empire Boulevard, now the Prospect Park station on both the renamed Brighton and the Franklin Avenue Shuttle lines) to Brighton Beach (modern Coney Island Avenue at the shoreline) on July 2, 1878, and the full original line on August 18. It was an excursion railroad — the Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railway — to bring beachgoers from downtown Brooklyn (via a connection with the Long Island Rail Road) to the seashore at Coney Island on the Atlantic Ocean, at a location named Brighton Beach at the same time the railroad arrived. It has been known since its opening as the Brighton Beach Line but is now described as the Brighton Line in MTA literature and in public usage. After losing its connection with the Long Island Rail Road in 1883, the railroad fell on hard times, reorganizing as the Brooklyn and Brighton Beach Railroad. Seeking a new route for its excursion business and its local trade in communities along the way, it formed an agreement with the Kings County Elevated Railway to connect to its Fulton Street Line, which gave access to the new Brooklyn Bridge and Manhattan passengers. This was accomplished in 1896. A series of mergers and leases put the Brighton Beach Line in the hands of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT), a holding company which eventually controlled most of the rapid transit, streetcar, and bus lines in Brooklyn and part of Queens. The line was electrified with trolley wire and, for a time, trolleys from several surface routes and elevated trains operated together on the line. The BRT was reorganized as the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) in 1923. In 1940, the BMT was purchased by the City of New York, and operation passed to the city's Board of Transportation, which already operated the city-built Independent Subway System (IND). BMT Brighton Line was built next to right of way of LIRR. LIRR tracks were removed but the abutment placement still indicated where the right of way was The original line was a two-tracked high-speed surface steam railroad operating from Bedford Station, at Atlantic Avenue near Franklin Avenue in the City of Brooklyn, at which point it made a physical connection to the Long Island Rail Road's Atlantic Branch. From Bedford the line ran on a surface private right-of-way several blocks south to Park Place, which it crossed at grade, and then in an open cut with street overpasses through what is now Crown Heights and Flatbush, as far as Church Lane (now Church Avenue) in the Town and Village of Flatbush. From that point the line continued on the surface to a point at current Beverley Road between Marlborough Road (East 15th Street) and East 16th Street, curving southeast and running on the surface between the lines of the latter streets through the Towns of Flatbush and Gravesend to Sheepshead Bay, then turning southerly to reach the beach at Brighton Beach on Coney Island in the Town of Gravesend. The line was extended westward from Brighton Beach in 1903, so that it could terminate with the former Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad at Culver Depot in Coney Island. Passengers, with this short extension, were given access to the developing area of Coney Island. The Culver Depot became the center of operations for the Culver Line and the Brighton Beach Line. Grade crossing eliminations, 1903–1908 and 1918–1920 The Brighton Line passing over Coney Island Avenue in Brighton Beach In 1903, the New York State Legislature created the Brooklyn Grade Crossing Elimination Commission (BGCEC) to eliminate all grade crossings on the Brighton Beach Line and the Bay Ridge Line of the Long Island Rail Road. The city was supposed to cover half of the costs, not exceeding $1 million, while the railroads were to cover the other half of the costs. The work started on December 30, 1905, and was completed in 1908. A short piece of two-tracked elevated railroad was built from the ramp connecting to the Fulton Street Elevated as far as Park Place, where the original 1878 open cut began. From the end of that original cut south of Church Avenue, the line was wholly rebuilt as a four-track railroad with express and local stations to a point south of Neptune Avenue at the border of Coney Island, continuing along its original right-of-way to Brighton Beach station. The portion from Church Avenue to Avenue H was placed in a depressed open cut, while the portion from Avenue H to south of Sheepshead Bay was raised onto an earthen embankment, primarily with earth excavated from the open-cut portion and from the Bay Ridge Improvement of the Long Island Rail Road. The separation of the railroad grade allowed the line's trolley wire north of Sheepshead Bay to be replaced with ground-level third rail. The work by the BGCEC left the line between Park Place and Church Avenue in substantially its original condition from steam railroad days. Between 1918 and 1920, however, further work rebuilt the portion between Prospect Park and Church Avenue as a four-track line. At the same time, the remaining portion of the line south of Neptune Avenue was replaced with a four-track elevated structure, including a four- to six-track elevated line extension, connecting the Brighton Line to the new Coney Island terminal at Surf and Stillwell Avenues. This same work rerouted mainline Brighton Beach trains from the Fulton Street elevated line via a new deep tunnel under Flatbush Avenue to connect to the BMT Fourth Avenue Line at DeKalb Avenue station, where trains could access the new BMT Broadway subway. This work was done as a part of the Dual Contracts. A spur south of Neck Road, which split to Sheepshead Bay Race Track, was in use from 1909 to around 1929. The single-track spur was part of the Long Island Rail Road's Manhattan Beach Branch, and it ran at street level to Ocean Avenue between Avenues X and Y, where it terminated at a six-track terminal.: 2 Brighton–Franklin Line The St. Felix Street and Flatbush Avenue Connection opened on August 1, 1920, providing direct service between the Brighton Line and midtown Manhattan. With the opening of the connection, the original portion of the line between the Fulton Street Elevated and the link to the new subway at Prospect Park became a secondary line, known as Brighton–Franklin, and now known as the BMT Franklin Avenue Line. At times through services (including expresses) operated on mainline Brighton tracks to Coney Island. Some special weekend trains even operated beyond Coney Island back to Manhattan via the BMT Sea Beach Line express tracks and the BMT Fourth Avenue Subway. This service was variously known as Franklin–Nassau and as the Coney Island Express, but its popular name was the "Sunny Sunday Summer Special," because it was only supposed to operate as needed on the hottest beach-going days. In Fiscal Year 1930, an additional control area with staircases to the platforms at Kings Highway were constructed, and additional stairs were added at Avenue M, Avenue U, and Avenue J. Through services gradually diminished on the Brighton–Franklin, and after 1963 it became a pure shuttle, operating between Franklin Avenue station at Fulton Street and Prospect Park station, where it connects with mainline Brighton Beach trains. During the era of route contraction from 1940 to about 1975, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle seemed a prime candidate for abandonment; its physical structure had been allowed to deteriorate and its service steadily curtailed. The New York City fiscal crisis of the '70s and the recession in 1990 contributed to plans to discontinue the line. By the 1990s the Franklin Avenue Shuttle was known as the "ghost train". It was shrunk in size to only two cars and the Dean Street station was closed. The entire line was under consideration for abandonment, but community pressure forced the MTA to rebuild rather than abandon the line, and as a result, most of the supporting infrastructure and stations were completely rehabilitated in 1998–1999 at a cost of $74 million and reopened in 1999. Platform extensions, track repairs, and Stillwell Avenue reconstruction On June 16, 1964, Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. approved the award of a $2,283,933 contract for the second phase of work to extend platforms along the Brighton Line. The platforms were to be lengthened to 615 feet (187 m) feet to accommodate a ten-car train of 60-foot (18 m) long IND cars, or a nine-car train of 67-foot (20 m) long BMT cars, instead of the existing 8-cars. The contract for the first phase of work had been let the previous year for the seven stations between Atlantic Avenue and Newkirk Avenue. The platform extensions at these stations were completed during the 1964–1965 fiscal year. The contract for the second phase called for the extension of platforms at the ten remaining stations on the line from Avenue H to Stillwell Avenue. Work on the second contract was still ongoing in 1965. Between April 26, 1986, and October 26, 1986, service was disrupted due to track repairs and other construction work along the line. The two local tracks were completely rebuilt between Prospect Park and Newkirk Avenue, in two phases, with the Manhattan-bound track rebuilt first between April and July, and the Brooklyn-bound track rebuilt between July and October. A temporary platform was built at Cortelyou Road while Beverley Road and Parkside Avenue were closed in one direction because temporary platforms could not be built at these locations. To reduce congestion, skip-stop service was implemented on weekdays, which lasted until 1988. From September 8, 2002, to May 23, 2004, service was suspended west of Brighton Beach due to allow rebuilding of the Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue terminal station, which had deteriorated due to the effects of salt water corrosion and deferred maintenance. Brighton Line Station Reconstruction Project The platform at Avenue U during reconstruction. Track work at Newkirk Plaza in September 2011 marking the end of the station reconstruction project. Replacing of tracks on the BMT Brighton Line In 2007, the MTA announced that it would reconstruct seven stations between Newkirk Avenue and Neck Road, inclusive. On December 8, 2008, the first phase of the Brighton Line Station Reconstruction Project began. The Coney Island-bound platforms at Avenue U and Neck Road were closed for rebuilding and all southbound trains ran on the express track from Kings Highway to Sheepshead Bay. On September 14, 2009, the second phase of the project involving all stations from Newkirk Plaza to Kings Highway began. Express B train service was suspended and all trains ran local in both directions for the next two years. Over the next two weeks, temporary platforms were placed on the Manhattan-bound express track at Kings Highway and Avenue J for southbound service. On September 28, the southbound platforms of Avenue H, Avenue J, Avenue M, and Kings Highway began rebuilding. South of Cortelyou Road, a single crossover connected the southbound local track with the express one and all southbound trains skipped Avenue H and Avenue M. On January 18, 2010, Coney Island-bound service was restored at Avenue U and Neck Road. The Manhattan-bound platforms were closed for rebuilding until October 25 and all northbound trains operated on the express track from Sheepshead Bay to Kings Highway. On September 13, Coney Island-bound service to Avenue H and Avenue M was restored and the two southbound tracks south of Cortelyou Road were separated. Over the next two weeks, the temporary platforms at Avenue J and Kings Highway were moved to the southbound express track and the two northbound tracks were connected to each other north of Newkirk Plaza. On September 27, the Manhattan-bound platforms of those three stations as well as Avenues H and M, which were then being bypassed, began rehabilitation and all northbound service was directed to the express track until Cortelyou Road. The platforms of all stations reopened on September 12, 2011, and B express service was restored on October 3. However, rehabilitation work that did not affect service continued until the end of the year. As part of the project, station platforms were replaced and widened, windscreens and canopies were replaced, station lighting was upgraded, new public address systems were installed, and new station agent booths were put into place. In addition, ADA-compliant elevators were installed at Kings Highway, the historic station house at Avenue H was restored, an additional southbound entrance was installed at Avenue H, and additional fare entrances were created to the northbound platform sections of the Avenue M and Avenue J stations. Service patterns The following services use part or all of the Brighton Line: Service Section of line Weekdays Weekends Late Nights express no service north of Brighton Beach local entire line Since 1920, the primary service on the line has been through to Manhattan rather than over the tracks now used by the Franklin Avenue Shuttle. Local service has run all the time, while express service has generally been provided during weekday rush hours and later middays. Until the 1960s, all service on the line north of Prospect Park was labeled 1. Standard local service ran through the Montague Street Tunnel and along the BMT Broadway Line local tracks; service instead crossed the Manhattan Bridge north tracks and ran express under Broadway during Broadway theatre hours (7:30 pm to midnight). Over the years, the local bridge service was expanded, and the local tunnel service ended up only from 6 am to 7 pm. Express service over the bridge to the Broadway express tracks, initially during rush hours, was also expanded to 6 am to 7 pm. The three patterns were assigned latter designations in the early 1960s: Q express via bridge, QT local via tunnel, and QB local via bridge. The Chrystie Street Connection opened in late 1967, and almost all Brighton Line trains were removed from Broadway. The Q and QB were both combined with the D on the IND Sixth Avenue Line, running express during the day and local at other times. The daytime QT local was combined with the Jamaica local and express (then #15) to form the QJ, running through the tunnel to the BMT Nassau Street Line, which also replaced the limited rush hour Brighton “Bankers’ Specials” to Nassau Street. The only Brighton-Broadway service was a new QB, with a limited number of runs in the peak direction at rush hours on the local Brighton and express Broadway tracks. There were also a limited number of NX trains from Brighton Beach via Coney Island and the Sea Beach express tracks, then up Broadway, a short-lived service that also attempted to compensate for the elimination of major Brighton/Broadway service. (The two QB services were distinct; the old QB had run at non-peak times; this new QB had the same name and almost the same route but was a different service.) The QJ's Brighton section was replaced with an extension of the M in 1973. In 1985, the QB was renamed Q as the subway eliminated the double letter naming system for local routes. Reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge subway tracks began, which would continue until 2004. Though the same general service patterns remained on the Brighton Line, all trains were sent over the bridge and onto the Broadway or Sixth Avenue Line, depending on which set of tracks was open. From 1986 to 1988, the south side (Broadway) was in service, and the D continued to serve the line at all times, the M was rerouted onto the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and Q service now also ran during middays. Because of the concurrent track and infrastructure repairs on the Brighton Line, express service was suspended for two years. As tracks between Prospect Park and Newkirk Avenue were rebuilt, the D and Q provided skip-stop service between Newkirk Avenue and Sheepshead Bay on weekdays. D trains served Neck Road, Avenue M and Avenue H; the Q skipped those stops, serving Avenue U and Avenue J, while both trains served Kings Highway. By 1987, as the line's reconstruction progressed, the weekday skip-stop pattern expanded to Prospect Park, with D trains serving Beverley Road while Q trains served Cortelyou Road and Parkside Avenue, with Church Avenue as a mutual station. On December 11, 1988, the Bridge's north (Sixth Avenue) tracks reopened; at this time, the skip-stop pattern was eliminated, and the D became a full-time local service to Stillwell Avenue, while the Q ran express on weekdays to Brighton Beach. Both trains ran via Sixth Avenue Express. From April 30 to November 12, 1995, the Manhattan Bridge fully closed during middays and weekends. D service in Brooklyn was suspended during these hours; the Q replaced it, running local to Stillwell Avenue and via the Montague Street Tunnel and Broadway Express. The 2001 shifting of trains back to the south side (Broadway) led to the D only running north of Midtown Manhattan; the Q replaced the D as the full-time Brighton Local while the Brighton express portion of the Q became the diamond <Q>. When both sides of the bridge reopened in 2004, the <Q> was discontinued and replaced by the B in Brooklyn. The B was moved to the Brighton rather than the West End Line, where it ran from 1967 to 2001, to combine two weekday-only services and because Brighton Line residents preferred Broadway Service, the Q was kept as the full-time local. In effect, this flipped the B and D services, as the D was transferred to the West End Line following the bridge's reopening. Description A double crossover linking both express tracks located between Prospect Park and Church Avenue. The modern-day line shows a mix of its various re-buildings. DeKalb Avenue to Prospect Park The underground portion from the DeKalb Avenue connection to the BMT Fourth Avenue Line was built in 1920 as part of the Dual Contracts. This section contains two additional stations: the Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center