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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ganz	William Ganz	["1 References"]	American cardiologist William GanzBorn(1919-01-07)January 7, 1919Košice, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia)DiedNovember 10, 2009(2009-11-10) (aged 90)Los Angeles, CaliforniaOccupationcardiologistKnown forco-inventor of the pulmonary artery catheter William Ganz (January 7, 1919 – November 10, 2009) was a Slovakia-born American cardiologist who co-invented the pulmonary artery catheter, often referred to as the Swan-Ganz catheter, with Jeremy Swan in 1970. The catheter is used to monitor heart conditions, especially in intensive care units. Ganz was also one of the first cardiologists to use enzymes to open clogged arteries, which can lead to heart attacks. Ganz was born in Kosice, Czechoslovakia, located in modern-day Slovakia, in 1919. He enrolled at the Charles University School of Medicine in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1938. The school was closed in 1940 following the start of Nazi Germany's occupation Czechoslovakia. Ganz, who was Jewish, was sent to a Nazi labor camp in Hungary during World War II. He was scheduled to be sent to Auschwitz in 1944, but escaped and went into hiding. After World War II, Ganz graduated from Charles University in 1947 at the top of his class. Ganz worked in Czechoslovakia, which was under Communist rule at the time. In 1966, Ganz was permitted to take his wife, Magda, and the couple's two sons on a vacation to Italy. Instead, the family went to Vienna, Austria, where they applied for a visa to the United States. He had relatives in Los Angeles, which allowed the family to move to the United States. Ganz gained a position at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where he remained for the rest of his career. Ganz and Dr. Jeremy Swan first developed the idea for the pulmonary artery catheter in 1970. A balloon is placed at the end of a flexible catheter, which is inserted into the pulmonary artery. Additionally, Ganz had a role in the development of thrombolysis, in which enzymes break down blood clots. Ganz died of natural causes on November 11, 2009, at the age of 90. He was survived by his sons, Dr. Peter Ganz, a cardiologist at UCSF, and Dr. Tomas Ganz, a pulmonologist at UCLA. His wife, Magda Ganz, died in 2005. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Maugh II, Thomas H. (November 13, 2009). "Dr. William Ganz dies at 90; cardiologist co-invented flexible balloon catheter". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 7, 2009. 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Ganz was also one of the first cardiologists to use enzymes to open clogged arteries, which can lead to heart attacks.[1]Ganz was born in Kosice, Czechoslovakia, located in modern-day Slovakia, in 1919.[1] He enrolled at the Charles University School of Medicine in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1938.[1] The school was closed in 1940 following the start of Nazi Germany's occupation Czechoslovakia. Ganz, who was Jewish, was sent to a Nazi labor camp in Hungary during World War II.[1] He was scheduled to be sent to Auschwitz in 1944, but escaped and went into hiding.[1] After World War II, Ganz graduated from Charles University in 1947 at the top of his class.[1]Ganz worked in Czechoslovakia, which was under Communist rule at the time. In 1966, Ganz was permitted to take his wife, Magda, and the couple's two sons on a vacation to Italy.[1] Instead, the family went to Vienna, Austria, where they applied for a visa to the United States.[1] He had relatives in Los Angeles, which allowed the family to move to the United States.[1] Ganz gained a position at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where he remained for the rest of his career.[1]Ganz and Dr. Jeremy Swan first developed the idea for the pulmonary artery catheter in 1970.[1] A balloon is placed at the end of a flexible catheter, which is inserted into the pulmonary artery. Additionally, Ganz had a role in the development of thrombolysis, in which enzymes break down blood clots.[1]Ganz died of natural causes on November 11, 2009, at the age of 90.[1] He was survived by his sons, Dr. Peter Ganz, a cardiologist at UCSF, and Dr. Tomas Ganz, a pulmonologist at UCLA.[1] His wife, Magda Ganz, died in 2005.[1]","title":"William Ganz"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Maugh II, Thomas H. (November 13, 2009). \"Dr. William Ganz dies at 90; cardiologist co-invented flexible balloon catheter\". Los Angeles Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Clements	W. W. Clements	["1 Biography","2 References"]	American soft drink industry businessman Woodrow Wilson "Foots" Clements (July 30, 1914 – October 3, 2002) was an American businessman who helped to build the soft drink Dr. Pepper into a global brand. He served as the company's chief executive officer (CEO) and chairman of the board from 1974 to 1986. Biography Clements was born on July 30, 1914, in Windham Springs, Alabama. He was named after then-President of the United States Woodrow Wilson. He became known as "Foots" in high school because of his unusually shaped toes. In 1935, while attending the University of Alabama, he began working for Dr. Pepper, initially selling their product out of a delivery truck. In 1942, he became a zone sales manager for Dr. Pepper, and he began working at the company's headquarters in Texas in 1944. He was named Dr. Pepper's general sales manager in 1957, executive vice president and director in 1967, president and chief operating officer in 1969, and chairman of the board and CEO in 1974. He continued to chair the board until 1986, and served as a member of the board until 1995. In 1986, he became chairman emeritus, which he described at the time as "a title of honor that still carries certain responsibilities and authority." He continued to serve as a director at Dr. Pepper until 1995. He died on October 3, 2002, at the age of 88, after suffering from dementia. References ^ a b c "W.W. Clements, 88, Executive Who Built Dr Pepper's Brand". The New York Times. Reuters. 2002-10-05. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-08-31. ^ a b "Legends". The University of Alabama. Retrieved 2019-08-31. ^ "Woodrow Wilson Clements". Dallas Morning-News. 2002-10-06. Retrieved 2019-08-31. ^ "Dr Pepper's W.W. Clements Dies". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2019-08-31. ^ Demaret, Kent (1986-09-08). "'Foots' Clements, Master of the Soft-Drink Sell, Makes a Hot Deal". People. Retrieved 2019-08-31. This article about a chief executive from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soft drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drink"},{"link_name":"Dr. Pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Pepper"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"chairman of the board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_board"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ua-2"}],"text":"Woodrow Wilson \"Foots\" Clements (July 30, 1914 – October 3, 2002) was an American businessman who helped to build the soft drink Dr. Pepper into a global brand. He served as the company's chief executive officer (CEO) and chairman of the board from 1974 to 1986.[1][2]","title":"W. W. Clements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Windham Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windham_Springs"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"toes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"sales manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_manager"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"executive vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_vice_president"},{"link_name":"chief operating officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ua-2"},{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"}],"text":"Clements was born on July 30, 1914, in Windham Springs, Alabama.[3] He was named after then-President of the United States Woodrow Wilson. He became known as \"Foots\" in high school because of his unusually shaped toes.[1] In 1935, while attending the University of Alabama, he began working for Dr. Pepper, initially selling their product out of a delivery truck. In 1942, he became a zone sales manager for Dr. Pepper, and he began working at the company's headquarters in Texas in 1944. He was named Dr. Pepper's general sales manager in 1957, executive vice president and director in 1967, president and chief operating officer in 1969, and chairman of the board and CEO in 1974. He continued to chair the board until 1986, and served as a member of the board until 1995.[4] In 1986, he became chairman emeritus, which he described at the time as \"a title of honor that still carries certain responsibilities and authority.\"[5] He continued to serve as a director at Dr. Pepper until 1995.[2] He died on October 3, 2002, at the age of 88, after suffering from dementia.[1]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"W.W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kumeyki	Battle of Kumeyki	["1 References"]	Battle at Kumeyki This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Battle of Kumeyki" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Battle of KumeykyPart of the Pavlyuk UprisingDateDecember 16, 1637LocationKumeiky in modern Cherkasy Oblast, UkraineResult Decisive Polish victoryBelligerents Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Zaporozhian CossacksCommanders and leaders Mikołaj Potocki Pavlo PavliukStrength 2,800 Cavarly 1,200 Dragons 6 artillery pieces 21,000 men8 artillery piecesCasualties and losses 150 killed350 wounded 6,000 killed The Battle of Kumeyky was fought during the Pavlyuk Uprising between the Polish crown forces and insurgent Cossacks on December 16, 1637. The Polish crown army under the command of Mikołaj Potocki defeated Cossacks commanded by Pavlo Pavliuk. References M.Dubienicki - Kudak. Twierdza kresowa , https://ksiegarniamiles.pl/sklep/ksiazki/wydawnictwo-miles/kudak-twierdza-kresowa-i-jej-okolice/ M.Franz - powstanie kozackie w 1637 (in Polish) Marcin Gawęda, Powstanie kozackie 1637, Inforteditions, Zabrze 2007, ISBN 978-83-89943-17-0 This article about a battle in Polish history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Ukrainian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pavlyuk Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlyuk_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Polish crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Potocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Potocki"},{"link_name":"Pavlo Pavliuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlo_Pavliuk"}],"text":"The Battle of Kumeyky was fought during the Pavlyuk Uprising between the Polish crown forces and insurgent Cossacks on December 16, 1637. The Polish crown army under the command of Mikołaj Potocki defeated Cossacks commanded by Pavlo Pavliuk.","title":"Battle of Kumeyki"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+Kumeyki%22","external_links_name":"\"Battle of Kumeyki\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+Kumeyki%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+Kumeyki%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+Kumeyki%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Kumeyki%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Kumeyki%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://ksiegarniamiles.pl/sklep/ksiazki/wydawnictwo-miles/kudak-twierdza-kresowa-i-jej-okolice/","external_links_name":"https://ksiegarniamiles.pl/sklep/ksiazki/wydawnictwo-miles/kudak-twierdza-kresowa-i-jej-okolice/"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kumeyki&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kumeyki&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonyarit_Keattikun	Boonyarit Keattikun	["1 Career","2 Performance and rankings timeline","3 Career finals","3.1 Pro-am finals: 1 (1 title)","3.2 Amateur finals: 1 (1 title)","4 References","5 External links"]	Thai snooker player Boonyarit KeattikunBorn (1995-10-05) 5 October 1995 (age 28)Nakhon Nayok, ThailandSport country ThailandProfessional2016–2018Highest ranking93 (June 2017) Boonyarit Keattikun (Thai: บุญญฤทธิ์ เกียรติกุล; born 5 October 1995 in Nakhon Nayok, Thailand) is a Thai former professional snooker player. Career In 2015 Keattikun entered the World Under-21 Snooker Championships in Bucharest as the number 1 seed. Keattikun went on to reach the final and defeated Jamie Clarke 8–7 to win the championship. As a result, he was given a two-year card on the professional World Snooker Tour for the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons. He lost his first eight matches of the 2016/17 season, before beating Scott Donaldson 5–3 in German Masters qualifying. Keattikun lost 5–3 to Anthony Hamilton in the next round. His only other victory this year was at the Welsh Open, where he defeated 1997 world champion Ken Doherty 4–1, before losing by a reversal of this scoreline to Mark Allen. Performance and rankings timeline Tournament 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 Ranking 91 Ranking tournaments Riga Masters Minor-Rank. A A China Championship Not Held NR A Paul Hunter Classic Minor-Rank. WD A Indian Open A NH LQ 1R World Open Not Held LQ LQ European Masters Not Held LQ LQ English Open Not Held 1R 1R International Championship A A LQ LQ Shanghai Masters A A LQ LQ Northern Ireland Open Not Held 1R WD UK Championship A A 1R 1R Scottish Open Not Held 1R 1R German Masters A A LQ LQ Shoot-Out NR 1R A World Grand Prix NR DNQ DNQ DNQ Welsh Open A A 2R A Gibraltar Open NH MR A A Players Championship DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ China Open A A LQ A World Championship A A LQ A Non-ranking tournaments Six-red World Championship 2R QF 2R A Performance Table Legend LQ lost in the qualifying draw #R lost in the early rounds of the tournament(WR = Wildcard round, RR = Round robin) QF lost in the quarter-finals SF lost in the semi-finals F lost in the final W won the tournament DNQ did not qualify for the tournament A did not participate in the tournament WD withdrew from the tournament NH / Not Held means an event was not held. NR / Non-Ranking Event means an event is/was no longer a ranking event. R / Ranking Event means an event is/was a ranking event. MR / Minor-Ranking Event means an event is/was a minor-ranking event. ^ a b He was an amateur. ^ New players on the Main Tour don't have a ranking. Career finals Pro-am finals: 1 (1 title) Outcome No. Year Championship Opponent in the final Score Winner 1. 2016 Singapore Snooker Open Noppon Saengkham 5–4 Amateur finals: 1 (1 title) Outcome No. Year Championship Opponent in the final Score Winner 1. 2015 World Under-21 Snooker Championship Jamie Clarke 8–7 References ^ "WORLD RANKINGS After 2017 Kaspersky Riga Masters". World Snooker. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017. ^ "Keattikun Takes Under-21 Title". World Snooker. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2016. ^ "WPBSA Invites For World Qualifiers". World Snooker. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016. ^ "Boonyarit Keattikun 2016/2017". Snooker.org. Retrieved 6 April 2017. External links Cue sports portal Boonyarit Keattikun at the World Snooker Tour (archived) Boonyarit Keattikun at snooker.org	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Nakhon Nayok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Nayok_City"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker"}],"text":"Boonyarit Keattikun (Thai: บุญญฤทธิ์ เกียรติกุล; born 5 October 1995 in Nakhon Nayok, Thailand) is a Thai former professional snooker player.","title":"Boonyarit Keattikun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Under-21 Snooker Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_IBSF_World_Under-21_Snooker_Championship"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Jamie Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Clarke_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"World Snooker Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Snooker_Tour"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_snooker_season"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_snooker_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Scott Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Donaldson"},{"link_name":"German Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_German_Masters"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hamilton_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"Welsh Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Welsh_Open_(snooker)"},{"link_name":"Ken Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Doherty"},{"link_name":"Mark Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Allen_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 2015 Keattikun entered the World Under-21 Snooker Championships in Bucharest as the number 1 seed. Keattikun went on to reach the final and defeated Jamie Clarke 8–7 to win the championship. As a result, he was given a two-year card on the professional World Snooker Tour for the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons.[2][3]\nHe lost his first eight matches of the 2016/17 season, before beating Scott Donaldson 5–3 in German Masters qualifying. Keattikun lost 5–3 to Anthony Hamilton in the next round. His only other victory this year was at the Welsh Open, where he defeated 1997 world champion Ken Doherty 4–1, before losing by a reversal of this scoreline to Mark Allen.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AMA_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AMA_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UR_6-0"}],"text":"^ a b He was an amateur.\n\n^ New players on the Main Tour don't have a ranking.","title":"Performance and rankings timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pro-am finals: 1 (1 title)","title":"Career finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Amateur finals: 1 (1 title)","title":"Career finals"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"WORLD RANKINGS After 2017 Kaspersky Riga Masters\". World Snooker. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170703231319/http://www.worldsnooker.com/rankings/","url_text":"\"WORLD RANKINGS After 2017 Kaspersky Riga Masters\""},{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/rankings/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Keattikun Takes Under-21 Title\". World Snooker. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/keattikun-takes-under-21-title/","url_text":"\"Keattikun Takes Under-21 Title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Snooker","url_text":"World Snooker"}]},{"reference":"\"WPBSA Invites For World Qualifiers\". World Snooker. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wpbsa-invites-for-world-qualifiers/","url_text":"\"WPBSA Invites For World Qualifiers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Snooker","url_text":"World Snooker"}]},{"reference":"\"Boonyarit Keattikun 2016/2017\". Snooker.org. Retrieved 6 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?season=2016&player=1578","url_text":"\"Boonyarit Keattikun 2016/2017\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170703231319/http://www.worldsnooker.com/rankings/","external_links_name":"\"WORLD RANKINGS After 2017 Kaspersky Riga Masters\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/rankings/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/keattikun-takes-under-21-title/","external_links_name":"\"Keattikun Takes Under-21 Title\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wpbsa-invites-for-world-qualifiers/","external_links_name":"\"WPBSA Invites For World Qualifiers\""},{"Link":"http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?season=2016&player=1578","external_links_name":"\"Boonyarit Keattikun 2016/2017\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230321195226/https://wst.tv/players/boonyarit-keattikun/","external_links_name":"Boonyarit Keattikun"},{"Link":"https://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?season=-1&player=1578","external_links_name":"Boonyarit Keattikun"},{"Link":"https://www.snooker.org/","external_links_name":"snooker.org"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jenkins_(director)	Michael Jenkins (director)	["1 Filmography","1.1 Film","1.2 Television","2 References","3 External links"]	Australian writer, producer and director Michael JenkinsBorn1946 (1946)Died4 March 2024 (aged 77)Occupation(s)Writer, producer, director Michael Jenkins (1946 – 4 March 2024) was an Australian writer, producer and film and television director. Jenkins was the creator of the crime drama television series Scales of Justice, Blue Murder and Wildside, all of which deal with corruption in the New South Wales police force. He also directed the cult film The Heartbreak Kid, its spin-off series Heartbreak High, and served as a producer for the latter's 2022 reboot of the same name. Jenkins was one of the most highly regarded Australian directors of the 1990s, known for his distinctive, gritty style, particularly for his use of multiple hand-held cameras and semi-improvised dialogue. Jenkins garnered controversy in 2007, when he was announced as the director of The Wrong Girl, a film about the Sydney gang rapes in 2000, written with Nicholas Hammond. The film ceased production after criticism from Premier Morris Iemma and Deputy Premier John Watkins. Jenkins was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2020, and died on 4 March 2024, at the age of 77. Filmography Film Year Title Director Writer 1983 Careful, He Might Hear You No Yes 1985 Robbery Under Arms No Yes Rebel Yes Yes 1988 Emerald City Yes No 1991 Sweet Talker Yes No 1993 The Heartbreak Kid Yes Yes Television Year Title Director Writer Creator Notes 1967–1973 Bellbird Yes No No 1972 Quartet No Yes No 1973–1975 Certain Women Yes No No 1973 Serpent in the Rainbow No Yes No 4 episodes 1975 I'm Here, Darlings! Yes No No TV movie;Also producer 1976 Rush Yes No No 4 episodes 1977 Pig in a Poke Yes No No 1979 Bailey's Bird Yes Yes No Pilot episode One Day, Miller Yes No No 1980 Young Ramsay No Yes No 1 episode Water Under the Bridge No Yes No 8 episodes 1980–1982 Spring and Fall Yes Yes No 2 episodes 1981 Menotti No Yes No 1 episode 1983 Scales of Justice Yes No Yes 3 episodes 1986 The Gillies Republic Yes No No 6 episodes Shark's Paradise Yes No No TV movie 1988 The Dirtwater Dynasty Yes Yes No 5 episodes 1992 The Leaving of Liverpool Yes No No 2 episodes 1994–1997 Heartbreak High Yes No Yes 2 episodes 1995 Blue Murder Yes No Yes 2 episodes 1997–1999 Wildside Yes No Yes 2 episodes 2002 Young Lions Yes No Yes 3 episodes 2017 Blue Murder: Killer Cop Yes No Yes 2 episodes References ^ "Michael Jenkins". Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. ^ Barry, Ian (8 March 2024). ""A prodigious creator": Vale Michael Jenkins, writer, director and producer". If Magazine. ^ "Interview with Michael Jenkins". Peter Malone's Website. 25 March 1996. Retrieved 20 August 2016. ^ Idato, Michael (8 July 2002). "Roar Talent". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 August 2016. ^ "Curator's notes for Wildside". Australian Screen - National Film and Sound Archive. ^ Maddox, Gary (1 February 2007). "Director Defends Rape Movie". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 August 2016. ^ "Misgivings over gang rape film". 29 January 2007. ^ "Sydney gang-rape movie questioned". News.com.au. 27 January 2007. ^ Sun, Michael (7 March 2024). "Michael Jenkins: Heartbreak High, Scales of Justice and Blue Murder creator dies aged 77". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 March 2024. External links Michael Jenkins at IMDb Michael Jenkins at Australian Screen Online Michael Jenkins at AustLit (subscription required) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Korea Poland This biographical article related to film in Australia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"crime drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Scales of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scales_of_Justice_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Blue Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Murder_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Wildside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildside_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Heartbreak Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heartbreak_Kid_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"Heartbreak High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreak_High"},{"link_name":"2022 reboot of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreak_High_(2022_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sydney gang rapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_gang_rapes"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hammond"},{"link_name":"Morris Iemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Iemma"},{"link_name":"John Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watkins_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Michael Jenkins (1946 – 4 March 2024) was an Australian writer, producer and film and television director.[1][2]Jenkins was the creator of the crime drama television series Scales of Justice, Blue Murder and Wildside, all of which deal with corruption in the New South Wales police force. He also directed the cult film The Heartbreak Kid, its spin-off series Heartbreak High, and served as a producer for the latter's 2022 reboot of the same name.[3]Jenkins was one of the most highly regarded Australian directors of the 1990s,[4] known for his distinctive, gritty style, particularly for his use of multiple hand-held cameras and semi-improvised dialogue.[5]Jenkins garnered controversy in 2007, when he was announced as the director of The Wrong Girl, a film about the Sydney gang rapes in 2000, written with Nicholas Hammond. The film ceased production after criticism from Premier Morris Iemma and Deputy Premier John Watkins.[6][7][8]Jenkins was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2020, and died on 4 March 2024, at the age of 77.[9]","title":"Michael Jenkins (director)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Michael Jenkins\". Archived from the original on 22 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130222051753/http://www.signis.net/malone/tiki-index.php?page=Michael+Jenkins&bl","url_text":"\"Michael Jenkins\""},{"url":"http://www.signis.net/malone/tiki-index.php?page=Michael+Jenkins&bl","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barry, Ian (8 March 2024). \"\"A prodigious creator\": Vale Michael Jenkins, writer, director and producer\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Maryland	Maryland General Assembly	["1 History","2 Qualifications and membership","3 Legislative districts","4 Leadership","5 Overview of legislative procedure","6 See also","7 References","8 Notes","9 External links"]	Legislative branch of the state government of Maryland Maryland General AssemblyTypeTypeBicameral HousesSenateHouse of DelegatesTerm limitsNoneLeadershipPresident of the SenateBill Ferguson (D) since January 8, 2020 Speaker of the House of DelegatesAdrienne Jones (D) since May 1, 2019 StructureSeats18847 senators141 delegatesSenate political groups Democratic (34) Republican (13)House of Delegates political groups Democratic (102) Republican (39)Length of termBoth chambers: 4 yearsElectionsLast Senate electionNovember 8, 2022Last House of Delegates electionNovember 8, 2022Next Senate electionNovember 3, 2026Next House of Delegates electionNovember 3, 2026RedistrictingLegislative controlMottoFatti maschi, parole femmineMeeting placeMaryland State HouseAnnapolisWebsitemgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite The Maryland General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Maryland that convenes within the State House in Annapolis. It is a bicameral body: the upper chamber, the Maryland Senate, has 47 representatives, and the lower chamber, the Maryland House of Delegates, has 141 representatives. Members of both houses serve four-year terms. Each house elects its own officers, judges the qualifications and election of its own members, establishes rules for the conduct of its business, and may punish or expel its own members. The General Assembly convenes its legislative session for 90 days each year to act on more than 2,300 bills including the state's annual budget, which it must pass before adjourning sine die. The General Assembly's 446th session convened on January 10, 2024. History The forerunner of the Maryland General Assembly was the colonial institution, an Assembly of Free Marylanders (and also Council of Maryland). Maryland's foundational charter created a state ruled by the Palatine lord, Lord Baltimore. As ruler, Lord Baltimore owned directly all of the land granted in the charter, and possessed absolute authority over his domain. However, as elsewhere in British North America, British political institutions were re-created in the colonies, and the Maryland General Assembly fulfilled much the same function as the House of Commons. An act was passed providing that: from henceforth and for ever everyone being of the council of the Province and any other gentleman of able judgement summoned by writ (and the Lord of every Manor within this Province after Manors be erected) shall and may have his voice, seat, and place in every General Assembly ... together with two or more able and sufficient men for the hundred as the said freedmen or the major part of them ... shall think good. In addition, the Lord Proprietor could summon any delegates whom he desired. In 1639, noting that Parliament had not been summoned in England for a decade, the free men of Maryland passed an act to the effect that "assemblies were to be called once in every three years at the least", ensuring that their voices would be regularly heard. During the American Revolution the colonial Assembly ceased to exist, and was replaced by its modern successor. Starting in 1867, the Assembly became increasingly unrepresentative. As the population of Baltimore increased, it and other urban areas were not granted additional seats. By 1918, the city's population had increased 175% while the entire state gained only 46% with no reallocation of political power. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the General Assembly adjourned early on March 18, 2020, for the first time since the Civil War. Qualifications and membership Each senator or delegate must be a U.S. citizen and a resident of Maryland for at least one year preceding his or her election. A prospective legislator must have resided in the legislative district the candidate seeks to represent for the six months prior to election. A senator must be at least twenty-five years of age at the time of election and a delegate at least twenty-one. Military officers other than members of the reserves are not eligible for election to the General Assembly. Each term lasts four years. However, members of the General Assembly are not term-limited. If a vacancy occurs in either house through death, resignation, or disqualification, the Governor of Maryland appoints a replacement whose name is submitted by the State Central Committee of the same political party as the legislator whose seat is to be filled. Legislative districts Map of Maryland house of delegates electoral districts: 3 sub-districts 2 sub-districts 1 sub-district 3 dem. 2 dem., 1 rep. 1 dem., 2 rep. 3 rep. 2 dem. 1 dem., 1 rep. 2 rep. 1 dem. 1 rep. 1 ind. Current partisan composition: Democratic senator Republican senator The current pattern for distribution of seats began with the legislative apportionment plan of 1972 and has been revised every ten years thereafter according to the results of the decennial U.S. Census. A Constitutional amendment, the plan created 47 legislative districts, many of which cross county boundaries to delineate districts relatively equal in population. Each legislative district elects one senator and three delegates. In most districts, the three delegates are elected at large from the whole district via block voting. However, in some more sparsely populated areas of the state, the districts are divided into subdistricts for the election of delegates: either into three one-delegate subdistricts or one two-delegate subdistrict and one one-delegate subdistrict. Leadership The Senate is led by a President and the House by a Speaker whose respective duties and prerogatives enable them to influence the legislative process significantly. The President and the Speaker appoint the members of most committees and name their chairs and vice-chairs, except in the case of the Joint Committee on Investigation whose members elect their own officers. The President and Speaker preside over the daily sessions of their respective chambers, maintaining decorum and deciding points of order. As legislation is introduced, they assign it to a standing committee for consideration and a public hearing. The president pro tempore appoints majority and minority whips and leaders. Overview of legislative procedure A bill is a proposal to change, repeal, or add to existing state law. A House Bill (HB) is one introduced in the House of Delegates (for example: HB 6); a Senate Bill (SB), in the Senate. Bills are designated by number, in the order of introduction in each house. For example, HB 16 refers to the sixteenth bill introduced in the House of Delegates. The numbering starts afresh each session. The names of the sponsor (and co-sponsors, if any), the legislator who introduced the bill, becomes part of the title. Bills listed as "The Speaker (By Request of Administration)", "The President (By Request of Administration)", "Minority Leader (By Request of Administration)", or "Committee Chair (By Request of Department)" are bills proposed by the Governor and his agencies and are not proposals of the Speaker of the House, the President of the Senate, the Minority Leader, or the respective Committee Chair. They are listed with the official title of a legislator rather than the Governor due to requirements in the Maryland Constitution. The legislative procedure, is divided into distinct stages: Drafting. The procedure begins when a Senator or Delegate decides to author a bill. A legislator sends the idea for the bill to the Department of Legislative Services' bill drafting division, where it is drafted into bill form. The draft of the bill is returned to the legislator for introduction. Introduction or First Reading. A bill is introduced or read the first time when the bill number, the name of the sponsor, and the descriptive title of the bill are read on the floor of the house. Committee hearing. After introduction, a bill is assigned to the appropriate policy committee, appropriate to the subject matter, for its first hearing. Notice of the hearing is published in the Maryland Register to allow for public comment. During the committee hearing the sponsor presents the bill to the committee, and testimony may be heard in support or opposition to the bill from any member of the public. The committee then votes on whether to pass the bill out of committee, or that it be passed as amended. Bills may be amended several times. It takes a majority vote of the committee membership for a bill to be passed and sent to the next committee or to the floor. Second reading. A bill recommended for passage by committee is read a second time on the floor of the house. Legislators, not on the committee where the bill received its public hearing, may only offer amendments to the bill at this stage. House bills in the Senate may be amended by senators on second or third reading and Senate bills in the House may also be amended on second or third reading. After all amendments are considered, the presiding officer orders the bill to be printed for third reading. This printing would include any committee or floor amendments. Third reading. A roll call vote is taken. An ordinary bill needs a majority vote to pass. An emergency bill requires a three-fifths vote, and a bill requiring the Maryland Constitution to be amended requires a three-fifths vote. Second house. If the bill receives a constitutional majority from the first house, the bill repeats the same steps in the other house. If the second house passes the bill without changing it, it is sent to the governor's desk. Resolution of Differences (concurrence or conference). If a measure is amended in the second house and passed, it is returned to the house of origin for consideration of amendments. The house of origin may concur with the amendments and send the bill to the governor or reject the amendments and submit it to a two-house conference committee. Appointed by the Senate President and the House Speaker, a conference committee consists of three members of each house. The committee sends a report of its recommendations to each chamber which then can adopt or reject it. If the report is adopted, the bill is voted upon for final passage in each house. If the report is rejected by either house, the bill fails. Legislators pose as Governor O'Malley signs a bill into law at a signing ceremony in Annapolis, Maryland, on May 13, 2008. Governor's action. All passed bills, except the budget bill and constitutional amendments, must be presented to the Governor within twenty days following adjournment of a session. The Governor may veto bills within thirty days after presentation. If a passed bill is not vetoed, it becomes law. The budget bill, however, becomes law upon its final passage and cannot be vetoed. Constitutional amendments also cannot be vetoed; they become law only upon their ratification by the voters at the next general election. Veto overrides. A vetoed bill is returned to the house of origin, where a vote may be taken to override the governor's veto; a three-fifths vote of both houses is required to override a veto. Effective date. Each bill that is passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor is assigned a chapter number by the Secretary of State. These chaptered bills are statutes, and ordinarily become part of Maryland law. Ordinarily a law passed during a regular session takes effect October 1 of the same year. Emergency bills go into effect as soon as the governor signs them; these include acts calling for special elections and emergency measures necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety. See also Maryland General Assemblies 422nd 423rd 424th 425th 426th 427th 428th 430th 431st 432nd vte Annotated Code of Maryland: codification of the statutory laws of Maryland List of current members of the Maryland Senate List of current members of the Maryland House of Delegates Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland Impeachment in Maryland References Andrews, Matthew Page, History of Maryland, Doubleday, New York (1929) Notes ^ Broadwater, Luke; Wood, Pamela (May 1, 2019). "After divisive battle among Democrats, Maryland House elects Baltimore County Del. Adrienne Jones as speaker". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2019. ^ "Maryland General Assembly – 2024 Session". ^ a b Andrews, p. 70 ^ Andrews, p.71 ^ Okrent, Daniel (May 11, 2010). Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. Scribner. loc 2017 (Kindle). ISBN 978-0743277020. ^ Collins, David. "Maryland General Assembly adjourns early due to coronavirus" Archived April 25, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, WBAL, Baltimore, March 18, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020. ^ "House Bill 6 (2008)". Maryland Department of Legislative Services. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2012. ^ "The Maryland General Assembly". Maryland Department of Legislative Services, Office of Information Systems. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2008. ^ "Maryland Legislator's Handbook" (PDF). Maryland.gov. State of Maryland. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2015. ^ "The Legislative Process: How A Bill Becomes Law" (PDF). Maryland State Archives. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2012. External links Official website Washington Post: Metro Report: Maryland Legislature Billhop – Maryland Legislative Wiki Info on General Assembly from Maryland Manual Online Article III of the Maryland Constitution (Legislative Department) The Archives of Maryland extensive site on Maryland's various Legislative bodies. Full Session Laws for most sessions, full Proceedings, Journals and summaries for many, especially 17th–19th century. vteMembers of the Maryland Senate446th Maryland General Assembly (2024) President of the Senate Bill Ferguson (D) President pro tempore Malcolm Augustine (D) Majority Leader Nancy J. King (D) Minority Leader Stephen S. Hershey Jr. (R) ▌Mike McKay (R) ▌Paul D. Corderman (R) ▌Karen Lewis Young (D) ▌William Folden (R) ▌Justin Ready (R) ▌Johnny Ray Salling (R) ▌J. B. Jennings (R) ▌Katherine A. Klausmeier (D) ▌Katie Fry Hester (D) ▌Benjamin Brooks (D) ▌Shelly L. Hettleman (D) ▌Clarence Lam (D) ▌Guy Guzzone (D) ▌Craig Zucker (D) ▌Brian Feldman (D) ▌Sara N. Love (D) ▌Cheryl Kagan (D) ▌Jeff Waldstreicher (D) ▌Benjamin F. Kramer (D) ▌William C. Smith Jr. (D) ▌James Rosapepe (D) ▌Alonzo T. Washington (D) ▌Ron Watson (D) ▌Joanne C. Benson (D) ▌Nick Charles (D) ▌C. Anthony Muse (D) ▌Michael A. Jackson (D) ▌Arthur Ellis (D) ▌Jack Bailey (R) ▌Sarah Elfreth (D) ▌Bryan Simonaire (R) ▌Pamela Beidle (D) ▌Dawn Gile (D) ▌Mary-Dulany James (D) ▌Jason C. Gallion (R) ▌Stephen S. Hershey Jr. (R) ▌Johnny Mautz (R) ▌Mary Beth Carozza (R) ▌Nancy J. King (D) ▌Antonio Hayes (D) ▌Jill P. Carter (D) ▌Chris West (R) ▌Mary L. Washington (D) ▌Charles E. Sydnor III (D) ▌Cory McCray (D) ▌Bill Ferguson (D) ▌Malcolm Augustine (D) ▌Democratic (34) ▌Republican (13) Maryland General Assembly Maryland House of Delegates Maryland Senate vteMembers of the Maryland House of Delegates446th Maryland General Assembly (2024) Speaker of the House Adrienne A. Jones (D) Speaker pro tempore Dana Stein (D) Majority Leader David Moon (D) Minority Leader Jason C. Buckel (R) 1A. ▌Jim Hinebaugh (R) 1B. ▌Jason C. Buckel (R) 1C. ▌Terry Baker (R) 2A. ▌William J. Wivell (R)⎣ ▌William Valentine (R) 2B. ▌Brooke Grossman (D) 3. ▌Kenneth P. Kerr (D)⎢ ▌Kris Fair (D) ⎣ ▌Karen Simpson (D) 4. ▌Barrie Ciliberti (R)⎢ ▌Jesse Pippy (R)⎣ ▌April Fleming Miller (R) 5. ▌April Rose (R)⎢ ▌Christopher Bouchat (R)⎣ ▌Chris Tomlinson (R) 6. ▌Robin Grammer Jr. (R)⎢ ▌Robert B. Long (R)⎣ ▌Richard W. Metzgar (R) 7A. ▌Kathy Szeliga (R)⎣ ▌Ryan Nawrocki (R) 7B. ▌Lauren Arikan (R) 8. ▌Harry Bhandari (D)⎢ ▌Carl W. Jackson (D)⎣ ▌Nick Allen (D) 9A. ▌Chao Wu (D)⎣ ▌Natalie Ziegler (D) 9B. ▌Courtney Watson (D) 10. ▌Adrienne A. Jones (D)⎢ ▌N. Scott Phillips (D)⎣ ▌Jennifer White Holland (D) 11A. ▌Cheryl Pasteur (D)11B. ▌Jon Cardin (D)⎣ ▌Dana Stein (D) 12A. ▌Jessica M. Feldmark (D)⎣ ▌Terri Hill (D)12B. ▌Gary Simmons (D) 13. ▌Vanessa Atterbeary (D)⎢ ▌Jennifer R. Terrasa (D)⎣ ▌Pam Guzzone (D) 14. ▌Anne Kaiser (D)⎢ ▌Pamela E. Queen (D)⎣ ▌Bernice Mireku-North (D) 15. ▌Linda Foley (D)⎢ ▌David Fraser-Hidalgo (D)⎣ ▌Lily Qi (D) 16. ▌Sarah Wolek (D)⎢ ▌Marc Korman (D)⎣ ▌Vacant 17. ▌Ryan Spiegel (D)⎢ ▌Julie Palakovich Carr (D)⎣ ▌Joe Vogel (D) 18. ▌Emily Shetty (D)⎢ ▌Jared Solomon (D)⎣ ▌Aaron Kaufman (D) 19. ▌Charlotte Crutchfield (D)⎢ ▌Bonnie Cullison (D)⎣ ▌Vaughn Stewart (D) 20. ▌Lorig Charkoudian (D)⎢ ▌David Moon (D)⎣ ▌Jheanelle Wilkins (D) 21. ▌Ben Barnes (D)⎢ ▌Mary A. Lehman (D)⎣ ▌Joseline Peña-Melnyk (D) 22. ▌Anne Healey (D)⎢ ▌Ashanti Martinez (D)⎣ ▌Nicole A. Williams (D) 23. ▌Marvin E. Holmes Jr. (D) ⎢ ▌Adrian Boafo (D)⎣ ▌Kym Taylor (D) 24. ▌Andrea Harrison (D)⎢ ▌Tiffany T. Alston (D)⎣ ▌Jazz Lewis (D) 25. ▌Kent Roberson (D)⎢ ▌Karen Toles (D)⎣ ▌Denise Roberts (D) 26. ▌Veronica L. Turner (D)⎢ ▌Kris Valderrama (D)⎣ ▌Jamila Woods (D) 27A. ▌Kevin Harris (D) 27B. ▌Jeffrie Long Jr. (D) 27C. ▌Mark N. Fisher (R) 28. ▌Debra Davis (D)⎢ ▌Edith J. Patterson (D)⎣ ▌C. T. Wilson (D) 29A. ▌Matthew Morgan (R) 29B. ▌Brian M. Crosby (D) 29C. ▌Todd Morgan (R) 30A. ▌Shaneka Henson (D)⎣ ▌Dana Jones (D) 30B. ▌Seth A. Howard (R) 31. ▌Brian Chisholm (R) ⎢ ▌Nic Kipke (R)⎣ ▌Rachel Muñoz (R) 32. ▌J. Sandy Bartlett (D)⎢ ▌Mark S. Chang (D)⎣ ▌Mike Rogers (D) 33A. ▌Andrew Pruski (D)33B. ▌Stuart Schmidt Jr. (R)33C. ▌Heather Bagnall (D) 34A. ▌Steven C. Johnson (D)⎣ ▌Andre Johnson Jr. (D) 34B. ▌Susan K. McComas (R) 35A. ▌Mike Griffith (R)⎣ ▌Teresa E. Reilly (R) 35B. ▌Kevin Hornberger (R) 36. ▌Steven J. Arentz (R)⎢ ▌Jefferson L. Ghrist (R)⎣ ▌Jay Jacobs (R) 37A. ▌Sheree Sample-Hughes (D) 37B. ▌Christopher T. Adams (R)⎣ ▌Tom Hutchinson (R) 38A. ▌Charles J. Otto (R) 38B. ▌Carl Anderton Jr. (R) 38C. ▌Wayne A. Hartman (R) 39. ▌Gabriel Acevero (D)⎢ ▌Lesley Lopez (D)⎣ ▌W. Gregory Wims (D) 40. ▌Marlon Amprey (D)⎢ ▌Frank M. Conaway Jr. (D)⎣ ▌Melissa Wells (D) 41. ▌Dalya Attar (D)⎢ ▌Malcolm Ruff (D)⎣ ▌Samuel I. Rosenberg (D) 42A. ▌Nino Mangione (R) 42B. ▌Michele Guyton (D)42C. ▌Joshua Stonko (R) 43A. ▌Regina T. Boyce (D)⎣ ▌Elizabeth Embry (D)43B. ▌Cathi Forbes (D) 44A. ▌Eric Ebersole (D) 44B. ▌Sheila Ruth (D)⎣ ▌Aletheia McCaskill (D) 45. ▌Stephanie M. Smith (D)⎢ ▌Jackie Addison (D)⎣ ▌Caylin Young (D) 46. ▌Luke Clippinger (D)⎢ ▌Robbyn Lewis (D)⎣ ▌Mark Edelson (D) 47A. ▌Diana M. Fennell (D)⎣ ▌Julian Ivey (D) 47B. ▌Deni Taveras (D) ▌Democratic (101) ▌Republican (39) ▌Vacant (1) Maryland General Assembly Maryland House of Delegates Maryland Senate vteGovernment of MarylandExecutive Governor (List) Lt. Governor Secretary of State Archives Aging Agriculture Commerce Education Environment General Services Health Housing & Community Development Labor Natural Resources Planning Transportation Legislative General Assembly Senate (Members, President) House of Delegates (Members, Speaker) Judicial Supreme Court (Justices) Appellate Court Circuit Court District Court Constitutional offices Comptroller Treasurer Attorney General Board of Public Works Independent agencies Commission on Human Relations Maryland Higher Education Commission Insurance Administration Lottery Office of Administrative Hearings Public Service Commission State Commission on Criminal Sentencing Policy vteLegislatures of the United StatesUnited States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama (H, S) Alaska (H, S) Arizona (H, S) Arkansas (H, S) California (A, S) Colorado (H, S) Connecticut (H, S) Delaware (H, S) Florida (H, S) Georgia (H, S) Hawaii (H, S) Idaho (H, S) Illinois (H, S) Indiana (H, S) Iowa (H, S) Kansas (H, S) Kentucky (H, S) Louisiana (H, S) Maine (H, S) Maryland (H, S) Massachusetts (H, S) Michigan (H, S) Minnesota (H, S) Mississippi (H, S) Missouri (H, S) Montana (H, S) Nebraska Nevada (A, S) New Hampshire (H, S) New Jersey (GA, S) New Mexico (H, S) New York (A, S) North Carolina (H, S) North Dakota (H, S) Ohio (H, S) Oklahoma (H, S) Oregon (H, S) Pennsylvania (H, S) Rhode Island (H, S) South Carolina (H, S) South Dakota (H, S) Tennessee (H, S) Texas (H, S) Utah (H, S) Vermont (H, S) Virginia (H, S) Washington (H, S) West Virginia (H, S) Wisconsin (A, S) Wyoming (H, S) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa (H, S) Guam Northern Mariana Islands (H, S) Puerto Rico (H, S) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of U.S. state legislators Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"State House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_State_House"},{"link_name":"Annapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis"},{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral"},{"link_name":"body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature"},{"link_name":"upper chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house"},{"link_name":"Maryland Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Senate"},{"link_name":"lower chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house"},{"link_name":"Maryland House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_House_of_Delegates"},{"link_name":"adjourning sine die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjournment_sine_die"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Maryland General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Maryland that convenes within the State House in Annapolis. It is a bicameral body: the upper chamber, the Maryland Senate, has 47 representatives, and the lower chamber, the Maryland House of Delegates, has 141 representatives. Members of both houses serve four-year terms. Each house elects its own officers, judges the qualifications and election of its own members, establishes rules for the conduct of its business, and may punish or expel its own members.The General Assembly convenes its legislative session for 90 days each year to act on more than 2,300 bills including the state's annual budget, which it must pass before adjourning sine die. The General Assembly's 446th session convened on January 10, 2024.[2]","title":"Maryland General Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palatine lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_lord"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews,_p.70-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews,_p.70-3"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"not granted additional seats.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_v._Sims"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The forerunner of the Maryland General Assembly was the colonial institution, an Assembly of Free Marylanders (and also Council of Maryland).\nMaryland's foundational charter created a state ruled by the Palatine lord, Lord Baltimore. As ruler, Lord Baltimore owned directly all of the land granted in the charter, and possessed absolute authority over his domain.However, as elsewhere in British North America, British political institutions were re-created in the colonies, and the Maryland General Assembly fulfilled much the same function as the House of Commons.[3] An act was passed providing that:from henceforth and for ever everyone being of the council of the Province and any other gentleman of able judgement summoned by writ (and the Lord of every Manor within this Province after Manors be erected) shall and may have his voice, seat, and place in every General Assembly ... together with two or more able and sufficient men for the hundred as the said freedmen or the major part of them ... shall think good.In addition, the Lord Proprietor could summon any delegates whom he desired.[4] In 1639, noting that Parliament had not been summoned in England for a decade, the free men of Maryland passed an act to the effect that \"assemblies were to be called once in every three years at the least\", ensuring that their voices would be regularly heard.[3] During the American Revolution the colonial Assembly ceased to exist, and was replaced by its modern successor.Starting in 1867, the Assembly became increasingly unrepresentative. As the population of Baltimore increased, it and other urban areas were not granted additional seats. By 1918, the city's population had increased 175% while the entire state gained only 46% with no reallocation of political power.[5] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the General Assembly adjourned early on March 18, 2020, for the first time since the Civil War.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"term-limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limit"},{"link_name":"Governor of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland"}],"text":"Each senator or delegate must be a U.S. citizen and a resident of Maryland for at least one year preceding his or her election. A prospective legislator must have resided in the legislative district the candidate seeks to represent for the six months prior to election. A senator must be at least twenty-five years of age at the time of election and a delegate at least twenty-one. Military officers other than members of the reserves are not eligible for election to the General Assembly.Each term lasts four years. However, members of the General Assembly are not term-limited. If a vacancy occurs in either house through death, resignation, or disqualification, the Governor of Maryland appoints a replacement whose name is submitted by the State Central Committee of the same political party as the legislator whose seat is to be filled.","title":"Qualifications and membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Party_Composition_of_Maryland_House_of_Delegates_Districts_January_2023.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maryland_Senate_Map_January_2023.svg"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census"},{"link_name":"block voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting"}],"text":"Map of Maryland house of delegates electoral districts: 3 sub-districts 2 sub-districts 1 sub-district 3 dem. 2 dem., 1 rep. 1 dem., 2 rep. 3 rep. 2 dem. 1 dem., 1 rep. 2 rep. 1 dem. 1 rep. 1 ind.Current partisan composition: Democratic senator Republican senatorThe current pattern for distribution of seats began with the legislative apportionment plan of 1972 and has been revised every ten years thereafter according to the results of the decennial U.S. Census. A Constitutional amendment, the plan created 47 legislative districts, many of which cross county boundaries to delineate districts relatively equal in population. Each legislative district elects one senator and three delegates. In most districts, the three delegates are elected at large from the whole district via block voting. However, in some more sparsely populated areas of the state, the districts are divided into subdistricts for the election of delegates: either into three one-delegate subdistricts or one two-delegate subdistrict and one one-delegate subdistrict.","title":"Legislative districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Maryland_Senate"},{"link_name":"Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Maryland_House_of_Delegates"}],"text":"The Senate is led by a President and the House by a Speaker whose respective duties and prerogatives enable them to influence the legislative process significantly. The President and the Speaker appoint the members of most committees and name their chairs and vice-chairs, except in the case of the Joint Committee on Investigation whose members elect their own officers. The President and Speaker preside over the daily sessions of their respective chambers, maintaining decorum and deciding points of order. As legislation is introduced, they assign it to a standing committee for consideration and a public hearing. The president pro tempore appoints majority and minority whips and leaders.","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Senate Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Bill"},{"link_name":"Maryland Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"legislative procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_procedure"},{"link_name":"Drafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/draft"},{"link_name":"First Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_reading"},{"link_name":"Committee hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_hearing"},{"link_name":"policy committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_committee"},{"link_name":"floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_of_the_house"},{"link_name":"Second reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_reading"},{"link_name":"recommended for passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommended_for_passage"},{"link_name":"Third reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_reading"},{"link_name":"roll call vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_call_vote"},{"link_name":"majority vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_vote"},{"link_name":"Maryland Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"constitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Constitution"},{"link_name":"concurrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrence"},{"link_name":"amended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)"},{"link_name":"passed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_(legislature)"},{"link_name":"concur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concur"},{"link_name":"conference committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_committee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Governor_signs_HB_83-2008.JPG"},{"link_name":"O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"signing ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signing_ceremony"},{"link_name":"Annapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto"},{"link_name":"Veto overrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_override"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"statutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute"},{"link_name":"session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"go into effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_into_effect"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A bill is a proposal to change, repeal, or add to existing state law. A House Bill (HB) is one introduced in the House of Delegates (for example: HB 6);[7] a Senate Bill (SB), in the Senate.Bills are designated by number, in the order of introduction in each house. For example, HB 16 refers to the sixteenth bill introduced in the House of Delegates. The numbering starts afresh each session. The names of the sponsor (and co-sponsors, if any), the legislator who introduced the bill, becomes part of the title. Bills listed as \"The Speaker (By Request of Administration)\", \"The President (By Request of Administration)\", \"Minority Leader (By Request of Administration)\", or \"Committee Chair (By Request of Department)\" are bills proposed by the Governor and his agencies and are not proposals of the Speaker of the House, the President of the Senate, the Minority Leader, or the respective Committee Chair. They are listed with the official title of a legislator rather than the Governor due to requirements in the Maryland Constitution.[8]The legislative procedure, is divided into distinct stages:Drafting. The procedure begins when a Senator or Delegate decides to author a bill. A legislator sends the idea for the bill to the Department of Legislative Services' bill drafting division, where it is drafted into bill form. The draft of the bill is returned to the legislator for introduction.\nIntroduction or First Reading. A bill is introduced or read the first time when the bill number, the name of the sponsor, and the descriptive title of the bill are read on the floor of the house.\nCommittee hearing. After introduction, a bill is assigned to the appropriate policy committee, appropriate to the subject matter, for its first hearing. Notice of the hearing is published in the Maryland Register to allow for public comment. During the committee hearing the sponsor presents the bill to the committee, and testimony may be heard in support or opposition to the bill from any member of the public. The committee then votes on whether to pass the bill out of committee, or that it be passed as amended. Bills may be amended several times. It takes a majority vote of the committee membership for a bill to be passed and sent to the next committee or to the floor.\nSecond reading. A bill recommended for passage by committee is read a second time on the floor of the house. Legislators, not on the committee where the bill received its public hearing, may only offer amendments to the bill at this stage. House bills in the Senate may be amended by senators on second or third reading and Senate bills in the House may also be amended on second or third reading. After all amendments are considered, the presiding officer orders the bill to be printed for third reading. This printing would include any committee or floor amendments.\nThird reading. A roll call vote is taken. An ordinary bill needs a majority vote to pass. An emergency bill requires a three-fifths vote, and a bill requiring the Maryland Constitution to be amended requires a three-fifths vote.[9]\nSecond house. If the bill receives a constitutional majority from the first house, the bill repeats the same steps in the other house. If the second house passes the bill without changing it, it is sent to the governor's desk.\nResolution of Differences (concurrence or conference). If a measure is amended in the second house and passed, it is returned to the house of origin for consideration of amendments. The house of origin may concur with the amendments and send the bill to the governor or reject the amendments and submit it to a two-house conference committee. Appointed by the Senate President and the House Speaker, a conference committee consists of three members of each house. The committee sends a report of its recommendations to each chamber which then can adopt or reject it. If the report is adopted, the bill is voted upon for final passage in each house. If the report is rejected by either house, the bill fails.Legislators pose as Governor O'Malley signs a bill into law at a signing ceremony in Annapolis, Maryland, on May 13, 2008.Governor's action. All passed bills, except the budget bill and constitutional amendments, must be presented to the Governor within twenty days following adjournment of a session. The Governor may veto bills within thirty days after presentation. If a passed bill is not vetoed, it becomes law. The budget bill, however, becomes law upon its final passage and cannot be vetoed. Constitutional amendments also cannot be vetoed; they become law only upon their ratification by the voters at the next general election.\nVeto overrides. A vetoed bill is returned to the house of origin, where a vote may be taken to override the governor's veto; a three-fifths vote of both houses is required to override a veto.\nEffective date. Each bill that is passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor is assigned a chapter number by the Secretary of State. These chaptered bills are statutes, and ordinarily become part of Maryland law. Ordinarily a law passed during a regular session takes effect October 1 of the same year. Emergency bills go into effect as soon as the governor signs them; these include acts calling for special elections and emergency measures necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety.[10]","title":"Overview of legislative procedure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"After divisive battle among Democrats, Maryland House elects Baltimore County Del. Adrienne Jones as speaker\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190501173132/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-speaker-session-20190501-story.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-speaker-session-20190501-story.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Maryland General Assembly – 2024 Session\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/07leg/html/sessions/2024.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Andrews,_p.70_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Andrews,_p.70_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Okrent, Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Okrent"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0743277020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743277020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Maryland General Assembly adjourns early due to coronavirus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wbaltv.com/article/coronavirus-prompts-maryland-general-assembly-to-adjourn/31751521#"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200425123842/https://www.wbaltv.com/article/coronavirus-prompts-maryland-general-assembly-to-adjourn/31751521"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"WBAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBAL-TV"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"House Bill 6 (2008)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?tab=subject3&ys=2008rs%2Fbillfile%2Fhb0006.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150606192628/http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?tab=subject3&ys=2008rs%2Fbillfile%2Fhb0006.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"The Maryland General Assembly\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mgaleg.maryland.gov/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130719033736/http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Maryland Legislator's Handbook\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mgaleg.maryland.gov/Pubs/legislegal/2014-LegislativeHandbookSeries-Vol-1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150328220403/http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/Pubs/legislegal/2014-LegislativeHandbookSeries-Vol-1.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"The Legislative Process: How A Bill Becomes Law\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121222063037/http://dls.state.md.us/data/libandinfser/libandinfser_docandpub/Legislative-Process.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dls.state.md.us/data/libandinfser/libandinfser_docandpub/Legislative-Process.pdf"}],"text":"^ Broadwater, Luke; Wood, Pamela (May 1, 2019). \"After divisive battle among Democrats, Maryland House elects Baltimore County Del. Adrienne Jones as speaker\". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2019.\n\n^ \"Maryland General Assembly – 2024 Session\".\n\n^ a b Andrews, p. 70\n\n^ Andrews, p.71\n\n^ Okrent, Daniel (May 11, 2010). Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. Scribner. loc 2017 (Kindle). ISBN 978-0743277020.\n\n^ Collins, David. \"Maryland General Assembly adjourns early due to coronavirus\" Archived April 25, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, WBAL, Baltimore, March 18, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.\n\n^ \"House Bill 6 (2008)\". Maryland Department of Legislative Services. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2012.\n\n^ \"The Maryland General Assembly\". Maryland Department of Legislative Services, Office of Information Systems. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2008.\n\n^ \"Maryland Legislator's Handbook\" (PDF). Maryland.gov. State of Maryland. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2015.\n\n^ \"The Legislative Process: How A Bill Becomes Law\" (PDF). Maryland State Archives. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2012.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Maryland house of delegates electoral districts: 3 sub-districts 2 sub-districts 1 sub-district 3 dem. 2 dem., 1 rep. 1 dem., 2 rep. 3 rep. 2 dem. 1 dem., 1 rep. 2 rep. 1 dem. 1 rep. 1 ind. ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Party_Composition_of_Maryland_House_of_Delegates_Districts_January_2023.svg/300px-Party_Composition_of_Maryland_House_of_Delegates_Districts_January_2023.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Current partisan composition: Democratic senator Republican senator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Maryland_Senate_Map_January_2023.svg/300px-Maryland_Senate_Map_January_2023.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Legislators pose as Governor O'Malley signs a bill into law at a signing ceremony in Annapolis, Maryland, on May 13, 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Governor_signs_HB_83-2008.JPG/240px-Governor_signs_HB_83-2008.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Annotated Code of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annotated_Code_of_Maryland"},{"title":"List of current members of the Maryland Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Maryland_Senate"},{"title":"List of current members of the Maryland House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Maryland_House_of_Delegates"},{"title":"Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Black_Caucus_of_Maryland"},{"title":"Impeachment in Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_in_Maryland"}]	[{"reference":"Broadwater, Luke; Wood, Pamela (May 1, 2019). \"After divisive battle among Democrats, Maryland House elects Baltimore County Del. Adrienne Jones as speaker\". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190501173132/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-speaker-session-20190501-story.html","url_text":"\"After divisive battle among Democrats, Maryland House elects Baltimore County Del. Adrienne Jones as speaker\""},{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-speaker-session-20190501-story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland General Assembly – 2024 Session\".","urls":[{"url":"https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/07leg/html/sessions/2024.html","url_text":"\"Maryland General Assembly – 2024 Session\""}]},{"reference":"Okrent, Daniel (May 11, 2010). Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. Scribner. loc 2017 (Kindle). ISBN 978-0743277020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Okrent","url_text":"Okrent, Daniel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743277020","url_text":"978-0743277020"}]},{"reference":"\"House Bill 6 (2008)\". Maryland Department of Legislative Services. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?tab=subject3&ys=2008rs%2Fbillfile%2Fhb0006.htm","url_text":"\"House Bill 6 (2008)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150606192628/http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?tab=subject3&ys=2008rs%2Fbillfile%2Fhb0006.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Maryland General Assembly\". Maryland Department of Legislative Services, Office of Information Systems. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/","url_text":"\"The Maryland General Assembly\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130719033736/http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland Legislator's Handbook\" (PDF). Maryland.gov. State of Maryland. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/Pubs/legislegal/2014-LegislativeHandbookSeries-Vol-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Maryland Legislator's Handbook\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150328220403/http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/Pubs/legislegal/2014-LegislativeHandbookSeries-Vol-1.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Legislative Process: How A Bill Becomes Law\" (PDF). Maryland State Archives. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121222063037/http://dls.state.md.us/data/libandinfser/libandinfser_docandpub/Legislative-Process.pdf","url_text":"\"The Legislative Process: How A Bill Becomes Law\""},{"url":"http://dls.state.md.us/data/libandinfser/libandinfser_docandpub/Legislative-Process.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite","external_links_name":"mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190501173132/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-speaker-session-20190501-story.html","external_links_name":"\"After divisive battle among Democrats, Maryland House elects Baltimore County Del. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRN_Fast_Seacrafts	SRN Fast Seacrafts	["1 History","2 Ports of call","3 Routes","3.1 Current","3.2 Former","4 Fleet","5 Subsidiary","6 Notable incidents","7 See also","8 References","9 Notes","10 External links"]	SRN Fast SeacraftsLogo of Weesam ExpressTrade nameWeesam ExpressCompany typePrivateIndustryShippingFoundedApril 17, 1997; 27 years ago (1997-04-17) in Zamboanga City, PhilippinesFoundersHadji Wahab A. AmilHadji Ahmad W. SakaluranHeadquartersAmil's Tower, Pilar St.,, Zamboanga City, PhilippinesArea servedMindanao and VisayasKey peopleHadji Wahab A. Amil (President)Hadji Shabree M.Amil (Vice President)ServicesPassenger transportationWebsitewww.weesam.ph SRN Fast Seacrafts, Inc. which operates the Weesam Express ferry line, is a company based in Zamboanga City, Philippines that operates ferries throughout the country. The company was founded and headed by Hadji Ahmad W. Sakaluran and Hadji Wahab A. Amil his nephew in Zamboanga City. Established on April 17, 1997, it started with a vessel plying from Zamboanga City to Sandakan, Malaysia, making Weesam one of the initial shipping companies plying the BIMP-EAGA route directly from Zamboanga City to Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. Weesam Express now actively services the ports of Bacolod City, Cebu City, Iloilo City, Bacolod, Ormoc City, Tagbilaran City, Isabela City, and Jolo, Sulu. History It was during the inaugural voyage of MS Express (a passenger ferry boat of A. Sakaluran Shipping Corporation) headed by Hadji Ahmad W. Sakaluran as their President, last February 19, 1997 and Hadji Wahab A. Amil, a nephew of Hadji Ahmad W. Sakaluran was a guest, that when they were able to conferred later, Hadji Ahmad W. Sakaluran suggested to Hadji Wahab A. Amil that he can also partake in this type of business as the sea is a big area for all of them. It was during this talk that my name was suggested by Hadji Ahmad W. Sakaluran to prepare all the documents necessary for an entity to operate a passenger ferry boat within Zamboanga City. The Weesam Express was started April 17, 1997, when the main proponent, Hadji Wahab A. Amil helped create a company to operate a passenger ferry boats in the southern Philippines. On May 13, 1997 the SRN Fast Seacrafts, Inc. was formally organized with the Securities and Exchange Commission. SRN Fast Seacrafts was then working with the MV Lady Mary Joy 1 of Aleson Shipping Lines as its "Hepe De Viaje" (Chief of the cruise). It was the only ship then plying the BIMP-EAGA route directly from Zamboanga City to Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia and vice versa route. A few days later, the undersigned arrived from Sandakan which prompted the beginning of organizing a company to manage a passenger ferry boat. Passenger ferry boats were acquired the Yong Choo Kui Shipyard in Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia. The first passenger steel hull boat was acquired from the operator of the Bullet Express. Upon acquisition, it was renamed as MV Weesam Express, named after the youngest son of Hadji Wahab A. Amil, Weesam. The inaugural voyage of the seacraft was on September 21, 1997, from Zamboanga City to Jolo, Sulu. They soon expanded to Visayan waters with the acquisition of their succeeding Weesam ships. New routes included Cebu City to Ormoc and Cebu City to Dumaguete to Dapitan. However, their Zamboanga City - Sandakan, Malaysia route was later abandoned due to Aleson Shipping Lines cheaper rates. Later on, they introduced new routes for Basilan through Zamboanga City - Isabela City route. SRN Weesam Express 7 Ports of call All of Weesam Express's are registered for the Port of Zamboanga and their ships are actively servicing the ports of Bacolod City, Cebu City, Iloilo City, Bacolod, Ormoc City, Tagbilaran City, Isabela City, and Jolo, Sulu. Routes Current These are their routes as of December 2017: Cebu City - Maasin Cebu City - Ormoc Cebu City - Tubigon Iloilo City - Bacolod Zamboanga City - Jolo, Sulu Zamboanga City - Isabela, Basilan Former Cebu City - Tagbilaran Zamboanga City - Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia Zamboanga City - Bongao, Tawi-Tawi Dapitan - Dumaguete San Carlos City, Negros Occidental - Toledo City, Cebu Fleet Weesam Express 7 at the Zamboanga International Seaport. The shipping line has seven passenger vessels: Weesam Express 1 Weesam Express 2 Weesam Express 3 Weesam Express 5 Weesam Express 6 Weesam Express 7 Weesam Express 8 Subsidiary A. Sakaluran Shipping Corporation (defunct) Amil's Tower Hotel and Restaurant Notable incidents On July 23, 2013, Weesam Express 7 was tossed by the waves and strong winds at around 8:00 in the morning while it was about to leave from Ormoc to Cebu. The fast craft reportedly failed to start and it floated away, hapless to the merciless elements. It ran aground at Bagsakan in Brgy. Alegria, around 10 meters from shore and 100 meters away from the port. Some of the passengers, including a 63-year old foreign national had to be brought to the hospital for hypertension due to the incident. On January 23, 2014, Weesam Express 7 with at least 160 passengers aboard yet again ran aground off Talisay in Cebu province. All passengers had been rescued. A week later, the vessel was temporarily suspended by the Maritime Industry Authority (Marina) over seaworthiness issues. See also List of shipping companies in the Philippines Aleson Shipping Lines 2GO Travel Montenegro Lines Ever Shipping Lines Inc. Trans-Asia Shipping Lines References ^ "BIMP-EAGA ROADMAP TO DEVELOPMENT 2006-2010" (PDF). ^ "Development of 15 sea routes to BIMP-EAGA eyed \| PortCalls Asia \| Asian Shipping and Maritime News". www.portcalls.com. Retrieved 2016-08-30. ^ "Zamboanga-Sandakan Route \| The PhilSouth Angle". thephilsouthangle.com. Retrieved 2016-08-29. ^ "Schedules - Weesam Express". Retrieved 2016-08-30. ^ "List of Operating Vessels as of December 2013" (PDF). MARINA Information Systems. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2015. ^ "Filsec - Filipino Ship Enthusiast Coalition - Timeline \| Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2016-08-31. ^ "List of Major Industries in Zamboanga City (See List #31 - A. Sakaluran Shipping Corporation)". ^ "Amil'S Tower Hotel & Restaurant,Zamboanga del Sur-ManilaIndex". www.manilaindex.com. Retrieved 2016-08-29. ^ "Weesam 7 incident spawns good news for Ormoc Rescue team; inquiry sought – Eastern Visayas News". www.evmailnews.net. Retrieved 2016-08-31. ^ "Fast craft runs aground on a reef off Talisay in Cebu". Retrieved 2016-08-31. ^ "Marina suspends Weesam vessel's operating permit". Retrieved 2016-08-31. Notes Everything Cebu - Weesam Express Transit: Going to Tawi-tawi External links Official website vteShipping companies in the PhilippinesPassenger and freight 2GO Aleson Shipping Lines Cokaliong Shipping Lines Ever Shipping Lines FastCat Kho Shipping Lines Lite Shipping Corporation Montenegro Lines OceanJet Roble Shipping Inc. Starhorse Shipping Lines Starlite Ferries Inc. Super Shuttle Ferry Supercat Trans-Asia Shipping Lines Weesam Express Freight Carlos A. Gothong Lines (CAGLI) Chelsea Shipping Corporation Gothong Southern Shipping Lines Lorenzo Shipping Corporation Meridian Cargo Moreta Shipping Lines Philippine Span Asia Carrier Corporation Super Shuttle RORO vteTransportation in the PhilippinesGovernment Department of Transportation Department of Public Works and Highways Office for Transportation Security RoadRoads Expressways List Highways Pan-Philippine Highway Metro Manila roads Luzon roads Visayas roads Mindanao roads Bridges Vehicles Bus Bus companies Cebu Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System MyBus Metro Manila BGC Bus EDSA Carousel Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service Bicycles Jeepney Kalesa Tricycle Trisikad Taxicab Kuliglig UV Express Other Anti-Distracted Driving Act Automotive industry Driving license No Contact Apprehension Policy Number coding in Metro Manila Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program Road signs Speed limits Vehicle registration plates RailRailways Philippine National Railways Stations North Main Line South Main Line Mindanao Railway Panay Railways Rail transit Metro Manila Rail Network Stations Manila LRT Manila MRT SkyTrain Cebu Monorail Davao People Mover Water Ports Philippine Nautical Highway System Shipping lines Pasig River Ferry Philippine Ports Authority Cebu Port Authority Maritime Industry Authority Josefa Slipways Aviation Airports Airlines Civil Aviation Authority Civil Aeronautics Board Manila International Airport Authority Mactan–Cebu International Airport Authority Clark International Airport Corporation Payment Beep BeepRides Expressway tolls Intermodal terminals Luzon Metro Manila terminals Santa Rosa Integrated Terminal Legazpi Grand Central Terminal Metro Cebu Cebu North Bus Terminal Cebu South Bus Terminal Related articles Traffic law in the Philippines Transportation in Metro Manila Transportation in Metro Cebu Metro Manila Dream Plan Strong Republic Transit System Italics indicate defunct, proposed, or under construction.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zamboanga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City"},{"link_name":"Sandakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandakan"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Bacolod City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacolod"},{"link_name":"Cebu City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_City"},{"link_name":"Iloilo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo_City"},{"link_name":"Bacolod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacolod"},{"link_name":"Ormoc City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormoc_City"},{"link_name":"Tagbilaran City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagbilaran"},{"link_name":"Isabela City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela,_Basilan"},{"link_name":"Jolo, Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolo,_Sulu"}],"text":"SRN Fast Seacrafts, Inc. which operates the Weesam Express ferry line, is a company based in Zamboanga City, Philippines that operates ferries throughout the country.The company was founded and headed by Hadji Ahmad W. Sakaluran and Hadji Wahab A. Amil his nephew in Zamboanga City. Established on April 17, 1997, it started with a vessel plying from Zamboanga City to Sandakan, Malaysia, making Weesam one of the initial shipping companies plying the BIMP-EAGA route directly from Zamboanga City to Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia.Weesam Express now actively services the ports of Bacolod City, Cebu City, Iloilo City, Bacolod, Ormoc City, Tagbilaran City, Isabela City, and Jolo, Sulu.","title":"SRN Fast Seacrafts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Aleson Shipping Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleson_Shipping_Lines"},{"link_name":"BIMP-EAGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIMP-EAGA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City"},{"link_name":"Sandakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandakan"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sandakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandakan"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Aleson Shipping Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleson_Shipping_Lines_Inc."},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City"},{"link_name":"Isabela City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela_City,_Basilan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SRN_Weesam_Express_7.jpg"}],"text":"It was during the inaugural voyage of MS Express (a passenger ferry boat of A. Sakaluran Shipping Corporation) headed by Hadji Ahmad W. Sakaluran as their President, last February 19, 1997 and Hadji Wahab A. Amil, a nephew of Hadji Ahmad W. Sakaluran was a guest, that when they were able to conferred later, Hadji Ahmad W. Sakaluran suggested to Hadji Wahab A. Amil that he can also partake in this type of business as the sea is a big area for all of them. It was during this talk that my name was suggested by Hadji Ahmad W. Sakaluran to prepare all the documents necessary for an entity to operate a passenger ferry boat within Zamboanga City.The Weesam Express was started April 17, 1997, when the main proponent, Hadji Wahab A. Amil helped create a company to operate a passenger ferry boats in the southern Philippines. On May 13, 1997 the SRN Fast Seacrafts, Inc. was formally organized with the Securities and Exchange Commission. SRN Fast Seacrafts was then working with the MV Lady Mary Joy 1 of Aleson Shipping Lines as its \"Hepe De Viaje\" (Chief of the cruise). It was the only ship then plying the BIMP-EAGA route[1][2] directly from Zamboanga City to Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia and vice versa route.[3] A few days later, the undersigned arrived from Sandakan which prompted the beginning of organizing a company to manage a passenger ferry boat.Passenger ferry boats were acquired the Yong Choo Kui Shipyard in Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia. The first passenger steel hull boat was acquired from the operator of the Bullet Express. Upon acquisition, it was renamed as MV Weesam Express, named after the youngest son of Hadji Wahab A. Amil, Weesam. The inaugural voyage of the seacraft was on September 21, 1997, from Zamboanga City to Jolo, Sulu.They soon expanded to Visayan waters with the acquisition of their succeeding Weesam ships. New routes included Cebu City to Ormoc and Cebu City to Dumaguete to Dapitan. However, their Zamboanga City - Sandakan, Malaysia route was later abandoned due to Aleson Shipping Lines cheaper rates. Later on, they introduced new routes for Basilan through Zamboanga City - Isabela City route.SRN Weesam Express 7","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port of Zamboanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Zamboanga"},{"link_name":"Bacolod City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacolod"},{"link_name":"Cebu City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_City"},{"link_name":"Iloilo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo_City"},{"link_name":"Bacolod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacolod"},{"link_name":"Ormoc City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormoc_City"},{"link_name":"Tagbilaran City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagbilaran"},{"link_name":"Isabela City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela,_Basilan"},{"link_name":"Jolo, Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolo,_Sulu"}],"text":"All of Weesam Express's are registered for the Port of Zamboanga and their ships are actively servicing the ports of Bacolod City, Cebu City, Iloilo City, Bacolod, Ormoc City, Tagbilaran City, Isabela City, and Jolo, Sulu.","title":"Ports of call"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cebu City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_City"},{"link_name":"Maasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasin,_Southern_Leyte"},{"link_name":"Cebu City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_City"},{"link_name":"Ormoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormoc"},{"link_name":"Cebu City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_City"},{"link_name":"Tubigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubigon"},{"link_name":"Iloilo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo_City"},{"link_name":"Bacolod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacolod"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City"},{"link_name":"Jolo, Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolo,_Sulu"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City"},{"link_name":"Isabela, Basilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela,_Basilan"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"These are their routes as of December 2017:[4]Cebu City - Maasin\nCebu City - Ormoc\nCebu City - Tubigon\nIloilo City - Bacolod\nZamboanga City - Jolo, Sulu\nZamboanga City - Isabela, Basilan","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cebu City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_City"},{"link_name":"Tagbilaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagbilaran"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City"},{"link_name":"Sandakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandakan"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City"},{"link_name":"Bongao, Tawi-Tawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongao,_Tawi-Tawi"},{"link_name":"Dapitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapitan"},{"link_name":"Dumaguete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumaguete"},{"link_name":"San Carlos City, Negros Occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlos_City,_Negros_Occidental"},{"link_name":"Toledo City, Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_City,_Cebu"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Cebu City - Tagbilaran\nZamboanga City - Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia\nZamboanga City - Bongao, Tawi-Tawi\nDapitan - Dumaguete\nSan Carlos City, Negros Occidental - Toledo City, Cebu","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weesam_Express_7.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Weesam Express 7 at the Zamboanga International Seaport.The shipping line has seven passenger vessels:[5]Weesam Express 1\nWeesam Express 2\nWeesam Express 3\nWeesam Express 5\nWeesam Express 6\nWeesam Express 7[6]\nWeesam Express 8","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A. Sakaluran Shipping Corporation[7] (defunct)\nAmil's Tower Hotel and Restaurant[8]","title":"Subsidiary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ormoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormoc"},{"link_name":"Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"On July 23, 2013, Weesam Express 7 was tossed by the waves and strong winds at around 8:00 in the morning while it was about to leave from Ormoc to Cebu. The fast craft reportedly failed to start and it floated away, hapless to the merciless elements. It ran aground at Bagsakan in Brgy. Alegria, around 10 meters from shore and 100 meters away from the port. Some of the passengers, including a 63-year old foreign national had to be brought to the hospital for hypertension due to the incident.[9]\nOn January 23, 2014, Weesam Express 7 with at least 160 passengers aboard yet again ran aground off Talisay in Cebu province. All passengers had been rescued. A week later, the vessel was temporarily suspended by the Maritime Industry Authority (Marina) over seaworthiness issues.[10][11]","title":"Notable incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Everything Cebu - Weesam Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.everythingcebu.com/transportation/shipping-guide/weesam-express/"},{"link_name":"Transit: Going to Tawi-tawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ironwulf.net/2009/02/19/transit-going-to-tawi-tawi/"}],"text":"Everything Cebu - Weesam Express\nTransit: Going to Tawi-tawi","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"SRN Weesam Express 7","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/SRN_Weesam_Express_7.jpg/220px-SRN_Weesam_Express_7.jpg"},{"image_text":"Weesam Express 7 at the Zamboanga International Seaport.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Weesam_Express_7.jpg/220px-Weesam_Express_7.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of shipping companies in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipping_companies_in_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Aleson Shipping Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleson_Shipping_Lines"},{"title":"2GO Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2GO_Travel"},{"title":"Montenegro Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_Lines"},{"title":"Ever Shipping Lines Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ever_Shipping_Lines_Inc."},{"title":"Trans-Asia Shipping Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Asia_Shipping_Lines"}]	[{"reference":"\"BIMP-EAGA ROADMAP TO DEVELOPMENT 2006-2010\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.org/sites/default/files/BIMP-EAGA-Roadmap-Development-2006-2010_0.pdf","url_text":"\"BIMP-EAGA ROADMAP TO DEVELOPMENT 2006-2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Development of 15 sea routes to BIMP-EAGA eyed \| PortCalls Asia \| Asian Shipping and Maritime News\". www.portcalls.com. Retrieved 2016-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portcalls.com/development-of-15-sea-routes-to-bimp-eaga-eyed/#","url_text":"\"Development of 15 sea routes to BIMP-EAGA eyed \| PortCalls Asia \| Asian Shipping and Maritime News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zamboanga-Sandakan Route \| The PhilSouth Angle\". thephilsouthangle.com. Retrieved 2016-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://thephilsouthangle.com/?p=6476","url_text":"\"Zamboanga-Sandakan Route \| The PhilSouth Angle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schedules - Weesam Express\". Retrieved 2016-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weesam.ph/schedules/","url_text":"\"Schedules - Weesam Express\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Operating Vessels as of December 2013\" (PDF). MARINA Information Systems. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042935/http://marina.gov.ph/infosys/ves2013web.pdf","url_text":"\"List of Operating Vessels as of December 2013\""},{"url":"http://marina.gov.ph/infosys/ves2013web.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Filsec - Filipino Ship Enthusiast Coalition - Timeline \| Facebook\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2016-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/FILSEC/photos/a.1370282156320158.1073741828.1370230432991997/1393181914030182/?type=3&theater","url_text":"\"Filsec - Filipino Ship Enthusiast Coalition - Timeline \| Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Major Industries in Zamboanga City (See List #31 - A. Sakaluran Shipping Corporation)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zamboanga.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=793&catid=248&ite..","url_text":"\"List of Major Industries in Zamboanga City (See List #31 - A. Sakaluran Shipping Corporation)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amil'S Tower Hotel & Restaurant,Zamboanga del Sur-ManilaIndex\". www.manilaindex.com. Retrieved 2016-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manilaindex.com/listings/amils-tower-hotel-restaurantzamboanga-del-sur/","url_text":"\"Amil'S Tower Hotel & Restaurant,Zamboanga del Sur-ManilaIndex\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weesam 7 incident spawns good news for Ormoc Rescue team; inquiry sought – Eastern Visayas News\". www.evmailnews.net. Retrieved 2016-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.evmailnews.net/?p=4878/","url_text":"\"Weesam 7 incident spawns good news for Ormoc Rescue team; inquiry sought – Eastern Visayas News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fast craft runs aground on a reef off Talisay in Cebu\". Retrieved 2016-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/345271/news/regions/fast-craft-runs-aground-on-a-reef-off-talisay-in-cebu","url_text":"\"Fast craft runs aground on a reef off Talisay in Cebu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marina suspends Weesam vessel's operating permit\". Retrieved 2016-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/345732/news/nation/marina-suspends-weesam-vessel-s-operating-permit","url_text":"\"Marina suspends Weesam vessel's operating permit\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.weesam.ph/","external_links_name":"www.weesam.ph"},{"Link":"http://adb.org/sites/default/files/BIMP-EAGA-Roadmap-Development-2006-2010_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BIMP-EAGA ROADMAP TO DEVELOPMENT 2006-2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.portcalls.com/development-of-15-sea-routes-to-bimp-eaga-eyed/#","external_links_name":"\"Development of 15 sea routes to BIMP-EAGA eyed \| PortCalls Asia \| Asian Shipping and Maritime News\""},{"Link":"http://thephilsouthangle.com/?p=6476","external_links_name":"\"Zamboanga-Sandakan Route \| The PhilSouth Angle\""},{"Link":"https://www.weesam.ph/schedules/","external_links_name":"\"Schedules - Weesam Express\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042935/http://marina.gov.ph/infosys/ves2013web.pdf","external_links_name":"\"List of Operating Vessels as of December 2013\""},{"Link":"http://marina.gov.ph/infosys/ves2013web.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/FILSEC/photos/a.1370282156320158.1073741828.1370230432991997/1393181914030182/?type=3&theater","external_links_name":"\"Filsec - Filipino Ship Enthusiast Coalition - Timeline \| Facebook\""},{"Link":"http://www.zamboanga.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=793&catid=248&ite..","external_links_name":"\"List of Major Industries in Zamboanga City (See List #31 - A. Sakaluran Shipping Corporation)\""},{"Link":"http://www.manilaindex.com/listings/amils-tower-hotel-restaurantzamboanga-del-sur/","external_links_name":"\"Amil'S Tower Hotel & Restaurant,Zamboanga del Sur-ManilaIndex\""},{"Link":"http://www.evmailnews.net/?p=4878/","external_links_name":"\"Weesam 7 incident spawns good news for Ormoc Rescue team; inquiry sought – Eastern Visayas News\""},{"Link":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/345271/news/regions/fast-craft-runs-aground-on-a-reef-off-talisay-in-cebu","external_links_name":"\"Fast craft runs aground on a reef off Talisay in Cebu\""},{"Link":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/345732/news/nation/marina-suspends-weesam-vessel-s-operating-permit","external_links_name":"\"Marina suspends Weesam vessel's operating permit\""},{"Link":"http://www.everythingcebu.com/transportation/shipping-guide/weesam-express/","external_links_name":"Everything Cebu - Weesam Express"},{"Link":"http://www.ironwulf.net/2009/02/19/transit-going-to-tawi-tawi/","external_links_name":"Transit: Going to Tawi-tawi"},{"Link":"http://www.weesam.ph/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Heart_Records	Burning Heart Records	["1 Bands released on the label","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Independent record label from Sweden This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Burning Heart Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Burning Heart RecordsFounded1993FounderPeter AhlqvistDistributor(s)Epitaph RecordsGenrePunk rockhardcore punkCountry of originSwedenLocationÖrebro Burning Heart Records is an independent record label formed in 1993 in Fagersta, Sweden, and currently based in Örebro. It has a close affiliation with Californian label Epitaph Records, who own the rights to distribute Burning Heart's output in North America. It also started a German office in Berlin in the end of 2003. Burning Heart has proven very successful in launching European (especially Swedish) bands to a global audience. Their successes have included The Hives, Turbonegro, The (International) Noise Conspiracy, Millencolin, No Fun at All and Refused. The label focuses on punk music, but has also released rock, ska, noise and hip hop records. Bands released on the label These are some of the bands with albums released by Burning Heart Records. This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (March 2020) 59 Times The Pain Asta Kask The Accidents Bodyjar Bombshell Rocks Boysetsfire Booze & Glory Breach Chickenpox Division of Laura Lee Donots Flogging Molly Franky Lee Give Up the Ghost Her Bright Skies Hell Is for Heroes The Hives Home Grown The (International) Noise Conspiracy Liberator Looptroop Rockers The Lost Patrol Band Kid Down Midtown Millencolin Moneybrother Monster Nasum Nine No Fun at All Parkway Drive Promoe Raised Fist Randy Refused Samiam Satanic Surfers Sounds Like Violence Turbonegro The Weakerthans See also List of record labels References ^ "Burning Heart Records". Discogs. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018. ^ Ox-Fanzine. "Interviews & Artikel : BURNING HEART RECORDS :: ox-fanzine.de". www.ox-fanzine.de (in German). Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2018. ^ "Shaun Warren on BURNING HEART Records". Australian Punk and Hardcore : Rest Assured. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018. ^ "Burning Heart Records back in business". Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018. External links Discogs site Info about this label on Punknews.org Info about this label at Musicbrainz.org Authority control databases MusicBrainz label	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label"},{"link_name":"Fagersta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagersta"},{"link_name":"Örebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Epitaph Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaph_Records"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Hives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hives"},{"link_name":"Turbonegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbonegro"},{"link_name":"The (International) Noise Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_(International)_Noise_Conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Millencolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millencolin"},{"link_name":"No Fun at All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Fun_at_All"},{"link_name":"Refused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refused"},{"link_name":"punk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska"},{"link_name":"noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_music"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Independent record label from SwedenBurning Heart Records is an independent record label formed in 1993 in Fagersta, Sweden, and currently based in Örebro.[1] It has a close affiliation with Californian label Epitaph Records, who own the rights to distribute Burning Heart's output in North America. It also started a German office in Berlin in the end of 2003.[2]Burning Heart has proven very successful in launching European (especially Swedish) bands to a global audience. Their successes have included The Hives, Turbonegro, The (International) Noise Conspiracy, Millencolin, No Fun at All and Refused. The label focuses on punk music,[3] but has also released rock, ska, noise and hip hop records.[4]","title":"Burning Heart Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_(music)"},{"link_name":"59 Times The Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59_Times_The_Pain"},{"link_name":"Asta Kask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asta_Kask"},{"link_name":"The Accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Accidents"},{"link_name":"Bodyjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyjar"},{"link_name":"Bombshell Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombshell_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Boysetsfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boysetsfire"},{"link_name":"Booze & Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booze_%26_Glory"},{"link_name":"Breach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chickenpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox_(band)"},{"link_name":"Division of Laura Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Laura_Lee"},{"link_name":"Donots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donots"},{"link_name":"Flogging Molly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flogging_Molly"},{"link_name":"Franky Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franky_Lee"},{"link_name":"Give Up the Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_Up_the_Ghost_(band)"},{"link_name":"Her Bright Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Bright_Skies"},{"link_name":"Hell Is for Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Is_for_Heroes_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Hives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hives"},{"link_name":"Home Grown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Grown"},{"link_name":"The (International) Noise Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_(International)_Noise_Conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberator_(band)"},{"link_name":"Looptroop Rockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looptroop_Rockers"},{"link_name":"The Lost Patrol Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Patrol_Band"},{"link_name":"Kid Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Down"},{"link_name":"Midtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_(band)"},{"link_name":"Millencolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millencolin"},{"link_name":"Moneybrother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneybrother"},{"link_name":"Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_(band)"},{"link_name":"Nasum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasum"},{"link_name":"Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_(band)"},{"link_name":"No Fun at All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Fun_at_All"},{"link_name":"Parkway Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkway_Drive"},{"link_name":"Promoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoe"},{"link_name":"Raised Fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_Fist"},{"link_name":"Randy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Refused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refused"},{"link_name":"Samiam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samiam"},{"link_name":"Satanic Surfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_Surfers"},{"link_name":"Sounds Like Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_Like_Violence"},{"link_name":"Turbonegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbonegro"},{"link_name":"The Weakerthans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weakerthans"}],"text":"These are some of the bands with albums released by Burning Heart Records.59 Times The Pain\nAsta Kask\nThe Accidents\nBodyjar\nBombshell Rocks\nBoysetsfire\nBooze & Glory\nBreach\nChickenpox\nDivision of Laura Lee\nDonots\nFlogging Molly\nFranky Lee\nGive Up the Ghost\nHer Bright Skies\nHell Is for Heroes\nThe Hives\nHome Grown\nThe (International) Noise Conspiracy\nLiberator\nLooptroop Rockers\nThe Lost Patrol Band\nKid Down\nMidtown\nMillencolin\nMoneybrother\nMonster\nNasum\nNine\nNo Fun at All\nParkway Drive\nPromoe\nRaised Fist\nRandy\nRefused\nSamiam\nSatanic Surfers\nSounds Like Violence\nTurbonegro\nThe Weakerthans","title":"Bands released on the label"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"}]	[{"reference":"\"Burning Heart Records\". Discogs. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/label/33284-Burning-Heart-Records","url_text":"\"Burning Heart Records\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181117193332/https://www.discogs.com/label/33284-Burning-Heart-Records","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ox-Fanzine. \"Interviews & Artikel : BURNING HEART RECORDS :: ox-fanzine.de\". www.ox-fanzine.de (in German). Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ox-fanzine.de/web/itv/1377/interviews.212.html","url_text":"\"Interviews & Artikel : BURNING HEART RECORDS :: ox-fanzine.de\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191110175420/https://www.ox-fanzine.de/web/itv/1377/interviews.212.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Shaun Warren on BURNING HEART Records\". Australian Punk and Hardcore : Rest Assured. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://restassuredzine.com/crucial-five/501-shaun-warren-on-burning-heart","url_text":"\"Shaun Warren on BURNING HEART Records\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181117193059/http://restassuredzine.com/crucial-five/501-shaun-warren-on-burning-heart","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Burning Heart Records back in business\". Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwanggeto_the_Great	Gwanggaeto the Great	["1 Family","2 Birth and background","3 Reign","3.1 Rise to power and campaigns against Baekje","3.2 Northern conquests","3.3 Southern campaigns","4 Death and legacy","5 Depiction in arts and media","5.1 Film and television","5.2 Literature","5.3 Games","5.4 Others","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	19th King of Goguryeo Korea (r. 391–413) Gwanggaeto the GreatTaewangGwanggaeto SteleGreat King of GoguryeoReign391-413PredecessorGogugyangSuccessorJangsuBorn374Died413 (aged 38–39)IssueGeoryeonFatherGogugyangKorean nameHunminjeongeum광개토대왕Hanja廣開土大王Revised RomanizationGwanggaeto-daewangMcCune–ReischauerKwanggaet'o-dewangIPABirth nameHunminjeongeum고담덕Hanja高談德Revised RomanizationGo DamdeokMcCune–ReischauerKo TamdǒkIPAPosthumous nameHunminjeongeum국강상광개토경평안호태왕Hanja國岡上廣開土境平安好太王Revised RomanizationGukgangsang-gwanggaetogyeong-pyeongan-hotaewangMcCune–ReischauerKukkangsang-kwanggaet'ogyŏng-p'yŏngan-hot'aewangIPA Monarchs of KoreaGoguryeo Chumo c. 37–19 BC Yuri 19 BC–18 AD Daemusin 18–44 Minjung 44–48 Mobon 48–53 Taejodae 53–146 Chadae 146–165 Sindae 165–179 Gogukcheon 179–197 Sansang 197–227 Dongcheon 227–248 Jungcheon 248–270 Seocheon 270–292 Bongsang 292–300 Micheon 300–331 Gogugwon 331–371 Sosurim 371–384 Gogugyang 384–391 Gwanggaeto the Great 391–413 Jangsu 413–491 Munja 491–519 Anjang 519–531 Anwon 531–545 Yangwon 545–559 Pyeongwon 559–590 Yeongyang 590–618 Yeongnyu 618–642 Bojang 642–668 vte Gwanggaeto the Great (374–413, r. 391–413) was the nineteenth monarch of Goguryeo. His full posthumous name means "Entombed in Gukgangsang, Broad Expander of Domain, Peacemaker, Supreme King", sometimes abbreviated to Hotaewang. His era name is Yeongnak and he is occasionally recorded as Yeongnak Taewang ("Great King" or "Emperor" Yeongnak). Gwanggaeto's imperial reign title meant that Goguryeo was on equal standing as an empire with the imperial dynasties in China. Under Gwanggaeto, Goguryeo began a golden age, becoming a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia. Gwanggaeto made enormous advances and conquests into: Western Manchuria against Khitan tribes; Inner Mongolia and the Maritime Province of Russia against numerous nations and tribes; and the Han River valley in central Korea to control over two-thirds of the Korean peninsula. In regard to the Korean Peninsula, Gwanggaeto defeated Baekje, the then most powerful of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, in 396, capturing the capital city of Wiryeseong in present-day Seoul. In 399, Silla, the southeastern kingdom of Korea, sought aid from Goguryeo due to incursions by Baekje troops and their Wa allies from the Japanese archipelago. Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 expeditionary troops, crushing his enemies and securing Silla as a de facto protectorate; he thus subdued the other Korean kingdoms and achieved a loose unification of the Korean peninsula under Goguryeo. In his western campaigns, he defeated the Xianbei of the Later Yan empire and conquered the Liaodong peninsula, regaining the ancient domain of Gojoseon. Gwanggaeto's accomplishments are recorded on the Gwanggaeto Stele, erected in 414 at the supposed site of his tomb in Ji'an along the present-day China–North Korea border. Constructed by his son and successor Jangsu, the monument to Gwanggaeto the Great is the largest engraved stele in the world. Family Father: King Gogukyang (고국양왕; 故國壤王) Grandfather: King Gogukwon (고국원왕; 故國原王) Unknown wife Son: Prince Georyeon (거련; 巨連) Unknown son; father of Go Seung-cheon (고승천; 高升千). Birth and background At the time of Gwanggaeto's birth, Goguryeo was not as powerful as it once had been. In 371, three years prior to Gwanggaeto's birth, the rival Korean kingdom of Baekje, under the great leadership of Geunchogo, soundly defeated Goguryeo, slaying the monarch Gogukwon and sacking Pyongyang. Baekje became one of the dominant powers in East Asia. Baekje's influence was not limited to the Korean peninsula, but extended across the sea to Liaoxi and Shandong in China, taking advantage of the weakened state of Former Qin, and Kyushu in the Japanese archipelago. Goguryeo was inclined to avoid conflicts with its ominous neighbor, while cultivating constructive relations with the Former Qin, the Xianbei, and the Rouran, in order to defend itself from future invasions and to bide time to reshape its legal structure and to initiate military reforms. Gogukwon's successor, Sosurim, adopted a foreign policy of appeasement and reconciliation with Baekje, and concentrated on domestic policies to spread Buddhism throughout Goguryeo's social and political systems. Furthermore, due to the defeats that Goguryeo had suffered at the hands of Baekje as well as the proto-Mongol Xianbei, Sosurim instituted military reforms aimed at preventing such defeats in the future. Sosurim's internal arrangements laid the groundwork for Gwanggaeto's expansion. Sosurim's successor, Gogukyang, invaded Later Yan, the successor state of Former Yan, in 385 and Baekje in 386. Reign Rise to power and campaigns against Baekje Gwanggaeto succeeded his father, Gogukyang, upon Gogukyang's death in 391. Upon Gwanggaeto's coronation, Gwanggaeto adopted the era name Yeongnak (Eternal Rejoicing) and the title Taewang (Supreme King), which was equivalent to "emperor", affirming that he was an equal to the Imperial rulers of China. In 392, Gwanggaeto led an attack on Baekje with 40,000 troops, capturing 10 walled cities. In response, Asin, the monarch of Baekje, launched a counterattack on Goguryeo in 393 but was defeated. Despite the ongoing war, during 393, Gwanggaeto established 9 Buddhist temples in Pyongyang. Asin invaded Goguryeo once more in 394, but was defeated again. After suffering multiple defeats against Goguryeo, Baekje's political stability began to crumble. In 395, Baekje was defeated once more by Goguryeo and was pushed south to its capital of Wiryeseong on the Han River. In the following year, in 396, Gwanggaeto led an assault on Wiryeseong by land and sea, using the Han River, and triumphed over Baekje. Gwanggaeto captured the Baekje capital and the defeated Asin submitted to him, surrendering a prince and 10 government ministers. Goguryeo at zenith under Gwanggaeto and Jangsu. Northern conquests In 395, while his campaign against Baekje was ongoing to the south, Gwanggaeto made an excursion to invade the Khitan Baili clan to the west on the Liao River, destroying 3 tribes and 600 to 700 camps. In 398, Gwanggaeto conquered the Sushen people to the northeast, who were Tungusic ancestors of the Jurchens and Manchus. In 400, while Gwanggaeto was occupied with Baekje, Gaya, and Wa troops in Silla, the Xianbei state of Later Yan, founded by the Murong clan in present-day Liaoning, attacked Goguryeo. Gwanggaeto repulsed the Xianbei troops. In 402, Gwanggaeto retaliated and conquered the prominent fortress called 宿軍城 near the capital of Later Yan. In 405 and again in 406, Later Yan troops attacked Goguryeo fortresses in Liaodong (遼東城 in 405, and 木底城 in 406), but were defeated both times. Gwanggaeto conquered all of Liaodong. By conquering Liaodong, Gwanggaeto recovered the ancient domain of Gojoseon; Goguryeo controlled Liaodong until the mid-late 7th century. In 407, Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 troops consisting of infantry and cavalry and won a great victory, completely annihilating the enemy troops and pillaging about 10,000 armors and countless war supplies; the opponent can be interpreted as Later Yan, Baekje, or Wa. In 410, Gwanggaeto attacked Eastern Buyeo to the northeast. Southern campaigns In 400, Silla, another Korean kingdom in the southeast of the Korean peninsula, requested aid from Goguryeo in repelling an allied invasion by Baekje, Gaya, and Wa. Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 troops and annihilated the enemy coalition. Thereupon, Gwanggaeto influenced Silla as a suzerain, and Gaya declined and never recovered. In 402, Gwanggaeto returned Prince Silseong, who had resided in Goguryeo as a political hostage since 392, back home to Silla and appointed him as the king of Silla. In 404, Gwanggaeto defeated an attack by the Wa from the Japanese archipelago on the southern border of what was once the Daifang commandery, inflicting enormous casualties on the enemy. Death and legacy Detail of Gwanggaeto Stele Gwanggaeto died of an unknown illness in 413 at the age of 39. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Jangsu, who ruled Goguryeo for 79 years until the age of 98, the longest reign in East Asian history. Gwanggaeto's conquests are said to mark the zenith of Korean history, building and consolidating a great empire in Northeast Asia and uniting the Three Kingdoms of Korea under his influence. Gwanggaeto conquered 64 walled cities and 1,400 villages. Except for the period of 200 years beginning with Jangsu, who would build upon his father's domain, and the golden age of Balhae, Korea never before or since ruled such a vast territory. There is archaeological evidence that Goguryeo's maximum extent lay even further west in present-day Mongolia, based on discoveries of Goguryeo fortress ruins in Mongolia. Gwanggaeto established his own era name, Yeongnak Eternal Rejoicing, proclaiming Goguryeo monarchs equal to their counterparts in the Chinese mainland. Gwanggaeto the Great is one of two rulers of Korea whose names are appended with the title "the Great", with the other being Sejong the Great of Joseon, who created Hangul the Korean alphabet, to promote literacy among the common people, and made great advances in science. Gwanggaeto is regarded by Koreans as one of the greatest heroes in Korean history, and is often taken as a potent symbol of Korean nationalism. The Gwanggaeto Stele, a 6.39 meter tall monument erected by Jangsu in 414, was rediscovered in the late 19th century. The stele was inscribed with information about Gwanggaeto's reign and achievements, but not all the characters and passages have been preserved. Korean and Japanese scholars disagree on the interpretation in regard to passages on the Wa. The Republic of Korea Navy operates Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyers, built by Daewoo Heavy Industries and named in honor of the monarch. A prominent statue of Gwanggaeto alongside a replica of the Gwanggaeto Stele were erected in the main street of Guri city in Gyeonggi province. Depiction in arts and media Film and television Portrayed by Yoo Seung-ho and Bae Yong-joon in the 2007 MBC TV series The Legend. Portrayed by Lee Tae-gon in the 2011–2012 KBS1 TV series Gwanggaeto, The Great Conqueror. Portrayed by Lee Do-yeob in the 2017 KBS1 docudrama Chronicles of Korea. Literature Many novels, comics, and games about Gwanggaeto the Great have been released in Korea. Games The popular and award-winning Korean mobile game Hero for Kakao features Gwanggaeto as a playable character. Age of Empires: World Domination, a mobile game produced in collaboration with series owner Microsoft, includes Gwanggaeto as a selectable hero of the Korean civilization. Others The International Taekwon-Do Federation created a pattern, or teul, to honor Gwanggaeto the Great. The pattern's diagram represents Gwanggaeto's territorial expansion and recovery of lost territories, and the 39 movements represent the first two numbers of 391 AD, the year when Gwanggaeto came to the throne. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gwanggaeto the Great. History of Korea Three Kingdoms of Korea List of Korean monarchs References ^ a b c d e f g h i Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. pp. 38–40. ISBN 9780674615762. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ a b 한국의 세계문화유산 여행: 세계가 인정한 한국의 아름다움 (in Korean). 상상출판. 2011-10-19. p. 209. ISBN 9791186163146. Retrieved 19 November 2016. ^ a b c d e f Kim, Djun Kil (2014-05-30). The History of Korea, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 32. ISBN 9781610695824. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Kim, Jinwung (2012-11-05). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0253000781. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ Hall, John Whitney (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 362. ISBN 9780521223522. Retrieved 29 July 2016. ^ Yi, Hyŏn-hŭi; Pak, Sŏng-su; Yun, Nae-hyŏn (2005). New history of Korea. Jimoondang. p. 201. ISBN 9788988095850. Retrieved 29 July 2016. He launched a military expedition to expand his territory, opening the golden age of Goguryeo. ^ Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). Encyclopedia of Asian history. Scribner. p. 324. ISBN 9780684188997. Retrieved 29 July 2016. Nevertheless, the reigns of Kwanggaet'o and his successor Changsu (413-491) constituted the golden age of Koguryo. ^ Roberts, John Morris; Westad, Odd Arne (2013). The History of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 443. ISBN 9780199936762. Retrieved 15 July 2016. ^ Gardner, Hall (2007-11-27). Averting Global War: Regional Challenges, Overextension, and Options for American Strategy. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 158–159. ISBN 9780230608733. Retrieved 15 July 2016. ^ Laet, Sigfried J. de (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. UNESCO. p. 1133. ISBN 9789231028137. Retrieved 10 October 2016. ^ Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012-11-20). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9781477265178. Retrieved 19 November 2016. ^ Tudor, Daniel (2012-11-10). Korea: The Impossible Country: The Impossible Country. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462910229. Retrieved 15 July 2016. ^ Kotkin, Stephen; Wolff, David (2015-03-04). Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East: Siberia and the Russian Far East. Routledge. ISBN 9781317461296. Retrieved 15 July 2016. ^ 이윤섭 (2014-03-07). 광개토대왕과 장수왕 (in Korean). ebookspub(이북스펍). ISBN 9791155191323. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ Park, Yeon Hwan; Gerrard, Jon (2013). Black Belt Tae Kwon Do: The Ultimate Reference Guide to the World's Most Popular Black Belt Martial Art. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. 1. ISBN 9781620875742. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ a b Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2013-01-01). Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800. Cengage Learning. p. 103. ISBN 978-1133606512. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ Lee, Hyun-hee; Park, Sung-soo; Yoon, Nae-hyun (2005). New History of Korea. Jimoondang. pp. 199–202. ISBN 9788988095850. ^ a b c "King Gwanggaeto the Great (1)". KBS World Radio. Korea Communications Commission. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016. ^ a b c 김상훈 (2010-03-22). 통 세계사 1: 인류 탄생에서 중세 시대까지: 외우지 않고 통으로 이해하는 (in Korean). Dasan Books. ISBN 9788963702117. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ a b Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (15 December 2014). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9781107098466. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ 이창우, 그림; 이희근, 글 : 최승필,감수 (15 July 2010). 세상이 깜짝 놀란 우리 역사 진기록 (in Korean). 뜨인돌출판. ISBN 9788958074731. Retrieved 11 October 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "일본 굴레 벗어난 최초의 광개토대왕비문 해석본 나와". OhmyNews. 9 February 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780674615762. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (15 December 2014). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. ISBN 9781107098466. ^ 신형식 (January 2005). A Brief History of Korea. Ewha Womans University Press. ISBN 9788973006199. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ a b Middleton, John (June 2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Routledge. p. 505. ISBN 9781317451587. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ Buswell, Robert E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Buddhism: A - L.. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale. p. 430. ISBN 9780028657196. ^ a b Kim, Jinwung (5 November 2012). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0253000781. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ Kang, Jae-eun (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Homa & Sekey Books. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9781931907309. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ "국양왕". KOCCA. Korea Creative Content Agency. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ "King Gogukyang". KBS World Radio. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ "Goguryeo's Worldview and Three Kingdoms". Korea Now. 33: 32. 1 January 2004. Retrieved 31 December 2016. They called their king "taewang" ("the greatest king"). Taewang was a title equivalent to "emperor" and referred to the ruler of the entire world of Goguryeo. In short, the practice of calling their king "taewang" was based on Goguryeo's independent worldview. ^ a b c d e f 이윤섭 (7 March 2014). 광개토대왕과 장수왕 (in Korean). ebookspub(이북스펍). pp. 89–91. ISBN 9791155191323. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ Hall, John Whitney (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 362. ISBN 9780521223522. Retrieved 29 July 2016. ^ Kim, Bu-sik. Samguk Sagi: Volume 18. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ Yi, Hyun-hui; Pak, Song-su; Yun, Nae-hyon (2005). New History of Korea. Seoul: Jimoondang. p. 170. ISBN 978-8988095850. ^ Jeon ho-tae, 〈Koguryo, the origin of Korean power & pride〉, Dongbuka History Foundation, 2007. ISBN 8991448836 p.137 ^ Institute of Korean Studies; Seoul National University (2004). "Korean studies". Seoul Journal of Korean Studies (17): 15–16. ^ Bourgoin, Suzanne Michele, ed. (1998). "Kwanggaet'o". Encyclopedia of World Biography: Kilpatrick-Louis. Gale Research. p. 94. ^ Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia : 221 B.C. - A.D. 907. Honolulu: Associate for Asian Studies p. 174. ISBN 9780824824655. Retrieved 17 June 2016. ^ Walker, Hugh Dyson (November 2012). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. p. 137. ISBN 9781477265161. Retrieved 29 July 2016. He also conquered Sushen tribes in the northeast, Tungusic ancestors of the Jurcid and Manchus who later ruled Chinese "barbarian conquest dynasties" during the twelfth and seventeenth centuries. ^ a b c d e f 이윤섭 (2014-03-07). 광개토대왕과 장수왕 (in Korean). ebookspub(이북스펍). pp. 93–95. ISBN 9791155191323. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ "King Gwanggaeto the Great (2)". KBS World Radio. Korea Communications Commission. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ 조한성 (2012-12-06). 역사의터닝포인트14_삼국의전성기 (in Korean). Book21 Publishing Group. ISBN 9788950944087. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ Lee, Peter H.; Ch'oe, Yongho; Kang, Hugh H. W. (1996-11-21). Sources of Korean Tradition: Volume One: From Early Times Through the Sixteenth Century. Columbia University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780231515313. Retrieved 21 October 2016. ^ "Koguryo". Journal of Northeast Asian History. 4 (1–2): 57. 2007. ^ Kamstra, Jacques H. Encounter Or Syncretism: The Initial Growth of Japanese Buddhism. p. 38. ^ Batten, Bruce Loyd. Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War And Peace, 500-1300. p. 16. ^ Walker, Hugh Dyson (November 2012). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. p. 137. ISBN 9781477265161. Retrieved 29 July 2016. ^ 김운회. "한국과 몽골, 그 천년의 비밀을 찾아서". Pressian. Korea Press Foundation. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ 成宇濟. "고고학자 손보기 교수". Sisa Journal. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ "(14)초원로가 한반도까지". Kyunghyang Shinmun. Kyunghyang Shinmun. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ Koerner, E. F. K.; Asher, R. E. (2014-06-28). Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists. Elsevier. p. 54. ISBN 9781483297545. Retrieved 13 October 2016. ^ Haralambous, Yannis; Horne, P. Scott (2007-09-26). Fonts & Encodings. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p. 155. ISBN 9780596102425. Retrieved 8 October 2016. ^ Selin, Helaine (2013-11-11). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 505–506. ISBN 9789401714167. Retrieved 27 July 2016. ^ "대한민국 구석구석". Visit Korea. Korea Tourism Organization. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ "광개토태왕비/동상". Guri City. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ "Gwanggaeto, The Great Conqueror". Korean Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2016-06-15. ^ 광개토대제(전10권) (in Korean). 아이디어북. 2003-02-11. ISBN 9788989878001. Retrieved 24 October 2016. ^ "태왕북벌기". 디지털만화규장각. 한국만화영상진흥원. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2016. ^ " 광개토태왕, 모바일 전략시뮬레이션 '새역사'를 쓰다… 4.0 ★★★★". 게임조선. Retrieved 24 October 2016. ^ "영웅 for Kakao". Google Play. Retrieved 16 June 2016. 5,000,000 - 10,000,000 downloads ^ "4:33 Creative Lab". Retrieved 16 June 2016. ^ "Hero for Kakao". Retrieved 16 June 2016. ^ "Age of Empires: World Domination Launched for Android and iOS". NDTV Gadgets360.com. Retrieved 16 June 2016. ^ "Age of Empires: World Domination". KLabGames. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016. ^ "Kwang-Gae". International Taekwon-Do Federation. Retrieved 2016-06-15. External links (in Korean) Campaigns of Gwanggaeto The Great Picture of Gwanggaeto The Great (in Korean) An Attempt to Reconstruct the King's Southerly Conquest (in Korean) Gwanggaeto the Great House of GoBorn: 374 Died: 413 Regnal titles Preceded byGogugyang Great King of Goguryeo 391–413 Succeeded byJangsu Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-1"},{"link_name":"Goguryeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"posthumous name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_name"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-2"},{"link_name":"era name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_name"},{"link_name":"Taewang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taewang"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Maritime Province of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Han River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)"},{"link_name":"Korean peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_peninsula"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"Baekje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje"},{"link_name":"Three Kingdoms of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-3"},{"link_name":"Wiryeseong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiryeseong"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Silla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silla"},{"link_name":"Wa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cengage-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KBS1-18"},{"link_name":"Xianbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei"},{"link_name":"Later Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Yan"},{"link_name":"Liaodong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaodong"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-3"},{"link_name":"Gojoseon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojoseon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tong-19"},{"link_name":"Gwanggaeto Stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwanggaeto_Stele"},{"link_name":"Ji'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%27an,_Jilin"},{"link_name":"China–North Korea border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_border"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-20"},{"link_name":"Jangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangsu_of_Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"19th King of Goguryeo Korea (r. 391–413)Gwanggaeto the Great (374–413, r. 391–413)[1] was the nineteenth monarch of Goguryeo. His full posthumous name means \"Entombed in Gukgangsang, Broad Expander of Domain,[1] Peacemaker,[2] Supreme King\", sometimes abbreviated to Hotaewang.[2] His era name is Yeongnak and he is occasionally recorded as Yeongnak Taewang (\"Great King\" or \"Emperor\" Yeongnak). Gwanggaeto's imperial reign title meant that Goguryeo was on equal standing as an empire with the imperial dynasties in China.[1][3][4]Under Gwanggaeto, Goguryeo began a golden age,[5][6][7] becoming a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia.[8][9][10][11] Gwanggaeto made enormous advances and conquests into: Western Manchuria against Khitan tribes; Inner Mongolia and the Maritime Province of Russia against numerous nations and tribes;[12][13] and the Han River valley in central Korea to control over two-thirds of the Korean peninsula.[3][4]In regard to the Korean Peninsula, Gwanggaeto defeated Baekje, the then most powerful of the Three Kingdoms of Korea,[3] in 396, capturing the capital city of Wiryeseong in present-day Seoul.[14] In 399, Silla, the southeastern kingdom of Korea, sought aid from Goguryeo due to incursions by Baekje troops and their Wa allies from the Japanese archipelago.[4] Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 expeditionary troops,[15] crushing his enemies and securing Silla as a de facto protectorate;[4][16] he thus subdued the other Korean kingdoms and achieved a loose unification of the Korean peninsula under Goguryeo.[4][17][18] In his western campaigns, he defeated the Xianbei of the Later Yan empire and conquered the Liaodong peninsula,[3] regaining the ancient domain of Gojoseon.[4][19]Gwanggaeto's accomplishments are recorded on the Gwanggaeto Stele, erected in 414 at the supposed site of his tomb in Ji'an along the present-day China–North Korea border.[20] Constructed by his son and successor Jangsu, the monument to Gwanggaeto the Great is the largest engraved stele in the world.[21][22]","title":"Gwanggaeto the Great"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Gogukyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogugyang_of_Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"King Gogukwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogugwon_of_Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"Prince Georyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangsu_of_Goguryeo"}],"text":"Father: King Gogukyang (고국양왕; 故國壤王)\nGrandfather: King Gogukwon (고국원왕; 故國原王)\nUnknown wife\nSon: Prince Georyeon (거련; 巨連)\nUnknown son; father of Go Seung-cheon (고승천; 高升千).","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baekje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje"},{"link_name":"Geunchogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geunchogo_of_Baekje"},{"link_name":"Gogukwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogukwon_of_Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"Pyongyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Liaoxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoxi"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Former Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Qin"},{"link_name":"Kyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Middleton-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Xianbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei"},{"link_name":"Rouran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouran"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sosurim-28"},{"link_name":"Sosurim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosurim_of_Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Middleton-26"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sosurim-28"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-1"},{"link_name":"Gogukyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogukyang_of_Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"Later Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Yan"},{"link_name":"Baekje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"At the time of Gwanggaeto's birth, Goguryeo was not as powerful as it once had been. In 371, three years prior to Gwanggaeto's birth, the rival Korean kingdom of Baekje, under the great leadership of Geunchogo, soundly defeated Goguryeo, slaying the monarch Gogukwon and sacking Pyongyang.[23][24] Baekje became one of the dominant powers in East Asia. Baekje's influence was not limited to the Korean peninsula, but extended across the sea to Liaoxi and Shandong in China, taking advantage of the weakened state of Former Qin, and Kyushu in the Japanese archipelago.[25] Goguryeo was inclined to avoid conflicts with its ominous neighbor,[26] while cultivating constructive relations with the Former Qin,[27] the Xianbei, and the Rouran, in order to defend itself from future invasions and to bide time to reshape its legal structure and to initiate military reforms.[28]Gogukwon's successor, Sosurim, adopted a foreign policy of appeasement and reconciliation with Baekje,[26] and concentrated on domestic policies to spread Buddhism throughout Goguryeo's social and political systems.[29] \nFurthermore, due to the defeats that Goguryeo had suffered at the hands of Baekje as well as the proto-Mongol Xianbei, Sosurim instituted military reforms aimed at preventing such defeats in the future.[28] Sosurim's internal arrangements laid the groundwork for Gwanggaeto's expansion.[1]Sosurim's successor, Gogukyang, invaded Later Yan, the successor state of Former Yan, in 385 and Baekje in 386.[30][31]","title":"Birth and background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gogukyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogukyang_of_Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"Taewang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taewang"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seob-33"},{"link_name":"Asin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asin_of_Baekje"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seob-33"},{"link_name":"Pyongyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seob-33"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KBS1-18"},{"link_name":"Wiryeseong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiryeseong"},{"link_name":"Han River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seob-33"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seob-33"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seob-33"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:History_of_Korea-476.PNG"}],"sub_title":"Rise to power and campaigns against Baekje","text":"Gwanggaeto succeeded his father, Gogukyang, upon Gogukyang's death in 391. Upon Gwanggaeto's coronation, Gwanggaeto adopted the era name Yeongnak (Eternal Rejoicing) and the title Taewang (Supreme King), which was equivalent to \"emperor\",[32] affirming that he was an equal to the Imperial rulers of China.[1][3][4]In 392, Gwanggaeto led an attack on Baekje with 40,000 troops, capturing 10 walled cities.[33] In response, Asin, the monarch of Baekje, launched a counterattack on Goguryeo in 393 but was defeated.[33] Despite the ongoing war, during 393, Gwanggaeto established 9 Buddhist temples in Pyongyang.[34][35] Asin invaded Goguryeo once more in 394, but was defeated again.[33] After suffering multiple defeats against Goguryeo, Baekje's political stability began to crumble.[18] In 395, Baekje was defeated once more by Goguryeo and was pushed south to its capital of Wiryeseong on the Han River.[33][36] In the following year, in 396, Gwanggaeto led an assault on Wiryeseong by land and sea, using the Han River, and triumphed over Baekje.[33] Gwanggaeto captured the Baekje capital and the defeated Asin submitted to him,[4][37] surrendering a prince and 10 government ministers.[33][38]Goguryeo at zenith under Gwanggaeto and Jangsu.","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baekje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje"},{"link_name":"Khitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khitan_people"},{"link_name":"Liao River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_River"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Sushen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"Tungusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Jurchens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen_people"},{"link_name":"Manchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_people"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Xianbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei"},{"link_name":"Later Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Yan"},{"link_name":"Murong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murong"},{"link_name":"Liaoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seob2-42"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tong-19"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KBS2-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seob2-42"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Goguryeo fortresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_fortress"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seob2-42"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"Gojoseon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojoseon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tong-19"},{"link_name":"Wa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seob2-42"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Eastern Buyeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Buyeo"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seob2-42"}],"sub_title":"Northern conquests","text":"In 395, while his campaign against Baekje was ongoing to the south, Gwanggaeto made an excursion to invade the Khitan Baili clan to the west on the Liao River,[39] destroying 3 tribes and 600 to 700 camps.[40] In 398, Gwanggaeto conquered the Sushen people to the northeast,[4] who were Tungusic ancestors of the Jurchens and Manchus.[41]In 400, while Gwanggaeto was occupied with Baekje, Gaya, and Wa troops in Silla, the Xianbei state of Later Yan, founded by the Murong clan in present-day Liaoning, attacked Goguryeo.[42] Gwanggaeto repulsed the Xianbei troops.[19][43] In 402, Gwanggaeto retaliated and conquered the prominent fortress called 宿軍城 near the capital of Later Yan.[42][44] In 405 and again in 406, Later Yan troops attacked Goguryeo fortresses in Liaodong (遼東城 in 405, and 木底城 in 406), but were defeated both times.[42] Gwanggaeto conquered all of Liaodong.[1][4] By conquering Liaodong, Gwanggaeto recovered the ancient domain of Gojoseon;[4][19] Goguryeo controlled Liaodong until the mid-late 7th century.In 407, Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 troops consisting of infantry and cavalry and won a great victory, completely annihilating the enemy troops and pillaging about 10,000 armors and countless war supplies; the opponent can be interpreted as Later Yan, Baekje, or Wa.[42][45]In 410, Gwanggaeto attacked Eastern Buyeo to the northeast.[42]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silla"},{"link_name":"Baekje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje"},{"link_name":"Gaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geumgwan_Gaya"},{"link_name":"Wa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cengage-16"},{"link_name":"Silseong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silseong_of_Silla"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Wa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Japanese archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_archipelago"},{"link_name":"Daifang commandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daifang_commandery"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seob2-42"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Southern campaigns","text":"In 400, Silla, another Korean kingdom in the southeast of the Korean peninsula, requested aid from Goguryeo in repelling an allied invasion by Baekje, Gaya, and Wa. Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 troops and annihilated the enemy coalition.[4] Thereupon, Gwanggaeto influenced Silla as a suzerain,[16] and Gaya declined and never recovered. In 402, Gwanggaeto returned Prince Silseong,[46] who had resided in Goguryeo as a political hostage since 392, back home to Silla and appointed him as the king of Silla.In 404, Gwanggaeto defeated an attack by the Wa from the Japanese archipelago on the southern border of what was once the Daifang commandery, inflicting enormous casualties on the enemy.[42][47][48]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GGTscript.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangsu_of_Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"Goguryeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Northeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Three Kingdoms of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KBS1-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"Balhae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balhae"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Goguryeo fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_fortress"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinwung-4"},{"link_name":"Sejong the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejong_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Joseon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon"},{"link_name":"Hangul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-science-55"},{"link_name":"Korean history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_history"},{"link_name":"Korean nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Gwanggaeto Stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwanggaeto_Stele"},{"link_name":"Jangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangsu_of_Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-20"},{"link_name":"Wa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Navy"},{"link_name":"Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwanggaeto_the_Great-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Daewoo Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daewoo_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"Gwanggaeto Stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwanggaeto_Stele"},{"link_name":"Guri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri"},{"link_name":"Gyeonggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeonggi"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Detail of Gwanggaeto SteleGwanggaeto died of an unknown illness in 413 at the age of 39. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Jangsu, who ruled Goguryeo for 79 years until the age of 98,[1] the longest reign in East Asian history.[49]Gwanggaeto's conquests are said to mark the zenith of Korean history, building and consolidating a great empire in Northeast Asia and uniting the Three Kingdoms of Korea under his influence.[4][18] Gwanggaeto conquered 64 walled cities and 1,400 villages.[1][4] Except for the period of 200 years beginning with Jangsu, who would build upon his father's domain, and the golden age of Balhae, Korea never before or since ruled such a vast territory. There is archaeological evidence that Goguryeo's maximum extent lay even further west in present-day Mongolia, based on discoveries of Goguryeo fortress ruins in Mongolia.[50][51][52] Gwanggaeto established his own era name, Yeongnak Eternal Rejoicing, proclaiming Goguryeo monarchs equal to their counterparts in the Chinese mainland.[1][3][4]Gwanggaeto the Great is one of two rulers of Korea whose names are appended with the title \"the Great\", with the other being Sejong the Great of Joseon, who created Hangul the Korean alphabet, to promote literacy among the common people,[53] and made great advances in science.[54][55]Gwanggaeto is regarded by Koreans as one of the greatest heroes in Korean history, and is often taken as a potent symbol of Korean nationalism.The Gwanggaeto Stele, a 6.39 meter tall monument erected by Jangsu in 414, was rediscovered in the late 19th century.[20] The stele was inscribed with information about Gwanggaeto's reign and achievements, but not all the characters and passages have been preserved. Korean and Japanese scholars disagree on the interpretation in regard to passages on the Wa.The Republic of Korea Navy operates Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyers, built by Daewoo Heavy Industries and named in honor of the monarch.A prominent statue of Gwanggaeto alongside a replica of the Gwanggaeto Stele were erected in the main street of Guri city in Gyeonggi province.[56][57]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Depiction in arts and media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yoo Seung-ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Seung-ho"},{"link_name":"Bae Yong-joon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bae_Yong-joon"},{"link_name":"MBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"The Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lee Tae-gon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tae-gon"},{"link_name":"KBS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBS1"},{"link_name":"Gwanggaeto, The Great Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwanggaeto,_The_Great_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"Portrayed by Yoo Seung-ho and Bae Yong-joon in the 2007 MBC TV series The Legend.\nPortrayed by Lee Tae-gon in the 2011–2012 KBS1 TV series Gwanggaeto, The Great Conqueror.[58]\nPortrayed by Lee Do-yeob in the 2017 KBS1 docudrama Chronicles of Korea.","title":"Depiction in arts and media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"Many novels, comics, and games about Gwanggaeto the Great have been released in Korea.[59][60][61]","title":"Depiction in arts and media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Hero for Kakao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hero_for_Kakao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Age of Empires: World Domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Empires:_World_Domination"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Games","text":"The popular[62] and award-winning[63] Korean mobile game Hero for Kakao features Gwanggaeto as a playable character.[64]Age of Empires: World Domination, a mobile game produced in collaboration with series owner Microsoft,[65] includes Gwanggaeto as a selectable hero of the Korean civilization.[66]","title":"Depiction in arts and media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Taekwon-Do Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Taekwon-Do_Federation"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"The International Taekwon-Do Federation created a pattern, or teul, to honor Gwanggaeto the Great. The pattern's diagram represents Gwanggaeto's territorial expansion and recovery of lost territories, and the 39 movements represent the first two numbers of 391 AD, the year when Gwanggaeto came to the throne.[67]","title":"Depiction in arts and media"}]	[{"image_text":"Goguryeo at zenith under Gwanggaeto and Jangsu.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/History_of_Korea-476.PNG/250px-History_of_Korea-476.PNG"},{"image_text":"Detail of Gwanggaeto Stele","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/GGTscript.jpg/200px-GGTscript.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Gwanggaeto the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gwanggaeto_the_Great"},{"title":"History of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea"},{"title":"Three Kingdoms of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea"},{"title":"List of Korean monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Korean_monarchs"}]	[{"reference":"Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. pp. 38–40. ISBN 9780674615762. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA38","url_text":"A New History of Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674615762","url_text":"9780674615762"}]},{"reference":"한국의 세계문화유산 여행: 세계가 인정한 한국의 아름다움 (in Korean). 상상출판. 2011-10-19. p. 209. ISBN 9791186163146. Retrieved 19 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nzwpBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209","url_text":"한국의 세계문화유산 여행: 세계가 인정한 한국의 아름다움"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791186163146","url_text":"9791186163146"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Djun Kil (2014-05-30). The History of Korea, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 32. ISBN 9781610695824. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IgxvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32","url_text":"The History of Korea, 2nd Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610695824","url_text":"9781610695824"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Jinwung (2012-11-05). A History of Korea: From \"Land of the Morning Calm\" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0253000781. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA35","url_text":"A History of Korea: From \"Land of the Morning Calm\" to States in Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253000781","url_text":"978-0253000781"}]},{"reference":"Hall, John Whitney (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 362. ISBN 9780521223522. Retrieved 29 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_6lp8IOK8C&q=%22The+reign+of+King+Kwanggaet%27o+is+thought+of+as+Koguryo%27s+golden+age+of+political+might+and+Buddhist+splendor.%22","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521223522","url_text":"9780521223522"}]},{"reference":"Yi, Hyŏn-hŭi; Pak, Sŏng-su; Yun, Nae-hyŏn (2005). New history of Korea. Jimoondang. p. 201. ISBN 9788988095850. Retrieved 29 July 2016. He launched a military expedition to expand his territory, opening the golden age of Goguryeo.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KO8MAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"New history of Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788988095850","url_text":"9788988095850"}]},{"reference":"Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). Encyclopedia of Asian history. Scribner. p. 324. ISBN 9780684188997. Retrieved 29 July 2016. Nevertheless, the reigns of Kwanggaet'o and his successor Changsu (413-491) constituted the golden age of Koguryo.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Nevertheless%2C+the+reigns+of+Kwanggaet%27o+and+his+successor+Changsu+%28413-491%29+constituted+the+golden+age+of+Koguryo.%22","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Asian history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684188997","url_text":"9780684188997"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, John Morris; Westad, Odd Arne (2013). The History of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 443. ISBN 9780199936762. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A2cfZkU5aQgC&q=koguryo+powerful+empire","url_text":"The History of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199936762","url_text":"9780199936762"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Hall (2007-11-27). Averting Global War: Regional Challenges, Overextension, and Options for American Strategy. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 158–159. ISBN 9780230608733. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=acvGAAAAQBAJ&q=great+powers","url_text":"Averting Global War: Regional Challenges, Overextension, and Options for American Strategy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230608733","url_text":"9780230608733"}]},{"reference":"Laet, Sigfried J. de (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. UNESCO. p. 1133. ISBN 9789231028137. Retrieved 10 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA1133","url_text":"History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231028137","url_text":"9789231028137"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012-11-20). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9781477265178. Retrieved 19 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&pg=PA6","url_text":"East Asia: A New History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477265178","url_text":"9781477265178"}]},{"reference":"Tudor, Daniel (2012-11-10). Korea: The Impossible Country: The Impossible Country. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462910229. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BA_QAgAAQBAJ&q=Inner+Mongolia","url_text":"Korea: The Impossible Country: The Impossible Country"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462910229","url_text":"9781462910229"}]},{"reference":"Kotkin, Stephen; Wolff, David (2015-03-04). Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East: Siberia and the Russian Far East. Routledge. ISBN 9781317461296. 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ISBN 9781620875742. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAVECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1","url_text":"Black Belt Tae Kwon Do: The Ultimate Reference Guide to the World's Most Popular Black Belt Martial Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620875742","url_text":"9781620875742"}]},{"reference":"Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2013-01-01). Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800. Cengage Learning. p. 103. ISBN 978-1133606512. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6F2XLmIVAaYC&pg=PA103","url_text":"Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1133606512","url_text":"978-1133606512"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Hyun-hee; Park, Sung-soo; Yoon, Nae-hyun (2005). New History of Korea. Jimoondang. pp. 199–202. ISBN 9788988095850.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788988095850","url_text":"9788988095850"}]},{"reference":"\"King Gwanggaeto the Great (1)\". KBS World Radio. Korea Communications Commission. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012225405/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?lang=e&current_page=3&No=10039827","url_text":"\"King Gwanggaeto the Great (1)\""},{"url":"http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?lang=e&current_page=3&No=10039827","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"김상훈 (2010-03-22). 통 세계사 1: 인류 탄생에서 중세 시대까지: 외우지 않고 통으로 이해하는 (in Korean). Dasan Books. ISBN 9788963702117. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O6TFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245","url_text":"통 세계사 1: 인류 탄생에서 중세 시대까지: 외우지 않고 통으로 이해하는"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788963702117","url_text":"9788963702117"}]},{"reference":"Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (15 December 2014). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9781107098466. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49","url_text":"Korean History in Maps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107098466","url_text":"9781107098466"}]},{"reference":"이창우, 그림; 이희근, 글 : 최승필,감수 (15 July 2010). 세상이 깜짝 놀란 우리 역사 진기록 (in Korean). 뜨인돌출판. ISBN 9788958074731. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0ffTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT265","url_text":"세상이 깜짝 놀란 우리 역사 진기록"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788958074731","url_text":"9788958074731"}]},{"reference":"\"일본 굴레 벗어난 최초의 광개토대왕비문 해석본 나와\". OhmyNews. 9 February 2014. 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ISBN 9781107098466.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30","url_text":"Korean History in Maps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107098466","url_text":"9781107098466"}]},{"reference":"신형식 (January 2005). A Brief History of Korea. Ewha Womans University Press. ISBN 9788973006199. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o-WlUd3cjh0C&pg=PT30","url_text":"A Brief History of Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788973006199","url_text":"9788973006199"}]},{"reference":"Middleton, John (June 2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Routledge. p. 505. ISBN 9781317451587. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&pg=Pg505","url_text":"World Monarchies and Dynasties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317451587","url_text":"9781317451587"}]},{"reference":"Buswell, Robert E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Buddhism: A - L.. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale. p. 430. ISBN 9780028657196.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediabudd01busw","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Buddhism: A - L."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediabudd01busw/page/n470","url_text":"430"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028657196","url_text":"9780028657196"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Jinwung (5 November 2012). A History of Korea: From \"Land of the Morning Calm\" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0253000781. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA34","url_text":"A History of Korea: From \"Land of the Morning Calm\" to States in Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253000781","url_text":"978-0253000781"}]},{"reference":"Kang, Jae-eun (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Homa & Sekey Books. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9781931907309. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XB4UYXNQK1wC&pg=PA37","url_text":"The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931907309","url_text":"9781931907309"}]},{"reference":"\"국양왕\". KOCCA. Korea Creative Content Agency. 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In short, the practice of calling their king \"taewang\" was based on Goguryeo's independent worldview.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iIi6AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Taewang+was+a+title+equivalent+to+%22emperor%22+and+referred+to+the+ruler+of+the+entire+world+of+Goguryeo.%22","url_text":"\"Goguryeo's Worldview and Three Kingdoms\""}]},{"reference":"이윤섭 (7 March 2014). 광개토대왕과 장수왕 (in Korean). ebookspub(이북스펍). pp. 89–91. ISBN 9791155191323. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PCf-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT89","url_text":"광개토대왕과 장수왕"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791155191323","url_text":"9791155191323"}]},{"reference":"Hall, John Whitney (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 362. ISBN 9780521223522. 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He also conquered Sushen tribes in the northeast, Tungusic ancestors of the Jurcid and Manchus who later ruled Chinese \"barbarian conquest dynasties\" during the twelfth and seventeenth centuries.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3Z3a0NU4RHMC&pg=PA137","url_text":"East Asia: A New History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477265161","url_text":"9781477265161"}]},{"reference":"이윤섭 (2014-03-07). 광개토대왕과 장수왕 (in Korean). ebookspub(이북스펍). pp. 93–95. ISBN 9791155191323. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PCf-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT93","url_text":"광개토대왕과 장수왕"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791155191323","url_text":"9791155191323"}]},{"reference":"\"King Gwanggaeto the Great (2)\". KBS World Radio. Korea Communications Commission. 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Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 505–506. ISBN 9789401714167. Retrieved 27 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA505","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401714167","url_text":"9789401714167"}]},{"reference":"\"대한민국 구석구석\". Visit Korea. Korea Tourism Organization. Retrieved 7 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://korean.visitkorea.or.kr/kor/bz15/where/where_main_search.jsp?cid=753747&out_service=Y","url_text":"\"대한민국 구석구석\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Tourism_Organization","url_text":"Korea Tourism Organization"}]},{"reference":"\"광개토태왕비/동상\". Guri City. Retrieved 7 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guri.go.kr/cms/content/view/2124","url_text":"\"광개토태왕비/동상\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gwanggaeto, The Great Conqueror\". 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Retrieved 24 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000819/http://www.komacon.kr/dmkn/manhwacon/view_info.asp?in_outorder=1996031204","url_text":"\"태왕북벌기\""},{"url":"http://www.komacon.kr/dmkn/manhwacon/view_info.asp?in_outorder=1996031204","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"[★★리뷰] 광개토태왕, 모바일 전략시뮬레이션 '새역사'를 쓰다… 4.0 ★★★★\". 게임조선. Retrieved 24 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamechosun.co.kr/article/view.php?no=120175","url_text":"\"[★★리뷰] 광개토태왕, 모바일 전략시뮬레이션 '새역사'를 쓰다… 4.0 ★★★★\""}]},{"reference":"\"영웅 for Kakao\". Google Play. Retrieved 16 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ftt.hero_gl_4kakao","url_text":"\"영웅 for Kakao\""}]},{"reference":"\"4:33 Creative Lab\". Retrieved 16 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.433.co.kr/eng_awards/","url_text":"\"4:33 Creative Lab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hero for Kakao\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment_of_Fear	Fragment of Fear	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Music","5 Critical reception","6 References","7 External links"]	1970 British film by Richard C. Sarafian Fragment of FearTheatrical release posterDirected byRichard C. SarafianWritten byPaul DehnBased onA Fragment of Fearby John BinghamProduced byPaul DehnJohn R. SloanStarringDavid Hemmings Gayle Hunnicutt Flora Robson Arthur LoweCinematographyOswald MorrisEdited byMalcolm CookeMusic byJohnny HarrisProductioncompanyColumbia PicturesDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date 3 September 1970 (1970-09-03) (UK) September 1971 (USA)Running time94 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Fragment of Fear is a 1970 British thriller film directed by Richard C. Sarafian and starring David Hemmings, Gayle Hunnicutt, Wilfrid Hyde-White, Roland Culver, Flora Robson and Arthur Lowe. It was adapted from the 1965 novel A Fragment of Fear by John Bingham. Plot Tim Brett is visiting his rich but estranged aunt in an Italian coastal hotel catering mainly for old ladies. On a tour of Pompeii visitors find the body of his aunt, who has been strangled. An elaborate funeral follows. At the funeral Tim has a conversation with Signor Bardoni, the hotel owner, who organised the funeral. He says it is ironic that his aunt has been killed by a criminal when she had spent her life "helping criminals". A card on a wreath at the funeral says it is from "The Stepping Stones". Brett is a former drug addict who has written a book about his experience and has been published. He has been clean for about a year. He had recently become acquainted with his aunt, a philanthropist who expressed interest in helping some of Tim's former acquaintances. She is found murdered soon after. Tim starts a relationship with Juliet, the woman who found his aunt's body, and they are soon engaged. Dissatisfied with the progress that the police are making in his aunt's murder case, he begins to ask questions of some of his aunt's acquaintances. He then begins to receive warnings from unknown persons to stop his inquiries. On the train he meets an elderly woman. She hands him a note of supposed comfort, asking him to read it at home. The note turns out to be a warning about leaving matters to the police, apparently typed on his own typewriter. There's also an ominous laugh recorded on Tim's own tape recorder, indicating that someone has been in his apartment. Tim is then visited by a police sergeant, Sgt. Matthews, who informs him that the woman on the train had lodged a complaint against Tim. Sgt. Matthews takes Tim's information but after the woman is also killed, Tim finds out that there is no sergeant by that name working at the police station. Tim is later assaulted on the streets at night by two men who leave him lying on the ground with a hypodermic needle. Tim throws the needle away down a gutter. He makes contact with a secret government agency which tells him that they are after the people who are threatening him, but all is, again, not what it seems to be. As the situation continues, Tim and Juliet's wedding fast approaches. Cast David Hemmings as Tim Brett Gayle Hunnicutt as Juliet Bristow Wilfrid Hyde-White as Mr. Copsey Flora Robson as Lucy Dawson Adolfo Celi as Signor Bardoni Roland Culver as Mr. Vellacot Daniel Massey as Major Ricketts Mona Washbourne as Mrs. Gray Arthur Lowe as Mr. Nugent Yootha Joyce as Miss Ward-Cadbury Derek Newark as Sergeant Matthews Patricia Hayes as Mrs. Baird Mary Wimbush as "Bunface" Glynn Edwards as CID Superintendent Philip Stone as CID Sergeant Bernard Archard as priest Kenneth Cranham as Joe Angelo Infanti as Bruno Massimo Sarchielli as Mario Michael Rothwell as Rocky Petra Markham as schoolgirl Georgina Moon as schoolgirl Lois Hyett as Schoolgirl John Rae as uncle Stanley Edward Kemp as Kenny Hilda Barry as Miss Daley Kurt Christian as Nino Jessica Dublin as American matron Louise Lambert as American matron Richard Kerr as pop singer a London pigeon as Columbus Production The film was made at Shepperton Studios. Location shooting took place around London, Seaford in Sussex and around Pompeii and Sorrento in Italy. The film's sets were designed by the art director Ray Simm. Costumes were by Phyllis Dalton. Music The jazz score composed by Johnny Harris was later used by Levi's to soundtrack their European Kung Fu TV advertising campaign in the late 1990s. The original soundtrack features Harold McNair on solo flute. Critical reception The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "For much of its length, Fragment of Fear works quite well as a standard whodunnit.... David Hemmings, though indecisively Methody, still gives one of his most detailed performances so far; and the mood is contrived and controlled well enough to keep one engrossed. ... And then the detective story becomes an espionage thriller, the temperature drops, interest dies, and just after an attempt to revive it with the extraordinary wedding sequence the film quite suddenly ends: a train goes into a tunnel and never comes out again ... when a final shot startles one into blank bewilderment, one's initial reaction is that one has been hoodwinked, that the whole film is a shameful cheat." References ^ "Fragment of Fear". British Film Institute Collections Search. Retrieved 2 January 2024. ^ "Fragment of Fear". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 37 (432): 201. 1 January 1970 – via ProQuest. External links Fragment of Fear at IMDb Fragment of Fear then-and-now location photographs at ReelStreets vteFilms directed by Richard C. Sarafian Terror at Black Falls (1962) Andy (1965) Shadow on the Land (1968) Run Wild, Run Free (1969) Fragment of Fear (1970) Vanishing Point (1971) Man in the Wilderness (1971) Lolly-Madonna XXX (1973) The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing (1973) One of Our Own (1975) The Next Man (1976) The African Queen (1977) A Killing Affair (1977) Sunburn (1979) Disaster on the Coastliner (1979) The Gangster Chronicles (1981) Splendor in the Grass (1981) The Bear (1984) Liberty (1986) Eye of the Tiger (1986) Street Justice (1987) Solar Crisis (1990)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Richard C. Sarafian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Sarafian"},{"link_name":"David Hemmings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hemmings"},{"link_name":"Gayle Hunnicutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayle_Hunnicutt"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Hyde-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Hyde-White"},{"link_name":"Roland Culver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Culver"},{"link_name":"Flora Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Robson"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lowe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFIsearch-1"},{"link_name":"A Fragment of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fragment_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"John Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bingham_(author)"}],"text":"Fragment of Fear is a 1970 British thriller film directed by Richard C. Sarafian and starring David Hemmings, Gayle Hunnicutt, Wilfrid Hyde-White, Roland Culver, Flora Robson and Arthur Lowe.[1] It was adapted from the 1965 novel A Fragment of Fear by John Bingham.","title":"Fragment of Fear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"}],"text":"Tim Brett is visiting his rich but estranged aunt in an Italian coastal hotel catering mainly for old ladies.On a tour of Pompeii visitors find the body of his aunt, who has been strangled. An elaborate funeral follows. At the funeral Tim has a conversation with Signor Bardoni, the hotel owner, who organised the funeral. He says it is ironic that his aunt has been killed by a criminal when she had spent her life \"helping criminals\". A card on a wreath at the funeral says it is from \"The Stepping Stones\".Brett is a former drug addict who has written a book about his experience and has been published. He has been clean for about a year. He had recently become acquainted with his aunt, a philanthropist who expressed interest in helping some of Tim's former acquaintances. She is found murdered soon after. Tim starts a relationship with Juliet, the woman who found his aunt's body, and they are soon engaged.Dissatisfied with the progress that the police are making in his aunt's murder case, he begins to ask questions of some of his aunt's acquaintances. He then begins to receive warnings from unknown persons to stop his inquiries. On the train he meets an elderly woman. She hands him a note of supposed comfort, asking him to read it at home. The note turns out to be a warning about leaving matters to the police, apparently typed on his own typewriter. There's also an ominous laugh recorded on Tim's own tape recorder, indicating that someone has been in his apartment.Tim is then visited by a police sergeant, Sgt. Matthews, who informs him that the woman on the train had lodged a complaint against Tim. Sgt. Matthews takes Tim's information but after the woman is also killed, Tim finds out that there is no sergeant by that name working at the police station. Tim is later assaulted on the streets at night by two men who leave him lying on the ground with a hypodermic needle. Tim throws the needle away down a gutter. He makes contact with a secret government agency which tells him that they are after the people who are threatening him, but all is, again, not what it seems to be. As the situation continues, Tim and Juliet's wedding fast approaches.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Hemmings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hemmings"},{"link_name":"Gayle Hunnicutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayle_Hunnicutt"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Hyde-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Hyde-White"},{"link_name":"Flora Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Robson"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Celi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Celi"},{"link_name":"Roland Culver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Culver"},{"link_name":"Daniel Massey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Massey_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mona Washbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Washbourne"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Yootha Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yootha_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Derek Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Newark"},{"link_name":"Patricia Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Mary Wimbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wimbush"},{"link_name":"Glynn Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynn_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Philip Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Stone"},{"link_name":"Bernard Archard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Archard"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Cranham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Cranham"},{"link_name":"Angelo Infanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Infanti"},{"link_name":"Michael Rothwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rothwell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Petra Markham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Markham"},{"link_name":"Georgina Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_Moon"},{"link_name":"John Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rae_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kurt Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Christian"},{"link_name":"Jessica Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Dublin"}],"text":"David Hemmings as Tim Brett\nGayle Hunnicutt as Juliet Bristow\nWilfrid Hyde-White as Mr. Copsey\nFlora Robson as Lucy Dawson\nAdolfo Celi as Signor Bardoni\nRoland Culver as Mr. Vellacot\nDaniel Massey as Major Ricketts\nMona Washbourne as Mrs. Gray\nArthur Lowe as Mr. Nugent\nYootha Joyce as Miss Ward-Cadbury\nDerek Newark as Sergeant Matthews\nPatricia Hayes as Mrs. Baird\nMary Wimbush as \"Bunface\"\nGlynn Edwards as CID Superintendent\nPhilip Stone as CID Sergeant\nBernard Archard as priest\nKenneth Cranham as Joe\nAngelo Infanti as Bruno\nMassimo Sarchielli as Mario\nMichael Rothwell as Rocky\nPetra Markham as schoolgirl\nGeorgina Moon as schoolgirl\nLois Hyett as Schoolgirl\nJohn Rae as uncle Stanley\nEdward Kemp as Kenny\nHilda Barry as Miss Daley\nKurt Christian as Nino\nJessica Dublin as American matron\nLouise Lambert as American matron\nRichard Kerr as pop singer\na London pigeon as Columbus","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shepperton Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepperton_Studios"},{"link_name":"Location shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_shooting"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Seaford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaford,_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Sorrento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrento"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Ray Simm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Simm"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Dalton"}],"text":"The film was made at Shepperton Studios. Location shooting took place around London, Seaford in Sussex and around Pompeii and Sorrento in Italy.[citation needed] The film's sets were designed by the art director Ray Simm. Costumes were by Phyllis Dalton.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Harris_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Levi's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi%27s"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Harold McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_McNair"}],"text":"The jazz score composed by Johnny Harris was later used by Levi's to soundtrack their European Kung Fu TV advertising campaign in the late 1990s.[citation needed] The original soundtrack features Harold McNair on solo flute.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Monthly Film Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monthly_Film_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: \"For much of its length, Fragment of Fear works quite well as a standard whodunnit.... David Hemmings, though indecisively Methody, still gives one of his most detailed performances so far; and the mood is contrived and controlled well enough to keep one engrossed. ... And then the detective story becomes an espionage thriller, the temperature drops, interest dies, and just after an attempt to revive it with the extraordinary wedding sequence the film quite suddenly ends: a train goes into a tunnel and never comes out again ... when a final shot startles one into blank bewilderment, one's initial reaction is that one has been hoodwinked, that the whole film is a shameful cheat.\"[2]","title":"Critical reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Fragment of Fear\". British Film Institute Collections Search. Retrieved 2 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150330673","url_text":"\"Fragment of Fear\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fragment of Fear\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Rilen	Ian Rilen	["1 Biography","1.1 Rose Tattoo","1.2 X","1.3 Sardine v","1.4 Later career","2 Death","3 Personal life","4 Discography","4.1 Albums","5 Further reading","6 References","7 External links"]	Australian musician Ian RilenBackground informationBirth nameIan William RilenBorn(1947-08-12)12 August 1947Bendigo, Victoria, AustraliaDied30 October 2006(2006-10-30) (aged 59)Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaGenresblues rock; hard rock; punk rock; post-punkOccupation(s)Musician, songwriterInstrument(s)Bass, guitarYears active1971–2006LabelsWEA, AlbertsMusical artist Ian William Rilen (12 August 1947 – 30 October 2006) was an Australian musician. He was bass guitarist and songwriter with Rock N' Roll band Rose Tattoo, and led punk rock group X while also providing lead guitar, rhythm guitar and vocals. Rilen was born in Bendigo, Victoria, started his musical career in Sydney and later lived in Melbourne. Rilen was a member of 1970s progressive blues group Band of Light and other bands, including Space, Blue Aliens, Blackfeather, Sardine v, Hell to Pay, Skindiver and Illustrated Men. Rilen wrote one of Rose Tattoo's biggest hits, "Bad Boy for Love", and co-wrote "Stuck on You" with his first wife Stephanie Falconer, which was covered by Hunters & Collectors. Rilen was diagnosed with bladder cancer early in 2006 and died on 30 October, aged 59. Biography Ian William Rilen was born on 12 August 1947 in Bendigo, Victoria to Jean and William Rilen. He grew up in Torquay and became a surfer. After various jobs including window dresser, screen printer and sign writer, Rilen turned to a career in music. He played in progressive rock band, Lotus including at the Myponga Festival in January–February 1971. He then joined Space during 1971–1972. Rilen was bass guitarist for Band of Light during 1972–1974. The progressive blues group formed in Sydney but relocated to Melbourne, and released two albums, Total Union (1973) and The Archer (1974) (both on WEA Records). They had a No. 18 hit single on the Go-Set top 40 with "Destiny Song" in July 1973. Total Union peaked at No. 14 on Go-Set's top 20 albums chart in September. Rilen left in mid-1974 and the band broke up by year's end. During 1975, he teamed with former bandmate, slide guitarist, Norm Roue (ex-Lotus, Band of Light), in the short-lived Blue Aliens with Roy Johnson. Late in 1975, he joined Blackfeather which previously had hits with "Seasons of Change" (No. 15, 1971) and "Boppin' the Blues" (No. 1, 1972). Rose Tattoo Rose Tattoo was formed in Sydney in 1976 with Leigh Johnston on rhythm guitar, Tony Lake on lead vocals. and led by Peter Wells, who had just departed as bass guitarist of heavy metal band Buffalo. Drummer Michael Vandersluys completed the line-up. Rilen joined on bass guitar to allow Wells to concentrate on his slide guitar. Rhythm guitarist Mick Cocks soon replaced Johnston; Lake and Vandersluys were substituted by former Buster Brown members Angry Anderson and Dallas "Digger" Royall respectively. Rose Tattoo's hard-rocking sound quickly earned a devoted following in the Sydney area. Members of AC/DC were fans and recommended them to their label, Albert Productions. The band's debut single "Bad Boy for Love" was written by Rilen, who left to form punk rock group, X, prior to its release in October 1977. "Bad Boy for Love" was produced by Vanda & Young (ex-The Easybeats, AC/DC's producers) and peaked at No. 19 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart. Cocks switched to bass guitar to cover Rilen's departure, then Chris Turner (ex-Buffalo) was brought in. "I hope I haven't done all the things people have told me I've done the night before." -Ian Rilen X Ian Rilen on bass, playing his unique fast down stroke style, formed X with Steve Lucas on guitar and vocals, Ian Krahe on guitar (who used to literally have blood on his hands from his thrashing playing style without a pick, by the end of a show), and Steve Cafiero on drums in the late 1970s. During X's history the lineup changed twice. The first was caused by the death of Ian Krahe, which reduced the band to three members before they recorded their first album X-Aspirations (1979) in five hours at Trafalgar Studios in Sydney. The lineup changed a second time on their first Melbourne tour when the band reformed in the early 1980s. The tour was organised by then manager Nick Chance with booking agent Gerard Schlaghecke at Premier Artists in Melbourne, another long time fan of X. Cafiero had always said he would not go to Melbourne; when advised of tour dates, he stuck to his word and would not go, citing family commitments and the fact that his career choice of real estate would be in the balance if he did. When told by Nick Chance of Cafiero's decision not to go, booking agent Gerard suggested drummer Cathy Green, who was based in Canberra. Gerard knew Green was a huge fan of X, and thus knew the songs, and was a great drummer in her own right who could fill in to save the Melbourne tour. Luckily Cathy agreed to do it, on a few days' notice. There were two hastily organised rehearsals prior to the Melbourne shows, which turned out to be a huge success. Cathy brought a new fresh yet solid feel to the band. Tragically, not long after that, Cafiero died when injected with a dye prior to an X-ray for a back complaint and Cathy became a permanent final member of X. The At Home With You (1985) album recorded in Melbourne, which included new songs inspired in part by Cathy, was made at Richmond Recorders, and engineered by Tony Cohen. The X And More (1989) followed. This, along with its two predecessors, was produced by Lobby Loyde, who was briefly a member of Rose Tattoo in 1979–1980. Sardine v During X's first hiatus (1980–1983), he formed the post punk outfit Sardine v, with his then wife, Stephanie Rilen (née Hancock) on keyboards and lead vocals. According to Rilen, "I didn't know played until I bought a keyboard for the kids and I was writing songs in my room at the house. She just walked by and played a line on the keyboards. I said: 'Do that again'". Sardine v's debut single, "Sabotage" (1981), was followed by "Sudan" (written by Falconer) which was shown on ABC-TV's Countdown in 1982 with Rilen on guitar, Falconer on keyboards and lead vocals, and Johanna Pigott (ex-XL Capris) on bass guitar. "Stuck on You", co-written by Rilen and Falconer, was covered by Hunters & Collectors on their 1986 album, Human Frailty; Stephanie Rilen later married Doug Falconer from the band. Later career Rilen reinstated X in 1983, which included drummer Cathy Green from 1984, with whom he later formed a domestic partnership. During 1984–1985, Rilen also joined with ex-Rose Tattoo members, Cocks, Georgie Leach, Royall and Wells to form Illustrated Man. This was followed in 1990 by The Big Rider (with Green), then Hell to Pay (1991–1993) and a return to X thereafter. Rilen worked with Ian Moss (Cold Chisel) during recording of Petrolhead (1996), playing bass and co-writing songs for the album and later also toured for a short time with Moss. Rilen rejoined Rose Tattoo in 1998 for the All Hell Breaks Loose Tour with fellow Australian band, The Angels. Rilen's solo album was Love is Murder (2001), while Passion, Boots & Bruises (2004) is credited to Ian Rilen & the Love Addicts. A second album with the Love Addicts, The Family from Cuba, was recorded shortly before his death and released in 2007. Death This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ian Rilen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rilen was diagnosed with bladder cancer early in 2006. Rilen was invited to the Jack Awards in 2006, to play in an all-star tribute band for his departed Rose Tattoo bandmate Pete Wells who had died of prostate cancer on 27 March. He left his hospital bed to attend Rose Tattoo's ARIA Hall of Fame induction on 16 August. Two tribute concerts were held for him on 5 and 6 October. Rilen died at the age of 59 on 30 October 2006. Three other Rose Tattoo members have died of cancer, besides Rilen and Wells: Royall in 1991, Loyde (also producer for X) in 2007, and Cocks in 2009. Personal life He was married twice, first to Stephanie Falconer and second to Sofia Fitzpatrick. His domestic partners included Cathy Green and Brigitte. Rilen had five children: Alicia Ann Macfarlane, Jai Jai Rilen, Gentilla, Tallulah (with Falconer) and Romeo (with Brigitte). Discography Main articles: Band of light § Discography, Rose Tattoo discography, and X (Australian band) § Discography Albums Ian Rilen Love is Murder (2001) Ian Rilen & the Love Addicts Passion Boots & Bruises (2004) The Family from Cuba (2007) Further reading Volkman, Kim. The Devil Won’t Take Charity, 2017, Melbourne. ISBN 9780648098607 References General McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Whammo Homepage". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 26 May 2010. Note: Archived copy has limited functionality. Specific ^ a b c d Brown, Jen Jewel (25 November 2006). "He was the goodtime bad boy of Rose Tattoo". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ a b c Holmgren, Magnus. "Ian Rilen". Australian Rock Database. Magnus Holmgren. Archived from the original on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ a b c McFarlane "'Band of Light' entry". Archived from the original on 6 April 2004. Retrieved 15 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ Holmgren, Magnus. "Band of Light". Australian Rock Database. Magnus Holmgren. Archived from the original on 22 August 2003. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ "Go-Set search engine results for "Destiny Song"". Go-Set. Waverley Press. 21 July 1973. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ "Go-Set search engine results for Total Union". Go-Set. Waverley Press. 1 September 1973. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ "Go-Set search engine results for Blackfeather". Go-Set. Waverley Press. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ a b McFarlane "'Rose Tattoo' entry". Archived from the original on 1 September 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2012.. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ Holmgren, Magnus. "Rose Tattoo". Australian Rock Database. Magnus Holmgren. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ a b c Nimmervoll, Ed. "Rose Tattoo". Howlspace – The Living History of Our Music. White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd. (Ed Nimmervoll). Archived from the original on 28 January 2003. Retrieved 22 January 2014. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book Ltd. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. NOTE: Used for Australian Singles and Albums charting from 1974 until Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) created their own charts in mid-1988. In 1992, Kent back calculated chart positions for 1970–1974. ^ Tracee Hutchison (1992). Your Name's on the Door. Sydney: ABC Enterprises. p. 95. ISBN 0-7333-0115-0. ^ a b McFarlane "'X' entry". Archived from the original on 27 February 2004. Retrieved 17 March 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^ "Ian Rilen at the I-94 Bar part three". I-94 Bar. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2010. ^ a b "APRA search engine". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 21 December 2009. Note: requires user to enter song title, e.g. Bad Boy for Love ^ Australian Associated Press (AAP) (23 December 2009). "Rose Tattoo band founder dies". The Daily Telegraph (Sydney). News Corporation. Retrieved 20 May 2010. ^ Cashmere, Paul (22 December 2009). "Rose Tattoo founder Mick Cocks Dies From Liver Cancer". Undercover.com.au. Cashmere Media Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 February 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010. ^ "Ian Rilen tribute at The Prince of Wales". PBS 106.7FM. Progressive Broadcast Service. Retrieved 27 May 2010. External links Ian Rilen (I-94 Bar) Daniel Ziffer, "Rose Tattoo Legend dies" (The Age, 30 October 2006) Vale Ian Rilen vteRose Tattoo Angry Anderson Paul Demarco Mark Evans Mick Arnold Ronnie Simmons Peter Wells Tony Lake Michael "Stork" Vandersluys Leigh Johnston Ian Rilen Mick Cocks Dallas "Digger" Royall Geordie Leach Chris Turner Neil Smith Paul DeMarco Dai Pritchard Dario Bortolin Randall Waller Jackie Barnes Lobby Loyde Robin Riley John Meyer Greg Jordan Scott Johnston Robert Bowron Tim Gaze Andy Cichon Jake Landt Rick Melick Steve King John Watson Bob Spencer Justin Ngariki Studio albums Rose Tattoo (1978) Assault & Battery (1981) Scarred for Life (1982) Southern Stars (1984) Extended plays "Born to Be Wild" "Black Eyed Bruiser" Related articles Discography Members 2006 ARIA Hall of Fame vteX Steve Lucas Cathy Green Kim Volkman Ian Rilen Steve Cafiero Studio albums X-Aspirations At Home with You And More Related articles Rose Tattoo Lobby Loyde Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock N' Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_N%27_Roll"},{"link_name":"Rose Tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Tattoo"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(Australian_band)"},{"link_name":"Bendigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendigo,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Band of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_of_Light"},{"link_name":"Blackfeather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfeather"},{"link_name":"Sardine v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardine_v"},{"link_name":"Bad Boy for Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Boy_for_Love&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hunters & Collectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunters_%26_Collectors"},{"link_name":"bladder cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancer"}],"text":"Musical artistIan William Rilen (12 August 1947 – 30 October 2006) was an Australian musician. He was bass guitarist and songwriter with Rock N' Roll band Rose Tattoo, and led punk rock group X while also providing lead guitar, rhythm guitar and vocals. Rilen was born in Bendigo, Victoria, started his musical career in Sydney and later lived in Melbourne.Rilen was a member of 1970s progressive blues group Band of Light and other bands, including Space, Blue Aliens, Blackfeather, Sardine v, Hell to Pay, Skindiver and Illustrated Men. Rilen wrote one of Rose Tattoo's biggest hits, \"Bad Boy for Love\", and co-wrote \"Stuck on You\" with his first wife Stephanie Falconer, which was covered by Hunters & Collectors. Rilen was diagnosed with bladder cancer early in 2006 and died on 30 October, aged 59.","title":"Ian Rilen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bendigo, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendigo,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Torquay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-1"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"Myponga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myponga,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARDbIR-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFBoL-3"},{"link_name":"Band of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_of_Light"},{"link_name":"WEA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFBoL-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARDbBoL-4"},{"link_name":"Go-Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Set"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoSetDestiny-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoSetUnion-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFBoL-3"},{"link_name":"slide guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_guitar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARDbIR-2"},{"link_name":"Blackfeather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfeather"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARDbIR-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoSetBlackfeather-7"}],"text":"Ian William Rilen was born on 12 August 1947 in Bendigo, Victoria to Jean and William Rilen. He grew up in Torquay and became a surfer.[1]After various jobs including window dresser, screen printer and sign writer, Rilen turned to a career in music.[1] He played in progressive rock band, Lotus including at the Myponga Festival in January–February 1971. He then joined Space during 1971–1972.[2][3]Rilen was bass guitarist for Band of Light during 1972–1974. The progressive blues group formed in Sydney but relocated to Melbourne, and released two albums, Total Union (1973) and The Archer (1974) (both on WEA Records).[3][4] They had a No. 18 hit single on the Go-Set top 40 with \"Destiny Song\" in July 1973.[5] Total Union peaked at No. 14 on Go-Set's top 20 albums chart in September.[6] Rilen left in mid-1974 and the band broke up by year's end.[3]During 1975, he teamed with former bandmate, slide guitarist, Norm Roue (ex-Lotus, Band of Light), in the short-lived Blue Aliens with Roy Johnson.[2] Late in 1975, he joined Blackfeather which previously had hits with \"Seasons of Change\" (No. 15, 1971) and \"Boppin' the Blues\" (No. 1, 1972).[2][7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rose Tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Tattoo"},{"link_name":"Peter Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wells_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(band)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFRT-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARDbRT-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howl-10"},{"link_name":"Mick Cocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Cocks"},{"link_name":"Angry Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Dallas \"Digger\" Royall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Royall"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howl-10"},{"link_name":"hard-rocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_rock_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"AC/DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC/DC"},{"link_name":"Albert Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Productions"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howl-10"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(Australian_band)"},{"link_name":"Vanda & Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanda_%26_Young"},{"link_name":"The Easybeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Easybeats"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFRT-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Rose Tattoo","text":"Rose Tattoo was formed in Sydney in 1976 with Leigh Johnston on rhythm guitar, Tony Lake on lead vocals. and led by Peter Wells, who had just departed as bass guitarist of heavy metal band Buffalo. Drummer Michael Vandersluys completed the line-up.[8][9] Rilen joined on bass guitar to allow Wells to concentrate on his slide guitar.[10] Rhythm guitarist Mick Cocks soon replaced Johnston; Lake and Vandersluys were substituted by former Buster Brown members Angry Anderson and Dallas \"Digger\" Royall respectively.[10]Rose Tattoo's hard-rocking sound quickly earned a devoted following in the Sydney area. Members of AC/DC were fans and recommended them to their label, Albert Productions.[10] The band's debut single \"Bad Boy for Love\" was written by Rilen, who left to form punk rock group, X, prior to its release in October 1977. \"Bad Boy for Love\" was produced by Vanda & Young (ex-The Easybeats, AC/DC's producers) and peaked at No. 19 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart.[8][11] Cocks switched to bass guitar to cover Rilen's departure, then Chris Turner (ex-Buffalo) was brought in.\"I hope I haven't done all the things people have told me I've done the night before.\" -Ian Rilen[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFX-13"},{"link_name":"Tony Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Lobby Loyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobby_Loyde"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFX-13"}],"sub_title":"X","text":"Ian Rilen on bass, playing his unique fast down stroke style, formed X with Steve Lucas on guitar and vocals, Ian Krahe on guitar (who used to literally have blood on his hands from his thrashing playing style without a pick, by the end of a show), and Steve Cafiero on drums [13] in the late 1970s.During X's history the lineup changed twice. The first was caused by the death of Ian Krahe, which reduced the band to three members before they recorded their first album X-Aspirations (1979) in five hours at Trafalgar Studios in Sydney. The lineup changed a second time on their first Melbourne tour when the band reformed in the early 1980s. The tour was organised by then manager Nick Chance with booking agent Gerard Schlaghecke at Premier Artists in Melbourne, another long time fan of X. Cafiero had always said he would not go to Melbourne; when advised of tour dates, he stuck to his word and would not go, citing family commitments and the fact that his career choice of real estate would be in the balance if he did.When told by Nick Chance of Cafiero's decision not to go, booking agent Gerard suggested drummer Cathy Green, who was based in Canberra. Gerard knew Green was a huge fan of X, and thus knew the songs, and was a great drummer in her own right who could fill in to save the Melbourne tour. Luckily Cathy agreed to do it, on a few days' notice. There were two hastily organised rehearsals prior to the Melbourne shows, which turned out to be a huge success. Cathy brought a new fresh yet solid feel to the band. Tragically, not long after that, Cafiero died when injected with a dye prior to an X-ray for a back complaint and Cathy became a permanent final member of X.The At Home With You (1985) album recorded in Melbourne, which included new songs inspired in part by Cathy, was made at Richmond Recorders, and engineered by Tony Cohen.The X And More (1989) followed. This, along with its two predecessors, was produced by Lobby Loyde, who was briefly a member of Rose Tattoo in 1979–1980.