and Seventh Avenue. Between Atlantic Avenue and Grand Army Plaza, the Brighton Line tunnel runs beside, under, and between the tracks of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT)'s Eastern Parkway Line. The Eastern Parkway Line was built simultaneously with this part of the Brighton Line, and also opened in 1920. At Prospect Park, the Brighton subway tunnel emerges into an open cut. The Prospect Park station contains a cross-platform interchange with the BMT Franklin Avenue Line, which is used by the S train. Franklin Avenue Line trains use the northbound local track, while the express tracks in both directions are used by the Brighton Line trains; the southbound local track is not in service. The former alignment of the Brighton Line ran along what is now the Franklin Avenue Line, which had been built as a surface railway in 1878 and rebuilt as a grade-separated open-cut and embankment line in 1905. Prospect Park to Brighton Beach South of Prospect Park, the Brighton Line widens to a four-track line for much of the rest of the route. The B continues on the inner tracks and runs to Brighton Beach, serving only express stations, while the Q splits to the outer tracks, serving all stops until the end of the line at Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue. The original line built in 1878 ran in a two-track open cut. This segment was rebuilt in 1918 to 1920 to a four track line with an express station at Prospect Park, a local station at Parkside Avenue (replacing the original station at Woodruff Avenue) and another express station at Church Avenue. The line features slightly sloped and capped reinforced concrete walls, as well as cut-and-cover tunnels underneath cross-streets. The segment between Church Avenue to Avenue H is a result of the BGCEC rebuilding program of 1903–1907. Just south of the tunnel under Church Avenue, the construction of the cut wall visibly changes. Steel trestles carry the streets above the line, giving it a more open appearance. Cottage-style station houses are suspended over the line at local stations at Beverley and Cortelyou Roads, and at the express station at Newkirk Plaza. Past Newkirk Plaza the line continues in an open cut, then begins to rise to street level at the north end of Avenue H station. Sheepshead Bay station, looking northward across the express tracks The station house at Avenue H is a wooden structure built in 1905 and originally housed a real estate office for the sale of homes in the new Fiske Terrace community surrounding the station. The building was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2004. At this point the line now runs on an earthen embankment with local stations at Avenue H, Avenue J and Avenue M, an express station at Kings Highway, local stops at Avenue U and (Gravesend) Neck Road, and an express station at Sheepshead Bay (formerly Shore Road). All of the station houses for these stops are located beneath the tracks at street level. The line continues south on the 1907 embankment to a bridge over Neptune Avenue. At this point the BGCEC roadbed ends. Prior to the Dual Contracts rebuild in the late 1910s, the line descended to the surface on two single track concrete and steel ramps to operate on the surface to Brighton Beach. As part of the 1918–1920 Dual Contracts work, all four tracks now continue on a steel elevated structure to the junction of Coney Island and Brighton Beach Avenues, where the line turns west onto Brighton Beach Avenue and enters the Brighton Beach station. Brighton Beach to Coney Island Bilevel elevated section, from West 8th Street to Stillwell Avenue-Coney Island station. Its lower level is used by IND Culver Line Traveling west from Brighton Beach station, the line operates on a six track elevated structure over Brighton Beach Avenue. One track splits from each pair of local and express tracks in each direction. Only the outer two tracks are currently used for revenue service, carrying Q trains. The inner four are layup tracks used to store B trains that terminate at Brighton Beach; the innermost two tracks are the former right-of-way of the Sea View Railway, which originally provided service west of Brighton Beach. Crossing West 5th Street Each of the two layup tracks between the local and express tracks ends before Ocean Parkway station, while the innermost and outermost tracks stop at the station. The outer tracks merge with the inner tracks, and the inner tracks climb to an upper level. The outer trackways remain at the same elevation, and shortly afterward merge with the two tracks of the IND Culver Line (F and <F> trains), which merge into the structure from the north. Both lines then stop at the West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium station, a double-level steel structure with two tracks on each level. The Brighton trains occupy the upper level and the Culver Line trains the lower. Both lines then enter the 8-track Stillwell Avenue terminal, which was built in 1917–1920 and renovated in 2001–2004. The Brighton trains occupy tracks 3 and 4. Station listing Station service legend Stops all times Stops all times except late nights Stops late nights only Stops weekdays during the day Stops rush hours only Time period details Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act ↑ Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Actin the indicated direction only ↓ Elevator access to mezzanine only Neighborhood(approximate) Station Tracks Services Opened Transfers and notes Begins as a merge of the Montague Street Tunnel (N R W ),BMT Broadway Line express tracks via the Manhattan Bridge (N Q ),and IND Sixth Avenue Line express tracks via the Manhattan Bridge (B D ). Downtown Brooklyn DeKalb Avenue bridge, tunnel B D N Q R W August 1, 1920 6 tracks; only four outer tracks stop at this station. Within station, outermost tracks are used by trains using the bridge, and center tracks are used by trains using the tunnel. Innermost tracks are used by BMT Fourth Avenue Line express trains from the bridge. Split with the BMT Fourth Avenue Line (D N Q R W ) Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center all B Q August 1, 1920 2 3 4 5 (IRT Eastern Parkway Line)D N Q R W (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)Connection to LIRR at Atlantic Terminal Park Slope Seventh Avenue all B Q August 1, 1920 Flatbush Two outer local tracks begin from merge of the BMT Franklin Avenue Line (S ) Prospect Park express B Q April 4, 1905 S (BMT Franklin Avenue Line) local S (northbound track) B Q Prior to the 1920 expansion, the Brighton Line followed the current Franklin Avenue Line north of this station. Parkside Avenue local Q April 4, 1905 Church Avenue all B Q August 23, 1907 Originally called Flatbush station, or sometimes Church Lane, Flatbush. Beverley Road local Q August 23, 1907 Cortelyou Road local Q August 23, 1907 Formerly known as Avenue C station Newkirk Plaza all B Q August 23, 1907 Originally known as Parkville station Midwood Avenue H local Q August 23, 1907 Avenue J local Q August 23, 1907 Avenue M local Q August 23, 1907 Originally known as South Greenfield station, and later Elm Avenue station Kings Highway all B Q August 23, 1907 B82 Select Bus ServiceOriginally described as at Kings Highway, near the Prospect Park Fair Grounds Homecrest Avenue U local Q August 23, 1907 Originally known as Gravesend station Neck Road local Q August 23, 1907 Former transfer to LIRR Sheepshead Bay Sheepshead Bay all B Q August 23, 1907 Originally described as at Coney Island Creek, Sheepshead Bay. Brighton Beach Brighton Beach all B Q August 23, 1907 Originally serviced the Brighton Beach Hotel at this location. Express tracks continue (no regular service) Ocean Parkway all Q April 22, 1917 Local tracks merge into express tracks(Local trackways continue to lower level of West Eighth Street) Coney Island West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium all Q May 19, 1919 F <F> (IND Culver Line)Brighton tracks on upper level Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue all Q May 29, 1919 D (BMT West End Line)F <F> (IND Culver Line)N Q (BMT Sea Beach Line) See also Transportation to Coney Island References ^ "Annual Subway Ridership (2017–2022)". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2023. ^ a b c d e f District, New York (State) Public Service Commission First (January 1, 1921). Annual Report for the Year Ended ... The Commission. ^ a b Cudahy, Brian J. (January 1, 1999). The Malbone Street Wreck. Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 9780823219322. ^ "BRIGHTON LINE TRACK PLANS BRIGHTON LINE TRACK PLANS" (PDF). Electric Railroaders' Association Bulletin. 46 (7): 2. July 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018. ^ a b c d "New Subways Add Seven More Miles to BRT on Aug 1". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 25, 1920. Retrieved August 19, 2016 – via newspapers.com. ^ New York (State). Transit Commission. (1930). Tenth Annual Report, 1930. Columbia University Libraries. Albany, N.Y. : J.B. Lyon Co. ^ Wilson, Michael (July 24, 2008), "In Brooklyn, It's the Little Train That Can", The New York Times, ISSN 0362-4331, retrieved July 27, 2008 ^ Annual Report 1964–1965. New York City Transit Authority. 1965. ^ "Letter about the approval of a contract for platform extensions on the Brighton Line" (PDF). New York City Office of the Mayor. June 16, 1964. Retrieved August 28, 2019. ^ "Brighton Line Riders Your Guide To Service Changes On The B Q M During Rehabilitation Work April 26 Through October 26, 1986" (Document). New York City Transit Authority. April 1986. ^ a b "The JoeKorNer Brochures". Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ "Stillwell Terminal Remains a Sparkling Jewel a Decade after Full Rehabilitation". www.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 20, 2014. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2016. ^ "Southern Brooklyn Q stops gearing up for renovations". Second Ave. Sagas. December 10, 2007. Retrieved August 11, 2017. ^ "Brighton Stations Rehabilitation" (PDF). secondavenuesagas.com. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. November 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2019. ^ "MTA – Press Release – NYC Transit – Temporary Loss of Brighton Line Express". mta.info. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2014. ^ "A Message from Line General Manager Jim Leopard... B Q An Overview of the Brighton Line Rehabilitation Project" (Document). New York City Transit. 2009. ^ "Subway Service Guide" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019. ^ "Hey, What's a "K" train? 1985 Brochure". Flickr – Photo Sharing!. June 17, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016. ^ Mader, Stewart. "NYC Subway Maps Have a Long History of Including PATH, NJ Waterfront". stewartmader.com. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ Ronald Sullivan (March 26, 1995). "Bridge Repairs to Disrupt Off-Peak Subway Service". The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2016. ^ "QUEENSBRIDGE / 6TH AVE – BRIGHTON BEACH LINE (Q TRAIN)". ^ "A Subway Map Remade, in Hopes of Matching Routes and Riders". The New York Times. February 20, 2004. Retrieved June 9, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g Dougherty, Peter (2006) . Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 (3rd ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books. ^ "More Interborough Service for Brooklyn 2 New Lines". pudl.princeton.edu. Interborough Rapid Transit Company. August 23, 1920. Retrieved September 19, 2016. ^ a b c "Finished". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. July 1, 1878. p. 2. ^ a b c d "Opening/Closing Dates". nycsubway.org. May 7, 1994. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/BMT Brighton LineKML is from Wikidata Wikimedia Commons has media related to BMT Brighton Line. nycsubway.org – BMT Brighton Line: {{{3}}} vteNew York City Subway linesADivisionIRTManhattan/Queens 42nd Street Broadway–Seventh Avenue Flushing Lenox Avenue Lexington Avenue Bronx Dyre Avenue Jerome Avenue Pelham White Plains Road Brooklyn Eastern Parkway New Lots Nostrand Avenue Bridges and tunnels Broadway Bridge Joralemon Street Tunnel Steinway Tunnel Former Second Avenue Third Avenue Sixth Avenue Ninth Avenue Original subway Queensboro Bridge BDivisionBMTManhattan/Queens Astoria Broadway Nassau Street Eastern division Canarsie Jamaica Myrtle Avenue Williamsburg Bridge Southern division Brighton Fourth Avenue Franklin Avenue Sea Beach West End Bridges and tunnels 60th Street Tunnel Montague Street Tunnel Williamsburg Bridge Former Brooklyn Bridge Culver East New York Loop Fifth Avenue Fulton Street Lexington Avenue INDManhattan/Bronx Concourse Eighth Avenue Second Avenue Sixth Avenue Brooklyn/Queens Crosstown Culver Fulton Street Queens Boulevard Rockaway Bridges and tunnels 63rd Street Tunnel Former World's Fair BMT/IND 63rd Street Archer Avenue Manhattan Bridge InterdivisionconnectionsPurpose-built Chrystie Street (BMT/IND) 60th Street (BMT/IND) 63rd Street (BMT/IND) Astoria / Flushing lines (BMT/IRT) Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station (BMT/IND) Yards 207th Street Yard (IND/IRT) Coney Island Complex (BMT/IND) Concourse Yard (IND/IRT) Linden Shops (BMT/IRT/LIRR) Other Construction of the Second Avenue Subway Proposed and never-built lines Second Avenue Subway proposals IND Second System lines Program for Action lines LaGuardia Airport subway extension Staten Island Tunnel South Brooklyn Railway Staten Island Railway Note that this is a list of New York City Subway lines, which are the physical infrastructure over which services operate.Lines with colors next to them are trunk lines; trunk lines determine the color of New York City Subway service bullets, except for shuttles, which are dark gray. vteNew York City SubwayCurrentservices Shuttles 42nd Street Franklin Avenue Rockaway Park Planned Defunctservices1985–present Pre-1985 8 9 (Dyre Avenue) AA BB CC EE (Eighth Avenue) EE (Broadway) GG HH (Court Street) JJ K (Jamaica) KK LL MJ NX QB QJ QT RJ RR T TT Shuttles Bowling Green Broadway/63rd Street Culver Grand Street Nassau Street Sixth Avenue/63rd Street BMT numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Brooklyn Loops East New York Loop Unused labelsUnused New York City Subway service labelsStations (List)By borough The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens By type Closed Terminals Transfer Accessible Divisions A Division IRT B Division BMT IND Other lists Lines Yards Rolling stock R-type contracts HistoryEarly history IRT BMT BRT Dual Contracts Expansions MTA Capital Construction and Development Company Chrystie Street Connection Interborough Express Program for Action 7 Subway Extension Second Avenue Subway Historic proposals Construction Other proposals LaGuardia Airport extension Notable crashes Ninth Avenue, 1905 Malbone Street, 1918 Times Square, 1928 Union Square, 1991 Williamsburg Bridge, 1995 96th Street, 2024 Strikes 1966 1980 2005 Servicedisruptions 2017–2021 New York City transit crisis 2019–2020 L train shutdown Other majorincidents 1984 shooting 2000 lawsuit 2017 bombing 2020 fire 2022 attack Infrastructure Accessibility 58 Joralemon Street Fulton Center Corbin Building Dey Street Passageway Substations 7 18 219 401 IRT Dyckman-Hillside Arts andculture In popular culture Mass Transit Super Bowl Miss Subways MTA Arts & Design Music Under New York "Showtime" Subway Challenge Subway Series Tiles Miscellaneous Automation and signals Chaining Fares MetroCard OMNY Pizza Principle Map Nomenclature Technology Other rapidtransit in NYC AirTrain JFK PATH Staten Island Railway Stations Historical Beach Pneumatic Transit vteCompanies and predecessors of the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit CorporationElevated railroadsand subways Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad Brooklyn Elevated Railroad Union Elevated Railroad Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railway Brooklyn and Rockaway Beach Railroad/Canarsie Railroad Kings County Elevated Railway Brooklyn, Bath and West End Railroad New York and Sea Beach Railway New York Consolidated Railroad New York Rapid Transit Corporation Sea View Railroad Streetcars andcable cars Atlantic Avenue Railroad BQT Brooklyn City Railroad Brooklyn City, Hunterspoint & Prospect Park Brooklyn City & Newtown Brooklyn Heights Railroad Bridge Operating Company (BRT - NYR) Broadway Ferry & Metropolitan Avenue Brooklyn & North River (3rd Ave - NYR - BRT) Brooklyn, Queens & Suburban Bushwick Railroad Coney Island & Brooklyn Coney Island, Fort Hamilton & Brooklyn Coney Island & Gravesend DeKalb Avenue & North Brooklyn East River & Atlantic Ocean Grand Street, Prospect Park & Flatbush Grand Street & Newtown Greenpoint & Williamsburgh Hunter's Point & Prospect Park Jamaica & Brooklyn Kings County Central Long Island Traction Company Nassau Railroad Nassau Electric Railroad New York & Brooklyn Bridge Park Avenue Prospect Park & Coney Island Prospect Park & South Brooklyn Red Hook light rail South Brooklyn Railway South Brooklyn Street Railway Union Railroad Williamsburgh & Flatbush Yates Avenue & Flatbush Buses BQT Brooklyn Bus Streetcar lists Brooklyn Manhattan Queens OtherCarhouses New York City Bus garages MTA Bus garages Financing, advertising,real estate, etc. Broadway Subway and Home Borough Car Advertising Company Transit Development Company	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"B Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)"},{"link_name":"New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island%E2%80%93Stillwell_Avenue_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Bridge south tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge_south_tracks"},{"link_name":"Brighton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Beach_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"Downtown Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Coney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Rapid_Transit_Company"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"grade