[13]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"post punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_punk"},{"link_name":"Sardine v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardine_v"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rilen3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRA-15"},{"link_name":"ABC-TV's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countdown_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Johanna Pigott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Pigott"},{"link_name":"XL Capris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XL_Capris"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRA-15"},{"link_name":"Hunters & Collectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunters_%26_Collectors"},{"link_name":"Human Frailty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Frailty"}],"sub_title":"Sardine v","text":"During X's first hiatus (1980–1983), he formed the post punk outfit Sardine v, with his then wife, Stephanie Rilen (née Hancock) on keyboards and lead vocals. According to Rilen, \"I didn't know [Stephanie] played until I bought a keyboard for the kids and I was writing songs in my room at the house. She just walked by and played a line on the keyboards. I said: 'Do that again'\".[14]Sardine v's debut single, \"Sabotage\" (1981), was followed by \"Sudan\" (written by Falconer)[15] which was shown on ABC-TV's Countdown in 1982 with Rilen on guitar, Falconer on keyboards and lead vocals, and Johanna Pigott (ex-XL Capris) on bass guitar. \"Stuck on You\", co-written by Rilen and Falconer,[15] was covered by Hunters & Collectors on their 1986 album, Human Frailty; Stephanie Rilen later married Doug Falconer from the band.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Moss"},{"link_name":"Cold Chisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Chisel"},{"link_name":"Petrolhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolhead"},{"link_name":"The Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Angels_(Australian_band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-1"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"Rilen reinstated X in 1983, which included drummer Cathy Green from 1984, with whom he later formed a domestic partnership.During 1984–1985, Rilen also joined with ex-Rose Tattoo members, Cocks, Georgie Leach, Royall and Wells to form Illustrated Man. This was followed in 1990 by The Big Rider (with Green), then Hell to Pay (1991–1993) and a return to X thereafter.Rilen worked with Ian Moss (Cold Chisel) during recording of Petrolhead (1996), playing bass and co-writing songs for the album and later also toured for a short time with Moss.Rilen rejoined Rose Tattoo in 1998 for the All Hell Breaks Loose Tour with fellow Australian band, The Angels.Rilen's solo album was Love is Murder (2001), while Passion, Boots & Bruises (2004) is credited to Ian Rilen & the Love Addicts. A second album with the Love Addicts, The Family from Cuba, was recorded shortly before his death and released in 2007.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bladder cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancer"},{"link_name":"Jack Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Awards"},{"link_name":"Pete Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wells_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"prostate cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer"},{"link_name":"ARIA Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cocksdied-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Undercover-17"}],"text":"Rilen was diagnosed with bladder cancer early in 2006. Rilen was invited to the Jack Awards in 2006, to play in an all-star tribute band for his departed Rose Tattoo bandmate Pete Wells who had died of prostate cancer on 27 March. He left his hospital bed to attend Rose Tattoo's ARIA Hall of Fame induction on 16 August. Two tribute concerts were held for him on 5 and 6 October.Rilen died at the age of 59 on 30 October 2006. Three other Rose Tattoo members have died of cancer, besides Rilen and Wells: Royall in 1991, Loyde (also producer for X) in 2007, and Cocks in 2009.[16][17]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBS-18"}],"text":"He was married twice, first to Stephanie Falconer and second to Sofia Fitzpatrick. His domestic partners included Cathy Green and Brigitte.Rilen had five children: Alicia Ann Macfarlane, Jai Jai Rilen, Gentilla, Tallulah (with Falconer) and Romeo (with Brigitte).[1][18]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Ian RilenLove is Murder (2001)Ian Rilen & the Love AddictsPassion Boots & Bruises (2004)\nThe Family from Cuba (2007)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780648098607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780648098607"}],"text":"Volkman, Kim. The Devil Won’t Take Charity, 2017, Melbourne. ISBN 9780648098607","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"McFarlane, Ian (1999). \"Whammo Homepage\". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane","url_text":"McFarlane, Ian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040405231007/http://www.whammo.com.au/index.asp","url_text":"\"Whammo Homepage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Australian_Rock_and_Pop","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonards,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Leonards, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin","url_text":"Allen & Unwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-072-1","url_text":"1-86508-072-1"},{"url":"http://www.whammo.com.au/index.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Jen Jewel (25 November 2006). \"He was the goodtime bad boy of Rose Tattoo\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/obituaries/he-was-the-goodtime-bad-boy-of-rose-tattoo/2006/11/24/1164341390637.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1","url_text":"\"He was the goodtime bad boy of Rose Tattoo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax Media"}]},{"reference":"Holmgren, Magnus. \"Ian Rilen\". Australian Rock Database. Magnus Holmgren. Archived from the original on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090823051104/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/r/rilenian.html","url_text":"\"Ian Rilen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rock_Database","url_text":"Australian Rock Database"},{"url":"http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/r/rilenian.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Band of Light' entry\". Archived from the original on 6 April 2004. Retrieved 15 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040406130719/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=69","url_text":"\"'Band of Light' entry\""}]},{"reference":"Holmgren, Magnus. \"Band of Light\". Australian Rock Database. Magnus Holmgren. Archived from the original on 22 August 2003. Retrieved 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030822022328/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/b/bandoflight.html","url_text":"\"Band of Light\""},{"url":"http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/b/bandoflight.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Go-Set search engine results for \"Destiny Song\"\". Go-Set. Waverley Press. 21 July 1973. Retrieved 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sitelevel.com/query.go?crid=727d92946b2bcd67&query=%22Living+in+a+Child%27s+Dream%22","url_text":"\"Go-Set search engine results for \"Destiny Song\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Set","url_text":"Go-Set"}]},{"reference":"\"Go-Set search engine results for Total Union\". Go-Set. Waverley Press. 1 September 1973. Retrieved 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1973/19730901.html","url_text":"\"Go-Set search engine results for Total Union\""}]},{"reference":"\"Go-Set search engine results for Blackfeather\". Go-Set. Waverley Press. Retrieved 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sitelevel.com/query.go?crid=727d92946b2bcd67&query=%22Blackfeather%22","url_text":"\"Go-Set search engine results for Blackfeather\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Rose Tattoo' entry\". Archived from the original on 1 September 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040901025733/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=699","url_text":"\"'Rose Tattoo' entry\""},{"url":"http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=699","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Holmgren, Magnus. \"Rose Tattoo\". Australian Rock Database. Magnus Holmgren. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006014015/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/r/rosetattoo.html","url_text":"\"Rose Tattoo\""},{"url":"http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/r/rosetattoo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nimmervoll, Ed. \"Rose Tattoo\". Howlspace – The Living History of Our Music. White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd. (Ed Nimmervoll). Archived from the original on 28 January 2003. Retrieved 22 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20030128130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/14231/20030129-0000/www.howlspace.com.au/en2/rosetattoo/rosetattoo.htm","url_text":"\"Rose Tattoo\""},{"url":"http://www.whiteroom.com.au/howlspace/en2/rosetattoo/rosetattoo.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book Ltd. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Australian Chart Book 1970–1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Ives, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"Tracee Hutchison (1992). Your Name's on the Door. Sydney: ABC Enterprises. p. 95. ISBN 0-7333-0115-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracee_Hutchison","url_text":"Tracee Hutchison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7333-0115-0","url_text":"0-7333-0115-0"}]},{"reference":"\"'X' entry\". Archived from the original on 27 February 2004. Retrieved 17 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040227111217/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=796","url_text":"\"'X' entry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ian Rilen at the I-94 Bar part three\". I-94 Bar. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100516153747/http://www.i94bar.com/ints/rilen3.html","url_text":"\"Ian Rilen at the I-94 Bar part three\""},{"url":"http://www.i94bar.com/ints/rilen3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 21 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/worksearch.axd?q=","url_text":"\"APRA search engine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Performing_Right_Association","url_text":"Australasian Performing Right Association"}]},{"reference":"Australian Associated Press (AAP) (23 December 2009). \"Rose Tattoo band founder dies\". The Daily Telegraph (Sydney). News Corporation. Retrieved 20 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/music/rose-tattoo-band-founder-dies/story-e6frexl9-1225812990765","url_text":"\"Rose Tattoo band founder dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)","url_text":"News Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Cashmere, Paul (22 December 2009). \"Rose Tattoo founder Mick Cocks Dies From Liver Cancer\". Undercover.com.au. Cashmere Media Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 February 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100226015153/http://undercover.com.au/News-Story.aspx?id=9871_Rose_Tattoo_Founder_Mick_Cocks_Dies_From_Liver_Cancer","url_text":"\"Rose Tattoo founder Mick Cocks Dies From Liver Cancer\""},{"url":"http://www.undercover.com.au/News-Story.aspx?id=9871_Rose_Tattoo_Founder_Mick_Cocks_Dies_From_Liver_Cancer","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ian Rilen tribute at The Prince of Wales\". PBS 106.7FM. Progressive Broadcast Service. Retrieved 27 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://admin.pbsfm.org.au/sites/PBS/Documents.asp?ID=3123&Title=Ian+Rilen+tribute+at+The+Prince+Of+Wales","url_text":"\"Ian Rilen tribute at The Prince of Wales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_106.7FM","url_text":"PBS 106.7FM"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ian+Rilen%22","external_links_name":"\"Ian 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftan	Ftan	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Languages","5 Hochalpines Institut Ftan","6 References"]	Coordinates: 46°47′N 10°14′E / 46.783°N 10.233°E / 46.783; 10.233Former municipality in Graubünden, SwitzerlandFtanFormer municipality Coat of armsLocation of Ftan FtanShow map of SwitzerlandFtanShow map of Canton of GraubündenCoordinates: 46°47′N 10°14′E / 46.783°N 10.233°E / 46.783; 10.233CountrySwitzerlandCantonGraubündenDistrictInnArea • Total43.08 km2 (16.63 sq mi)Elevation1,648 m (5,407 ft)Population (Dec 2014) • Total492 • Density11/km2 (30/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)Postal code(s)7551SFOS number3761ISO 3166 codeCH-GRSurrounded byArdez, Galtür (AT-7), Ramosch, Scuol, Sent, TaraspWebsitewww.ftan.ch SFSO statistics Ftan is a former municipality in the district of Inn in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Ardez, Guarda, Tarasp, Ftan and Sent merged into the municipality of Scuol. History Ftan c. 1870. Etching by Heinrich Müller Ftan is first mentioned in 1150 as Vetane. In the 12th century, the lords of Tarasp owned land in Ftan and made donations to the Müstair and Scuol monasteries. As a parish, Ftan is first documented in 1492. Around 1542, it became Protestant. In 1499, and again in 1622, Ftan was destroyed by Austrian troops. In 1652, the village finally bought its freedom from Austria. From the 16th to the 19th century, Ftan was repeatedly devastated by avalanches and village fires (the last fire was in 1885). In 1875, the first avalanche barriers were erected and afforestation began. Between 1860 and 1862, a road was built along the bottom of the Engadin valley; since then there has been very little road traffic on the hillside of Ftan. The station of the Rhaetian Railway (opened 1913) is also far below the village. Until the middle of the 20th century, the inhabitants of Ftan lived from arable farming. Only in the 1950s did the transition to livestock farming take place. In 1970, the first ski lifts were opened; after that, winter tourism increased rapidly and numerous holiday apartments were built. Geography Ftan Ftan Aerial view (1947) Ftan had an area, as of 2006, of 43.1 km2 (16.6 sq mi). Of this area, 40.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 15.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (42.8%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). The former municipality is located in the Suot Tasna sub-district of the Inn district on a terrace above the left bank of the Inn river. It consists of the village sections of Ftan Grond and Ftan Pitschen. Until 1943 Ftan was known as Fetan. Demographics Ftan had a population (as of 2014) of 492. As of 2008, 11.2% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 9.6%. As of 2000, the gender distribution of the population was 49.2% male and 50.8% female. The age distribution, as of 2000, in Ftan is; 57 children or 11.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old. 40 teenagers or 7.8% are 10 to 14, and 84 teenagers or 16.3% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 39 people or 7.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 65 people or 12.6% are 30 to 39, 69 people or 13.4% are 40 to 49, and 53 people or 10.3% are 50 to 59. The senior population distribution is 43 people or 8.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 48 people or 9.3% are 70 to 79, there are 15 people or 2.9% who are 80 to 89, and there are 3 people or 0.6% who are 90 to 99. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 43% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (42.1%), the FDP (7.7%) and the CVP (5.1%). In Ftan about 81.8% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Ftan has an unemployment rate of 0.81%. As of 2005, there were 64 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 24 businesses involved in this sector. 16 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 6 businesses in this sector. 180 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 25 businesses in this sector. The historical population is given in the following table: year population 1835 538 1850 506 1900 403 1950 504 1970 425 2000 516 Languages Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks Rhaeto-Romance (57.8%), with German being second most common (37.0%) and Italian being third ( 1.2%). Languages in Ftan Languages Census 1980 Census 1990 Census 2000 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent German 139 31.95% 153 33.77% 191 37.02% Romansh 251 57.70% 263 58.06% 298 57.75% Italian 19 4.37% 14 3.09% 6 1.16% Population 435 100% 453 100% 516 100% Hochalpines Institut Ftan Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ftan. In 1793 the Ftan priest Andrea Rosius à Porta, influenced by Ulysses von Salis-Marschlins and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, founded an institute for boys and girls which existed until 1869. This was followed in 1916 by the Hochalpines Töchterinstitut, which since the 1970s has also been a regional secondary school with federally recognised maturities and diplomas (since 1993 Hochalpines Institut Ftan). References ^ Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz published by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (in German) accessed 27 April 2016 ^ a b c Ftan in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ a b c d e f Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived January 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine accessed 12-Oct-2009 ^ Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz published by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (in German) accessed 23 September 2009 ^ a b Graubunden Population Statistics Archived August 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 21 September 2009 ^ Graubunden in Numbers Archived September 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 21 September 2009 vteVillages in the Engadin (Graubünden, Switzerland) Ardez Bever Celerina/Schlarigna Chamues-ch Champfèr Ftan Giarsun Guarda La Punt Lavin Madulain Maloja Martina Pontresina Ramosch S-chanf Samedan Scuol Sent Sils/Segl Silvaplana St. Moritz Susch Tarasp-Vulpera Tschlin Zernez Zuoz Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn_District,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Graubünden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden"},{"link_name":"Ardez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardez"},{"link_name":"Guarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Tarasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarasp"},{"link_name":"Sent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Scuol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Former municipality in Graubünden, SwitzerlandFtan is a former municipality in the district of Inn in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Ardez, Guarda, Tarasp, Ftan and Sent merged into the municipality of Scuol.[1]","title":"Ftan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Heinrich_M%C3%BCller,_1825-1894_J13_Ftan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Johann_Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(1825-1894)"},{"link_name":"Tarasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarasp_Castle"},{"link_name":"Müstair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCstair"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"avalanche barriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_control"},{"link_name":"afforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestation"},{"link_name":"Engadin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadin"},{"link_name":"Rhaetian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway"},{"link_name":"ski lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_lift"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-2"}],"text":"Ftan c. 1870. Etching by Heinrich MüllerFtan is first mentioned in 1150 as Vetane. In the 12th century, the lords of Tarasp owned land in Ftan and made donations to the Müstair and Scuol monasteries. As a parish, Ftan is first documented in 1492. Around 1542, it became Protestant. In 1499, and again in 1622, Ftan was destroyed by Austrian troops. In 1652, the village finally bought its freedom from Austria.From the 16th to the 19th century, Ftan was repeatedly devastated by avalanches and village fires (the last fire was in 1885). In 1875, the first avalanche barriers were erected and afforestation began. Between 1860 and 1862, a road was built along the bottom of the Engadin valley; since then there has been very little road traffic on the hillside of Ftan. The station of the Rhaetian Railway (opened 1913) is also far below the village.Until the middle of the 20th century, the inhabitants of Ftan lived from arable farming. Only in the 1950s did the transition to livestock farming take place. In 1970, the first ski lifts were opened; after that, winter tourism increased rapidly and numerous holiday apartments were built.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:180829_Ftan_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ftan_Dorf.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Ftan-LBS_H1-010229.tif"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ftan&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-3"},{"link_name":"Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn_(river)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fusion-4"}],"text":"FtanFtanAerial view (1947)Ftan had an area, as of 2006[update], of 43.1 km2 (16.6 sq mi). Of this area, 40.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 15.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (42.8%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).[3]The former municipality is located in the Suot Tasna sub-district of the Inn district on a terrace above the left bank of the Inn river. It consists of the village sections of Ftan Grond and Ftan Pitschen. Until 1943 Ftan was known as Fetan.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ftan&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Population-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-3"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ftan&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR_Numbers-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ftan&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Population-5"},{"link_name":"2007 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Swiss_federal_election"},{"link_name":"SVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"SPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"FDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"CVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-3"},{"link_name":"upper secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-3"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ftan&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary economic sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"secondary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"tertiary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-2"}],"text":"Ftan had a population (as of 2014) of 492. As of 2008[update], 11.2% of the population was made up of foreign nationals.[5] Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 9.6%.[3]As of 2000[update], the gender distribution of the population was 49.2% male and 50.8% female.[6] The age distribution, as of 2000[update], in Ftan is; 57 children or 11.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old. 40 teenagers or 7.8% are 10 to 14, and 84 teenagers or 16.3% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 39 people or 7.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 65 people or 12.6% are 30 to 39, 69 people or 13.4% are 40 to 49, and 53 people or 10.3% are 50 to 59. The senior population distribution is 43 people or 8.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 48 people or 9.3% are 70 to 79, there are 15 people or 2.9% who are 80 to 89, and there are 3 people or 0.6% who are 90 to 99.[5]In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 43% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (42.1%), the FDP (7.7%) and the CVP (5.1%).[3]In Ftan about 81.8% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).[3]Ftan has an unemployment rate of 0.81%. As of 2005[update], there were 64 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 24 businesses involved in this sector. 16 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 6 businesses in this sector. 180 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 25 businesses in this sector.[3]The historical population is given in the following table:[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ftan&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Rhaeto-Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-3"}],"text":"Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks Rhaeto-Romance (57.8%), with German being second most common (37.0%) and Italian being third ( 1.2%).[3]","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ftan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ftan"},{"link_name":"Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-2"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ftan.In 1793 the Ftan priest Andrea Rosius à Porta, influenced by Ulysses von Salis-Marschlins and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, founded an institute for boys and girls which existed until 1869. This was followed in 1916 by the Hochalpines Töchterinstitut, which since the 1970s has also been a regional secondary school with federally recognised maturities and diplomas (since 1993 Hochalpines Institut Ftan).[2]","title":"Hochalpines Institut Ftan"}]	[{"image_text":"Ftan c. 1870. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnam_(1989_film)	Varnam (1989 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Varnam" 1989 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1989 Indian filmVarnamPosterDirected byAshokanWritten byAshokanProduced byPriyankaStarringJayaram Suresh GopiCinematographySaloo GeorgeEdited byG. VenkataramanMusic byOuseppachanProductioncompanyPriyanka FilmsDistributed byK. R. G. EnterprisesRelease date 1989 (1989) CountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam Varnam (English: Colour) is a 1989 Malayalam-language psychological drama film starting Jayaram and Suresh Gopi. As the directorial debut of film director Ashokan, the film received critical acclaim and was well received. Plot Haridas moves to the city after his twin sister's death. Still struggling to keep his past, he meets and falls in love with Ammu, the daughter of Major M.K. Nair. He learns that a local politician has cheated him out of a job with Manu, his classmate from college, and also suspects he killed his sister. Cast Jayaram as Haridas Suresh Gopi as Manu Vishwanath Ranjini as Ammu Thilakan as Major M. K. Nair Meena as Major's Wife Jagathi Sreekumar as Venkidy Parvathy Jayaram as Revathy Innocent as Varadan Pillai Mukesh as Gopan (cameo appearance) Mamukkoya as himself (cameo appearance) M. G. Soman as Manu's Brother Usha as Ammu's Friend Krishnan Kutty Nair as K. Purushothaman N. L. Balakrishnan as Unni Soundtrack All songs are written by K. Jayakumar. "Dala Marmaram (female)" - KS Chithra, Chorus "Olavaalan" - MG Sreekumar "Neru Neru" - CO Anto, Krishnachandran "Dala Marmaram (male)" - MG Sreekumar "Kripaya Paalaya" - MG Sreekumar External links Varnam at IMDb This article about a Malayalam film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayalam-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam-language"},{"link_name":"psychological drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_drama"},{"link_name":"Jayaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaram"},{"link_name":"Suresh Gopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_Gopi"},{"link_name":"Ashokan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashokan_(film_director)"}],"text":"1989 Indian filmVarnam (English: Colour) is a 1989 Malayalam-language psychological drama film starting Jayaram and Suresh Gopi. As the directorial debut of film director Ashokan, the film received critical acclaim and was well received.","title":"Varnam (1989 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Haridas moves to the city after his twin sister's death. Still struggling to keep his past, he meets and falls in love with Ammu, the daughter of Major M.K. Nair. He learns that a local politician has cheated him out of a job with Manu, his classmate from college, and also suspects he killed his sister.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jayaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaram"},{"link_name":"Suresh Gopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_Gopi"},{"link_name":"Ranjini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjini_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Thilakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thilakan"},{"link_name":"Meena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meena_(Malayalam_actress)"},{"link_name":"Jagathi Sreekumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagathi_Sreekumar"},{"link_name":"Parvathy Jayaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvathy_Jayaram"},{"link_name":"Innocent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mukesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukesh_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mamukkoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamukkoya"},{"link_name":"M. G. Soman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Soman"},{"link_name":"Usha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Krishnan Kutty Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnan_Kutty_Nair_(actor)"},{"link_name":"N. L. Balakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._L._Balakrishnan"}],"text":"Jayaram as Haridas\nSuresh Gopi as Manu Vishwanath\nRanjini as Ammu\nThilakan as Major M. K. Nair\nMeena as Major's Wife\nJagathi Sreekumar as Venkidy\nParvathy Jayaram as Revathy\nInnocent as Varadan Pillai\nMukesh as Gopan (cameo appearance)\nMamukkoya as himself (cameo appearance)\nM. G. Soman as Manu's Brother\nUsha as Ammu's Friend\nKrishnan Kutty Nair as K. Purushothaman\nN. L. Balakrishnan as Unni","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All songs are written by K. Jayakumar.\"Dala Marmaram (female)\" - KS Chithra, Chorus\n\"Olavaalan\" - MG Sreekumar\n\"Neru Neru\" - CO Anto, Krishnachandran\n\"Dala Marmaram (male)\" - MG Sreekumar\n\"Kripaya Paalaya\" - MG Sreekumar","title":"Soundtrack"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Varnam%22+1989+film","external_links_name":"\"Varnam\" 1989 film"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Varnam%22+1989+film+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Varnam%22+1989+film&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Varnam%22+1989+film+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Varnam%22+1989+film","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Varnam%22+1989+film&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0354158/","external_links_name":"Varnam"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varnam_(1989_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_El-Yafi	Abdallah El-Yafi	["1 Early life and education","2 Personal life","3 Political career","3.1 Women's suffrage in Lebanon","3.2 Integrity","3.3 Death","4 References","5 External links"]	Lebanese politician (1901–1986) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Abdallah El-Yafi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Abdallah El-Yafiعبد الله اليافي6th Prime Minister of LebanonIn office24 October 1938 – 21 September 1939PresidentÉmile EddéPreceded byKhaled ChehabSucceeded byAbdullah BeyhumIn office7 April 1951 – 11 February 1952PresidentBechara El KhouryPreceded byHussein Al OweiniSucceeded bySami SolhIn office24 September 1952 – 30 September 1952PresidentCamille ChamounPreceded bySaeb SalamSucceeded byKhaled ChehabIn office1 May 1953 – 16 August 1953PresidentCamille ChamounPreceded bySaeb SalamSucceeded bySami SolhIn office20 March 1956 – 16 November 1958PresidentCamille ChamounPreceded byRachid KaramiSucceeded bySami SolhIn office9 April 1966 – 2 December 1966PresidentCharles HelouPreceded byRachid KaramiSucceeded byRachid KaramiIn office8 February 1968 – 15 January 1969PresidentCharles HelouPreceded byRachid KaramiSucceeded byRachid Karami Personal detailsBorn7 September 1901Beirut, Ottoman LebanonDied(1986-11-04)4 November 1986 (aged 85)Beirut, LebanonPolitical partyIndependentSpouseHind El-AzmOccupationLawyerReligionSunni Islam Abdallah El-Yafi (Arabic: عبد الله اليافي, also transliterated as Abdallah Yafi, Abdallah Bey Aref el-Yafi and other variants; 7 September 1901 – 4 November 1986) was the Prime Minister of Lebanon serving twelve times between 1938 and 1969. El-Yafi is considered to be one of the most popular politicians in Lebanese 20th century history. His ethical behavior in public service is cited as an example in the official civic education high-school textbooks as well as in the graduation of law students. El-Yafi was considered one of the principle instigators of the collapse of Intra Bank in the 1960s. He was refused a personal loan by founder Yousef Beidas and the decision not to intervene was to have drastically averse collateral impact on Lebanon's other banks, as local depositors withdrew their money to open up accounts in US banks. In addition, El-Yafi was forced to resign. He was at the forefront of the struggle to give women the right to vote, which was achieved during the prime ministry of Khaled Chehab in 1952. Early life and education Abdallah El-Yafi was born in Beirut, Ottoman Lebanon on 7 September 1901 into a Sunni Muslim family to parents Aref El-Yafi and Jamila Ostwani, a Damascene. Raised with two brothers, he first attended Sheikh Abbas School, a Muslim elementary school, then "Pères Jésuites" (Jesuit Fathers), a Roman Catholic school, and went on to earn his French Baccalaureate Degree. He pursued his advanced studies in law at the "Pères Jésuites" and earned a Juris Doctor. In 1923, Abdallah El-Yafi enrolled in a PhD program at La Sorbonne University in Paris, France from which he graduated in 1926. El-Yafi's political involvement lasted throughout his school years. He was President of the Arab Students Association, (French: Président de l'Association des étudiants Arabes) and was militating in France against the French Mandate which was then in place in Lebanon. He was known for organizing political demonstrations and giving fiery speeches, which once led to his arrest by the French Authorities only to be released a couple of days later. Abdallah El-Yafi is the first Arab to receive a PhD from the Sorbonne University, where he wrote his thesis about women's rights in Islam. The thesis subject was "The Legal Status of Women in the Law of Islam" (French: La Condition Privée de la Femme dans le Droit de l'Islam). Drawing from Quranic decrees and Islamic principles, he made a case about how women are supposed to be allotted more rights in society. Abdallah El-Yafi was known to be a man of strong and correct principles , who believed that the empowerment of women was crucial for building a stronger society, equality providing a steadier base. These thoughts, when expressed in the 1920s, had quite an 'avant-garde' ring to conservative Muslim ears: they were not always welcome with wide open arms or minds. Later on in his political life, Abdallah El-Yafi's political opponents brandished his thesis as a weapon of defamation to tarnish his reputation. According to them, he was not a "righteous Muslim" but a French minion who had given in to the French authorities—the colonial mandate authority in Lebanon at the time—in blaspheming the Islamic religion in reward of a "Doctorat d’État". These were aimed at ruining the honest image that he so carefully cultivated throughout his life. Personal life This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) On 1 August 1937, in Damascus, Abdallah El-Yafi married Hind El-Azm, a Damascene from one of the most prominent political families in Syria. Her uncle was Prime Minister of Syria Jamil Mardam Bey. They have five children: Ghada El-Yafi (born 1939), a physician hematologist, who ran for Lebanese Parliament in year 2000. She has one daughter: Hind Kaddoura fathered by Mohammad Kaddoura. Nahila El-Yafi (born 1942) is a physician ophthalmologist. Children: Tarek, Hisham and Zeinab. Aref El-Yafi, (born 1944) the eldest son, is an entrepreneur. Spouse: Joumana El-Yafi (née Noueiri). Children: Abdallah El-Yafi, Ghaith El-Yafi, Sara El-Yafi and Firas El-Yafi. Wassek El-Yafi (born 1946) is a physician cardiologist. Children: Jamil El-Yafi and Walid El-Yafi Ghias El-Yafi (born 1949) is an entrepreneur. Spouse: Leila El-Yafi (Née El-Azm). Children: Khaled Yafi and Tarek Yafi. Political career In 1933, for the first time, Abdallah El-Yafi ran for parliamentary elections in Beirut. He waded through the process because a good friend of his, Khayreddin al-Ahdab, was aiming for the same position. As the tension rose, Abdallah El-Yafi decided to step down famously stating "I will not sacrifice my friend for a parliamentary position". Abdallah El-Yafi eventually went on to become Prime Minister of Lebanon twelve times. He was appointed Prime Minister in the government of every Lebanese President with the exception of Fouad Chehab because Abdallah El-Yafi was opposed to the idea of appointing a military general to the post of Presidency. In 1947, Abdallah El-Yafi was appointed, alongside future President of the Republic Camille Chamoun, to the Lebanese delegation to the UN that voted against the division of Palestine. In the aftermath of the Suez Crisis, Yafi pressured President Chamoun to officially sever ties with France and Grand Britain in alignment with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser's demands. He resigned along with oil minister Saeb Salam on 16 November 1958 in protest against Chamoun's refusal to do so. Later during the 1958 Lebanon Crisis, Yafi joined ranks with Saeb Salam, Kamal Jumblatt, and Rashid Karami in support of Arab nationalist rebels fighting to dissolve Lebanon into Gamal Abdel Nasser's United Arab Republic. He was appointed again as Prime Minister by Charles Helou in 1966, but was forced to resign once again in the wake of the Intra Bank scandal. The last term he served as Prime Minister was in 1969. In 1974, President of Lebanon Suleiman Frangieh asked Abdallah El-Yafi to be the Prime Minister, he refused. El-Yafi was the Minister of Finance four times: in 1954, 1966, 1968 and from 1968 to 1969. He was Defense Minister 1953-1954 and in 1968. Women's suffrage in Lebanon The struggle to achieve equal rights for women was one of Abdallah El-Yafi's principal political goals. In fact, Abdallah El-Yafi was the main politician who lobbied for women's suffrage in Lebanon. Despite a growing voice of dissent among his political adversaries, El-Yafi was able to extend the ballot to women during one of his terms. In 1952, the cabinet of Abdallah El-Yafi voted for a new policy that allowed voting rights to women with an elementary education and a minimum voting age of 21. The law came in effect for the 1953 8th Parliamentary elections and is still in effect today. Integrity In the civic education classes in Lebanese schools, students are taught a lesson on honesty and honor through the story of Abdallah El-Yafi whose integrity was constantly cited as an example for all young people in Lebanon: Abdallah El-Yafi was a young lawyer in October 1938, when then Lebanese President Emile Edde asked him to form a new government. During his tenure, he closed his law cabinet because he wanted to separate public services from private services. But after just 8 months in office, he decided to resign over a governmental policy dispute. In the morning following his resignation, he woke up much earlier than usual and sat on the balcony meditating. His wife tried to console him for losing his premiership position. He famously replied: "I’m not worried about the premiership, but I’m worried about how to announce to you that I will have to cancel our telephone subscription for lack of money in my possession given the fact that my law firm has been closed for eight months and I am without clients." He is famous for having once said to a man who asked him to join a prolific business project "I would never even dare give the chance to the smallest villager in the most remote town to even think that I made a benefit of one penny" . Another story relates how a relative of his wife wanted Abdallah El-Yafi to grant him a license to build a tunnel in Dahr El-Baydar, an area in Mount Lebanon promising him a worthy profit. Abdallah El-Yafi told his wife "You either throw him out of my house now, or I will throw him down the stairs myself". Death Abdallah El-Yafi was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease at an old age. He died in Beirut, in his home, on 4 November 1986. References ^ "الرؤساء السابقون". pcm.gov.lb. Retrieved 21 December 2016. ^ Chamoun, Camille (1963). Crise au Moyen-Orient. Paris, France: Gallimard. pp. 309–314, 385. ^ de Carvalho, George (27 January 1967). "Fall of the "Genius from Jerusalem"". Life Magazine. pp. 87–89. ^ "Former Ministers". 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. ^ "الوزراء المتعاقبون على وزارة الدفاع الوطني" . pcm.gov.lb (in Arabic). Government of Lebanon. Retrieved 14 August 2020. External links Media related to Abdallah El-Yafi at Wikimedia Commons Political offices Preceded byKhaled Chehab Prime Minister of Lebanon 1938-1939 Succeeded byAbdallah Beyhum Preceded byHussein Al Oweini Prime Minister of Lebanon 1951-1952 Succeeded bySami Solh Preceded bySaeb Salam Prime Minister of Lebanon 1952 Succeeded byKhaled Chehab Preceded bySaeb Salam Prime Minister of Lebanon 1953-1954 Succeeded byKhaled Chehab Preceded byRachid Karami Prime Minister of Lebanon 1956 Succeeded bySami Solh Preceded byRachid Karami Prime Minister of Lebanon 1966 Succeeded byRachid Karami Preceded byRachid Karami Prime Minister of Lebanon 1968-1969 Succeeded byRachid Karami vtePrime ministers of Lebanon (List)French Mandate(1918–1943) French Mandate of Lebanonoffice established 1926 Auguste Adib Pacha Bechara El Khoury Habib Pacha Es-Saad Bechara El Khoury Émile Eddé Auguste Adib Pacha Charles Debbas Abdallah Beyhum Ayoub Tabet Khayreddin al-Ahdab Khaled Chehab Abdallah El-Yafi Abdallah Beyhum* Alfred Naqqache Ahmad Daouk Sami as-Solh Ayoub Tabet Petro Trad Lebanese Republic(since 1943) Lebanese Republic Riad Al Solh Abdul Hamid Karami Sami as-Solh Saadi Al Munla Riad Al Solh Hussein Al Oweini Abdallah Yafi Sami as-Solh Nazem Akkari Saeb Salam Fuad Chehab* Khaled Chehab Saeb Salam Abdallah Yafi Sami as-Solh Rashid Karami Abdallah Yafi Sami as-Solh Khalil al-Hibri Rashid Karami Ahmad Daouk Saeb Salam Rashid Karami Hussein Al Oweini Rashid Karami Abdallah El-Yafi Rashid Karami Abdallah El-Yafi Rashid Karami Saeb Salam Amine Hafez Takieddin el-Solh Rachid Solh Nureddine Rifai Rashid Karami Selim al-Hoss Takieddin el-Solh Shafik Wazzan Rashid Karami Selim al-Hoss Michel Aoun Selim al-Hoss Omar Karami Rachid Solh Rafic Hariri Selim al-Hoss Rafic Hariri Omar Karami Najib Mikati Fouad Siniora Saad Hariri Najib Mikati Tammam Salam Saad Hariri Hassan Diab Najib Mikati * denotes acting Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"transliterated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"civic education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_education"}],"text":"Abdallah El-Yafi (Arabic: عبد الله اليافي, also transliterated as Abdallah Yafi, Abdallah Bey Aref el-Yafi and other variants; 7 September 1901 – 4 November 1986) was the Prime Minister of Lebanon serving twelve times between 1938 and 1969.[1]El-Yafi is considered to be one of the most popular politicians in Lebanese 20th century history. His ethical behavior in public service is cited as an example in the official civic education high-school textbooks as well as in the graduation of law students.El-Yafi was considered one of the principle instigators of the collapse of Intra Bank in the 1960s. He was refused a personal loan by founder Yousef Beidas and the decision not to intervene was to have drastically averse collateral impact on Lebanon's other banks, as local depositors withdrew their money to open up accounts in US banks. In addition, El-Yafi was forced to resign.He was at the forefront of the struggle to give women the right to vote, which was achieved during the prime ministry of Khaled Chehab in 1952.","title":"Abdallah El-Yafi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Damascene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"La Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Sorbonne"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"French Mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Abdallah El-Yafi was born in Beirut, Ottoman Lebanon on 7 September 1901 into a Sunni Muslim family to parents Aref El-Yafi and Jamila Ostwani, a Damascene.Raised with two brothers, he first attended Sheikh Abbas School, a Muslim elementary school, then \"Pères Jésuites\" (Jesuit Fathers), a Roman Catholic school, and went on to earn his French Baccalaureate Degree. He pursued his advanced studies in law at the \"Pères Jésuites\" and earned a Juris Doctor.In 1923, Abdallah El-Yafi enrolled in a PhD program at La Sorbonne University in Paris, France from which he graduated in 1926.El-Yafi's political involvement lasted throughout his school years. He was President of the Arab Students Association, (French: Président de l'Association des étudiants Arabes) and was militating in France against the French Mandate which was then in place in Lebanon. He was known for organizing political demonstrations and giving fiery speeches, which once led to his arrest by the French Authorities only to be released a couple of days later.Abdallah El-Yafi is the first Arab to receive a PhD from the Sorbonne University, where he wrote his thesis about women's rights in Islam. The thesis subject was \"The Legal Status of Women in the Law of Islam\" (French: La Condition Privée de la Femme dans le Droit de l'Islam). Drawing from Quranic decrees and Islamic principles, he made a case about how women are supposed to be allotted more rights in society.Abdallah El-Yafi was known to be a man of strong and correct principles [citation needed], who believed that the empowerment of women was crucial for building a stronger society, equality providing a steadier base. These thoughts, when expressed in the 1920s, had quite an 'avant-garde' ring to conservative Muslim ears: they were not always welcome with wide open arms or minds. Later on in his political life, Abdallah El-Yafi's political opponents brandished his thesis as a weapon of defamation to tarnish his reputation. According to them, he was not a \"righteous Muslim\" but a French minion who had given in to the French authorities—the colonial mandate authority in Lebanon at the time—in blaspheming the Islamic religion in reward of a \"Doctorat d’État\". These were aimed at ruining the honest image that he so carefully cultivated throughout his life.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hind El-Azm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hind_El-Azm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Jamil Mardam Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil_Mardam_Bey"}],"text":"On 1 August 1937, in Damascus, Abdallah El-Yafi married Hind El-Azm, a Damascene from one of the most prominent political families in Syria. Her uncle was Prime Minister of Syria Jamil Mardam Bey. They have five children:Ghada El-Yafi (born 1939), a physician hematologist, who ran for Lebanese Parliament in year 2000. She has one daughter: Hind Kaddoura fathered by Mohammad Kaddoura.\nNahila El-Yafi (born 1942) is a physician ophthalmologist. Children: Tarek, Hisham and Zeinab.\nAref El-Yafi, (born 1944) the eldest son, is an entrepreneur. Spouse: Joumana El-Yafi (née Noueiri). Children: Abdallah El-Yafi, Ghaith El-Yafi, Sara El-Yafi and Firas El-Yafi.\nWassek El-Yafi (born 1946) is a physician cardiologist. Children: Jamil El-Yafi and Walid El-Yafi\nGhias El-Yafi (born 1949) is an entrepreneur. Spouse: Leila El-Yafi (Née El-Azm). Children: Khaled Yafi and Tarek Yafi.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Khayreddin al-Ahdab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayreddin_al-Ahdab"},{"link_name":"Fouad Chehab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouad_Chehab"},{"link_name":"Camille Chamoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chamoun"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Suez Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Gamal Abdel Nasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser"},{"link_name":"Saeb Salam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeb_Salam"},{"link_name":"1958 Lebanon Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis"},{"link_name":"Saeb Salam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeb_Salam"},{"link_name":"Kamal Jumblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt"},{"link_name":"Rashid Karami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Karami"},{"link_name":"United Arab Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Intra Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra_Bank"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Suleiman Frangieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_Frangieh"},{"link_name":"Minister of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Lebanon)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Defense Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Lebanon)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1933, for the first time, Abdallah El-Yafi ran for parliamentary elections in Beirut. He waded through the process because a good friend of his, Khayreddin al-Ahdab, was aiming for the same position. As the tension rose, Abdallah El-Yafi decided to step down famously stating \"I will not sacrifice my friend for a parliamentary position\".Abdallah El-Yafi eventually went on to become Prime Minister of Lebanon twelve times. He was appointed Prime Minister in the government of every Lebanese President with the exception of Fouad Chehab because Abdallah El-Yafi was opposed to the idea of appointing a military general to the post of Presidency.In 1947, Abdallah El-Yafi was appointed, alongside future President of the Republic Camille Chamoun, to the Lebanese delegation to the UN that voted against the division of Palestine.In the aftermath of the Suez Crisis, Yafi pressured President Chamoun to officially sever ties with France and Grand Britain in alignment with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser's demands. He resigned along with oil minister Saeb Salam on 16 November 1958 in protest against Chamoun's refusal to do so. Later during the 1958 Lebanon Crisis, Yafi joined ranks with Saeb Salam, Kamal Jumblatt, and Rashid Karami in support of Arab nationalist rebels fighting to dissolve Lebanon into Gamal Abdel Nasser's United Arab Republic.[2]He was appointed again as Prime Minister by Charles Helou in 1966, but was forced to resign once again in the wake of the Intra Bank scandal.[3]The last term he served as Prime Minister was in 1969. In 1974, President of Lebanon Suleiman Frangieh asked Abdallah El-Yafi to be the Prime Minister, he refused.El-Yafi was the Minister of Finance four times: in 1954, 1966, 1968 and from 1968 to 1969.[4] He was Defense Minister 1953-1954 and in 1968.[5]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"}],"sub_title":"Women's suffrage in Lebanon","text":"The struggle to achieve equal rights for women was one of Abdallah El-Yafi's principal political goals. In fact, Abdallah El-Yafi was the main politician who lobbied for women's suffrage in Lebanon. Despite a growing voice of dissent among his political adversaries, El-Yafi was able to extend the ballot to women during one of his terms. In 1952, the cabinet of Abdallah El-Yafi voted for a new policy that allowed voting rights to women with an elementary education and a minimum voting age of 21.The law came in effect for the 1953 8th Parliamentary elections and is still in effect today.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emile Edde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Edde"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Integrity","text":"In the civic education classes in Lebanese schools, students are taught a lesson on honesty and honor through the story of Abdallah El-Yafi whose integrity was constantly cited as an example for all young people in Lebanon:Abdallah El-Yafi was a young lawyer in October 1938, when then Lebanese President Emile Edde asked him to form a new government. During his tenure, he closed his law cabinet because he wanted to separate public services from private services. But after just 8 months in office, he decided to resign over a governmental policy dispute.In the morning following his resignation, he woke up much earlier than usual and sat on the balcony meditating. His wife tried to console him for losing his premiership position. He famously replied: \"I’m not worried about the premiership, but I’m worried about how to announce to you that I will have to cancel our telephone subscription for lack of money in my possession given the fact that my law firm has been closed for eight months and I am without clients.\"[citation needed] He is famous for having once said to a man who asked him to join a prolific business project \"I would never even dare give the chance to the smallest villager in the most remote town to even think that I made a benefit of one penny\" [citation needed].Another story relates how a relative of his wife wanted Abdallah El-Yafi to grant him a license to build a tunnel in Dahr El-Baydar, an area in Mount Lebanon promising him a worthy profit. Abdallah El-Yafi told his wife \"You either throw him out of my house now, or I will throw him down the stairs myself\". [citation needed]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Abdallah El-Yafi was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease at an old age. He died in Beirut, in his home, on 4 November 1986.","title":"Political career"}]	[{"image_text":"French Mandate of Lebanon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/40px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Lebanese Republic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"الرؤساء السابقون\". pcm.gov.lb. Retrieved 21 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcm.gov.lb/arabic/listingbydate.aspx?pageid=2037","url_text":"\"الرؤساء السابقون\""}]},{"reference":"Chamoun, Camille (1963). Crise au Moyen-Orient. Paris, France: Gallimard. pp. 309–314, 385.","urls":[]},{"reference":"de Carvalho, George (27 January 1967). \"Fall of the \"Genius from Jerusalem\"\". Life Magazine. pp. 87–89.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aVYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87","url_text":"\"Fall of the \"Genius from Jerusalem\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Magazine","url_text":"Life Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Ministers\". 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191218051220/http://www.finance.gov.lb/en-us/About/Minister/Pages/Former-Ministers.aspx","url_text":"\"Former Ministers\""},{"url":"http://www.finance.gov.lb/en-us/About/Minister/Pages/Former-Ministers.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"الوزراء المتعاقبون على وزارة الدفاع الوطني\" [Successive ministers of the Ministry of National Defense]. pcm.gov.lb (in Arabic). Government of Lebanon. Retrieved 14 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcm.gov.lb/arabic/subpg.aspx?pageid=2017","url_text":"\"الوزراء المتعاقبون على وزارة الدفاع الوطني\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Abdallah+El-Yafi%22","external_links_name":"\"Abdallah El-Yafi\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Abdallah+El-Yafi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Abdallah+El-Yafi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Abdallah+El-Yafi%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Abdallah+El-Yafi%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Abdallah+El-Yafi%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.pcm.gov.lb/arabic/listingbydate.aspx?pageid=2037","external_links_name":"\"الرؤساء السابقون\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aVYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87","external_links_name":"\"Fall of the \"Genius from Jerusalem\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191218051220/http://www.finance.gov.lb/en-us/About/Minister/Pages/Former-Ministers.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Former Ministers\""},{"Link":"http://www.finance.gov.lb/en-us/About/Minister/Pages/Former-Ministers.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pcm.gov.lb/arabic/subpg.aspx?pageid=2017","external_links_name":"\"الوزراء المتعاقبون على وزارة الدفاع الوطني\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011008658X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/121672302","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfGTxg4wrp36MyHGFCbBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16748913s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16748913s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014039153","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p084876018","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/175742294","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiana_Johnson	Kiana Johnson	["1 College career","2 Playing career","3 Statistics","3.1 College statistics","4 References","5 External links"]	American basketball player Kiana JohnsonNo. 3 – BC MinskPositionPoint guardLeagueÚrvalsdeild kvennaPersonal informationBorn (1993-08-23) August 23, 1993 (age 30)Chicago, IllinoisNationalityAmericanListed height173 cm (5 ft 8 in)Listed weight63 kg (139 lb)Career informationHigh schoolWhitney Young(Chicago, Illinois)CollegeMichigan State (2011–2014)Virginia Union (2015–2016)Playing career2016–presentNumber3Coaching career2022–presentCareer historyAs player:2016–2017Forssan Alku2017–2018Tapiolan Honka2018–2019KR2019–2021Valur2022Societa Sportiva Bocca2022–2023Valur2023–presentBC MinskAs coach:2022–2023Valur (assistant) Career highlights and awardsAs player: 2×Icelandic champion (2021, 2023) Icelandic Super Cup (2019) NCAA DII Player of the Year (2016) Úrvalsdeild Playoffs MVP (2023) 2× Úrvalsdeild kvenna assist leader (2020, 2023) As assistant coach: Icelandic champion (2023) Kiana Johnson (born August 23, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for Belarusian club BC Minsk. She played college basketball for Michigan State and Virginia Union, where she was named the NCAA DII Player of the Year in 2016. In 2021 and 2023, she won the Icelandic championship as a member of Valur. College career Johnson started her college career with Michigan State in 2011. She transferred to Virginia Union in 2014 and sat out the 2014–2015 season due to NCAA Transfer Rules. During the 2015–2016 season, Johnson averaged 29.3 points and 8.7 assists, and was named the NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament Player of the Year. Playing career In 2016, Johnson signed with Forssan Alku of the Finnish Naisten Korisliiga. For the season she averaged 18.9 points and 5.8 assists per game. She remained in Finland the following season, signing with Tapiolan Honka. In 33 games, Johnson averaged 17.1 points and 5.5 assists per game. In 2018, Johnson signed with KR of the Icelandic Úrvalsdeild kvenna. On February 6, 2019, Kiana scored 50 points in a 102–81 victory against Breiðablik along with 16 rebounds and 10 assists. For the season, she averaged 23.2 points, 10.4 rebounds, 7.3 assists and 3.4 steals. In July 2019, Johnson signed with reigning Úrvalsdeild champions Valur. Valur opened the 2019–20 season by defeating Keflavík, 105–81, in the annual Icelandic Super Cup where Johnson posted 14 points, 6 rebounds, 5 assists and game-high 6 steals. In the Úrvalsdeild, she averaged 22.8 points, 8.0 rebounds and a league leading 8.2 assists per game. However, the last three games of the season and the whole playoffs were canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic in Iceland with Valur being named Divisional champions (Icelandic: Deildarmeistarar) for having the best record at the time but no national champions were crowned. On 2 June 2021, she won the national championship after Valur beat Haukar 3–0 in the Úrvalsdeild finals. After playing for Societa Sportiva Bocca in Venezuela, Johnson returned to Iceland and signed again with Valur in June 2022. During the regular season, she averaged 19.9 points, 7.3 rebounds and league leading 7.9 assists per game. On 26 October 2022, she scored a season high 30 points. On 28 April 2023, she won her second Icelandic championship after Valur defeated top-seeded Keflavík in the Úrvalsdeild finals, 3–1, with Johnson being named the Playoffs MVP. In September 2023, Johnson signed with BC Minsk of the Belarusian Premier League. Statistics College statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG% Field goal percentage 3P% 3-point field goal percentage FT% Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Year Team GP Points FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2011–12 Michigan State 32 228 38.3% 33.3% 70.5% 2.8 4.0 1.7 0.1 7.1 2012–13 Michigan State 25 233 36.3% 33.0% 81.6% 3.4 4.2 1.9 0.1 9.3 2013–14 Michigan State 19 160 38.2% 32.7% 65.4% 2.5 6.0 1.2 0.5 8.4 2014–15 Did not play – NCAA transfer rules 2015–16 Virginia Union 31 905 45.6% 40.7% 82.4% 4.7 8.7 4.1 0.2 29.2 Career 107 1526 41.8% 11.1% 78.6% 21.2 5.8 2.3 0.2 14.3 Source References ^ Matt Estreich (1 August 2018). "Ex-MSU Spartan Kiana Johnson at home with Virginia Union". WWBT. Retrieved 7 February 2019. ^ "Virginia Union's Kiana Johnson Named National D-II Player of the Year". HBCU Sports. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019. ^ a b David Squires (19 October 2016). "Ex-Virginia Union star Kiana Johnson now lighting it up in Finland". Andscape. Retrieved 7 February 2019. ^ "Virginia Union's Kiana Johnson learning to leave legacy, on and off the court". Richmond Times-Dispatch. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019. ^ Pasi Rakkolainen (24 October 2016). "Amerikan korikuningatar tuli Forssaan". Forssan Lehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 7 February 2019. ^ a b "Tehotakamies Kiana Johnson tahdittaa Hongan naisten hyökkäystä alkavalla kaudella". tapiolanhonka.fi (in Finnish). 11 September 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2019. ^ "Allt í hnút í Dominosdeild kvenna". RÚV (in Icelandic). 6 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019. ^ Óskar Ófeigur Jónsson (7 February 2019). "Hefur hækkað sig um tuttugu í framlagi í tveimur leikjum í röð". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 7 February 2019. ^ "Johnson úr KR í Val". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019. ^ Óskar Ófeigur Jónsson (8 July 2019). "Íslandsmeistararnir sækja sér Kana í KR". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 8 July 2019. ^ Anton Ingi Leifsson (29 September 2019). "Vandræðalaust hjá Val gegn Keflavík í Meistarakeppni KKÍ". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 30 September 2019. ^ Sæbjörn Þór Þórbergsson Steinke (2 June 2021). "Umfjöllun og viðtöl: Valur – Haukar 74–65 – Sópurinn á lofti og Valur Íslandsmeistari". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 3 June 2021. ^ "Íslandsmeistari snýr aftur í Val". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ "Kiana Johnson - Subway deild kvenna (2022-2023 Tímabil)". kki.is (in Icelandic). Icelandic Basketball Association. Retrieved 30 March 2023. ^ "Lykill: Kiana Johnson". Karfan.is (in Icelandic). 26 October 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023. ^ Þorkell Gunnar Sigurbjörnsson (28 April 2023). "Valskonur eru Íslandsmeistarar í körfubolta". RÚV (in Icelandic). Retrieved 29 April 2023. ^ Árni Jóhannsson (28 April 2023). "Kiana: Það trúði engin að við myndum vinna mótið". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 29 April 2023. ^ "Kiana Johnson (ex Valur) signs at BC Minsk". Eurobasket.com. 24 September 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023. ^ "NCAA Statistics". web1.ncaa.org. Retrieved 2021-05-19. External links Icelandic statistics at kki.is Naisten Korisliiga statistics at korisliiga.fi Virginia Union profile at vuusports.com Michigan State profile at msuspartans.com	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Michigan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Virginia Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Union_Panthers"},{"link_name":"NCAA DII Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_women%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Icelandic championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Arvalsdeild_kvenna_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Valur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valur_women%27s_basketball"}],"text":"Kiana Johnson (born August 23, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for Belarusian club BC Minsk. She played college basketball for Michigan State and Virginia Union, where she was named the NCAA DII Player of the Year in 2016. In 2021 and 2023, she won the Icelandic championship as a member of Valur.","title":"Kiana Johnson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Virginia Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Union_Panthers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_women%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-undefeated-2016-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Johnson started her college career with Michigan State in 2011. She transferred to Virginia Union in 2014[1] and sat out the 2014–2015 season due to NCAA Transfer Rules. During the 2015–2016 season, Johnson averaged 29.3 points and 8.7 assists,[2] and was named the NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament Player of the Year.[3][4]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naisten Korisliiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naisten_Korisliiga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-undefeated-2016-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honka-2017-6"},{"link_name":"Tapiolan Honka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapiolan_Honka"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honka-2017-6"},{"link_name":"KR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KR_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Úrvalsdeild kvenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Arvalsdeild_kvenna_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Breiðablik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brei%C3%B0ablik_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbl-2019-07-08-9"},{"link_name":"Valur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valur_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Keflavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keflav%C3%ADk_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Icelandic Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Women%27s_Basketball_Supercup"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"coronavirus pandemic in Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_Iceland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Keflavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keflav%C3%ADk_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"In 2016, Johnson signed with Forssan Alku of the Finnish Naisten Korisliiga.[5][3] For the season she averaged 18.9 points and 5.8 assists per game.[6]She remained in Finland the following season, signing with Tapiolan Honka.[6] In 33 games, Johnson averaged 17.1 points and 5.5 assists per game.In 2018, Johnson signed with KR of the Icelandic Úrvalsdeild kvenna. On February 6, 2019, Kiana scored 50 points in a 102–81 victory against Breiðablik along with 16 rebounds and 10 assists.[7][8] For the season, she averaged 23.2 points, 10.4 rebounds, 7.3 assists and 3.4 steals.[9]In July 2019, Johnson signed with reigning Úrvalsdeild champions Valur.[10] Valur opened the 2019–20 season by defeating Keflavík, 105–81, in the annual Icelandic Super Cup where Johnson posted 14 points, 6 rebounds, 5 assists and game-high 6 steals.[11] In the Úrvalsdeild, she averaged 22.8 points, 8.0 rebounds and a league leading 8.2 assists per game. However, the last three games of the season and the whole playoffs were canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic in Iceland with Valur being named Divisional champions (Icelandic: Deildarmeistarar) for having the best record at the time but no national champions were crowned.On 2 June 2021, she won the national championship after Valur beat Haukar 3–0 in the Úrvalsdeild finals.[12]After playing for Societa Sportiva Bocca in Venezuela, Johnson returned to Iceland and signed again with Valur in June 2022.[13] During the regular season, she averaged 19.9 points, 7.3 rebounds and league leading 7.9 assists per game.[14] On 26 October 2022, she scored a season high 30 points.[15] On 28 April 2023, she won her second Icelandic championship after Valur defeated top-seeded Keflavík in the Úrvalsdeild finals, 3–1,[16] with Johnson being named the Playoffs MVP.[17]In September 2023, Johnson signed with BC Minsk of the Belarusian Premier League.[18]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"College statistics","text":"Source[19]","title":"Statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Matt Estreich (1 August 2018). \"Ex-MSU Spartan Kiana Johnson at home with Virginia Union\". WWBT. Retrieved 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbc12.com/clip/12127887/ex-msu-spartan-kiana-johnson-at-home-with-virginia-union/","url_text":"\"Ex-MSU Spartan Kiana Johnson at home with Virginia Union\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWBT","url_text":"WWBT"}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia Union's Kiana Johnson Named National D-II Player of the Year\". HBCU Sports. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hbcusports.com/2016/03/22/virginia-unions-kiana-johnson-named-national-d-ii-player-of-the-year/","url_text":"\"Virginia Union's Kiana Johnson Named National D-II Player of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"David Squires (19 October 2016). \"Ex-Virginia Union star Kiana Johnson now lighting it up in Finland\". Andscape. Retrieved 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://andscape.com/features/ex-virginia-union-star-kiana-johnson-now-lighting-it-up-in-finland/","url_text":"\"Ex-Virginia Union star Kiana Johnson now lighting it up in Finland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andscape","url_text":"Andscape"}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia Union's Kiana Johnson learning to leave legacy, on and off the court\". Richmond Times-Dispatch. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmond.com/sports/college/schools/virginia-union/virginia-union-s-kiana-johnson-learning-to-leave-legacy-on/article_3d30779b-78de-521a-8151-a74d03fe87f8.html","url_text":"\"Virginia Union's Kiana Johnson learning to leave legacy, on and off the court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Times-Dispatch","url_text":"Richmond Times-Dispatch"}]},{"reference":"Pasi Rakkolainen (24 October 2016). \"Amerikan korikuningatar tuli Forssaan\". Forssan Lehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forssanlehti.fi/lounais-hame/amerikan-korikuningatar-tuli-forssaan-5941","url_text":"\"Amerikan korikuningatar tuli Forssaan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tehotakamies Kiana Johnson tahdittaa Hongan naisten hyökkäystä alkavalla kaudella\". tapiolanhonka.fi (in Finnish). 11 September 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tapiolanhonka.fi/tehotakamies-kiana-johnson-tahdittaa-hongan-naisten-hyokkaysta-alkavalla-kaudella/","url_text":"\"Tehotakamies Kiana Johnson tahdittaa Hongan naisten hyökkäystä alkavalla kaudella\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allt í hnút í Dominosdeild kvenna\". RÚV (in Icelandic). 6 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ruv.is/frett/allt-i-hnut-i-dominosdeild-kvenna","url_text":"\"Allt í hnút í Dominosdeild kvenna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%9AV","url_text":"RÚV"}]},{"reference":"Óskar Ófeigur Jónsson (7 February 2019). \"Hefur hækkað sig um tuttugu í framlagi í tveimur leikjum í röð\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visir.is/g/2019190209112/hefur-haekkad-sig-um-tuttugu-i-framlagi-i-tveimur-leikjum-i-rod","url_text":"\"Hefur hækkað sig um tuttugu í framlagi í tveimur leikjum í röð\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADsir.is","url_text":"Vísir.is"}]},{"reference":"\"Johnson úr KR í Val\". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mbl.is/sport/korfubolti/2019/07/08/johnson_ur_kr_i_val/","url_text":"\"Johnson úr KR í Val\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0","url_text":"Morgunblaðið"}]},{"reference":"Óskar Ófeigur Jónsson (8 July 2019). \"Íslandsmeistararnir sækja sér Kana í KR\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 8 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visir.is/g/2019190709086/islandsmeistararnir-saekja-ser-kana-i-kr","url_text":"\"Íslandsmeistararnir sækja sér Kana í KR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADsir.is","url_text":"Vísir.is"}]},{"reference":"Anton Ingi Leifsson (29 September 2019). \"Vandræðalaust hjá Val gegn Keflavík í Meistarakeppni KKÍ\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 30 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visir.is/g/2019190928728/vandraedalaust-hja-val-gegn-keflavik-i-meistarakeppni-kki","url_text":"\"Vandræðalaust hjá Val gegn Keflavík í Meistarakeppni KKÍ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADsir.is","url_text":"Vísir.is"}]},{"reference":"Sæbjörn Þór Þórbergsson Steinke (2 June 2021). \"Umfjöllun og viðtöl: Valur – Haukar 74–65 – Sópurinn á lofti og Valur Íslandsmeistari\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 3 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visir.is/g/20212117535d/umfjollun-og-vidtol-valur-haukar-74-65-sopurinn-a-lofti-og-valur-is-lands-meistari","url_text":"\"Umfjöllun og viðtöl: Valur – Haukar 74–65 – Sópurinn á lofti og Valur Íslandsmeistari\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADsir.is","url_text":"Vísir.is"}]},{"reference":"\"Íslandsmeistari snýr aftur í Val\". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mbl.is/sport/korfubolti/2022/06/08/islandsmeistari_snyr_aftur_i_val/","url_text":"\"Íslandsmeistari snýr aftur í Val\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0","url_text":"Morgunblaðið"}]},{"reference":"\"Kiana Johnson - Subway deild kvenna (2022-2023 Tímabil)\". kki.is (in Icelandic). Icelandic Basketball Association. Retrieved 30 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kki.is/motamal/leikir-og-urslit/motayfirlit/Leikmadur?league_id=189&season_id=124654&player_id=5833909","url_text":"\"Kiana Johnson - Subway deild kvenna (2022-2023 Tímabil)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Basketball_Association","url_text":"Icelandic Basketball Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Lykill: Kiana Johnson\". Karfan.is (in Icelandic). 26 October 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.karfan.is/2022/10/lykill-kiana-johnson-13/","url_text":"\"Lykill: Kiana Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"Þorkell Gunnar Sigurbjörnsson (28 April 2023). \"Valskonur eru Íslandsmeistarar í körfubolta\". RÚV (in Icelandic). Retrieved 29 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruv.is/frettir/ithrottir/2023-04-28-valskonur-eru-islandsmeistarar-i-korfubolta","url_text":"\"Valskonur eru Íslandsmeistarar í körfubolta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%9AV","url_text":"RÚV"}]},{"reference":"Árni Jóhannsson (28 April 2023). \"Kiana: Það trúði engin að við myndum vinna mótið\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 29 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visir.is/g/20232408466d/kiana-thad-trudi-engin-ad-vid-myndum-vinna-motid","url_text":"\"Kiana: Það trúði engin að við myndum vinna mótið\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADsir.is","url_text":"Vísir.is"}]},{"reference":"\"Kiana Johnson (ex Valur) signs at BC Minsk\". Eurobasket.com. 24 September 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurobasket.com/Iceland/news/829214/Kiana-Johnson-(ex-Valur)-signs-at-BC-Minsk","url_text":"\"Kiana Johnson (ex Valur) signs at BC Minsk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurobasket.com","url_text":"Eurobasket.com"}]},{"reference":"\"NCAA Statistics\". web1.ncaa.org. Retrieved 2021-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careerplayer","url_text":"\"NCAA Statistics\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nbc12.com/clip/12127887/ex-msu-spartan-kiana-johnson-at-home-with-virginia-union/","external_links_name":"\"Ex-MSU Spartan Kiana Johnson at home with Virginia Union\""},{"Link":"https://www.hbcusports.com/2016/03/22/virginia-unions-kiana-johnson-named-national-d-ii-player-of-the-year/","external_links_name":"\"Virginia Union's Kiana Johnson Named National D-II Player of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://andscape.com/features/ex-virginia-union-star-kiana-johnson-now-lighting-it-up-in-finland/","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Virginia Union star Kiana Johnson now lighting it up in Finland\""},{"Link":"https://www.richmond.com/sports/college/schools/virginia-union/virginia-union-s-kiana-johnson-learning-to-leave-legacy-on/article_3d30779b-78de-521a-8151-a74d03fe87f8.html","external_links_name":"\"Virginia Union's Kiana Johnson learning to leave legacy, on and off the court\""},{"Link":"https://www.forssanlehti.fi/lounais-hame/amerikan-korikuningatar-tuli-forssaan-5941","external_links_name":"\"Amerikan korikuningatar tuli Forssaan\""},{"Link":"http://www.tapiolanhonka.fi/tehotakamies-kiana-johnson-tahdittaa-hongan-naisten-hyokkaysta-alkavalla-kaudella/","external_links_name":"\"Tehotakamies Kiana Johnson tahdittaa Hongan naisten hyökkäystä alkavalla kaudella\""},{"Link":"http://www.ruv.is/frett/allt-i-hnut-i-dominosdeild-kvenna","external_links_name":"\"Allt í hnút í Dominosdeild kvenna\""},{"Link":"http://www.visir.is/g/2019190209112/hefur-haekkad-sig-um-tuttugu-i-framlagi-i-tveimur-leikjum-i-rod","external_links_name":"\"Hefur hækkað sig um tuttugu í framlagi í tveimur leikjum í röð\""},{"Link":"https://www.mbl.is/sport/korfubolti/2019/07/08/johnson_ur_kr_i_val/","external_links_name":"\"Johnson úr KR í Val\""},{"Link":"https://www.visir.is/g/2019190709086/islandsmeistararnir-saekja-ser-kana-i-kr","external_links_name":"\"Íslandsmeistararnir sækja sér Kana í KR\""},{"Link":"https://www.visir.is/g/2019190928728/vandraedalaust-hja-val-gegn-keflavik-i-meistarakeppni-kki","external_links_name":"\"Vandræðalaust hjá Val gegn Keflavík í Meistarakeppni KKÍ\""},{"Link":"https://www.visir.is/g/20212117535d/umfjollun-og-vidtol-valur-haukar-74-65-sopurinn-a-lofti-og-valur-is-lands-meistari","external_links_name":"\"Umfjöllun og viðtöl: Valur – Haukar 74–65 – Sópurinn á lofti og Valur Íslandsmeistari\""},{"Link":"https://www.mbl.is/sport/korfubolti/2022/06/08/islandsmeistari_snyr_aftur_i_val/","external_links_name":"\"Íslandsmeistari snýr aftur í Val\""},{"Link":"https://kki.is/motamal/leikir-og-urslit/motayfirlit/Leikmadur?league_id=189&season_id=124654&player_id=5833909","external_links_name":"\"Kiana Johnson - Subway deild kvenna (2022-2023 Tímabil)\""},{"Link":"https://www.karfan.is/2022/10/lykill-kiana-johnson-13/","external_links_name":"\"Lykill: Kiana Johnson\""},{"Link":"https://www.ruv.is/frettir/ithrottir/2023-04-28-valskonur-eru-islandsmeistarar-i-korfubolta","external_links_name":"\"Valskonur eru Íslandsmeistarar í körfubolta\""},{"Link":"https://www.visir.is/g/20232408466d/kiana-thad-trudi-engin-ad-vid-myndum-vinna-motid","external_links_name":"\"Kiana: Það trúði engin að við myndum vinna mótið\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurobasket.com/Iceland/news/829214/Kiana-Johnson-(ex-Valur)-signs-at-BC-Minsk","external_links_name":"\"Kiana Johnson (ex Valur) signs at BC Minsk\""},{"Link":"http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careerplayer","external_links_name":"\"NCAA Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://kki.is/motamal/leikir-og-urslit/motayfirlit/Leikmadur?league_id=189&season_id=103157&player_id=5833909","external_links_name":"Icelandic statistics"},{"Link":"http://kki.is/","external_links_name":"kki.is"},{"Link":"https://korisliiga.fi/naisten-korisliiga/ottelut/pelaaja/?season_id=97965&player_id=5326045","external_links_name":"Naisten Korisliiga statistics"},{"Link":"https://vuusports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=2410","external_links_name":"Virginia Union profile"},{"Link":"https://msuspartans.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=6502","external_links_name":"Michigan State profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KV-13	KV-13	["1 Development","2 References","3 Bibliography"]	You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (September 2012) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 928 articles in the main category, and specifying\|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|ru\|КВ-13}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Soviet experimental medium tank This article is about a Soviet experimental medium tank. For a tomb, see KV13. KV-13 KV-13TypeMedium tankPlace of originSoviet UnionService historyUsed bySoviet UnionProduction historyDesignerSKB-2Designed1941–1942ManufacturerChelyabinsk Kirov PlantProduced1942No. built3Specifications ()Mass32 metric tonsLength6.65 m (21 ft 10 in) with gun forwardWidth2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)Height2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)Crew4Armor120 mm maximumMainarmament76 mm M1941 ZiS-5 gunSecondaryarmament1 × 7.62-mm DT-29 machine gunEngineKharkiv V-2 V12, liquid-cooled diesel engine600 hp (450 kW)Power/weight18.8 hp/t (14.0 kW/t)SuspensionTorsion bar suspensionGround clearance450 mm (18 in)Operationalrange320 km (200 miles)Maximum speed 65 km/h (40 mph) The KV-13 (Russian: KB-13) was an experimental Soviet medium tank created during World War II. It was developed on the KV-1 chassis in the SKB-2 design bureau of the Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant in late 1941 – early 1942, as a "universal" tank, intended to replace the production of T-34 medium tanks and KV-1 heavy tanks at the same time. Development KV-13 on trials, 1942 The first prototype of the KV-13 was made in the spring of 1942, but in the fall of that year tests showed a lack of mechanical reliability and demonstrated the need to strengthen the vehicle's armour and to equip it with the new three-seat turret. While production of two modified prototypes incorporating these modifications began in December 1942, work on the KV-13 as a medium tank was discontinued in favour of continuing the production of the T-34. The further development of the project using two modified KV-13 prototypes led to the creation in 1943 of the IS-1 heavy tank. This tank was never used in combat. References ^ a b c Solyankin, p. 79. ^ a b Svirin, p. 97. ^ a b Zaloga (2011), p. 4. ^ Zaloga (2013), p. 43. Bibliography А. Г. Солянкин; М. В. Павлов; И. В. Павлов; И. Г. Желтов (2005). Отечественные бронированные машины. XX век. 1941–1945. Москва: Эксприн. ISBN 5-94038-074-3. Свирин, М. Н.; Броневой щит Сталина. МИстория советского танка 1937–1943. Moscow: Яуза, Эксмо. ISBN 5-699-16243-7. Zaloga, Steven J. (2011). IS-2 Heavy Tank 1944–1973. New Vanguard. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-396-4. Zaloga, Steven J. (2013). KV-1 & 2 Heavy Tanks 1939–1945. New Vanguard. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0321-4. vteSoviet armoured fighting vehicles of World War II vteSoviet tanks of World War IITankettes T-27 Amphibious T-37A T-38 T-40 Fast BT-2/BT-5 BT-7 BT-8 Light T-18 T-26 T-50 T-60 T-70/T-80 Medium T-28 T-34 T-43 T-44 Heavy T-35 KV-1/KV-2 IS-2/IS-3 vteSelf-propelled artilleryGuns and anti-tank guns ZiS-30 SU-5 SU-76 SU-85 SU-100 SU-122 SU-152 ISU-122 ISU-152 Anti-aircraft guns ZSU-37 T-60Z T-70Z T-90 vteArmored carsLight D-8 D-12 D-13 FAI BA-20 BA-64 PB-4 PB-7 BA-30 Medium BA-27 BA-I BA-3 BA-6 BA-10 Heavy BA-11 vteAerosledsAerosleds ANT-IV NKL-16 NKL-26 RF-8 ASD-400 vteArtillery tractorsArmored Artillery tractors AT-42 artillery tractor T-26-T Komsomolets Komintern Voroshilovets Artillery tractors S-2 Stalinets S-60 Stalinets S-65 Stalinets Kommunar STZ-3 STZ-5 YA-12 vteExperimental and improvised vehiclesExperimental S-51 SU-14 SU-101 A-40 flying tank T-43 tank SU-100Y SPG PPG tankette Improvised KhTZ-16 IZ NI tank List of armored fighting vehicles of the Soviet Union Soviet armored fighting vehicle production during World War II List of Soviet tank factories	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KV13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KV13"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"medium tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_tank"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SO79-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S97-2"},{"link_name":"KV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KV-1_tank"},{"link_name":"Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Tractor_Plant"},{"link_name":"\"universal\" tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank"},{"link_name":"T-34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-34"},{"link_name":"heavy tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_tank"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Z4-3"}],"text":"Soviet experimental medium tankThis article is about a Soviet experimental medium tank. For a tomb, see KV13.The KV-13 (Russian: KB-13) was an experimental Soviet medium tank created during World War II.[1][2] It was developed on the KV-1 chassis in the SKB-2 design bureau of the Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant in late 1941 – early 1942, as a \"universal\" tank, intended to replace the production of T-34 medium tanks and KV-1 heavy tanks at the same time.[3]","title":"KV-13"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kv13_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_armour"},{"link_name":"turret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SO79-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S97-2"},{"link_name":"T-34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-34"},{"link_name":"IS-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Stalin_tank"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Z4-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"KV-13 on trials, 1942The first prototype of the KV-13 was made in the spring of 1942, but in the fall of that year tests showed a lack of mechanical reliability and demonstrated the need to strengthen the vehicle's armour and to equip it with the new three-seat turret.[1][2] While production of two modified prototypes incorporating these modifications began in December 1942, work on the KV-13 as a medium tank was discontinued in favour of continuing the production of the T-34. The further development of the project using two modified KV-13 prototypes led to the creation in 1943 of the IS-1 heavy tank.[3][4] This tank was never used in combat.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-94038-074-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-94038-074-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-699-16243-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-699-16243-7"},{"link_name":"Zaloga, Steven J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Zaloga"},{"link_name":"Oxford, UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_UK"},{"link_name":"Osprey Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85532-396-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-396-4"},{"link_name":"Oxford, UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_UK"},{"link_name":"Osprey Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4728-0321-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0321-4"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WWIISovietAFVs"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WWIISovietAFVs"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWIISovietAFVs"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"armoured fighting vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WWIISovTanks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WWIISovTanks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWIISovTanks"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"T-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-27"},{"link_name":"T-37A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-37A_tank"},{"link_name":"T-38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-38_tank"},{"link_name":"T-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-40_tank"},{"link_name":"BT-2/BT-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_tank"},{"link_name":"BT-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT-7"},{"link_name":"BT-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT-7"},{"link_name":"T-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-18_tank"},{"link_name":"T-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-26"},{"link_name":"T-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-50_tank"},{"link_name":"T-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-60_tank"},{"link_name":"T-70/T-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-70"},{"link_name":"T-28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-28_(medium_tank)"},{"link_name":"T-34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-34"},{"link_name":"T-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-43_medium_tank"},{"link_name":"T-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-44"},{"link_name":"T-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-35"},{"link_name":"KV-1/KV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov_tank"},{"link_name":"IS-2/IS-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS_tank_family"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WWIISovietSelfPropArty"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WWIISovietSelfPropArty"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWIISovietSelfPropArty"},{"link_name":"ZiS-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZiS-30"},{"link_name":"SU-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-26_variants#Self-propelled_guns"},{"link_name":"SU-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-76"},{"link_name":"SU-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-85"},{"link_name":"SU-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-100"},{"link_name":"SU-122","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-122"},{"link_name":"SU-152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-152"},{"link_name":"ISU-122","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU-122"},{"link_name":"ISU-152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU-152"},{"link_name":"ZSU-37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZSU-37"},{"link_name":"T-60Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-60Z"},{"link_name":"T-70Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-70Z&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-70#T-90_self-propelled_anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WWIISovietArmouredCars"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WWIISovietArmouredCars"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWIISovietArmouredCars"},{"link_name":"D-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-8_Armored_Car"},{"link_name":"D-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-8_Armored_Car#D-12"},{"link_name":"D-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D-13_armoured_car&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_armoured_car"},{"link_name":"BA-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA-20"},{"link_name":"BA-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA-64"},{"link_name":"PB-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PB-4_Armored_Car&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PB-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PB-7&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BA-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA-30"},{"link_name":"BA-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA-27"},{"link_name":"BA-I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA-I"},{"link_name":"BA-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA-3/6"},{"link_name":"BA-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA-6"},{"link_name":"BA-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA-10"},{"link_name":"BA-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA-11"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WWIISovAerosani"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WWIISovAerosani"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWIISovAerosani"},{"link_name":"Aerosleds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosled"},{"link_name":"ANT-IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANT-IV"},{"link_name":"NKL-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NKL-16&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NKL-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKL-26"},{"link_name":"RF-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF-8"},{"link_name":"ASD-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASD-400"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WWIISovArtTractors"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WWIISovArtTractors"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWIISovArtTractors"},{"link_name":"Artillery tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_tractor"},{"link_name":"AT-42 artillery tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AT-42_artillery_tractor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T-26-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-26_variants#Artillery_tractors"},{"link_name":"Komsomolets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komsomolets_armored_tractor"},{"link_name":"Komintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-24_tank#Artillery_tractors"},{"link_name":"Voroshilovets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-24_tank#Artillery_tractors"},{"link_name":"S-2 Stalinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S-2_Stalinets&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S-60 Stalinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-60_Stalinets"},{"link_name":"S-65 Stalinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-65_Stalinets"},{"link_name":"Kommunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kommunar_(tractor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"STZ-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STZ-3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"STZ-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STZ-5"},{"link_name":"YA-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YA-12&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WWIISovExperimental"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WWIISovExperimental"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWIISovExperimental"},{"link_name":"S-51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-51_SPG"},{"link_name":"SU-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-14"},{"link_name":"SU-101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralmash-1"},{"link_name":"A-40 flying tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_A-40"},{"link_name":"T-43 tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-43_medium_tank"},{"link_name":"SU-100Y SPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-100Y_Self-Propelled_Gun"},{"link_name":"PPG tankette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_tankette"},{"link_name":"KhTZ-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KhTZ-16"},{"link_name":"IZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IZ_tractor-tank&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NI tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NI_tank"},{"link_name":"List of armored fighting vehicles of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_armored_fighting_vehicles_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet armored fighting vehicle production during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_armored_fighting_vehicle_production_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"List of Soviet tank factories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_tank_factories"}],"text":"А. Г. Солянкин; М. В. Павлов; И. В. Павлов; И. Г. Желтов (2005). Отечественные бронированные машины. XX век. 1941–1945. Москва: Эксприн. ISBN 5-94038-074-3.\nСвирин, М. Н.; Броневой щит Сталина. МИстория советского танка 1937–1943. Moscow: Яуза, Эксмо. ISBN 5-699-16243-7.\nZaloga, Steven J. (2011). IS-2 Heavy Tank 1944–1973. New Vanguard. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-396-4.\nZaloga, Steven J. (2013). KV-1 & 2 Heavy Tanks 1939–1945. New Vanguard. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0321-4.vteSoviet armoured fighting vehicles of World War II\nvteSoviet tanks of World War IITankettes\nT-27\nAmphibious\nT-37A\nT-38\nT-40\nFast\nBT-2/BT-5\nBT-7\nBT-8\nLight\nT-18\nT-26\nT-50\nT-60\nT-70/T-80\nMedium\nT-28\nT-34\nT-43\nT-44\nHeavy\nT-35\nKV-1/KV-2\nIS-2/IS-3\n\nvteSelf-propelled artilleryGuns and anti-tank guns\nZiS-30\nSU-5\nSU-76\nSU-85\nSU-100\nSU-122\nSU-152\nISU-122\nISU-152\nAnti-aircraft guns\nZSU-37\nT-60Z\nT-70Z\nT-90\n\nvteArmored carsLight\nD-8\nD-12\nD-13\nFAI\nBA-20\nBA-64\nPB-4\nPB-7\nBA-30\nMedium\nBA-27\nBA-I\nBA-3\nBA-6\nBA-10\nHeavy\nBA-11\n\nvteAerosledsAerosleds\nANT-IV\nNKL-16\nNKL-26\nRF-8\nASD-400\n\nvteArtillery tractorsArmored Artillery tractors\nAT-42 artillery tractor\nT-26-T\nKomsomolets\nKomintern\nVoroshilovets\nArtillery tractors\nS-2 Stalinets\nS-60 Stalinets\nS-65 Stalinets\nKommunar\nSTZ-3\nSTZ-5\nYA-12\n\nvteExperimental and improvised vehiclesExperimental\nS-51\nSU-14\nSU-101\nA-40 flying tank\nT-43 tank\nSU-100Y SPG\nPPG tankette\nImprovised\nKhTZ-16\nIZ\nNI tank\n\nList of armored fighting vehicles of the Soviet Union\nSoviet armored fighting vehicle production during World War II\nList of Soviet tank factories","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"KV-13 on trials, 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kv13_3.jpg/220px-Kv13_3.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"А. Г. Солянкин; М. В. Павлов; И. В. Павлов; И. Г. Желтов (2005). Отечественные бронированные машины. XX век. 1941–1945. Москва: Эксприн. ISBN 5-94038-074-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-94038-074-3","url_text":"5-94038-074-3"}]},{"reference":"Свирин, М. Н.; Броневой щит Сталина. МИстория советского танка 1937–1943. Moscow: Яуза, Эксмо. ISBN 5-699-16243-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-699-16243-7","url_text":"5-699-16243-7"}]},{"reference":"Zaloga, Steven J. (2011). IS-2 Heavy Tank 1944–1973. New Vanguard. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-396-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Zaloga","url_text":"Zaloga, Steven J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_UK","url_text":"Oxford, UK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing","url_text":"Osprey Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-396-4","url_text":"978-1-85532-396-4"}]},{"reference":"Zaloga, Steven J. (2013). KV-1 & 2 Heavy Tanks 1939–1945. New Vanguard. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0321-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_UK","url_text":"Oxford, UK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing","url_text":"Osprey Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0321-4","url_text":"978-1-4728-0321-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Knowledge_Village	Dubai International Academic City	["1 History","2 Present form","3 Institutions","3.1 Colleges","3.2 Research centers","3.3 Schools","3.4 Universities","3.5 Education campuses","4 Institutions expected to move to DIAC","5 Dubai Metro","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 25°06′47″N 55°24′30″E / 25.1131°N 55.4084°E / 25.1131; 55.4084 (Dubai International Academic City)University Campus in United Arab EmiratesDubai International Academic City مدينة دبي الأكاديمية العالميةUniversity Campus SealNickname: DIACCoordinates: 25°06′47″N 55°24′30″E / 25.1131°N 55.4084°E / 25.1131; 55.4084 (Dubai International Academic City)Country United Arab EmiratesEmirate DubaiEstablished2007; 17 years ago (2007)Area • Total11.98 km2 (4.63 sq mi)Endowment200 million AEDStudents27,500DirectorDr. Ayoub KazimMohammad AbdullahCampusUrban (2,960 acres)Colours AffiliationsGovernment of Dubai, KHDAWebsiteAcademic City Dubai International Academic City (DIAC), informally known as Academic City, is a university town in the city of Dubai, United Arab Emirates along the Dubai-Al Ain Road. The project was launched in May 2006 in liaison with Dubai Knowledge Park. The regulatory authority in the DIAC is the Dubai Development Authority. As a university town, DIAC is a foundation for schools, colleges and universities. Consisting of 27 colleges and universities, 3 innovation centers, the DIAC enrolls about 27,500 students. It offers more than 500 academic programs in different fields. History DIAC was established in 2007 as a university town and a residential free-zone dedicated to higher education by TECOM Group. It was approved by Government of Dubai and was launched as a common campus where schools, colleges and universities from Knowledge Park would move to. Dr. Ayoub Kazim, former associate professor of United Arab Emirates University served as Managing Director of DIAC. In 2016, Mohammad Abdullah, president of Dubai Institute of Design and Innovation became the managing director. With a campus area of more than 129 million square feet, DIAC acts as a foundation for several residential colleges and universities. After its inception, a campus expansion program was taken up, which finished in 2012. In 2006, Institute of Management Technology, Dubai was one of the first universities to set up permanent campus in DIAC. The year of 2017 witnessed 10 year anniversary of Dubai International Academic City. In the same year, Curtin University, United Arab Emirates University branch campuses were announced to establish in DIAC. Present form DIAC has grown into a educational hub. Consisting of 27 residential colleges and universities and 3 innovation centers, DIAC enrolls more than 27,500 students of over 150 nationalities. Universities and colleges offer more than 500 bachelor, master and doctoral programs in various fields of business, engineering, general sciences, humanities, management, medical sciences and technology. It was titled as MENA's largest educational hub. Many other institutions are expected to move to DIAC in future. Currently, DIAC comprises reputed and renowned universities from other countries like American University, Murdoch University, BITS Pilani, British University. Due to increased student intake, DIAC has taken up student housing projects for providing budget friendly stay for students affiliated to DIAC, As of now 2 of these student housing projects have been completed and are operational. However, some universities provide their own residential facilities and students are allowed to opt either. DIAC has taken steps to promote innovation and provides incubation facilities to interested students at innovation centers. Institutions Colleges Dubai English Speaking College Dubai Men's College Hamdan eTQM University Higher Colleges of Technology Imam Malik College UK College of Business and Computing - Dubai Campus Research centers Dubai Statistics Center International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA) Schools German School Dubai Lycée Français International Georges Pompidou Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Islamic Institute Universities Abu Dhabi University Al Ghurair University American University in the Emirates Amity University Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Dubai Campus University of Birmingham British University in Dubai Curtin University Dubai De Montfort University, Dubai École Hôtelière Helvétique Emirates Aviation University Emirates Institute for Banking and Financial Studies French Fashion Institute ESMOD Dubai Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University Heriot-Watt University Dubai Institute of Management Technology, Dubai Islamic Azad University Manipal University Dubai Middlesex University Dubai National Institute for Vocational Education Dubai St. Joseph University Dubai S P Jain School of Global Management Dubai Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology Strathclyde Business School University of Dubai University of Exeter University of Wollongong in Dubai Zayed University Education campuses Dubai Knowledge Park provides facilities for corporate training and learning institutions to operate with 100% foreign ownership. There are over 400 companies and institutions operating within it, which include occupational assessment and testing providers, universities, computer training providers, professional centers, executive development providers and HR consultancy companies. It is owned by Dubai Holding's subsidiary TECOM Investments. It is located in Al Sufouh 2 District. In 2007, TECOM Investments launched a separate facility, Dubai International Academic City, where all institutions of higher education from Dubai Knowledge Park will be moved to. Dubai Knowledge Park has previously been known as Knowledge Village. Institutions expected to move to DIAC Dubai Aviation College (currently near Garhood Bridge) Dubai Police Officers' Academy (currently between Burj Al Arab and Sheikh Zayed Road) St Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics UAE Academy of Hospitality Dubai Metro On November 24, 2023, Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum approved the Blue Line project of the Dubai Metro and the area will be served by Academic City station. Preceding station Dubai Metro Following station Dubai Silicon Oasistowards Creek or Centrepoint Blue LineOpening 2029 Terminus References ^ "Endowment". ^ Robin Vinod (16 April 2019). "DIAC and Knowledge Park". ^ a b "Academic city highlights". ^ a b "DIAC-About us". ^ "Dr. Ayoub Kazim". ^ "Mohammad Abdullah". ^ "Guide to Dubai". ^ "IMT Dubai". ^ "Universities in DIAC". ^ "Housing in DIAC". ^ "in5". ^ "Dubai Knowledge Village - Education Zones - TEN Education". Education.theemiratesnetwork.com. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2015-04-16. ^ "Companies in Dubai - List of companies in Dubai \| DIC". Dubai International Academic City. Retrieved 2022-01-21. ^ "DKV Freezone Authority". Official Website. Archived from the original on 2015-11-14. Retrieved 2015-11-05. ^ "Dubai Metro Blue Line: Where will it go and when will it open?". The National. Abu Dhabi. 25 November 2023. External links Dubai International Academic City Archive.gulfnews.com Dubaifaqs.com Archived 2018-07-12 at the Wayback Machine Media related to Dubai International Academic City at Wikimedia Commons vteDubai International Academic CityColleges Dubai English Speaking College Dubai Men's College Hamdan eTQM University Higher Colleges of Technology Research Centers Dubai Statistics Center International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA) Schools German School Dubai Lycée Français International Georges Pompidou Universities Al Ghurair University American University in the Emirates Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Dubai Campus British University in Dubai Emirates Institute for Banking and Financial Studies Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University Heriot-Watt University Dubai Institute of Management Technology, Dubai Manipal University Dubai St. Joseph University Dubai S P Jain School of Global Management Dubai Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology University of Birmingham, Dubai University of Dubai Zayed University vteDubai HoldingSubsidiaries Dubai Group Dubai Banking Group Dubai Bank Dubai International Capital Dubai Properties Dubiotech Jumeirah Tatweer Arab Media Group Bawadi Dubai Eye 103.8 Dubailand Hit 96.7 Six Flags Dubailand Tag 91.1 Universal Studios Dubailand TECOM Investments Dubai International Academic City Dubai Internet City Dubai Knowledge Village Dubai Media City People Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum vteLandmarks and attractions in Dubai Ain Dubai Al Bastakiya Al Fahidi Fort Atlantis, The Palm Atlantis The Royal Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Deep Dive Dubai Deira Clocktower Dubai Autodrome Dubai Butterfly Garden Dubai Dolphinarium Dubai Fountain Dubai Frame Dubai Gold Souk The Dubai Mall Dubai Marina Dubai Marina Mall Dubai Miracle Garden Dubai Opera Dubai Parks and Resorts Dubai Spice Souk Dubai Textile Souk Dubai Trolley Dubai World Trade Centre Emirates Towers Global Village Hatta Heritage Village Heritage Village Dubai Hyatt Regency Dubai Jumeirah Beach Jumeirah Beach Hotel Madame Tussauds Dubai Madinat Jumeirah Museum of the Future National Bank of Dubai Orbi Dubai Palm Islands Queen Elizabeth 2 Real Madrid Resort Island Real Madrid World Saeed Al Maktoum House Ski Dubai Waterfront Market Wild Wadi The World Zabeel Park United Arab Emirates portal vteDubai History Timeline Geography Government Culture History Trucial Oman Al Maktoum dynasty Bani Yas Geography Bur Dubai Deira Deira Corniche Dubai Creek Government Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Dubai Police Force Dubai Municipality Education American University in Dubai Dubai Men's College Dubai Women's College Birla Institute of Technology and Science Zayed University SP Jain Center of Management Mahatma Gandhi University Our Own English High School The Indian High School Dubai Modern High School Dubai British School English College Dubai International School of Choueifat American School of Dubai Dubai American Academy Religion Grand Mosque Hindu Temple St. Mary's Catholic Church St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Church Demographics Emiratis Expatriates Indians Pakistanis List of people from Dubai Towns Buildings Places Structures Towns Dubai Hatta Al Aweer Buildings andstructures List of buildings in Dubai 21st Century Tower Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Chelsea Tower Dubai Frame Dubai World Trade Centre Emirates Towers Etisalat Tower 2 more Parks Mushrif Park Safa Park Zabeel Park Real estate Palm Islands The World Dubai Marina Dubai Waterfront Business Bay Dubailand Bawadi Dubai South Dubai Festival City Jumeirah Beach Residence Palm Jumeirah Palm Jebel Ali Palm Deira Bridges andtunnels Al Shindagha Tunnel Al Maktoum Bridge Floating Bridge Al Garhoud Bridge Business Bay Crossing Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Crossing Economy Trade Commerce Trade andcommerce Al-Ghurair Group Art Emaar Du Dubai Gold Souk / Spice Souk Dubai Holding Dubai Ports World Etisalat Waterfront Market Ports Port Rashid Jebel Ali Al Hamriya Port Port Saeed Free zones Dubai International Financial Centre Dubai Internet City Dubai Knowledge Village Dubai Media City Dubai Production City Dubai Silicon Oasis Jebel Ali Shopping malls BurJuman Ibn Battuta Mall Deira City Centre Dubai Mall Dubai Marina Mall Mall of the Emirates TransportTransport Al Maktoum International Airport Dubai International Airport Abra Dubai Metro Red Line Green Line Dubai Tram Dubai Trolley Dubai Water Canal Emirates Airlines flydubai Palm Jumeirah Monorail Routes E 11 E 311 E 44 E 66 E 77 E 611 D 94 D 92 D 89 D 85 D 75 D 73 D 90 Sister cities Chennai Detroit Geneva Shanghai Casablanca Frankfurt Guangzhou Osaka Beirut Dundee Gold Coast Moscow Istanbul Damascus Barcelona Category Outline WikiProject	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"university town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_town"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Dubai-Al Ain Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_66_road_(United_Arab_Emirates)"},{"link_name":"Dubai Knowledge Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Knowledge_Park"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dubai Development Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Creative_Clusters_Authority"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools"},{"link_name":"colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges"},{"link_name":"universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-4"}],"text":"University Campus in United Arab EmiratesDubai International Academic City (DIAC), informally known as Academic City, is a university town in the city of Dubai, United Arab Emirates along the Dubai-Al Ain Road. The project was launched in May 2006 in liaison with Dubai Knowledge Park.[2] The regulatory authority in the DIAC is the Dubai Development Authority.[3]As a university town, DIAC is a foundation for schools, colleges and universities. Consisting of 27 colleges and universities, 3 innovation centers, the DIAC enrolls about 27,500 students. It offers more than 500 academic programs in different fields.[4]","title":"Dubai International Academic City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"university town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_town"},{"link_name":"TECOM Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TECOM_Group"},{"link_name":"Government of Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Dubai"},{"link_name":"Knowledge Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Knowledge_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_University"},{"link_name":"Managing Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_(education)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Institute of Management Technology, Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Management_Technology,_Dubai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_University"}],"text":"DIAC was established in 2007 as a university town and a residential free-zone dedicated to higher education by TECOM Group. It was approved by Government of Dubai and was launched as a common campus where schools, colleges and universities from Knowledge Park would move to.[3] Dr. Ayoub Kazim, former associate professor of United Arab Emirates University served as Managing Director of DIAC. In 2016, Mohammad Abdullah, president of Dubai Institute of Design and Innovation became the managing director.[5][6]With a campus area of more than 129 million square feet, DIAC acts as a foundation for several residential colleges and universities. After its inception, a campus expansion program was taken up, which finished in 2012.[7] In 2006, Institute of Management Technology, Dubai was one of the first universities to set up permanent campus in DIAC.[8]The year of 2017 witnessed 10 year anniversary of Dubai International Academic City. In the same year, Curtin University, United Arab Emirates University branch campuses were announced to establish in DIAC.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Degree"},{"link_name":"master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_Degree"},{"link_name":"doctoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_philosophy"},{"link_name":"business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_education"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-4"},{"link_name":"MENA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MENA"},{"link_name":"American University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University"},{"link_name":"Murdoch University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdoch_University"},{"link_name":"BITS Pilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science,_Pilani_%E2%80%93_Dubai_Campus"},{"link_name":"British University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_University_in_Dubai"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"DIAC has grown into a educational hub. Consisting of 27 residential colleges and universities and 3 innovation centers, DIAC enrolls more than 27,500 students of over 150 nationalities.Universities and colleges offer more than 500 bachelor, master and doctoral programs in various fields of business, engineering, general sciences, humanities, management, medical sciences and technology.[4] It was titled as MENA's largest educational hub. Many other institutions are expected to move to DIAC in future. Currently, DIAC comprises reputed and renowned universities from other countries like American University, Murdoch University, BITS Pilani, British University.[9]Due to increased student intake, DIAC has taken up student housing projects for providing budget friendly stay for students affiliated to DIAC, As of now 2 of these student housing projects have been completed and are operational. However, some universities provide their own residential facilities and students are allowed to opt either.[10]DIAC has taken steps to promote innovation and provides incubation facilities to interested students at innovation centers.[11]","title":"Present form"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Institutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dubai English Speaking College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_English_Speaking_College"},{"link_name":"Dubai Men's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Men%27s_College"},{"link_name":"Hamdan eTQM University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-TQM_College"},{"link_name":"Higher Colleges of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Colleges_of_Technology"}],"sub_title":"Colleges","text":"Dubai English Speaking College\nDubai Men's College\nHamdan eTQM University\nHigher Colleges of Technology\nImam Malik College\nUK College of Business and Computing - Dubai Campus","title":"Institutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Center for Biosaline Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Biosaline_Agriculture"}],"sub_title":"Research centers","text":"Dubai Statistics Center\nInternational Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA)","title":"Institutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German School Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_School_Dubai"},{"link_name":"Lycée Français International Georges Pompidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_International_Georges_Pompidou"}],"sub_title":"Schools","text":"German School Dubai\nLycée Français International Georges Pompidou\nSheikh Rashid bin Saeed Islamic Institute","title":"Institutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_University"},{"link_name":"Al Ghurair University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ghurair_University"},{"link_name":"American University in the Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_in_the_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Dubai Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science,_Pilani_%E2%80%93_Dubai_Campus"},{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"British University in Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_University_in_Dubai"},{"link_name":"Curtin University Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//curtindubai.ac.ae/"},{"link_name":"De Montfort University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Montfort_University"},{"link_name":"Emirates Institute for Banking and Financial Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Institute_for_Banking_and_Financial_Studies"},{"link_name":"Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdan_Bin_Mohammed_Smart_University"},{"link_name":"Heriot-Watt University Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University_Dubai"},{"link_name":"Institute of Management Technology, Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Management_Technology,_Dubai"},{"link_name":"Islamic Azad University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Azad_University,_UAE_Branch"},{"link_name":"Manipal University Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipal_University_Dubai"},{"link_name":"Middlesex University Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_University_Dubai"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph University Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University_-_Dubai"},{"link_name":"S P Jain School of Global Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_P_Jain_School_of_Global_Management"},{"link_name":"Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Strathclyde Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathclyde_Business_School"},{"link_name":"University of Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dubai"},{"link_name":"University of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"University of Wollongong in Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wollongong_in_Dubai"},{"link_name":"Zayed University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayed_University"}],"sub_title":"Universities","text":"Abu Dhabi University\nAl Ghurair University\nAmerican University in the Emirates\nAmity University\nBirla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Dubai Campus\nUniversity of Birmingham\nBritish University in Dubai\nCurtin University Dubai\nDe Montfort University, Dubai\nÉcole Hôtelière Helvétique\nEmirates Aviation University\nEmirates Institute for Banking and Financial Studies\nFrench Fashion Institute ESMOD Dubai\nHamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University\nHeriot-Watt University Dubai\nInstitute of Management Technology, Dubai\nIslamic Azad University\nManipal University Dubai\nMiddlesex University Dubai\nNational Institute for Vocational Education Dubai\nSt. Joseph University Dubai\nS P Jain School of Global Management Dubai\nShaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology\nStrathclyde Business School\nUniversity of Dubai\nUniversity of Exeter\nUniversity of Wollongong in Dubai\nZayed University","title":"Institutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dubai Holding's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Holding"},{"link_name":"TECOM Investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TECOM_Investments"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Education campuses","text":"Dubai Knowledge Park provides facilities for corporate training and learning institutions to operate with 100% foreign ownership. There are over 400 companies and institutions operating within it, which include occupational assessment and testing providers, universities, computer training providers, professional centers, executive development providers and HR consultancy companies.[12][13] It is owned by Dubai Holding's subsidiary TECOM Investments.[citation needed] It is located in Al Sufouh 2 District.In 2007, TECOM Investments launched a separate facility, Dubai International Academic City, where all institutions of higher education from Dubai Knowledge Park will be moved to.[14]Dubai Knowledge Park has previously been known as Knowledge Village.","title":"Institutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burj Al Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Al_Arab"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Zayed Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_Road"}],"text":"Dubai Aviation College (currently near Garhood Bridge)\nDubai Police Officers' Academy (currently between Burj Al Arab and Sheikh Zayed Road)\nSt Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics\nUAE Academy of Hospitality","title":"Institutions expected to move to DIAC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum"},{"link_name":"Blue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Dubai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Dubai Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Metro"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"On November 24, 2023, Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum approved the Blue Line project of the Dubai Metro and the area will be served by Academic City station.[15]","title":"Dubai Metro"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Endowment\".","urls":[{"url":"https://diacedu.ae/offerings/in5-centres","url_text":"\"Endowment\""}]},{"reference":"Robin Vinod (16 April 2019). \"DIAC and Knowledge Park\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guide2dubai.com/living/education/dubai-academic-city","url_text":"\"DIAC and Knowledge Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Academic city highlights\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bayut.com/area-guides/academic-city/","url_text":"\"Academic city highlights\""}]},{"reference":"\"DIAC-About us\".","urls":[{"url":"https://diacedu.ae/discover/about-us","url_text":"\"DIAC-About us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Ayoub Kazim\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipsef.net/speakers/dr-ayoub-kazim","url_text":"\"Dr. Ayoub Kazim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mohammad Abdullah\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebusinessyear.com/dubai-2018/lessons-in-synergies/interview","url_text":"\"Mohammad Abdullah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Dubai\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guide2dubai.com/living/education/dubai-academic-city","url_text":"\"Guide to Dubai\""}]},{"reference":"\"IMT Dubai\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bayut.com/mybayut/universities-dubai-academic-city/#:~:text=Institute%20of%20Management%20Technology%20Dubai","url_text":"\"IMT Dubai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Universities in DIAC\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bayut.com/mybayut/universities-dubai-academic-city/","url_text":"\"Universities in DIAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Housing in DIAC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://diachomes.com/diacpolicy.html","url_text":"\"Housing in DIAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"in5\".","urls":[{"url":"https://diacedu.ae/offerings/in5-centres","url_text":"\"in5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dubai Knowledge Village - Education Zones - TEN Education\". Education.theemiratesnetwork.com. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2015-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005333/http://education.theemiratesnetwork.com/zones/dubai_knowledge_village.php","url_text":"\"Dubai Knowledge Village - Education Zones - TEN Education\""},{"url":"http://education.theemiratesnetwork.com/zones/dubai_knowledge_village.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Companies in Dubai - List of companies in Dubai \| DIC\". Dubai International Academic City. Retrieved 2022-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://diacedu.ae/the-community/community-directory","url_text":"\"Companies in Dubai - List of companies in Dubai \| DIC\""}]},{"reference":"\"DKV Freezone Authority\". Official Website. Archived from the original on 2015-11-14. Retrieved 2015-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151114052323/http://www.kv.ae/about-dkv","url_text":"\"DKV Freezone Authority\""},{"url":"http://www.kv.ae/about-dkv","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dubai Metro Blue Line: Where will it go and when will it open?\". The National. Abu Dhabi. 25 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/transport/2023/11/25/dubai-metro-blue-line-where-will-it-go-and-when-will-it-open/","url_text":"\"Dubai Metro Blue Line: Where will it go and when will it open?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)","url_text":"The National"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dubai_International_Academic_City&params=25.1131_N_55.4084_E_region:AE-DU_type:city(27,500)_dim:4km&title=Dubai+International+Academic+City","external_links_name":"25°06′47″N 55°24′30″E / 25.1131°N 55.4084°E / 25.1131; 55.4084 (Dubai International Academic City)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dubai_International_Academic_City&params=25.1131_N_55.4084_E_region:AE-DU_type:city(27,500)_dim:4km&title=Dubai+International+Academic+City","external_links_name":"25°06′47″N 55°24′30″E / 25.1131°N 55.4084°E / 25.1131; 55.4084 (Dubai International Academic City)"},{"Link":"https://diacedu.ae/","external_links_name":"Academic City"},{"Link":"https://curtindubai.ac.ae/","external_links_name":"Curtin University Dubai"},{"Link":"https://diacedu.ae/offerings/in5-centres","external_links_name":"\"Endowment\""},{"Link":"https://www.guide2dubai.com/living/education/dubai-academic-city","external_links_name":"\"DIAC and Knowledge Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.bayut.com/area-guides/academic-city/","external_links_name":"\"Academic city highlights\""},{"Link":"https://diacedu.ae/discover/about-us","external_links_name":"\"DIAC-About us\""},{"Link":"https://www.ipsef.net/speakers/dr-ayoub-kazim","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Ayoub Kazim\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebusinessyear.com/dubai-2018/lessons-in-synergies/interview","external_links_name":"\"Mohammad Abdullah\""},{"Link":"https://www.guide2dubai.com/living/education/dubai-academic-city","external_links_name":"\"Guide to Dubai\""},{"Link":"https://www.bayut.com/mybayut/universities-dubai-academic-city/#:~:text=Institute%20of%20Management%20Technology%20Dubai","external_links_name":"\"IMT Dubai\""},{"Link":"https://www.bayut.com/mybayut/universities-dubai-academic-city/","external_links_name":"\"Universities in DIAC\""},{"Link":"http://diachomes.com/diacpolicy.html","external_links_name":"\"Housing in DIAC\""},{"Link":"https://diacedu.ae/offerings/in5-centres","external_links_name":"\"in5\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005333/http://education.theemiratesnetwork.com/zones/dubai_knowledge_village.php","external_links_name":"\"Dubai Knowledge Village - Education Zones - TEN Education\""},{"Link":"http://education.theemiratesnetwork.com/zones/dubai_knowledge_village.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://diacedu.ae/the-community/community-directory","external_links_name":"\"Companies in Dubai - List of companies in Dubai \| DIC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151114052323/http://www.kv.ae/about-dkv","external_links_name":"\"DKV Freezone Authority\""},{"Link":"http://www.kv.ae/about-dkv","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/transport/2023/11/25/dubai-metro-blue-line-where-will-it-go-and-when-will-it-open/","external_links_name":"\"Dubai Metro Blue Line: Where will it go and when will it open?\""},{"Link":"https://diacedu.ae/","external_links_name":"Dubai International Academic City"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081028231905/http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/05/01/10036837.html","external_links_name":"Archive.gulfnews.com"},{"Link":"http://www.dubaifaqs.com/dubai-academic-city.php","external_links_name":"Dubaifaqs.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180712090236/http://www.dubaifaqs.com/dubai-academic-city.php","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_the_Weddings	Wedding of the Weddings	["1 The event","2 History","3 Speakers and preachers","4 Artists","5 Alcohol-free weddings","6 Non-alcoholic lifestyle","7 References"]	Polish non-alcoholic wedding movement Wedding of the Weddings is an annual meeting of couples who had non-alcoholic wedding receptions. The meetings have taken place in various cities of Poland since 1995. The couples come together with their children to have an all-night-long non-alcoholic dancing party, to exchange experience on organizing non-alcoholic parties for children, youth and adults and just to spend several days together enjoying the local culture. The event Wedding of the Weddings is a multi-layered event. There are conferences usually held at a local university, with invited talks by researchers on family related issues (relationship in the marriage, growing up children, non-alcoholic weddings and other family feasts) and with contributions of participants. There are meetings and discussions with representatives of the local government who are responsible for family support and for alcohol-related problems. A rich social program is offered: sports, sightseeing tours, field trips and picnics. Performances of folk singers and folk dancers as well as of pop stars accompany the meetings. The major event of each Wedding of the Weddings follows a traditional wedding rite. In the evening, there is a Holy Mass at the local cathedral, where a bishop blesses each couple after confirmation of the marital oath. After that there is a wedding parade through the streets of the town to the restaurant, where a reception takes place. The reception starts with a polonaise, an old Polish aristocratic dance, lasting until 4:00 am with dancing and games for participants led by professional entertainers. History The Reverend Władysław Zązel, provost of a small parish in Kamesznica, became famous for spreading the tradition of non-alcoholic wedding receptions. In his parish, more than 90% of all wedding receptions were celebrated without alcohol. In 1995, he was invited by Radio Maryja (a well-known Catholic radio station) to tell the listeners about his experience with alcohol-free weddings. Listeners from all Poland were calling the radio station to say that alcohol-free weddings were organized by many individuals. Father Zązel proposed then to organize a meeting of those who had non-alcoholic weddings. The meetings were called "Wedding of the Weddings". The first two such meetings were organized in Father Zązel's parish Kamesznica, then in Zamość, Częstochowa, Kraków, Białystok, Koszęcin, Ludźmierz, Warszawa, Olsztyn, Wrocław, Bydgoszcz, Tarnów, Łomża, Miejsce Piastowe, Radom, Kraków, Wieleń Zaobrzański and again Kamesznica, then in Krynica-Zdrój and Myczkowce. The 2017 event took place in Trąbki Wielkie and Gdańsk, while the 2018 meeting was hosted by Ludźmierz. In 1999, Father Zązel went with alcohol-free couples to Rome, where they were blessed by Pope John Paul II. Speakers and preachers Among the speakers, who usually come from the local communities, there also some prominent and well-known ones in Poland, such as: Cardinal Archbishop Franciszek Macharski of Kraków, Cardinal Archbishop Stanisław Dziwisz of Kraków, Cardinal Zenon Grocholewski from Vatican, Archbishop Wojciech Ziemba of Białystok, Archbishop Edmund Michał Piszcz of Warmia, Archbishop Józef Michalik of Przemyśl, President of Polish Bishop Conference, Archbishop Stanisław Gądecki of Poznań, Archbishop Marek Jędraszewski of Kraków, Bishop Jan Tyrawa of Bydgoszcz, Bishop Stanisław Stefanek of Łomża, Bishop Antoni Pacyfik Dydycz of Drohiczyn, Bishop Henryk Tomasik of Radom, Bishop Andrzej Jeż of Tarnów, Bishop Jan Wątroba of Rzeszów, Bishop Edward Materski from Radom, Bishop Józef Zawitkowski from Łowicz, Bishop Marian Duś from Warszawa, Bishop Jan Szkodoń from Kraków, Bishop Grzegorz Ryś from Kraków, Bishop Andrzej Siemieniewski from Wrocław, Bishop Wiesław Lechowicz from Tarnów, Bishop Tadeusz Bronakowski from Łomża, Bishop Kazimierz Górny of Rzeszów, Bishop Adam Szal from Przemyśl, Bishop Piotr Greger from Bielsko-Biała/Żywiec, Bishop Wiesław Szlachetka from Gdańsk, Pater professor Jacek Hadryś, theologist, Poznań University, Pater professor Karol Meissner, specialist on sexology, Pater professor Aleksander Posacki, specialist of demonology, occultism and sects, Pater professor Janusz Królikowski, specialist of dogmatic theology, Pater Leon Knabit, specialist of theology Pater Jan Reczek, specialist on internal healing Pater Dr. Marcin Kołodziej, specialist on liturgy Pater Dr. Franciszek Płonka, specialist on liturgy Pater Józef Walusiak, specialist on addiction curation Professor Andrzej Urbaniak, computer scientist, Poznań University of Technology, Professor Zofia Włodarczyk, specialist on botany, biblical biology and gardening, Hugon Kołłątaj Agricultural University of Cracow, Dr. Mieczysław Guzewicz, doctor of theology, specialist on marriage issues Dr. Andrzej Dakowicz of University of Białystok, Dr. Krzysztof A. Wojcieszek, of the Bogdan Janicki University psychologist, Dr. Eng. Antoni Zieba, of the Kraków University of Technology, engineer, Dr. Andrzej Gołębiowski, of Radom University of Technology, Dr. Eng. Jacek Pulikowski, of the Poznań University of Technology, Dr. Marek Babik, from the Kraków Ignatianum University, specialist on child rearing processes, Dr. Stanisław Bogaczewicz, Institute of National Memory, historian, Mr. Krzysztof Brzózka, from The National Agency for Alcohol Problems Solution (PARPA) Mr. Andrzej Wronka, specialist on Catholic apologetics, and many other. Artists Folk singers and dancers as well as orchestras from Polish mountains (Gorals) are accompanying practically all the meetings. Folk groups from other regions appear occasionally as well like from Kujawy, Kurpie, Radom area or Silesia. But also (former or current) pop stars come frequently to give concerts, for example Magda Anioł and her band, Antonina Krzysztoń, Viola Brzezińska with the 'New Day' group as well as Jarosław Wajk, a former vocalist of the "Oddział Zamknięty" rock band, and Jan Budziaszek of the Skaldowie band. Alcohol-free weddings A central reason for the Wedding of the Weddings event is the general resistance in Poland (and also in other countries) against weddings where no alcohol is served. To combat the feeling of being strangers to this culture and in Polish society, many of those couples seeking alcohol-free weddings also sought out other like-minded people with whom to socialize and celebrate. The non-alcoholic weddings differ from the ones where alcohol is served. The wedding ceremony is usually extended by the reading of a special blessing (and acknowledgement) from the local bishop. Through this, the wedding reception does not only become exceptional because of the absence of alcohol and everything associated with alcohol, but it is also marked by other traditions and attractions. As toasts in Poland are almost by definition associated with alcohol, they are either removed entirely or replaced by table speeches, goat's milk toasts, songs in honor of the married couple and their parents and so on. As Polish wedding receptions are usually all night long events, usually the alcohol goes some way into keeping the guests awake and amused late at night. A non-alcoholic wedding differs significantly from this as dishes are served regularly, must be of comparable quality all the time, the orchestra has to play all the time and the party is enriched by various group dances such as the polonaise, line dances, "travel dances", skill dances (zorba, mountain folk dances), games and competitions for the participants. Usually professional entertainers, who undertook special courses for non-alcoholic party entertainment ( wodzirej) are employed during the reception to organize and run the entertainment program. The vast majority of non-alcoholic weddings are organized by free-choice abstinents (not to be confused with recovering alcoholics). It is a matter of lifestyle, not of medical treatment. Non-alcoholic lifestyle Another aspect shared by the participants of the Wedding of the Weddings is the non-alcoholic lifestyle. All family parties, like the ones connected to birthdays or name days of the parents or children, meetings with friends or friends of children, New Year parties, church-associated celebrations (baptism, first communion, wedding, funeral) are organized without alcohol. Moreover, the couples and their children are also frequently engaged in some abstinence societies. References ^ "Ruch Wesele Wesel" (in Polish: "Action Wedding of the Weddings"), in. APOSTOŁ TRZEŹWOŚCI 2006 (in Polish: Apostle of Sobriety), Annals of the Polish Catholic Bishop Conference), page. 108 ^ weselewesel.pl/en Website of the meeting of 2007 in Bydgoszcz and subsequent ones in English, German and Polish ^ D. R. Zimnoch: "Wesele Wesel – Kamesznica'95." (In Polish: Wedding of the Weddings – Kamesznica’95"), in: Hale i Dziedziny. Miesięcznik Ziem Górskich, 1995, nr 5-6 (57-58), pages. 14-15. (Polish journal "Monthly of the Mountains") ^ ekai.pl Wesele wesel: do trzeciej, bez alkoholu (in Polish: Wedding of the Weddings, till three o’clock in the morning without alcohol), Article of the news agency KAI of 2004, "Wedding of the Weddings without alcohol" covers the 2009 event. ^ Gość Niedzielny weekly, issue no 32/2006 of Aug. 06,.2006, article "Tańce bez procentów" /Dances without percents/ by Agata Combik ^ www.parpa.pl Webpage of the State Agency for the Prevention of Alcohol-Related Problems (in Polish) on the Wedding of the Weddings in 2009. Use its search engine to find notes on earlier events (enter Wesele Wesel) ^ Michalici.pl service ^ Gość Niedzielny Weekly, Jul. 29th, 2011 issue article "Radom: Bezalkoholowe 'Wesele wesel'" (Radom, non-alcoholic Wedding of the Weddings) ^ Gazeta Krakowska, Aug. 6th, 2012 issue, article "Oni mieli wesela bez wódki"/They had a wedding reception without vodka/ by Marta Paluch ^ Eleuteria Quarterly no 94(2/2013), pages.25-26, paper "Wesele Wesel 2013 ^ , Niedziela Catholic Weekly, no 33/2014 page .31, paper Wesele Wesel po raz 20 (Wedding of the Wedding, 20th issues). ^ B. Synajewska: Bezalkoholowe uroczystości rodzinne jako element wychowania w trzeźwości (in Polish: Nonalcoholic feasts in the family as an element of education for sobriety). M.Sc. Thesis. University of Łódź, 2005.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_marriage"},{"link_name":"non-alcoholic wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Alcohol-free_weddings"}],"text":"Wedding of the Weddings is an annual meeting of couples who had non-alcoholic wedding receptions. The meetings have taken place in various cities of Poland since 1995. The couples come together with their children to have an all-night-long non-alcoholic dancing party, to exchange experience on organizing non-alcoholic parties for children, youth and adults and just to spend several days together enjoying the local culture.","title":"Wedding of the Weddings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"invited talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invited_talk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"local government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government"},{"link_name":"folk singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_singer"},{"link_name":"folk dancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_dance"},{"link_name":"Holy Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Mass"},{"link_name":"oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath"},{"link_name":"polonaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonaise_(dance)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Wedding of the Weddings is a multi-layered event.[1] There are conferences usually held at a local university, with invited talks by researchers on family related issues (relationship in the marriage, growing up children, non-alcoholic weddings and other family feasts) and with contributions of participants. There are meetings and discussions with representatives of the local government who are responsible for family support and for alcohol-related problems. A rich social program is offered: sports, sightseeing tours, field trips and picnics. Performances of folk singers and folk dancers as well as of pop stars accompany the meetings.The major event of each Wedding of the Weddings follows a traditional wedding rite. In the evening, there is a Holy Mass at the local cathedral, where a bishop blesses each couple after confirmation of the marital oath. After that there is a wedding parade through the streets of the town to the restaurant, where a reception takes place. The reception starts with a polonaise, an old Polish aristocratic dance, lasting until 4:00 am with dancing and games for participants led by professional entertainers.[2]","title":"The event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(religion)"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Kamesznica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamesznica"},{"link_name":"Radio Maryja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Maryja"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Zamość","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Częstochowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Białystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok"},{"link_name":"Koszęcin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosz%C4%99cin"},{"link_name":"Ludźmierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lud%C5%BAmierz"},{"link_name":"Warszawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Olsztyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olsztyn"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Tarnów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Łomża","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Miejsce Piastowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miejsce_Piastowe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Radom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Krynica-Zdrój","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krynica-Zdr%C3%B3j"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Myczkowce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myczkowce"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Trąbki Wielkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%85bki_Wielkie"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Ludźmierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lud%C5%BAmierz"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"}],"text":"The Reverend Władysław Zązel, provost of a small parish in Kamesznica, became famous for spreading the tradition of non-alcoholic wedding receptions. In his parish, more than 90% of all wedding receptions were celebrated without alcohol. In 1995, he was invited by Radio Maryja (a well-known Catholic radio station) to tell the listeners about his experience with alcohol-free weddings. Listeners from all Poland were calling the radio station to say that alcohol-free weddings were organized by many individuals. Father Zązel proposed then to organize a meeting of those who had non-alcoholic weddings. The meetings were called \"Wedding of the Weddings\".The first two such meetings were organized in Father Zązel's parish Kamesznica,[3] then in Zamość, Częstochowa, Kraków, Białystok, Koszęcin, Ludźmierz, Warszawa,[4] Olsztyn, Wrocław,[5] Bydgoszcz, Tarnów, Łomża,[6] Miejsce Piastowe,[7] Radom,[8] Kraków,[9] Wieleń Zaobrzański[10] and again Kamesznica,[11] then in Krynica-Zdrój[citation needed] and Myczkowce.[citation needed] The 2017 event took place in Trąbki Wielkie and Gdańsk, while the 2018 meeting was hosted by Ludźmierz. In 1999, Father Zązel went with alcohol-free couples to Rome, where they were blessed by Pope John Paul II.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franciszek Macharski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Macharski"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Dziwisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dziwisz"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Zenon Grocholewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_Grocholewski"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Ziemba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Ziemba"},{"link_name":"Białystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok"},{"link_name":"Edmund Michał Piszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Micha%C5%82_Piszcz"},{"link_name":"Warmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmia"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Jan Tyrawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tyrawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Stefanek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Stefanek"},{"link_name":"Łomża","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa"},{"link_name":"Antoni Pacyfik Dydycz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Pacyfik_Dydycz"},{"link_name":"Drohiczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drohiczyn"},{"link_name":"Radom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom"},{"link_name":"Tarnów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Rzeszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Edward Materski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Materski"},{"link_name":"Radom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom"},{"link_name":"Józef Zawitkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Zawitkowski"},{"link_name":"Łowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81owicz"},{"link_name":"Marian Duś","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Du%C5%9B"},{"link_name":"Warszawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa"},{"link_name":"Jan Szkodoń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Szkodo%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Grzegorz Ryś","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Ry%C5%9B"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Siemieniewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Siemieniewski"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Wiesław Lechowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wies%C5%82aw_Lechowicz"},{"link_name":"Tarnów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Bronakowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Bronakowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Łomża","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa"},{"link_name":"Rzeszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"Piotr Greger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Greger"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Poznań University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University"},{"link_name":"Karol Meissner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karol_Meissner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sexology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexology"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Posacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Posacki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"demonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonology"},{"link_name":"occultism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultism"},{"link_name":"sects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sect"},{"link_name":"Janusz Królikowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janusz_Kr%C3%B3likowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dogmatic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogmatic_theology"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"internal healing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_healing"},{"link_name":"Poznań University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"biblical biology and gardening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_garden"},{"link_name":"Hugon Kołłątaj Agricultural University of Cracow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_University_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"University of Białystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bia%C5%82ystok"},{"link_name":"psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist"},{"link_name":"Kraków University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"Radom University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Poznań University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Kraków Ignatianum University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_University_of_Philosophy_and_Education_Ignatianum"},{"link_name":"child rearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting"},{"link_name":"Catholic apologetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_apologetics"}],"text":"Among the speakers, who usually come from the local communities, there also some prominent and well-known ones in Poland, such as:Cardinal Archbishop Franciszek Macharski of Kraków,\nCardinal Archbishop Stanisław Dziwisz of Kraków,\nCardinal Zenon Grocholewski from Vatican,\nArchbishop Wojciech Ziemba of Białystok,\nArchbishop Edmund Michał Piszcz of Warmia,\nArchbishop Józef Michalik of Przemyśl, President of Polish Bishop Conference,\nArchbishop Stanisław Gądecki of Poznań,\nArchbishop Marek Jędraszewski of Kraków,\nBishop Jan Tyrawa of Bydgoszcz,\nBishop Stanisław Stefanek of Łomża,\nBishop Antoni Pacyfik Dydycz of Drohiczyn,\nBishop Henryk Tomasik of Radom,\nBishop Andrzej Jeż of Tarnów,\nBishop Jan Wątroba of Rzeszów,\nBishop Edward Materski from Radom,\nBishop Józef Zawitkowski from Łowicz,\nBishop Marian Duś from Warszawa,\nBishop Jan Szkodoń from Kraków,\nBishop Grzegorz Ryś from Kraków,\nBishop Andrzej Siemieniewski from Wrocław,\nBishop Wiesław Lechowicz from Tarnów,\nBishop Tadeusz Bronakowski from Łomża,\nBishop Kazimierz Górny of Rzeszów,\nBishop Adam Szal from Przemyśl,\nBishop Piotr Greger from Bielsko-Biała/Żywiec,\nBishop Wiesław Szlachetka from Gdańsk,\nPater professor Jacek Hadryś, theologist, Poznań University,\nPater professor Karol Meissner, specialist on sexology,\nPater professor Aleksander Posacki, specialist of demonology, occultism and sects,\nPater professor Janusz Królikowski, specialist of dogmatic theology,\nPater Leon Knabit, specialist of theology\nPater Jan Reczek, specialist on internal healing\nPater Dr. Marcin Kołodziej, specialist on liturgy\nPater Dr. Franciszek Płonka, specialist on liturgy\nPater Józef Walusiak, specialist on addiction curation\nProfessor Andrzej Urbaniak, computer scientist, Poznań University of Technology,\nProfessor Zofia Włodarczyk, specialist on botany, biblical biology and gardening, Hugon Kołłątaj Agricultural University of Cracow,\nDr. Mieczysław Guzewicz, doctor of theology, specialist on marriage issues\nDr. Andrzej Dakowicz of University of Białystok,\nDr. Krzysztof A. Wojcieszek, of the Bogdan Janicki University psychologist,\nDr. Eng. Antoni Zieba, of the Kraków University of Technology, engineer,\nDr. Andrzej Gołębiowski, of Radom University of Technology,\nDr. Eng. Jacek Pulikowski, of the Poznań University of Technology,\nDr. Marek Babik, from the Kraków Ignatianum University, specialist on child rearing processes,\nDr. Stanisław Bogaczewicz, Institute of National Memory, historian,\nMr. Krzysztof Brzózka, from The National Agency for Alcohol Problems Solution (PARPA)\nMr. Andrzej Wronka, specialist on Catholic apologetics, and many other.[1]","title":"Speakers and preachers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gorals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorals"},{"link_name":"Kujawy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujawy"},{"link_name":"Kurpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurpie"},{"link_name":"Radom area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radom_area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"Magda Anioł","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magda_Anio%C5%82&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonina Krzysztoń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonina_Krzyszto%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Viola Brzezińska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viola_Brzezi%C5%84ska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jarosław Wajk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaros%C5%82aw_Wajk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oddział Zamknięty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oddzia%C5%82_Zamkni%C4%99ty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skaldowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaldowie"}],"text":"Folk singers and dancers as well as orchestras from Polish mountains (Gorals) are accompanying practically all the meetings. Folk groups from other regions appear occasionally as well like from Kujawy, Kurpie, Radom area or Silesia. But also (former or current) pop stars come frequently to give concerts, for example Magda Anioł and her band, Antonina Krzysztoń, Viola Brzezińska with the 'New Day' group as well as Jarosław Wajk, a former vocalist of the \"Oddział Zamknięty\" rock band,\nand Jan Budziaszek of the Skaldowie band.","title":"Artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"blessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessing"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"toasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toast_(honor)"},{"link_name":"goat's milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat%27s_milk"},{"link_name":"orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"polonaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonaise_(dance)"},{"link_name":"line dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Line_dances&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zorba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zorba_(dance)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"folk dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_dances"},{"link_name":"recovering alcoholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovering_alcoholic"},{"link_name":"lifestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)"}],"text":"A central reason for the Wedding of the Weddings event is the general resistance in Poland (and also in other countries) against weddings where no alcohol is served. To combat the feeling of being strangers to this culture and in Polish society, many of those couples seeking alcohol-free weddings also sought out other like-minded people with whom to socialize and celebrate.The non-alcoholic weddings differ from the ones where alcohol is served. The wedding ceremony is usually extended by the reading of a special blessing (and acknowledgement) from the local bishop. Through this, the wedding reception does not only become exceptional because of the absence of alcohol and everything associated with alcohol, but it is also marked by other traditions and attractions. As toasts in Poland are almost by definition associated with alcohol, they are either removed entirely or replaced by table speeches, goat's milk toasts, songs in honor of the married couple and their parents and so on. As Polish wedding receptions are usually all night long events, usually the alcohol goes some way into keeping the guests awake and amused late at night. A non-alcoholic wedding differs significantly from this as dishes are served regularly, must be of comparable quality all the time, the orchestra has to play all the time and the party is enriched by various group dances such as the polonaise, line dances, \"travel dances\", skill dances (zorba, mountain folk dances), games and competitions for the participants. Usually professional entertainers, who undertook special courses for non-alcoholic party entertainment ( wodzirej) are employed during the reception to organize and run the entertainment program.The vast majority of non-alcoholic weddings are organized by free-choice abstinents (not to be confused with recovering alcoholics). It is a matter of lifestyle, not of medical treatment.","title":"Alcohol-free weddings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Another aspect shared by the participants of the Wedding of the Weddings is the non-alcoholic lifestyle. All family parties, like the ones connected to birthdays or name days of the parents or children, meetings with friends or friends of children, New Year parties, church-associated celebrations (baptism, first communion, wedding, funeral) are organized without alcohol.Moreover, the couples and their children are also frequently engaged in some abstinence societies.[12]","title":"Non-alcoholic lifestyle"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.duszp.trzezwosci.plock.opoka.org.pl/apostol_2006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ruch Wesele Wesel\""},{"Link":"http://weselewesel.pl/en","external_links_name":"weselewesel.pl/en"},{"Link":"http://weselewesel.pl/de","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://weselewesel.pl/","external_links_name":"Polish"},{"Link":"http://ekai.pl/wydarzenia/x7639/wesele-wesel-do-trzeciej-bez-alkoholu/","external_links_name":"ekai.pl Wesele wesel: do trzeciej, bez alkoholu (in Polish: Wedding of the Weddings, till three o’clock in the morning without alcohol)"},{"Link":"http://ekai.pl/wydarzenia/polska/x21696/wesele-wesel-bez-alkoholu/","external_links_name":"\"Wedding of the Weddings without alcohol\""},{"Link":"http://gosc.pl/doc/778328.Wroclaw","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.parpa.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=433&Itemid=2","external_links_name":"www.parpa.pl Webpage of the State Agency for the Prevention of Alcohol-Related Problems (in Polish) on the Wedding of the Weddings in 2009."},{"Link":"http://www.michalici.pl/news816.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://gosc.pl/doc/912834.Radom-Bezalkoholowe-Wesele-wesel","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.gazetakrakowska.pl/artykul/631723,oni-mieli-wesela-bez-wodki-zdjecia,id,t.html","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"http://www.eleuteria.oaza.pl/Numer_index.php?nr0=94","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"http://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/113753/nd/Wesele-Wesel-po-raz-20","external_links_name":"[6]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS_e-file	IRS e-file	["1 History","2 Types of e-file providers","2.1 Individual returns","2.2 Business returns","2.3 Tax exempt organization returns","3 Authorized filers","4 See also","5 References"]	For other uses of "E-file", see E-file (disambiguation). E-file is a system for submitting tax documents to the US Internal Revenue Service through the Internet or direct connection, usually without the need to submit any paper documents. Tax preparation software with e-filing capabilities includes stand-alone programs or websites. Tax professionals use tax preparation software from major software vendors for commercial use. Of the 139.3 million US returns filed in 2007, 79.98 million (or about 57.4 percent) were filed electronically. In 2010, a total of 129.3 million US returns were filed, and 93.4 million were filed electronically: in three years the percentage of returns filed electronically increased to 72.3 percent of total returns. In 2018, 89% of tax returns were filed electronically. Taxpayers can e-file free using the IRS Free File service, either using an authorized IRS e-file provider's tax software, if eligible, or by using online Free File Fillable Forms from the Free File Alliance. Prior to 2020, the use of a third party was required for IRS e-file, and it was not possible to e-file directly through the IRS website. In 2020, the IRS made direct e-filing possible through IRS Free File Fillable Forms available to taxpayers of any income level. History The IRS started electronic filing in 1986 to lower operating costs and paper usage. Since then, additional features have been added. In 1987 Electronic Direct Deposit was added as a form of payment. Milestones have been set and broken throughout the years. In 1990 4.2 million returns were reached and in recent years a record of 1 billion 1040's have been E-filed. E-filing originally used the processing system developed in 1969 by the IRS but, since 2003, the IRS has been developing a new enhanced processing system called CADE. For tax-filing season 2024, the IRS announced a pilot of Direct File, where people can calculate and submit their federal taxes and some state taxes in partnership with select state tax agencies for free. This initiative came as a result of the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, signed into law by President Joe Biden. Types of e-file providers The IRS accepts electronic submission of a variety of tax forms through their IRS Authorized e-file Providers. The IRS offers e-filing to most forms ranging from 1040's to 2290's to 990's. Individual returns Individuals have the option of both free and paid tax software. Recently a feature from the IRS called FreeFile allows users to file their individual tax returns for free. It is also possible to go through an authorized efile company that files Form 1040 with a service charge. FreeFile is free, it's an easy step by step system for those who make less than $64,000 annually and a more task-heavy form of filing for those who make above $64,000. For those who make more than $64,000 a year, the FreeFile is not step-by-step but an actual Form 1040 that can be filled out, box by box, electronically. Business returns Businesses and self-employed taxpayers can choose from a variety of commercial e-file services depending on their individual needs. Some of the forms that fall under business returns include Form 2290 (truck tax), Form 1099 (reporting payments to individuals other than employees). IRS has no set pricing for each form, so each filing company sets their own price accordingly. IRS has a list of authorized websites that do e-filing for some forms. Tax exempt organization returns Tax exempt organizations may file the annual information return IRS Form 990, Form 990-EZ and Form 990-N with a variety of independent tax software providers. As with the business returns, the IRS does not set prices; each e-filing company sets their own. Authorized filers IRS e-filer providers must be authorized by the IRS. The IRS provides a list of authorized e-file providers on some forms. The authorized providers must pass the testing every year. The IRS changes the order of the certified providers list daily for fairness. See also Electronic Tax Administration Advisory Committee Electronic tax records Free File Alliance Refund anticipation loan Modernized e-File References ^ "Another record-breaking number of taxpayers choose to electronically file in 2007". Internal Revenue Service. November 7, 2007. ^ "US Tax Professionals Services". www.ustaxpros1040.com. Retrieved 2016-09-04. ^ "Filing Season Statistics for Week Ending May 11, 2018 \| Internal Revenue Service". ^ "e-file Options \| Internal Revenue Service". www.irs.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-14. ^ "Free File Fillable Forms User's Guide, Publication 5274 (Rev. 4-2020)" (PDF). 2020. ^ "Free File: Do Your Federal Taxes for Free \| Internal Revenue Service". www.irs.gov. Retrieved 2020-07-07. ^ "IRS E-File: A History" (PDF). www.irs.gov. Retrieved 2021-08-19. ^ Hussein, Fatima. "The IRS is launching a direct file pilot program for the 2024 tax season — here is how it will work". AP News. Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ a b "Filing Your Taxes". www.irs.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-04. ^ "Free File: Do Your Federal Taxes for Free". www.irs.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-04. ^ IRS E-file providers page Archived January 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E-file (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-file_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"IRS Free File","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS_Free_File"},{"link_name":"Free File Fillable Forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_File_Fillable_Forms"},{"link_name":"Free File Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_File_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For other uses of \"E-file\", see E-file (disambiguation).E-file is a system for submitting tax documents to the US Internal Revenue Service through the Internet or direct connection, usually without the need to submit any paper documents. Tax preparation software with e-filing capabilities includes stand-alone programs or websites. Tax professionals use tax preparation software from major software vendors for commercial use.Of the 139.3 million US returns filed in 2007, 79.98 million (or about 57.4 percent) were filed electronically.[1] In 2010, a total of 129.3 million US returns were filed, and 93.4 million were filed electronically: in three years the percentage of returns filed electronically increased to 72.3 percent of total returns.[2] In 2018, 89% of tax returns were filed electronically.[3]Taxpayers can e-file free using the IRS Free File service, either using an authorized IRS e-file provider's tax software, if eligible, or by using online Free File Fillable Forms from the Free File Alliance. Prior to 2020, the use of a third party was required for IRS e-file, and it was not possible to e-file directly through the IRS website.[4] In 2020, the IRS made direct e-filing possible through IRS Free File Fillable Forms available to taxpayers of any income level.[5][6]","title":"IRS e-file"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CADE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_Account_Data_Engine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Inflation Reduction Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The IRS started electronic filing in 1986 to lower operating costs and paper usage. Since then, additional features have been added. In 1987 Electronic Direct Deposit was added as a form of payment. Milestones have been set and broken throughout the years. In 1990 4.2 million returns were reached and in recent years a record of 1 billion 1040's have been E-filed. E-filing originally used the processing system developed in 1969 by the IRS but, since 2003, the IRS has been developing a new enhanced processing system called CADE.[7]For tax-filing season 2024, the IRS announced a pilot of Direct File, where people can calculate and submit their federal taxes and some state taxes in partnership with select state tax agencies for free. This initiative came as a result of the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, signed into law by President Joe Biden.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"The IRS accepts electronic submission of a variety of tax forms through their IRS Authorized e-file Providers. The IRS offers e-filing to most forms ranging from 1040's to 2290's to 990's.[9]","title":"Types of e-file providers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"sub_title":"Individual returns","text":"Individuals have the option of both free and paid tax software. Recently a feature from the IRS called FreeFile allows users to file their individual tax returns for free. It is also possible to go through an authorized efile company that files Form 1040 with a service charge. FreeFile is free, it's an easy step by step system for those who make less than $64,000 annually and a more task-heavy form of filing for those who make above $64,000. For those who make more than $64,000 a year, the FreeFile is not step-by-step but an actual Form 1040 that can be filled out, box by box, electronically.[9]","title":"Types of e-file providers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Business returns","text":"Businesses and self-employed taxpayers can choose from a variety of commercial e-file services depending on their individual needs. Some of the forms that fall under business returns include Form 2290 (truck tax), Form 1099 (reporting payments to individuals other than employees). IRS has no set pricing for each form, so each filing company sets their own price accordingly. IRS has a list of authorized websites that do e-filing for some forms.[10]","title":"Types of e-file providers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Form 990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_990"}],"sub_title":"Tax exempt organization returns","text":"Tax exempt organizations may file the annual information return IRS Form 990, Form 990-EZ and Form 990-N with a variety of independent tax software providers. As with the business returns, the IRS does not set prices; each e-filing company sets their own.","title":"Types of e-file providers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"IRS e-filer providers must be authorized by the IRS. The IRS provides a list of authorized e-file providers on some forms. The authorized providers must pass the testing every year. The IRS changes the order of the certified providers list daily for fairness.[11]","title":"Authorized filers"}]	[]	[{"title":"Electronic Tax Administration Advisory Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Tax_Administration_Advisory_Committee"},{"title":"Electronic tax records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_tax_records"},{"title":"Free File Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_File_Alliance"},{"title":"Refund anticipation loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refund_anticipation_loan"},{"title":"Modernized e-File","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernized_e-File"}]	[{"reference":"\"Another record-breaking number of taxpayers choose to electronically file in 2007\". Internal Revenue Service. November 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=175470,00.html","url_text":"\"Another record-breaking number of taxpayers choose to electronically file in 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Tax Professionals Services\". www.ustaxpros1040.com. Retrieved 2016-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ustaxpros1040.com/Services.html","url_text":"\"US Tax Professionals Services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Filing Season Statistics for Week Ending May 11, 2018 \| Internal Revenue Service\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/filing-season-statistics-for-week-ending-may-11-2018","url_text":"\"Filing Season Statistics for Week Ending May 11, 2018 \| Internal Revenue Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"e-file Options \| Internal Revenue Service\". www.irs.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irs.gov/filing/e-file-options","url_text":"\"e-file Options \| Internal Revenue Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Free File Fillable Forms User's Guide, Publication 5274 (Rev. 4-2020)\" (PDF). 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p5274.pdf","url_text":"\"Free File Fillable Forms User's Guide, Publication 5274 (Rev. 4-2020)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Free File: Do Your Federal Taxes for Free \| Internal Revenue Service\". www.irs.gov. Retrieved 2020-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irs.gov/filing/free-file-do-your-federal-taxes-for-free","url_text":"\"Free File: Do Your Federal Taxes for Free \| Internal Revenue Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"IRS E-File: A History\" (PDF). www.irs.gov. Retrieved 2021-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-news/fs-11-10.pdf","url_text":"\"IRS E-File: A History\""}]},{"reference":"Hussein, Fatima. \"The IRS is launching a direct file pilot program for the 2024 tax season — here is how it will work\". AP News. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/income-taxes-irs-filing-season-tax-3183677b56af696bd5e005fa01388f79","url_text":"\"The IRS is launching a direct file pilot program for the 2024 tax season — here is how it will work\""}]},{"reference":"\"Filing Your Taxes\". www.irs.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irs.gov/Filing","url_text":"\"Filing Your Taxes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Free File: Do Your Federal Taxes for Free\". www.irs.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irs.gov/uac/free-file-do-your-federal-taxes-for-free","url_text":"\"Free File: Do Your Federal Taxes for Free\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=175470,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Another record-breaking number of taxpayers choose to electronically file in 2007\""},{"Link":"http://www.ustaxpros1040.com/Services.html","external_links_name":"\"US Tax Professionals Services\""},{"Link":"https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/filing-season-statistics-for-week-ending-may-11-2018","external_links_name":"\"Filing Season Statistics for Week Ending May 11, 2018 \| Internal Revenue Service\""},{"Link":"https://www.irs.gov/filing/e-file-options","external_links_name":"\"e-file Options \| Internal Revenue Service\""},{"Link":"https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p5274.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Free File Fillable Forms User's Guide, Publication 5274 (Rev. 4-2020)\""},{"Link":"https://www.irs.gov/filing/free-file-do-your-federal-taxes-for-free","external_links_name":"\"Free File: Do Your Federal Taxes for Free \| Internal Revenue Service\""},{"Link":"https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-news/fs-11-10.pdf","external_links_name":"\"IRS E-File: A History\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/income-taxes-irs-filing-season-tax-3183677b56af696bd5e005fa01388f79","external_links_name":"\"The IRS is launching a direct file pilot program for the 2024 tax season — here is how it will work\""},{"Link":"https://www.irs.gov/Filing","external_links_name":"\"Filing Your Taxes\""},{"Link":"https://www.irs.gov/uac/free-file-do-your-federal-taxes-for-free","external_links_name":"\"Free File: Do Your Federal Taxes for Free\""},{"Link":"https://www.irs.gov/uac/e-file-for-Excise-Tax-Filers","external_links_name":"IRS E-file providers page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150115093127/https://www.irs.gov/uac/e-file-for-Excise-Tax-Filers","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_Morel	Bénédict Morel	["1 Biography","2 Démence précoce","3 Degeneration theory","4 Legacy","5 Partial bibliography","6 Notes","7 Sources","8 External links"]	Austrian-born French psychiatrist (1809–1873) Bénédict MorelBénédict MorelBorn22 November 1809Vienna, Austrian EmpireDied30 March 1873 (1873-03-31) (aged 63)Saint-Yon, FranceNationalityFrenchScientific careerFieldspsychiatry Bénédict Augustin Morel (22 November 1809 – 30 March 1873) was a French psychiatrist born in Vienna, Austria. He was an influential figure in the field of degeneration theory during the mid-19th century. Biography Morel was born in Vienna, Austria in 1809, of French parents. In the aftermath of the War of the Sixth Coalition Morel was abandoned by his parents, and left with the Luxembourgish Abbé Dupont and his servant Marianne, who raised him. Morel received his education in Paris, and while a student, supplemented his income by teaching English and German classes. In 1839 he earned his medical doctorate, and two years later became an assistant to psychiatrist Jean-Pierre Falret (1794–1870) at the Salpêtrière in Paris. Morel's interest in psychiatry was further enhanced in the mid-1840s when he visited several mental institutions throughout Europe. In 1848 he was appointed director of the Asile d'Aliénés de Maréville at Nancy. Here he introduced reforms towards the welfare of the mentally ill, in particular liberalization of restraining practices. At the Maréville asylum he studied people with mental disabilities, researching their family histories and investigating aspects such as poverty and childhood physical illnesses. In 1856 he was appointed director of the mental asylum at Saint-Yon in Rouen. Morel, influenced by various pre-Darwinian theories of evolution, particularly those that attributed a powerful role to acclimation, saw mental deficiency as the end stage of a process of mental deterioration. In the 1850s, he developed a theory of "degeneration" in regards to mental problems that take place from early life to adulthood. In 1857 he published Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives, a treatise in which he explains the nature, causes, and indications of human degeneration. Morel looked for answers to mental illness in heredity, although later on he believed that alcohol and drug usage could also be important factors in the course of mental decline. Démence précoce Main article: dementia praecox In the first volume of his Études cliniques (1852) Morel used the term démence précoce in passing to describe the characteristics of a subset of young patients, and he employed the phrase more frequently in his textbook Traité des maladies mentales which was published in 1860. Morel used the term in a descriptive sense and not to define a specific and novel diagnostic category. It was applied as a means of setting apart a group of young men and women who had "stupor." As such their condition was characterised by a certain torpor, enervation, and disorder of the will and was related to the diagnostic category of melancholia. His understanding of dementia was a traditional and distinctly non-modern one in the sense that he did not conceptualise it as irreversible state. While some have sought to interpret, if in a qualified fashion, Morel's reference to démence précoce as amounting to the "discovery" of schizophrenia, others have argued convincingly that Morel's descriptive use of the term should not be considered in any sense as a precursor to the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin's dementia praecox disease concept. This is due to the fact that their concepts of dementia differed significantly from each other, with Kraepelin employing the more modern sense of the word, and also that Morel was not describing a diagnostic category. Indeed, until the advent of Arnold Pick and Kraepelin, Morel's term had vanished without a trace and there is little evidence to suggest that either Pick or indeed Kraepelin were even aware of Morel's use of the term until long after they had published their own disease concepts bearing the same name. As Eugène Minkowski succinctly stated, 'An abyss separates Morel's démence précoce from that of Kraepelin.' Degeneration theory Morel is known for creating degeneration theory in the 1850s. He began to develop his theory while he was the director of the mental asylum at Saint-Yon in northern France. In 19th century France, there was an increase in crime, sickness, and mental disorders, which interested Morel. He was determined to identify the underlying causes of this increase. Morel's Catholic and radical political background greatly shaped his process. Morel noticed that the patients in the mental asylum with intellectual disability also had physical abnormalities like goiters. He was able to expand this idea when he noticed most people in the asylum had unusual physical characteristics. Morel's degeneration theory was based on the idea that psychological disorders and other behavioral abnormalities were caused by an abnormal constitution. This also meant that he believed that there was a perfect type of human that degenerations altered. He believed that these abnormalities could be inherited and that there was a progressive worsening of the degeneration by generation. These traits were not specified pathologies, but rather an overall abnormality like a highly susceptible nervous system to disturbances from excessive toxins. The first generation started with neurosis, then, in the next generation, mental alienation. After the second generation, the mental alienation led to imbecility. Finally, the fourth generation was destined to be sterile. In Morel's theory, degeneration was synonymous with anything that was different from the natural or normal state. These abnormalities were caused by environmental influences like diet, disease, and moral depravities or traits that were passed from generation to generation like alcoholism and living in the slums. Due to the law of progressivity, these degenerations would get worse in each generation to produce more criminals and neurotics with worse degenerations. Over time, the degenerations would progress until later generations (specifically the fourth generation) were so idiotic that they were essentially sterile and the abnormal family would die out. This theory explained why there was an increase in mental disorders and also allowed Morel to relate very different diseases as caused by previous generations because they had become more variable over time. Since there was an increase in mental disorders, Morel believed that society was approaching extinction of the imbeciles. He believed that the most degenerative illness was insanity. Morel was able to categorize degenerations into four main categories: hysteria, moral insanity, imbeciles, and idiots. In 1857, Morel published his degeneration theory in Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives. In his work, he included images of twelve patients that demonstrated the physical, mental, and moral traits that were evidence of degeneration. Some of these characteristics included altered ear shape, asymmetrical faces, extra digits, and high-domed palates that had psychological representations as well. Morel's work was well received. It connected psychiatric medicine to general medicine to provide a complete and well-researched cause for a large social problem. It became dominant because it grounded moral treatment, which was questionable in this time period, in science. Morel's theory also allowed psychiatrists who were unable to help their patients explain why they had not been successful. Degeneration theory meant that there were some psychological disorders that were genetic and could not be cured by a psychiatrist. It also explained all psychological disorders. If a psychiatrist could not find a physical cause of the disease, they could blame it on the individual's constitution. It quickly spread throughout Europe with key figures spreading the information and using it to explain criminal psychology, personality disorders, and nervous disorders. Wilhem Griesinger introduced Morel's theory to Germany, Valentin Magnan helped his ideas spread in France, and Cesare Lambroso brought Morel's theory to Italy. In the 1880s, Morel's degeneration theory was very important in French psychiatry and the majority of diagnostic certificates in French mental hospitals involved the words mental degeneracy. Legacy Morel is regarded as the father of dementia praecox and the degeneration theory. Both of these ideas helped understand mental illness as it was on the rise in 19th and 20th century France. Morel's degeneration theory gained quick popularity across Europe, which allowed it to shape further scientific developments. It was used as the basis of body typology and disposition theories as well as Lombroso's theory of anthropological criminology. His theory was highly ideological and provided a scientific rationale for the eugenics programs used by the Nazis. He is also known for generating research programs to understand the effects of paternal drinking on children. Morel's degeneration theory is a key influence on Émile Zola's Les Rougon-Macquart about the environmental influences of violence, prostitution, and other immoral activities on two branches of a family during the Industrial Revolution. In Britain, the degeneration theory bolstered the eugenics and Social Darwinism movement. Karl Pearson and Sidney Webb justified selective breeding and immigration in Britain by trying to prevent the degeneration of the British race. Not all theorists accepted Morel's work. Sigmund Freud, Karl Jaspers, Adolf Meyer, and Oswald Bumke rejected his ideas. Overall, while Morel's degeneration theory is considered outdated by modern psychiatrists, Morel is credited with creating the modern biological approach to understanding psychiatric disorders. Partial bibliography Traité des maladies mentales. two volumes; Paris, 1852–1853; second edition, 1860. (In the second edition he coined the term démence-precoce to refer to mental degeneration). Traité des Dégénérescences, 1857. Le no-restraint ou de l'abolition des moyens coercitifs dans le traitement de la folie. Paris, 1861. Du goître et du crétinisme, étiologie, prophylaxie etc. Paris, 1864. De la formation des types dans les variétés dégénérées. Volume 1; Rouen, 1864. Notes ^ Pick 1993, p. 44. ^ Pick 1993, pp. 44–45. ^ Bénédict Augustin Morel. whonamedit.com (ohne Datum). ^ Hoenig 1995, p. 337; Boyle 2002, p. 46. Berrios, Luque and Villagran contend in their 2003 article on schizophrenia that Morel's first use dates to the publication in 1860 of Traité des maladies mentales (Berrios, Luque & Villagran2003, p. 117; Morel 1860). Dowbiggin inaccurately states that Morel used the term on page 234 of the first volume of his 1852 publication Etudes cliniques (Dowbiggin 1996, p. 388; Morel 1852, p. 234). On page 235] Morel does refer to démence juvénile in positing that senility is not an age specific condition and he also remarks that at his clinic he sees almost as many young people affected by senility as old people (Morel 1852, p. 235). Also, as Hoenig accurately states, Morel uses the term twice in his 1852 text on pages 282 and 361 (Hoenig 1995, p. 337; Morel 1852, pp. 282, 361). In the first instance the reference is made in relation to young girls of asthenic build who have often also had typhoid. It is a description and not a diagnostic category (Morel 1852, p. 282). In the next instance the term is used to argue that the illness course for those who have mania does not normally terminate in an early form of dementia (Morel 1852, p. 361). ^ Berrios, Luque & Villagran2003, p. 117. The term Démence précoce is used by Morel once in his 1857 text Traité des dégénérescence physiques, intellectuelles, et morales de l'espèce humaine (Morel 1857, p. 391) and seven times in his 1860 book Traité des maladies mentales (Morel 1860, pp. 119, 279, 516, 526, 532, 536, 552). ^ a b Dowbiggin 1996, p. 388. ^ Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003, p. 118. ^ Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003, p. 117. ^ While Berrios, Luque and Villagran argue this point forcefully (Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003, p. 117), others baldly state that Kraepelin was clearly inspired by Morel's lead. Yet no evidence of this claim is offered. For example, Stone 2006, p. 1. ^ Quoted in Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003, p. 117. ^ a b c d e f g h "Week Nine: Psychiatry and Hereditary Degeneration, 1860–1914 \| Paul Turnbull". paulturnbull.org. Retrieved 2017-04-14. ^ Schwarz, Julian; Brückner, Burkhart. "Morel, Bénédict Augustin". biapsy.de. Retrieved 2017-04-14. ^ a b c Abel, Ernest L. (2004-12-01). "Benedict-Augustin Morel (1809–1873)". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (12): 2185. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2185. ISSN 0002-953X. ^ Schuster, Jean-Pierre; Le Strat, Yann; Krichevski, Violetta; Bardikoff, Nicole; Limosin, Frédéric (2011-02-01). "Benedict Augustin Morel (1809–1873)". Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 23 (1): 35–36. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00506.x. ISSN 1601-5215. S2CID 143056914. ^ Ellenberger, Henri F.; Ellenberger, F. (2008-08-05). The Discovery Of The Unconscious: The History And Evolution Of Dynamic Psychiatry. Basic Books. p. 281. ISBN 978-0786724802. ^ a b c Abel, Ernest L. (2004-12-01). "Benedict-Augustin Morel (1809–1873)". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (12): 2185. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2185. ISSN 0002-953X. ^ "Degeneration Theory and the Stigma of Schizophrenia" (PDF). ^ Schuster, Jean-Pierre; Le Strat, Yann; Krichevski, Violetta; Bardikoff, Nicole; Limosin, Frédéric (2011-02-01). "Benedict Augustin Morel (1809–1873)". Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 23 (1): 35–36. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00506.x. ISSN 1601-5215. S2CID 143056914. Sources Berrios, German E.; Luque, Rogelio; Villagran, Jose M. (2003). "Schizophrenia: a conceptual history" (PDF). International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy. 3: 111–140. Boyle, Mary (2002). Schizophrenia: A Scientific Delusion? (2nd ed.). London. ISBN 9780415227186.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Conti, Norberto Aldo (2003). "Benedict Augustin Morel and the origin of the term dementia praecox". Vertex (Buenos Aires, Argentina). 14 (53): 227–31. PMID 14569313. Dowbiggin, Ian (1996). "Back to the future: Valentin Magnan, French psychiatry, and the classification of mental diseases, 1885–1925'". Social History of Medicine. 9 (3): 383–408. doi:10.1093/shm/9.3.383. PMID 11618728. Hoenig, J (1995). "Schizophrenia: clinical section". In Berrios, German E.; Porter, Roy (eds.). A History of Clinical Psychiatry: The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders. London. pp. 336–48. ISBN 978-0-485-24011-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Lund, M (December 1996). "On Morel's 'épilepsie larvée: the first Danish epileptologist Frederik Hallager's opposition in 1884 against Morel's psychical epileptic equivalents". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 5 (3): 241–53. doi:10.1080/09647049609525673. PMID 11618744. Mahieu, Eduardo Luis (2004). "On Morel and dementia praecox". Vertex (Buenos Aires, Argentina). 15 (55): 73–5. PMID 15085229. Morel, B.A. (1852). Études cliniques: traité, théorique et pratique des maladies mentales. Vol. 1. Nancy.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Morel, B.A. (1857). Traité des dégénérescence physiques, intellectuelles, et morales de l'espèce humaine. Paris: J.B. Balliere. ISBN 9780405074462. Morel, B.A. (1860). Traité des maladies mentales. Paris: V. Masson. Pick, Daniel (1993). Faces of degeneration : a European disorder, c. 1848-c. 1918 (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521457538. Stone, Michael H. (2006). "History of schizophrenia and its antecedents". In Lieberman, Jeffrey A.; Stroup, T. Scott; Perkins, Diana O. (eds.). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Schizophrenia. Arlington. pp. 1–15. ISBN 9781585626465.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) External links Bénédict Augustin Morel at Who Named It Julian Schwarz, Burkhart Brückner: Biography of Benedict Augustin Morel in: Biographical Archive of Psychiatry (BIAPSY). Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"degeneration theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degeneration_theory"}],"text":"Bénédict Augustin Morel (22 November 1809 – 30 March 1873) was a French psychiatrist born in Vienna, Austria. He was an influential figure in the field of degeneration theory during the mid-19th century.","title":"Bénédict Morel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"War of the Sixth Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Luxembourgish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPick199344-1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Falret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Falret"},{"link_name":"Salpêtrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPick199344%E2%80%9345-2"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy,_France"},{"link_name":"Saint-Yon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Yon"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"acclimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclimation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wni-3"},{"link_name":"heredity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity"}],"text":"Morel was born in Vienna, Austria in 1809, of French parents. In the aftermath of the War of the Sixth Coalition Morel was abandoned by his parents, and left with the Luxembourgish Abbé Dupont and his servant Marianne, who raised him.[1]Morel received his education in Paris, and while a student, supplemented his income by teaching English and German classes. In 1839 he earned his medical doctorate, and two years later became an assistant to psychiatrist Jean-Pierre Falret (1794–1870) at the Salpêtrière in Paris.[2]Morel's interest in psychiatry was further enhanced in the mid-1840s when he visited several mental institutions throughout Europe. In 1848 he was appointed director of the Asile d'Aliénés de Maréville at Nancy. Here he introduced reforms towards the welfare of the mentally ill, in particular liberalization of restraining practices. At the Maréville asylum he studied people with mental disabilities, researching their family histories and investigating aspects such as poverty and childhood physical illnesses. In 1856 he was appointed director of the mental asylum at Saint-Yon in Rouen.Morel, influenced by various pre-Darwinian theories of evolution, particularly those that attributed a powerful role to acclimation, saw mental deficiency as the end stage of a process of mental deterioration. In the 1850s, he developed a theory of \"degeneration\" in regards to mental problems that take place from early life to adulthood.[3] In 1857 he published Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives, a treatise in which he explains the nature, causes, and indications of human degeneration. Morel looked for answers to mental illness in heredity, although later on he believed that alcohol and drug usage could also be important factors in the course of mental decline.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowbiggin1996388-6"},{"link_name":"melancholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholia"},{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerriosLuqueVillagran2003118-7"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowbiggin1996388-6"},{"link_name":"Emil Kraepelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin"},{"link_name":"dementia praecox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_praecox"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerriosLuqueVillagran2003117-8"},{"link_name":"Arnold Pick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Pick"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Eugène Minkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Minkowski"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In the first volume of his Études cliniques (1852) Morel used the term démence précoce in passing to describe the characteristics of a subset of young patients,[4] and he employed the phrase more frequently in his textbook Traité des maladies mentales which was published in 1860.[5] Morel used the term in a descriptive sense and not to define a specific and novel diagnostic category. It was applied as a means of setting apart a group of young men and women who had \"stupor.\"[6] As such their condition was characterised by a certain torpor, enervation, and disorder of the will and was related to the diagnostic category of melancholia. His understanding of dementia was a traditional and distinctly non-modern one in the sense that he did not conceptualise it as irreversible state.[7]While some have sought to interpret, if in a qualified fashion, Morel's reference to démence précoce as amounting to the \"discovery\" of schizophrenia,[6] others have argued convincingly that Morel's descriptive use of the term should not be considered in any sense as a precursor to the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin's dementia praecox disease concept.[8] This is due to the fact that their concepts of dementia differed significantly from each other, with Kraepelin employing the more modern sense of the word, and also that Morel was not describing a diagnostic category. Indeed, until the advent of Arnold Pick and Kraepelin, Morel's term had vanished without a trace and there is little evidence to suggest that either Pick or indeed Kraepelin were even aware of Morel's use of the term until long after they had published their own disease concepts bearing the same name.[9] As Eugène Minkowski succinctly stated, 'An abyss separates Morel's démence précoce from that of Kraepelin.'[10]","title":"Démence précoce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"degeneration theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degeneration_theory"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Morel is known for creating degeneration theory in the 1850s. He began to develop his theory while he was the director of the mental asylum at Saint-Yon in northern France.