crossings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossing"},{"link_name":"Prospect Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Park_station_(BMT_lines)"},{"link_name":"BMT Franklin Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Franklin_Avenue_Line"}],"text":"New York City Subway lineThe BMT Brighton Line, also known as the Brighton Beach Line,[2] is a rapid transit line in the B Division of the New York City Subway in Brooklyn, New York City, United States. Local service is provided at all times by the Q train, but is joined by the B express train on weekdays. The Q train runs the length of the entire line from Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue to the Manhattan Bridge south tracks. The B begins at Brighton Beach and runs via the bridge's north tracks.The line first opened in 1878 as a two-track surface-level excursion railroad called the Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railway, transporting riders from Downtown Brooklyn via a connection with the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) to the seaside resorts at Coney Island. When its connection with the LIRR was severed in 1883, the line became the Brooklyn and Brighton Beach Railroad, which was eventually acquired by the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation [BMT]). From 1903 to 1908, all of the original line's grade crossings were eliminated; This project also widened the line from two to four tracks from Church Avenue to Sheepshead Bay; From 1918 to 1920 the portion of original open-cut right-of-way from Church Avenue to Prospect Park station was widened to four tracks and a new subway alignment was built north of the Prospect Park station. The northern part of the original line became the modern-day BMT Franklin Avenue Line, which still runs today. In subsequent years, numerous improvements were made to the Brighton Line.","title":"BMT Brighton Line"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bmt_triplex_no_1.png"},{"link_name":"Willink Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willink_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Prospect Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)"},{"link_name":"Flatbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbush_Avenue_(Brooklyn)"},{"link_name":"Ocean Avenues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Avenue_(Brooklyn)"},{"link_name":"Brighton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Beach"},{"link_name":"Coney Island Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island_Avenue"},{"link_name":"railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"beachgoers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Coney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Brighton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Beach"},{"link_name":"Kings County Elevated Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_County_Elevated_Railway"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Rapid_Transit_Company"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"streetcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_subdivisions_of_New_York_State"},{"link_name":"Board of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Independent Subway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Subway_System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LIRR_Manhattan_Beach_Line_-_abutment_traces.jpg"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Branch"},{"link_name":"Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_subdivisions_of_New_York_State"},{"link_name":"Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_subdivisions_of_New_York_State"},{"link_name":"Culver Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_Depot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Route designation on BMT Triplex equipmentThe Brighton Line opened from the Willink Plaza entrance of Prospect Park (modern intersection of Flatbush and Ocean Avenues and Empire Boulevard, now the Prospect Park station on both the renamed Brighton and the Franklin Avenue Shuttle lines) to Brighton Beach (modern Coney Island Avenue at the shoreline) on July 2, 1878, and the full original line on August 18. It was an excursion railroad — the Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railway — to bring beachgoers from downtown Brooklyn (via a connection with the Long Island Rail Road) to the seashore at Coney Island on the Atlantic Ocean, at a location named Brighton Beach at the same time the railroad arrived. It has been known since its opening as the Brighton Beach Line but is now described as the Brighton Line in MTA literature and in public usage.After losing its connection with the Long Island Rail Road in 1883, the railroad fell on hard times, reorganizing as the Brooklyn and Brighton Beach Railroad. Seeking a new route for its excursion business and its local trade in communities along the way, it formed an agreement with the Kings County Elevated Railway to connect to its Fulton Street Line, which gave access to the new Brooklyn Bridge and Manhattan passengers. This was accomplished in 1896.A series of mergers and leases put the Brighton Beach Line in the hands of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT), a holding company which eventually controlled most of the rapid transit, streetcar, and bus lines in Brooklyn and part of Queens. The line was electrified with trolley wire and, for a time, trolleys from several surface routes and elevated trains operated together on the line.The BRT was reorganized as the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) in 1923. In 1940, the BMT was purchased by the City of New York, and operation passed to the city's Board of Transportation, which already operated the city-built Independent Subway System (IND).BMT Brighton Line was built next to right of way of LIRR. LIRR tracks were removed but the abutment placement still indicated where the right of way wasThe original line was a two-tracked high-speed surface steam railroad operating from Bedford Station, at Atlantic Avenue near Franklin Avenue in the City of Brooklyn, at which point it made a physical connection to the Long Island Rail Road's Atlantic Branch. From Bedford the line ran on a surface private right-of-way several blocks south to Park Place, which it crossed at grade, and then in an open cut with street overpasses through what is now Crown Heights and Flatbush, as far as Church Lane (now Church Avenue) in the Town and Village of Flatbush. From that point the line continued on the surface to a point at current Beverley Road between Marlborough Road (East 15th Street) and East 16th Street, curving southeast and running on the surface between the lines of the latter streets through the Towns of Flatbush and Gravesend to Sheepshead Bay, then turning southerly to reach the beach at Brighton Beach on Coney Island in the Town of Gravesend.The line was extended westward from Brighton Beach in 1903, so that it could terminate with the former Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad at Culver Depot in Coney Island. Passengers, with this short extension, were given access to the developing area of Coney Island. The Culver Depot became the center of operations for the Culver Line and the Brighton Beach Line.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_beach_elevated_subway_line_over_a_street.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coney Island Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Brighton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Beach"},{"link_name":"grade crossings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_crossing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Coney Island terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island%E2%80%93Stillwell_Avenue_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Stillwell Avenues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillwell_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Flatbush Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbush_Avenue"},{"link_name":"BMT Fourth Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Fourth_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"Dual Contracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Contracts"},{"link_name":"Sheepshead Bay Race Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay_Race_Track"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Beach Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach_Branch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERA-Bulletin-Jul2003-4"}],"sub_title":"Grade crossing eliminations, 1903–1908 and 1918–1920","text":"The Brighton Line passing over Coney Island Avenue in Brighton BeachIn 1903, the New York State Legislature created the Brooklyn Grade Crossing Elimination Commission (BGCEC) to eliminate all grade crossings on the Brighton Beach Line and the Bay Ridge Line of the Long Island Rail Road. The city was supposed to cover half of the costs, not exceeding $1 million, while the railroads were to cover the other half of the costs. The work started on December 30, 1905, and was completed in 1908. A short piece of two-tracked elevated railroad was built from the ramp connecting to the Fulton Street Elevated as far as Park Place, where the original 1878 open cut began. From the end of that original cut south of Church Avenue, the line was wholly rebuilt as a four-track railroad with express and local stations to a point south of Neptune Avenue at the border of Coney Island, continuing along its original right-of-way to Brighton Beach station. The portion from Church Avenue to Avenue H was placed in a depressed open cut, while the portion from Avenue H to south of Sheepshead Bay was raised onto an earthen embankment, primarily with earth excavated from the open-cut portion and from the Bay Ridge Improvement of the Long Island Rail Road. The separation of the railroad grade allowed the line's trolley wire north of Sheepshead Bay to be replaced with ground-level third rail.[3]The work by the BGCEC left the line between Park Place and Church Avenue in substantially its original condition from steam railroad days. Between 1918 and 1920, however, further work rebuilt the portion between Prospect Park and Church Avenue as a four-track line. At the same time, the remaining portion of the line south of Neptune Avenue was replaced with a four-track elevated structure, including a four- to six-track elevated line extension, connecting the Brighton Line to the new Coney Island terminal at Surf and Stillwell Avenues. This same work rerouted mainline Brighton Beach trains from the Fulton Street elevated line via a new deep tunnel under Flatbush Avenue to connect to the BMT Fourth Avenue Line at DeKalb Avenue station, where trains could access the new BMT Broadway subway. This work was done as a part of the Dual Contracts.A spur south of Neck Road, which split to Sheepshead Bay Race Track, was in use from 1909 to around 1929. The single-track spur was part of the Long Island Rail Road's Manhattan Beach Branch, and it ran at street level to Ocean Avenue between Avenues X and Y, where it terminated at a six-track terminal.[4]: 2","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"BMT Franklin Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Franklin_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"BMT Sea Beach Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Sea_Beach_Line"},{"link_name":"BMT Fourth Avenue Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Fourth_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Franklin Avenue Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"New York City fiscal crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_fiscal_crisis"},{"link_name":"Dean Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Street_(BMT_Franklin_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-7"}],"sub_title":"Brighton–Franklin Line","text":"The St. Felix Street and Flatbush Avenue Connection opened on August 1, 1920, providing direct service between the Brighton Line and midtown Manhattan.[2][5] With the opening of the connection, the original portion of the line between the Fulton Street Elevated and the link to the new subway at Prospect Park became a secondary line, known as Brighton–Franklin, and now known as the BMT Franklin Avenue Line. At times through services (including expresses) operated on mainline Brighton tracks to Coney Island. Some special weekend trains even operated beyond Coney Island back to Manhattan via the BMT Sea Beach Line express tracks and the BMT Fourth Avenue Subway. This service was variously known as Franklin–Nassau and as the Coney Island Express, but its popular name was the \"Sunny Sunday Summer Special,\" because it was only supposed to operate as needed on the hottest beach-going days.In Fiscal Year 1930, an additional control area with staircases to the platforms at Kings Highway were constructed, and additional stairs were added at Avenue M, Avenue U, and Avenue J.[6]Through services gradually diminished on the Brighton–Franklin, and after 1963 it became a pure shuttle, operating between Franklin Avenue station at Fulton Street and Prospect Park station, where it connects with mainline Brighton Beach trains.During the era of route contraction from 1940 to about 1975, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle seemed a prime candidate for abandonment; its physical structure had been allowed to deteriorate and its service steadily curtailed. The New York City fiscal crisis of the '70s and the recession in 1990 contributed to plans to discontinue the line. By the 1990s the Franklin Avenue Shuttle was known as the \"ghost train\". It was shrunk in size to only two cars and the Dean Street station was closed. The entire line was under consideration for abandonment, but community pressure forced the MTA to rebuild rather than abandon the line, and as a result, most of the supporting infrastructure and stations were completely rehabilitated in 1998–1999 at a cost of $74 million and reopened in 1999.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert F. Wagner Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr."},{"link_name":"Atlantic Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue%E2%80%93Barclays_Center_(New_York_City_Subway)"},{"link_name":"Newkirk Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newkirk_Plaza_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Avenue H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_H_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Stillwell Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island%E2%80%93Stillwell_Avenue_(New_York_City_Subway)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_JoeKorNer_Brochures-11"},{"link_name":"Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island%E2%80%93Stillwell_Avenue_(New_York_City_Subway)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Platform extensions, track repairs, and Stillwell Avenue reconstruction","text":"On June 16, 1964, Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. approved the award of a $2,283,933 contract for the second phase of work to extend platforms along the Brighton Line. The platforms were to be lengthened to 615 feet (187 m) feet to accommodate a ten-car train of 60-foot (18 m) long IND cars, or a nine-car train of 67-foot (20 m) long BMT cars, instead of the existing 8-cars. The contract for the first phase of work had been let the previous year for the seven stations between Atlantic Avenue and Newkirk Avenue. The platform extensions at these stations were completed during the 1964–1965 fiscal year. The contract for the second phase called for the extension of platforms at the ten remaining stations on the line from Avenue H to Stillwell Avenue. Work on the second contract was still ongoing in 1965.[8][9]Between April 26, 1986, and October 26, 1986, service was disrupted due to track repairs and other construction work along the line. The two local tracks were completely rebuilt between Prospect Park and Newkirk Avenue, in two phases, with the Manhattan-bound track rebuilt first between April and July, and the Brooklyn-bound track rebuilt between July and October. A temporary platform was built at Cortelyou Road while Beverley Road and Parkside Avenue were closed in one direction because temporary platforms could not be built at these locations.[10] To reduce congestion, skip-stop service was implemented on weekdays, which lasted until 1988.[11]From September 8, 2002, to May 23, 2004, service was suspended west of Brighton Beach due to allow rebuilding of the Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue terminal station, which had deteriorated due to the effects of salt water corrosion and deferred maintenance.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AvenueUstationInBrooklyn.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrightonTrackworkNewkirk.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weekend_Work_2012-07-02_16_(7488360838).jpg"},{"link_name":"Newkirk Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newkirk_Plaza_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Neck Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_Road_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Coney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island"},{"link_name":"Avenue U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_U_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Kings Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Highway_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Sheepshead Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Newkirk Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newkirk_Plaza_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Avenue J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_J_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Avenue H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_H_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Avenue M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_M_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Cortelyou Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortelyou_Road_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Brighton Line Station Reconstruction Project","text":"The platform at Avenue U during reconstruction.Track work at Newkirk Plaza in September 2011 marking the end of the station reconstruction project.Replacing of tracks on the BMT Brighton LineIn 2007, the MTA announced that it would reconstruct seven stations between Newkirk Avenue and Neck Road, inclusive.