[11] In 19th century France, there was an increase in crime, sickness, and mental disorders, which interested Morel. He was determined to identify the underlying causes of this increase.[11] Morel's Catholic and radical political background greatly shaped his process.[12] Morel noticed that the patients in the mental asylum with intellectual disability also had physical abnormalities like goiters. He was able to expand this idea when he noticed most people in the asylum had unusual physical characteristics.[11] Morel's degeneration theory was based on the idea that psychological disorders and other behavioral abnormalities were caused by an abnormal constitution. This also meant that he believed that there was a perfect type of human that degenerations altered.[11] He believed that these abnormalities could be inherited and that there was a progressive worsening of the degeneration by generation. These traits were not specified pathologies, but rather an overall abnormality like a highly susceptible nervous system to disturbances from excessive toxins. The first generation started with neurosis, then, in the next generation, mental alienation. After the second generation, the mental alienation led to imbecility. Finally, the fourth generation was destined to be sterile.[13]In Morel's theory, degeneration was synonymous with anything that was different from the natural or normal state. These abnormalities were caused by environmental influences like diet, disease, and moral depravities or traits that were passed from generation to generation like alcoholism and living in the slums.[11] Due to the law of progressivity, these degenerations would get worse in each generation to produce more criminals and neurotics with worse degenerations. Over time, the degenerations would progress until later generations (specifically the fourth generation) were so idiotic that they were essentially sterile and the abnormal family would die out.[11] This theory explained why there was an increase in mental disorders and also allowed Morel to relate very different diseases as caused by previous generations because they had become more variable over time. Since there was an increase in mental disorders, Morel believed that society was approaching extinction of the imbeciles. He believed that the most degenerative illness was insanity. Morel was able to categorize degenerations into four main categories: hysteria, moral insanity, imbeciles, and idiots.[11]In 1857, Morel published his degeneration theory in Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives. In his work, he included images of twelve patients that demonstrated the physical, mental, and moral traits that were evidence of degeneration. Some of these characteristics included altered ear shape, asymmetrical faces, extra digits, and high-domed palates that had psychological representations as well.[13] Morel's work was well received. It connected psychiatric medicine to general medicine to provide a complete and well-researched cause for a large social problem.[14] It became dominant because it grounded moral treatment, which was questionable in this time period, in science. Morel's theory also allowed psychiatrists who were unable to help their patients explain why they had not been successful. Degeneration theory meant that there were some psychological disorders that were genetic and could not be cured by a psychiatrist. It also explained all psychological disorders. If a psychiatrist could not find a physical cause of the disease, they could blame it on the individual's constitution.[11] It quickly spread throughout Europe with key figures spreading the information and using it to explain criminal psychology, personality disorders, and nervous disorders. Wilhem Griesinger introduced Morel's theory to Germany, Valentin Magnan helped his ideas spread in France, and Cesare Lambroso brought Morel's theory to Italy.[13] In the 1880s, Morel's degeneration theory was very important in French psychiatry and the majority of diagnostic certificates in French mental hospitals involved the words mental degeneracy.[15]","title":"Degeneration theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Morel is regarded as the father of dementia praecox and the degeneration theory. Both of these ideas helped understand mental illness as it was on the rise in 19th and 20th century France.[16] Morel's degeneration theory gained quick popularity across Europe, which allowed it to shape further scientific developments. It was used as the basis of body typology and disposition theories as well as Lombroso's theory of anthropological criminology. His theory was highly ideological and provided a scientific rationale for the eugenics programs used by the Nazis.[16] He is also known for generating research programs to understand the effects of paternal drinking on children. Morel's degeneration theory is a key influence on Émile Zola's Les Rougon-Macquart about the environmental influences of violence, prostitution, and other immoral activities on two branches of a family during the Industrial Revolution. In Britain, the degeneration theory bolstered the eugenics and Social Darwinism movement. Karl Pearson and Sidney Webb justified selective breeding and immigration in Britain by trying to prevent the degeneration of the British race.[17] Not all theorists accepted Morel's work. Sigmund Freud, Karl Jaspers, Adolf Meyer, and Oswald Bumke rejected his ideas.[16] Overall, while Morel's degeneration theory is considered outdated by modern psychiatrists, Morel is credited with creating the modern biological approach to understanding psychiatric disorders.[18]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Traité des maladies mentales. two volumes; Paris, 1852–1853; second edition, 1860. (In the second edition he coined the term démence-precoce to refer to mental degeneration).\nTraité des Dégénérescences, 1857.\nLe no-restraint ou de l'abolition des moyens coercitifs dans le traitement de la folie. Paris, 1861.\nDu goître et du crétinisme, étiologie, prophylaxie etc. Paris, 1864.\nDe la formation des types dans les variétés dégénérées. Volume 1; Rouen, 1864.","title":"Partial bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPick199344_1-0"},{"link_name":"Pick 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPick1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPick199344%E2%80%9345_2-0"},{"link_name":"Pick 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPick1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wni_3-0"},{"link_name":"Bénédict Augustin Morel.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/616.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Hoenig 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoenig1995"},{"link_name":"Boyle 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoyle2002"},{"link_name":"Berrios, Luque & Villagran2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBerriosLuqueVillagran2003"},{"link_name":"Morel 1860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorel1860"},{"link_name":"Dowbiggin 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDowbiggin1996"},{"link_name":"Morel 1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorel1852"},{"link_name":"234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=n9hEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA234"},{"link_name":"Morel 1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorel1852"},{"link_name":"235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=n9hEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA235"},{"link_name":"Hoenig 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoenig1995"},{"link_name":"Morel 1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorel1852"},{"link_name":"282","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=n9hEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA282"},{"link_name":"361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=n9hEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA361"},{"link_name":"Morel 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1860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorel1860"},{"link_name":"119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/traitdesmaladie00moregoog/page/n146"},{"link_name":"279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/traitdesmaladie00moregoog/page/n306"},{"link_name":"516","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/traitdesmaladie00moregoog/page/n544"},{"link_name":"526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/traitdesmaladie00moregoog/page/n554"},{"link_name":"532","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/traitdesmaladie00moregoog/page/n560"},{"link_name":"536","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/traitdesmaladie00moregoog/page/n564"},{"link_name":"552","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/traitdesmaladie00moregoog/page/n580"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowbiggin1996388_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowbiggin1996388_6-1"},{"link_name":"Dowbiggin 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Augustin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biapsy.de/index.php/en/9-biographien-a-z/236-morel-benedict-augustin-e"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_13-2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.161.12.2185"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0002-953X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-953X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00506.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-5215.2010.00506.x"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1601-5215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1601-5215"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143056914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143056914"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"The Discovery Of The Unconscious: The History And Evolution Of Dynamic Psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Ke1jd_e7AyYC&pg=PA299"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0786724802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786724802"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:52_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:52_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:52_16-2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.161.12.2185"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0002-953X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-953X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Degeneration Theory and the Stigma of Schizophrenia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wpic.pitt.edu/research/biometrics/Publications/Biometrics%20Archives%20PDF/752ZubinOppenheimer&Neugebauer19850001.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00506.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-5215.2010.00506.x"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1601-5215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1601-5215"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143056914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143056914"}],"text":"^ Pick 1993, p. 44.\n\n^ Pick 1993, pp. 44–45.\n\n^ Bénédict Augustin Morel. whonamedit.com (ohne Datum).\n\n^ Hoenig 1995, p. 337; Boyle 2002, p. 46. Berrios, Luque and Villagran contend in their 2003 article on schizophrenia that Morel's first use dates to the publication in 1860 of Traité des maladies mentales (Berrios, Luque & Villagran2003, p. 117; Morel 1860). Dowbiggin inaccurately states that Morel used the term on page 234 of the first volume of his 1852 publication Etudes cliniques (Dowbiggin 1996, p. 388; Morel 1852, p. 234). On page 235] Morel does refer to démence juvénile in positing that senility is not an age specific condition and he also remarks that at his clinic he sees almost as many young people affected by senility as old people (Morel 1852, p. 235). Also, as Hoenig accurately states, Morel uses the term twice in his 1852 text on pages 282 and 361 (Hoenig 1995, p. 337; Morel 1852, pp. 282, 361). In the first instance the reference is made in relation to young girls of asthenic build who have often also had typhoid. It is a description and not a diagnostic category (Morel 1852, p. 282). In the next instance the term is used to argue that the illness course for those who have mania does not normally terminate in an early form of dementia (Morel 1852, p. 361).\n\n^ Berrios, Luque & Villagran2003, p. 117. The term Démence précoce is used by Morel once in his 1857 text Traité des dégénérescence physiques, intellectuelles, et morales de l'espèce humaine (Morel 1857, p. 391) and seven times in his 1860 book Traité des maladies mentales (Morel 1860, pp. 119, 279, 516, 526, 532, 536, 552).\n\n^ a b Dowbiggin 1996, p. 388.\n\n^ Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003, p. 118.\n\n^ Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003, p. 117.\n\n^ While Berrios, Luque and Villagran argue this point forcefully (Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003, p. 117), others baldly state that Kraepelin was clearly inspired by Morel's lead. Yet no evidence of this claim is offered. For example, Stone 2006, p. 1.\n\n^ Quoted in Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003, p. 117.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h \"Week Nine: Psychiatry and Hereditary Degeneration, 1860–1914 \| Paul Turnbull\". paulturnbull.org. Retrieved 2017-04-14.\n\n^ Schwarz, Julian; Brückner, Burkhart. \"Morel, Bénédict Augustin\". biapsy.de. Retrieved 2017-04-14.\n\n^ a b c Abel, Ernest L. (2004-12-01). \"Benedict-Augustin Morel (1809–1873)\". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (12): 2185. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2185. ISSN 0002-953X.\n\n^ Schuster, Jean-Pierre; Le Strat, Yann; Krichevski, Violetta; Bardikoff, Nicole; Limosin, Frédéric (2011-02-01). \"Benedict Augustin Morel (1809–1873)\". Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 23 (1): 35–36. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00506.x. ISSN 1601-5215. S2CID 143056914.\n\n^ Ellenberger, Henri F.; Ellenberger, F. (2008-08-05). The Discovery Of The Unconscious: The History And Evolution Of Dynamic Psychiatry. Basic Books. p. 281. ISBN 978-0786724802.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ a b c Abel, Ernest L. (2004-12-01). \"Benedict-Augustin Morel (1809–1873)\". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (12): 2185. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2185. ISSN 0002-953X.\n\n^ \"Degeneration Theory and the Stigma of Schizophrenia\" (PDF).\n\n^ Schuster, Jean-Pierre; Le Strat, Yann; Krichevski, Violetta; Bardikoff, Nicole; Limosin, Frédéric (2011-02-01). \"Benedict Augustin Morel (1809–1873)\". Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 23 (1): 35–36. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00506.x. ISSN 1601-5215. S2CID 143056914.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Schizophrenia: a conceptual history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ijpsy.com/volumen3/num2/60/schizophrenia-a-conceptual-history-esquizofrenia-EN.pdf"},{"link_name":"Schizophrenia: A Scientific Delusion?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5iRH0v093OgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780415227186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415227186"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14569313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14569313"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/shm/9.3.383","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fshm%2F9.3.383"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11618728","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11618728"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-485-24011-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-485-24011-5"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Journal of the History of the Neurosciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_the_Neurosciences"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/09647049609525673","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F09647049609525673"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11618744","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11618744"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15085229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15085229"},{"link_name":"Études cliniques: traité, théorique et pratique des maladies mentales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=n9hEAAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Traité des dégénérescence physiques, intellectuelles, et morales de l'espèce humaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lu85F4UGpT0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780405074462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780405074462"},{"link_name":"Traité des maladies mentales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/traitdesmaladie00moregoog"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521457538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521457538"},{"link_name":"\"History of schizophrenia and its antecedents\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=bk4IPCprqicC&pg=PA11"},{"link_name":"Perkins, Diana O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Perkins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781585626465","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585626465"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"Berrios, German E.; Luque, Rogelio; Villagran, Jose M. (2003). \"Schizophrenia: a conceptual history\" (PDF). International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy. 3: 111–140.\nBoyle, Mary (2002). Schizophrenia: A Scientific Delusion? (2nd ed.). London. ISBN 9780415227186.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nConti, Norberto Aldo (2003). \"Benedict Augustin Morel and the origin of the term dementia praecox\". Vertex (Buenos Aires, Argentina). 14 (53): 227–31. PMID 14569313.\nDowbiggin, Ian (1996). \"Back to the future: Valentin Magnan, French psychiatry, and the classification of mental diseases, 1885–1925'\". Social History of Medicine. 9 (3): 383–408. doi:10.1093/shm/9.3.383. PMID 11618728.\nHoenig, J (1995). \"Schizophrenia: clinical section\". In Berrios, German E.; Porter, Roy (eds.). A History of Clinical Psychiatry: The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders. London. pp. 336–48. ISBN 978-0-485-24011-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nLund, M (December 1996). \"On Morel's 'épilepsie larvée: the first Danish epileptologist Frederik Hallager's opposition in 1884 against Morel's psychical epileptic equivalents\". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 5 (3): 241–53. doi:10.1080/09647049609525673. PMID 11618744.\nMahieu, Eduardo Luis (2004). \"On Morel and dementia praecox\". Vertex (Buenos Aires, Argentina). 15 (55): 73–5. PMID 15085229.\nMorel, B.A. (1852). Études cliniques: traité, théorique et pratique des maladies mentales. Vol. 1. Nancy.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nMorel, B.A. (1857). Traité des dégénérescence physiques, intellectuelles, et morales de l'espèce humaine. Paris: J.B. Balliere. ISBN 9780405074462.\nMorel, B.A. (1860). Traité des maladies mentales. Paris: V. Masson.\nPick, Daniel (1993). Faces of degeneration : a European disorder, c. 1848-c. 1918 (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521457538.\nStone, Michael H. (2006). \"History of schizophrenia and its antecedents\". In Lieberman, Jeffrey A.; Stroup, T. Scott; Perkins, Diana O. (eds.). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Schizophrenia. Arlington. pp. 1–15. ISBN 9781585626465.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Week Nine: Psychiatry and Hereditary Degeneration, 1860–1914 \| Paul Turnbull\". paulturnbull.org. Retrieved 2017-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://paulturnbull.org/?q=node/31","url_text":"\"Week Nine: Psychiatry and Hereditary Degeneration, 1860–1914 \| Paul Turnbull\""}]},{"reference":"Schwarz, Julian; Brückner, Burkhart. \"Morel, Bénédict Augustin\". biapsy.de. Retrieved 2017-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://biapsy.de/index.php/en/9-biographien-a-z/236-morel-benedict-augustin-e","url_text":"\"Morel, Bénédict Augustin\""}]},{"reference":"Abel, Ernest L. (2004-12-01). \"Benedict-Augustin Morel (1809–1873)\". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (12): 2185. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2185. ISSN 0002-953X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.161.12.2185","url_text":"10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-953X","url_text":"0002-953X"}]},{"reference":"Schuster, Jean-Pierre; Le Strat, Yann; Krichevski, Violetta; Bardikoff, Nicole; Limosin, Frédéric (2011-02-01). \"Benedict Augustin Morel (1809–1873)\". Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 23 (1): 35–36. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00506.x. ISSN 1601-5215. S2CID 143056914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-5215.2010.00506.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00506.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1601-5215","url_text":"1601-5215"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143056914","url_text":"143056914"}]},{"reference":"Ellenberger, Henri F.; Ellenberger, F. (2008-08-05). The Discovery Of The Unconscious: The History And Evolution Of Dynamic Psychiatry. Basic Books. p. 281. ISBN 978-0786724802.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ke1jd_e7AyYC&pg=PA299","url_text":"The Discovery Of The Unconscious: The History And Evolution Of Dynamic Psychiatry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786724802","url_text":"978-0786724802"}]},{"reference":"Abel, Ernest L. (2004-12-01). \"Benedict-Augustin Morel (1809–1873)\". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (12): 2185. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2185. ISSN 0002-953X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.161.12.2185","url_text":"10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-953X","url_text":"0002-953X"}]},{"reference":"\"Degeneration Theory and the Stigma of Schizophrenia\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wpic.pitt.edu/research/biometrics/Publications/Biometrics%20Archives%20PDF/752ZubinOppenheimer&Neugebauer19850001.pdf","url_text":"\"Degeneration Theory and the Stigma of Schizophrenia\""}]},{"reference":"Schuster, Jean-Pierre; Le Strat, Yann; Krichevski, Violetta; Bardikoff, Nicole; Limosin, Frédéric (2011-02-01). \"Benedict Augustin Morel (1809–1873)\". Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 23 (1): 35–36. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00506.x. ISSN 1601-5215. S2CID 143056914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-5215.2010.00506.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00506.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1601-5215","url_text":"1601-5215"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143056914","url_text":"143056914"}]},{"reference":"Berrios, German E.; Luque, Rogelio; Villagran, Jose M. (2003). \"Schizophrenia: a conceptual history\" (PDF). International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy. 3: 111–140.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ijpsy.com/volumen3/num2/60/schizophrenia-a-conceptual-history-esquizofrenia-EN.pdf","url_text":"\"Schizophrenia: a conceptual history\""}]},{"reference":"Boyle, Mary (2002). Schizophrenia: A Scientific Delusion? (2nd ed.). London. 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PMID 11618728.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fshm%2F9.3.383","url_text":"10.1093/shm/9.3.383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11618728","url_text":"11618728"}]},{"reference":"Hoenig, J (1995). \"Schizophrenia: clinical section\". In Berrios, German E.; Porter, Roy (eds.). A History of Clinical Psychiatry: The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders. London. pp. 336–48. ISBN 978-0-485-24011-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-485-24011-5","url_text":"978-0-485-24011-5"}]},{"reference":"Lund, M (December 1996). \"On Morel's 'épilepsie larvée: the first Danish epileptologist Frederik Hallager's opposition in 1884 against Morel's psychical epileptic equivalents\". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 5 (3): 241–53. doi:10.1080/09647049609525673. PMID 11618744.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_the_Neurosciences","url_text":"Journal of the History of the Neurosciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09647049609525673","url_text":"10.1080/09647049609525673"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11618744","url_text":"11618744"}]},{"reference":"Mahieu, Eduardo Luis (2004). \"On Morel and dementia praecox\". Vertex (Buenos Aires, Argentina). 15 (55): 73–5. PMID 15085229.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15085229","url_text":"15085229"}]},{"reference":"Morel, B.A. (1852). Études cliniques: traité, théorique et pratique des maladies mentales. Vol. 1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinn_K._Redeker	Quinn Redeker	["1 Life and career","2 Awards","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]	American actor, screenwriter (1936–2022) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Quinn Redeker" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Quinn RedekerQuinn Redeker in The Love Boat II 1977Born(1936-05-02)May 2, 1936Woodstock, Illinois, U.S.DiedDecember 20, 2022(2022-12-20) (aged 86)Los Angeles, California, U.S.OccupationsActorscreenwriterYears active1960–2022AwardsSoap Opera Digest Award (1983)Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role for The Young and the Restless Quinn Redeker (May 2, 1936 – December 20, 2022) was an American actor and screenwriter, best known for his work on daytime dramas. Life and career Redeker and Lou Garfield co-authored the story for the 1978 film The Deer Hunter. Throughout 1960, Redeker was cast as a photographer on the short-lived NBC crime drama Dan Raven starring Skip Homeier and Dan Barton. The following year, he appeared as nerdy Schulyer Davis in the film The Three Stooges Meet Hercules. On television, he started acting in 1960 and amassed appearances on over five dozen television series. He is best known for his roles as Alex Marshall on Days of Our Lives, whom he played from 1979 to 1987, and on The Young and the Restless where he played Nick Reed in 1979, Joseph Taylor from 1979 to 1980, and his best-known character, Rex Sterling, from 1987 to 2004. Redeker died on December 20, 2022, at the age of 86. Awards As a writer, Redeker was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and a WGA Award for Best Drama Written Directly for the Screenplay for The Deer Hunter, along with Deric Washburn, Louis A. Garfinkle and Michael Cimino. As an actor, Redeker was twice nominated for an Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his role on The Young and the Restless, both in 1989 and 1990. He also was a two-time winner at the Soap Opera Digest Awards, taking the 1983 Soapy Award (last year they used that name) for Best Villain for his role on Days of our Lives, along with the 1989 award for "Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role: Daytime" for The Young and the Restless. Filmography List of television and film performances by Quinn Redeker Year Title Role Notes 1960 Sea Hunt USCG Lt. Bob Camp / Joey television; 2 episodes 1961 The Marriage-Go-Round Crewcut – Party Guest film; Uncredited 1962 The Three Stooges Meet Hercules Schuyler Davis film 1962 The Virginian Daniel Kroeger Episode: "Impasse" 1967 Spider Baby Peter Howe film 1970 Airport John Reindel film; Uncredited 1970 The Christine Jorgensen Story Tom Crawford film 1971 The Andromeda Strain Capt. Morris film; Uncredited 1972 The Candidate Rich Jenkin film 1972 The Limit Jeff McMillan 1972 Adam-12 Officer. Charlie Burnside Episode: "Badge Heavy" 1973 The Slams Warden film 1974 The Midnight Man Swanson film 1974–1978 Barnaby Jones various television; 4 episodes 1975 At Long Last Love Kitty's Boyfriend film 1975 Starsky & Hutch Dr. Melford television 1977 Rollercoaster Owner No. 2 film 1979 The Electric Horseman Bud Broderick film 1980 Where the Buffalo Roam Pilot film 1980 Ordinary People Ward film 1980 Coast to Coast Benjamin Levrington film 2003 An American Reunion Coach Grayman 2006 Sweet Deadly Dreams Blaisdale 2008 For Heaven's Sake Prof. Harris film 2009 The Confessional Father Mills 2012 Big Miracle President Reagan film References ^ Goudas, John N. (November 20, 1987). "The many sides of Quinn Redeker". The Times-News. Idaho, Twin Falls. p. 21. Retrieved November 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Quinn Redeker, 'Days of Our Lives' Actor and Oscar-Nommed Screenwriter, Dies at 86". Variety. January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2023. ^ "'Knots Landing,' 'Days' clean up in soap awards". The Clarion-Ledger. Mississippi, Jackson. January 17, 1989. p. 2. Retrieved November 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. External links Biography portal Quinn Redeker at IMDb Quinn Redeker at AllMovie vteThe Three Stooges Moe Howard Larry Fine Curly Howard Shemp Howard Joe Besser Curly Joe DeRita Works The Three Stooges filmography The Three Stooges Collection Jerks of All Trades The New 3 Stooges The Three Stooges Scrapbook Kook's Tour Moe Howard and the Three Stooges Relatedtopics List of supporting actors in Three Stooges films Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad, Mad, Mad Dr. No-No The Robonic Stooges Stoogemania "Swingin' the Alphabet" "The Curly Shuffle" 1984 arcade game 1987 video game 2000 TV biopic 2012 feature film C3 Entertainment Associatedpeople Felix Adler Edward Bernds Tiny Brauer Clyde Bruckman Charley Chase Paul Garner Ted Healy Rich Koz Del Lord Norman Maurer Hugh McCollum Christine McIntyre Frank Mitchell Joe Palma/Fake Shemp Fred Sanborn Emil Sitka Greta Thyssen Elwood Ullman Jack White Jules White Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Quinn Redeker (May 2, 1936 – December 20, 2022) was an American actor and screenwriter, best known for his work on daytime dramas.","title":"Quinn Redeker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Deer Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deer_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"crime drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_drama"},{"link_name":"Dan Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Raven"},{"link_name":"Skip Homeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Homeier"},{"link_name":"Dan Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Barton"},{"link_name":"The Three Stooges Meet Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Stooges_Meet_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Alex Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Marshall_(Days_of_our_Lives)"},{"link_name":"Days of Our Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives"},{"link_name":"The Young and the Restless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless"},{"link_name":"Rex Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Sterling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety.obit.2023.01.09-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety.obit.2023.01.09-2"}],"text":"Redeker and Lou Garfield co-authored the story for the 1978 film The Deer Hunter.[1] Throughout 1960, Redeker was cast as a photographer on the short-lived NBC crime drama Dan Raven starring Skip Homeier and Dan Barton. The following year, he appeared as nerdy Schulyer Davis in the film The Three Stooges Meet Hercules.On television, he started acting in 1960 and amassed appearances on over five dozen television series. He is best known for his roles as Alex Marshall on Days of Our Lives, whom he played from 1979 to 1987, and on The Young and the Restless where he played Nick Reed in 1979, Joseph Taylor from 1979 to 1980, and his best-known character, Rex Sterling, from 1987 to 2004.[2]Redeker died on December 20, 2022, at the age of 86.[2]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"WGA Award for Best Drama Written Directly for the Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Deric Washburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deric_Washburn"},{"link_name":"Louis A. 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Garfinkle and Michael Cimino.As an actor, Redeker was twice nominated for an Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his role on The Young and the Restless, both in 1989 and 1990. He also was a two-time winner at the Soap Opera Digest Awards, taking the 1983 Soapy Award (last year they used that name) for Best Villain for his role on Days of our Lives,[citation needed] along with the 1989 award for \"Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role: Daytime\" for The Young and the Restless.[3]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Goudas, John N. (November 20, 1987). \"The many sides of Quinn Redeker\". The Times-News. Idaho, Twin Falls. p. 21. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quatermass_Conclusion	Quatermass (TV serial)	["1 Series","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Writing","3.3 Casting and crew","3.4 Filming","4 Broadcast","5 Reception","6 Other media","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]	British television series QuatermassGenreScience fictionWritten byNigel KnealeStarringJohn MillsSimon MacCorkindaleBarbara KellermanBrewster MasonMargaret TyzackRalph ArlissTheme music composerNic Rowley Marc WilkinsonCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of episodes4ProductionExecutive producerVerity LambertProducerTed ChildsEditorKeith PalmerCamera setupSingle-cameraRunning timeapprox. 54 minutes per episodeProduction companyEuston Films for ThamesOriginal releaseNetworkITVRelease24 October (1979-10-24) –14 November 1979 (1979-11-14)RelatedQuatermass and the Pit Quatermass (also known as Quatermass IV, or The Quatermass Conclusion for its limited international theatrical release) is a 1979 British television science fiction serial. Produced by Euston Films for Thames Television, it was broadcast on the ITV network in October and November 1979. Like its three predecessors, Quatermass was written by Nigel Kneale. It is the fourth and, to date, final television serial to feature the character of Professor Bernard Quatermass, this time played by John Mills. Influenced by the social and geopolitical situation of the early 1970s and the hippie youth movement of the late 1960s, Quatermass is set in a near future in which large numbers of young people are joining a cult known as the Planet People who gather at prehistoric sites, believing they will be transported to a better life on another planet. The series begins with Professor Quatermass arriving in London to look for his granddaughter, Hettie Carlson, and witnessing the destruction of two spacecraft and the disappearance of a group of Planet People at a stone circle by an unknown force. He investigates this force, believing that Hettie may be in danger. As the series progresses, it becomes apparent that the Planet People are being harvested by an alien force rather than transported. Quatermass was originally conceived as a BBC production, but after the corporation lost faith in the project because of spiralling costs, work was halted. The scripts were acquired by Euston Films and Kneale, who was commissioned to rewrite the scripts into two versions: a four-part television serial and The Quatermass Conclusion, a 100-minute film, intended for international theatrical release. Despite ITV making the series its flagship premier for its 1979 autumn schedule, the four-part serial was met with lukewarm reviews. Reasons were blamed on the plot, casting and character development. The cinematic edited version, The Quatermass Conclusion, was given a limited release due to lack of interest from distributors. Series In the last quarter of the 20th century, the whole world seemed to sicken. Civilised institutions, whether old or new, fell ... as if some primal disorder was reasserting itself. And men asked themselves, "Why should this be?"— Opening narration (spoken by Gurov), Quatermass, Chapter One: Ringstone Round by Nigel Kneale. No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.K. viewers(millions)1"Chapter One: Ringstone Round"Piers HaggardNigel Kneale24 October 1979 (1979-10-24)FIL-6080312.4m Quatermass (John Mills), now living in retirement in Scotland, travels to London in search of his granddaughter, Hettie Carlson (Rebecca Saire), who has gone missing. He is shocked by the scale of the urban collapse that has struck the city – law and order has broken down and marauding gangs terrorise the litter-strewn, decaying streets. The decline of civilisation has been general across the world. Appearing as a guest on a television programme covering the "Hands in Space" project, a joint space mission between the United States and Russia, Quatermass is horrified when the two spacecraft are destroyed by some unknown force. Astronomer Joe Kapp (Simon MacCorkindale), another guest on the programme, invites Quatermass to join him at his home in the country where he and two friends have taken over two radio telescopes. At the radio telescope site, Kapp's colleagues report that they detected a powerful signal at the exact time of the incident in space. Quatermass is intrigued by the behaviour of a group of hippie-like youngsters known as the Planet People, who are travelling to various neolithic sites (about 5,000 years old) from where they believe they will be transported to a better life on another planet. Quatermass suspects Hettie has joined them. Along with Kapp's wife, Claire (Barbara Kellerman), Quatermass and Kapp follow a group of Planet People to a stone circle of megaliths, Ringstone Round. Fearing for their safety, they leave, just in time to look back and see the Planet People assembled inside the circle suddenly bathed in a brilliantly bright light, after which they have disappeared, leaving only a residue of white dust behind. 2"Chapter Two: Lovely Lightning"Piers HaggardNigel Kneale31 October 1979 (1979-10-31)FIL-6080410.8m The Planet People's leader, Kickalong (Ralph Arliss), believes that the Planet People gathered at Ringstone Round have been transported to "the planet", but it is clear to Quatermass and Kapp that they have been reduced to ashes. They find one badly burnt survivor – a girl called Isabel (Annabelle Lanyon) who deliriously refers to the "lovely lightning" – and they take her back to the Kapps' cottage. Making contact with NASA scientist Chuck Marshall (Tony Sibbald), they learn that thousands of young people have disappeared in similar incidents at similar sites all around the world. Quatermass, aided by District Commissioner Annie Morgan (Margaret Tyzack), decides to take Isabel to London for tests. As they make their journey, Quatermass speculates on whether there is any connection between recent events and the rise in social unrest. Reaching London, they are caught up in a battle between armed gangs. Quatermass is yanked from the car but Annie and Isabel manage to escape. Meanwhile, a large number of Planet People arrive at the radio telescope, congregating at the stone circle on its grounds. Visiting another site some distance away, Kapp is horrified to see another beam of light strike the area where his home is. Rushing home, he finds his house and observatory badly damaged and his family and friends gone. 3"Chapter Three: What Lies Beneath"Piers HaggardNigel Kneale7 November 1979 (1979-11-07)FIL-6080510.5m Quatermass is rescued by a group of elderly people living in a scrap yard who treat his injuries. At the hospital, the doctors are shocked when Isabel levitates off her bed and explodes in a cloud of dust. Elsewhere, the devastated Kapp is left alone in the ruins of his cottage and observatory. More and more young people are joining the Planet People, including the gangs that have been terrorising the cities and the soldiers assigned to keep them away from the Megalithic sites. Contact is restored with Chuck Marshall and with the Russians in the form of Gurov (Brewster Mason). Quatermass theorises that this is not the first time this has happened; megalithic sites such as prehistoric stone circles are in fact markers built as a sign that something terrible happened there, and that there are some kind of alien beacons buried underground at these sites. Quatermass believes there is a sphere of energy surrounding the Earth which can focus itself into the beams of light. The Russians and the Americans send a Space Shuttle, commanded by Marshall, to make contact with the force. Quatermass is sceptical; he suspects they are dealing not with an intelligence but with a machine constructed to harvest human protein. The space shuttle reports a giant beam of light stretching from somewhere in deep space to the Earth, just missing them. A second beam just afterwards destroys them. Meanwhile, the Planet People are gathering at Wembley Stadium in the tens of thousands. Annie and Quatermass travel to the stadium but are powerless to prevent the Planet People from gathering. When they are attacked, Annie drives their car into the underground car park beneath the stadium where she crashes the vehicle and is killed. The lightning strikes the stadium and Quatermass, underground, huddles against the wall to try and survive. 4"Chapter Four: An Endangered Species"Piers HaggardNigel Kneale14 November 1979 (1979-11-14)FIL-6080611.2m Showing signs of his recent narrow escape, Quatermass emerges from the car park to find the stadium empty. An estimated 70,000 people have died there. So many have now been disintegrated that the particles of dust in the air have turned the sky green. Kapp attempts to repair his equipment in order to contact the alien presence, but the Planet People destroy his efforts. They try to persuade him to join them but he refuses, convinced now that his family are dead. Quatermass, aided by Gurov, who has travelled to London from Moscow, assembles a team of scientists to find a solution. He deliberately selects old people for the task as they are immune to the call of the alien force. Quatermass decides to fake the presence of a gathering of a million young people at Kapp's observatory and, when the force comes, to detonate a 35 kiloton nuclear weapon. It is a focused charge where most of the force will go upwards, causing little damage in the area. Quatermass does not believe this will be sufficient to destroy the alien machine but he hopes that it will shock it enough to make it go away. Kapp volunteers to stay behind with Quatermass to help detonate the bomb. The pair set up the trap and wait in darkness. Suddenly, Kickalong appears with a group of Planet People, including Quatermass' granddaughter, Hettie. Kapp tries to warn them away but is shot and killed by Kickalong. The light appears, indicating that the alien force beam has arrived, but the shock of seeing his granddaughter among the Planet People causes Quatermass to suffer a heart attack. She has recognised him too and struggling to reach the detonator button, Quatermass is aided by Hettie and together they detonate the bomb. Later, in a world that is recovering from the recent decline of civilisation, Gurov tells us: "The message was taken. It has not come again. We pray it will never come again". Cast John Mills as Bernard Quatermass John Mills ... Prof. Bernard Quatermass Simon MacCorkindale ... Joe Kapp Ralph Arliss ... Kickalong Paul Rosebury ... Caraway Jane Bertish ... Bee Toyah Willcox ... Sal Rebecca Saire ... Hettie Carlson Tony Sibbald ... Chuck Marshall Barbara Kellerman ... Clare Kapp Margaret Tyzack ... Annie Morgan Brewster Mason ... Gurov Bruce Purchase ... Tommy Roach Annabelle Lanyon ... Isabel David Yip ... Frank Chen Neil Stacy ... Toby Gough Tudor Davies ... TV Director Production Development Professor Bernard Quatermass was created by Manx writer Nigel Kneale in 1953 for the serial The Quatermass Experiment. Its success led to two sequels, Quatermass II (1955) and Quatermass and the Pit (1958). These three Quatermass serials are seen today as seminal 1950s television productions. Kneale, however, became disenchanted with the BBC and went freelance in the late 1950s, producing scripts for Hammer Films and Associated Television. The notion of bringing Professor Quatermass back for a fourth adventure dated back to at least 1965 when producer Irene Shubik asked Kneale to contribute a new Quatermass story for the first season of the science fiction anthology series, Out of the Unknown. Nothing came of this but the prospect of Quatermass making a reappearance arose again when, following the success of the film version of Quatermass and the Pit in 1967, Hammer was in discussions with Kneale for a new Quatermass adventure. Again, this did not progress beyond the initial negotiation stage. In the meantime Kneale had been coaxed back to the BBC, writing plays such as The Year of the Sex Olympics (1968), Wine of India (1970) and The Stone Tape (1972). Following completion of The Stone Tape, Kneale was commissioned on 21 November 1972 by BBC head of drama serials, Ronnie Marsh, to write a new four-part Quatermass serial. Assigned to produce the serial was Dixon of Dock Green producer Joe Waters. Preliminary filming on Quatermass began in June 1973 at Ealing Studios where special effects designer Jack Wilkie and his assistant, Ian Scoones shot model footage for part one of the serial, of a space station with astronauts working on its hull. At this point the BBC got cold feet about the project; it had become concerned about the cost of mounting the production and had been refused permission to film at Stonehenge, one of the locations at which Kneale had envisaged the Planet People would gather to be reaped by the alien force. Kneale recalled that Stonehenge "had become Big Business and the place was like a factory with tourists there from dawn to dusk... they weren't going to let anyone go near it". Kneale also felt that the BBC was unhappy with the script believing it "didn't suit their image at that time; it was too gloomy". In the end, it was decided during summer 1973 that for financial reasons the BBC would not proceed with the production. However the BBC still had an option on the script until 1975, and retained this until it expired. At this stage Kneale was working primarily at ITV, having written the play Murrain (screened in the anthology series Against The Crowd, 1975) and the anthology series Beasts (1976) for ATV. In May 1977, Euston Films—a subsidiary of Thames Television best known for The Sweeney (1975–1978)—picked up Kneale's unmade Quatermass scripts. This new production, known either as Quatermass or Quatermass IV, would consist of a four-part serial to be broadcast by ITV which would be recut as a 100-minute film, titled The Quatermass Conclusion, for release in North America and Europe. Kneale was dubious about having to craft both a television serial version and a film version of his tale, feeling that "in the end we had two versions, neither of which was the right length for the story". During the rewrites, Kneale transplanted the action at the conclusion of part three from Stonehenge to the more easily available Wembley Stadium. When asked about what differences there were between the Euston Films version and the version originally envisaged for the BBC, Kneale remarked that "the BBC version would have been much more in the studio, whereas the Euston Films version was entirely shot on 35mm film with a great deal of it outside. Much more lavish than either the BBC or I had contemplated". Writing Kneale began writing the scripts, working to a delivery deadline of February 1973. Much of the setting for the story was influenced by contemporary political events such as strikes, power cuts, the oil crisis and developments in the space race, especially the planned Apollo-Soyuz missions and Skylab. Writing in the listings magazine TV Times to promote the serial, Kneale said: "Quatermass is a story of the future – but perhaps only a few years from now. There are some clues already in the most obvious places: the streets. Pavements littered with rubbish. Walls painted with angry graffiti. Belfast black with smoke and rage. Worst of all, the mindless violence". Concerns about the state of society, especially the "dropout" culture of the youth movement, had been a theme of Kneale's writing for some time. This was seen in such works as The Big, Big Giggle, an unmade play about a teenage suicide cult; The Year of the Sex Olympics, about the consequences of a world with no censorship or inhibitions; and Bam! Pow! Zap! (1969), about teenage delinquents, all of which fed into the world depicted in the new Quatermass serial. Kneale said: "I looked at the alarming aspects of contemporary trends. Since then, we'd seen 'flower power' and hippies, so all I did was bring them into the story. It was written in 1972 and it was about the sixties really". Another theme that had crept into Kneale's writing at this time—as seen in Wine of India, about compulsory euthanasia for the elderly, and later the Beasts episode "During Barty's Party", about an elderly couple terrorised by rats—was the consequences of growing old. Kneale later recalled: "The theme I was trying to get to was the old redressing the balance with the young, saving the young, which I thought a nice, paradoxical, ironic idea after the youth-oriented 60s". Following Quatermass, writer Nigel Kneale developed the sitcom Kinvig (1981) for London Weekend Television. During the 1980s he was courted for scripts by admiring Hollywood directors and producers such as John Carpenter, John Landis and Joe Dante, but with limited success. Returning to television, he adapted Susan Hill's novel The Woman in Black (1989) and wrote episodes of Sharpe and Kavanagh QC. He died in 2006. Casting and crew John Mills was chosen to play Quatermass (the fourth different actor to play the role in four serials on television), who had appeared in significant roles in many high-profile British films, including The Way to the Stars (1945), Great Expectations (1946) and Ice Cold in Alex (1958), and had won an Academy Award for his role in Ryan's Daughter (1970). Mills, whose only previous television credit at the time was The Zoo Gang (1974), was reluctant to take the part but was persuaded by his wife, who liked the script. Following Quatermass he appeared in Gandhi (1982), Martin Chuzzlewit (1994) and Hamlet (1996), working right up to his death in 2005. Joe Kapp was played by Simon MacCorkindale, who had previously appeared in "Baby", one of the episodes of Nigel Kneale's Beasts series. MacCorkindale was delighted with the part of Joe Kapp, finding it a break from the typecast romantic roles he was used to playing. Following Quatermass, MacCorkindale appeared in The Riddle of the Sands (1979), and subsequently moved to the United States where, after playing a few guest roles on television, he secured a part in Jaws 3 (1983) and the lead in the short-lived series Manimal (1983). He was then a series regular in Falcon Crest (1984–86), Counterstrike (1990–93) and Poltergeist: The Legacy (1999). He then returned to the United Kingdom, where he played the character of Harry Harper in Casualty between 2002 and 2008. MacCorkindale died in 2010. Barbara Kellerman, who played Claire Kapp, had previously had a regular role in 1990 (1977–78) and would later portray the White Witch in the BBC adaptation of The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (1988). Quatermass also featured many familiar faces from British television and film in supporting roles, including Margaret Tyzack, Bruce Purchase, James Ottaway, Brenda Fricker, David Yip, Kevin Stoney, Gretchen Franklin, Brian Croucher and Chris Quinten, as well as the singer (and later television presenter) Toyah Willcox. Director Piers Haggard, who was the great-grand-nephew of author H. Rider Haggard, had been directing since the 1960s. Prior to Quatermass, he had directed the acclaimed Dennis Potter drama serial Pennies from Heaven (1978). Commenting on the script, Haggard described it as "a tremendous re-assertion of the importance of people, ordinary people, and how necessary they are in fighting evil". Following Quatermass, he directed The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu (1980) and the Disney Channel TV series Return to Treasure Island (1985). Executive producer Verity Lambert had first made her mark as producer of the first two years of Doctor Who (1963). Since then she had carved out an impressive career, first at the BBC with programmes such as Adam Adamant Lives! (1966–67) and The Newcomers (1965–69), and then at Thames Television with productions such as The Naked Civil Servant (TV film; 1975) and the series Rumpole of the Bailey (1978–92). She became Chief Executive of Euston Films in 1979; Quatermass was one of the first productions she oversaw in the role, seeing it as a project to make her mark on the company. She had clashed with Nigel Kneale in 1965 on the BBC arts programme Late Night Line-Up, when he attacked her for making Doctor Who too frightening for children. Despite this she held Kneale in high esteem, describing him as "a fantastic writer... hugely imaginative... considering the impact his work has had, I think he's undervalued". Following Quatermass she produced such shows as Danger UXB (1979), Minder (1979–85; 1988–94) and Widows (1983) for Euston before in 1985 forming her own production company, Cinema Verity, which oversaw programmes including G.B.H. (1991), Eldorado (1992–93) and Jonathan Creek (1997–2004). She was awarded the OBE in 2002. She died in 2007. Producer Ted Childs had begun his career with Euston on Special Branch (1969–74) and had produced episodes of The Sweeney and its film spin-offs Sweeney! (1977) and Sweeney 2 (1978). Childs saw Quatermass as a big gamble for Euston, out of step with the company's usual fare. Childs later remarked that Verity Lambert "didn't want to come in and just do the same old routine – the kick bollock and scramble action adventure stuff that made the early name of the company". He continues to be one of British television's top producers, responsible for such shows as Chancer (1991), Inspector Morse (1987–2000), Sharpe (1993–2006), Kavanagh QC (1995–2001) and Lewis (2006–2015). Script editor Linda Agran has since acted as producer of such series as Widows, Agatha Christie's Poirot (1989–2013) and The Vanishing Man (1996). Filming The production took place between 26 August and 23 December 1978 at locations around Middlesex and Hertfordshire as well as London, including Wembley Stadium. The budget was £1.25 million (£9.06 million in 2024), making it one of the most expensive undertakings Euston had attempted at that time. Production designer Arnold Chapkis constructed several large and elaborate sets, including those for the megalithic standing stones at Ringstone Round, the Kapps' radio telescope and observatory, and the decaying urban landscape of London; Kneale quipped about the radio telescope set that "it probably would have worked if they'd just aimed it properly!" Associate producer Norton Knatchbull noted that the serial "was the first 'art department' picture Euston has ever been involved in, in the sense that major sets had to be built on location". This led Euston executive Johnny Goodman to joke: "Our biggest problem was finding someone who wanted the two giant telescope dishes after we finished filming. There's not much demand for such things". One aspect where the budget was less than generous was with the model sequences made by Clearwater Films; Johnny Goodman remarked that the cost was less than James Bond producer Cubby Broccoli "would spend on cigars in a week". Post-production was completed in mid-February 1979. Unlike the original BBC Quatermass serials, which had used stock music tracks, the new serial had a specially composed soundtrack by Marc Wilkinson and Nic Rowley which made particular use of the nursery rhyme "Huffity, Puffity, Ringstone Round" devised by Kneale in his scripts. Broadcast ITV intended Quatermass to air in September 1979 as the flagship of its autumn season; advertising posters announced, "Earth's dark ancestral forces awaken to a summons from beyond the stars. The legend returns on ITV – Wednesdays at 9 pm throughout September". However, industrial action began at ITV on 3 August and escalated into a full-scale blackout from 10 August, leaving the channel—and Quatermass—off the air for 75 days. Transmissions were finally restored on Wednesday, 24 October, and the first episode of Quatermass was duly broadcast that night at 9 pm. Episode two was promoted in the TV Times with a full-page article by Kneale introducing the new series and looking back on the original 1950s serials, as well as a lifestyle piece with Barbara Kellerman moving house, while episode four was promoted with a full-page profile of John Mills. Ratings, averaging 11 million viewers over the four-week run, were below expectations; the serial failed to crack the top 20 programmes in the weeks it was broadcast. Reception Quatermass met with a generally unenthusiastic critical response. Sean Day-Lewis wrote: "Although Piers Haggard's direction achieves much verisimilitude and the story is certainly enough to command some addiction; I did not feel exactly grabbed; the genre has moved some way since the 1950s and the Professor moves a little slowly for the 1970s". The reviewer in The Daily Telegraph found Professor Quatermass "far too unheroic and unresourceful to carry much interest" while The Times found the serial to be "a so-so affair". John Brosnan, writing in Starburst magazine, found the serial to be "a bitter reaction by a member of an older generation to the younger generation whose apparently irrational behaviour makes them appear to belong to a totally different species. Naturally in the traditions of sf, these failings are exaggerated to the nth degree. Thus muggers and juvenile delinquents become armed gangs and the hippy movement with its emphasis on mysticism, becomes the Planet Church. It's very much a story of Age versus Youth and significantly it's the older people who are impervious to the malign alien influence". This view is echoed by filmmaker John Carpenter who said that "Nigel was very embittered about the way of the world, as was shown, I think, in The Quatermass Conclusion". Reflecting on the serial, Nigel Kneale said that he was not satisfied with that project. Although Kneale was pleased with the high production values, he was dissatisfied with the casting, believing that John Mills "didn't have the authority for Quatermass". He was similarly unimpressed with Simon MacCorkindale, noting that "we had him in Beasts playing an idiot and he was very good at that". Kneale disliked the depiction of the Planet People, as his inspiration had been angry punks rather than hippies (as evidenced by his portrayal of Kickalong as a gun-toting lunatic who commits multiple motiveless murders). Producer Ted Childs thinks that "the primary problems with it were (a) it was perhaps too depressing a story for a popular television audience and (b) the punters were used to a fairly high standard of technical presentation from American television... And we just couldn't afford that". Executive producer Verity Lambert's opinion is that it "didn't have the staying power of the originals, but then that's almost inevitable when you try to bring something back in a slightly different form". Other media From the outset, Euston intended to create two versions of the story; a four-part serial for broadcast on UK television and a 100-minute film, The Quatermass Conclusion, for distribution abroad. While writing the scripts, Kneale was "careful not to pad, because I knew that was the obvious thing, but to write in material which can be removed". There is one major plot deviation between the two versions; in the TV serial, Quatermass is separated from Annie Morgan as they transport Isabel to a London hospital, after Quatermass is dragged from the passenger seat of the moving vehicle by a member of the Blue Brigade. This scene is slightly changed in the film version so that Quatermass manages to stay on board the vehicle with Annie and Isabel, despite the Blue Brigade attack, enabling Quatermass to stay with Annie and Isabel as they go into the hospital. This meant that two versions of the hospital scene where Isabel dies were shot, one with Quatermass present (the film version) and one without (the television version), as well as an earlier scene at the hospital unique to the film version where Quatermass talks on the telephone. As Quatermass is present at the hospital in the film version, it enabled all the footage from the TV serial featuring Quatermass with people at the junkyard, following his separation from Annie and Isabel, to be cut out of the film and thus greatly help in getting The Quatermass Conclusion down to around 100 minutes. There was little interest among film distributors in The Quatermass Conclusion, and it received only a limited theatrical release. The story was novelised by Nigel Kneale, his first book since his Somerset Maugham Award-winning short story collection Tomato Cain was published in 1949. The novelisation expanded on the backgrounds of many of the characters seen in the story, and added a deeper, more physical, relationship between Quatermass and Annie Morgan. It was this version of the story with which Kneale was most pleased. The Quatermass Conclusion was released on VHS videotape in 1985 while the complete four-part Quatermass serial was released in 1994. Quatermass, along with The Quatermass Conclusion was released on region 2 DVD in 2003 by Clearvision in a three disc boxset; extras included a Sci-Fi Channel interview with Nigel Kneale and extensive production notes. A two disc region 1 DVD of Quatermass was released by A&E Home Entertainment in 2005, and contained both the television and film versions as well as a History Channel documentary about Stonehenge. In July 2015, Network Distributing released the series on Blu-ray disc for the first time, remastered from the original 35mm film negatives. Network simultaneously released the series as a remastered DVD set. Both sets (Region B/Region 2 respectively) also contain The Quatermass Conclusion film, also remastered and presented in its original theatrical aspect ratio. Notes ^ Angelini, Sergio. "Kneale, Nigel (1922–2006)". Screenonline. Retrieved 16 May 2007. ^ a b c d Murray, Into the Unknown, passim. ^ a b Pixley, The Quatermass Collection – Viewing Notes, p. 39. ^ a b c d e f g h i Screen, Production Notes, Disc 1. ^ Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 48. ^ Joe Waters at IMDb ^ a b c d e Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 50. ^ a b Garrard & Houldsworth, Fantasy Flashback: Quatermass, p. 15. ^ a b Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 120. ^ a b Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 135. ^ a b c Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 51. ^ a b c Pixley & Kneale, Beyond the Dark Door. ^ Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 49. ^ Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 119. ^ a b c d e Screen, Production Notes, Disc 2. ^ a b c d Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 137. ^ Rigby, Ancient Fears, p. 53. ^ Rigby, Ancient Fears, p. 52. ^ a b John Mills at IMDb ^ a b Simon MacCorkindale at IMDb ^ Barbara Kellerman at IMDb ^ Quatermass (1979) at IMDb ^ a b Piers Haggard at IMDb ^ a b Vahimagi, Tise. "Lambert, Verity (1935– )". Screenonline. British Film Institute. Retrieved 8 May 2007. ^ Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 81. ^ "Honours: Film and broadcasting". BBC News Online. 31 January 2001. Retrieved 8 May 2007. ^ a b Ted Childs at IMDb ^ Alvarado & Stewart, Made for Television, p. 86. ^ Linda Agran at IMDb ^ a b c Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 52. ^ Garrard & Houlsworth, Fantasy Flashback: Quatermass, p. 27. ^ a b c d e Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 53. ^ Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 140. ^ Alvarado & Stewart, Made for Television, p. 202. ^ Brosnan, The Primal Screen, p. 278. ^ Brosnan, The Primal Screen, p. 284. ^ a b Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 139. ^ Alvarado & Stewart, Made for Television, p. 87. ^ a b Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 54. ^ Campbell, Mark (4 April 2003). "Quatermass". www.dvdtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2008. ^ Lambert, David (13 February 2005). "Quatermass – Prof. Quatermass' last adventure comes to DVD". www.tvshowsondvd.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2008. ^ Network On Air (Quatermass blu-ray) Archived 27 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine References Alvarado, Manuel; John Stewart (1985). Made for Television. Euston Films Limited. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 978-0-423-01310-8. Brosnan, John (1991). The Primal Screen. A History of Science Fiction Film. London: Orbit. ISBN 978-0-356-20222-8. Das, John (producer & director) (2003). Time Shift: The Kneale Tapes (The Quatermass Collection DVD Special Feature). London: BBC Worldwide. BBCDVD1478. Fulton, Roger (1997). The Encyclopedia of TV Science Fiction (3rd ed.). London: Boxtree. ISBN 978-0-7522-1150-3. Garrard, Ian; Houldsworth, Richard (February 1990). "Fantasy Flashback: Quatermass". TV Zone. No. 15. pp. 24–27. ISSN 0957-3844. Kneale, Nigel (writer); Haggard, Piers (director); Childs, Ted (producer); Lambert, Verity (executive producer) (1979). Quatermass (Television serial). London: Euston Films. Murray, Andy (2006). Into The Unknown: The Fantastic Life of Nigel Kneale. London: Headpress. ISBN 978-1-900486-50-7. Pixley, Andrew; Kneale, Nigel (1986). "Nigel Kneale – Beyond the Dark Door". Time Screen: the Magazine of British Telefantasy. No. 9. Retrieved 18 March 2007. Pixley, Andrew (April 2003). "All the Rage of the World. Flashback: The Quatermass Conclusion". TV Zone. No. 161. pp. 48–54. ISSN 0957-3844. Pixley, Andrew (2005). The Quatermass Collection – Viewing Notes. London: BBC Worldwide. BBCDVD1478. Rigby, Jonathan (September 2000). "Ancient Fears. The film and television nightmares of Nigel Kneale". Starburst. No. 265. pp. 48–57. ISSN 0955-114X. Screen, Andrew (2003). Production Notes (Quatermass DVD Special Feature). London: Clearvision Video. QBOXDVD01. External links Quatermass (Serial) at IMDb Quatermass (Film) at IMDb Quatermass (Film) at Rotten Tomatoes Quatermass at the BFI's Screenonline The Quatermass Trilogy – A Controlled Paranoia vteWorks by Nigel KnealeBernard QuatermassTelevision The Quatermass Experiment (1953) Quatermass II (1955) Quatermass and the Pit (1958-59) Quatermass (1979) The Quatermass Experiment (2005) Film The Quatermass Xperiment (1955) Quatermass 2 (1957) Quatermass and the Pit (1967) The Quatermass Conclusion (1979) Radio The Quatermass Memoirs (1996) Other television scripts Arrow to the Heart (1952) Wuthering Heights (1953) Nineteen Eighty-Four (1954) Wuthering Heights (1959) The Year of the Sex Olympics (1968) The Stone Tape (1972) Bedtime Stories (1974) Beasts (1976) Kinvig (1981) The Woman in Black (1989) Stanley and the Women (1991) Sharpe's Gold (1995) Other film scripts The Abominable Snowman (1957) Look Back in Anger (1959) The Entertainer (1960) H.M.S. Defiant (1962) First Men in the Moon (1964) The Witches (1966) Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982) Related articles The Séance at Hobs Lane vteFilms directed by Piers Haggard I Can't... I Can't (1969) The Blood on Satan's Claw (1971) Quatermass (1979) The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu (1980) Venom (1981) A Summer Story (1988) Four Eyes and Six Guns (1992) Conquest (1998)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television"},{"link_name":"Euston Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_Films"},{"link_name":"Thames Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Television"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Nigel Kneale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Kneale"},{"link_name":"Bernard Quatermass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Quatermass"},{"link_name":"John Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mills"},{"link_name":"geopolitical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics"},{"link_name":"hippie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"}],"text":"Quatermass (also known as Quatermass IV, or The Quatermass Conclusion for its limited international theatrical release) is a 1979 British television science fiction serial. Produced by Euston Films for Thames Television, it was broadcast on the ITV network in October and November 1979. Like its three predecessors, Quatermass was written by Nigel Kneale. It is the fourth and, to date, final television serial to feature the character of Professor Bernard Quatermass, this time played by John Mills.Influenced by the social and geopolitical situation of the early 1970s and the hippie youth movement of the late 1960s, Quatermass is set in a near future in which large numbers of young people are joining a cult known as the Planet People who gather at prehistoric sites, believing they will be transported to a better life on another planet. The series begins with Professor Quatermass arriving in London to look for his granddaughter, Hettie Carlson, and witnessing the destruction of two spacecraft and the disappearance of a group of Planet People at a stone circle by an unknown force. He investigates this force, believing that Hettie may be in danger. As the series progresses, it becomes apparent that the Planet People are being harvested by an alien force rather than transported.Quatermass was originally conceived as a BBC production, but after the corporation lost faith in the project because of spiralling costs, work was halted. The scripts were acquired by Euston Films and Kneale, who was commissioned to rewrite the scripts into two versions: a four-part television serial and The Quatermass Conclusion, a 100-minute film, intended for international theatrical release.Despite ITV making the series its flagship premier for its 1979 autumn schedule, the four-part serial was met with lukewarm reviews. Reasons were blamed on the plot, casting and character development. The cinematic edited version, The Quatermass Conclusion, was given a limited release due to lack of interest from distributors.","title":"Quatermass (TV serial)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the last quarter of the 20th century, the whole world seemed to sicken. Civilised institutions, whether old or new, fell ... as if some primal disorder was reasserting itself. And men asked themselves, \"Why should this be?\"— Opening narration (spoken by Gurov), Quatermass, Chapter One: Ringstone Round by Nigel Kneale.","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quatermass1979-02.JPG"},{"link_name":"John Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mills"},{"link_name":"Bernard Quatermass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Quatermass"},{"link_name":"John Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mills"},{"link_name":"Simon MacCorkindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_MacCorkindale"},{"link_name":"Ralph Arliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Arliss"},{"link_name":"Toyah Willcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyah_Willcox"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Saire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Saire"},{"link_name":"Barbara Kellerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Kellerman"},{"link_name":"Margaret Tyzack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Tyzack"},{"link_name":"Brewster Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_Mason"},{"link_name":"Bruce Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Purchase"},{"link_name":"David Yip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Yip"},{"link_name":"Neil Stacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Stacy"}],"text":"John Mills as Bernard QuatermassJohn Mills \t ... \t Prof. Bernard Quatermass\nSimon MacCorkindale\t... \t Joe Kapp\nRalph Arliss ... \t Kickalong\nPaul Rosebury ... \t Caraway\nJane Bertish ... \t Bee\nToyah Willcox ... \t Sal\nRebecca Saire \t... \t Hettie Carlson\nTony Sibbald ... \t Chuck Marshall\nBarbara Kellerman ... \t Clare Kapp\nMargaret Tyzack \t... \t Annie Morgan\nBrewster Mason \t... \t Gurov\nBruce Purchase ... \t Tommy Roach\nAnnabelle Lanyon ... \t Isabel\nDavid Yip \t... \t Frank Chen\nNeil Stacy ... \t Toby Gough\nTudor Davies \t ... \t TV Director","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernard Quatermass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Quatermass"},{"link_name":"Manx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Nigel Kneale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Kneale"},{"link_name":"The Quatermass Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quatermass_Experiment"},{"link_name":"Quatermass II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatermass_II"},{"link_name":"Quatermass and the Pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatermass_and_the_Pit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knealescreen-1"},{"link_name":"Hammer Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_Films"},{"link_name":"Associated Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_TeleVision"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_passim-2"},{"link_name":"Irene Shubik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Shubik"},{"link_name":"anthology series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_television_series"},{"link_name":"Out of the Unknown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Unknown"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_c_39-3"},{"link_name":"film version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatermass_and_the_Pit_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_1-4"},{"link_name":"The Year of the Sex Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Year_of_the_Sex_Olympics"},{"link_name":"The Stone Tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Tape"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_passim-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dixon of Dock Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon_of_Dock_Green"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_50-7"},{"link_name":"Ealing Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Studios"},{"link_name":"space station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station"},{"link_name":"astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garrard_15-8"},{"link_name":"Stonehenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_50-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_1-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_120-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_120-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_50-7"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_passim-2"},{"link_name":"Euston Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_Films"},{"link_name":"Thames Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Television"},{"link_name":"The Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sweeney"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_50-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_50-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_135-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_51-11"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1924)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garrard_15-8"},{"link_name":"35mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35mm_movie_film"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_Dark_Door-12"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Professor Bernard Quatermass was created by Manx writer Nigel Kneale in 1953 for the serial The Quatermass Experiment. Its success led to two sequels, Quatermass II (1955) and Quatermass and the Pit (1958).[1] These three Quatermass serials are seen today as seminal 1950s television productions. Kneale, however, became disenchanted with the BBC and went freelance in the late 1950s, producing scripts for Hammer Films and Associated Television.[2]The notion of bringing Professor Quatermass back for a fourth adventure dated back to at least 1965 when producer Irene Shubik asked Kneale to contribute a new Quatermass story for the first season of the science fiction anthology series, Out of the Unknown.[3] Nothing came of this but the prospect of Quatermass making a reappearance arose again when, following the success of the film version of Quatermass and the Pit in 1967, Hammer was in discussions with Kneale for a new Quatermass adventure.[4] Again, this did not progress beyond the initial negotiation stage. In the meantime Kneale had been coaxed back to the BBC, writing plays such as The Year of the Sex Olympics (1968), Wine of India (1970) and The Stone Tape (1972).[2] Following completion of The Stone Tape, Kneale was commissioned on 21 November 1972 by BBC head of drama serials, Ronnie Marsh, to write a new four-part Quatermass serial.[5]Assigned to produce the serial was Dixon of Dock Green producer Joe Waters.[6][7] Preliminary filming on Quatermass began in June 1973 at Ealing Studios where special effects designer Jack Wilkie and his assistant, Ian Scoones shot model footage for part one of the serial, of a space station with astronauts working on its hull.[8] At this point the BBC got cold feet about the project; it had become concerned about the cost of mounting the production and had been refused permission to film at Stonehenge, one of the locations at which Kneale had envisaged the Planet People would gather to be reaped by the alien force.[7] Kneale recalled that Stonehenge \"had become Big Business and the place was like a factory with tourists there from dawn to dusk... they weren't going to let anyone go near it\".[4] Kneale also felt that the BBC was unhappy with the script believing it \"didn't suit their image at that time; it was too gloomy\".[9] In the end, it was decided during summer 1973 that for financial reasons the BBC would not proceed with the production.[9] However the BBC still had an option on the script until 1975, and retained this until it expired.[7]At this stage Kneale was working primarily at ITV, having written the play Murrain (screened in the anthology series Against The Crowd, 1975) and the anthology series Beasts (1976) for ATV.[2] In May 1977, Euston Films—a subsidiary of Thames Television best known for The Sweeney (1975–1978)—picked up Kneale's unmade Quatermass scripts.[7] This new production, known either as Quatermass or Quatermass IV, would consist of a four-part serial to be broadcast by ITV which would be recut as a 100-minute film, titled The Quatermass Conclusion, for release in North America and Europe.[7][10] Kneale was dubious about having to craft both a television serial version and a film version of his tale, feeling that \"in the end we had two versions, neither of which was the right length for the story\".[11] During the rewrites, Kneale transplanted the action at the conclusion of part three from Stonehenge to the more easily available Wembley Stadium.[8] When asked about what differences there were between the Euston Films version and the version originally envisaged for the BBC, Kneale remarked that \"the BBC version would have been much more in the studio, whereas the Euston Films version was entirely shot on 35mm film with a great deal of it outside. Much more lavish than either the BBC or I had contemplated\".[12]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action"},{"link_name":"power cuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Day_Week"},{"link_name":"oil crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"space race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race"},{"link_name":"Apollo-Soyuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project"},{"link_name":"Skylab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_119-14"},{"link_name":"listings magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listings_magazine"},{"link_name":"TV Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Times"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_137-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"flower power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_power"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_1-4"},{"link_name":"Beasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beasts_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_137-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"Kinvig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinvig"},{"link_name":"London Weekend Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Weekend_Television"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"John Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Landis"},{"link_name":"Joe Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dante"},{"link_name":"Susan Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Hill"},{"link_name":"The Woman in Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woman_in_Black"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_passim-2"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"Kneale began writing the scripts, working to a delivery deadline of February 1973.[13] Much of the setting for the story was influenced by contemporary political events such as strikes, power cuts, the oil crisis and developments in the space race, especially the planned Apollo-Soyuz missions and Skylab.[14] Writing in the listings magazine TV Times to promote the serial, Kneale said: \"Quatermass is a story of the future – but perhaps only a few years from now. There are some clues already in the most obvious places: the streets. Pavements littered with rubbish. Walls painted with angry graffiti. Belfast black with smoke and rage. Worst of all, the mindless violence\".[15] Concerns about the state of society, especially the \"dropout\" culture of the youth movement, had been a theme of Kneale's writing for some time. This was seen in such works as The Big, Big Giggle, an unmade play about a teenage suicide cult; The Year of the Sex Olympics, about the consequences of a world with no censorship or inhibitions; and Bam! Pow! Zap! (1969), about teenage delinquents, all of which fed into the world depicted in the new Quatermass serial.[16][17] Kneale said: \"I looked at the alarming aspects of contemporary trends. Since then, we'd seen 'flower power' and hippies, so all I did was bring them into the story. It was written in 1972 and it was about the sixties really\".[4] Another theme that had crept into Kneale's writing at this time—as seen in Wine of India, about compulsory euthanasia for the elderly, and later the Beasts episode \"During Barty's Party\", about an elderly couple terrorised by rats—was the consequences of growing old.[16] Kneale later recalled: \"The theme I was trying to get to was the old redressing the balance with the young, saving the young, which I thought a nice, paradoxical, ironic idea after the youth-oriented 60s\".[18]Following Quatermass, writer Nigel Kneale developed the sitcom Kinvig (1981) for London Weekend Television. During the 1980s he was courted for scripts by admiring Hollywood directors and producers such as John Carpenter, John Landis and Joe Dante, but with limited success. Returning to television, he adapted Susan Hill's novel The Woman in Black (1989) and wrote episodes of Sharpe and Kavanagh QC. He died in 2006.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mills"},{"link_name":"The Way to the Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_to_the_Stars"},{"link_name":"Great Expectations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Expectations_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"Ice Cold in Alex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cold_in_Alex"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Ryan's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%27s_Daughter"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mills-19"},{"link_name":"The Zoo Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zoo_Gang"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_1-4"},{"link_name":"Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_(film)"},{"link_name":"Martin Chuzzlewit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Chuzzlewit_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mills-19"},{"link_name":"Simon MacCorkindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_MacCorkindale"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacCorkindale-20"},{"link_name":"typecast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typecasting_(acting)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_1-4"},{"link_name":"The Riddle of the Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Riddle_of_the_Sands#Film,_TV_or_theatrical_adaptations"},{"link_name":"Jaws 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaws_3"},{"link_name":"Manimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manimal"},{"link_name":"Falcon Crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Crest"},{"link_name":"Counterstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterstrike_(1990_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Poltergeist: The Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltergeist:_The_Legacy"},{"link_name":"Harry Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Harper_(fictional_character)"},{"link_name":"Casualty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacCorkindale-20"},{"link_name":"Barbara Kellerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Kellerman"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"White Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Witch"},{"link_name":"The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(TV_serial)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Margaret Tyzack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Tyzack"},{"link_name":"Bruce Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Purchase"},{"link_name":"James Ottaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ottaway"},{"link_name":"Brenda Fricker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Fricker"},{"link_name":"David Yip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Yip"},{"link_name":"Kevin Stoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Stoney"},{"link_name":"Gretchen Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretchen_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Brian Croucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Croucher"},{"link_name":"Chris Quinten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Quinten"},{"link_name":"Toyah Willcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyah_Willcox"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Piers Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Haggard"},{"link_name":"H. Rider Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_51-11"},{"link_name":"Dennis Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Potter"},{"link_name":"Pennies from Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennies_From_Heaven_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haggard-23"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_51-11"},{"link_name":"The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fiendish_Plot_of_Dr._Fu_Manchu"},{"link_name":"Return to Treasure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Treasure_Island_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haggard-23"},{"link_name":"Verity Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verity_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Adam Adamant Lives!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Adamant_Lives!"},{"link_name":"The Newcomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Newcomers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Naked Civil Servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naked_Civil_Servant_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rumpole of the Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpole_of_the_Bailey"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_1-4"},{"link_name":"Late Night Line-Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Night_Line-Up"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_135-10"},{"link_name":"Danger UXB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_UXB"},{"link_name":"Minder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minder_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Widows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widows_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"G.B.H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.B.H._(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Eldorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado_(soap_opera)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Creek"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert-24"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ted Childs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Childs"},{"link_name":"Special Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Branch_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sweeney!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney!"},{"link_name":"Sweeney 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_2"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Childs-27"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_1-4"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Chancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancer"},{"link_name":"Inspector Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Morse_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpe_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kavanagh QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavanagh_QC"},{"link_name":"Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Childs-27"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie's Poirot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie%27s_Poirot"},{"link_name":"The Vanishing Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vanishing_Man"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Casting and crew","text":"John Mills was chosen to play Quatermass (the fourth different actor to play the role in four serials on television), who had appeared in significant roles in many high-profile British films, including The Way to the Stars (1945), Great Expectations (1946) and Ice Cold in Alex (1958), and had won an Academy Award for his role in Ryan's Daughter (1970).[19] Mills, whose only previous television credit at the time was The Zoo Gang (1974), was reluctant to take the part but was persuaded by his wife, who liked the script.[4] Following Quatermass he appeared in Gandhi (1982), Martin Chuzzlewit (1994) and Hamlet (1996), working right up to his death in 2005.[19]Joe Kapp was played by Simon MacCorkindale, who had previously appeared in \"Baby\", one of the episodes of Nigel Kneale's Beasts series.[20] MacCorkindale was delighted with the part of Joe Kapp, finding it a break from the typecast romantic roles he was used to playing.[4] Following Quatermass, MacCorkindale appeared in The Riddle of the Sands (1979), and subsequently moved to the United States where, after playing a few guest roles on television, he secured a part in Jaws 3 (1983) and the lead in the short-lived series Manimal (1983). He was then a series regular in Falcon Crest (1984–86), Counterstrike (1990–93) and Poltergeist: The Legacy (1999). He then returned to the United Kingdom, where he played the character of Harry Harper in Casualty between 2002 and 2008. MacCorkindale died in 2010.[20]Barbara Kellerman, who played Claire Kapp, had previously had a regular role in 1990 (1977–78) and would later portray the White Witch in the BBC adaptation of The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (1988).[21]Quatermass also featured many familiar faces from British television and film in supporting roles, including Margaret Tyzack, Bruce Purchase, James Ottaway, Brenda Fricker, David Yip, Kevin Stoney, Gretchen Franklin, Brian Croucher and Chris Quinten, as well as the singer (and later television presenter) Toyah Willcox.[22]Director Piers Haggard, who was the great-grand-nephew of author H. Rider Haggard,[11] had been directing since the 1960s. Prior to Quatermass, he had directed the acclaimed Dennis Potter drama serial Pennies from Heaven (1978).[23] Commenting on the script, Haggard described it as \"a tremendous re-assertion of the importance of people, ordinary people, and how necessary they are in fighting evil\".[11] Following Quatermass, he directed The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu (1980) and the Disney Channel TV series Return to Treasure Island (1985).[23]Executive producer Verity Lambert had first made her mark as producer of the first two years of Doctor Who (1963). Since then she had carved out an impressive career, first at the BBC with programmes such as Adam Adamant Lives! (1966–67) and The Newcomers (1965–69), and then at Thames Television with productions such as The Naked Civil Servant (TV film; 1975) and the series Rumpole of the Bailey (1978–92).[24] She became Chief Executive of Euston Films in 1979; Quatermass was one of the first productions she oversaw in the role, seeing it as a project to make her mark on the company.[4] She had clashed with Nigel Kneale in 1965 on the BBC arts programme Late Night Line-Up, when he attacked her for making Doctor Who too frightening for children.[25] Despite this she held Kneale in high esteem, describing him as \"a fantastic writer... hugely imaginative... considering the impact his work has had, I think he's undervalued\".[10] Following Quatermass she produced such shows as Danger UXB (1979), Minder (1979–85; 1988–94) and Widows (1983) for Euston before in 1985 forming her own production company, Cinema Verity, which oversaw programmes including G.B.H. (1991), Eldorado (1992–93) and Jonathan Creek (1997–2004).[24] She was awarded the OBE in 2002.[26] She died in 2007.Producer Ted Childs had begun his career with Euston on Special Branch (1969–74) and had produced episodes of The Sweeney and its film spin-offs Sweeney! (1977) and Sweeney 2 (1978).[27] Childs saw Quatermass as a big gamble for Euston, out of step with the company's usual fare.[4] Childs later remarked that Verity Lambert \"didn't want to come in and just do the same old routine – the kick bollock and scramble action adventure stuff that made the early name of the company\".[28] He continues to be one of British television's top producers, responsible for such shows as Chancer (1991), Inspector Morse (1987–2000), Sharpe (1993–2006), Kavanagh QC (1995–2001) and Lewis (2006–2015).[27]Script editor Linda Agran has since acted as producer of such series as Widows, Agatha Christie's Poirot (1989–2013) and The Vanishing Man (1996).[29]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_c_39-3"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_52-30"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_1-4"},{"link_name":"standing stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_stone"},{"link_name":"radio telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_telescope"},{"link_name":"observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_137-16"},{"link_name":"Norton Knatchbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Knatchbull,_3rd_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_52-30"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_2-15"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"Cubby Broccoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubby_Broccoli"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_53-32"},{"link_name":"stock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_music"},{"link_name":"Marc Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"nursery rhyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_rhyme"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_53-32"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"The production took place between 26 August and 23 December 1978[3] at locations around Middlesex and Hertfordshire as well as London, including Wembley Stadium.[30] The budget was £1.25 million (£9.06 million in 2024), making it one of the most expensive undertakings Euston had attempted at that time.[4] Production designer Arnold Chapkis constructed several large and elaborate sets, including those for the megalithic standing stones at Ringstone Round, the Kapps' radio telescope and observatory, and the decaying urban landscape of London; Kneale quipped about the radio telescope set that \"it probably would have worked if they'd just aimed it properly!\"[16] Associate producer Norton Knatchbull noted that the serial \"was the first 'art department' picture Euston has ever been involved in, in the sense that major sets had to be built on location\".[30] This led Euston executive Johnny Goodman to joke: \"Our biggest problem was finding someone who wanted the two giant telescope dishes after we finished filming. There's not much demand for such things\".[15] One aspect where the budget was less than generous was with the model sequences made by Clearwater Films; Johnny Goodman remarked that the cost was less than James Bond producer Cubby Broccoli \"would spend on cigars in a week\".[31] Post-production was completed in mid-February 1979.[32] Unlike the original BBC Quatermass serials, which had used stock music tracks, the new serial had a specially composed soundtrack by Marc Wilkinson and Nic Rowley which made particular use of the nursery rhyme \"Huffity, Puffity, Ringstone Round\" devised by Kneale in his scripts.[32]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_140-33"},{"link_name":"industrial action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_action"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_53-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_53-32"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_2-15"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"ITV intended Quatermass to air in September 1979 as the flagship of its autumn season; advertising posters announced, \"Earth's dark ancestral forces awaken to a summons from beyond the stars. The legend returns on ITV – Wednesdays at 9 pm throughout September\".[33] However, industrial action began at ITV on 3 August and escalated into a full-scale blackout from 10 August, leaving the channel—and Quatermass—off the air for 75 days.[32] Transmissions were finally restored on Wednesday, 24 October, and the first episode of Quatermass was duly broadcast that night at 9 pm.[32] Episode two was promoted in the TV Times with a full-page article by Kneale introducing the new series and looking back on the original 1950s serials, as well as a lifestyle piece with Barbara Kellerman moving house, while episode four was promoted with a full-page profile of John Mills.[15] Ratings, averaging 11 million viewers over the four-week run, were below expectations; the serial failed to crack the top 20 programmes in the weeks it was broadcast.[34]","title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_53-32"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_2-15"},{"link_name":"John Brosnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brosnan"},{"link_name":"Starburst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starburst_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"sf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"hippy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brosnan_278-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_137-16"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_139-37"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_52-30"},{"link_name":"punks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_2-15"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_139-37"}],"text":"Quatermass met with a generally unenthusiastic critical response. Sean Day-Lewis wrote: \"Although Piers Haggard's direction achieves much verisimilitude and the story is certainly enough to command some addiction; I did not feel exactly grabbed; the genre has moved some way since the 1950s and the Professor moves a little slowly for the 1970s\".