[13] On December 8, 2008, the first phase of the Brighton Line Station Reconstruction Project began. The Coney Island-bound platforms at Avenue U and Neck Road were closed for rebuilding and all southbound trains ran on the express track from Kings Highway to Sheepshead Bay.[14]On September 14, 2009, the second phase of the project involving all stations from Newkirk Plaza to Kings Highway began. Express B train service was suspended and all trains ran local in both directions for the next two years.[15] Over the next two weeks, temporary platforms were placed on the Manhattan-bound express track at Kings Highway and Avenue J for southbound service. On September 28, the southbound platforms of Avenue H, Avenue J, Avenue M, and Kings Highway began rebuilding. South of Cortelyou Road, a single crossover connected the southbound local track with the express one and all southbound trains skipped Avenue H and Avenue M.On January 18, 2010, Coney Island-bound service was restored at Avenue U and Neck Road. The Manhattan-bound platforms were closed for rebuilding until October 25 and all northbound trains operated on the express track from Sheepshead Bay to Kings Highway.On September 13, Coney Island-bound service to Avenue H and Avenue M was restored and the two southbound tracks south of Cortelyou Road were separated. Over the next two weeks, the temporary platforms at Avenue J and Kings Highway were moved to the southbound express track and the two northbound tracks were connected to each other north of Newkirk Plaza. On September 27, the Manhattan-bound platforms of those three stations as well as Avenues H and M, which were then being bypassed, began rehabilitation and all northbound service was directed to the express track until Cortelyou Road. The platforms of all stations reopened on September 12, 2011, and B express service was restored on October 3. However, rehabilitation work that did not affect service continued until the end of the year.As part of the project, station platforms were replaced and widened, windscreens and canopies were replaced, station lighting was upgraded, new public address systems were installed, and new station agent booths were put into place. In addition, ADA-compliant elevators were installed at Kings Highway, the historic station house at Avenue H was restored, an additional southbound entrance was installed at Avenue H, and additional fare entrances were created to the northbound platform sections of the Avenue M and Avenue J stations.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Franklin Avenue Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"Prospect Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Park_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_(BMT)"},{"link_name":"Montague Street Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_Street_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"BMT Broadway Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Broadway_Line"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Bridge north tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge_north_tracks"},{"link_name":"Broadway theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(NYCS)"},{"link_name":"QT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QT_(NYCS)"},{"link_name":"QB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QB_(NYCS)"},{"link_name":"Chrystie Street Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrystie_Street_Connection"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_(NYCS)"},{"link_name":"IND Sixth Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"QJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QJ_(NYCS)"},{"link_name":"BMT Nassau Street Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Nassau_Street_Line"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_(NYCS)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Bridge subway tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge_subway_tracks"},{"link_name":"BMT Fourth Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Fourth_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"skip-stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip-stop"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_JoeKorNer_Brochures-11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Montague Street Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_Street_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Midtown Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The following services use part or all of the Brighton Line:[17]Since 1920, the primary service on the line has been through to Manhattan rather than over the tracks now used by the Franklin Avenue Shuttle. Local service has run all the time, while express service has generally been provided during weekday rush hours and later middays. Until the 1960s, all service on the line north of Prospect Park was labeled 1.Standard local service ran through the Montague Street Tunnel and along the BMT Broadway Line local tracks; service instead crossed the Manhattan Bridge north tracks and ran express under Broadway during Broadway theatre hours (7:30 pm to midnight). Over the years, the local bridge service was expanded, and the local tunnel service ended up only from 6 am to 7 pm. Express service over the bridge to the Broadway express tracks, initially during rush hours, was also expanded to 6 am to 7 pm. The three patterns were assigned latter designations in the early 1960s: Q express via bridge, QT local via tunnel, and QB local via bridge.The Chrystie Street Connection opened in late 1967, and almost all Brighton Line trains were removed from Broadway. The Q and QB were both combined with the D on the IND Sixth Avenue Line, running express during the day and local at other times. The daytime QT local was combined with the Jamaica local and express (then #15) to form the QJ, running through the tunnel to the BMT Nassau Street Line, which also replaced the limited rush hour Brighton “Bankers’ Specials” to Nassau Street. The only Brighton-Broadway service was a new QB, with a limited number of runs in the peak direction at rush hours on the local Brighton and express Broadway tracks. There were also a limited number of NX trains from Brighton Beach via Coney Island and the Sea Beach express tracks, then up Broadway, a short-lived service that also attempted to compensate for the elimination of major Brighton/Broadway service. (The two QB services were distinct; the old QB had run at non-peak times; this new QB had the same name and almost the same route but was a different service.)The QJ's Brighton section was replaced with an extension of the M in 1973. In 1985, the QB was renamed Q as the subway eliminated the double letter naming system for local routes.[18] Reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge subway tracks began, which would continue until 2004. Though the same general service patterns remained on the Brighton Line, all trains were sent over the bridge and onto the Broadway or Sixth Avenue Line, depending on which set of tracks was open. From 1986 to 1988, the south side (Broadway) was in service, and the D continued to serve the line at all times, the M was rerouted onto the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and Q service now also ran during middays. Because of the concurrent track and infrastructure repairs on the Brighton Line, express service was suspended for two years. As tracks between Prospect Park and Newkirk Avenue were rebuilt, the D and Q provided skip-stop service between Newkirk Avenue and Sheepshead Bay on weekdays. D trains served Neck Road, Avenue M and Avenue H; the Q skipped those stops, serving Avenue U and Avenue J, while both trains served Kings Highway.[11] By 1987, as the line's reconstruction progressed, the weekday skip-stop pattern expanded to Prospect Park, with D trains serving Beverley Road while Q trains served Cortelyou Road and Parkside Avenue, with Church Avenue as a mutual station.[19]On December 11, 1988, the Bridge's north (Sixth Avenue) tracks reopened; at this time, the skip-stop pattern was eliminated, and the D became a full-time local service to Stillwell Avenue, while the Q ran express on weekdays to Brighton Beach. Both trains ran via Sixth Avenue Express. From April 30 to November 12, 1995, the Manhattan Bridge fully closed during middays and weekends. D service in Brooklyn was suspended during these hours; the Q replaced it, running local to Stillwell Avenue and via the Montague Street Tunnel and Broadway Express.[20][21]The 2001 shifting of trains back to the south side (Broadway) led to the D only running north of Midtown Manhattan; the Q replaced the D as the full-time Brighton Local while the Brighton express portion of the Q became the diamond <Q>. When both sides of the bridge reopened in 2004, the <Q> was discontinued and replaced by the B in Brooklyn. The B was moved to the Brighton rather than the West End Line, where it ran from 1967 to 2001, to combine two weekday-only services and because Brighton Line residents preferred Broadway Service, the Q was kept as the full-time local. In effect, this flipped the B and D services, as the D was transferred to the West End Line following the bridge's reopening.[22]","title":"Service patterns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_Crossover.jpg"},{"link_name":"double crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(rail)"}],"text":"A double crossover linking both express tracks located between Prospect Park and Church Avenue.The modern-day line shows a mix of its various re-buildings.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DeKalb Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeKalb_Avenue_(BMT_Lines)"},{"link_name":"BMT Fourth Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Fourth_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"Dual Contracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Contracts"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue%E2%80%93Barclays_Center_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Seventh Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Grand Army Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Interborough Rapid Transit Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company"},{"link_name":"Eastern Parkway Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Eastern_Parkway_Line"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Prospect Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Park_(BMT_Lines)"},{"link_name":"open cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_(earthmoving)"},{"link_name":"cross-platform interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform_interchange"},{"link_name":"BMT Franklin Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Franklin_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-23"}],"sub_title":"DeKalb Avenue to Prospect Park","text":"The underground portion from the DeKalb Avenue connection to the BMT Fourth Avenue Line was built in 1920 as part of the Dual Contracts. This section contains two additional stations: the Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center and Seventh Avenue. Between Atlantic Avenue and Grand Army Plaza, the Brighton Line tunnel runs beside, under, and between the tracks of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT)'s Eastern Parkway Line.[23] The Eastern Parkway Line was built simultaneously with this part of the Brighton Line, and also opened in 1920.[24]At Prospect Park, the Brighton subway tunnel emerges into an open cut. The Prospect Park station contains a cross-platform interchange with the BMT Franklin Avenue Line, which is used by the S train. Franklin Avenue Line trains use the northbound local track, while the express tracks in both directions are used by the Brighton Line trains; the southbound local track is not in service.[23] The former alignment of the Brighton Line ran along what is now the Franklin Avenue Line, which had been built as a surface railway in 1878 and rebuilt as a grade-separated open-cut and embankment line in 1905.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"Parkside Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkside_Avenue_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Church Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Avenue_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SheepsheadBay031807.jpg"},{"link_name":"station house at Avenue H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_H_Station_House"},{"link_name":"real estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate"},{"link_name":"New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission"},{"link_name":"Avenue H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_H_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Avenue J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_J_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Avenue M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_M_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Kings Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Highway_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Avenue U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_U_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"(Gravesend) Neck Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_Road_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"Sheepshead Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-23"},{"link_name":"Brighton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Beach_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"}],"sub_title":"Prospect Park to Brighton Beach","text":"South of Prospect Park, the Brighton Line widens to a four-track line for much of the rest of the route. The B continues on the inner tracks and runs to Brighton Beach, serving only express stations, while the Q splits to the outer tracks, serving all stops until the end of the line at Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue. The original line built in 1878 ran in a two-track open cut. This segment was rebuilt in 1918 to 1920 to a four track line with an express station at Prospect Park, a local station at Parkside Avenue (replacing the original station at Woodruff Avenue) and another express station at Church Avenue. The line features slightly sloped and capped reinforced concrete walls, as well as cut-and-cover tunnels underneath cross-streets.The segment between Church Avenue to Avenue H is a result of the BGCEC rebuilding program of 1903–1907. Just south of the tunnel under Church Avenue, the construction of the cut wall visibly changes. Steel trestles carry the streets above the line, giving it a more open appearance. Cottage-style station houses are suspended over the line at local stations at Beverley and Cortelyou Roads, and at the express station at Newkirk Plaza. Past Newkirk Plaza the line continues in an open cut, then begins to rise to street level at the north end of Avenue H station.[23]Sheepshead Bay station, looking northward across the express tracksThe station house at Avenue H is a wooden structure built in 1905 and originally housed a real estate office for the sale of homes in the new Fiske Terrace community surrounding the station. The building was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2004. At this point the line now runs on an earthen embankment with local stations at Avenue H, Avenue J and Avenue M, an express station at Kings Highway, local stops at Avenue U and (Gravesend) Neck Road, and an express station at Sheepshead Bay (formerly Shore Road).[23] All of the station houses for these stops are located beneath the tracks at street level.The line continues south on the 1907 embankment to a bridge over Neptune Avenue. At this point the BGCEC roadbed ends. Prior to the Dual Contracts rebuild in the late 1910s, the line descended to the surface on two single track concrete and steel ramps to operate on the surface to Brighton Beach. As part of the 1918–1920 Dual Contracts work, all four tracks now continue on a steel elevated structure to the junction of Coney Island and Brighton Beach Avenues, where the line turns west onto Brighton Beach Avenue and enters the Brighton Beach station.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IND Culver Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IND_Culver_Line"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:W5-Seabreeze_BMT_ramp_jeh.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ocean Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Parkway_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"IND Culver Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IND_Culver_Line"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"<F>","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fd_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Eighth_Street%E2%80%93New_York_Aquarium_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-23"},{"link_name":"Stillwell Avenue terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island%E2%80%93Stillwell_Avenue_(BMT_Brighton_Line)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-23"}],"sub_title":"Brighton Beach to Coney Island","text":"Bilevel elevated section, from West 8th Street to Stillwell Avenue-Coney Island station. Its lower level is used by IND Culver LineTraveling west from Brighton Beach station, the line operates on a six track elevated structure over Brighton Beach Avenue. One track splits from each pair of local and express tracks in each direction. Only the outer two tracks are currently used for revenue service, carrying Q trains. The inner four are layup tracks used to store B trains that terminate at Brighton Beach; the innermost two tracks are the former right-of-way of the Sea View Railway, which originally provided service west of Brighton Beach.