[32] The reviewer in The Daily Telegraph found Professor Quatermass \"far too unheroic and unresourceful to carry much interest\" while The Times found the serial to be \"a so-so affair\".[15] John Brosnan, writing in Starburst magazine, found the serial to be \"a bitter reaction by a member of an older generation to the younger generation whose apparently irrational behaviour makes them appear to belong to a totally different species. Naturally in the traditions of sf, these failings are exaggerated to the nth degree. Thus muggers and juvenile delinquents become armed gangs and the hippy movement with its emphasis on mysticism, becomes the Planet Church. It's very much a story of Age versus Youth and significantly it's the older people who are impervious to the malign alien influence\".[35] This view is echoed by filmmaker John Carpenter who said that \"Nigel was very embittered about the way of the world, as was shown, I think, in The Quatermass Conclusion\".[36]Reflecting on the serial, Nigel Kneale said that he was not satisfied with that project.[16] Although Kneale was pleased with the high production values, he was dissatisfied with the casting, believing that John Mills \"didn't have the authority for Quatermass\".[37] He was similarly unimpressed with Simon MacCorkindale, noting that \"we had him in Beasts playing an idiot and he was very good at that\".[30] Kneale disliked the depiction of the Planet People, as his inspiration had been angry punks rather than hippies (as evidenced by his portrayal of Kickalong as a gun-toting lunatic who commits multiple motiveless murders).[15] Producer Ted Childs thinks that \"the primary problems with it were (a) it was perhaps too depressing a story for a popular television audience and (b) the punters were used to a fairly high standard of technical presentation from American television... And we just couldn't afford that\".[38] Executive producer Verity Lambert's opinion is that it \"didn't have the staying power of the originals, but then that's almost inevitable when you try to bring something back in a slightly different form\".[37]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Screen_1-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_Dark_Door-12"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_54-39"},{"link_name":"Somerset Maugham Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Maugham_Award"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_Dark_Door-12"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"videotape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotape"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pixley_b_54-39"},{"link_name":"region 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code#Region_codes_and_countries"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Sci-Fi Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"region 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code#Region_codes_and_countries"},{"link_name":"A&E Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Television_Networks"},{"link_name":"History Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Stonehenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"From the outset, Euston intended to create two versions of the story; a four-part serial for broadcast on UK television and a 100-minute film, The Quatermass Conclusion, for distribution abroad. While writing the scripts, Kneale was \"careful not to pad, because I knew that was the obvious thing, but to write in material which can be removed\".[4] There is one major plot deviation between the two versions; in the TV serial, Quatermass is separated from Annie Morgan as they transport Isabel to a London hospital, after Quatermass is dragged from the passenger seat of the moving vehicle by a member of the Blue Brigade. This scene is slightly changed in the film version so that Quatermass manages to stay on board the vehicle with Annie and Isabel, despite the Blue Brigade attack, enabling Quatermass to stay with Annie and Isabel as they go into the hospital. This meant that two versions of the hospital scene where Isabel dies were shot, one with Quatermass present (the film version) and one without (the television version), as well as an earlier scene at the hospital unique to the film version where Quatermass talks on the telephone. As Quatermass is present at the hospital in the film version, it enabled all the footage from the TV serial featuring Quatermass with people at the junkyard, following his separation from Annie and Isabel, to be cut out of the film and thus greatly help in getting The Quatermass Conclusion down to around 100 minutes.[12] There was little interest among film distributors in The Quatermass Conclusion, and it received only a limited theatrical release.[39]The story was novelised by Nigel Kneale, his first book since his Somerset Maugham Award-winning short story collection Tomato Cain was published in 1949. The novelisation expanded on the backgrounds of many of the characters seen in the story, and added a deeper, more physical, relationship between Quatermass and Annie Morgan. It was this version of the story with which Kneale was most pleased.[12]The Quatermass Conclusion was released on VHS videotape in 1985 while the complete four-part Quatermass serial was released in 1994.[39] Quatermass, along with The Quatermass Conclusion was released on region 2 DVD in 2003 by Clearvision in a three disc boxset; extras included a Sci-Fi Channel interview with Nigel Kneale and extensive production notes.[40] A two disc region 1 DVD of Quatermass was released by A&E Home Entertainment in 2005, and contained both the television and film versions as well as a History Channel documentary about Stonehenge.[41] In July 2015, Network Distributing released the series on Blu-ray disc for the first time, remastered from the original 35mm film negatives. Network simultaneously released the series as a remastered DVD set. Both sets (Region B/Region 2 respectively) also contain The Quatermass Conclusion film, also remastered and presented in its original theatrical aspect ratio.[42]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-knealescreen_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Kneale, Nigel 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Screenonline. Retrieved 16 May 2007.\n\n^ a b c d Murray, Into the Unknown, passim.\n\n^ a b Pixley, The Quatermass Collection – Viewing Notes, p. 39.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Screen, Production Notes, Disc 1.\n\n^ Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 48.\n\n^ Joe Waters at IMDb[unreliable source?]\n\n^ a b c d e Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 50.\n\n^ a b Garrard & Houldsworth, Fantasy Flashback: Quatermass, p. 15.\n\n^ a b Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 120.\n\n^ a b Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 135.\n\n^ a b c Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 51.\n\n^ a b c Pixley & Kneale, Beyond the Dark Door.\n\n^ Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 49.\n\n^ Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 119.\n\n^ a b c d e Screen, Production Notes, Disc 2.\n\n^ a b c d Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 137.\n\n^ Rigby, Ancient Fears, p. 53.\n\n^ Rigby, Ancient Fears, p. 52.\n\n^ a b John Mills at IMDb\n\n^ a b Simon MacCorkindale at IMDb\n\n^ Barbara Kellerman at IMDb\n\n^ Quatermass (1979) at IMDb \n\n^ a b Piers Haggard at IMDb\n\n^ a b Vahimagi, Tise. \"Lambert, Verity (1935– )\". Screenonline. British Film Institute. Retrieved 8 May 2007.\n\n^ Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 81.\n\n^ \"Honours: Film and broadcasting\". BBC News Online. 31 January 2001. Retrieved 8 May 2007.\n\n^ a b Ted Childs at IMDb\n\n^ Alvarado & Stewart, Made for Television, p. 86.\n\n^ Linda Agran at IMDb\n\n^ a b c Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 52.\n\n^ Garrard & Houlsworth, Fantasy Flashback: Quatermass, p. 27.\n\n^ a b c d e Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 53.\n\n^ Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 140.\n\n^ Alvarado & Stewart, Made for Television, p. 202.\n\n^ Brosnan, The Primal Screen, p. 278.\n\n^ Brosnan, The Primal Screen, p. 284.\n\n^ a b Murray, Into the Unknown, p. 139.\n\n^ Alvarado & Stewart, Made for Television, p. 87.\n\n^ a b Pixley, All the Rage of the World, p. 54.\n\n^ Campbell, Mark (4 April 2003). \"Quatermass\". www.dvdtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2008.\n\n^ Lambert, David (13 February 2005). \"Quatermass – Prof. Quatermass' last adventure comes to DVD\". www.tvshowsondvd.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2008.\n\n^ Network On Air (Quatermass blu-ray) Archived 27 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"John Mills as Bernard Quatermass","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Quatermass1979-02.JPG/220px-Quatermass1979-02.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Angelini, Sergio. \"Kneale, Nigel (1922–2006)\". Screenonline. Retrieved 16 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458926/index.html","url_text":"\"Kneale, Nigel (1922–2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenonline","url_text":"Screenonline"}]},{"reference":"Vahimagi, Tise. \"Lambert, Verity (1935– )\". Screenonline. British Film Institute. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Tramway	Trams in Sofia	["1 History","1.1 Line Closures","2 Depots and bases","3 Unique features","4 Current Lines","5 Rolling Stock","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Bulgarian. (December 2021) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Bulgarian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|bg\|Трамваи в София}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Sofia tramway networkСофийска трамвайна мрежаPesa Swing at blvd. Christo Botev, May 2016OperationLocaleSofia, BulgariaOpen1 January 1901 (1901-01-01)StatusIn operationLines16Owner(s)Stolichna MunicipalityOperator(s)Sofia Electric Transport JSCInfrastructureTrack gauge1,009 mm (3 ft 3+23⁄32 in)1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeStock176StatisticsTrack length (single)308 km (191 mi)Route length~ 154 km (96 mi)Stops165 Overview The Sofia tram network is a vital part of the public transportation system of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It began operation on January 1, 1901. As of 2006, the tram system included approximately 308 kilometres (191 miles) of narrow and standard gauge one-way track. Most of the track is a narrow gauge (1,009 mm or 3 ft 3+23⁄32 in), with standard gauge (1,435 mm or 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) used on lines 20, 21, 22 and 23 and accounting for approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) of the system's track length. History Tram in Knyazhevo, 1901 The realization of the idea to build a network of tram lines in Sofia began on December 1, 1898, when the Sofia Municipality granted a concession for the construction of tram lines to companies from France and Belgium. The construction work lasted about a year and on 1 January 1901 the first tram in Sofia officially started. Initially, passengers were served by 25 cars and 10 trailers - two-axle, wooden-bodied, which ran on 6 routes with a total length of 23 km and a single track with a gauge of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge. The network in 1909 Between 1903 and 1931, a large number of railcars and trailers were delivered from European manufacturers. In 1931, under the direction of Eng. Theodosii Kardalev began production of the first Bulgarian trailers, which used sturdy chassis from already scrapped railcars. These trailers are known as the "Kardalev's trailers". In 1936, the first Bulgarian railcars were produced under the brand name "DTO" (Дирекция на трамваите и осветлението - Direktsia na tramvaite i osvetlenieto: Department for trams and lighting, owned by Sofia municipality). Old chassis were used in their production, and all other elements were replaced with new ones. In 1934, the first large tram depot was built on the territory of today's Krasno Selo municipality. In 1951 a factory for the production of tram cars was established there. It was the successor of the factory founded by Eng. Theodosii Kardalev's technical workshop of DTO. This tram manufacturer (known as Трамваен завод - Tramvaen zavod: Tram plant) was named "Трамкар" (Tramkar: Tram car) in 1990 and was a registered company Tramkar till 2008. By 1959, a total of 155 "DTO" and "Republika" trams had been produced there. The last tram, T8M-900 was delivered in 1991 and is still in use. Since then the factory has been used to repair and renovate old trams In 1951 the T4M-221 (Republic), which is considered the highest-quality Bulgarian tram, was produced in DTO. The T4M-221 is the first Bulgarian four-row tram. The "Republic" model was in production in 1951 and 1959, bearing the numbers 221 to 240. They also had trailers numbered 521-544. The motor cars, along with their trailers, mainly worked on line 5. They were assigned to the Krasno Selo tram depot (later Krasna Polyana). In 1981 motor car 240 and wagon 540 were rebuilt and put into operation for about a year. The 240 motor car and trailer 538 are still alive today and are expected to be restored. The original stock was 240 + 540, but 540 disappears from the Krasna Polyana depot in unexplained circumstances and again in unexpected circumstances, trailer 538 is found. The,,Republika" model was in operation until 1978. Then the Sofia Tramway Plant launched two new tramcar models: the "Komsomolets" in 1959 and the "Kosmonavt" in 1961. Based on the experience gained with the Komsomolets and Kosmonavt, and taking into account the design flaws and shortcomings (they paid a very high price with more than 40 killed due to the practical lack of brakes), a new two-section tram was developed and launched in 1965. The unit was named "Sofia" and with its various modifications ("Sofia 70" - three-section, "Sofia 100" - two-section and "Bulgaria 1300" - three-section) gradually established a continuous dominance on Sofia's narrow gauge tracks. The first five "Sofia" units were produced in 1965, each painted in a different colour - yellow, orange, blue, green and burgundy, and the first three-section unit "Sofia 70" appeared in May 1970 in orange-yellow. The two-section "Sofia" railcars (with 4 doors) were of two types: with a lyre and with a pantograph, and were mostly used on lines with a complex longitudinal profile (so-called vertical curves: descents, ascents): lines 6 and 9 in the area of the Hemus Hotel, the NDK underpass and the Nadezhda flyover, and also on lines 2, 14, 19 in the 1960s, 70s and 80s. The three-section "Sofia 70" models (with 5 doors) have pantographs and were mainly used on lines 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13 in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, as well as on line 21 in the 1980s. The idea behind the unit was in line with the new trends in railway engineering of the time. However, the design and especially the execution were far behind the technological developments of the time. The "Sofia" is a two-section, three-bogie unit with the Bo'2'Bo' collinear formula, while the "Sofia 70" is a three-section, Bo'2'2'Bo' unit. All "Sofia 70" trams were taken out of service by 2005. The three-unit tram "Bulgaria 1300" was built in 1981 to celebrate the 1300th anniversary of the foundation of Bulgaria (681). 26 locomotives were built with serial numbers 301 - 326. The first series of this model ran entirely on the then new line 15 that ran from Ivan Vazov to Nadezhda 5. After that, "Bulgaria 1300" railcars were also used on lines 1 and 7, and partly on line 4. Due to incidents, the three-section trains "Sofia 70" and "Bulgaria 1300" do not run on lines with complex curvilinear/inclined sections: from Pl. Yordanka Nikolova to the Pioneers' Palace (today: Journalists' Square - Seminary) and the section from the Hemus Hotel to the Vitosha New Otani Hotel (today: Marinella Hotel). The last Bulgarian double-articulated tram T8M-900, which is still in service today, was produced in the factory in 1991. Since then, the factory has mainly been involved in repairing damaged trams and renovating old ones. In 2017 the network was complemented with 28 second-hand Be 4/6 S "gherkin" trams partly donated from the BVB section of the tram network of Basel. The trams were constructed in 1990-91 and had low-floor sections inserted in their centre in 1997-99. They replaced older vehicles on lines 6, 8 and 12. Sofia's first standard gauge tram line was opened in 1987. Until that time all lines were nominally metre gauge, but actually constructed to a width of 1,009 mm (3 ft 3+23⁄32 in). Eight years later, in 1995, the second standard gauge line was finished. In 1987, the first tram line in Sofia with the standard European track gauge of 1435 mm was opened (the current line 20), connecting the Geo Milev and Druzhba districts. Until then, all tram lines in Sofia were narrow gauge (1009 mm). 8 years later, in 1995, the construction of the second 1435 mm gauge line (now line 22) was completed. The first trams on line 20 in the 1980s were Bulgarian, model T6MD-1000. At the end of the 1980s, ČKD Tatra T6B5 (1435 mm gauge) units were put into service to extend line 20, which runs to the Vasil Levski monument, and at the end of the 1990s to the Youth Theatre. No other tram lines have been built since then, as Sofia has focused its efforts on the construction of its metro system. Tram line 21 was temporarily opened with a route from the bus station Iztok to Kv. Geo Milev, In 1980s the line with the same number 21 was used on the newly opened then tunnel to Lyulin with a narrow-gauge line to Lyulin 5, using "Sofia 70" trams). On 17 February 2010, line 23 was opened, connecting Zh.k. Druzhba 2 and Zh.k. Druzhba 1. Later the line was extended and by 2013 it connects Zh.k. Druzhba 2 and the Youth Theatre. On 10 April 2010 a new experimental tram line 4 was opened, auxiliarily to tram line 5. It has a route of Blvd. Nikola Petkov - Macedonia sq. - Central Railway Station - Kv. Orlandovtsi. In February 2014, after 34 years on the streets of Sofia, the series of trams T8M-301 Bulgaria 1300, which served over the years lines 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 15, 17, 19, was finally taken out of service. From 26.05.2014 the series of trams T6M-400 Sofia-100, produced in 1979 - 1986, was also retired. Line Closures At the end of the 20th century lines 13, 16 and 17 were closed. And in the 21st century, with the expansion of the Sofia metro, many of the tram lines were shortened or closed entirely. Lines 2, 14 and 19, whose route coincided with part of the route of Metropolitan's line M1, were initially closed. Lines 9, 15 and 19 have been closed entirely with the opening of M2 Metro line, and because of a number of incompetent decisions by the Sofia City Council. In 2010, lines 2 and 19 were closed and line 18 was shortened, as part of the closure of the tram route through Borisovata Gradina to the Park-Hotel Moskva. With the closure of Line 9 in 2012, the track from Hemus Hotel to Energoproekt was dismantled. In 2016, tram route 6 was changed, with the last two kilometers of the route from Spartak Swimming Pool to NDK being closed, which sparked numerous protests. The city council explained that the reason the route was changed was due the construction of the M3 Metro line, and even promised to add a trolleybus line next to the tram route, with the two coexisting together. However, the city council never returned the tram line, and the tracks from Hemus Hotel to the Spartak Pool in Zh.k. Lozenets were dismantled, and were replaced with a trolleybus route. Lines 1 and 7, due to the construction of the metro, no longer run on Pedestrian Vitoshka, where the first tram in Sofia passed in 1901, causing congestion on Hristo Botev Boulevard and amortization of the tracks. Depots and bases The depots and bases for the storage, maintenance and operation of tram rolling stock are: Depot "Klokotnitsa" (former "Stanyo Vasilev") - First tram park - the first tram depot in Sofia, which was closed in 1999 after many years of operation. Depot "Krasno Selo" - reconstructed into the current tram factory "Tramkar", until its reconstruction - Second tram park. Depot "Banishora" (former "Penka Mihaylova") - Third tram park. Serves tram lines 6, 8, 10, 11 and 12. Depot "Krasna Polyana" (former " Shesti Septemvri") - Second tram park. Serves lines 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 18 and 27. Depot "Iskar" - Fourth tram park - Built in the late 1980s for the new standard gauge lines (1435 mm). Serves lines 20, 21, 22 and 23. Unique features A characteristic feature of the trams in Sofia was the mailbox built into the outer side of the tram, located next to the first door. All trams manufactured specifically for the needs of the Sofia public transport have such a box (the second-hand trams, as well as the Tatra T6B5, do not have such a box, as well as the new Pesa Swing 122NaSF, manufactured in 2013-2014). Letters from tram letterboxes are collected at several junction stops in the city centre and handed over to Central Post Office for processing. Current Lines As of 15 June 2024 , the following lines operate: № Route Notes 1 Ivan Vazov – NDK – Macedonia Sq. – Sofia Central Station – Nadezhda Overpass 3 Zaharna Fabrika – Konstantin Velichkov Metro Station – Sofia Central Station – Sofia Sever Station 4 Buxton → Krasno selo – Macedonia Sq. – Sofia Central Station – Orlandovtsi 5 Knyazhevo → Buxton – Krasno selo – Macedonia Sq. ← Courthouse 6 Ivan Vazov → NDK – Macedonia Sq. – Sofia Central Station – Beli Dunav Metro Station ← Obelya 7 Manastirski Livadi west → NDK – Macedonia Sq. – Sofia Central Station ← Han Kubrat Metro Station 8 Lyulin 5 → Macedonia Sq. ← Courthouse 10 Zapaden Park → Macedonia Square – Srebarna str. ← Vitosha Metro Station 11 Knyazhevo → Ovcha kupel Metro Station – Konstantin Velichkov Metro Station ← Iliyantsi 12 Iliyantsi → Sofia Central Station – St. Nedelya sq. ← Journalist sq. 15 Vitosha metro station → Macedonia square← Bukston 18 Orlandovtsi → St. Nedelya sq. ← Journalist sq. 20 Iskar Tram Depot → Poduyane railway station – Central Sofia Market Hall ← Opalchenska Metro Station 21 Geo Milev – Poduyane railway station – Central Sofia Market Hall ← Opalchenska Metro Station 22 East Bus station → Poduyane railway station – Konstantin Velichkov Metro Station ← Krasna polyana Depot 23 Geo Milev – Iskarsko Shose – Obikolna Street 27 Sofia Sever Station → Sofia Central Station – NDK ← Manastirski Livadi West 1,009 mm (3 ft 3+23⁄32 in) metre gauge (nominally) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge Rolling Stock Sofia has the following tram rolling stock: Make and model Amount Tramkar Т8К-503 (pendel / bi-directional) 9 Tramkar Т6М-700 22 Tramkar Т8М-700М 8 ČKD Tatra T4DM/B4DM 5 ČKD Tatra T6A2/SF 57 PESA Swing 122 NaSF 67 Tramkar / Inekon T8M-700 IT 18 ČKD Tatra T6B5 37 ČKD Tatra T6А5 47 Düwag GT8 (pendel / bi-directional) 5 Schindler Waggon AG Be 4/6 27 Gallery 1935 Siemens heritage tram Duewag T4 - this tram type was in service between 1995 and 2017 Tatra T4 tram in Sofia Inekon T8M-700IT See also Trains portalBulgaria portal List of tram and light rail transit systems Sofia Metro Sofia Public Transport Trolleybuses in Sofia References ^ a b "Route network of tram lines of Sofia's public transportation" (PDF). Sofia Urban Mobility Center. 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Urban transport - History of Sofia Trams". Sofia Urban Mobility Center. 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-10. ^ Подвижен състав в София External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trams in Sofia. Sofia Urban Mobility Center: Urban Transport – Route network Sofia (trams) at UrbanRail.net vte Urban public transport networks and systems in BulgariaMetro Sofia 1 2 3 4 Buses Sofia Trams Sofia TrolleybusesActive Burgas Haskovo Pazardzhik Pleven Ruse (Rousse) Sliven Sofia Stara Zagora Varna Vratsa Closed Dobrich Gabrovo Kazanlak Pernik Plovdiv Veliko Tarnovo	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public transportation system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Public_Transport"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skgt_history-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skgt_history-2"},{"link_name":"narrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skgt_history-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skgt_history-2"}],"text":"The Sofia tram network is a vital part of the public transportation system of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It began operation on January 1, 1901.[2] As of 2006, the tram system included approximately 308 kilometres (191 miles)[2] of narrow and standard gauge one-way track.[2] Most of the track is a narrow gauge (1,009 mm or 3 ft 3+23⁄32 in), with standard gauge (1,435 mm or 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) used on lines 20, 21, 22 and 23 and accounting for approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) of the system's track length.[2]","title":"Trams in Sofia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sofia_Tram_Knjaschewo_1901.png"},{"link_name":"metre gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gauge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skgt_history-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trams_in_Sofia_1909.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tramkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramkar"},{"link_name":"T8M-900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T8m900m"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skgt_history-2"},{"link_name":"BVB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basler_Verkehrs-Betriebe"},{"link_name":"tram network of Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Basel"},{"link_name":"low-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-floor_tram"},{"link_name":"metre gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gauge"},{"link_name":"metro system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Metro"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skgt_history-2"}],"text":"Tram in Knyazhevo, 1901The realization of the idea to build a network of tram lines in Sofia began on December 1, 1898, when the Sofia Municipality granted a concession for the construction of tram lines to companies from France and Belgium. The construction work lasted about a year and on 1 January 1901 the first tram in Sofia officially started. Initially, passengers were served by 25 cars and 10 trailers - two-axle, wooden-bodied, which ran on 6 routes with a total length of 23 km and a single track with a gauge of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge.[2]The network in 1909Between 1903 and 1931, a large number of railcars and trailers were delivered from European manufacturers. In 1931, under the direction of Eng. Theodosii Kardalev began production of the first Bulgarian trailers, which used sturdy chassis from already scrapped railcars. These trailers are known as the \"Kardalev's trailers\". In 1936, the first Bulgarian railcars were produced under the brand name \"DTO\" (Дирекция на трамваите и осветлението - Direktsia na tramvaite i osvetlenieto: Department for trams and lighting, owned by Sofia municipality). Old chassis were used in their production, and all other elements were replaced with new ones.In 1934, the first large tram depot was built on the territory of today's Krasno Selo municipality. In 1951 a factory for the production of tram cars was established there. It was the successor of the factory founded by Eng. Theodosii Kardalev's technical workshop of DTO.This tram manufacturer (known as Трамваен завод - Tramvaen zavod: Tram plant) was named \"Трамкар\" (Tramkar: Tram car) in 1990 and was a registered company Tramkar till 2008. By 1959, a total of 155 \"DTO\" and \"Republika\" trams had been produced there. The last tram, T8M-900 was delivered in 1991 and is still in use.[2] Since then the factory has been used to repair and renovate old tramsIn 1951 the T4M-221 (Republic), which is considered the highest-quality Bulgarian tram, was produced in DTO. The T4M-221 is the first Bulgarian four-row tram. The \"Republic\" model was in production in 1951 and 1959, bearing the numbers 221 to 240. They also had trailers numbered 521-544. The motor cars, along with their trailers, mainly worked on line 5. They were assigned to the Krasno Selo tram depot (later Krasna Polyana). In 1981 motor car 240 and wagon 540 were rebuilt and put into operation for about a year. The 240 motor car and trailer 538 are still alive today and are expected to be restored. The original stock was 240 + 540, but 540 disappears from the Krasna Polyana depot in unexplained circumstances and again in unexpected circumstances, trailer 538 is found. The,,Republika\" model was in operation until 1978.Then the Sofia Tramway Plant launched two new tramcar models: the \"Komsomolets\" in 1959 and the \"Kosmonavt\" in 1961.Based on the experience gained with the Komsomolets and Kosmonavt, and taking into account the design flaws and shortcomings (they paid a very high price with more than 40 killed due to the practical lack of brakes), a new two-section tram was developed and launched in 1965. The unit was named \"Sofia\" and with its various modifications (\"Sofia 70\" - three-section, \"Sofia 100\" - two-section and \"Bulgaria 1300\" - three-section) gradually established a continuous dominance on Sofia's narrow gauge tracks. The first five \"Sofia\" units were produced in 1965, each painted in a different colour - yellow, orange, blue, green and burgundy, and the first three-section unit \"Sofia 70\" appeared in May 1970 in orange-yellow. The two-section \"Sofia\" railcars (with 4 doors) were of two types: with a lyre and with a pantograph, and were mostly used on lines with a complex longitudinal profile (so-called vertical curves: descents, ascents): lines 6 and 9 in the area of the Hemus Hotel, the NDK underpass and the Nadezhda flyover, and also on lines 2, 14, 19 in the 1960s, 70s and 80s. The three-section \"Sofia 70\" models (with 5 doors) have pantographs and were mainly used on lines 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13 in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, as well as on line 21 in the 1980s.The idea behind the unit was in line with the new trends in railway engineering of the time. However, the design and especially the execution were far behind the technological developments of the time.The \"Sofia\" is a two-section, three-bogie unit with the Bo'2'Bo' collinear formula, while the \"Sofia 70\" is a three-section, Bo'2'2'Bo' unit. All \"Sofia 70\" trams were taken out of service by 2005.The three-unit tram \"Bulgaria 1300\" was built in 1981 to celebrate the 1300th anniversary of the foundation of Bulgaria (681). 26 locomotives were built with serial numbers 301 - 326. The first series of this model ran entirely on the then new line 15 that ran from Ivan Vazov to Nadezhda 5. After that, \"Bulgaria 1300\" railcars were also used on lines 1 and 7, and partly on line 4.Due to incidents, the three-section trains \"Sofia 70\" and \"Bulgaria 1300\" do not run on lines with complex curvilinear/inclined sections: from Pl. Yordanka Nikolova to the Pioneers' Palace (today: Journalists' Square - Seminary) and the section from the Hemus Hotel to the Vitosha New Otani Hotel (today: Marinella Hotel).The last Bulgarian double-articulated tram T8M-900, which is still in service today, was produced in the factory in 1991. Since then, the factory has mainly been involved in repairing damaged trams and renovating old ones.In 2017 the network was complemented with 28 second-hand Be 4/6 S \"gherkin\" trams partly donated from the BVB section of the tram network of Basel. The trams were constructed in 1990-91 and had low-floor sections inserted in their centre in 1997-99. They replaced older vehicles on lines 6, 8 and 12.Sofia's first standard gauge tram line was opened in 1987. Until that time all lines were nominally metre gauge, but actually constructed to a width of 1,009 mm (3 ft 3+23⁄32 in). Eight years later, in 1995, the second standard gauge line was finished. In 1987, the first tram line in Sofia with the standard European track gauge of 1435 mm was opened (the current line 20), connecting the Geo Milev and Druzhba districts. Until then, all tram lines in Sofia were narrow gauge (1009 mm). 8 years later, in 1995, the construction of the second 1435 mm gauge line (now line 22) was completed[2]. The first trams on line 20 in the 1980s were Bulgarian, model T6MD-1000. At the end of the 1980s, ČKD Tatra T6B5 (1435 mm gauge) units were put into service to extend line 20, which runs to the Vasil Levski monument, and at the end of the 1990s to the Youth Theatre.No other tram lines have been built since then, as Sofia has focused its efforts on the construction of its metro system.[2]Tram line 21 was temporarily opened with a route from the bus station Iztok to Kv. Geo Milev, In 1980s the line with the same number 21 was used on the newly opened then tunnel to Lyulin with a narrow-gauge line to Lyulin 5, using \"Sofia 70\" trams). On 17 February 2010, line 23 was opened, connecting Zh.k. Druzhba 2 and Zh.k. Druzhba 1. Later the line was extended and by 2013 it connects Zh.k. Druzhba 2 and the Youth Theatre.On 10 April 2010 a new experimental tram line 4 was opened, auxiliarily to tram line 5. It has a route of Blvd. Nikola Petkov - Macedonia sq. - Central Railway Station - Kv. Orlandovtsi.In February 2014, after 34 years on the streets of Sofia, the series of trams T8M-301 Bulgaria 1300, which served over the years lines 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 15, 17, 19, was finally taken out of service.From 26.05.2014 the series of trams T6M-400 Sofia-100, produced in 1979 - 1986, was also retired.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M2 Metro line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Metro#M2_and_M4_lines_(Blue/Yellow)"},{"link_name":"NDK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"M3 Metro line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Metro#M3_line_(Green)"}],"sub_title":"Line Closures","text":"At the end of the 20th century lines 13, 16 and 17 were closed. And in the 21st century, with the expansion of the Sofia metro, many of the tram lines were shortened or closed entirely. Lines 2, 14 and 19, whose route coincided with part of the route of Metropolitan's line M1, were initially closed.Lines 9, 15 and 19 have been closed entirely with the opening of M2 Metro line, and because of a number of incompetent decisions by the Sofia City Council.In 2010, lines 2 and 19 were closed and line 18 was shortened, as part of the closure of the tram route through Borisovata Gradina to the Park-Hotel Moskva.With the closure of Line 9 in 2012, the track from Hemus Hotel to Energoproekt was dismantled. In 2016, tram route 6 was changed, with the last two kilometers of the route from Spartak Swimming Pool to NDK being closed, which sparked numerous protests. The city council explained that the reason the route was changed was due the construction of the M3 Metro line, and even promised to add a trolleybus line next to the tram route, with the two coexisting together. However, the city council never returned the tram line, and the tracks from Hemus Hotel to the Spartak Pool in Zh.k. Lozenets were dismantled, and were replaced with a trolleybus route.Lines 1 and 7, due to the construction of the metro, no longer run on Pedestrian Vitoshka, where the first tram in Sofia passed in 1901, causing congestion on Hristo Botev Boulevard and amortization of the tracks.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The depots and bases for the storage, maintenance and operation of tram rolling stock are:Depot \"Klokotnitsa\" (former \"Stanyo Vasilev\") - First tram park - the first tram depot in Sofia, which was closed in 1999 after many years of operation.\nDepot \"Krasno Selo\" - reconstructed into the current tram factory \"Tramkar\", until its reconstruction - Second tram park.\nDepot \"Banishora\" (former \"Penka Mihaylova\") - Third tram park. Serves tram lines 6, 8, 10, 11 and 12.\nDepot \"Krasna Polyana\" (former \" Shesti Septemvri\") - Second tram park. Serves lines 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 18 and 27.\nDepot \"Iskar\" - Fourth tram park - Built in the late 1980s for the new standard gauge lines (1435 mm). Serves lines 20, 21, 22 and 23.","title":"Depots and bases"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A characteristic feature of the trams in Sofia was the mailbox built into the outer side of the tram, located next to the first door. All trams manufactured specifically for the needs of the Sofia public transport have such a box (the second-hand trams, as well as the Tatra T6B5, do not have such a box, as well as the new Pesa Swing 122NaSF, manufactured in 2013-2014). Letters from tram letterboxes are collected at several junction stops in the city centre and handed over to Central Post Office for processing.","title":"Unique features"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 15 June 2024 , the following lines operate:","title":"Current Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sofia has the following tram rolling stock:[3]","title":"Rolling Stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAN-Siemens_1935.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trams_in_Sofia_in_2006_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duewag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duewag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tatra_T4_tram_in_Sofia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tatra T4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_T4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tram_in_Sofia_near_Russian_monument_020.jpg"},{"link_name":"Inekon T8M-700IT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inekon_T8M-700IT"}],"text":"1935 Siemens heritage tram\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDuewag T4 - this tram type was in service between 1995 and 2017\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTatra T4 tram in Sofia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInekon T8M-700IT","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Tram in Knyazhevo, 1901","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sofia_Tram_Knjaschewo_1901.png/249px-Sofia_Tram_Knjaschewo_1901.png"},{"image_text":"The network in 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Trams_in_Sofia_1909.jpg/250px-Trams_in_Sofia_1909.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_train.svg"},{"title":"Trains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Trains"},{"title":"Bulgaria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria"},{"title":"List of tram and light rail transit systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems"},{"title":"Sofia Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Metro"},{"title":"Sofia Public Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Public_Transport"},{"title":"Trolleybuses in Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Sofia"}]	[{"reference":"\"Route network of tram lines of Sofia's public transportation\" (PDF). Sofia Urban Mobility Center. 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/media/uploads/gradski_transport/map-tram.pdf","url_text":"\"Route network of tram lines of Sofia's public transportation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Urban transport - History of Sofia Trams\". Sofia Urban Mobility Center. 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/51/history-of-sofia-trams","url_text":"\"Urban transport - History of Sofia Trams\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/media/uploads/gradski_transport/map-tram.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Route network of tram lines of Sofia's public transportation\""},{"Link":"http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/51/history-of-sofia-trams","external_links_name":"\"Urban transport - History of Sofia Trams\""},{"Link":"http://forum.gtsofia.info/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=7119.0;attach=120657","external_links_name":"Подвижен състав в София"},{"Link":"http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/121/marshrutna-mrezha","external_links_name":"Sofia Urban Mobility Center: Urban Transport – Route network"},{"Link":"http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/bg/sofia/tram/sofia-tram.htm","external_links_name":"Sofia (trams) at UrbanRail.net"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_for_violin_and_orchestra_no._2_Op._50_(Beethoven)	Romance No. 2 (Beethoven)	["1 References","2 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Romance No. 2" Beethoven – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Romance for violin and orchestra No. 2 in F major, Op. 50, is the second of two such compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven. It was written in 1798 but not published until 1805 (by which time Beethoven had completed and published the other work, Romance No. 1 in G major, Op. 40). The accompaniment is for flute and a pair each of oboes, bassoons and horns, with strings. The length is about eight minutes, Beethoven gives the tempo "Adagio Cantabile" The autograph manuscript of the work is preserved in the Library of Congress. Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file.The opening bars for the solo violin A ballet based on this work, titled Beethoven Romance, was premiered by New York City Ballet on 2 February 1989. References ^ Henle Urtext External links Romance for violin and orchestra no. 2 Op. 50. Beethoven's autograph in the Library of Congress Romance in F major: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project vteConcertos by Ludwig van BeethovenPiano concertos No. 1 in C major, Op. 15 No. 2 in B♭ major, Op. 19 No. 3 in C minor, Op. 37 No. 4 in G major, Op. 58 No. 5 in E♭ major, Op. 73 (Emperor) No. 0 in E♭ major, WoO 4 (early, fragmentary work) No. 6 in D major, Hess 15 (unfinished) Violin concerto Concerto in D major, Op. 61 Concerto in D major, Op. 61a (arranged for the Piano solo) Concerto in C major, WoO 5, Hess 10 (fragmentary work) Triple concerto Triple Concerto in C major, Op. 56 Other works for piano and orchestra Rondo for Piano and Orchestra, WoO 6 Choral Fantasy, Op. 80 Other works for violin and orchestra Romance No. 1 in G major, Op. 40 Romance No. 2 in F major, Op. 50 List of compositions by Ludwig van BeethovenPortal: Classical MusicAuthority control databases International VIAF 2 National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Australia Other MusicBrainz work This article about a classical composition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_major"},{"link_name":"Op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_number"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Romance No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Romance_No._1_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"G major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_major"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"download the audio file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/score/g/o/goiuqw3tfslyukuvef1b07jlcvvwezg/goiuqw3t.mp3"},{"link_name":"ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet"},{"link_name":"Beethoven Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven_Romance"},{"link_name":"New York City Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet"}],"text":"The Romance for violin and orchestra No. 2 in F major, Op. 50, is the second of two such compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven. It was written in 1798 but not published until 1805 (by which time Beethoven had completed and published the other work, Romance No. 1 in G major, Op. 40). The accompaniment is for flute and a pair each of oboes, bassoons and horns, with strings. The length is about eight minutes, Beethoven gives the tempo \"Adagio Cantabile\"[1]The autograph manuscript of the work is preserved in the Library of Congress.Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file.The opening bars for the solo violinA ballet based on this work, titled Beethoven Romance, was premiered by New York City Ballet on 2 February 1989.","title":"Romance No. 2 (Beethoven)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Romance+No.+2%22+Beethoven","external_links_name":"\"Romance No. 2\" Beethoven"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Romance+No.+2%22+Beethoven+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Romance+No.+2%22+Beethoven&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Romance+No.+2%22+Beethoven+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Romance+No.+2%22+Beethoven","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Romance+No.+2%22+Beethoven&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/ihas.200153259.0/?sp=2","external_links_name":"Beethoven's autograph in the Library of Congress"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/182051714","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/212878422","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148166879","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148166879","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058522760106706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/300016115","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007436813905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no91026371","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35039471","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/dd525f1d-079c-3989-ad4d-063d150659c5","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romance_No._2_(Beethoven)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Maintenance_of_Supplies	Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies	["1 Prelude","2 Formation","3 Reaction","4 Development","5 General Strike","6 Fascism","7 Later organisations","8 Sources","9 References"]	The Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies was a British right-wing movement, established in 1925 to provide volunteers in the event of a general strike. During the General Strike of 1926, it was taken over by the government to provide vital services, such as transport and communications. Prelude On "Red Friday", 31 July 1925, the government avoided a confrontation with the Miners Federation of Great Britain, which was expected to be followed by secondary industrial action by the railwaymen of the National Union of Railwaymen, and wider confrontation. However, as Stanley Baldwin said later, "we were not ready". The government had an emergency plan but inadequate means of implementing it. It thus established a Royal Commission and provided a subsidy to enable the mineowners to maintain the miners' existing wages and hours of work. In early August, Home Secretary William Joynson-Hicks reported to the cabinet on the state of preparations, and his recommendations were approved, but the establishment of a volunteer service was deferred. Formation The OMS had its public origins in the letters page of The Times, where many were calling for the formation of a volunteer organisation to take over the jobs of striking workers, in the event of a general strike, which was widely feared by the conservative establishment at the time, as part of a communist plot. The same page was used on 25 September 1925 by the Home Secretary to announce the formation of just such a group, the new OMS. Nevertheless, he admitted, on 1 October, that he had known of its inauguration for many weeks and that its promoters had consulted him. The government had no objection to it. The organisation, to be run by a committee chaired by Lord Hardinge, was to have branches in every city and to recruit volunteers in five classes, four of which were based on the men's fitness and age. The fifth was for women, who were to be set to work only where they could avoid any "rough handling". Lord Jellicoe and other top military men sat on the committee, to give the OMS a military discipline and to instil public confidence in the group that such important figures were involved. The organisation was, however, explicitly non-political. British Fascists were barred from joining unless they changed their name, abandoned their military structure and changed their manifesto. That led to a split in the British Fascists, with several leaders leaving to become the loyalists, an organisation that would be absorbed into OMS. Still, it showed apparent independence by employing nobody in government service. Reaction Whilst the scheme was enthusiastically supported by the right-wing Daily Mail it was denounced as a form of fascism not only by the Communist Party of Great Britain but also by the anti-communist Daily Express, which compared the OMS to the Ku Klux Klan and the Blackshirts. An early speech by one of the group's leaders was deemed unfit for broadcast by the BBC, which feared that it would compromise their impartiality. Brigadier-General William Horwood, the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police also refused to work with what he believed to be a fascist organisation, and by the end of 1925 the government had informed General Sir Robert McCalmont that in the event of any general strike, the OMS would be disbanded and its membership taken over entirely by the government. Still, the OMS had the confidence of some provincial police forces and branches of the Conservative Party despite its inauspicious start. Development The development of OMS was not regarded as wholly favourable by some government officials, who were concerned at rumours that OMS agents were expecting to supplant official organisations in the event of an emergency. The junior ministers William Mitchell-Thomson and J.C.C. Davidson met the leaders of OMS, who agreed not to establish branches where there were local objections, but to encourage unofficial contacts between the local officials. OMS would concentrate on recruiting lorry drivers rather than those more likely to be employed by local authorities. OMS was short of funds by March 1926, having failed to gain the commercial backing that it hoped. It also lacked the means to train volunteers. General Strike Following the outbreak of the strike and the introduction by the government of emergency powers, it turned over its membership lists to the new government civil commissioners and so became a state organisation. Although the OMS name continued to be used, any notion of independence was abandoned, and it became an arm of government. The group had some 100,000 members registered at the commencement of the strike, but the middle-class background of many of its volunteers meant that they often proved wholly unsuited to the manual work, such as the running railways and ports. It produced slightly over 5,000 volunteers. Car drivers, lorry drivers and power station workers were the largest groups. It managed to produce the British Gazette, a pro-government newspaper, during the strike. Fascism The British Fascisti (BF), which maintained transport and communications units to be used in the event of a strike, provided an organisational structure for the OMS, but there was uncertainty at government level about allowing BF members to join the OMS given fears about their potentially revolutionary nature. Members of the BF were allowed to join only if it agreed to renounce fascism and the BF name, which was rejected by the majority of the group's controlling committee, under Rotha Lintorn-Orman. The minority faction, led by Brigadier-General R.B.D. Blakeney and Rear-Admiral A.E. Armstrong, split to form a new group known as the Loyalists (as well as the Scottish Loyalists under the Earl of Glasgow), which was subsumed into the OMS as soon as the strike began. Still, individual fascists obtained high rank within the OMS. BF member and later co-founder of the National Fascisti Colonel Ralph Bingham worked along with Peter Howard, who had published a magazine for fascists in Ukraine and would later be a member of the New Party. They ran an OMS depot during the strike. The BF's Neil Francis Hawkins, later a leading figure within both the British Union of Fascists and the Union Movement, was also important in the OMS during the strike. Later organisations The OMS can in some ways be compared to 1970s movements such as Civil Assistance, which played on widespread public fear of trade union militancy. Sources R. Page Arnet, The General Strike, May 1926: its origins and history, Labour Research Department, 1926; reprint 1967 Robert Benewick, A study of British fascism: Political Violence and Public Order, Allan Lane, 1969 Stephen Dorril, Blackshirt: Sir Oswald Mosley & British Fascism, Penguin Books, 2007 A. Mason, 'The Government and the General Strike, 1926', International Review of Social History 14 (1969), pp. 1-22 Anne Perkins, A Very British Strike: 3–12 May 1926, Macmillan, 2006 G.A. Phillips, The General Strike: the politics of industrial conflict, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976 Patrick Renshaw, The General Strike, Taylor & Francis, 1975 References ^ Renshaw 1975, pp. 122–7 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRenshaw1975 (help) ^ Mason 1969, p. 7 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMason1969 (help) ^ Phillips 1976, p. 95 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPhillips1976 (help) ^ a b Perkins 2006, p. 70 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPerkins2006 (help) ^ Page Arnot 1926, p. 54 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPage_Arnot1926 (help) ^ a b Renshaw 1975, pp. 130–131 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRenshaw1975 (help) ^ Benewick 1969, p. 35 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBenewick1969 (help) ^ Perkins 1971, pp. 70–71 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPerkins1971 (help) ^ a b c Perkins 1971, p. 71 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPerkins1971 (help) ^ Renshaw 1975, pp. 132–3 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRenshaw1975 (help) ^ Phillips 1976, pp. 96–7 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPhillips1976 (help) ^ Phillips 1976, p. 97 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPhillips1976 (help) ^ Renshaw 1975, p. 186 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRenshaw1975 (help) ^ Perkins 1971, p. 114 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPerkins1971 (help) ^ Renshaw 1975, p. 131 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRenshaw1975 (help) ^ Renshaw 1975, pp. 132–133 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRenshaw1975 (help) ^ Phillips 1975, p. 134 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPhillips1975 (help) ^ The Cabinet Papers Glossary - O from The National Archives website ^ Dorril, p. 198 ^ Benewick 1969, p. 35 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBenewick1969 (help) ^ Dorril, p. 184 ^ Dorril, p. 200 vteFar-right politics in the United KingdomPre-1945 groups British Brothers' League British Fascists British People's Party British Union of Fascists The Britons Britons Publishing Society English Array English Mistery English National Association Imperial Fascist League The Link Militant Christian Patriots National Fascisti National Party National Socialist League Nordic League Right Club Defunctpost-1945 groups British Democratic Party British Empire Party British Freedom Party British People's Party British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British League of Rights British National Party Column 88 Conservative Democratic Alliance Constitutional Movement England First Party European Liberation Front Flag Group For Britain Football Lads Alliance Greater Britain Movement International Third Position League of Empire Loyalists Liberty GB National Democratic Party National Democrats National Fellowship National Independence Party National Labour Party National Party National Socialist Action Party National Socialist Movement National Socialist Movement Nationalist Alliance New Britain Party New Nationalist Party Northern League Official National Front Patriotic Party Racial Preservation Society Revolutionary Conservative Caucus Spearhead Union Movement United Country Party White Defence League White Nationalist Party Western Goals Institute Active groups Blood & Honour Britain First British Democratic Party British Movement British National Party (BNP Youth) Christian Council of Britain Combat 18 English Defence League English Democrats (some members) Friends of Oswald Mosley Homeland Party League of Saint George London Forum National Action National Front National Liberal Party November 9th Society Patriotic Alternative Protestant Coalition Pie and Mash squad Order of Nine Angles Racial Volunteer Force Sonnenkrieg Division Stop Islamisation of Europe Traditional Britain Group Pre-1945 people Mary Sophia Allen John Amery Henry Hamilton Beamish John Beckett Hastings Russell, 12th Duke of Bedford R. B. D. Blakeney A. K. Chesterton John Henry Clarke Thomas Haller Cooper Barry Domvile Henry Drummond Wolff Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll William Evans-Gordon Robert Forgan Rolf Gardiner Patrick Boyle, 8th Earl of Glasgow Harold Elsdale Goad Reginald Goodall Robert Gordon-Canning Louis Greig Neil Francis Hawkins J. F. C. Fuller William Joyce Arnold Leese Rotha Lintorn-Orman Frank McLardy Unity Mitford Diana Mosley Cynthia Mosley Oswald Mosley Gerard Wallop, 9th Earl of Portsmouth Archibald Maule Ramsay David Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale Alliott Verdon Roe Edward Russell, 26th Baron de Clifford Alexander Raven Thomson Graham Seton Hutchison Herbert Vivian Charlie Watts Nesta Helen Webster Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington Henry Williamson Ormonde Winter Francis Yeats-Brown Post-1945 people Ian Anderson Richard Barnbrook A. F. X. Baron James Larratt Battersby Derek Beackon John Bean Carl Benjamin Jane, Lady Birdwood Jonathan Bowden Andrew Brons Kevin Bryan Jack Buckby Eddy Butler A. K. Chesterton Mark Collett David Copeland Mark Cotterill Nicky Crane Simon Darby Sharon Ebanks Richard Edmonds Jim Dowson Andrew Fountaine Jayda Fransen Paul Golding Nick Griffin Jeffrey Hamm Anthony Hancock Patrick Harrington Ray Hill Derek Holland Tom Holmes Katie Hopkins David Irving Colin Jordan Raheem Kassam Arthur Kemp Alex Kurtagić John Kingsley Read Alan Lake Richard Lawson Tony Lecomber Michael McLaughlin Eddy Morrison John Morse David Myatt John O'Brien Roy Painter Neema Parvini Denis Pirie Kevin Quinn Anthony Reed Herbert Robert Relf Jack Renshaw Colin Robertson Tommy Robinson Robert Row Simon Sheppard Kenny Smith Troy Southgate Ian Stuart Donaldson Keith Thompson John Tyndall Richard Verrall Adam Walker Anne Marie Waters Paul Joseph Watson Martin Webster Robert West Paul Weston Graham Williamson Martin Wingfield John Graeme Wood Milo Yiannopoulos Related articles Anglo-German Fellowship Battle of Cable Street British Fascism British National Party election results Cliveden set Europe a Nation List of British fascist parties National Front election results Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies Political Soldier Rock Against Communism Active notable publications Candour Redwatch Far-right monitoring Red Flare Hope Not Hate	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Friday"},{"link_name":"Miners Federation of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miners_Federation_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"industrial action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_action"},{"link_name":"National Union of Railwaymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Railwaymen"},{"link_name":"Stanley Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"William Joynson-Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks,_1st_Viscount_Brentford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On \"Red Friday\", 31 July 1925, the government avoided a confrontation with the Miners Federation of Great Britain, which was expected to be followed by secondary industrial action by the railwaymen of the National Union of Railwaymen, and wider confrontation. However, as Stanley Baldwin said later, \"we were not ready\". The government had an emergency plan but inadequate means of implementing it. It thus established a Royal Commission and provided a subsidy to enable the mineowners to maintain the miners' existing wages and hours of work.[1][2]In early August, Home Secretary William Joynson-Hicks reported to the cabinet on the state of preparations, and his recommendations were approved, but the establishment of a volunteer service was deferred.[3]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"general strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perkins70-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lord Hardinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hardinge,_1st_Baron_Hardinge_of_Penshurst"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perkins70-4"},{"link_name":"Lord Jellicoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jellicoe,_1st_Earl_Jellicoe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renshaw130-6"},{"link_name":"British Fascists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Fascists"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renshaw130-6"}],"text":"The OMS had its public origins in the letters page of The Times, where many were calling for the formation of a volunteer organisation to take over the jobs of striking workers, in the event of a general strike, which was widely feared by the conservative establishment at the time, as part of a communist plot. The same page was used on 25 September 1925 by the Home Secretary to announce the formation of just such a group, the new OMS.[4] Nevertheless, he admitted, on 1 October, that he had known of its inauguration for many weeks and that its promoters had consulted him. The government had no objection to it.[5]The organisation, to be run by a committee chaired by Lord Hardinge, was to have branches in every city and to recruit volunteers in five classes, four of which were based on the men's fitness and age. The fifth was for women, who were to be set to work only where they could avoid any \"rough handling\".[4] Lord Jellicoe and other top military men sat on the committee, to give the OMS a military discipline and to instil public confidence in the group that such important figures were involved.[6]The organisation was, however, explicitly non-political. British Fascists were barred from joining unless they changed their name, abandoned their military structure and changed their manifesto. That led to a split in the British Fascists, with several leaders leaving to become the loyalists, an organisation that would be absorbed into OMS.[7] Still, it showed apparent independence by employing nobody in government service.[6]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"anti-communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist"},{"link_name":"Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Blackshirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackshirts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perkins71-9"},{"link_name":"William Horwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Horwood_(police_commissioner)"},{"link_name":"Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_the_Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perkins71-9"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perkins71-9"}],"text":"Whilst the scheme was enthusiastically supported by the right-wing Daily Mail it was denounced as a form of fascism not only by the Communist Party of Great Britain but also by the anti-communist Daily Express, which compared the OMS to the Ku Klux Klan and the Blackshirts.[8] An early speech by one of the group's leaders was deemed unfit for broadcast by the BBC, which feared that it would compromise their impartiality.[9]Brigadier-General William Horwood, the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police also refused to work with what he believed to be a fascist organisation, and by the end of 1925 the government had informed General Sir Robert McCalmont that in the event of any general strike, the OMS would be disbanded and its membership taken over entirely by the government.[9]Still, the OMS had the confidence of some provincial police forces and branches of the Conservative Party despite its inauspicious start.[9]","title":"Reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"William Mitchell-Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mitchell-Thomson,_1st_Baron_Selsdon"},{"link_name":"J.C.C. Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davidson,_1st_Viscount_Davidson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The development of OMS was not regarded as wholly favourable by some government officials, who were concerned at rumours that OMS agents were expecting to supplant official organisations in the event of an emergency.[10] The junior ministers William Mitchell-Thomson and J.C.C. Davidson met the leaders of OMS, who agreed not to establish branches where there were local objections, but to encourage unofficial contacts between the local officials. OMS would concentrate on recruiting lorry drivers rather than those more likely to be employed by local authorities.[11]OMS was short of funds by March 1926, having failed to gain the commercial backing that it hoped.[12] It also lacked the means to train volunteers.[13]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"British Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Following the outbreak of the strike and the introduction by the government of emergency powers, it turned over its membership lists to the new government civil commissioners and so became a state organisation.[14] Although the OMS name continued to be used, any notion of independence was abandoned, and it became an arm of government.[15] The group had some 100,000 members registered at the commencement of the strike, but the middle-class background of many of its volunteers meant that they often proved wholly unsuited to the manual work, such as the running railways and ports.[16]It produced slightly over 5,000 volunteers. Car drivers, lorry drivers and power station workers were the largest groups.[17]It managed to produce the British Gazette, a pro-government newspaper, during the strike.[18]","title":"General Strike"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Fascisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Fascisti"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Rotha Lintorn-Orman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotha_Lintorn-Orman"},{"link_name":"R.B.D. Blakeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.B.D._Blakeney"},{"link_name":"Earl of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_James_Boyle,_8th_Earl_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"National Fascisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fascisti"},{"link_name":"Peter Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Howard_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"New Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Party_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Neil Francis Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Francis_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"British Union of Fascists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists"},{"link_name":"Union Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Movement"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The British Fascisti (BF), which maintained transport and communications units to be used in the event of a strike, provided an organisational structure for the OMS, but there was uncertainty at government level about allowing BF members to join the OMS given fears about their potentially revolutionary nature.[19] Members of the BF were allowed to join only if it agreed to renounce fascism and the BF name, which was rejected by the majority of the group's controlling committee, under Rotha Lintorn-Orman. The minority faction, led by Brigadier-General R.B.D. Blakeney and Rear-Admiral A.E. Armstrong, split to form a new group known as the Loyalists (as well as the Scottish Loyalists under the Earl of Glasgow), which was subsumed into the OMS as soon as the strike began.[20]Still, individual fascists obtained high rank within the OMS. BF member and later co-founder of the National Fascisti Colonel Ralph Bingham worked along with Peter Howard, who had published a magazine for fascists in Ukraine and would later be a member of the New Party. They ran an OMS depot during the strike.[21] The BF's Neil Francis Hawkins, later a leading figure within both the British Union of Fascists and the Union Movement, was also important in the OMS during the strike.[22]","title":"Fascism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Assistance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The OMS can in some ways be compared to 1970s movements such as Civil Assistance, which played on widespread public fear of trade union militancy.[citation needed]","title":"Later organisations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"R. Page Arnet, The General Strike, May 1926: its origins and history, Labour Research Department, 1926; reprint 1967\nRobert Benewick, A study of British fascism: Political Violence and Public Order, Allan Lane, 1969\nStephen Dorril, Blackshirt: Sir Oswald Mosley & British Fascism, Penguin Books, 2007\nA. Mason, 'The Government and the General Strike, 1926', International Review of Social History 14 (1969), pp. 1-22\nAnne Perkins, A Very British Strike: 3–12 May 1926, Macmillan, 2006\nG.A. Phillips, The General Strike: the politics of industrial conflict, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976\nPatrick Renshaw, The General Strike, Taylor & Francis, 1975","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/help/glossary-o.htm","external_links_name":"The Cabinet Papers Glossary - O"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_gods	King of the gods	["1 King of the gods in different cultures","2 List of rulers of pantheons","3 Characteristics","4 See also","5 References","6 Works cited"]	Leading or primary god of a polytheistic pantheon This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "King of the gods" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Indra, the Hindu king of the Devas and Devis As polytheistic systems evolve, there is a tendency for one deity to achieve preeminence as king of the gods. This tendency can parallel the growth of hierarchical systems of political power in which a monarch eventually comes to assume ultimate authority for human affairs. Other gods come to serve in a Divine Council or pantheon; such subsidiary courtier-deities are usually linked by family ties from the union of a single husband or wife, or else from an androgynous divinity who is responsible for the creation. Historically, subsequent social events, such as invasions or shifts in power structures, can cause the previous king of the gods to be displaced by a new divinity, who assumes the displaced god's attributes and functions. Frequently the king of the gods has at least one wife who is the queen of the gods. According to feminist theories of the replacement of original matriarchies by patriarchies, male sky gods tend to supplant female earth goddesses and achieve omnipotence. There is also a tendency for kings of the gods to assume more and more importance, syncretistically assuming the attributes and functions of lesser divinities, who come to be seen as aspects of the single supreme deity. King of the gods in different cultures Examples of kings of the gods in different cultures include: In the Mesopotamian Anunnaki, Enlil displaces Anu and is in turn replaced by Marduk. In the Ancient Egyptian religion, Amun-Ra was the official deity of the Pharaoh and the people of Egypt. In the Canaanite pantheon, Baal (Hadad) displaces El. In the Celtic pantheon, Lugus displaces Nuada. In the Hurrian/Hittite pantheon, Teshub or Tarḫunz or Arinna displaces Kumarbi. In the Armenian Ar, later – Aramazd. In Hinduism, the King of the Gods is Indra, The God of Thunder and lightning and the ruler of heaven. In the Ancient Greek system of Olympian Gods, Cronus displaces Uranus, and Zeus in turn displaces Cronus In Norse mythology, Odin assumes the role as the Allfather or King of the Gods, but Norse mythology has multiple tribes of Gods such as the Æsir and Vanir, and Odin starts off as only the leader of the former. Ancient Iranian Ahura Mazda of the Zoroastrians Dravidian religions: the Supreme Being in Dravidian religion was usually Sivaperuman and had supreme gods based on lands including Murugan, Kadalon, Vendhan, Kotravai, and Thirumal List of rulers of pantheons The leaders of the various pantheons include: Berber pantheon: old: Amun; new: Poseidon Algonquin pantheon: Gitche Manitou Arabian pantheon: Allah Ashanti pantheon: Nyame Australian Aboriginal pantheon: Baiame Aztec pantheon: Huitzilopochtli, Ometeotl, Quetzalcoatl or Tezcatlipoca Basque pantheon: Sugaar or Mari Batak pantheon: (primordial) Debata Ompung Mulajadi na Bolon; (celestial) Batara Guru Canaanite pantheon: El, later Baʿal (now usually identified with Hadad) Carthaginian pantheon: Baʿal Hammon Celtic pantheon: Dagda (Gaels); possibly Lugus (Brythonic/Gallaeci/Gaulish) Chinese pantheon: Yuanshi Tianzun, Jade Emperor, Shangdi, Tian Circassian pantheon: Theshxwe / Tha Dahomey pantheon: Nana Buluku Dravidian pantheon: Sivan, Murugan, Kadalon, Vendhan and Kottravai, and Thirumaal Egyptian pantheon: Old Kingdom: Ra. New Kingdom: Amun Finnic pantheon: Ukko, possibly Ilmarinen Germanic pantheon: Odin Georgian pantheon: Armazi, Ghmerti Gondi pantheon: Kupar Lingo Greek pantheon: Zeus Guarani pantheon: Tupa Haida pantheon: Raven Hawaiian pantheon: Kāne Hindu pantheon: Shiva, Brahma, Vishnu, Indra or Brahman Hittite pantheon: Arinna or Teshub Hopi pantheon: Angwusnasomtaka Inca pantheon: Viracocha Inuit pantheon: Anguta or Anigut but only among the Greenlandic Inuit Japanese pantheon: Amenominakanushi, Izanagi-no-Mikoto, then Amaterasu-Ōmikami Korean pantheon: Haneullim Lakota pantheon: Wakan Tanka or Inyan Lithuanian pantheon: Perkūnas Lusitanian pantheon: Endovelicus Mari pantheon: Kugu Jumo Māori pantheon: Tāne Mayan pantheon: Hunab Ku, Itzamna, Huracan, Kukulkan, Camazotz and Cabrakan. Mbuti pantheon: Khonvoum Meitei pantheon: Sidaba Mapu or Pakhangba Mesopotamian pantheon: Sumerian: An, later Enlil; Babylonian: Marduk Miwok pantheon: Coyote Muisca pantheon: Chiminigagua Nabatean pantheon: Dushara Ossetian pantheon: Xucau Persian pantheon: Ahura Mazda Philippine pantheon: Bathala (Tagalog), Kan-Laon (Visayan) Roman pantheon: Jupiter Sami pantheon: Beaivi Slavic pantheon: Perun or Rod or Svarog Turco-Mongol pantheon: Tengri, Tngri, Qormusta Tengri Vietnamese pantheon: Ông Trời; Lạc Long Quân Vodou pantheon: Bondyé Yahwist pantheon: El, later Yahweh (via syncretism) Yoruba pantheon: Olorun Zulu pantheon: Unkulunkulu, Umvelinqangi Characteristics The following are the characteristics shared by virtually all Kings of the gods: Creation: Most of these gods derive their power from the fact that they created the world, formulated its laws and/or created life forms, notably humans. Examples: Ra, Odin. Dominion over the sky: Many such deities hold control over all aspects of the sky, such as weather, rain, thunderstorms, air, winds and celestial objects like stars. They also control some aspects of Earth like harvest, fertility, plants or mountains. Examples: Zeus, Hadad, Jupiter. Lightning bolts as personal weapons: Commonly seen with sky gods. Divine Wisdom: Some Kings of Gods possess superior wisdom and clairvoyance, compared to most beings. Examples: Ra, Odin. God of the Sun, Daylight or Celestial Fire: Some kings of gods are associated with the Sun, as it is life giving and is a powerful symbol of order. They are said to be in charge of celestial fire, which is purifying by nature. Daylight is also an important phenomenon, as most events take place under its presence. Examples: Ra, Dyaus Pitr. Conquest, Law, Justice, Order, Time and Fate: Most kings of gods have the ability to control the events of battle and grant victory to those who deserve it. They are seen as paragons of law and promote order. They are seen as powerful manifestations of their respective civilizations. Some gods either possess great skill in war or tremendous physical strength. Some of them have some control over time and regulate it with seasons. Others have limited control over the fate of a human. Examples: Zeus, Odin, Ra, Jupiter. Divine authority over other gods: This may be because the concerned head of the pantheon is the father or creator of many gods and goddesses who swear allegiance to him. As a result, the king of the gods makes sure that all deities function properly, punish them for misdeeds, grant or take away immortality from lesser gods etc. Examples: Zeus, Odin, Enlil. Divine rival: In some cases, there may be another god, who is equal in supernatural power and thinks he can do a better job than the current king. This often results in conflict, and in extreme cases, war. Examples: Ra and Apophis; Osiris, Set and Horus; Apollo vs Python ; Mitra and the Daeva; Zeus and Poseidon; Cronos and Uranus; Typhon and Zeus; etc. See also Ancient Greece portalReligion portal Henotheism Kingship and kingdom of God References ^ Compare: Stookey, Lorena Laura (2004). "Primal Parents". Thematic Guide to World Mythology. Thematic Guides to Literature. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 142–143. ISBN 9780313315053. Retrieved 2018-10-20. Myths from many cultures posit the original existence of primal parents, or world parents, that most commonly take the forms of earth mother and sky father . the association of the father with the sky also signifies the ascendancy of the male that occurs with the emergence of patriarchal culture. As agricultural communities are supplanted by warrior societies, the primal parent known as the sky father is readily transformed into another familiar figure, the omnipotent sky god who can also take the form of the sun god or the god of storms. ^ "Marduk (God)". ^ Fee, Christopher R. (2004). Gods, Heroes, & Kings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0190291702. In The Baile in Scail ("The God's Prophecy") Lugh is seen as a sacred solar king and king of the otherworld, associated with Rosmerta, who is herself a kind of personification of Ireland, sometimes known as "the Sovranty of Ireland." Lugh followed Nuada as king of the gods in Ireland, and was with the mortal Dechtire the father of the great hero Cuchulainn. ^ Agrawala, Prithvi Kumar (1984). Goddessess in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-391-02960-6. ^ Doniger, Wendy (2010-09-30). The Hindus: An Alternative History. OUP Oxford. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-19-959334-7. ^ "Dravidian folk religion", Wikipedia, 2019-11-15, retrieved 2019-11-28 ^ Campo 2009, p. 34. ^ Hughes 2013, p. 25. Works cited Campo, Juan E. (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1. Hughes, Aaron W. (2013). "Setting the Stage: Pre-Islamic Arabia". Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam. Columbia University Press. pp. 17–40. ISBN 978-0-231-53192-4. vteLists of mythological figuresBy geography African Albanian Arabian Armenian Australian Aboriginal Aztec Balkan Basque Batak Canaanite Catalan Celtic List Chahta Chinese Efik Egyptian Index List Elamite Estonian Etruscan Finnish Georgian Germanic Anglo-Saxon Greek Mycenaean Guanche Haudenosaunee Hawaiian Hebridean Indian-origin religions Hindu List Rigvedic Buddhist China Japan Jain List Meitei List Hittite Hungarian Hurrian Indonesian Inuit Irish Japanese Kassite Komi Korean Lakota Lithuanian Māori Māʻohi Maya Mesopotamian Micronesian Muskogee Myanmar Native American Zapotec Ossetian Persian Philippine Purépecha Roman Sami Samoan Slavic Turkic Tuvaluan Ugaritic Vainakh Yoruba By association Agriculture Art Beauty Chaos Dawn Creator Death Earth Fate and Time Fertility Fire Fortune Health Household Hunting King of the gods Knowledge Light Liminal Love and Lust Moon List Nations Nature Night Psychopomp Rain Resurrection Sky Smithing Sun List Thunder Tree Trickery List Tutelary Vegetation Volcano War Water Weather Wind Portal Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guardians_of_the_eight_directions_02.JPG"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Devas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Devis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi"},{"link_name":"polytheistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism"},{"link_name":"deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"hierarchical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy"},{"link_name":"political power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(politics)"},{"link_name":"monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch"},{"link_name":"authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Divine Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Council"},{"link_name":"pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)"},{"link_name":"androgynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgyny"},{"link_name":"the creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_myth"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"feminist theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_theories"},{"link_name":"matriarchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchies"},{"link_name":"patriarchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchies"},{"link_name":"sky gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_gods"},{"link_name":"earth goddesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_goddess"},{"link_name":"omnipotence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"syncretistically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism"}],"text":"Indra, the Hindu king of the Devas and DevisAs polytheistic systems evolve, there is a tendency for one deity to achieve preeminence as king of the gods.[citation needed] This tendency can parallel the growth of hierarchical systems of political power in which a monarch eventually comes to assume ultimate authority for human affairs.[citation needed] Other gods come to serve in a Divine Council or pantheon; such subsidiary courtier-deities are usually linked by family ties from the union of a single husband or wife, or else from an androgynous divinity who is responsible for the creation.Historically, subsequent social events, such as invasions or shifts in power structures, can cause the previous king of the gods to be displaced by a new divinity, who assumes the displaced god's attributes and functions.[citation needed] Frequently the king of the gods has at least one wife who is the queen of the gods.According to feminist theories of the replacement of original matriarchies by patriarchies, male sky gods tend to supplant female earth goddesses and achieve omnipotence.[1]There is also a tendency for kings of the gods to assume more and more importance, syncretistically assuming the attributes and functions of lesser divinities, who come to be seen as aspects of the single supreme deity.","title":"King of the gods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mesopotamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Anunnaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anunnaki"},{"link_name":"Enlil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlil"},{"link_name":"Anu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu"},{"link_name":"Marduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Amun-Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun-ra"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion"},{"link_name":"pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Baal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal"},{"link_name":"Hadad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad"},{"link_name":"El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion"},{"link_name":"pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_pantheon"},{"link_name":"Lugus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugus"},{"link_name":"Nuada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuada_Airgetl%C3%A1m"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hurrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrians"},{"link_name":"Hittite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites"},{"link_name":"Teshub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teshub"},{"link_name":"Tarḫunz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%E1%B8%ABunz"},{"link_name":"Arinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arinna"},{"link_name":"Kumarbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarbi"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Aramazd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramazd"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Olympian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Olympians"},{"link_name":"Cronus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Norse mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Odin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin"},{"link_name":"Allfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin"},{"link_name":"Æsir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir"},{"link_name":"Vanir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir"},{"link_name":"Ancient Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Ahura Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"Dravidian religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Supreme Being","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"Sivaperuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadashiva"},{"link_name":"Murugan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murugan"},{"link_name":"Kadalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna"},{"link_name":"Vendhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"Kotravai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korravai"},{"link_name":"Thirumal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirumal"}],"text":"Examples of kings of the gods in different cultures include:In the Mesopotamian Anunnaki, Enlil displaces Anu and is in turn replaced by Marduk.[2]\nIn the Ancient Egyptian religion, Amun-Ra was the official deity of the Pharaoh and the people of Egypt.\nIn the Canaanite pantheon, Baal (Hadad) displaces El.\nIn the Celtic pantheon, Lugus displaces Nuada.[3]\nIn the Hurrian/Hittite pantheon, Teshub or Tarḫunz or Arinna displaces Kumarbi.\nIn the Armenian Ar, later – Aramazd.\nIn Hinduism, the King of the Gods is Indra, The God of Thunder and lightning and the ruler of heaven.[4][5]In the Ancient Greek system of Olympian Gods, Cronus displaces Uranus, and Zeus in turn displaces Cronus\nIn Norse mythology, Odin assumes the role as the Allfather or King of the Gods, but Norse mythology has multiple tribes of Gods such as the Æsir and Vanir, and Odin starts off as only the leader of the former.\nAncient Iranian Ahura Mazda of the Zoroastrians\nDravidian religions:[6] the Supreme Being in Dravidian religion was usually Sivaperuman and had supreme gods based on lands including Murugan, Kadalon, Vendhan, Kotravai, and Thirumal","title":"King of the gods in different cultures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berber pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion"},{"link_name":"Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:King_of_the_gods#Dubious"},{"link_name":"Algonquin pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs"},{"link_name":"Gitche Manitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitche_Manitou"},{"link_name":"Arabian pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo200934-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201325-8"},{"link_name":"Ashanti pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_mythology"},{"link_name":"Nyame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyame"},{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology"},{"link_name":"Baiame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiame"},{"link_name":"Aztec pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_mythology#gods"},{"link_name":"Huitzilopochtli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huitzilopochtli"},{"link_name":"Ometeotl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ometeotl"},{"link_name":"Quetzalcoatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatl"},{"link_name":"Tezcatlipoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezcatlipoca"},{"link_name":"Basque pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_mythology"},{"link_name":"Sugaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugaar"},{"link_name":"Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Batak pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_mythology"},{"link_name":"Batara Guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batara_Guru"},{"link_name":"Canaanite pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion#Deities"},{"link_name":"El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Baʿal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal"},{"link_name":"Hadad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad"},{"link_name":"Carthaginian pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_religion"},{"link_name":"Baʿal Hammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal_Hammon"},{"link_name":"Celtic pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_pantheon"},{"link_name":"Dagda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dagda"},{"link_name":"Gaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaels#Religion"},{"link_name":"Lugus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugus"},{"link_name":"Brythonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Britons"},{"link_name":"Gallaeci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaeci#Gallaecian_deities"},{"link_name":"Gaulish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion"},{"link_name":"Chinese pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mythology"},{"link_name":"Yuanshi Tianzun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuanshi_Tianzun"},{"link_name":"Jade Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Shangdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangdi"},{"link_name":"Tian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian"},{"link_name":"Circassian pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adyghe_Khabze"},{"link_name":"Theshxwe / Tha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian_paganism"},{"link_name":"Dahomey pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey_mythology"},{"link_name":"Nana Buluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Buluku"},{"link_name":"Dravidian pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Sivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadashiva"},{"link_name":"Murugan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murugan"},{"link_name":"Kadalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna"},{"link_name":"Vendhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"Kottravai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korravai"},{"link_name":"Thirumaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirumal"},{"link_name":"Egyptian pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pantheon"},{"link_name":"Old Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"link_name":"Finnic pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnic_mythologies"},{"link_name":"Ukko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukko"},{"link_name":"Ilmarinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmarinen"},{"link_name":"Germanic pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_mythology"},{"link_name":"Odin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin"},{"link_name":"Georgian pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Armazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armazi_(god)"},{"link_name":"Gondi pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondi_people#Religion"},{"link_name":"Greek pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Olympians"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Guarani pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_mythology"},{"link_name":"Tupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tup%C3%A3_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Haida pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_mythology"},{"link_name":"Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_in_mythology#Natives_of_the_North_American_Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_religion"},{"link_name":"Kāne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ne"},{"link_name":"Hindu pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deities"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman"},{"link_name":"Hittite pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_mythology"},{"link_name":"Arinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arinna"},{"link_name":"Teshub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teshub"},{"link_name":"Hopi pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi_mythology"},{"link_name":"Angwusnasomtaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angwusnasomtaka"},{"link_name":"Inca pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_mythology"},{"link_name":"Viracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"link_name":"Inuit pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_mythology"},{"link_name":"Anguta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguta"},{"link_name":"Greenlandic Inuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaallit"},{"link_name":"Japanese pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities"},{"link_name":"Amenominakanushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenominakanushi"},{"link_name":"Izanagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izanagi"},{"link_name":"Amaterasu-Ōmikami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaterasu-%C5%8Cmikami"},{"link_name":"Korean pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_mythology"},{"link_name":"Haneullim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haneullim"},{"link_name":"Lakota pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_mythology"},{"link_name":"Wakan Tanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakan_Tanka"},{"link_name":"Inyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyan"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Perkūnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perk%C5%ABnas"},{"link_name":"Lusitanian pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Endovelicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endovelicus"},{"link_name":"Mari pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Native_Religion"},{"link_name":"Kugu Jumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kugu_Jumo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Māori pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology"},{"link_name":"Tāne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81ne"},{"link_name":"Mayan pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings"},{"link_name":"Hunab Ku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunab_Ku"},{"link_name":"Itzamna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzamna"},{"link_name":"Huracan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huracan"},{"link_name":"Kukulkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukulkan"},{"link_name":"Camazotz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camazotz"},{"link_name":"Cabrakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrakan"},{"link_name":"Mbuti pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti_mythology"},{"link_name":"Khonvoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khonvoum"},{"link_name":"Meitei pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_mythology"},{"link_name":"Sidaba Mapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidaba_Mapu"},{"link_name":"Pakhangba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhangba"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_religion"},{"link_name":"Sumerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_religion"},{"link_name":"An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu"},{"link_name":"Enlil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlil"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_religion"},{"link_name":"Marduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk"},{"link_name":"Miwok pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miwok_mythology"},{"link_name":"Coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Muisca pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_mythology"},{"link_name":"Chiminigagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiminigagua"},{"link_name":"Nabatean pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataean_religion"},{"link_name":"Dushara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushara"},{"link_name":"Ossetian pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uatsdin"},{"link_name":"Xucau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xucau"},{"link_name":"Persian pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ahura Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda"},{"link_name":"Philippine pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deities_of_Philippine_mythology"},{"link_name":"Bathala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathala"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_people"},{"link_name":"Kan-Laon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan-Laon"},{"link_name":"Visayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayan_people"},{"link_name":"Roman pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Sami pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_shamanism"},{"link_name":"Beaivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaivi"},{"link_name":"Slavic pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deities_of_Slavic_religion"},{"link_name":"Perun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perun"},{"link_name":"Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_(Slavic_religion)"},{"link_name":"Svarog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarog"},{"link_name":"Turco-Mongol pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Mongol_mythology"},{"link_name":"Tengri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengri"},{"link_name":"Tngri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tngri"},{"link_name":"Qormusta Tengri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qormusta_Tengri"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ông Trời","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ng_Tr%E1%BB%9Di"},{"link_name":"Lạc Long Quân","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Long_Qu%C3%A2n"},{"link_name":"Vodou pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou#Bondy%C3%A9_and_the_lwa"},{"link_name":"Bondyé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondy%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Yahwist pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwism"},{"link_name":"El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Yahweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"Yoruba pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_religion"},{"link_name":"Olorun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olorun"},{"link_name":"Zulu pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_mythology"},{"link_name":"Unkulunkulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkulunkulu"},{"link_name":"Umvelinqangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umvelinqangi"}],"text":"The leaders of the various pantheons include:Berber pantheon: old: Amun; new: Poseidon[dubious – discuss]\nAlgonquin pantheon: Gitche Manitou\nArabian pantheon: Allah[7][8]\nAshanti pantheon: Nyame\nAustralian Aboriginal pantheon: Baiame\nAztec pantheon: Huitzilopochtli, Ometeotl, Quetzalcoatl or Tezcatlipoca\nBasque pantheon: Sugaar or Mari\nBatak pantheon: (primordial) Debata Ompung Mulajadi na Bolon; (celestial) Batara Guru\nCanaanite pantheon: El, later Baʿal (now usually identified with Hadad)\nCarthaginian pantheon: Baʿal Hammon\nCeltic pantheon: Dagda (Gaels); possibly Lugus (Brythonic/Gallaeci/Gaulish)\nChinese pantheon: Yuanshi Tianzun, Jade Emperor, Shangdi, Tian\nCircassian pantheon: Theshxwe / Tha\nDahomey pantheon: Nana Buluku\nDravidian pantheon: Sivan, Murugan, Kadalon, Vendhan and Kottravai, and Thirumaal\nEgyptian pantheon: Old Kingdom: Ra. New Kingdom: Amun\nFinnic pantheon: Ukko, possibly Ilmarinen\nGermanic pantheon: Odin\nGeorgian pantheon: Armazi, Ghmerti\nGondi pantheon: Kupar Lingo\nGreek pantheon: Zeus\nGuarani pantheon: Tupa\nHaida pantheon: Raven\nHawaiian pantheon: Kāne\nHindu pantheon: Shiva, Brahma, Vishnu, Indra or Brahman\nHittite pantheon: Arinna or Teshub\nHopi pantheon: Angwusnasomtaka\nInca pantheon: Viracocha\nInuit pantheon: Anguta or Anigut but only among the Greenlandic Inuit\nJapanese pantheon: Amenominakanushi, Izanagi-no-Mikoto, then Amaterasu-Ōmikami\nKorean pantheon: Haneullim\nLakota pantheon: Wakan Tanka or Inyan\nLithuanian pantheon: Perkūnas\nLusitanian pantheon: Endovelicus\nMari pantheon: Kugu Jumo\nMāori pantheon: Tāne\nMayan pantheon: Hunab Ku, Itzamna, Huracan, Kukulkan, Camazotz and Cabrakan.