[23]Crossing West 5th StreetEach of the two layup tracks between the local and express tracks ends before Ocean Parkway station, while the innermost and outermost tracks stop at the station. The outer tracks merge with the inner tracks, and the inner tracks climb to an upper level. The outer trackways remain at the same elevation, and shortly afterward merge with the two tracks of the IND Culver Line (F and <F> trains), which merge into the structure from the north. Both lines then stop at the West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium station, a double-level steel structure with two tracks on each level. The Brighton trains occupy the upper level and the Culver Line trains the lower.[23] Both lines then enter the 8-track Stillwell Avenue terminal, which was built in 1917–1920 and renovated in 2001–2004. The Brighton trains occupy tracks 3 and 4.[23]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Station listing"}]	[{"image_text":"Route designation on BMT Triplex equipment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bmt_triplex_no_1.png/90px-Bmt_triplex_no_1.png"},{"image_text":"BMT Brighton Line was built next to right of way of LIRR. LIRR tracks were removed but the abutment placement still indicated where the right of way was","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/LIRR_Manhattan_Beach_Line_-_abutment_traces.jpg/220px-LIRR_Manhattan_Beach_Line_-_abutment_traces.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Brighton Line passing over Coney Island Avenue in Brighton Beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Brighton_beach_elevated_subway_line_over_a_street.jpg/220px-Brighton_beach_elevated_subway_line_over_a_street.jpg"},{"image_text":"The platform at Avenue U during reconstruction.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AvenueUstationInBrooklyn.JPG/220px-AvenueUstationInBrooklyn.JPG"},{"image_text":"Track work at Newkirk Plaza in September 2011 marking the end of the station reconstruction project.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/BrightonTrackworkNewkirk.jpg/220px-BrightonTrackworkNewkirk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Replacing of tracks on the BMT Brighton Line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Weekend_Work_2012-07-02_16_%287488360838%29.jpg/220px-Weekend_Work_2012-07-02_16_%287488360838%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A double crossover linking both express tracks located between Prospect Park and Church Avenue.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Brighton_Crossover.jpg/220px-Brighton_Crossover.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sheepshead Bay station, looking northward across the express tracks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/SheepsheadBay031807.jpg/220px-SheepsheadBay031807.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bilevel elevated section, from West 8th Street to Stillwell Avenue-Coney Island station. Its lower level is used by IND Culver Line"},{"image_text":"Crossing West 5th Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/W5-Seabreeze_BMT_ramp_jeh.JPG/220px-W5-Seabreeze_BMT_ramp_jeh.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Transportation to Coney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_to_Coney_Island"}]	[{"reference":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2017–2022)\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/113331","url_text":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2017–2022)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"District, New York (State) Public Service Commission First (January 1, 1921). Annual Report for the Year Ended ... The Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pXcBAAAAYAAJ&q=18th+avenue+culver+line&pg=PA387","url_text":"Annual Report for the Year Ended ..."}]},{"reference":"Cudahy, Brian J. (January 1, 1999). The Malbone Street Wreck. Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 9780823219322.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v5eYL7PTP3cC&pg=PA9","url_text":"The Malbone Street Wreck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823219322","url_text":"9780823219322"}]},{"reference":"\"BRIGHTON LINE TRACK PLANS BRIGHTON LINE TRACK PLANS\" (PDF). Electric Railroaders' Association Bulletin. 46 (7): 2. July 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183006/https://erausa.org/pdf/bulletin/2003-07-bulletin.pdf","url_text":"\"BRIGHTON LINE TRACK PLANS BRIGHTON LINE TRACK PLANS\""},{"url":"https://erausa.org/pdf/bulletin/2003-07-bulletin.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Subways Add Seven More Miles to BRT on Aug 1\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 25, 1920. Retrieved August 19, 2016 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/55629628/?terms=brt%2Bsubway%2Bmontague","url_text":"\"New Subways Add Seven More Miles to BRT on Aug 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle","url_text":"Brooklyn Daily Eagle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"New York (State). Transit Commission. (1930). Tenth Annual Report, 1930. Columbia University Libraries. Albany, N.Y. : J.B. Lyon Co.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/annualreport1019newy","url_text":"Tenth Annual Report, 1930"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Michael (July 24, 2008), \"In Brooklyn, It's the Little Train That Can\", The New York Times, ISSN 0362-4331, retrieved July 27, 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/24/nyregion/24shuttle.html","url_text":"\"In Brooklyn, It's the Little Train That Can\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Annual Report 1964–1965. New York City Transit Authority. 1965.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Letter about the approval of a contract for platform extensions on the Brighton Line\" (PDF). New York City Office of the Mayor. June 16, 1964. Retrieved August 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/pages/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/WAGNER_FILES/06.023.0000.141.1637.PDF#undefined","url_text":"\"Letter about the approval of a contract for platform extensions on the Brighton Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brighton Line Riders Your Guide To Service Changes On The B Q M During Rehabilitation Work April 26 Through October 26, 1986\" (Document). New York City Transit Authority. April 1986.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The JoeKorNer Brochures\". Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thejoekorner.com/brochures/index-bmt-ind-1986-details.html","url_text":"\"The JoeKorNer Brochures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stillwell Terminal Remains a Sparkling Jewel a Decade after Full Rehabilitation\". www.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 20, 2014. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211201101739/https://www.mta.info/news/2014/05/20/stillwell-terminal-remains-sparkling-jewel-decade-after-full-rehabilitation","url_text":"\"Stillwell Terminal Remains a Sparkling Jewel a Decade after Full Rehabilitation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"},{"url":"http://www.mta.info/news/2014/05/20/stillwell-terminal-remains-sparkling-jewel-decade-after-full-rehabilitation","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Brooklyn Q stops gearing up for renovations\". Second Ave. Sagas. December 10, 2007. Retrieved August 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://secondavenuesagas.com/2007/12/10/south-brooklyn-q-stops-gearing-up-for-renovations/","url_text":"\"Southern Brooklyn Q stops gearing up for renovations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brighton Stations Rehabilitation\" (PDF). secondavenuesagas.com. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. November 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170316140025/http://cdn-sas.secondavenuesagas.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/brighton-stations-november-2007-21.pdf","url_text":"\"Brighton Stations Rehabilitation\""},{"url":"http://cdn-sas.secondavenuesagas.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/brighton-stations-november-2007-21.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MTA – Press Release – NYC Transit – Temporary Loss of Brighton Line Express\". mta.info. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170812060035/http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/temporary-loss-brighton-line-express","url_text":"\"MTA – Press Release – NYC Transit – Temporary Loss of Brighton Line Express\""},{"url":"http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/temporary-loss-brighton-line-express","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Message from Line General Manager Jim Leopard... B Q An Overview of the Brighton Line Rehabilitation Project\" (Document). New York City Transit. 2009.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Subway Service Guide\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/12331","url_text":"\"Subway Service Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Hey, What's a \"K\" train? 1985 Brochure\". Flickr – Photo Sharing!. June 17, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/127872292@N06/27733842265/","url_text":"\"Hey, What's a \"K\" train? 1985 Brochure\""}]},{"reference":"Mader, Stewart. \"NYC Subway Maps Have a Long History of Including PATH, NJ Waterfront\". stewartmader.com. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://stewartmader.com/nyc-subway-maps-have-a-long-history-of-including-path-nj-waterfront/","url_text":"\"NYC Subway Maps Have a Long History of Including PATH, NJ Waterfront\""}]},{"reference":"Ronald Sullivan (March 26, 1995). \"Bridge Repairs to Disrupt Off-Peak Subway Service\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/26/nyregion/bridge-repairs-to-disrupt-off-peak-subway-service.html","url_text":"\"Bridge Repairs to Disrupt Off-Peak Subway Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"QUEENSBRIDGE / 6TH AVE – BRIGHTON BEACH LINE (Q TRAIN)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robertkopolovicz.com/qind.html","url_text":"\"QUEENSBRIDGE / 6TH AVE – BRIGHTON BEACH LINE (Q TRAIN)\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Subway Map Remade, in Hopes of Matching Routes and Riders\". The New York Times. February 20, 2004. Retrieved June 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/20/nyregion/20subway.html","url_text":"\"A Subway Map Remade, in Hopes of Matching Routes and Riders\""}]},{"reference":"Dougherty, Peter (2006) [2002]. Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 (3rd ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VovXXwAACAAJ","url_text":"Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49777633","url_text":"49777633"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"More Interborough Service for Brooklyn 2 New Lines\". pudl.princeton.edu. Interborough Rapid Transit Company. August 23, 1920. Retrieved September 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://pudl.princeton.edu/sheetreader.php?obj=f304cf40-5610-4c05-9ee0-e56cf06d5599","url_text":"\"More Interborough Service for Brooklyn 2 New Lines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finished\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. July 1, 1878. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/50423394/","url_text":"\"Finished\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle","url_text":"Brooklyn Daily Eagle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn","url_text":"Brooklyn, NY"}]},{"reference":"\"Opening/Closing Dates\". nycsubway.org. May 7, 1994. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/BMT_Brighton_Line","url_text":"\"Opening/Closing Dates\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210901091805/https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/BMT_Brighton_Line","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/document/113331","external_links_name":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2017–2022)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pXcBAAAAYAAJ&q=18th+avenue+culver+line&pg=PA387","external_links_name":"Annual Report for the Year Ended ..."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v5eYL7PTP3cC&pg=PA9","external_links_name":"The Malbone Street Wreck"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183006/https://erausa.org/pdf/bulletin/2003-07-bulletin.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BRIGHTON LINE TRACK PLANS BRIGHTON LINE TRACK PLANS\""},{"Link":"https://erausa.org/pdf/bulletin/2003-07-bulletin.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/55629628/?terms=brt%2Bsubway%2Bmontague","external_links_name":"\"New Subways Add Seven More Miles to BRT on Aug 1\""},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/annualreport1019newy","external_links_name":"Tenth Annual Report, 1930"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/24/nyregion/24shuttle.html","external_links_name":"\"In Brooklyn, It's the Little Train That Can\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/pages/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/WAGNER_FILES/06.023.0000.141.1637.PDF#undefined","external_links_name":"\"Letter about the approval of a contract for platform extensions on the Brighton Line\""},{"Link":"http://www.thejoekorner.com/brochures/index-bmt-ind-1986-details.html","external_links_name":"\"The JoeKorNer Brochures\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211201101739/https://www.mta.info/news/2014/05/20/stillwell-terminal-remains-sparkling-jewel-decade-after-full-rehabilitation","external_links_name":"\"Stillwell Terminal Remains a Sparkling Jewel a Decade after Full Rehabilitation\""},{"Link":"http://www.mta.info/news/2014/05/20/stillwell-terminal-remains-sparkling-jewel-decade-after-full-rehabilitation","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://secondavenuesagas.com/2007/12/10/south-brooklyn-q-stops-gearing-up-for-renovations/","external_links_name":"\"Southern Brooklyn Q stops gearing up for renovations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170316140025/http://cdn-sas.secondavenuesagas.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/brighton-stations-november-2007-21.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Brighton Stations Rehabilitation\""},{"Link":"http://cdn-sas.secondavenuesagas.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/brighton-stations-november-2007-21.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170812060035/http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/temporary-loss-brighton-line-express","external_links_name":"\"MTA – Press Release – NYC Transit – Temporary Loss of Brighton Line Express\""},{"Link":"http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/temporary-loss-brighton-line-express","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/document/12331","external_links_name":"\"Subway Service Guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/127872292@N06/27733842265/","external_links_name":"\"Hey, What's a \"K\" train? 1985 Brochure\""},{"Link":"http://stewartmader.com/nyc-subway-maps-have-a-long-history-of-including-path-nj-waterfront/","external_links_name":"\"NYC Subway Maps Have a Long History of Including PATH, NJ Waterfront\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/26/nyregion/bridge-repairs-to-disrupt-off-peak-subway-service.html","external_links_name":"\"Bridge Repairs to Disrupt Off-Peak Subway Service\""},{"Link":"http://www.robertkopolovicz.com/qind.html","external_links_name":"\"QUEENSBRIDGE / 6TH AVE – BRIGHTON BEACH LINE (Q TRAIN)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/20/nyregion/20subway.html","external_links_name":"\"A Subway Map Remade, in Hopes of Matching Routes and Riders\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VovXXwAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49777633","external_links_name":"49777633"},{"Link":"http://pudl.princeton.edu/sheetreader.php?obj=f304cf40-5610-4c05-9ee0-e56cf06d5599","external_links_name":"\"More Interborough Service for Brooklyn 2 New Lines\""},{"Link":"https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/50423394/","external_links_name":"\"Finished\""},{"Link":"https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/BMT_Brighton_Line","external_links_name":"\"Opening/Closing Dates\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210901091805/https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/BMT_Brighton_Line","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/BMT_Brighton_Line&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/BMT_Brighton_Line&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/BMT_Brighton_Line","external_links_name":"BMT Brighton Line: {{{3}}}"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Presbyterian_Church_(Lexington,_Kentucky)	Second Presbyterian Church (Lexington, Kentucky)	["1 External links","2 References"]	Coordinates: 38°2′23″N 84°29′26″W / 38.03972°N 84.49056°W / 38.03972; -84.49056United States historic placeSecond Presbyterian ChurchU.S. National Register of Historic Places Front of the churchShow map of KentuckyShow map of the United StatesLocation460 E. Main St., Lexington, KentuckyCoordinates38°2′23″N 84°29′26″W / 38.03972°N 84.49056°W / 38.03972; -84.49056Area1.1 acres (0.45 ha)Built1922ArchitectCram & Ferguson; Frankel & CurtisArchitectural styleGothic Revival-NRHP reference No.80001522Added to NRHPAugust 11, 1980 The Second Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at 460 E. Main Street in Lexington, Kentucky. Construction began on the church in 1922, and it was dedicated in 1924; it was the third building used by its congregation, which was founded in the 1810s. Architects Cram & Ferguson designed the Gothic Revival church; Frankel & Curtis are also associated with the building. The church's main entrance features multiple gabled buttresses, a balcony under a large arched window, and a gable at its peak. On the west side of the church, a buttressed tower rises from the roof to a steep spire. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. External links Second Presbyterian website References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ "Our History". Second Presbyterian Church. Retrieved July 10, 2014. ^ Langsam, Walter E. (February 1980). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Second Presbyterian Church". National Park Service. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Accompanied by photos. vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category This article about a property in Fayette County, Kentucky on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a church or other Christian place of worship in Kentucky is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cram & Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram_%26_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Frankel & Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankel_%26_Curtis"},{"link_name":"gabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gable"},{"link_name":"buttresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe Second Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at 460 E. Main Street in Lexington, Kentucky. Construction began on the church in 1922, and it was dedicated in 1924; it was the third building used by its congregation, which was founded in the 1810s.[2] Architects Cram & Ferguson designed the Gothic Revival church; Frankel & Curtis are also associated with the building. The church's main entrance features multiple gabled buttresses, a balcony under a large arched window, and a gable at its peak. On the west side of the church, a buttressed tower rises from the roof to a steep spire.[3]The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.[1]","title":"Second Presbyterian Church (Lexington, Kentucky)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". Second Presbyterian Church. Retrieved July 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.2preslex.org/about/our-history/","url_text":"\"Our History\""}]},{"reference":"Langsam, Walter E. (February 1980). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Second Presbyterian Church\". National Park Service. Retrieved July 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/80001522_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Second Presbyterian Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Second_Presbyterian_Church_(Lexington,_Kentucky)&params=38_2_23_N_84_29_26_W_type:landmark_region:US-KY","external_links_name":"38°2′23″N 84°29′26″W / 38.03972°N 84.49056°W / 38.03972; -84.49056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Second_Presbyterian_Church_(Lexington,_Kentucky)&params=38_2_23_N_84_29_26_W_type:landmark_region:US-KY","external_links_name":"38°2′23″N 84°29′26″W / 38.03972°N 84.49056°W / 38.03972; -84.49056"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80001522","external_links_name":"80001522"},{"Link":"http://www.2preslex.org/","external_links_name":"Second Presbyterian website"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://www.2preslex.org/about/our-history/","external_links_name":"\"Our History\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/80001522_text","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Second Presbyterian Church\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/80001522_photos","external_links_name":"Accompanied by photos"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Presbyterian_Church_(Lexington,_Kentucky)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Presbyterian_Church_(Lexington,_Kentucky)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ingoldsby_(British_Army_officer,_died_1712)	Richard Ingoldsby (British Army officer, died 1712)	["1 References","2 Sources"]	For other people named Richard Ingoldsby, see Richard Ingoldsby (disambiguation). Richard IngoldsbyBorn1664/5Died29 January 1712Mary Street, DublinBuriedChrist Church Cathedral, DublinAllegianceKingdom of Great BritainService/branchBritish ArmyYears of servicec.1678–1712RankLieutenant-GeneralCommands heldRoyal Welch FusiliersCommander-in-Chief, IrelandBattles/wars Nine Years' War Raid on Newry Siege of Namur War of the Spanish Succession Battle of Schellenberg Battle of Blenheim Siege of Ath Lieutenant General Richard Ingoldsby (died 1712) was an Anglo-Irish general, who enjoyed the personal regard of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, and later played a prominent role in the government of Ireland. He was the son of Colonel Sir George Ingoldsby, a soldier who came to Ireland with his cousin Oliver Cromwelll, and his wife Mary Gould, daughter of James Gould of Ludden Castle, Corbally, County Limerick. His father was the sixth son of Sir Richard Ingoldsby of Lenborough in Buckinghamshire and Elizabeth Cromwell, aunt of Oliver Cromwell; his uncles included Richard Ingoldsby the regicide, and Sir Henry Ingoldsby, 1st Baronet. His father was granted substantial lands in County Limerick, and acquired other holdings in the same county by marriage: his main residence was Ballybricken Castle. He held a variety of official posts, both under Cromwell and after the Restoration. Richard was commissioned as an army officer before 1670, but little more is heard of him until 1689. Given his family's republican background, and his family connection to Oliver Cromwell, it was natural that he should welcome the Glorious Revolution, although he inclined to Toryism in later life. He was appointed colonel in 1692 and adjutant-general for the expedition against France. In 1693 he was appointed colonel of the Royal Welch Fusiliers and commanded them at the Siege of Namur. In 1696 he became a brigadier general. He claimed to have suffered serious losses, amounting to £12000, as a result of his support for the Glorious Revolution and petitioned the English Parliament for redress. He spent some time in Ireland, and was briefly imprisoned for his involvement in a duel between John Methuen, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and Thomas Fitzmaurice, 1st Earl of Kerry. King William III, anxious to avoid a scandal, quickly ordered his release. During the War of the Spanish Succession he became major general and then lieutenant general. He commanded a division under Marlborough 1702–6, and fought at the Battle of Schellenberg. At the Battle of Blenheim he was second in command of the first line under Charles Churchill. He became colonel of the Royal Irish Regiment in 1705. After 1707 he spent much of his time in Ireland, being by then incapacitated from active service after being seriously wounded. He combined military and political offices: he was commander of the Irish forces Comptroller of the Ordinance and Master of the Horse, and also sat in the Irish House of Commons as member for Limerick City, and wielded considerable political influence locally. Despite his support for the Revolution, he was now seen as a Tory in politics, as was the rest of the Dublin government at the time. He was an Irish Privy Counsellor and Lord Justice of Ireland 1709–10; a letter from Marlborough makes clear that this appointment was his doing, a sign of his personal regard for Ingoldsby. He became rich enough to buy Carton House, ancestral home of the Earl of Kildare, and was recommended for a Peerage shortly before his death. Ingoldsby died in January 1712 and was buried after an impressive State funeral in Christ Church Cathedral. By his wife Frances Naper, daughter of Colonel James Naper of Loughcrew, County Meath, he had one son, Henry, who also served with the Royal Welch Fusiliers and as MP for Limerick City. He wasted most of his father's fortune on high living in London, and after his death, his heirs were forced to sell Carton back to the Earl of Kildare in 1738. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chichester, Henry Matthews "Ingoldsby, Richard (died 1712)" Dictionary of National Biography ^ Buried on 9 February 1712 on the north side of the altar- the Registers of Christ Church Cathedral Dublin Sources Lee, Sidney, ed. (1892). "Ingoldsby, Richard (d.1712)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 29. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 11. Walsh, Patrick A.; Beaumont, David "Ingoldsby, Richard" Cambridge Dictionary of National Biography 2009 Parliament of Ireland Preceded bySir Joseph WilliamsonJoseph Coghlan Member of Parliament for Limerick City 1703–1712 With: Robert Blennerhassett Succeeded byGeorge RocheHenry Ingoldsby Military offices Preceded bySir John Morgan Colonel of the Welch Regiment of Fuzileers 1693–1705 Succeeded byJoseph Sabine Preceded byFrederick Hamilton Colonel of the Royal Irish Regiment 1705–1712 Succeeded byRobert Stearne	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Ingoldsby (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ingoldsby_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish"},{"link_name":"John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwelll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Corbally, County Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corbally,_County_Limerick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Ingoldsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Ingoldsby_(knighted_1617)"},{"link_name":"Lenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenborough"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Richard Ingoldsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ingoldsby"},{"link_name":"regicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regicide"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Ingoldsby, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Ingoldsby,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"County Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_of_Charles_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"adjutant-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant-general"},{"link_name":"Royal Welch Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Welch_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Siege of Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1695)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general"},{"link_name":"English Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"duel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel"},{"link_name":"John Methuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Methuen_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fitzmaurice, 1st Earl of Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fitzmaurice,_1st_Earl_of_Kerry"},{"link_name":"William III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"War of the Spanish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"lieutenant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general"},{"link_name":"Battle of Schellenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Schellenberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blenheim"},{"link_name":"Charles Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Churchill_(British_Army_general)"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1684%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Limerick City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_City_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory"},{"link_name":"Irish Privy Counsellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Lord Justice of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Justice_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Carton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carton_House"},{"link_name":"Earl of Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Kildare"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Loughcrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughcrew"},{"link_name":"County Meath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Meath"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"}],"text":"For other people named Richard Ingoldsby, see Richard Ingoldsby (disambiguation).Lieutenant General Richard Ingoldsby (died 1712) was an Anglo-Irish general, who enjoyed the personal regard of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, and later played a prominent role in the government of Ireland.[1]He was the son of Colonel Sir George Ingoldsby, a soldier who came to Ireland with his cousin Oliver Cromwelll, and his wife Mary Gould, daughter of James Gould of Ludden Castle, Corbally, County Limerick.[1] His father was the sixth son of Sir Richard Ingoldsby of Lenborough in Buckinghamshire and Elizabeth Cromwell, aunt of Oliver Cromwell; his uncles included Richard Ingoldsby the regicide, and Sir Henry Ingoldsby, 1st Baronet. His father was granted substantial lands in County Limerick, and acquired other holdings in the same county by marriage: his main residence was Ballybricken Castle. He held a variety of official posts, both under Cromwell and after the Restoration.Richard was commissioned as an army officer before 1670, but little more is heard of him until 1689.[1] Given his family's republican background, and his family connection to Oliver Cromwell, it was natural that he should welcome the Glorious Revolution, although he inclined to Toryism in later life. He was appointed colonel in 1692 and adjutant-general for the expedition against France. In 1693 he was appointed colonel of the Royal Welch Fusiliers and commanded them at the Siege of Namur.[1] In 1696 he became a brigadier general. He claimed to have suffered serious losses, amounting to £12000, as a result of his support for the Glorious Revolution and petitioned the English Parliament for redress.[1]He spent some time in Ireland, and was briefly imprisoned for his involvement in a duel between John Methuen, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and Thomas Fitzmaurice, 1st Earl of Kerry. King William III, anxious to avoid a scandal, quickly ordered his release.[1]During the War of the Spanish Succession he became major general and then lieutenant general. He commanded a division under Marlborough 1702–6, and fought at the Battle of Schellenberg.[1] At the Battle of Blenheim he was second in command of the first line under Charles Churchill. He became colonel of the Royal Irish Regiment in 1705.[1] After 1707 he spent much of his time in Ireland, being by then incapacitated from active service after being seriously wounded. He combined military and political offices: he was commander of the Irish forces Comptroller of the Ordinance and Master of the Horse, and also sat in the Irish House of Commons as member for Limerick City, and wielded considerable political influence locally.[1] Despite his support for the Revolution, he was now seen as a Tory in politics, as was the rest of the Dublin government at the time. He was an Irish Privy Counsellor and Lord Justice of Ireland 1709–10; a letter from Marlborough makes clear that this appointment was his doing, a sign of his personal regard for Ingoldsby. He became rich enough to buy Carton House, ancestral home of the Earl of Kildare, and was recommended for a Peerage shortly before his death.Ingoldsby died in January 1712 and was buried after an impressive State funeral in Christ Church Cathedral.[2] By his wife Frances Naper, daughter of Colonel James Naper of Loughcrew, County Meath, he had one son, Henry, who also served with the Royal Welch Fusiliers and as MP for Limerick City. He wasted most of his father's fortune on high living in London, and after his death, his heirs were forced to sell Carton back to the Earl of Kildare in 1738.[1]","title":"Richard Ingoldsby (British Army officer, died 1712)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"\"Ingoldsby, Richard (d.1712)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Ingoldsby,__Richard_(d.1712)"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"}],"text":"Lee, Sidney, ed. (1892). \"Ingoldsby, Richard (d.1712)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 29. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 11.\nWalsh, Patrick A.; Beaumont, David \"Ingoldsby, Richard\" Cambridge Dictionary of National Biography 2009","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lee, Sidney, ed. (1892). \"Ingoldsby, Richard (d.1712)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 29. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Ingoldsby,__Richard_(d.1712)","url_text":"\"Ingoldsby, Richard (d.1712)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Ingoldsby,__Richard_(d.1712)","external_links_name":"\"Ingoldsby, Richard (d.1712)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_River_road_bridge,_Murray_Bridge	Murray River road bridge, Murray Bridge	["1 Heritage Listing","2 History","3 Description","4 Droughts and flooding","5 References"]	Coordinates: 35°06′56″S 139°16′48″E / 35.1155°S 139.2800°E / -35.1155; 139.2800 Place in South AustraliaMurray BridgeSouth AustraliaMurray Bridge road bridge on left The Murray River road bridge, Murray Bridge is a bridge in the town of Murray Bridge, located 76 km (47 mi) south-east of Adelaide on the Murray River north of Lake Alexandra. The bridge was built as a road bridge in 1879 and converted for mixed road/rail use shortly thereafter. The tiny settlement of Edwards Crossing was renamed Murray Bridge when a new railway bridge was constructed in 1924. Since then, the bridge has been used for road traffic only. Heritage Listing The Murray River road bridge, Murray Bridge is classified by the National Trust. It has a Status Code of "REG - Confirmed as a State Heritage Place in the SA Heritage Register", Status Date 28-MAY-1981. It's Reference is LGA Murray Bridge, State Heritage ID 10287, Heritage Number 14191. Plan Parcel & Title Information CT 0000/0000 H750200 RIVER MURRAY,CT 0000/0000 H170700 RIVER MURRAY,CT 6105/13 D33894 A9,CR 6105/15 H750200 S709. History It was built of iron between 1873 and 1879 and is 603.5 metres (1,980 ft) in length. It was used by trains for 40 years and during that time toll gates were installed to control other traffic across the bridge. The bridge became a shared road and rail bridge in 1886 and remained so until 1925 when a separate railway bridge was built. An article in the Adelaide Observer of Saturday 22 March 1879 stated that "The Murray Bridge deserves more than a passing notice, as it is the largest and at the same time the mostly costly undertaking of its kind that has been erected in the Australian Colonies, including New Zealand." The political history of the bridge extended through several sessions of Parliament starting in 1861 when a Committee of the House of Assembly recommended that if a suitable bridge could be erected at a cost not exceeding £20,000 the required amount should be included in the Estimates for the following session. The structure had to be specially adapted for the transit of cattle and sheep. Description The height of the bridge was initially set at twenty feet (6.1 m) above the water, but in carrying out the work it was found necessary to increase it to thirty feet (9.1 m) in order to be clear of the funnels of the river steamers. Superintendent, Mr. H. Parker, arrived from England in June 1874, with his apparatus and commenced the work of placing the remaining piers in position. To measure the depth, divers were sent through 50 feet (15 m) of water and 30 feet of river drift, making a total depth below water level of 80 feet (24 m), under which the divers worked. No.1 pier was taken down 70 feet (21 m); No. 2 pier, 92 feet (28 m); No. 3 pier, 118 feet (36 m); No. 4 pier, 110 feet (34 m); and No. 5 pier, 109 feet (33 m) below the underside of the main girders. It was a work of some considerable difficulty and danger, and to estimate the cost with the insufficient data at hand was very hazardous. The bridge piers, now increased to five in number, were sunk thirty feet deeper and raised ten feet higher, to suit the steamers, than the section of the river sent to England in 1865 indicated. The river spans were five in number, each being 114 feet 5 inches (34.87 m) in the clear, and constructed on the Warren principle. They were built by Messrs. Kennard Brothers, of the Crumlin Works, South Wales, and were a fine sample of first-class bridge work. The main girders are connected together laterally by cross girders, which were originally made on the lattice principle, but not being strong enough to sustain the weight of a railway train they were taken to pieces and reconstructed of plate and angle irons. The bridge is floored with Malletts buckle plates, upon which the asphalt and road metal is carried. The length of the structure over the river is 695 feet (212 m), the width of roadway being 11 feet (3.4 m), and of the foot ways, which are also asphalted, 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) inches. The main girders rested on masonry bed-stones, which were supported by the cement concrete with which the cast-iron piers are filled, the piers in each instance having been sunk down to the bed-rock granite. They were composed of cast-iron cylinders seven feet in internal diameter, fitted together in segments, and bolted in lengths as they were lowered into the river bed; and after being tested with double the weight that they would be ever required to sustain, they were filled up with cement concrete. The great depth below the waterline to which these piers were sunk necessitated a much heavier description of bracing than that sent from England. The castings for these heavier braces, which were eighty-nine tons weight, were made by Messrs. James Martin & Co., of Gawler, and were fitted together at the bridge works, on a staging lowered into the water, and afterwards adjusted and fixed by the divers. So soon as the piers were filled up and the bed-stones set the girders, which had previously been put together on floating stages between the piers, were lowered on to the bed-plates by admitting water into the pontoons, which were then removed and moored in the next span, where the operation of building and fixing the girders was carried on, until all the spans were completed. The eastern approach consisted of twenty-three spans of sixty feet each, making a total length of 1,380 feet (420 m). The piers consist of cast-iron cylinders in six-feet lengths, socketed together and sunk into the swamp to an average depth of about sixty feet. After being duly tested they were filled up with concrete and prepared to receive the main girders, which were constructed on the lattice principle and are made continuous; that is to say, every three spans represented a length of 179 feet 10 inches (54.81 m). The cross girders are constructed of plates and angle irons, and the floor, which was composed of buckle plates, were secured to the cross-girders by suitable bearers. The work of erecting the approach occupied about twelve months, the chief difficulty being the transit of the materials, about 2,560 tons, by sea and overland, and the sinking of the cylinders. The girders were lifted into position by a " Goliath" which was carried on rails throughout the whole length of the swamp. Droughts and flooding Murray Bridge New high water mark 1956 plaque The severe droughts of 1967 to 1968, 1981 to 1983, 1991 to 1995, and 2006 to 2011 (the "Millennium drought") reduced the Murray to a trickle. However, the major floods of 1956 and 2011 had the water reaching new record heights. There have also been major floods in 1973 to 1974 and 2016. During 2020 and 2021 the river has been flowing strongly. References ^ "THE MURRAY BRIDGE". Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 - 1904). 22 March 1879. p. 20. Retrieved 29 May 2021. ^ "Murray Bridge renamed". Retrieved 29 May 2021. ^ "The South Australia Heritage Places database". maps.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 22 May 2021. ^ "Location SA Viewer". location.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 22 May 2021. ^ "Murray Bridge, SA". Aussie Towns. Retrieved 22 May 2021. ^ a b c "THE MURRAY BRIDGE". Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 - 1904). 22 March 1879. p. 20. Retrieved 22 May 2021. ^ a b c d e "THE MURRAY BRIDGE". Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 - 1904). 22 March 1879. p. 21. Retrieved 22 May 2021. ^ "Department for Environment and Water - River Murray issues". 35°06′56″S 139°16′48″E / 35.1155°S 139.2800°E / -35.1155; 139.2800	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murray Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bridge,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Lake Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Alexandrina_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Place in South AustraliaThe Murray River road bridge, Murray Bridge is a bridge in the town of Murray Bridge, located 76 km (47 mi) south-east of Adelaide on the Murray River north of Lake Alexandra.[1] The bridge was built as a road bridge in 1879 and converted for mixed road/rail use shortly thereafter. The tiny settlement of Edwards Crossing was renamed Murray Bridge when a new railway bridge was constructed in 1924.[2] Since then, the bridge has been used for road traffic only.","title":"Murray River road bridge, Murray Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SA Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Murray River road bridge, Murray Bridge is classified by the National Trust. It has a Status Code of \"REG - Confirmed as a State Heritage Place in the SA Heritage Register\", Status Date 28-MAY-1981. It's Reference is LGA Murray Bridge, State Heritage ID 10287, Heritage Number 14191. Plan Parcel & Title Information CT 0000/0000 H750200 RIVER MURRAY,CT 0000/0000 H170700 RIVER MURRAY,CT 6105/13 D33894 A9,CR 6105/15 H750200 S709.[3][4]","title":"Heritage Listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"It was built of iron between 1873 and 1879 and is 603.5 metres (1,980 ft) in length. It was used by trains for 40 years and during that time toll gates were installed to control other traffic across the bridge. The bridge became a shared road and rail bridge in 1886 and remained so until 1925 when a separate railway bridge was built.[5] An article in the Adelaide Observer of Saturday 22 March 1879 stated that \"The Murray Bridge deserves more than a passing notice, as it is the largest and at the same time the mostly costly undertaking of its kind that has been erected in the Australian Colonies, including New Zealand.\"[6]The political history of the bridge extended through several sessions of Parliament starting in 1861 when a Committee of the House of Assembly recommended that if a suitable bridge could be erected at a cost not exceeding £20,000 the required amount should be included in the Estimates for the following session. The structure had to be specially adapted for the transit of cattle and sheep.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"text":"The height of the bridge was initially set at twenty feet (6.1 m) above the water, but in carrying out the work it was found necessary to increase it to thirty feet (9.1 m) in order to be clear of the funnels of the river steamers.[6]Superintendent, Mr. H. Parker, arrived from England in June 1874, with his apparatus and commenced the work of placing the remaining piers in position. To measure the depth, divers were sent through 50 feet (15 m) of water and 30 feet of river drift, making a total depth below water level of 80 feet (24 m), under which the divers worked. No.1 pier was taken down 70 feet (21 m); No. 2 pier, 92 feet (28 m); No. 3 pier, 118 feet (36 m); No. 4 pier, 110 feet (34 m); and No. 5 pier, 109 feet (33 m) below the underside of the main girders.[7]It was a work of some considerable difficulty and danger, and to estimate the cost with the insufficient data at hand was very hazardous. The bridge piers, now increased to five in number, were sunk thirty feet deeper and raised ten feet higher, to suit the steamers, than the section of the river sent to England in 1865 indicated.[7]The river spans were five in number, each being 114 feet 5 inches (34.87 m) in the clear, and constructed on the Warren principle. They were built by Messrs. Kennard Brothers, of the Crumlin Works, South Wales, and were a fine sample of first-class bridge work. The main girders are connected together laterally by cross girders, which were originally made on the lattice principle, but not being strong enough to sustain the weight of a railway train they were taken to pieces and reconstructed of plate and angle irons. The bridge is floored with Malletts buckle plates, upon which the asphalt and road metal is carried. The length of the structure over the river is 695 feet (212 m), the width of roadway being 11 feet (3.4 m), and of the foot ways, which are also asphalted, 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) inches.[7]The main girders rested on masonry bed-stones, which were supported by the cement concrete with which the cast-iron piers are filled, the piers in each instance having been sunk down to the bed-rock granite. They were composed of cast-iron cylinders seven feet in internal diameter, fitted together in segments, and bolted in lengths as they were lowered into the river bed; and after being tested with double the weight that they would be ever required to sustain, they were filled up with cement concrete. The great depth below the waterline to which these piers were sunk necessitated a much heavier description of bracing than that sent from England. The castings for these heavier braces, which were eighty-nine tons weight, were made by Messrs. James Martin & Co., of Gawler, and were fitted together at the bridge works, on a staging lowered into the water, and afterwards adjusted and fixed by the divers. So soon as the piers were filled up and the bed-stones set the girders, which had previously been put together on floating stages between the piers, were lowered on to the bed-plates by admitting water into the pontoons, which were then removed and moored in the next span, where the operation of building and fixing the girders was carried on, until all the spans were completed.[7]The eastern approach consisted of twenty-three spans of sixty feet each, making a total length of 1,380 feet (420 m). The piers consist of cast-iron cylinders in six-feet lengths, socketed together and sunk into the swamp to an average depth of about sixty feet. After being duly tested they were filled up with concrete and prepared to receive the main girders, which were constructed on the lattice principle and are made continuous; that is to say, every three spans represented a length of 179 feet 10 inches (54.81 m). The cross girders are constructed of plates and angle irons, and the floor, which was composed of buckle plates, were secured to the cross-girders by suitable bearers. The work of erecting the approach occupied about twelve months, the chief difficulty being the transit of the materials, about 2,560 tons, by sea and overland, and the sinking of the cylinders. The girders were lifted into position by a \" Goliath\" which was carried on rails throughout the whole length of the swamp.[7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murray_Bridge_New_high_water_mark_1956_plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Millennium drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_drought"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Murray Bridge New high water mark 1956 plaqueThe severe droughts of 1967 to 1968, 1981 to 1983, 1991 to 1995, and 2006 to 2011 (the \"Millennium drought\") reduced the Murray to a trickle.However, the major floods of 1956 and 2011 had the water reaching new record heights. There have also been major floods in 1973 to 1974 and 2016. During 2020 and 2021 the river has been flowing strongly.[8]","title":"Droughts and flooding"}]	[{"image_text":"Murray Bridge New high water mark 1956 plaque","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Murray_Bridge_New_high_water_mark_1956_plaque.jpg/220px-Murray_Bridge_New_high_water_mark_1956_plaque.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"THE MURRAY BRIDGE\". Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 - 1904). 22 March 1879. p. 20. Retrieved 29 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article160119146","url_text":"\"THE MURRAY BRIDGE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Murray Bridge renamed\". Retrieved 29 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nia.gov.au/newspaper/article/47205687","url_text":"\"Murray Bridge renamed\""}]},{"reference":"\"The South Australia Heritage Places database\". maps.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 22 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=14191","url_text":"\"The South Australia Heritage Places database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Location SA Viewer\". location.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 22 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/?map=hybrid&x=139.27991939&y=-35.11566277&z=18&uids=95,102,180","url_text":"\"Location SA Viewer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Murray Bridge, SA\". Aussie Towns. Retrieved 22 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aussietowns.com.au/town/murray-bridge-sa","url_text":"\"Murray Bridge, SA\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE MURRAY BRIDGE\". Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 - 1904). 22 March 1879. p. 20. Retrieved 22 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article160119146","url_text":"\"THE MURRAY BRIDGE\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE MURRAY BRIDGE\". Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 - 1904). 22 March 1879. p. 21. Retrieved 22 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article160119146","url_text":"\"THE MURRAY BRIDGE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Department for Environment and Water - River Murray issues\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/topics/river-murray/about/educational-resources/river-murray-issues","url_text":"\"Department for Environment and Water - River Murray issues\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Murray_River_road_bridge,_Murray_Bridge&params=35.1155_S_139.28_E_type:landmark_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"35°06′56″S 139°16′48″E / 35.1155°S 139.2800°E / -35.1155; 139.2800"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article160119146","external_links_name":"\"THE MURRAY BRIDGE\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nia.gov.au/newspaper/article/47205687","external_links_name":"\"Murray Bridge renamed\""},{"Link":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=14191","external_links_name":"\"The South Australia Heritage Places database\""},{"Link":"http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/?map=hybrid&x=139.27991939&y=-35.11566277&z=18&uids=95,102,180","external_links_name":"\"Location SA Viewer\""},{"Link":"https://www.aussietowns.com.au/town/murray-bridge-sa","external_links_name":"\"Murray Bridge, SA\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article160119146","external_links_name":"\"THE MURRAY BRIDGE\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article160119146","external_links_name":"\"THE MURRAY BRIDGE\""},{"Link":"https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/topics/river-murray/about/educational-resources/river-murray-issues","external_links_name":"\"Department for Environment and Water - River Murray issues\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Murray_River_road_bridge,_Murray_Bridge&params=35.1155_S_139.28_E_type:landmark_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"35°06′56″S 139°16′48″E / 35.1155°S 139.2800°E / -35.1155; 139.2800"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Mountain,_Michigan	Crystal Mountain, Michigan	["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 44°31′03″N 85°59′34″W / 44.51750°N 85.99278°W / 44.51750; -85.99278 Census-designated place & unincorporated community in Michigan, United StatesCrystal Mountain, MichiganCensus-designated place (CDP) & unincorporated communityLocation within Benzie CountyCrystal MountainLocation within the state of MichiganShow map of MichiganCrystal MountainCrystal Mountain (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 44°31′03″N 85°59′34″W / 44.51750°N 85.99278°W / 44.51750; -85.99278CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyBenzieTownshipWeldonArea • Total1.78 sq mi (4.62 km2) • Land1.78 sq mi (4.60 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2)Elevation791 ft (241 m)Population (2020) • Total73 • Density41.06/sq mi (15.85/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code(s)49683 (Thompsonville)Area code231FIPS code26-19195GNIS feature ID2583732 Crystal Mountain is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Benzie County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 59 at the 2020 census. Crystal Mountain is located within Weldon Township. The CDP includes the Crystal Mountain Resort & Spa and Michigan Legacy Art Park. Geography The Crystal Mountain CDP is located in the southern part of Weldon Township in southern Benzie County. The CDP's southern border is the Manistee County line. The northeast edge of the CDP is formed by M-115, the Cadillac Highway. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Crystal Mountain CDP has a total area of 1.7 square miles (4.3 km2), of which 0.008 square miles (0.02 km2), or 0.46%, is water. The majority of the CDP's area is taken up by the Crystal Mountain Resort, which occupies all of the Buck Hills southwest of M-115, as well as flat land at the base of the hills. History The community of Crystal Mountain was listed as a newly-organized census-designated place for the 2010 census, meaning it now has officially defined boundaries and population statistics for the first time. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 202073—U.S. Decennial Census Y-o-Y Change Total Population 100 69.5% Male Population 51 27.5% Female Population 49 157.9% Male population 51% Female population 49% Y-o-Y Change Median Age 50.5 -27.9% Citizen US Born 100 69.5% Citizen US Born 100% Y-o-Y Change Moved from Same County 4 N/A Moved from Same State 11 N/A Same House as Last Year 85 44.1% . References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Crystal Mountain, Michigan ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Crystal Mountain CDP, Michigan". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2014. ^ "Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. September 2012. p. III-4. Retrieved August 8, 2016. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ "Crystal Mountain, MI Household Income, Population & Demographics \| Point2". www.point2homes.com. Retrieved February 18, 2023. External links Crystal Mountain Resort Michigan Legacy Artpark vteMunicipalities and communities of Benzie County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: BeulahCity Frankfort Map of Michigan highlighting Benzie County.svgVillages Benzonia Beulah Elberta Honor Lake Ann Thompsonville Civil townships Almira Benzonia Blaine Colfax Crystal Lake Gilmore Homestead Inland Joyfield Lake Platte Weldon CDPs Bendon Crystal Downs Country Club Crystal Mountain Hardwood Acres Maple Grove Nessen City Pilgrim Ghost towns Aral Cedar Run‡ Watervale Indian reservation Grand Traverse Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Michigan portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Benzie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzie_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-4"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Weldon Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldon_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Crystal Mountain Resort & Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Mountain_(Michigan)"}],"text":"Census-designated place & unincorporated community in Michigan, United StatesCrystal Mountain is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Benzie County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 59 at the 2020 census.[4][failed verification] Crystal Mountain is located within Weldon Township.The CDP includes the Crystal Mountain Resort & Spa and Michigan Legacy Art Park.","title":"Crystal Mountain, Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weldon Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldon_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Manistee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manistee_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"M-115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-115_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-4"}],"text":"The Crystal Mountain CDP is located in the southern part of Weldon Township in southern Benzie County. The CDP's southern border is the Manistee County line. The northeast edge of the CDP is formed by M-115, the Cadillac Highway.According to the United States Census Bureau, the Crystal Mountain CDP has a total area of 1.7 square miles (4.3 km2), of which 0.008 square miles (0.02 km2), or 0.46%, is water.[4] The majority of the CDP's area is taken up by the Crystal Mountain Resort, which occupies all of the Buck Hills southwest of M-115, as well as flat land at the base of the hills.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The community of Crystal Mountain was listed as a newly-organized census-designated place for the 2010 census, meaning it now has officially defined boundaries and population statistics for the first time.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Male population 51%Female population 49%Citizen US Born 100%.[7]","title":"Demographics"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Benzie County.svg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Benzie_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Benzie_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_26.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Crystal Mountain CDP, Michigan\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212193638/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US2619195","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Crystal Mountain CDP, Michigan\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US2619195","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing\" (PDF). 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. September 2012. p. III-4. Retrieved August 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-24.pdf","url_text":"\"Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census","url_text":"2010 United States Census"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crystal Mountain, MI Household Income, Population & Demographics \| Point2\". www.point2homes.com. Retrieved February 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.point2homes.com/US/Neighborhood/MI/Crystal-Mountain-Demographics.html","url_text":"\"Crystal Mountain, MI Household Income, Population & Demographics \| Point2\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crystal_Mountain,_Michigan&params=44_31_03_N_85_59_34_W_region:US-MI_type:city(73)","external_links_name":"44°31′03″N 85°59′34″W / 44.51750°N 85.99278°W / 44.51750; -85.99278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crystal_Mountain,_Michigan&params=44_31_03_N_85_59_34_W_region:US-MI_type:city(73)","external_links_name":"44°31′03″N 85°59′34″W / 44.51750°N 85.99278°W / 44.51750; -85.99278"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_26.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2583732","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Crystal Mountain, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200212193638/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US2619195","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Crystal Mountain CDP, Michigan\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US2619195","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-24.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.point2homes.com/US/Neighborhood/MI/Crystal-Mountain-Demographics.html","external_links_name":"\"Crystal Mountain, MI Household Income, Population & Demographics \| Point2\""},{"Link":"http://www.crystalmountain.com/","external_links_name":"Crystal Mountain Resort"},{"Link":"http://www.michlegacyartpark.org/","external_links_name":"Michigan Legacy Artpark"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaghan,_New_South_Wales	Callaghan, New South Wales	["1 History","2 Places","3 References"]	Coordinates: 32°53′24″S 151°42′04″E / 32.890°S 151.701°E / -32.890; 151.701 Suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales, AustraliaCallaghanNewcastle, New South WalesCallaghanCoordinates32°53′24″S 151°42′04″E / 32.890°S 151.701°E / -32.890; 151.701Population1,326 (2016 census)Postcode(s)2308Elevation44 m (144 ft)Location 10 km (6 mi) WNW of Newcastle 2 km (1 mi) NE of Jesmond LGA(s)City of NewcastleParishNewcastleState electorate(s)WallsendFederal division(s)Newcastle Suburbs around Callaghan: Shortland Shortland Warabrook Birmingham Gardens Callaghan Warabrook Jesmond North Lambton Waratah West Callaghan (/ˈkæləɡən/ KAL-ə-gən) is a suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia 10 kilometres (6 mi) from Newcastle's central business district. It contains the main campus of the University of Newcastle, which is the entirety of the suburb. It is served by Warabrook railway station on NSW TrainLink's Hunter Line. Callaghan borders the suburbs of Shortland, Waratah West, and Warabrook. History The Aboriginal people in this area, the Awabakal, were the first people of this land. The suburb was named after Sir Bede Callaghan (1912–1993), who was Chancellor of the University of Newcastle from 1977 to 1988. Callaghan had a population of 1,326 in 2016. Places The Forum Sports and Aquatic Centre is located within the University of Newcastle and includes a number of sporting facilities – a heated indoor pool, five outdoor ovals and a gymnasium. It opened to general members of the public. References ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Callaghan (State Suburb)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ "Aboriginal Culture". City of Newcastle. Archived from the original on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2020. ^ "Bede Callaghan". Living Histories @ UON. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2020. ^ "Callaghan". City of Newcastle. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015. vteTowns, suburbs & localities of the City of Newcastle, New South WalesTowns, suburbs& localities Adamstown Adamstown Heights Bar Beach Beresfield Birmingham Gardens Black Hill Broadmeadow Callaghan Carrington Cooks Hill Elermore Vale Fletcher Georgetown Hamilton Hamilton East Hamilton North Hamilton South Hexham The Hill Islington Jesmond The Junction Kooragang Kotara Lambton Lenaghan Maryland Maryville Mayfield Mayfield East Mayfield North Mayfield West Merewether Merewether Heights Minmi New Lambton New Lambton Heights Newcastle Newcastle East Newcastle West North Lambton Rankin Park Sandgate Shortland Stockton Tarro Tighes Hill Wallsend Warabrook Waratah Waratah West Wickham Rivers andother waterways Glenrock Lagoon Hunter River Williams River Other places &points of interest Beaumont Street Broadmeadow Basketball Stadium Christ Church Cathedral Fernleigh Track Fort Scratchley Hunter Ice Skating Stadium Hunter Street John Hunter Hospital Mount Sugarloaf Newcastle City Hall Newcastle Civic Theatre Newcastle Court House Newcastle Customs House Newcastle Entertainment Centre Newcastle International Sports Centre Newcastle Museum Newcastle Street Circuit Nobbys Head Queens Wharf Royal Newcastle Hospital State Dockyard Stockton Beach Stockton Bridge Tourle Street Bridge University of Newcastle Victoria Theatre This City of Newcastle geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈkæləɡən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"KAL-ə-gən","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suburbs_in_Greater_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"University of Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Newcastle,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Warabrook railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warabrook_railway_station"},{"link_name":"NSW TrainLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_TrainLink"},{"link_name":"Hunter Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Line"},{"link_name":"Shortland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortland,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Waratah West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waratah_West,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Warabrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warabrook,_New_South_Wales"}],"text":"Suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales, AustraliaCallaghan (/ˈkæləɡən/ KAL-ə-gən) is a suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia 10 kilometres (6 mi) from Newcastle's central business district. It contains the main campus of the University of Newcastle, which is the entirety of the suburb. It is served by Warabrook railway station on NSW TrainLink's Hunter Line.Callaghan borders the suburbs of Shortland, Waratah West, and Warabrook.","title":"Callaghan, New South Wales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"Awabakal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awabakal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bede Callaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede_Callaghan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abs-1"}],"text":"The Aboriginal people in this area, the Awabakal, were the first people of this land.[2]The suburb was named after Sir Bede Callaghan (1912–1993), who was Chancellor of the University of Newcastle from 1977 to 1988.[3]Callaghan had a population of 1,326 in 2016.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Forum Sports and Aquatic Centre is located within the University of Newcastle and includes a number of sporting facilities – a heated indoor pool, five outdoor ovals and a gymnasium. It opened to general members of the public.[4]","title":"Places"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Callaghan (State Suburb)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 9 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC10755","url_text":"\"Callaghan (State Suburb)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal Culture\". City of Newcastle. Archived from the original on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newcastle.nsw.gov.au/explore/history-heritage/aboriginal-culture","url_text":"\"Aboriginal Culture\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151112035536/http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au:80/Explore/History-Heritage/Aboriginal-culture","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bede Callaghan\". Living Histories @ UON. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://livinghistories.newcastle.edu.au/nodes/view/55055","url_text":"\"Bede Callaghan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190115132441/https://livinghistories.newcastle.edu.au/nodes/view/55055","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Callaghan\". City of Newcastle. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/living/our-city/suburbs/callaghan.aspx","url_text":"\"Callaghan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151217092623/http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/Living/Our-City/Suburbs/Callaghan.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Callaghan,_New_South_Wales&params=32.89_S_151.701_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW","external_links_name":"32°53′24″S 151°42′04″E / 32.890°S 151.701°E / -32.890; 151.701"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Callaghan,_New_South_Wales&params=32.89_S_151.701_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW","external_links_name":"32°53′24″S 151°42′04″E / 32.890°S 151.701°E / -32.890; 151.701"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC10755","external_links_name":"\"Callaghan (State Suburb)\""},{"Link":"https://newcastle.nsw.gov.au/explore/history-heritage/aboriginal-culture","external_links_name":"\"Aboriginal Culture\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151112035536/http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au:80/Explore/History-Heritage/Aboriginal-culture","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://livinghistories.newcastle.edu.au/nodes/view/55055","external_links_name":"\"Bede Callaghan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190115132441/https://livinghistories.newcastle.edu.au/nodes/view/55055","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/living/our-city/suburbs/callaghan.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Callaghan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151217092623/http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/Living/Our-City/Suburbs/Callaghan.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callaghan,_New_South_Wales&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

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