\nMbuti pantheon: Khonvoum\nMeitei pantheon: Sidaba Mapu or Pakhangba\nMesopotamian pantheon: Sumerian: An, later Enlil; Babylonian: Marduk\nMiwok pantheon: Coyote\nMuisca pantheon: Chiminigagua\nNabatean pantheon: Dushara\nOssetian pantheon: Xucau\nPersian pantheon: Ahura Mazda\nPhilippine pantheon: Bathala (Tagalog), Kan-Laon (Visayan)\nRoman pantheon: Jupiter\nSami pantheon: Beaivi\nSlavic pantheon: Perun or Rod or Svarog\nTurco-Mongol pantheon: Tengri, Tngri, Qormusta Tengri\nVietnamese pantheon: Ông Trời; Lạc Long Quân\nVodou pantheon: Bondyé\nYahwist pantheon: El, later Yahweh (via syncretism)\nYoruba pantheon: Olorun\nZulu pantheon: Unkulunkulu, Umvelinqangi","title":"List of rulers of pantheons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_deity"},{"link_name":"Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra"},{"link_name":"Odin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin"},{"link_name":"Dominion over the sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_deity"},{"link_name":"weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_god"},{"link_name":"rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rain_deities"},{"link_name":"air, winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wind_deities"},{"link_name":"harvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_deities"},{"link_name":"fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fertility_deities"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nature_deities"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Hadad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Lightning bolts as personal weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thunder_gods"},{"link_name":"Divine Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_knowledge_deities"},{"link_name":"clairvoyance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairvoyance"},{"link_name":"God of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_the_sun"},{"link_name":"Daylight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_light_deities"},{"link_name":"Dyaus Pitr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyaus_Pitr"},{"link_name":"Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_war_deities"},{"link_name":"Time and Fate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities"},{"link_name":"seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deities_and_personifications_of_seasons"},{"link_name":"Enlil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlil"},{"link_name":"Ra and Apophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apep#Battles_with_Ra"},{"link_name":"Osiris, Set and Horus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris_myth#Conflict_of_Horus_and_Set"},{"link_name":"Apollo vs Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_vs_Python&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daeva"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Cronos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Typhon and Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhon#Battle_with_Zeus"}],"text":"The following are the characteristics shared by virtually all Kings of the gods:Creation: Most of these gods derive their power from the fact that they created the world, formulated its laws and/or created life forms, notably humans. Examples: Ra, Odin.\nDominion over the sky: Many such deities hold control over all aspects of the sky, such as weather, rain, thunderstorms, air, winds and celestial objects like stars. They also control some aspects of Earth like harvest, fertility, plants or mountains. Examples: Zeus, Hadad, Jupiter.\nLightning bolts as personal weapons: Commonly seen with sky gods.\nDivine Wisdom: Some Kings of Gods possess superior wisdom and clairvoyance, compared to most beings. Examples: Ra, Odin.\nGod of the Sun, Daylight or Celestial Fire: Some kings of gods are associated with the Sun, as it is life giving and is a powerful symbol of order. They are said to be in charge of celestial fire, which is purifying by nature. Daylight is also an important phenomenon, as most events take place under its presence. Examples: Ra, Dyaus Pitr.\nConquest, Law, Justice, Order, Time and Fate: Most kings of gods have the ability to control the events of battle and grant victory to those who deserve it. They are seen as paragons of law and promote order. They are seen as powerful manifestations of their respective civilizations. Some gods either possess great skill in war or tremendous physical strength. Some of them have some control over time and regulate it with seasons. Others have limited control over the fate of a human. Examples: Zeus, Odin, Ra, Jupiter.\nDivine authority over other gods: This may be because the concerned head of the pantheon is the father or creator of many gods and goddesses who swear allegiance to him. As a result, the king of the gods makes sure that all deities function properly, punish them for misdeeds, grant or take away immortality from lesser gods etc. Examples: Zeus, Odin, Enlil.\nDivine rival: In some cases, there may be another god, who is equal in supernatural power and thinks he can do a better job than the current king. This often results in conflict, and in extreme cases, war. Examples: Ra and Apophis; Osiris, Set and Horus; Apollo vs Python ; Mitra and the Daeva; Zeus and Poseidon; Cronos and Uranus; Typhon and Zeus; etc.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8160-5454-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1"},{"link_name":"Hughes, Aaron W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_W._Hughes"},{"link_name":"\"Setting the Stage: Pre-Islamic Arabia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZmGrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-53192-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53192-4"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:List_of_mythological_figures_by_region"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_mythological_figures_by_region"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_mythological_figures_by_region"},{"link_name":"Lists of mythological figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_deities"},{"link_name":"By geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_deities_by_cultural_sphere"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_mythological_figures"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs"},{"link_name":"Arabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pre-Islamic_Arabian_deities"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_mythology#Pantheon"},{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_mythological_figures"},{"link_name":"Aztec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aztec_gods_and_supernatural_beings"},{"link_name":"Balkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Basque_mythological_figures"},{"link_name":"Batak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_mythology"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion#Deities"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_myths_and_legends"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_deities"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities"},{"link_name":"Chahta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw_mythology"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals"},{"link_name":"Efik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efik_mythology"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Egyptian_mythology_articles"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities"},{"link_name":"Elamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam#List_of_Elamite_gods"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_mythology#Estonian_mythological_and_literary_mythological_beings,_deities_and_legendary_heroes"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Etruscan_mythological_figures"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_mythology#Heroes,_gods_and_spirits"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Saxon_deities"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures"},{"link_name":"Mycenaean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities"},{"link_name":"Guanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs"},{"link_name":"Haudenosaunee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_mythology"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_figures_in_the_Hawaiian_religion"},{"link_name":"Hebridean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebridean_mythology_and_folklore"},{"link_name":"Indian-origin religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deities"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_deities"},{"link_name":"Rigvedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_deities"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_deities"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chinese_Buddhist_Pantheon"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon"},{"link_name":"Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Jainism"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tirthankaras"},{"link_name":"Meitei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_deities"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deities_in_Sanamahism"},{"link_name":"Hittite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion#List_of_Hittite_deities"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Hurrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hurrian_deities"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_deities"},{"link_name":"Inuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_religion"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_mythological_figures"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities"},{"link_name":"Kassite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassite_deities"},{"link_name":"Komi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_mythology"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_mythology"},{"link_name":"Lakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lakota_deities"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_gods_and_mythological_figures"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_deities"},{"link_name":"Māʻohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities"},{"link_name":"Micronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Muskogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Native_American_deities"},{"link_name":"Zapotec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Zapotec_deities"},{"link_name":"Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shahnameh_characters"},{"link_name":"Philippine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philippine_mythological_figures"},{"link_name":"Purépecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_deities"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities"},{"link_name":"Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism"},{"link_name":"Samoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_mythology"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slavic_deities"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_mythological_figures"},{"link_name":"Tuvaluan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ugaritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ugaritic_deities"},{"link_name":"Vainakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vainakh_religion"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yoruba_deities"},{"link_name":"By association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deities_by_classification"},{"link_name":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_deities"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_art_deities"},{"link_name":"Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beauty_deities"},{"link_name":"Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_gods"},{"link_name":"Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_deities"},{"link_name":"Creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_deity"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_death_deities"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earth_deities"},{"link_name":"Fate and Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities"},{"link_name":"Fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fertility_deities"},{"link_name":"Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fire_gods"},{"link_name":"Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fortune_deities"},{"link_name":"Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_health_deities"},{"link_name":"Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_deity"},{"link_name":"Hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities"},{"link_name":"King of the gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_knowledge_deities"},{"link_name":"Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_light_deities"},{"link_name":"Liminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liminal_deity"},{"link_name":"Love and Lust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_deity"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lunar_deities"},{"link_name":"Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_god"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nature_deities"},{"link_name":"Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_night_deities"},{"link_name":"Psychopomp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopomp"},{"link_name":"Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rain_deities"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity"},{"link_name":"Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_deity"},{"link_name":"Smithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithing_gods"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_deity"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_deities"},{"link_name":"Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thunder_gods"},{"link_name":"Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tree_deities"},{"link_name":"Trickery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickster"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_tricksters"},{"link_name":"Tutelary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutelary_deity"},{"link_name":"Vegetation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetation_deity"},{"link_name":"Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_deity"},{"link_name":"War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_war_deities"},{"link_name":"Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_water_deities"},{"link_name":"Weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_god"},{"link_name":"Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wind_deities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mythology"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Spirits"}],"text":"Campo, Juan E. (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1.\nHughes, Aaron W. (2013). \"Setting the Stage: Pre-Islamic Arabia\". Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam. Columbia University Press. pp. 17–40. ISBN 978-0-231-53192-4.vteLists of mythological figuresBy geography\nAfrican\nAlbanian\nArabian\nArmenian\nAustralian Aboriginal\nAztec\nBalkan\nBasque\nBatak\nCanaanite\nCatalan\nCeltic\nList\nChahta\nChinese\nEfik\nEgyptian\nIndex\nList\nElamite\nEstonian\nEtruscan\nFinnish\nGeorgian\nGermanic\nAnglo-Saxon\nGreek\nMycenaean\nGuanche\nHaudenosaunee\nHawaiian\nHebridean\nIndian-origin religions\nHindu\nList\nRigvedic\nBuddhist\nChina\nJapan\nJain\nList\nMeitei\nList\nHittite\nHungarian\nHurrian\nIndonesian\nInuit\nIrish\nJapanese\nKassite\nKomi\nKorean\nLakota\nLithuanian\nMāori\nMāʻohi\nMaya\nMesopotamian\nMicronesian\nMuskogee\nMyanmar\nNative American\nZapotec\nOssetian\nPersian\nPhilippine\nPurépecha\nRoman\nSami\nSamoan\nSlavic\nTurkic\nTuvaluan\nUgaritic\nVainakh\nYoruba\nBy association\nAgriculture\nArt\nBeauty\nChaos\nDawn\nCreator\nDeath\nEarth\nFate and Time\nFertility\nFire\nFortune\nHealth\nHousehold\nHunting\nKing of the gods\nKnowledge\nLight\nLiminal\nLove and Lust\nMoon\nList\nNations\nNature\nNight\nPsychopomp\nRain\nResurrection\nSky\nSmithing\nSun\nList\nThunder\nTree\nTrickery\nList\nTutelary\nVegetation\nVolcano\nWar\nWater\nWeather\nWind\n\n Portal\n Category","title":"Works cited"}]	[{"image_text":"Indra, the Hindu king of the Devas and Devis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Guardians_of_the_eight_directions_02.JPG/220px-Guardians_of_the_eight_directions_02.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Ancient Greece portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"title":"Religion portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"},{"title":"Henotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotheism"},{"title":"Kingship and kingdom of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God"}]	[{"reference":"Stookey, Lorena Laura (2004). \"Primal Parents\". Thematic Guide to World Mythology. Thematic Guides to Literature. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 142–143. ISBN 9780313315053. Retrieved 2018-10-20. Myths from many cultures posit the original existence of [...] primal parents, or world parents, that most commonly take the forms of earth mother and sky father [...]. [...] the association of the father with the sky also signifies the ascendancy of the male that occurs with the emergence of patriarchal culture. [...] As agricultural communities are supplanted by warrior societies, the primal parent known as the sky father is readily transformed into another familiar figure, the omnipotent sky god who can also take the form of the sun god or the god of storms.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/thematicguidetow00lore","url_text":"Thematic Guide to World Mythology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/thematicguidetow00lore/page/142","url_text":"142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313315053","url_text":"9780313315053"}]},{"reference":"\"Marduk (God)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/marduk/","url_text":"\"Marduk (God)\""}]},{"reference":"Fee, Christopher R. (2004). Gods, Heroes, & Kings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0190291702. In The Baile in Scail (\"The God's Prophecy\") Lugh is seen as a sacred solar king and king of the otherworld, associated with Rosmerta, who is herself a kind of personification of Ireland, sometimes known as \"the Sovranty of Ireland.\" Lugh followed Nuada as king of the gods in Ireland, and was with the mortal Dechtire the father of the great hero Cuchulainn.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0190291702","url_text":"0190291702"}]},{"reference":"Agrawala, Prithvi Kumar (1984). Goddessess [sic] in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-391-02960-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6FHvf59ceLEC&pg=PA47","url_text":"Goddessess [sic] in Ancient India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02960-6","url_text":"978-0-391-02960-6"}]},{"reference":"Doniger, Wendy (2010-09-30). The Hindus: An Alternative History. OUP Oxford. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-19-959334-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC&pg=PA12","url_text":"The Hindus: An Alternative History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959334-7","url_text":"978-0-19-959334-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Dravidian folk religion\", Wikipedia, 2019-11-15, retrieved 2019-11-28","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dravidian_folk_religion&oldid=926342453","url_text":"\"Dravidian folk religion\""}]},{"reference":"Campo, Juan E. (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1","url_text":"978-0-8160-5454-1"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Aaron W. (2013). \"Setting the Stage: Pre-Islamic Arabia\". Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam. Columbia University Press. pp. 17–40. ISBN 978-0-231-53192-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_W._Hughes","url_text":"Hughes, Aaron W."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmGrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17","url_text":"\"Setting the Stage: Pre-Islamic Arabia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53192-4","url_text":"978-0-231-53192-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22King+of+the+gods%22","external_links_name":"\"King of the gods\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22King+of+the+gods%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22King+of+the+gods%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22King+of+the+gods%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22King+of+the+gods%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22King+of+the+gods%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/thematicguidetow00lore","external_links_name":"Thematic Guide to World Mythology"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/thematicguidetow00lore/page/142","external_links_name":"142"},{"Link":"http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/marduk/","external_links_name":"\"Marduk (God)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6FHvf59ceLEC&pg=PA47","external_links_name":"Goddessess [sic] in Ancient India"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC&pg=PA12","external_links_name":"The Hindus: An Alternative History"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dravidian_folk_religion&oldid=926342453","external_links_name":"\"Dravidian folk religion\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Islam"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmGrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"\"Setting the Stage: Pre-Islamic Arabia\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_the_Home_Fires_Burning_(1914_song)	Keep the Home Fires Burning (Ivor Novello song)	["1 Lyrics","2 In popular culture","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	Song"Keep the Home-Fires Burning"Sheet music cover (1915 edition)SongWritten1914Composer(s)Ivor NovelloLyricist(s)Lena Guilbert Ford "Keep the Home-Fires Burning (Till the Boys Come Home)" is a British patriotic First World War song composed in 1914 by Ivor Novello with words by Lena Guilbert Ford (whose middle name was sometimes printed as "Gilbert"). The song was published first as "'Till the Boys Come Home" on 8 October 1914 by Ascherberg, Hopwood and Crew Ltd. in London. A new edition was printed in 1915 with the name "Keep the Home-Fires Burning". The song became very popular in the United Kingdom during the war, along with "It's a Long Way to Tipperary". James F. Harrison recorded "Keep the Home-Fires Burning" in 1915, as did Stanley Kirkby in 1916. Another popular recording was sung by tenor John McCormack in 1917, who was also the first to record "It's a Long Way to Tipperary" in 1914. (See External links below to hear these recordings of "Keep the Home-Fires Burning".) Other versions include one by Frederick J. Wheeler and one by the duet Reed Miller & Frederick Wheeler. The lyricist Lena Ford was killed in March 1918 during a German air raid on her home in Warrington Crescent in Maida Vale. There is a misconception that Ivor Novello's mother wrote the lyrics for the song (propagated—for example—by patter in recorded performances of British musical comedy duo Hinge and Bracket) but Lena Ford (an American) was a friend and collaborator of Novello, not a blood relation. The opening of the melody bears a resemblance to Gustav Holst's setting of the Christmas Carol "In the Bleak Midwinter". Keep the Home Fires Burning Performed by Frederick Wheeler for Edison Records in late 1915 Problems playing this file? See media help. Lyrics They were summoned from the hillside, They were called in from the glen, And the country found them ready At the stirring call for men Let no tears add to their hardships As the soldiers pass along, And although your heart is breaking, Make it sing this cheery song: Refrain Keep the Home Fires Burning, While your hearts are yearning. Though your lads are far away They dream of home. There's a silver lining Through the dark cloud shining, Turn the dark cloud inside out Till the boys come home. Overseas there came a pleading, "Help a nation in distress." And we gave our glorious laddies— Honour made us do no less, For no gallant son of Freedom To a tyrant's yoke should bend, And a noble heart must answer To the sacred call of "Friend". Refrain In popular culture The song is sung by Joan Fontaine and a group of British soldiers in the 1942 film This Above All. The song was included in the 1969 musical Oh! What a Lovely War and in the 1970 musical film Darling Lili. The song is heard playing in the background of the train station scene in Episode 4 of the fourth season of the British drama Upstairs Downstairs. The episode is called "Women Shall Not Weep". The scene sees the character of Edward (footman) saying farewell to his new wife Daisy (housemaid) at the railway station, as he departs for the trenches in France in 1915. The song is featured in the 1981 film Chariots of Fire. In the 2002 film Gosford Park, the guests at a country house are entertained by Novello (played by Jeremy Northam), who performs the song on the piano. In the film Johnny Got His Gun when the characters are celebrating a Christmas party; this clip was later used at the end of Metallica's music video, "One". Featured in the Seán O'Casey play The Plough and the Stars. The last refrain is sung by the employees of Are You Being Served? in the episode "Camping In." The main chorus is sung by the entire cast of MAS*H in the episode "War of Nerves" (Season 6, episode 5) during a stress-relieving "bon-type-fire". The song is briefly heard in a scene of new army recruits marching in a parade in the 1930 film A Soldier's Plaything. The song is performed at the conclusion of The Still Alarm (1925), a one-act play by George S. Kaufman. The song is performed in the 1976 film Aces High. The song is sung by a chorus of British army soldiers awaiting rescue at Dunkirk in the 2007 movie Atonement. References ^ Pegler, Martin, Soldiers' Songs and Slang of the Great War, Osprey Publishing, 2014, ISBN 9781427804150, p. 248. ^ a b home fire burning Fuld, James J. (2000). The book of world-famous music: classical, popular and folk. Courier Dover Publications. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-486-41475-1. Retrieved 3 March 2010. ^ Paas, John Roger (2014). America Sings of War: American Sheet Music from World War I. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 39, ISBN 9783447102780. ^ Gough, Barry. Churchill and Fisher: The titans at the Admiralty who fought the First World War. James Lorimer & Company, 2017. p.427 ^ Ford, "Keep The Home-Fires Burning" (Sheet music). ^ "Upstairs, Downstairs - Season Four". www.updown.org.uk. Bibliography Ford, Lena Guilbert (w.); Novello, Ivor (m.). "Keep the Home-Fires Burning ('Till the Boys Come Home)"(Sheet music). New York: Chappell & Co. Ltd. (1915). External links "'Till The Boys Come Home", James F. Harrison (Edison Blue Amberol 2773, 1915)—Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project. Vintage Audio: Keep The Home Fires Burning—www.firstworldwar.com (1917 McCormack recording and 1916 Kirkby recording). Authority control databases National United States Other MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_song#World_War_I_songs"},{"link_name":"Ivor Novello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Novello"},{"link_name":"Lena Guilbert Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Guilbert_Ford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuld-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuld-2"},{"link_name":"It's a Long Way to Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Long_Way_to_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kirkby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kirkby"},{"link_name":"John McCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCormack_(tenor)"},{"link_name":"External links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_the_Home_Fires_Burning_(1914_song)#External_links"},{"link_name":"Frederick J. Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_J._Wheeler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"German air raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_bombing_of_Britain,_1914%E2%80%931918"},{"link_name":"Warrington Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington_Crescent"},{"link_name":"Maida Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Vale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hinge and Bracket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinge_and_Bracket"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"In the Bleak Midwinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Bleak_Midwinter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Keep the Home Fires Burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keep_the_Home_Fires_Burning_-_Frederick_Wheeler.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"}],"text":"Song\"Keep the Home-Fires Burning (Till the Boys Come Home)\" is a British patriotic First World War song composed in 1914 by Ivor Novello with words by Lena Guilbert Ford (whose middle name was sometimes printed as \"Gilbert\").[1]The song was published first as \"'Till the Boys Come Home\" on 8 October 1914 by Ascherberg, Hopwood and Crew Ltd. in London.[2] \nA new edition was printed in 1915 with the name \"Keep the Home-Fires Burning\".[2] The song became very popular in the United Kingdom during the war, along with \"It's a Long Way to Tipperary\".[citation needed]James F. Harrison recorded \"Keep the Home-Fires Burning\" in 1915, as did Stanley Kirkby in 1916. Another popular recording was sung by tenor John McCormack in 1917, who was also the first to record \"It's a Long Way to Tipperary\" in 1914. (See External links below to hear these recordings of \"Keep the Home-Fires Burning\".) Other versions include one by Frederick J. Wheeler and one by the duet Reed Miller & Frederick Wheeler.[3]The lyricist Lena Ford was killed in March 1918 during a German air raid on her home in Warrington Crescent in Maida Vale.[4] There is a misconception that Ivor Novello's mother wrote the lyrics for the song (propagated—for example—by patter in recorded performances of British musical comedy duo Hinge and Bracket) but Lena Ford (an American) was a friend and collaborator of Novello, not a blood relation.[citation needed]The opening of the melody bears a resemblance to Gustav Holst's setting of the Christmas Carol \"In the Bleak Midwinter\".[citation needed]Keep the Home Fires Burning\n\nPerformed by Frederick Wheeler for Edison Records in late 1915\nProblems playing this file? See media help.","title":"Keep the Home Fires Burning (Ivor Novello song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"nation in distress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"They were summoned from the hillside,\nThey were called in from the glen,\nAnd the country found them ready\nAt the stirring call for men\nLet no tears add to their hardships\nAs the soldiers pass along,\nAnd although your heart is breaking,\nMake it sing this cheery song:Refrain\nKeep the Home Fires Burning,\nWhile your hearts are yearning.\nThough your lads are far away\nThey dream of home.\nThere's a silver lining\nThrough the dark cloud shining,\nTurn the dark cloud inside out\nTill the boys come home.Overseas there came a pleading,\n\"Help a nation in distress.\"\nAnd we gave our glorious laddies—\nHonour made us do no less, [or Honour bade us do no less]\nFor no gallant son of Freedom [or For no gallant Son of Britain]\nTo a tyrant's yoke should bend, [or To a foreign yoke shall bend]\nAnd a noble heart must answer [or And no Englishman is silent]\nTo the sacred call of \"Friend\".Refrain[5]","title":"Lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joan Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"This Above All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Above_All_(film)"},{"link_name":"Oh! What a Lovely War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!_What_a_Lovely_War"},{"link_name":"Darling Lili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_Lili"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chariots of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Gosford Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosford_Park"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Northam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Northam"},{"link_name":"Johnny Got His Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Got_His_Gun_(film)"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_(Metallica_song)"},{"link_name":"Seán O'Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey"},{"link_name":"The Plough and the Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plough_and_the_Stars"},{"link_name":"Are You Being Served?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Being_Served%3F"},{"link_name":"MASH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASH_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"George S. Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Kaufman"},{"link_name":"Aces High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aces_High_(film)"},{"link_name":"Atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_(2007_film)"}],"text":"The song is sung by Joan Fontaine and a group of British soldiers in the 1942 film This Above All.\nThe song was included in the 1969 musical Oh! What a Lovely War and in the 1970 musical film Darling Lili.\nThe song is heard playing in the background of the train station scene in Episode 4 of the fourth season of the British drama Upstairs Downstairs. The episode is called \"Women Shall Not Weep\". The scene sees the character of Edward (footman) saying farewell to his new wife Daisy (housemaid) at the railway station, as he departs for the trenches in France in 1915.[6]\nThe song is featured in the 1981 film Chariots of Fire.\nIn the 2002 film Gosford Park, the guests at a country house are entertained by Novello (played by Jeremy Northam), who performs the song on the piano.\nIn the film Johnny Got His Gun when the characters are celebrating a Christmas party; this clip was later used at the end of Metallica's music video, \"One\".\nFeatured in the Seán O'Casey play The Plough and the Stars.\nThe last refrain is sung by the employees of Are You Being Served? in the episode \"Camping In.\"\nThe main chorus is sung by the entire cast of MAS*H in the episode \"War of Nerves\" (Season 6, episode 5) during a stress-relieving \"bon-type-fire\".\nThe song is briefly heard in a scene of new army recruits marching in a parade in the 1930 film A Soldier's Plaything.\nThe song is performed at the conclusion of The Still Alarm (1925), a one-act play by George S. Kaufman.\nThe song is performed in the 1976 film Aces High.\nThe song is sung by a chorus of British army soldiers awaiting rescue at Dunkirk in the 2007 movie Atonement.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ford, Lena Guilbert (w.); Novello, Ivor (m.). \"Keep the Home-Fires Burning ('Till the Boys Come Home)\"(Sheet music). New York: Chappell & Co. Ltd. (1915).","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Fuld, James J. (2000). The book of world-famous music: classical, popular and folk. Courier Dover Publications. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-486-41475-1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthymia_(medicine)	Euthymia (medicine)	["1 See also","2 References"]	Tranquil mental state or mood In psychiatry and psychology, euthymia is a normal, tranquil mental state or mood. In those with bipolar disorder, euthymia is a stable mental state or mood that is neither manic nor depressive. Achieving euthymia is the goal of the treatment for bipolar patients. Euthymia is also the “baseline” of other cyclical mood disorders like major depressive disorder (MDD), as well as borderline personality disorder (BPD) and narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). This state is the goal of psychiatric and psychological interventions. The term euthymia is derived from the Greek words ευ eu 'well' and θυμός thymos 'soul, emotion'. The word “thymos” also had four additional meanings: life energy; feelings and passions; desires and inclinations; and thought or intelligence. Euthymia is also derived from a verb, “euthymeo”, that means both “I am happy, in good spirits” and “I make others happy, I reassure and encourage”. This is the basis on which the first formal definition of euthymia was built. Democritus, who coined the philosophical concept of euthymia, said that euthymia is achieved when “one is satisfied with what is present and available, taking little heed of people who are envied and admired and observing the lives of those who suffer and yet endure”. This was later amended in the translation given by the Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger in which euthymia means a state of internal calm and contentment. Seneca was also the first to link the state of euthymia to a learning process; in order to achieve it, one must be aware of psychological well-being. Seneca’s definition included a caveat about detachment from current events. Later, the Greek biographer Plutarch removed this caveat with his definition which focused more on learning from adverse events. In 1958, Marie Jahoda gave a modern clinical definition of mental health in the terms of positive symptoms by outlining the criteria for mental health: “autonomy (regulation of behavior from within), environmental mastery, satisfactory interactions with other people and the milieu, the individual’s style and degree of growth, development or self-actualization, the attitudes of an individual toward his/her own self”. In her definition she acknowledged the absence of disease as being necessary, but not enough, to constitute positive mental health, or euthymia. Carol Ryff (1989) was the first to develop a comprehensive scale that could assess euthymia: the six-factor model of psychological well-being. The 84-item scale includes facets of self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. It did not include a notion of resilience, which people in the field started working to add in the 2000s. Parathymia, on the other hand, is related to pathological laughter (called “Witzelsucht”). See also Cyclothymia Hyperthymia Dysphoria Euphoria Euthymia (philosophy) Hypomania Major depressive disorder Mania Quality of life References ^ a b Oliwenstein, Lori (7 December 2004). Psychology Today Taming Bipolar Disorder. Penguin. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-4406-9631-2. ^ a b c d e Fava, GA; Bech, P (January 2016). "The Concept of Euthymia". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 85 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1159/000441244. PMID 26610048. ^ Black DW (1982). "Pathological laughter. A review of the literature". J Nerv Ment Dis. 170 (2): 67–71. doi:10.1097/00005053-198202000-00001. PMID 7057172. 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Emotions and culture history in decision-making in the workplace in virtual communication moral self-conscious social social sharing sociology Feeling Group affective tone Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems Jealousy in art Meta-emotion Pathognomy Pathos Social emotional development Stoic passions Theory affect appraisal constructed emotion discrete emotion somatic marker Italics indicate emotion names in foreign languages	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"mental state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_state"},{"link_name":"mood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"bipolar 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disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concept-2"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"thymos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concept-2"},{"link_name":"Democritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritus"},{"link_name":"philosophical concept of euthymia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthymia_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Seneca the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concept-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concept-2"},{"link_name":"Carol Ryff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Ryff"},{"link_name":"six-factor model of psychological well-being","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-factor_Model_of_Psychological_Well-being"},{"link_name":"resilience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_resilience"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concept-2"},{"link_name":"Parathymia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parathymia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Witzelsucht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witzelsucht"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In psychiatry and psychology, euthymia is a normal, tranquil mental state or mood.[1]In those with bipolar disorder, euthymia is a stable mental state or mood that is neither manic nor depressive. Achieving euthymia is the goal of the treatment for bipolar patients.[1] Euthymia is also the “baseline” of other cyclical mood disorders like major depressive disorder (MDD), as well as borderline personality disorder (BPD) and narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). This state is the goal of psychiatric and psychological interventions.[2]The term euthymia is derived from the Greek words ευ eu 'well' and θυμός thymos 'soul, emotion'. The word “thymos” also had four additional meanings: life energy; feelings and passions; desires and inclinations; and thought or intelligence. Euthymia is also derived from a verb, “euthymeo”, that means both “I am happy, in good spirits” and “I make others happy, I reassure and encourage”. This is the basis on which the first formal definition of euthymia was built.[2]Democritus, who coined the philosophical concept of euthymia, said that euthymia is achieved when “one is satisfied with what is present and available, taking little heed of people who are envied and admired and observing the lives of those who suffer and yet endure”. This was later amended in the translation given by the Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger in which euthymia means a state of internal calm and contentment. Seneca was also the first to link the state of euthymia to a learning process; in order to achieve it, one must be aware of psychological well-being. Seneca’s definition included a caveat[clarification needed] about detachment from current events. Later, the Greek biographer Plutarch removed this caveat with his definition which focused more on learning from adverse events.[2]In 1958, Marie Jahoda gave a modern clinical definition of mental health in the terms of positive symptoms by outlining the criteria for mental health: “autonomy (regulation of behavior from within), environmental mastery, satisfactory interactions with other people and the milieu, the individual’s style and degree of growth, development or self-actualization, the attitudes of an individual toward his/her own self”. In her definition she acknowledged the absence of disease as being necessary, but not enough, to constitute positive mental health, or euthymia.[2]Carol Ryff (1989) was the first to develop a comprehensive scale that could assess euthymia: the six-factor model of psychological well-being. The 84-item scale includes facets of self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. It did not include a notion of resilience, which people in the field started working to add in the 2000s.[2]Parathymia, on the other hand, is related to pathological laughter (called “Witzelsucht”).[3]","title":"Euthymia (medicine)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cyclothymia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclothymia"},{"title":"Hyperthymia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthymia"},{"title":"Dysphoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphoria"},{"title":"Euphoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria"},{"title":"Euthymia (philosophy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthymia_(philosophy)"},{"title":"Hypomania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomania"},{"title":"Major depressive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"title":"Mania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania"},{"title":"Quality of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life"}]	[{"reference":"Oliwenstein, Lori (7 December 2004). Psychology Today Taming Bipolar Disorder. Penguin. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-4406-9631-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3LUqIqfwY4gC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA343&dq&hl=el","url_text":"Psychology Today Taming Bipolar Disorder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-9631-2","url_text":"978-1-4406-9631-2"}]},{"reference":"Fava, GA; Bech, P (January 2016). \"The Concept of Euthymia\". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 85 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1159/000441244. PMID 26610048.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/441244","url_text":"\"The Concept of Euthymia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000441244","url_text":"10.1159/000441244"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26610048","url_text":"26610048"}]},{"reference":"Black DW (1982). \"Pathological laughter. A review of the literature\". J Nerv Ment Dis. 170 (2): 67–71. doi:10.1097/00005053-198202000-00001. PMID 7057172. S2CID 25616832.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005053-198202000-00001","url_text":"10.1097/00005053-198202000-00001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7057172","url_text":"7057172"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25616832","url_text":"25616832"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3LUqIqfwY4gC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA343&dq&hl=el","external_links_name":"Psychology Today Taming Bipolar Disorder"},{"Link":"https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/441244","external_links_name":"\"The Concept of Euthymia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000441244","external_links_name":"10.1159/000441244"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26610048","external_links_name":"26610048"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005053-198202000-00001","external_links_name":"10.1097/00005053-198202000-00001"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7057172","external_links_name":"7057172"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25616832","external_links_name":"25616832"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breath_freshener	Mouthwash	["1 Use","2 Dangerous misuse","3 Effects","4 History","5 Research","6 Ingredients","6.1 Alcohol","6.2 Benzydamine (analgesic)","6.3 Benzoic acid","6.4 Betamethasone","6.5 Cetylpyridinium chloride (antiseptic, antimalodor)","6.6 Chlorhexidine digluconate and hexetidine (antiseptic)","6.7 Chlorine dioxide","6.8 Edible oils","6.9 Essential oils","6.10 Fluoride (anticavity)","6.11 Flavoring agents and Xylitol","6.12 Hydrogen peroxide","6.13 Lactoperoxidase (saliva substitute)","6.14 Lidocaine/xylocaine","6.15 Methyl salicylate","6.16 Nystatin","6.17 Potassium oxalate","6.18 Povidone/iodine (PVP-I)","6.19 Sanguinarine","6.20 Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)","6.21 Sodium chloride (salt)","6.22 Sodium lauryl sulfate (foaming agent)","6.23 Sucralfate","6.24 Tetracycline (antibiotic)","6.25 Tranexamic acid","6.26 Triclosan","6.27 Zinc","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Liquid rinse for oral hygiene For other uses, see Mouthwash (disambiguation). Range of mouthwashes by Listerine Mouthwash, mouth rinse, oral rinse, or mouth bath is a liquid which is held in the mouth passively or swirled around the mouth by contraction of the perioral muscles and/or movement of the head, and may be gargled, where the head is tilted back and the liquid bubbled at the back of the mouth. Usually mouthwashes are antiseptic solutions intended to reduce the microbial load in the mouth, although other mouthwashes might be given for other reasons such as for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory or anti-fungal action. Additionally, some rinses act as saliva substitutes to neutralize acid and keep the mouth moist in xerostomia (dry mouth). Cosmetic mouthrinses temporarily control or reduce bad breath and leave the mouth with a pleasant taste. Rinsing with water or mouthwash after brushing with a fluoride toothpaste can reduce the availability of salivary fluoride. This can lower the anti-cavity re-mineralization and antibacterial effects of fluoride. Fluoridated mouthwash may mitigate this effect or in high concentrations increase available fluoride, but is not as cost-effective as leaving the fluoride toothpaste on the teeth after brushing. A group of experts discussing post brushing rinsing in 2012 found that although there was clear guidance given in many public health advice publications to "spit, avoid rinsing with water/excessive rinsing with water" they believed there was a limited evidence base for best practice. Use Common use involves rinsing the mouth with about 20–50 ml (2/3 fl oz) of mouthwash. The wash is typically swished or gargled for about half a minute and then spat out. Most companies suggest not drinking water immediately after using mouthwash. In some brands, the expectorate is stained, so that one can see the bacteria and debris. Mouthwash should not be used immediately after brushing the teeth so as not to wash away the beneficial fluoride residue left from the toothpaste. Similarly, the mouth should not be rinsed out with water after brushing. Patients were told to "spit don't rinse" after toothbrushing as part of a National Health Service campaign in the UK. A fluoride mouthrinse can be used at a different time of the day to brushing. Gargling is where the head is tilted back, allowing the mouthwash to sit in the back of the mouth while exhaling, causing the liquid to bubble. Gargling is practiced in Japan for perceived prevention of viral infection. One commonly used way is with infusions or tea. In some cultures, gargling is usually done in private, typically in a bathroom at a sink so the liquid can be rinsed away. Dangerous misuse If one drinks mouthwash, serious harm and even death can quickly result from the high alcohol content and other substances harmful to ingestion present in mouthwash. It is a common cause of death among homeless people during winter months, because a person can feel warmer after drinking it. Effects The most-commonly-used mouthwashes are commercial antiseptics, which are used at home as part of an oral hygiene routine. Mouthwashes combine ingredients to treat a variety of oral conditions. Variations are common, and mouthwash has no standard formulation, so its use and recommendation involves concerns about patient safety. Some manufacturers of mouthwash state that their antiseptic and antiplaque mouthwashes kill the bacterial plaque that causes cavities, gingivitis, and bad breath. It is, however, generally agreed that the use of mouthwash does not eliminate the need for both brushing and flossing. The American Dental Association asserts that regular brushing and proper flossing are enough in most cases, in addition to regular dental check-ups, although they approve many mouthwashes. For many patients, however, the mechanical methods could be tedious and time-consuming, and, additionally, some local conditions may render them especially difficult. Chemotherapeutic agents, including mouthwashes, could have a key role as adjuncts to daily home care, preventing and controlling supragingival plaque, gingivitis and oral malodor. Minor and transient side effects of mouthwashes are very common, such as taste disturbance, tooth staining, sensation of a dry mouth, etc. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes may make dry mouth and halitosis worse, as they dry out the mouth. Soreness, ulceration and redness may sometimes occur (e.g., aphthous stomatitis or allergic contact stomatitis) if the person is allergic or sensitive to mouthwash ingredients, such as preservatives, coloring, flavors and fragrances. Such effects might be reduced or eliminated by diluting the mouthwash with water, using a different mouthwash (e.g. saltwater), or foregoing mouthwash entirely. Prescription mouthwashes are used prior to and after oral surgery procedures, such as tooth extraction, or to treat the pain associated with mucositis caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy. They are also prescribed for aphthous ulcers, other oral ulcers, and other mouth pain. "Magic mouthwashes" are prescription mouthwashes compounded in a pharmacy from a list of ingredients specified by a doctor. Despite a lack of evidence that prescription mouthwashes are more effective in decreasing the pain of oral lesions, many patients and prescribers continue to use them. There has been only one controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of magic mouthwash; it shows no difference in efficacy between the most common magic-mouthwash formulation, on the one hand, and commercial mouthwashes (such as chlorhexidine) or a saline/baking soda solution, on the other. Current guidelines suggest that saline solution is just as effective as magic mouthwash in pain relief and in shortening the healing time of oral mucositis from cancer therapies. History Listerine advertisement, 1932 Swedish ad for toiletries, 1905/1906 The first known references to mouth rinsing is in Ayurveda for treatment of gingivitis. Later, in the Greek and Roman periods, mouth rinsing following mechanical cleansing became common among the upper classes, and Hippocrates recommended a mixture of salt, alum, and vinegar. The Jewish Talmud, dating back about 1,800 years, suggests a cure for gum ailments containing "dough water" and olive oil. The ancient Chinese had also gargled salt water, tea and wine as a form of mouthwash after meals, due to the antiseptic properties of those liquids. Before Europeans came to the Americas, Native North American and Mesoamerican cultures used mouthwashes, often made from plants such as Coptis trifolia. Peoples of the Americas used salt water mouthwashes for sore throats, and other mouthwashes for problems such as teething and mouth ulcers. Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the famous 17th century microscopist, discovered living organisms (living, because they were mobile) in deposits on the teeth (what we now call dental plaque). He also found organisms in water from the canal next to his home in Delft. He experimented with samples by adding vinegar or brandy and found that this resulted in the immediate immobilization or killing of the organisms suspended in water. Next he tried rinsing the mouth of himself and somebody else with a mouthwash containing vinegar or brandy and found that living organisms remained in the dental plaque. He concluded—correctly—that the mouthwash either did not reach, or was not present long enough, to kill the plaque organisms. In 1892, German Richard Seifert invented mouthwash product Odol, which was produced by company founder Karl August Lingner (1861–1916) in Dresden. That remained the state of affairs until the late 1960s when Harald Loe (at the time a professor at the Royal Dental College in Aarhus, Denmark) demonstrated that a chlorhexidine compound could prevent the build-up of dental plaque. The reason for chlorhexidine's effectiveness is that it strongly adheres to surfaces in the mouth and thus remains present in effective concentrations for many hours. Since then commercial interest in mouthwashes has been intense and several newer products claim effectiveness in reducing the build-up in dental plaque and the associated severity of gingivitis, in addition to fighting bad breath. Many of these solutions aim to control the volatile sulfur compound–creating anaerobic bacteria that live in the mouth and excrete substances that lead to bad breath and unpleasant mouth taste. For example, the number of mouthwash variants in the United States of America has grown from 15 (1970) to 66 (1998) to 113 (2012). Research Research in the field of microbiotas shows that only a limited set of microbes cause tooth decay, with most of the bacteria in the human mouth being harmless. Focused attention on cavity-causing bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans has led research into new mouthwash treatments that prevent these bacteria from initially growing. While current mouthwash treatments must be used with a degree of frequency to prevent this bacteria from regrowing, future treatments could provide a viable long-term solution. A clinical trial and laboratory studies have shown that alcohol-containing mouthwash could reduce the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the pharynx. However, subsequent trials have found that there was no difference in gonorrhoea cases among men using daily mouthwash compared to those who did not use mouthwash for 12 weeks. Ingredients Alcohol An example of a commercial mouthwash brand which is alcohol-free Alcohol is added to mouthwash not to destroy bacteria but to act as a carrier agent for essential active ingredients such as menthol, eucalyptol and thymol, which help to penetrate plaque. Sometimes a significant amount of alcohol (up to 27% vol) is added, as a carrier for the flavor, to provide "bite". Because of the alcohol content, it is possible to fail a breathalyzer test after rinsing, although breath alcohol levels return to normal after 10 minutes. In addition, alcohol is a drying agent, which encourages bacterial activity in the mouth, releasing more malodorous volatile sulfur compounds. Therefore, alcohol-containing mouthwash may temporarily worsen halitosis in those who already have it, or, indeed, be the sole cause of halitosis in other individuals. It is hypothesized that alcohol in mouthwashes acts as a carcinogen (cancer-inducing agent). Generally, there is no scientific consensus about this. One review stated: There is now sufficient evidence to accept the proposition that developing oral cancer is increased or contributed to by the use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes. Whilst many of these products may have been shown to be effective in penetrating oral microbial biofilms in vitro and reducing oral bacterial load, it would be wise to restrict their use to short-term therapeutic situations if needed. Perhaps the use of mouthwashes that do not contain alcohol may be equally effective. Further, mouthrinses should be prescribed by dentists, like any other medication. There may well be a reason for the use of alcohol-containing mouthrinses, but only for a particular situation and for a limited and controlled period of time. As such, patients should be provided with written instructions for mouthwash use, and mouthwash use should be restricted to adults for short durations and specific, clearly defined reasons. It is the opinion of the authors that, in light of the evidence currently available of the association of alcohol-containing mouthwashes with the development of oral cancer, it would be inadvisable for oral healthcare professionals to recommend the long-term use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes. The same researchers also state that the risk of acquiring oral cancer rises almost five times for users of alcohol-containing mouthwash who neither smoke nor drink (with a higher rate of increase for those who do). In addition, the authors highlight side effects from several mainstream mouthwashes that included dental erosion and accidental poisoning of children. The review garnered media attention and conflicting opinions from other researchers. Yinka Ebo of Cancer Research UK disputed the findings, concluding that "there is still not enough evidence to suggest that using mouthwash that contains alcohol will increase the risk of mouth cancer". Studies conducted in 1985, 1995, 2003, and 2012 did not support an association between alcohol-containing mouth rinses and oral cancer. Andrew Penman, chief executive of The Cancer Council New South Wales, called for further research on the matter. In a March 2009 brief, the American Dental Association said "the available evidence does not support a connection between oral cancer and alcohol-containing mouthrinse". Many newer brands of mouthwash are alcohol-free, not just in response to consumer concerns about oral cancer, but also to cater for religious groups who abstain from alcohol consumption. Benzydamine (analgesic) In painful oral conditions such as aphthous stomatitis, analgesic mouthrinses (e.g. benzydamine mouthwash, or "Difflam") are sometimes used to ease pain, commonly used before meals to reduce discomfort while eating. Benzoic acid Benzoic acid acts as a buffer. Betamethasone Betamethasone is sometimes used as an anti-inflammatory, corticosteroid mouthwash. It may be used for severe inflammatory conditions of the oral mucosa such as the severe forms of aphthous stomatitis.: 209 Cetylpyridinium chloride (antiseptic, antimalodor) Cetylpyridinium chloride containing mouthwash (e.g. 0.05%) is used in some specialized mouthwashes for halitosis. Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash has less anti-plaque effect than chlorhexidine and may cause staining of teeth, or sometimes an oral burning sensation or ulceration. Chlorhexidine digluconate and hexetidine (antiseptic) Chlorhexidine digluconate is a chemical antiseptic and is used in a 0.05–0.2% solution as a mouthwash. There is no evidence to support that higher concentrations are more effective in controlling dental plaque and gingivitis. A randomized clinical trial conducted in Rabat University in Morocco found better results in plaque inhibition when chlorohexidine with alcohol base 0.12% was used, when compared to an alcohol-free 0.1% chlorhexidine mouthrinse. Chlorhexidine has good substantivity (the ability of a mouthwash to bind to hard and soft tissues in the mouth). It has anti-plaque action, and also some anti-fungal action. It is especially effective against Gram-negative rods. The proportion of Gram-negative rods increase as gingivitis develops, so it is also used to reduce gingivitis. It is sometimes used as an adjunct to prevent dental caries and to treat periodontal disease, although it does not penetrate into periodontal pockets well. Chlorhexidine mouthwash alone is unable to prevent plaque, so it is not a substitute for regular toothbrushing and flossing. Instead, chlorhexidine mouthwash is more effective when used as an adjunctive treatment with toothbrushing and flossing. In the short term, if toothbrushing is impossible due to pain, as may occur in primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, chlorhexidine mouthwash is used as a temporary substitute for other oral hygiene measures. It is not suited for use in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, however. Rinsing with chlorhexidine mouthwash before and after a tooth extraction may reduce the risk of a dry socket. Other uses of chlorhexidine mouthwash include prevention of oral candidiasis in immunocompromised persons, treatment of denture-related stomatitis, mucosal ulceration/erosions and oral mucosal lesions, general burning sensation and many other uses. Chlorhexidine mouthwash is known to have minor adverse effects. Chlorhexidine binds to tannins, meaning that prolonged use in persons who consume coffee, tea or red wine is associated with extrinsic staining (i.e. removable staining) of teeth. A systematic review of commercial chlorhexidine products with anti-discoloration systems (ADSs) found that the ADSs were able to reduce tooth staining without affecting the beneficial effects of chlorhexidine. Chlorhexidine mouthwash can also cause taste disturbance or alteration. Chlorhexidine is rarely associated with other issues like overgrowth of enterobacteria in persons with leukemia, desquamation, irritation, and stomatitis of oral mucosa, salivary gland pain and swelling, and hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis. Hexetidine also has anti-plaque, analgesic, astringent and anti-malodor properties, but is considered an inferior alternative to chlorhexidine. Chlorine dioxide In dilute concentrations, chlorine dioxide is an ingredient that acts as an antiseptic agent in some mouthwashes. Edible oils In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, the use of oil mouthwashes is called "Kavala" ("oil swishing") or "Gandusha", and this practice has more recently been re-marketed by the complementary and alternative medicine industry as "oil pulling". Its promoters claim it works by "pulling out" "toxins", which are known as ama in Ayurvedic medicine, and thereby reducing inflammation. Ayurvedic literature claims that oil pulling is capable of improving oral and systemic health, including a benefit in conditions such as headaches, migraines, diabetes mellitus, asthma, and acne, as well as whitening teeth. Oil pulling has received little study and there is little evidence to support claims made by the technique's advocates. When compared with chlorhexidine in one small study, it was found to be less effective at reducing oral bacterial load, and the other health claims of oil pulling have failed scientific verification or have not been investigated. There is a report of lipid pneumonia caused by accidental inhalation of the oil during oil pulling. The mouth is rinsed with approximately one tablespoon of oil for 10–20 minutes then spat out. Sesame oil, coconut oil and ghee are traditionally used, but newer oils such as sunflower oil are also used. Essential oils Phenolic compounds and monoterpenes include essential oil constituents that have some antibacterial properties, such as eucalyptol, eugenol, hinokitiol, menthol, phenol, or thymol. Essential oils are oils which have been extracted from plants. Mouthwashes based on essential oils could be more effective than traditional mouthcare as anti-gingival treatments. They have been found effective in reducing halitosis, and are being used in several commercial mouthwashes. Fluoride (anticavity) Anti-cavity mouthwashes use sodium fluoride to protect against tooth decay. Fluoride-containing mouthwashes are used as prevention for dental caries for individuals who are considered at higher risk for tooth decay, whether due to xerostomia related to salivary dysfunction or side effects of medication, to not drinking fluoridated water, or to being physically unable to care for their oral needs (brushing and flossing), and as treatment for those with dentinal hypersensitivity, gingival recession/ root exposure. Flavoring agents and Xylitol Flavoring agents include sweeteners such as sorbitol, sucralose, sodium saccharin, and xylitol, which stimulate salivary function due to their sweetness and taste and helps restore the mouth to a neutral level of acidity. Xylitol rinses double as a bacterial inhibitor, and have been used as substitute for alcohol to avoid dryness of mouth associated with alcohol. Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide can be used as an oxidizing mouthwash (e.g. Peroxyl, 1.5%). It kills anaerobic bacteria, and also has a mechanical cleansing action when it froths as it comes into contact with debris in mouth. It is often used in the short term to treat acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis. Side effects can occur with prolonged use, including hypertrophy of the lingual papillae. Lactoperoxidase (saliva substitute) Enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins, such as lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin, have been used in mouthwashes (e.g., Biotene) to reduce levels of oral bacteria, and, hence, of the acids produced by these bacteria. Lidocaine/xylocaine Oral lidocaine is useful for the treatment of mucositis symptoms (inflammation of mucous membranes) induced by radiation or chemotherapy. There is evidence that lidocaine anesthetic mouthwash has the potential to be systemically absorbed, when it was tested in patients with oral mucositis who underwent a bone marrow transplant. Methyl salicylate Methyl salicylate functions as an antiseptic, antiinflammatory, and analgesic agent, a flavoring, and a fragrance. Methyl salicylate has some anti-plaque action, but less than chlorhexidine. Methyl salicylate does not stain teeth. Nystatin Nystatin suspension is an antifungal ingredient used for the treatment of oral candidiasis. Potassium oxalate A randomized clinical trial found promising results in controlling and reducing dentine hypersensitivity when potassium oxalate mouthwash was used in conjugation with toothbrushing. Povidone/iodine (PVP-I) A 2005 study found that gargling three times a day with simple water or with a povidone-iodine solution was effective in preventing upper respiratory infection and decreasing the severity of symptoms if contracted. Other sources attribute the benefit to a simple placebo effect. PVP-I in general covers "a wider virucidal spectrum, covering both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses, than the other commercially available antiseptics", which also includes the novel SARS-CoV-2 Virus. Sanguinarine Sanguinarine-containing mouthwashes are marketed as anti-plaque and anti-malodor treatments. Sanguinarine is a toxic alkaloid herbal extract, obtained from plants such as Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot), Argemone mexicana (Mexican prickly poppy), and others. However, its use is strongly associated with the development of leukoplakia (a white patch in the mouth), usually in the buccal sulcus. This type of leukoplakia has been termed "sanguinaria-associated keratosis", and more than 80% of people with leukoplakia in the vestibule of the mouth have used this substance. Upon stopping contact with the causative substance, the lesions may persist for years. Although this type of leukoplakia may show dysplasia, the potential for malignant transformation is unknown. Ironically, elements within the complementary and alternative medicine industry promote the use of sanguinaria as a therapy for cancer. Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) Sodium bicarbonate is sometimes combined with salt to make a simple homemade mouthwash, indicated for any of the reasons that a saltwater mouthwash might be used. Pre-mixed mouthwashes of 1% sodium bicarbonate and 1.5% sodium chloride in aqueous solution are marketed, although pharmacists will easily be able to produce such a formulation from the base ingredients when required. Sodium bicarbonate mouthwash is sometimes used to remove viscous saliva and to aid visualization of the oral tissues during examination of the mouth.: 4 Sodium chloride (salt) Main article: Salt rinse See also: Saline (medicine) Saline has a mechanical cleansing action and an antiseptic action, as it is a hypertonic solution in relation to bacteria, which undergo lysis. The heat of the solution produces a therapeutic increase in blood flow (hyperemia) to the surgical site, promoting healing. Hot saltwater mouthwashes also encourage the draining of pus from dental abscesses. In contrast, if heat is applied on the side of the face (e.g., hot water bottle) rather than inside the mouth, it may cause a dental abscess to drain extra-orally, which is later associated with an area of fibrosis on the face (see cutaneous sinus of dental origin). Saltwater mouthwashes are also routinely used after oral surgery, to keep food debris out of healing wounds and to prevent infection. Some oral surgeons consider saltwater mouthwashes the mainstay of wound cleanliness after surgery. In dental extractions, hot saltwater mouthbaths should start about 24 hours after a dental extraction. The term mouth bath implies that the liquid is passively held in the mouth, rather than vigorously swilled around (which could dislodge a blood clot). Once the blood clot has stabilized, the mouthwash can be used more vigorously. These mouthwashes tend to be advised for use about 6 times per day, especially after meals (to remove food from the socket). Sodium lauryl sulfate (foaming agent) Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is used as a foaming agent in many oral hygiene products, including many mouthwashes. Some may suggest that it is probably advisable to use mouthwash at least an hour after brushing with toothpaste when the toothpaste contains SLS, since the anionic compounds in the SLS toothpaste can deactivate cationic agents present in the mouthwash. Sucralfate Sucralfate is a mucosal coating agent, composed of an aluminum salt of sulfated sucrose. It is not recommended for use in the prevention of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy or chemoradiation, due to a lack of efficacy found in a well-designed, randomized controlled trial. Tetracycline (antibiotic) Tetracycline is an antibiotic which may sometimes be used as a mouthwash in adults (it causes red staining of teeth in children). It is sometimes use for herpetiforme ulceration (an uncommon type of aphthous stomatitis), but prolonged use may lead to oral candidiasis, as the fungal population of the mouth overgrows in the absence of enough competing bacteria.: 209 Similarly, minocycline mouthwashes of 0.5% concentrations can relieve symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Erythromycin is similar. Tranexamic acid A 4.8% tranexamic acid solution is sometimes used as an antifibrinolytic mouthwash to prevent bleeding during and after oral surgery in persons with coagulopathies (clotting disorders) or who are taking anticoagulants (blood thinners such as warfarin).: 473 Triclosan Triclosan is a non-ionic chlorinate bisphenol antiseptic found in some mouthwashes. 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ISBN 978-0721690032. ^ Edwards C, Stillman P (2006). Minor Illness or Major Disease?: The Clinical Pharmacist in the Community (4th ed.). London : Pharmaceutical Press. p. 223. ISBN 9780853696278. ^ a b c d e Wray D, Stenhouse D, Lee D, Clark AJ (2003). Textbook of General and Oral Surgery. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone. pp. 199, 210, 222. ISBN 978-0443070839. ^ Rosenberg M (April 2002). "The science of bad breath". Scientific American. 286 (4): 72–9. Bibcode:2002SciAm.286d..72R. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0402-72. PMID 11905111. ^ a b Saunders DP, Epstein JB, Elad S, Allemano J, Bossi P, van de Wetering MD, et al. (November 2013). "Systematic review of antimicrobials, mucosal coating agents, anesthetics, and analgesics for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients". Supportive Care in Cancer. 21 (11): 3191–207. doi:10.1007/s00520-013-1871-y. PMID 23832272. ^ Yarom N, Zelig K, Epstein JB, Gorsky M (June 2017). "The efficacy of minocycline mouth rinses on the symptoms associated with recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study assessing different doses of oral rinse". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 123 (6): 675–679. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2017.02.013. PMID 28411006. ^ Greenberg MS, Glick M (2003). Burket's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment (10th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. ISBN 978-1550091861. ^ "Products That Contain Triclosan". drbenkim.com. ^ "New studies show dangers of Triclosan in Toothpastes and Mouthwash". New York Orthodontists. 15 August 2012. ^ "FAMILY GENTLE DENTAL CARE - Mouth Rinses". 14 September 2022. ^ McNamara M. "Zinc for Bad Breath (Halitosis)". LIVESTRONG.COM. Retrieved 1 December 2016. External links Article on Bad-Breath Prevention Products – from MSNBC Mayo Clinic Q&A on Magic Mouthwash for chemotherapy sores American Dental Association article on mouthwash vteDentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (Periodontology)Anatomy Periodontium Alveolar bone Biologic width Cementum Free gingival margin Gingiva Gingival fibers Gingival sulcus Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Periodontal ligament Sulcular epithelium Stippling DiseaseDiagnoses Chronic periodontitis Localized aggressive periodontitis Generalized aggressive periodontitis Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease Periodontosis Necrotizing periodontal diseases Abscesses of the periodontium Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions Infection A. actinomycetemcomitans Capnocytophaga sp. F. nucleatum P. gingivalis P. intermedia T. forsythia T. denticola Red complex Entamoeba gingivalis (amoebic) Trichomonas tenax Other Calculus Clinical attachment loss Edentulism Fremitus Furcation defect Gingival enlargement Gingival pocket Gingival recession Gingivitis Horizontal bony defect Linear gingival erythema Occlusal trauma Periodontal pocket Periodontal disease Periodontitis Plaque Vertical bony defect Treatment and prevention Periodontal examination Ante's law Brushing Bleeding on probing Chlorhexidine gluconate Flossing Hydrogen peroxide Mouthwash Oral hygiene Tetracycline Triclosan Host modulatory therapy TreatmentConventional therapy Debridement Scaling and root planing Full mouth disinfection Full mouth ultrasonic debridement Surgery Apically positioned flap Bone graft Coronally positioned flap Crown lengthening Free gingival graft Gingival grafting Gingivectomy Guided bone regeneration Guided tissue regeneration Enamel matrix derivative Implant placement Lateral pedicle graft Open flap debridement Pocket reduction surgery Socket preservation Sinus lift Subepithelial connective tissue graft Tools Curette Membrane Probe Scaler Important personalities Tomas Albrektsson Frank Beube Per-Ingvar Brånemark Robert Gottsegen Gary Greenstein Jan Lindhe Brian Mealey Preston D. Miller Willoughby D. Miller Carl E. Misch John Mankey Riggs Jay Seibert Jørgen Slots Paul Roscoe Stillman Dennis P. Tarnow Hom-Lay Wang James Leon Williams W. J. Younger Other specialties Endodontology Orthodontology Prosthodontology vteThroat preparations (R02)Antiseptics Acriflavinium chloride Ambazone Amylmetacresol Benzalkonium Benzethonium Cetrimonium (bromide/chloride) Cetylpyridinium Chlorhexidine Chlorquinaldol Dequalinium Dichlorobenzyl alcohol Hexamidine Hexetidine Hexylresorcinol Myristyl-benzalkonium Oxyquinoline Phenol Povidone-iodine Antibiotics Bacitracin Fusafungine Gramicidin Neomycin Tyrothricin Local anesthetics Benzocaine Cocaine Dyclonine Lidocaine Other Flurbiprofen vteRoutes of administration, dosage formsOralDigestive tract (enteral)Solids Tablet Capsule Pastille Time release technology Osmotic delivery system Liquids Decoction Elixir Electuary Emulsion Effervescent powder or tablet Herbal tea Hydrogel Molecular encapsulation Powder Softgel Solution Suspension Syrup Tincture Oral mucosa (buccal, sublabial, sublingual)Solids Orally disintegrating tablet Film Lollipop Sublingual drops Lozenges Effervescent tablet Chewing gum Liquids Mouthwash Toothpaste Ointment Spray Respiratory tract (inhalation)Solids Dry-powder inhaler Smoking 00Liquids Anesthetic vaporizer Heated humidified high-flow therapy Medical inhalants Metered-dose inhaler (MDI) Nebulizer Vaporizer Gas Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula Oxygen concentrator Anaesthetic machine Medical inhalants Relative analgesia machine Ophthalmic,otic, nasal Nasal spray Ear drops Eye drops Ointment Hydrogel Insufflation Mucoadhesive microdiscUrogenital Ointment Pessary Vaginal ring Douche Intrauterine device (IUD) Extra-amniotic infusion Intravesical infusion Rectal (enteral) Ointment Suppository Enema Solution Hydrogel Murphy drip Nutrient enemaDermal (topical) Ointment Topical cream Topical gel Liniment Paste Film DMSO solution Iontophoresis Hydrogel Liposomes Transfersome vesicles Cream Lotion Lip balm Medicated shampoo Dermal patch Transdermal patch Transdermal spray Jet injectorParenteralsInjectionsinfusions(into tissue/blood)Skin (transdermal) Intradermal Subcutaneous Injector pen Transdermal implant Organs Intracavernous Intravitreal Intra-articular Central nervous system Intracerebral Intrathecal Epidural Circulatory,musculoskeletal Intravenous Intracardiac Intramuscular Intraosseous Intraperitoneal Nanocell injection Patient-controlled analgesia pump PIC line Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mouthwash (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Listerine_products.jpg"},{"link_name":"Listerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listerine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12856008-1"},{"link_name":"gargled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargling"},{"link_name":"antiseptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic"},{"link_name":"analgesic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic"},{"link_name":"anti-inflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory"},{"link_name":"anti-fungal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fungal_medication"},{"link_name":"xerostomia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerostomia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medX-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ada-4"},{"link_name":"fluoride toothpaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste#Fluorides"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21591596-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1423447-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18534177-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21591596-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22498529-9"}],"text":"For other uses, see Mouthwash (disambiguation).Range of mouthwashes by ListerineMouthwash, mouth rinse, oral rinse, or mouth bath[1] is a liquid which is held in the mouth passively or swirled around the mouth by contraction of the perioral muscles and/or movement of the head, and may be gargled, where the head is tilted back and the liquid bubbled at the back of the mouth.Usually mouthwashes are antiseptic solutions intended to reduce the microbial load in the mouth, although other mouthwashes might be given for other reasons such as for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory or anti-fungal action. Additionally, some rinses act as saliva substitutes to neutralize acid and keep the mouth moist in xerostomia (dry mouth).[2][3] Cosmetic mouthrinses temporarily control or reduce bad breath and leave the mouth with a pleasant taste.[4]Rinsing with water or mouthwash after brushing with a fluoride toothpaste can reduce the availability of salivary fluoride. This can lower the anti-cavity re-mineralization and antibacterial effects of fluoride.[5][6][7] Fluoridated mouthwash may mitigate this effect or in high concentrations increase available fluoride, but is not as cost-effective as leaving the fluoride toothpaste on the teeth after brushing.[5] A group of experts discussing post brushing rinsing in 2012 found that although there was clear guidance given in many public health advice publications to \"spit, avoid rinsing with water/excessive rinsing with water\"[8] they believed there was a limited evidence base for best practice.[9]","title":"Mouthwash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ml","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliliter"},{"link_name":"fl oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_ounce"},{"link_name":"expectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectorate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8794967-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1552460-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid2076696-12"},{"link_name":"National Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"infusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion"},{"link_name":"tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"},{"link_name":"bathroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathroom"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pubchem-14"}],"text":"Common use involves rinsing the mouth with about 20–50 ml (2/3 fl oz) of mouthwash. The wash is typically swished or gargled for about half a minute and then spat out. Most companies suggest not drinking water immediately after using mouthwash. In some brands, the expectorate is stained, so that one can see the bacteria and debris.[10][11][12]\nMouthwash should not be used immediately after brushing the teeth so as not to wash away the beneficial fluoride residue left from the toothpaste. Similarly, the mouth should not be rinsed out with water after brushing. Patients were told to \"spit don't rinse\" after toothbrushing as part of a National Health Service campaign in the UK.[13] A fluoride mouthrinse can be used at a different time of the day to brushing.[8]Gargling is where the head is tilted back, allowing the mouthwash to sit in the back of the mouth while exhaling, causing the liquid to bubble. Gargling is practiced in Japan for perceived prevention of viral infection. One commonly used way is with infusions or tea. In some cultures, gargling is usually done in private, typically in a bathroom at a sink so the liquid can be rinsed away.[14]","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"If one drinks mouthwash, serious harm and even death can quickly result from the high alcohol content and other substances harmful to ingestion present in mouthwash.[15] It is a common cause of death among homeless people during winter months, because a person can feel warmer after drinking it.[16]","title":"Dangerous misuse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oral hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_hygiene"},{"link_name":"patient safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_safety"},{"link_name":"bacterial plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaque"},{"link_name":"cavities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_caries"},{"link_name":"gingivitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis"},{"link_name":"bad breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_breath"},{"link_name":"brushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush"},{"link_name":"flossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossing"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17138709-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid2366142-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"American Dental Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dental_Association"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"taste disturbance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysgeusia"},{"link_name":"sensation of a dry mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerostomia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"aphthous stomatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis"},{"link_name":"allergic contact stomatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_contact_stomatitis"},{"link_name":"tooth extraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_extraction"},{"link_name":"mucositis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucositis"},{"link_name":"radiation therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"aphthous ulcers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthous_ulcer"},{"link_name":"oral ulcers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_ulcer"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DetailDoc-24"},{"link_name":"compounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compounding"},{"link_name":"pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion"},{"link_name":"controlled study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_experiment"},{"link_name":"efficacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacy"},{"link_name":"chlorhexidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidine"},{"link_name":"saline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"baking soda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking_soda"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DetailDoc-24"}],"text":"The most-commonly-used mouthwashes are commercial antiseptics, which are used at home as part of an oral hygiene routine. Mouthwashes combine ingredients to treat a variety of oral conditions. Variations are common, and mouthwash has no standard formulation, so its use and recommendation involves concerns about patient safety. Some manufacturers of mouthwash state that their antiseptic and antiplaque mouthwashes kill the bacterial plaque that causes cavities, gingivitis, and bad breath. It is, however, generally agreed that the use of mouthwash does not eliminate the need for both brushing and flossing.[17][18][19] The American Dental Association asserts that regular brushing and proper flossing are enough in most cases, in addition to regular dental check-ups, although they approve many mouthwashes.[20]\nFor many patients, however, the mechanical methods could be tedious and time-consuming, and, additionally, some local conditions may render them especially difficult. Chemotherapeutic agents, including mouthwashes, could have a key role as adjuncts to daily home care, preventing and controlling supragingival plaque, gingivitis and oral malodor.[21]Minor and transient side effects of mouthwashes are very common, such as taste disturbance, tooth staining, sensation of a dry mouth, etc. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes may make dry mouth and halitosis worse, as they dry out the mouth.[22][23] Soreness, ulceration and redness may sometimes occur (e.g., aphthous stomatitis or allergic contact stomatitis) if the person is allergic or sensitive to mouthwash ingredients, such as preservatives, coloring, flavors and fragrances. Such effects might be reduced or eliminated by diluting the mouthwash with water, using a different mouthwash (e.g. saltwater), or foregoing mouthwash entirely.Prescription mouthwashes are used prior to and after oral surgery procedures, such as tooth extraction, or to treat the pain associated with mucositis caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy. They are also prescribed for aphthous ulcers, other oral ulcers, and other mouth pain.[24] \"Magic mouthwashes\" are prescription mouthwashes compounded in a pharmacy from a list of ingredients specified by a doctor.[25][26] Despite a lack of evidence that prescription mouthwashes are more effective in decreasing the pain of oral lesions, many patients and prescribers continue to use them. There has been only one controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of magic mouthwash; it shows no difference in efficacy between the most common magic-mouthwash formulation, on the one hand, and commercial mouthwashes (such as chlorhexidine) or a saline/baking soda solution, on the other. Current guidelines suggest that saline solution is just as effective as magic mouthwash in pain relief and in shortening the healing time of oral mucositis from cancer therapies.[24]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Listerine_advertisement,_1932.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katalog_vintern_1905-1906._AB_Nordiska_Kompaniet._H%C3%A5r-,_Toalett-_%26_Tandvatten,_Pomada_%26_Brilliantine_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0040796.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ayurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21760690-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Hippocrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates"},{"link_name":"alum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9643227-29"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12389360-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Coptis trifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptis_trifolia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keoke2002-32"},{"link_name":"teething","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teething"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keoke2002-32"},{"link_name":"Anton van Leeuwenhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek"},{"link_name":"microscopist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy"},{"link_name":"dental plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaque"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Richard Seifert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Seifert_(inventor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Odol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odol"},{"link_name":"Karl August Lingner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_August_Lingner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Royal Dental College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_University"},{"link_name":"Aarhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus"},{"link_name":"chlorhexidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidine"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid4575037-35"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1552460-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8794967-10"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8133414-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12013345-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1499240-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Listerine advertisement, 1932Swedish ad for toiletries, 1905/1906The first known references to mouth rinsing is in Ayurveda[27] for treatment of gingivitis.[28] Later, in the Greek and Roman periods, mouth rinsing following mechanical cleansing became common among the upper classes, and Hippocrates recommended a mixture of salt, alum, and vinegar.[29] The Jewish Talmud, dating back about 1,800 years, suggests a cure for gum ailments containing \"dough water\" and olive oil.[30] The ancient Chinese had also gargled salt water, tea and wine as a form of mouthwash after meals, due to the antiseptic properties of those liquids.[31]Before Europeans came to the Americas, Native North American and Mesoamerican cultures used mouthwashes, often made from plants such as Coptis trifolia.[32] Peoples of the Americas used salt water mouthwashes for sore throats, and other mouthwashes for problems such as teething and mouth ulcers.[32]Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the famous 17th century microscopist, discovered living organisms (living, because they were mobile) in deposits on the teeth (what we now call dental plaque). He also found organisms in water from the canal next to his home in Delft. He experimented with samples by adding vinegar or brandy and found that this resulted in the immediate immobilization or killing of the organisms suspended in water. Next he tried rinsing the mouth of himself and somebody else with a mouthwash containing vinegar or brandy and found that living organisms remained in the dental plaque. He concluded—correctly—that the mouthwash either did not reach, or was not present long enough, to kill the plaque organisms.[33]\nIn 1892, German Richard Seifert invented mouthwash product Odol, which was produced by company founder Karl August Lingner (1861–1916) in Dresden.[34]That remained the state of affairs until the late 1960s when Harald Loe (at the time a professor at the Royal Dental College in Aarhus, Denmark) demonstrated that a chlorhexidine compound could prevent the build-up of dental plaque. The reason for chlorhexidine's effectiveness is that it strongly adheres to surfaces in the mouth and thus remains present in effective concentrations for many hours.[35]Since then commercial interest in mouthwashes has been intense and several newer products claim effectiveness in reducing the build-up in dental plaque and the associated severity of gingivitis, in addition to fighting bad breath. Many of these solutions aim to control the volatile sulfur compound–creating anaerobic bacteria that live in the mouth and excrete substances that lead to bad breath and unpleasant mouth taste.[11][10][36][37][38] For example, the number of mouthwash variants in the United States of America has grown from 15 (1970) to 66 (1998) to 113 (2012).[39]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microbiotas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiota_(microbiology)"},{"link_name":"Streptococcus mutans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Research in the field of microbiotas shows that only a limited set of microbes cause tooth decay, with most of the bacteria in the human mouth being harmless. Focused attention on cavity-causing bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans has led research into new mouthwash treatments that prevent these bacteria from initially growing. While current mouthwash treatments must be used with a degree of frequency to prevent this bacteria from regrowing, future treatments could provide a viable long-term solution.[40]A clinical trial and laboratory studies have shown that alcohol-containing mouthwash could reduce the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the pharynx.[41][42] However, subsequent trials have found that there was no difference in gonorrhoea cases among men using daily mouthwash compared to those who did not use mouthwash for 12 weeks.[43][44]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colgate_Alcohol_Free_Mouthwash.jpg"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleef-45"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mildau-46"},{"link_name":"flavor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavoring"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pader-47"},{"link_name":"unreliable medical source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"breathalyzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathalyzer"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"drying agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astringent"},{"link_name":"halitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-49"},{"link_name":"carcinogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12956348-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14990877-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19014531-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19133944-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"dental erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_erosion"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Cancer Research UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid3859544-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7675486-59"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12956348-50"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22742785-60"},{"link_name":"The Cancer Council New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cancer_Council_New_South_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Alcohol","text":"An example of a commercial mouthwash brand which is alcohol-freeAlcohol is added to mouthwash not to destroy bacteria but to act as a carrier agent for essential active ingredients such as menthol, eucalyptol and thymol, which help to penetrate plaque.[45] Sometimes a significant amount of alcohol (up to 27% vol) is added,[46] as a carrier for the flavor, to provide \"bite\".[47][unreliable medical source?] Because of the alcohol content, it is possible to fail a breathalyzer test after rinsing, although breath alcohol levels return to normal after 10 minutes.[48] In addition, alcohol is a drying agent, which encourages bacterial activity in the mouth, releasing more malodorous volatile sulfur compounds. Therefore, alcohol-containing mouthwash may temporarily worsen halitosis in those who already have it, or, indeed, be the sole cause of halitosis in other individuals.[49]It is hypothesized that alcohol in mouthwashes acts as a carcinogen (cancer-inducing agent). Generally, there is no scientific consensus about this.[50][51][52] One review stated:There is now sufficient evidence to accept the proposition that developing oral cancer is increased or contributed to by the use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes. Whilst many of these products may have been shown to be effective in penetrating oral microbial biofilms in vitro and reducing oral bacterial load, it would be wise to restrict their use to short-term therapeutic situations if needed. Perhaps the use of mouthwashes that do not contain alcohol may be equally effective. Further, mouthrinses should be prescribed by dentists, like any other medication. There may well be a reason for the use of alcohol-containing mouthrinses, but only for a particular situation and for a limited and controlled period of time. As such, patients should be provided with written instructions for mouthwash use, and mouthwash use should be restricted to adults for short durations and specific, clearly defined reasons. It is the opinion of the authors that, in light of the evidence currently available of the association of alcohol-containing mouthwashes with the development of oral cancer, it would be inadvisable for oral healthcare professionals to recommend the long-term use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes.[53]The same researchers also state that the risk of acquiring oral cancer rises almost five times for users of alcohol-containing mouthwash who neither smoke nor drink (with a higher rate of increase for those who do).[54] In addition, the authors highlight side effects from several mainstream mouthwashes that included dental erosion and accidental poisoning of children.[55] The review garnered media attention[56] and conflicting opinions from other researchers. Yinka Ebo of Cancer Research UK disputed the findings, concluding that \"there is still not enough evidence to suggest that using mouthwash that contains alcohol will increase the risk of mouth cancer\".[57] Studies conducted in 1985,[58] 1995,[59] 2003,[50] and 2012[60] did not support an association between alcohol-containing mouth rinses and oral cancer. Andrew Penman, chief executive of The Cancer Council New South Wales, called for further research on the matter.[61] In a March 2009 brief, the American Dental Association said \"the available evidence does not support a connection between oral cancer and alcohol-containing mouthrinse\".[62] Many newer brands of mouthwash are alcohol-free, not just in response to consumer concerns about oral cancer, but also to cater for religious groups who abstain from alcohol consumption.","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aphthous stomatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis"},{"link_name":"benzydamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzydamine"}],"sub_title":"Benzydamine (analgesic)","text":"In painful oral conditions such as aphthous stomatitis, analgesic mouthrinses (e.g. benzydamine mouthwash, or \"Difflam\") are sometimes used to ease pain, commonly used before meals to reduce discomfort while eating.","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benzoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoic_acid"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleef-45"}],"sub_title":"Benzoic acid","text":"Benzoic acid acts as a buffer.[45]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Betamethasone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamethasone"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cawson2002-63"}],"sub_title":"Betamethasone","text":"Betamethasone is sometimes used as an anti-inflammatory, corticosteroid mouthwash. It may be used for severe inflammatory conditions of the oral mucosa such as the severe forms of aphthous stomatitis.[63]: 209","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cetylpyridinium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetylpyridinium_chloride"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27228022-64"},{"link_name":"ulceration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcer"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"}],"sub_title":"Cetylpyridinium chloride (antiseptic, antimalodor)","text":"Cetylpyridinium chloride containing mouthwash (e.g. 0.05%) is used in some specialized mouthwashes for halitosis.[64] Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash has less anti-plaque effect than chlorhexidine and may cause staining of teeth, or sometimes an oral burning sensation or ulceration.[65]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chlorhexidine digluconate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidine#Dental_use"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1552460-11"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleef-45"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17391828-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid28362061-68"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaque"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"},{"link_name":"rods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cellular_morphologies#Bacillus"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"},{"link_name":"Gram-negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria"},{"link_name":"gingivitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid28362061-68"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"periodontal disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontitis"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF-71"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid28362061-68"},{"link_name":"primary herpetic gingivostomatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_herpetic_gingivostomatitis"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF-71"},{"link_name":"acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_necrotizing_ulcerative_gingivitis"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF-71"},{"link_name":"chlorhexidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidine"},{"link_name":"dry socket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_socket"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CochraneChlorhex-72"},{"link_name":"immunocompromised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunocompetence"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF-71"},{"link_name":"denture-related stomatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denture-related_stomatitis"},{"link_name":"oral mucosal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_mucosa"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid28362061-68"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CochraneChlorhex-72"},{"link_name":"tannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid28362061-68"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"stomatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatitis"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CochraneChlorhex-72"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"},{"link_name":"Hexetidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexetidine"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleef-45"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Chlorhexidine digluconate and hexetidine (antiseptic)","text":"Chlorhexidine digluconate is a chemical antiseptic and is used in a 0.05–0.2% solution as a mouthwash.[66][11][45][67] There is no evidence to support that higher concentrations are more effective in controlling dental plaque and gingivitis.[68] A randomized clinical trial conducted in Rabat University in Morocco found better results in plaque inhibition when chlorohexidine with alcohol base 0.12% was used, when compared to an alcohol-free 0.1% chlorhexidine mouthrinse.[69]Chlorhexidine has good substantivity (the ability of a mouthwash to bind to hard and soft tissues in the mouth).[65] It has anti-plaque action, and also some anti-fungal action.[65] It is especially effective against Gram-negative rods.[65] The proportion of Gram-negative rods increase as gingivitis develops, so it is also used to reduce gingivitis.[68][70] It is sometimes used as an adjunct to prevent dental caries and to treat periodontal disease,[65] although it does not penetrate into periodontal pockets well.[71] Chlorhexidine mouthwash alone is unable to prevent plaque, so it is not a substitute for regular toothbrushing and flossing.[71] Instead, chlorhexidine mouthwash is more effective when used as an adjunctive treatment with toothbrushing and flossing.[68] In the short term, if toothbrushing is impossible due to pain, as may occur in primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, chlorhexidine mouthwash is used as a temporary substitute for other oral hygiene measures.[71] It is not suited for use in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, however.[71] Rinsing with chlorhexidine mouthwash before and after a tooth extraction may reduce the risk of a dry socket.[72] Other uses of chlorhexidine mouthwash include prevention of oral candidiasis in immunocompromised persons,[71] treatment of denture-related stomatitis, mucosal ulceration/erosions and oral mucosal lesions, general burning sensation[68] and many other uses.[71]Chlorhexidine mouthwash is known to have minor adverse effects.[72] Chlorhexidine binds to tannins, meaning that prolonged use in persons who consume coffee, tea or red wine is associated with extrinsic staining (i.e. removable staining) of teeth.[65] A systematic review of commercial chlorhexidine products with anti-discoloration systems (ADSs) found that the ADSs were able to reduce tooth staining without affecting the beneficial effects of chlorhexidine.[73] Chlorhexidine mouthwash can also cause taste disturbance or alteration.[68] Chlorhexidine is rarely associated with other issues like overgrowth of enterobacteria in persons with leukemia, desquamation, irritation, and stomatitis of oral mucosa,[65][72] salivary gland pain and swelling, and hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis.[65]Hexetidine[45] also has anti-plaque, analgesic, astringent and anti-malodor properties, but is considered an inferior alternative to chlorhexidine.[74]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chlorine dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid32410557-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid36634129-76"}],"sub_title":"Chlorine dioxide","text":"In dilute concentrations, chlorine dioxide is an ingredient that acts as an antiseptic agent in some mouthwashes.[75][76]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayurvedic medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedic_medicine"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21760690-27"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck2014-77"},{"link_name":"complementary and alternative medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_and_alternative_medicine"},{"link_name":"oil pulling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_pulling"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21760690-27"},{"link_name":"ama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_(ayurveda)"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"headaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache"},{"link_name":"migraines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine"},{"link_name":"diabetes mellitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus"},{"link_name":"asthma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21760690-27"},{"link_name":"acne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris"},{"link_name":"whitening teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_whitening"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler2014-79"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck2014-77"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19336860-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck2014-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck2014-77"},{"link_name":"lipid pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24429325-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oil_pulling_leg-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck2014-77"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler2014-79"},{"link_name":"Sesame oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_oil"},{"link_name":"coconut oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_oil"},{"link_name":"ghee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler2014-79"},{"link_name":"sunflower oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_oil"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler2014-79"}],"sub_title":"Edible oils","text":"In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, the use of oil mouthwashes is called \"Kavala\" (\"oil swishing\") or \"Gandusha\",[27][77] and this practice has more recently been re-marketed by the complementary and alternative medicine industry as \"oil pulling\".[27] Its promoters claim it works by \"pulling out\" \"toxins\", which are known as ama in Ayurvedic medicine, and thereby reducing inflammation.[78] Ayurvedic literature claims that oil pulling is capable of improving oral and systemic health, including a benefit in conditions such as headaches, migraines, diabetes mellitus, asthma,[27] and acne, as well as whitening teeth.[79]Oil pulling has received little study and there is little evidence to support claims made by the technique's advocates.[77] When compared with chlorhexidine in one small study, it was found to be less effective at reducing oral bacterial load,[80][81] and the other health claims of oil pulling have failed scientific verification[77] or have not been investigated.[77] There is a report of lipid pneumonia caused by accidental inhalation of the oil during oil pulling.[82][83][84]The mouth is rinsed with approximately one tablespoon of oil for 10–20 minutes then spat out.[77][79] Sesame oil, coconut oil and ghee are traditionally used,[79] but newer oils such as sunflower oil are also used.[79]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phenolic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenols"},{"link_name":"monoterpenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoterpene"},{"link_name":"essential oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleef-45"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17608576-85"},{"link_name":"eucalyptol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptol"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pubchem-14"},{"link_name":"eugenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenol"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleef-45"},{"link_name":"hinokitiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinokitiol"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"menthol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"phenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleef-45"},{"link_name":"thymol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymol"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleef-45"},{"link_name":"Essential oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil"},{"link_name":"essential oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil"},{"link_name":"anti-gingival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis#Treatment"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17608576-85"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21043801-88"},{"link_name":"reducing halitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#Mouthwashes"}],"sub_title":"Essential oils","text":"Phenolic compounds and monoterpenes include essential oil constituents that have some antibacterial properties,[45][85] such as eucalyptol,[14] eugenol,[45] hinokitiol,[86] menthol,[87] phenol,[45] or thymol.[45]\nEssential oils are oils which have been extracted from plants. Mouthwashes based on essential oils could be more effective than traditional mouthcare as anti-gingival treatments.[85][88] They have been found effective in reducing halitosis, and are being used in several commercial mouthwashes.","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sodium fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_fluoride"},{"link_name":"tooth decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decay"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Fluoride (anticavity)","text":"Anti-cavity mouthwashes use sodium fluoride to protect against tooth decay.[89] Fluoride-containing mouthwashes are used as prevention for dental caries for individuals who are considered at higher risk for tooth decay, whether due to xerostomia related to salivary dysfunction or side effects of medication, to not drinking fluoridated water, or to being physically unable to care for their oral needs (brushing and flossing), and as treatment for those with dentinal hypersensitivity, gingival recession/ root exposure.","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flavoring agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavoring_agent"},{"link_name":"sorbitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitol"},{"link_name":"sucralose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucralose"},{"link_name":"sodium saccharin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharin"},{"link_name":"xylitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylitol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-2"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9831777-90"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-2"}],"sub_title":"Flavoring agents and Xylitol","text":"Flavoring agents include sweeteners such as sorbitol, sucralose, sodium saccharin, and xylitol, which stimulate salivary function due to their sweetness and taste and helps restore the mouth to a neutral level of acidity.[2]Xylitol rinses double as a bacterial inhibitor,[90] and have been used as substitute for alcohol to avoid dryness of mouth associated with alcohol.[2]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hydrogen peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF-71"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid379049-91"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF-71"},{"link_name":"acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_necrotising_ulcerative_gingivitis"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF-71"},{"link_name":"hypertrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophy"},{"link_name":"lingual papillae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingual_papilla"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF-71"}],"sub_title":"Hydrogen peroxide","text":"Hydrogen peroxide can be used as an oxidizing mouthwash (e.g. Peroxyl, 1.5%).[71][91] It kills anaerobic bacteria, and also has a mechanical cleansing action when it froths as it comes into contact with debris in mouth.[71] It is often used in the short term to treat acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis.[71] Side effects can occur with prolonged use, including hypertrophy of the lingual papillae.[71]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"lactoperoxidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoperoxidase#Oral_care"},{"link_name":"lysozyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysozyme"},{"link_name":"lactoferrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrin"},{"link_name":"Biotene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotene#Ingredients"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoogedoorn_1985-92"}],"sub_title":"Lactoperoxidase (saliva substitute)","text":"Enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins, such as lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin, have been used in mouthwashes (e.g., Biotene) to reduce levels of oral bacteria, and, hence, of the acids produced by these bacteria.[92]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lidocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine"},{"link_name":"mucositis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucositis"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"mucous membranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Lidocaine/xylocaine","text":"Oral lidocaine is useful for the treatment of mucositis symptoms (inflammation of mucous membranes) induced by radiation or chemotherapy.[93] There is evidence that lidocaine anesthetic mouthwash has the potential to be systemically absorbed, when it was tested in patients with oral mucositis who underwent a bone marrow transplant.[94]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Methyl salicylate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_salicylate"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-49"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"}],"sub_title":"Methyl salicylate","text":"Methyl salicylate functions as an antiseptic, antiinflammatory, and analgesic agent, a flavoring, and a fragrance.[49] Methyl salicylate has some anti-plaque action, but less than chlorhexidine.[65] Methyl salicylate does not stain teeth.[65]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nystatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystatin"},{"link_name":"antifungal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal_medication"},{"link_name":"oral candidiasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nystatin_PI-95"}],"sub_title":"Nystatin","text":"Nystatin suspension is an antifungal ingredient used for the treatment of oral candidiasis.[95]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dentine hypersensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentin_hypersensitivity"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"sub_title":"Potassium oxalate","text":"A randomized clinical trial found promising results in controlling and reducing dentine hypersensitivity when potassium oxalate mouthwash was used in conjugation with toothbrushing.[96]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"povidone-iodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone-iodine"},{"link_name":"upper respiratory infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_infection"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16242593-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"SARS-CoV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"sub_title":"Povidone/iodine (PVP-I)","text":"A 2005 study found that gargling three times a day with simple water or with a povidone-iodine solution was effective in preventing upper respiratory infection and decreasing the severity of symptoms if contracted.[97] Other sources attribute the benefit to a simple placebo effect.[98]PVP-I in general covers \"a wider virucidal spectrum, covering both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses, than the other commercially available antiseptics\",[99] which also includes the novel SARS-CoV-2 Virus.[100][101][102]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanguinarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguinarine"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"},{"link_name":"Sanguinaria canadensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguinaria_canadensis"},{"link_name":"Argemone mexicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argemone_mexicana"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"},{"link_name":"leukoplakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukoplakia"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"vestibule of the mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_mouth"},{"link_name":"dysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysplasia"},{"link_name":"malignant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignancy"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neville2002-104"}],"sub_title":"Sanguinarine","text":"Sanguinarine-containing mouthwashes are marketed as anti-plaque and anti-malodor treatments.[65] Sanguinarine is a toxic alkaloid herbal extract, obtained from plants such as Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot), Argemone mexicana (Mexican prickly poppy), and others.[65] However, its use is strongly associated with the development of leukoplakia (a white patch in the mouth), usually in the buccal sulcus.[65][103] This type of leukoplakia has been termed \"sanguinaria-associated keratosis\", and more than 80% of people with leukoplakia in the vestibule of the mouth have used this substance. Upon stopping contact with the causative substance, the lesions may persist for years. Although this type of leukoplakia may show dysplasia, the potential for malignant transformation is unknown.[104] Ironically, elements within the complementary and alternative medicine industry promote the use of sanguinaria as a therapy for cancer.","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sodium bicarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate"},{"link_name":"aqueous solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solution"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cawson2002-63"}],"sub_title":"Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)","text":"Sodium bicarbonate is sometimes combined with salt to make a simple homemade mouthwash, indicated for any of the reasons that a saltwater mouthwash might be used. Pre-mixed mouthwashes of 1% sodium bicarbonate and 1.5% sodium chloride in aqueous solution are marketed, although pharmacists will easily be able to produce such a formulation from the base ingredients when required. Sodium bicarbonate mouthwash is sometimes used to remove viscous saliva and to aid visualization of the oral tissues during examination of the mouth.[63]: 4","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saline (medicine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"hypertonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertonic"},{"link_name":"lysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysis"},{"link_name":"hyperemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperemia"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF-71"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12856008-1"},{"link_name":"pus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pus"},{"link_name":"dental abscesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_abscess"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrosis"},{"link_name":"cutaneous sinus of dental origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_sinus_of_dental_origin"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wray2003-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wray2003-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wray2003-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wray2003-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wray2003-106"}],"sub_title":"Sodium chloride (salt)","text":"See also: Saline (medicine)Saline has a mechanical cleansing action and an antiseptic action, as it is a hypertonic solution in relation to bacteria, which undergo lysis. The heat of the solution produces a therapeutic increase in blood flow (hyperemia)[71] to the surgical site, promoting healing.[1] Hot saltwater mouthwashes also encourage the draining of pus from dental abscesses.[105] In contrast, if heat is applied on the side of the face (e.g., hot water bottle) rather than inside the mouth, it may cause a dental abscess to drain extra-orally, which is later associated with an area of fibrosis on the face (see cutaneous sinus of dental origin).[106]Saltwater mouthwashes are also routinely used after oral surgery, to keep food debris out of healing wounds and to prevent infection. Some oral surgeons consider saltwater mouthwashes the mainstay of wound cleanliness after surgery.[106] In dental extractions, hot saltwater mouthbaths should start about 24 hours after a dental extraction.[106] The term mouth bath implies that the liquid is passively held in the mouth, rather than vigorously swilled around (which could dislodge a blood clot). Once the blood clot has stabilized, the mouthwash can be used more vigorously.[106] These mouthwashes tend to be advised for use about 6 times per day, especially after meals (to remove food from the socket).[106]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sodium lauryl sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lauryl_sulfate"},{"link_name":"toothpaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11905111-107"}],"sub_title":"Sodium lauryl sulfate (foaming agent)","text":"Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is used as a foaming agent in many oral hygiene products, including many mouthwashes. Some may suggest that it is probably advisable to use mouthwash at least an hour after brushing with toothpaste when the toothpaste contains SLS, since the anionic compounds in the SLS toothpaste can deactivate cationic agents present in the mouthwash.[107]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sucralfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucralfate"},{"link_name":"sucrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders_et_al-108"},{"link_name":"oral mucositis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_mucositis"},{"link_name":"radiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotherapy"},{"link_name":"chemoradiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoradiation"},{"link_name":"randomized controlled trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders_et_al-108"}],"sub_title":"Sucralfate","text":"Sucralfate is a mucosal coating agent, composed of an aluminum salt of sulfated sucrose.[108] It is not recommended for use in the prevention of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy or chemoradiation, due to a lack of efficacy found in a well-designed, randomized controlled trial.[108]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tetracycline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cawson2002-63"},{"link_name":"recurrent aphthous stomatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent_aphthous_stomatitis"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Erythromycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycin"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DetailDoc-24"}],"sub_title":"Tetracycline (antibiotic)","text":"Tetracycline is an antibiotic which may sometimes be used as a mouthwash in adults (it causes red staining of teeth in children). It is sometimes use for herpetiforme ulceration (an uncommon type of aphthous stomatitis), but prolonged use may lead to oral candidiasis, as the fungal population of the mouth overgrows in the absence of enough competing bacteria.[63]: 209 Similarly, minocycline mouthwashes of 0.5% concentrations can relieve symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis.[109] Erythromycin is similar.[24]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tranexamic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranexamic_acid"},{"link_name":"antifibrinolytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifibrinolytic"},{"link_name":"coagulopathies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulopathy"},{"link_name":"anticoagulants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant"},{"link_name":"warfarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfarin"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glick2003-110"}],"sub_title":"Tranexamic acid","text":"A 4.8% tranexamic acid solution is sometimes used as an antifibrinolytic mouthwash to prevent bleeding during and after oral surgery in persons with coagulopathies (clotting disorders) or who are taking anticoagulants (blood thinners such as warfarin).[110]: 473","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Triclosan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"copolymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copolymer"},{"link_name":"zinc citrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_citrate"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully2013-65"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"sub_title":"Triclosan","text":"Triclosan is a non-ionic chlorinate bisphenol antiseptic found in some mouthwashes.[111] When used in mouthwash (e.g. 0.03%), there is moderate substantivity, broad spectrum anti-bacterial action, some anti-fungal action, and significant anti-plaque effect, especially when combined with a copolymer or zinc citrate.[65] Triclosan does not cause staining of the teeth.[65] The safety of triclosan has been questioned.[112]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astringents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astringents"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GentleDENTALcare-113"},{"link_name":"Zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Topical_use"},{"link_name":"tartar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_(dental)#Prevention"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"sub_title":"Zinc","text":"Astringents like zinc chloride provide a pleasant-tasting sensation and shrink tissues.[113] Zinc, when used in combination with other antiseptic agents, can limit the buildup of tartar.[114]","title":"Ingredients"}]	[{"image_text":"Range of mouthwashes by Listerine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Listerine_products.jpg/220px-Listerine_products.jpg"},{"image_text":"Listerine advertisement, 1932","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Listerine_advertisement%2C_1932.jpg/220px-Listerine_advertisement%2C_1932.jpg"},{"image_text":"Swedish ad for toiletries, 1905/1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Katalog_vintern_1905-1906._AB_Nordiska_Kompaniet._H%C3%A5r-%2C_Toalett-_%26_Tandvatten%2C_Pomada_%26_Brilliantine_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0040796.jpg/220px-Katalog_vintern_1905-1906._AB_Nordiska_Kompaniet._H%C3%A5r-%2C_Toalett-_%26_Tandvatten%2C_Pomada_%26_Brilliantine_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0040796.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example of a commercial mouthwash brand which is alcohol-free","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Colgate_Alcohol_Free_Mouthwash.jpg/220px-Colgate_Alcohol_Free_Mouthwash.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/30px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/30px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/40px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Sodium fluoride/malic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_fluoride/malic_acid"},{"title":"Virucide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virucide"}]	[{"reference":"Matthews RW (July 2003). \"Hot salt water mouth baths\". British Dental Journal. 195 (1): 3. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4810318. PMID 12856008. S2CID 3995032.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bdj.4810318","url_text":"10.1038/sj.bdj.4810318"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12856008","url_text":"12856008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3995032","url_text":"3995032"}]},{"reference":"Reddy S (12 January 2015). \"There is More to Your Mouthwash Than a Minty Taste\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/there-is-more-to-your-mouthwash-than-a-minty-taste-1421096379","url_text":"\"There is More to Your Mouthwash Than a Minty Taste\""}]},{"reference":"Tufts University (23 March 2015). \"Should I use mouthwash?\". Medical Xpress.","urls":[{"url":"http://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-03-mouthwash.html","url_text":"\"Should I use mouthwash?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Learn More About Mouthrinses\". American Dental Association. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141011031124/http://www.ada.org/en/science-research/ada-seal-of-acceptance/product-category-information/mouthrinses","url_text":"\"Learn More About Mouthrinses\""},{"url":"http://www.ada.org/en/science-research/ada-seal-of-acceptance/product-category-information/mouthrinses","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mystikos C, Yoshino T, Ramberg P, Birkhed D (2011). \"Effect of post-brushing mouthrinse solutions on salivary fluoride retention\". Swedish Dental Journal. 35 (1): 17–24. PMID 21591596.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21591596","url_text":"21591596"}]},{"reference":"Chesters RK, Huntington E, Burchell CK, Stephen KW (1992). \"Effect of oral care habits on caries in adolescents\". Caries Research. 26 (4): 299–304. doi:10.1159/000261456. PMID 1423447.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000261456","url_text":"10.1159/000261456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1423447","url_text":"1423447"}]},{"reference":"Zamataro CB, Tenuta LM, Cury JA (June 2008). \"Low-fluoride dentifrice and the effect of postbrushing rinsing on fluoride availability in saliva\". European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 9 (2): 90–3. doi:10.1007/BF03262616. PMID 18534177. S2CID 31708112.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03262616","url_text":"10.1007/BF03262616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18534177","url_text":"18534177"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31708112","url_text":"31708112"}]},{"reference":"\"Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention\" (PDF) (3rd ed.). Public Health England, Department of Health. March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/605266/Delivering_better_oral_health.pdf","url_text":"\"Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention\""}]},{"reference":"Pitts N, Duckworth RM, Marsh P, Mutti B, Parnell C, Zero D (April 2012). \"Post-brushing rinsing for the control of dental caries: exploration of the available evidence to establish what advice we should give our patients\". British Dental Journal. 212 (7): 315–20. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.260. PMID 22498529.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bdj.2012.260","url_text":"\"Post-brushing rinsing for the control of dental caries: exploration of the available evidence to establish what advice we should give our patients\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bdj.2012.260","url_text":"10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.260"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22498529","url_text":"22498529"}]},{"reference":"Kozlovsky A, Goldberg S, Natour I, Rogatky-Gat A, Gelernter I, Rosenberg M (June 1996). \"Efficacy of a 2-phase oil: water mouthrinse in controlling oral malodor, gingivitis, and plaque\". Journal of Periodontology. 67 (6): 577–82. doi:10.1902/jop.1996.67.6.577. PMID 8794967.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1902%2Fjop.1996.67.6.577","url_text":"10.1902/jop.1996.67.6.577"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8794967","url_text":"8794967"}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg M, Gelernter I, Barki M, Bar-Ness R (January 1992). \"Day-long reduction of oral malodor by a two-phase oil:water mouthrinse as compared to chlorhexidine and placebo rinses\". Journal of Periodontology. 63 (1): 39–43. doi:10.1902/jop.1992.63.1.39. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordin_Canada	Jordin Canada	["1 Early life and high school","2 College","3 Professional career","3.1 WNBA","3.2 Overseas","3.3 International","4 WNBA career statistics","4.1 Regular season","4.2 Postseason","5 References","6 External links"]	American basketball player Jordin CanadaCanada in 2019No. 3 – Atlanta DreamPositionPoint guardLeagueWNBAPersonal informationBorn (1995-08-11) August 11, 1995 (age 28)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Listed height5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)Listed weight135 lb (61 kg)Career informationHigh schoolWindward School(Los Angeles, California)CollegeUCLA (2014–2018)WNBA draft2018: 1st round, 5th overall pickSelected by the Seattle StormPlaying career2018–presentCareer history2018–2021Seattle Storm2018–2019Wisła Can-Pack Kraków2020–2021Hatay BB2022–2023Los Angeles Sparks2023–2024Melbourne Boomers2024–presentAtlanta Dream Career highlights and awards 2× WNBA champion (2018, 2020) 2× WNBA steals leader (2019, 2023) 2× WNBA All-Defensive First Team (2019, 2023) Commissioner's Cup champion (2021) WNBL Most Valuable Player (2024) All-WNBL First Team (2024) 2× Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year (2017, 2018) Stats at WNBA.com Jordin Elizabeth Canada (born August 11, 1995) is an American professional basketball player for the Atlanta Dream of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She was selected by the Seattle Storm with the 5th overall pick in the 2018 WNBA draft. Born and raised in Los Angeles, Canada played collegiately with the UCLA Bruins. She is known for her playmaking, speed and crossover skills. In her rookie season with the Storm, she won her first WNBA championship as they swept the Washington Mystics. In 2020, after winning her second WNBA championship, she signed an endorsement deal with Air Jordan. Early life and high school Canada was born in Los Angeles, California, and attended Windward School, where she played for Vanessa Nygaard, a former WNBA player and coach in the USA Basketball program. She earned first-team All League, League MVP, and first-team All-CIF honors in all four years of high school, brought home the Los Angeles Times' All-Area MVP in 2013, and played in the McDonald's All-American Game as a senior in 2014. College Canada started as soon as she got to Westwood, notching a 15-point, 10-rebound double-double in her first career game. She went on to start 30 games in the 2014–15 season, reaching double figures 25 times leading the Bruins in assists per game. The Bruins missed the NCAA Tournament but earned a bid to the 2015 WNIT; UCLA won the tournament, which Canada scoring a career-high 31 points (half of the Bruins' scoring) in a 62–60 win in the finals against West Virginia. She earned tournament MVP honors, along with being named Pac-12 Freshman of the Year. She started 34 games as a sophomore, finishing second in the Pac-12 in assists per game (5.7) and steals per game (2.3), and also led UCLA in minutes and scoring. Canada led UCLA in minutes and scoring, and the Bruins went 22–7 in the regular season, made the 2016 NCAA tournament as a No. 3 seed, and advanced to the Sweet Sixteen for the first time since 1999. She was named All-Pac-12 and earned a spot on the Pac-12 All-Defensive team, and was an AP All-American honorable mention. As a junior, Canada continued to grow in to one of the best point guards in the country. She notched her first career triple-double with 11 points, 12 assists, and 10 rebounds against Southern on Nov. 18, 2016, and nearly did it again two days later, finishing with 19 points, 10 rebounds, and nine assists against Cal Poly. Canada scored in double-digits in all but one game in the season, and finished with two points/rebounds double-doubles and six points/assists double-doubles, including three straight in UCLA's run to the Sweet Sixteen in the 2017 NCAA tournament. She earned All-Pac-12, All-Pac-12 defensive, and AP All-American honorable mention honors, and was named Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year. Canada opened her senior season with another triple-double, logging 26 points, 10 assists, and 11 steals against San Jose State. Once again, she led the Bruins in scoring, assists, and minutes, and UCLA made its third straight NCAA Tournament, this time advancing to the Elite Eight, where it lost to eventual champions Mississippi State. Canada finished her career first in UCLA history in assists (831) second in points (2,153), third in field goals made (768), second in free throws made (518), third in steals (347), and fifth in 20-point games (42). She holds three of the top five seasons for assists in UCLA history. College Statistics Season GP GS Minutes Min/G FG FGA FG % 3PT 3PTA 3PT % FT FTA FT% REB AST STL BLK Points PPG 2014-15 34 30 1024 30.1 141 375 .376 3 23 .130 117 151 .775 116 148 69 3 402 11.8 2015-16 34 34 1164 34.2 200 493 .406 16 61 .262 133 174 .764 134 193 79 2 549 16.1 2016-17 34 32 1173 34.5 218 502 .434 29 82 .354 141 169 .834 176 242 85 2 606 17.8 2017-18 35 35 1178 33.7 209 480 .435 51 132 .386 127 158 .804 131 248 114 1 596 17.0 Total 137 131 4539 33.1 768 1850 .415 99 298 .332 518 652 .794 557 831 347 8 2153 15.7 Professional career WNBA The Seattle Storm took Canada with the fifth overall pick in the 2018 WNBA draft, making her Sue Bird's back-up at point guard. She played in 33 games in her rookie season, making two starts and averaging 5.7 points and 3.3 assists in 16.5 minutes per game. The Storm were championship contenders as they finished the season 26–8 with the number 1 seed, receiving a double bye to the semi-finals. In the semi-finals, the Storm defeated the Phoenix Mercury in a hard-fought five-game series to advance to the WNBA Finals. In the Finals, the Storm would win the championship after defeating the Washington Mystics in a three-game sweep, Canada had increased her offensive game off the bench during the postseason to contribute to the Storm's success of winning the 2018 WNBA championship. With Bird needing to undergo season-ending knee surgery just before the 2019 season began, Canada found herself as Seattle's starting point guard in her second year. Starting in 29 games, her scoring jumped up to 9.8 points per game. She logged her first professional double-double on July 12, 2019 against the Dallas Wings, scoring 14 points and adding 12 assists. She finished the season second in the WNBA in assists and first in steals, earning a spot on the WNBA All-Defensive Team. The Storm finished as the number 6 seed with a 18–16 record being shorthanded with Sue Bird and Breanna Stewart sitting out the season due to injury. They would win the first round elimination game 84–74 against the Minnesota Lynx, but would lose the second round elimination to the Los Angeles Sparks by a score of 92–69. In the 2020 season, Canada would revert to playing back-up point guard with Bird returning after knee surgery. The season was delayed and shortened to 22 games in a bubble at IMG Academy due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Canada started in 11 of 20 games played due to Bird's absence during the season dealing with her knee injury. With a fully loaded roster, the Storm finished 18–4 with the number 2 seed, receiving a double bye to the semi-finals. In the semi-finals, they would eliminate the Minnesota Lynx in a three-game sweep, advancing back to the Finals for the second time in three years. In the Finals, the Storm would sweep the Las Vegas Aces to win the championship, ending off their postseason undefeated and also earning Canada her second championship in her first three seasons. In February 2022, Canada signed a contract with the Los Angeles Sparks. On February 1, 2024, Canada was traded to the Atlanta Dream alongside the 12th pick in the 2024 WNBA draft in exchange for Aari McDonald and the 8th pick. Overseas In 2018, Canada signed with Wisła Can-Pack Kraków of the Polish League for the 2018-19 off-season. In December 2020, Canada signed with Hatay BB of the Turkish league for the 2020-21 off-season. Canada was named WNBL Most Valuable Player playing for the Melbourne Boomers in the 2023–24 WNBL season. International Canada has been a part of USA Basketball since 2011, when she was part of the U16 National Team that won gold at the FIBA Americas U16 Championship. She won another gold medal at the 2015 World University Games, and helped the U23 National Team win the first-ever U24 Four Nations Tournament in 2017. Canada was a part of the USA team that won the 2019 AmeriCup, leading the team with 5.3 assists per game and adding 7.2 points per game. After the AmeriCup, she was named to the USA National Team Pool. WNBA career statistics Regular season Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game TO Turnovers per game FG% Field-goal percentage 3P% 3-point field-goal percentage FT% Free-throw percentage Bold Career best ° League leader † Denotes seasons in which Canada won a WNBA championship Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG TO PPG 2018† Seattle 33 2 16.5 .357 .182 .738 1.5 3.3 0.9 0.0 1.7 5.7 2019 Seattle 30 29 28.8 .388 .186 .768 2.4 5.2 2.3 0.2 2.6 9.8 2020† Seattle 20 11 24.2 .424 .091 .772 2.3 5.5 1.5 0.0 2.0 7.9 2021 Seattle 29 3 18.7 .389 .214 .841 2.3 3.0 0.7 0.1 1.1 5.8 2022 Los Angeles 32 25 27.0 .384 .140 .806 2.3 5.5 1.4 0.2 2.3 9.2 2023 Los Angeles 38 38 32.6 .404 .333 .873 3.1 6.0 2.3° 0.2 2.7 13.3 Career 6 years, 2 teams 182 108 24.9 .391 .236 .813 2.3 4.7 1.5 0.1 2.1 8.8 Postseason Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG TO PPG 2018† Seattle 8 0 13.6 .477 .364 .600 1.1 2.3 0.4 0.0 1.5 6.1 2019 Seattle 2 2 33.0 .405 .200 .714 3.5 5.5 1.0 0.0 2.0 18.0 2020† Seattle 6 0 15.5 .545 .000 .667 1.8 1.3 0.5 0.0 0.3 7.0 2021 Seattle 1 0 10.0 .000 .000 1.000 0.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 6.0 Career 4 years, 1 team 17 2 16.4 .462 .263 .741 1.6 2.3 0.5 0.0 1.2 7.8 References ^ "Jordin Canada". WNBA.com. Retrieved 14 June 2018. ^ Seattle Storm get a fantastic playmaker in Jordin Canada ^ Five WNBA Athletes Join the Jordan Brand Family ^ "James Madison - Stats". UCLA. Retrieved 2020-09-15. ^ "UCLA Women's Basketball Captures 2015 WNIT Championship". UCLA. Retrieved 2020-09-15. ^ a b c "Jordin Canada". www.usab.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved 2020-09-15. ^ "How Sweet it is, Bruins Still Dancing". UCLA. Retrieved 2020-09-15. ^ "No. 3 UCLA Falls in Elite Eight". UCLA. Retrieved 2023-03-08. ^ "(PDF)" (PDF). UCLA. Retrieved 2020-09-15. ^ "Jordin Canada - Women's Basketball". UCLA. Retrieved 2020-09-15. ^ Megdal, Howard (2018-09-11). "Jordin Canada Is the Sue Bird Protégé Who's Got Next, and Now". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-08. ^ "Jordin Canada". WNBA Stats. Retrieved 2020-09-15. ^ "Sue Bird's absence opens door for Jordin Canada to grow for Storm". The Seattle Times. 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2023-03-08. ^ "Jordin Canada". WNBA Stats. Retrieved 2020-09-15. ^ "Sparks Sign WNBA Champion Jordin Canada". Retrieved 2022-04-23. ^ Galligan, Rachel (7 February 2022). "SPARKS FINALIZING ONE-YEAR DEAL WITH JORDIN CANADA IN FREE AGENCY". Just Women's Sports. Retrieved 8 July 2022. ^ Jordin Canada is a player of Wisła CANPACK! ^ Mor, Lior (10 December 2020). "Hatay tabs Jordin Canada". Eurobasket. ^ "Suzy Batkovic Medal WNBL 2023/24 League MVP: Jordin Canada". twitter.com/WNBL. February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024. External links Career statistics and player information from WNBA.com and Basketball-Reference.com UCLA Bruins bio vteAtlanta Dream current roster 00 Hillmon 3 Canada 7 Amihere 10 Howard 11 Dangerfield 12 Coffey 13 Jones 15 Gray 19 Cubaj 23 Powers 31 Charles 32 Parker Head coach T. Wright Assistant coaches V. Johnson P. Goriss B. Turner East ATL CHI CON IND NY WAS West DAL LV LA MIN PHO SEA Links to related articles vteSeattle Storm 2018 WNBA champions 1 Crystal Langhorne 2 Mercedes Russell 3 Courtney Paris 6 Natasha Howard 10 Sue Bird 22 Jordin Canada 23 Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis 24 Jewell Loyd 30 Breanna Stewart (Finals MVP) 32 Alysha Clark 33 Sami Whitcomb 45 Noelle Quinn Head coach Dan Hughes Assistant Coaches Gary Kloppenburg Crystal Robinson vteSeattle Storm 2020 WNBA champions 0 Magbegor 1 Langhorne 2 Russell 3 Tuck 6 Howard 10 Bird 11 Prince 21 Canada 24 Loyd 30 Stewart (Finals MVP) 32 Clark 33 Whitcomb Head coach: Kloppenburg Associate head coach: Quinn Assistant coach: Ryan Webb vte2018 WNBA draftFirst round A'ja Wilson Kelsey Mitchell Diamond DeShields Gabby Williams Jordin Canada Azurá Stevens Ariel Atkins Victoria Vivians Lexie Brown Kia Nurse Maria Vadeeva Marie Gülich Second round Jaime Nared Stephanie Mavunga Monique Billings Kristy Wallace Park Ji-su Loryn Goodwin Myisha Hines-Allen Tyler Scaife Raisa Musina Mercedes Russell Shakayla Thomas Kahlia Lawrence vteWNBA season steals leaders 1997: Weatherspoon 1998: Weatherspoon 1999: Griffith 2000: Swoopes 2001: Black 2002: Catchings 2003: Swoopes 2004: Griffith & Sales 2005: Catchings 2006: Catchings 2007: Catchings 2008: Hornbuckle 2009: Catchings 2010: Catchings 2011: Lyttle 2012: McCoughtry 2013: Catchings 2014: McCoughtry 2015: Lyttle 2016: Lyttle 2017: Beard 2018: Moore 2019: Canada 2020: Thomas 2021: Sykes 2022: Sykes 2023: Canada vteWNBL Most Valuable Player Award 1982: Ogden 1983: Ogden (2) & Maher 1984: Nykiel 1985: Foster 1986: Foster (2) 1987: Maher (2) 1988: Nykiel (2) 1989: Foster (3) 1990: Slimmon 1991: Matcalfe 1992: Slimmon (2) 1993: Cook 1994: Gorman 1995: Brondello 1996: Sporn 1997: Sporn (2) 1998: Griffiths 1999: Jackson 2000: Jackson (2) & Fallon 2001: Taylor 2002: Taylor (2) 2003: Jackson (3) 2004: Jackson (4) 2005: Hibbert 2006: Hibbert (2) 2007: Grima 2008: Porter 2009: Cox 2010: Harrower 2011: Cambage 2012: Batkovic 2013: Batkovic (2) 2014: Batkovic (3) 2015: Abby Bishop 2016: Batkovic (4) 2017: Batkovic (5) 2018: Batkovic (6) 2019: Griffin 2019–20: Nurse 2020: Talbot 2022: Maley 2023: George 2024: Canada	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Dream"},{"link_name":"Women's National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Seattle Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Storm"},{"link_name":"2018 WNBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_WNBA_draft"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"UCLA Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Washington Mystics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Mystics"},{"link_name":"Air Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Jordin Elizabeth Canada (born August 11, 1995) is an American professional basketball player for the Atlanta Dream of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She was selected by the Seattle Storm with the 5th overall pick in the 2018 WNBA draft. Born and raised in Los Angeles, Canada played collegiately with the UCLA Bruins.[1] She is known for her playmaking, speed and crossover skills.[2] In her rookie season with the Storm, she won her first WNBA championship as they swept the Washington Mystics. In 2020, after winning her second WNBA championship, she signed an endorsement deal with Air Jordan.[3]","title":"Jordin Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vanessa Nygaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Nygaard"}],"text":"Canada was born in Los Angeles, California, and attended Windward School, where she played for Vanessa Nygaard, a former WNBA player and coach in the USA Basketball program. She earned first-team All League, League MVP, and first-team All-CIF honors in all four years of high school, brought home the Los Angeles Times' All-Area MVP in 2013, and played in the McDonald's All-American Game as a senior in 2014.","title":"Early life and high school"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"2016 NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2017 NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Canada started as soon as she got to Westwood, notching a 15-point, 10-rebound double-double in her first career game.[4] She went on to start 30 games in the 2014–15 season, reaching double figures 25 times leading the Bruins in assists per game. The Bruins missed the NCAA Tournament but earned a bid to the 2015 WNIT; UCLA won the tournament, which Canada scoring a career-high 31 points (half of the Bruins' scoring) in a 62–60 win in the finals against West Virginia.[5] She earned tournament MVP honors, along with being named Pac-12 Freshman of the Year.[6]She started 34 games as a sophomore, finishing second in the Pac-12 in assists per game (5.7) and steals per game (2.3), and also led UCLA in minutes and scoring. Canada led UCLA in minutes and scoring, and the Bruins went 22–7 in the regular season, made the 2016 NCAA tournament as a No. 3 seed, and advanced to the Sweet Sixteen for the first time since 1999.[7] She was named All-Pac-12 and earned a spot on the Pac-12 All-Defensive team, and was an AP All-American honorable mention.As a junior, Canada continued to grow in to one of the best point guards in the country. She notched her first career triple-double with 11 points, 12 assists, and 10 rebounds against Southern on Nov. 18, 2016, and nearly did it again two days later, finishing with 19 points, 10 rebounds, and nine assists against Cal Poly. Canada scored in double-digits in all but one game in the season, and finished with two points/rebounds double-doubles and six points/assists double-doubles, including three straight in UCLA's run to the Sweet Sixteen in the 2017 NCAA tournament. She earned All-Pac-12, All-Pac-12 defensive, and AP All-American honorable mention honors, and was named Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year.[6]Canada opened her senior season with another triple-double, logging 26 points, 10 assists, and 11 steals against San Jose State. Once again, she led the Bruins in scoring, assists, and minutes, and UCLA made its third straight NCAA Tournament, this time advancing to the Elite Eight, where it lost to eventual champions Mississippi State.[8]Canada finished her career first in UCLA history in assists (831) second in points (2,153), third in field goals made (768), second in free throws made (518), third in steals (347), and fifth in 20-point games (42). She holds three of the top five seasons for assists in UCLA history.[9]","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018 WNBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_WNBA_draft"},{"link_name":"Sue Bird's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Bird"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Washington Mystics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Mystics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"WNBA All-Defensive Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNBA_All-Defensive_Team"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Breanna Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breanna_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Lynx"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Sparks"},{"link_name":"IMG Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMG_Academy"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Aces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Aces"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galligan2022-16"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Dream"},{"link_name":"2024 WNBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_WNBA_draft"},{"link_name":"Aari McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aari_McDonald"}],"sub_title":"WNBA","text":"The Seattle Storm took Canada with the fifth overall pick in the 2018 WNBA draft, making her Sue Bird's back-up at point guard.[11] She played in 33 games in her rookie season, making two starts and averaging 5.7 points and 3.3 assists in 16.5 minutes per game.[12] The Storm were championship contenders as they finished the season 26–8 with the number 1 seed, receiving a double bye to the semi-finals. In the semi-finals, the Storm defeated the Phoenix Mercury in a hard-fought five-game series to advance to the WNBA Finals. In the Finals, the Storm would win the championship after defeating the Washington Mystics in a three-game sweep, Canada had increased her offensive game off the bench during the postseason to contribute to the Storm's success of winning the 2018 WNBA championship.With Bird needing to undergo season-ending knee surgery just before the 2019 season began, Canada found herself as Seattle's starting point guard in her second year.[13] Starting in 29 games, her scoring jumped up to 9.8 points per game. She logged her first professional double-double on July 12, 2019 against the Dallas Wings, scoring 14 points and adding 12 assists. She finished the season second in the WNBA in assists and first in steals, earning a spot on the WNBA All-Defensive Team.[14] The Storm finished as the number 6 seed with a 18–16 record being shorthanded with Sue Bird and Breanna Stewart sitting out the season due to injury. They would win the first round elimination game 84–74 against the Minnesota Lynx, but would lose the second round elimination to the Los Angeles Sparks by a score of 92–69.In the 2020 season, Canada would revert to playing back-up point guard with Bird returning after knee surgery. The season was delayed and shortened to 22 games in a bubble at IMG Academy due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Canada started in 11 of 20 games played due to Bird's absence during the season dealing with her knee injury. With a fully loaded roster, the Storm finished 18–4 with the number 2 seed, receiving a double bye to the semi-finals. In the semi-finals, they would eliminate the Minnesota Lynx in a three-game sweep, advancing back to the Finals for the second time in three years. In the Finals, the Storm would sweep the Las Vegas Aces to win the championship, ending off their postseason undefeated and also earning Canada her second championship in her first three seasons.In February 2022, Canada signed a contract with the Los Angeles Sparks.[15][16]On February 1, 2024, Canada was traded to the Atlanta Dream alongside the 12th pick in the 2024 WNBA draft in exchange for Aari McDonald and the 8th pick.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisła Can-Pack Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82a_Can-Pack_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hatay BB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatay_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyespor_(women%27s_basketball)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"WNBL Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNBL_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Boomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Boomers"},{"link_name":"2023–24 WNBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_WNBL_season"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Overseas","text":"In 2018, Canada signed with Wisła Can-Pack Kraków of the Polish League for the 2018-19 off-season.[17] In December 2020, Canada signed with Hatay BB of the Turkish league for the 2020-21 off-season.[18]Canada was named WNBL Most Valuable Player playing for the Melbourne Boomers in the 2023–24 WNBL season.[19]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"Canada has been a part of USA Basketball since 2011, when she was part of the U16 National Team that won gold at the FIBA Americas U16 Championship. She won another gold medal at the 2015 World University Games, and helped the U23 National Team win the first-ever U24 Four Nations Tournament in 2017.Canada was a part of the USA team that won the 2019 AmeriCup, leading the team with 5.3 assists per game and adding 7.2 points per game. After the AmeriCup, she was named to the USA National Team Pool.[6]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"WNBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","title":"WNBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Postseason","title":"WNBA career statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jordin Canada\". WNBA.com. Retrieved 14 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wnba.com/draft2018profile/jordin-canada/","url_text":"\"Jordin Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Madison - Stats\". UCLA. Retrieved 2020-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://uclabruins.com/sports/2014/11/14/Stats_10072.aspx","url_text":"\"James Madison - Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"UCLA Women's Basketball Captures 2015 WNIT Championship\". UCLA. Retrieved 2020-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://uclabruins.com/news/2015/4/4/210001544.aspx","url_text":"\"UCLA Women's Basketball Captures 2015 WNIT Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordin Canada\". www.usab.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved 2020-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613063643/http://www.usab.com/basketball/players/womens/c/canada-jordin.aspx","url_text":"\"Jordin Canada\""},{"url":"https://www.usab.com/basketball/players/womens/c/canada-jordin.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How Sweet it is, Bruins Still Dancing\". UCLA. Retrieved 2020-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://uclabruins.com/news/2016/3/22/210822792.aspx","url_text":"\"How Sweet it is, Bruins Still Dancing\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 3 UCLA Falls in Elite Eight\". UCLA. Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://uclabruins.com/news/2018/3/25/womens-basketball-no-3-ucla-falls-in-elite-eight.aspx?path=wbball","url_text":"\"No. 3 UCLA Falls in Elite Eight\""}]},{"reference":"\"(PDF)\" (PDF). UCLA. Retrieved 2020-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://uclabruins.com/documents/2019/10/21/Records.pdf?id=21790","url_text":"\"(PDF)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordin Canada - Women's Basketball\". UCLA. Retrieved 2020-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://uclabruins.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/jordin-canada/5616","url_text":"\"Jordin Canada - Women's Basketball\""}]},{"reference":"Megdal, Howard (2018-09-11). \"Jordin Canada Is the Sue Bird Protégé Who's Got Next, and Now\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/10/sports/basketball/jordin-canada-wnba-seattle-storm.html","url_text":"\"Jordin Canada Is the Sue Bird Protégé Who's Got Next, and Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Jordin Canada\". WNBA Stats. Retrieved 2020-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.wnba.com/player/1628886/career/","url_text":"\"Jordin Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sue Bird's absence opens door for Jordin Canada to grow for Storm\". The Seattle Times. 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/storm/sue-birds-absence-means-jordin-canada-has-room-to-grow-for-storm/","url_text":"\"Sue Bird's absence opens door for Jordin Canada to grow for Storm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordin Canada\". WNBA Stats. Retrieved 2020-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.wnba.com/player/1628886/career/","url_text":"\"Jordin Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sparks Sign WNBA Champion Jordin Canada\". Retrieved 2022-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://sparks.wnba.com/news/sparks-sign-wnba-champion-jordin-canada/","url_text":"\"Sparks Sign WNBA Champion Jordin Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Galligan, Rachel (7 February 2022). \"SPARKS FINALIZING ONE-YEAR DEAL WITH JORDIN CANADA IN FREE AGENCY\". Just Women's Sports. Retrieved 8 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://justwomenssports.com/jordin-canada-los-angeles-sparks-deal-wnba-free-agency/","url_text":"\"SPARKS FINALIZING ONE-YEAR DEAL WITH JORDIN CANADA IN FREE AGENCY\""}]},{"reference":"Mor, Lior (10 December 2020). \"Hatay tabs Jordin Canada\". Eurobasket.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurobasket.com/Turkey/news/657597/Hatay-tabs-Jordin-Canada?Women=1","url_text":"\"Hatay tabs Jordin Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suzy Batkovic Medal WNBL 2023/24 League MVP: Jordin Canada\". twitter.com/WNBL. February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/WNBL/status/1761693445410975876","url_text":"\"Suzy Batkovic Medal WNBL 2023/24 League MVP: Jordin Canada\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.wnba.com/player/jordin-canada","external_links_name":"Stats"},{"Link":"http://www.wnba.com/draft2018profile/jordin-canada/","external_links_name":"\"Jordin Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.sbnation.com/2018/4/11/17215820/wnba-draft-2018-jordin-canada-ucla","external_links_name":"Seattle Storm get a fantastic playmaker in Jordin Canada"},{"Link":"https://news.nike.com/news/jordan-brand-wnba-signing-jordin-canada-te-a-cooper-crystal-dangerfield-satou-sabally","external_links_name":"Five WNBA Athletes Join the Jordan Brand Family"},{"Link":"https://uclabruins.com/sports/2014/11/14/Stats_10072.aspx","external_links_name":"\"James Madison - Stats\""},{"Link":"https://uclabruins.com/news/2015/4/4/210001544.aspx","external_links_name":"\"UCLA Women's Basketball Captures 2015 WNIT Championship\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613063643/http://www.usab.com/basketball/players/womens/c/canada-jordin.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Jordin Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.usab.com/basketball/players/womens/c/canada-jordin.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://uclabruins.com/news/2016/3/22/210822792.aspx","external_links_name":"\"How Sweet it is, Bruins Still Dancing\""},{"Link":"https://uclabruins.com/news/2018/3/25/womens-basketball-no-3-ucla-falls-in-elite-eight.aspx?path=wbball","external_links_name":"\"No. 3 UCLA Falls in Elite Eight\""},{"Link":"https://uclabruins.com/documents/2019/10/21/Records.pdf?id=21790","external_links_name":"\"(PDF)\""},{"Link":"https://uclabruins.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/jordin-canada/5616","external_links_name":"\"Jordin Canada - Women's Basketball\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/10/sports/basketball/jordin-canada-wnba-seattle-storm.html","external_links_name":"\"Jordin Canada Is the Sue Bird Protégé Who's Got Next, and Now\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://stats.wnba.com/player/1628886/career/","external_links_name":"\"Jordin Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/storm/sue-birds-absence-means-jordin-canada-has-room-to-grow-for-storm/","external_links_name":"\"Sue Bird's absence opens door for Jordin Canada to grow for Storm\""},{"Link":"https://stats.wnba.com/player/1628886/career/","external_links_name":"\"Jordin Canada\""},{"Link":"https://sparks.wnba.com/news/sparks-sign-wnba-champion-jordin-canada/","external_links_name":"\"Sparks Sign WNBA Champion Jordin Canada\""},{"Link":"https://justwomenssports.com/jordin-canada-los-angeles-sparks-deal-wnba-free-agency/","external_links_name":"\"SPARKS FINALIZING ONE-YEAR DEAL WITH JORDIN CANADA IN FREE AGENCY\""},{"Link":"http://wislacanpack.pl/jordin-canada-zawodniczka-wisly-canpack/","external_links_name":"Jordin Canada is a player of Wisła CANPACK!"},{"Link":"https://www.eurobasket.com/Turkey/news/657597/Hatay-tabs-Jordin-Canada?Women=1","external_links_name":"\"Hatay tabs Jordin Canada\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/WNBL/status/1761693445410975876","external_links_name":"\"Suzy Batkovic Medal WNBL 2023/24 League MVP: Jordin Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.wnba.com/player/jordin-canada/","external_links_name":"WNBA.com"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/wnba/players/c/canadjo01w.html","external_links_name":"Basketball-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://uclabruins.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=2756","external_links_name":"UCLA Bruins bio"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karukh	Karukh	["1 Climate","2 Notable people","3 External links","4 References"]	Coordinates: 34°29′32″N 62°35′32″E / 34.49222°N 62.59222°E / 34.49222; 62.59222 Place in Herat Province, AfghanistanKarukhKarukhLocation in AfghanistanCoordinates: 34°29′32″N 62°35′32″E / 34.49222°N 62.59222°E / 34.49222; 62.59222Country AfghanistanProvinceHerat ProvinceDistrictKarukh DistrictElevation4,330 ft (1,320 m)Time zoneUTC+4:30 Karukh (Persian/Pashto: كرخ) is a town and the center of Karukh District, Herat Province, Afghanistan. The population is more than 18,800 people. The town is located at 1320 m altitude, 50 km northeast of Herat.Karukh's busy bazaar is continuously mentioned in travelogues down through the centuries. The shrine of Alla Berdi, Sufi ul-Islam, stands there. Climate With a mild and generally warm and temperate climate, Karukh features a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) under the Köppen climate classification. The average temperature in Karukh is 13.1 °C, while the annual precipitation averages 301 mm. July is the hottest month of the year with an average temperature of 24.9 °C. The coldest month January has an average temperature of 0.7 °C. Climate data for Karukh Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.7(44.1) 8.5(47.3) 14.7(58.5) 20.0(68.0) 25.8(78.4) 31.1(88.0) 33.0(91.4) 31.9(89.4) 27.8(82.0) 21.9(71.4) 14.8(58.6) 9.7(49.5) 20.5(68.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 0.7(33.3) 2.8(37.0) 8.3(46.9) 13.3(55.9) 18.1(64.6) 22.8(73.0) 24.9(76.8) 23.7(74.7) 18.8(65.8) 13.2(55.8) 7.2(45.0) 3.4(38.1) 13.1(55.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.2(22.6) −2.8(27.0) 1.9(35.4) 6.6(43.9) 10.4(50.7) 14.5(58.1) 16.9(62.4) 15.5(59.9) 9.8(49.6) 4.5(40.1) −0.4(31.3) −2.9(26.8) 5.7(42.3) Source: Climate-Data.org Notable people Rangin Dadfar Spanta External links Nancy Dupree "A historical guide to Afghanistan" Census Data References ^ "Climate: Karukh - Climate-Data.org". Retrieved 9 September 2016. vteHerat ProvinceCapital: HeratDistricts Adraskan Chishti Sharif Farsi Ghoryan Gulran Guzara Hirat Injil Karukh Kohsan Kushk Kushki Kuhna Obe Pashtun Zarghun Shindand Zinda Jan Populated places Adraskan Azizabad Baluchi Bazargan Chishti Sharif Farsi Ghurian Gulran Guzara Herat Injil Islam Qala Karukh Kohsan Kushk Kushki Kuhna Obe Pashtun Zarghun Sabzawar Shindand Torghundi Zendeh Jan Landmarks Herat Citadel Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari shrine Great Mosque of Herat Gawhar Shad Mausoleum Malan Bridge Musalla complex Herat City Old Fort This Herat Province, Afghanistan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto"},{"link_name":"Karukh District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karukh_District"},{"link_name":"Herat Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat_Province"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Herat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat"},{"link_name":"Alla Berdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alla_Berdi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Place in Herat Province, AfghanistanKarukh (Persian/Pashto: كرخ) is a town and the center of Karukh District, Herat Province, Afghanistan. The population is more than 18,800 people. The town is located at 1320 m altitude, 50 km northeast of Herat.Karukh's busy bazaar is continuously mentioned in travelogues down through the centuries. The shrine of Alla Berdi, Sufi ul-Islam, stands there.","title":"Karukh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot-summer Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"With a mild and generally warm and temperate climate, Karukh features a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) under the Köppen climate classification. The average temperature in Karukh is 13.1 °C, while the annual precipitation averages 301 mm.July is the hottest month of the year with an average temperature of 24.9 °C. The coldest month January has an average temperature of 0.7 °C.Climate data for Karukh\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n31.9(89.4)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n0.7(33.3)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n3.4(38.1)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−5.2(22.6)\n\n−2.8(27.0)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n−0.4(31.3)\n\n−2.9(26.8)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n\nSource: Climate-Data.org[1]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rangin Dadfar Spanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangin_Dadfar_Spanta"}],"text":"Rangin Dadfar Spanta","title":"Notable people"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Climate: Karukh - Climate-Data.org\". Retrieved 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.climate-data.org/location/31489/","url_text":"\"Climate: Karukh - Climate-Data.org\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karukh&params=34_29_32_N_62_35_32_E_region:AF_type:city","external_links_name":"34°29′32″N 62°35′32″E / 34.49222°N 62.59222°E / 34.49222; 62.59222"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karukh&params=34_29_32_N_62_35_32_E_region:AF_type:city","external_links_name":"34°29′32″N 62°35′32″E / 34.49222°N 62.59222°E / 34.49222; 62.59222"},{"Link":"http://www.zharov.com/dupree/chapter19.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.gazetteer.de/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=fr&des=gamelan&dat=200&geo=-282&srt=pnan&col=aohdqcfbeimg&pt=c&va=&geo=448188259","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://en.climate-data.org/location/31489/","external_links_name":"\"Climate: Karukh - Climate-Data.org\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karukh&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusizi_National_Park	Rusizi National Park	["1 References","2 External links"]	National park in Burundi Rusizi National ParkRéserve naturelle du RusiziIUCN category II (national park)Hippopotamuses in Rusizi National ParkA map of Burundi showing the location of Rusizi Nature ReserveLocationBurundiNearest cityBujumburaCoordinates3°14′52″S 29°13′50″E / 3.247723°S 29.230671°E / -3.247723; 29.230671Area90 km2 (35 sq mi)Established1980Governing bodyOffice Burundais pour la Protection de l'Environnement Ramsar WetlandOfficial nameParc National de la RusiziDesignated5 June 2002Reference no.1180 Rusizi National Park is a national park in Burundi, next to the Rusizi River. It is 15 km north of the city of Bujumbura and home to hippopotamuses and sitatungas. Gustave, a Nile crocodile, is rumored to have killed 300 people here. References ^ UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for Rusizi from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 22 March 2022 ^ "Parc National de la Rusizi". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018. ^ World Database of Protected Areas (2021). "Réserve naturelle du Rusizi". Protected Planet. ^ Pitcher, Gemma; David Andrew; Kate Armstrong; James Bainbridge (2007). Africa. Lonely Planet. pp. 616. ISBN 978-1-74104-482-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rusizi National Park. BirdLife International (2020). "Important Bird Areas factsheet: Rusizi National Park". vteNational Parks of Burundi Kibira Rusizi Rurubu Geography portal This Burundi location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Africa protected areas related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Rusizi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusizi_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bujumbura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumbura"},{"link_name":"hippopotamuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"sitatungas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitatunga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gustave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_(crocodile)"},{"link_name":"Nile crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_crocodile"}],"text":"Rusizi National Park is a national park in Burundi, next to the Rusizi River.[3]\nIt is 15 km north of the city of Bujumbura and home to hippopotamuses and sitatungas.[4] Gustave, a Nile crocodile, is rumored to have killed 300 people here.","title":"Rusizi National Park"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Parc National de la Rusizi\". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1180","url_text":"\"Parc National de la Rusizi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention","url_text":"Ramsar"}]},{"reference":"World Database of Protected Areas (2021). \"Réserve naturelle du Rusizi\". Protected Planet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.protectedplanet.net/9162","url_text":"\"Réserve naturelle du Rusizi\""}]},{"reference":"Pitcher, Gemma; David Andrew; Kate Armstrong; James Bainbridge (2007). Africa. Lonely Planet. pp. 616. ISBN 978-1-74104-482-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/africaafri00pitc","url_text":"Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet","url_text":"Lonely Planet"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/africaafri00pitc/page/616","url_text":"616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-482-9","url_text":"978-1-74104-482-9"}]},{"reference":"BirdLife International (2020). \"Important Bird Areas factsheet: Rusizi National Park\".","urls":[{"url":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/rusizi-national-park-iba-burundi","url_text":"\"Important Bird Areas factsheet: Rusizi National Park\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rusizi_National_Park&params=3.247723_S_29.230671_E_type:landmark_dim:9km","external_links_name":"3°14′52″S 29°13′50″E / 3.247723°S 29.230671°E / -3.247723; 29.230671"},{"Link":"https://www.protectedplanet.net/9162","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1180","external_links_name":"\"Parc National de la Rusizi\""},{"Link":"https://www.protectedplanet.net/9162","external_links_name":"\"Réserve naturelle du Rusizi\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/africaafri00pitc","external_links_name":"Africa"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/africaafri00pitc/page/616","external_links_name":"616"},{"Link":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/rusizi-national-park-iba-burundi","external_links_name":"\"Important Bird Areas factsheet: Rusizi National Park\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rusizi_National_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rusizi_National_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduit_Avenue	Conduit Avenue	["1 Etymology","2 Route","3 Transportation","4 History","5 References","6 External links"]	Route map: Avenue in Brooklyn and Queens, New York This article is about the section of NY 27 in Queens. For the entire route, see New York State Route 27. Template:Attached KML/Conduit AvenueKML is from Wikidata Conduit AvenueConduit BoulevardNorth / South Conduit AvenueWide median strip at the Brooklyn-Queens borderNamesakeRidgewood AqueductOwnerCity of New YorkMaintained byNYSDOT and NYCDOTLength8.0 mi (12.9 km)LocationBrooklyn and Queens, New York CityWest endAtlantic Avenue in Cypress HillsMajorjunctions NY 27 (Linden Boulevard) in Lindenwood NY 878 / Belt Parkway in South Ozone Park I-678 in South Ozone ParkJFK Expressway in South Ozone Park Belt Parkway in LaureltonEast end NY 27 / Hook Creek Boulevard in Rosedale Conduit Avenue (Conduit Boulevard in Brooklyn) is an arterial road in New York City, the vast majority of which is in Queens. The divided highway runs from Atlantic Avenue in Cypress Hills, Brooklyn to Hook Creek Boulevard in Rosedale, Queens at the Nassau County border. The thoroughfare is named after an aqueduct in its right-of-way. Conduit Avenue and Conduit Boulevard were conceived in 1921 as part of the Conduit Highway, later the Sunrise Highway, with the original highway opening in 1929. The highway was expanded in 1940 as part of the construction of the Belt Parkway. The Brooklyn section was originally supposed to host Interstate 78 within its median, but this section was ultimately not built. Etymology Conduit Avenue and Conduit Boulevard are named for the conduit of the Brooklyn Waterworks, which fed Ridgewood Reservoir. The roads were constructed on the former right-of-way of the aqueduct. The conduit was known as the Ridgewood Aqueduct. Route West of Cross Bay Boulevard, Conduit Boulevard has a wide, grassy median strip and runs adjacent to a number of parks with playgrounds. Conduit Boulevard serves as the boundary between the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Cypress Hills and City Line, and the Queens neighborhoods of Ozone Park and Lindenwood. Between the Shore Parkway and the Laurelton Parkway, Conduit Avenue serves as the service road for Southern Parkway. East of Brookville Boulevard, South Conduit Avenue parallels the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) and continues as Sunrise Highway in Valley Stream. At 225th Street, North Conduit Avenue diverges to the north to Hook Creek Boulevard, while the Sunrise Highway merges into the avenue to the south. Conduit Avenue is designated as New York State Route 27 between Linden Boulevard and the Nassau County border and accommodates car, bus and truck traffic. Westbound vehicles use the roadway named North Conduit Avenue; eastbound vehicles use South Conduit Avenue. At various times the road has been used as a drag strip, particularly in Rosedale. The western segment of the highway, between Atlantic Avenue and Cross Bay Boulevard, was originally slated to be the eastern part of a planned, but never built, Bushwick Expressway. That highway was proposed to run from the Williamsburg Bridge through Williamsburg, Bushwick and East New York before feeding into the Belt Parkway. Transportation The Q85 runs on the road between Springfield Boulevard and Green Acres Mall. The B15 and BM5 run non-stop along the road and the A train stops near Cohancy Street. History The intersection of Conduit Boulevard and Sutter Avenue, on the Brooklyn side of the Brooklyn-Queens border. The original Brooklyn Waterworks brick conduit stretched from Long Island to the Ridgewood Pumping Station, now the site of City Line Park, in East New York. There, the water was pushed via a steam-powered pump north through a "force tube" into the Ridgewood Reservoir; the route of this tube is now Force Tube Avenue. The reservoir was opened in 1858, and the pumping station in 1886. The aqueduct was located on the north side of what is now Conduit Avenue, and was built on a right-of-way that had not been developed at the time. When the City of Brooklyn was consolidated as a borough of New York City in 1898, New York City gained possession of the Brooklyn Waterworks' assets, including the reservoir and its 25-mile (40 km) long aqueduct stretching to Massapequa in Nassau County. At this time, the right-of-way was still largely undeveloped, with the conduits located underground. Both Force Tube Avenue and Conduit Avenue were laid out and paved by the 1910s. Plans to construct a highway along the conduit path emerged around 1913. In 1921, the New York State Legislature signed a bill to construct a highway along the right-of-way known as Conduit Highway, ending in Amityville. The route included both Conduit Avenue and the Sunrise Highway. The original plans called for a grade-separated parkway, but the route was later designed to be 30 feet (9.1 m) to 40 feet (12 m) wide. The highway was planned to relieve congestion on Merrick Road/Merrick Boulevard. Construction began on the highway in 1924 or 1925. In conjunction with the project, what was then Linden Avenue was extended east from Kings Highway to Conduit Boulevard, becoming Linden Boulevard. The highway was referred to by various names including Conduit Boulevard and Pipe Line Boulevard. By 1928, the entire stretch from Brooklyn to Amityville was officially named the Sunrise Highway, following efforts by the Long Island Chamber of Commerce. The label Conduit was deemed "an unattractive one and quite meaningless." The Sunrise Highway name, meanwhile, was reference to the nickname for Long Island, "Land of the Sunrise Trails". The entire highway was opened on June 9, 1929. An inauguration ceremony was held at Liberty Avenue in Brooklyn. In 1931, the city planned to extend Conduit Boulevard north to Jamaica Avenue along Force Tube Avenue, which would require condemning property along the avenue in order to widen it, but this never took place. The Southern Parkway in Springfield Gardens, built along the Conduit corridor. In the early 1930s, it was proposed to convert the Conduit Boulevard route between Linden Boulevard and Laurelton Boulevard/Brookville Boulevard into a state parkway, with North and South Conduit Avenues created as service roads for the parkway. The purpose of the project was to create express highway links between Brooklyn and Long Island, via Linden Boulevard, Sunrise Highway, and the Southern State Parkway. The original 1931 plans, known as the Southern State Parkway extension, called for an arterial road adjacent to the existing narrow Sunrise Highway. Later plans called for a parkway. As early as July 1934, land was acquired via eminent domain to widen Conduit Boulevard and build the new parkway. The project would become the Southern Parkway section of the Belt Parkway, which would connect to the Belt system's Laurelton Parkway at Brookville Boulevard and feed into the Southern State Parkway. In justifying the conversion of the Conduit route into part of the Belt system, NYC Parks commissioner Robert Moses cited the "approximately 10,000,000 cars" traveling the route on an annual basis, and the need for a highway link between Brooklyn and Long Island to create "the ultimate circumferential boulevard." North and South Conduit Avenue were constructed as service roads along with the Southern Parkway. Shortly after the opening of the Belt Parkway system in 1940, Conduit Boulevard west of the parkway was expanded into a six-lane highway, with the right-of-way widened to create the grassy median. The project was undertaken in conjunction with the widening of Atlantic Avenue and grade separation of the LIRR Atlantic Branch. The median of Conduit Avenue (pictured) would have been used for the Bushwick Expressway. Around 1954, officials proposed constructing the Bushwick Expressway as part of I-78, between Williamsburg Bridge and the Nassau Expressway (NY 878). The expressway would have utilized Broadway, Bushwick Avenue, and the Conduit Boulevard/Avenue corridor within Brooklyn. The widened median of Conduit Boulevard would have facilitated the expressway. An alternate routing proposed in the 1960s by the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA) would have traveled slightly farther north, connecting to the Long Island Expressway (I-495) in western Queens. The Bushwick Expressway was opposed due to the necessary destruction of residences and businesses in Brooklyn in Queens; the TBTA estimated that nearly 4,000 families would be displaced by the expressway. The Bushwick Expressway plan was later truncated and later dropped entirely in 1969. Governor Nelson Rockefeller eliminated the expressway from the state's construction plans in March 1971. In 2000, NYC Parks published a report in which it proposed constructing a bikeway and horse trail within the large grassy median of Conduit Boulevard. The trails would be part of a greenway along the southern and eastern edges of Queens, running from East New York, Brooklyn, along the Laurelton Parkway and Cross Island Parkway to Bayside, Queens. The greenway itself had been proposed in the 1990s. However, as of 2017, the full greenway had not been constructed due to disagreements within the Howard Beach community. References ^ a b c d Google (January 9, 2017). "Conduit Avenue" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 9, 2017. ^ a b c d e "SUNRISE HIGHWAY LONG ISLAND BOON; Provides Traffic and Realty Benefits for Queens and Nassau Counties". The New York Times. April 29, 1928. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ a b c d "New Long Island Highway" (PDF). The New York Times. July 17, 1921. Retrieved October 11, 2009. ^ a b c d Nassau Expressway Construction, New York City: Environmental Impact Statement. United States Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, New York State Department of Transportation. 1981. Retrieved February 28, 2017. ^ Herszenhorn, David M. (August 28, 1995). "Officers Arrest 18 and Seize Cars in Drag Racing Sting Operation in Queens". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2009. ^ a b c Marzlock, Ron (September 17, 2015). "Where the narrow old Conduit met Cross Bay Blvd". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ a b c Rafter, Domenick (March 27, 2014). "Howard Beach unsure about greenway plan". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ a b c d "Bringing the Center of Long Island an Hour Closer to New York: New Proposed Conduit Highway on City-Owned Property Would Relieve Congestion on South Shore Roads". Motor Travel. 13 (1). Automobile Club of America. April 1921. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ a b Edwin G. Burrows; Mike Wallace (November 19, 1998). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. Oxford University Press. p. 837. ISBN 978-0-19-972910-4. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ a b "City Line Park: History". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ a b Kadinsky, Sergey (2016). Hidden Waters of New York City: A History and Guide to 101 Forgotten Lakes, Ponds, Creeks, and Streams in the Five Boroughs. New York, NY: Countryman Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-58157-566-8. ^ Boland, Ed Jr. (July 21, 2002). "F.Y.I.". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ "Changing the Map or Plan of the City of New York by Laying Out Force Tube Avenue, From Jamaica Avenue to Dinsmore Place, Borough of Brooklyn". Minutes of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the City of New York. New York City Board of Estimate, M.B. Brown Printing & Binding Company: 2957. November 9, 1911. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ "Local Improvements". Proceedings of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the City of New York. 4. New York City Board of Estimate: 3359–3360. June 9, 1916. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ a b c d e "Plans Ready for Extension of Highway: Sunrise Development Will Be Considered on July 30". Long Island Daily Press. July 21, 1934. p. 7. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com. ^ "New Map Adopted: Marks Important Step in Queens Borough Development". The New York Times. June 1, 1913. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ a b "5 New Factors Seen Boosting Sunrise Hwy: Increased Utility for Artery Predicted After Improvements". Long Island Daily Press. May 22, 1932. p. 24. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com. ^ Wilhem, Carl (November 2, 1924). "City Can Start on Conduit Boulevard in a Week, Says Riegelmann; $2,000,000 Linden Boulevard Link Awaits Shovels; Nassau Cash Ready, but City Holds Back". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. C1. Retrieved February 27, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Dobson Asks Civics Aid on Proposal". Long Island Daily Press. March 10, 1928. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com. ^ "LONG ISLAND OPENS SUNRISE HIGHWAY; 300 Motors Parade 26 Miles From Brooklyn to Amityville in Celebration". The New York Times. June 9, 1929. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ "Protests Local Levy Plan for Sunrise Link: Taxpayers Object to Full Condemnation Cost on Force Tube Avenue". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 3, 1931. p. 19. Retrieved February 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e "Final Plans Drafted for New Parkway: Sunrise Highway Improvement to Take Several Years". Long Island Daily Press. January 25, 1937. p. 5. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com. ^ "Two Road Plans Are Approved: State and City Would Join in Long Island Scheme". The Sun (New York). September 17, 1931. p. 12. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com. ^ "URGES EXTENSION OF 2 QUEENS DRIVES". The New York Times. September 16, 1931. Retrieved March 3, 2017. ^ "Work is Started on Parkway Span". The Nassau Daily Review. April 29, 1935. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com. ^ Ritchie, George (December 7, 1937). "Moses Plans Parkways Into Heart of City; Proposal Would Link Up Huge Westchester and Long Island Systems". The Sun (New York). pp. 1, 17. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com. ^ Ritchie, George (December 7, 1937). "Moses Plans Parkways Into Heart of City; Proposal Would Link Up Huge Westchester and Long Island Systems". The Sun (New York). pp. 1, 17. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com. ^ "Traffic Arteries to Cost $7,880,000". The New York Times. February 19, 1938. Retrieved March 3, 2017. ^ "Belt Road To Open to Traffic Today". The New York Times. June 29, 1940. p. 12. ^ "MOSES ASKS FUNDS FOR BELT ROAD LINK; Will Submit to Mayor Today Plan for Widening Conduit Blvd. at $2,200,000". The New York Times. June 16, 1941. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ "2 Million Sought By Moses For Highway Link: Would Widen Conduit Blvd.-Atlantic Ave. Project Ready in 1942" (PDF). Brooklyn Daily Eagle. June 16, 1941. p. 20. Retrieved February 27, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com. ^ Grutzner, Charles (October 7, 1954). "UPER UNIT URGED FOR CITY SERVICES". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ New York City (Map). Rand McNally and Company. 1960. Retrieved April 15, 2010. Note that I-95 is shown on the Hutchinson River Parkway north of the Bruckner Interchange, but the 1955 "Yellow Book" map shows the route on the Bruckner Expressway. ^ "Expressway Plans". Regional Plan News (73–74). Regional Plan Association: 1–18. May 1964. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ "Moses Urges 3d Queens Tunnel, With Condition: Asserts It Would Be Useless Without City Approval of 2 Expressway Links". The New York Times. June 10, 1963. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ a b Kessler, Felix (June 18, 1963). "Dream Road Links Nothing" (PDF). Brooklyn World-Telegram. p. B1. Retrieved February 27, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com. ^ a b c "Broadway Junction Transportation Study: NYC Department of City Planning Final Report-November 2008" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. November 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2015. ^ "Some Good News..." (PDF). New York Recorder. Fultonhistory.com. July 9, 1966. p. 5. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ "Less Driving Into Manhattan". The New York Times. September 15, 1966. p. 42. Retrieved April 14, 2010. ^ Clarity, James F. (April 26, 1967). "U.S. Aid Is Quietly Pledged For Cross Brooklyn Expressway". The New York Times. p. 35. Retrieved April 14, 2010. ^ Carroll, Maurice (July 17, 1969). "Mayor Drops Plans For Express Roads Across 2 Boroughs". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved April 14, 2010. ^ Roberts, Sam (October 7, 1985). "The Legacy of Westway: Lessons from Its Demise". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved April 14, 2010. ^ Cliness, Francis X. (March 25, 1971). "Lower Manhattan Road Killed Under State Plan". The New York Times. p. 78. Retrieved April 14, 2010. ^ "Greenway Master Plan: Conduit-Southern Queens-Laurelton-Cross Island" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. July 2000. pp. 2, 6. Retrieved February 27, 2017. External links Road's place in Greenway Master Plan, New York City Department of Transportation vteStreets of BrooklynNorth–south roads 3rd Av 4th Av 8th Av 13th Av Abolitionist Pl/Duffield St Bay Pkwy Bedford Av Cadman Plz Conduit Blvd Coney Island Av Flatbush Av Fort Hamilton Pkwy Fountain Av Kings Hwy Manhattan Av McDonald Av McGuinness Blvd Nostrand Av Ocean Av Ocean Pkwy Pennsylvania Av Rockaway Pkwy Stillwell Av Utica Av Vanderbilt Av East–west roads Atlantic Av Broadway Cropsey Av DeKalb Av Eastern Pkwy Flatlands Av Flushing Av Fulton St Grand St Greenpoint Av Jamaica Av Liberty Av Linden Blvd Metropolitan Av Myrtle Av Prospect Av Avenue U Eponymous streets in New York City Numbered streets Numbered avenues Lettered avenues Other thoroughfares vteStreets of QueensNorth–south roads Cross Bay Blvd Francis Lewis Blvd Junction Blvd Kissena Blvd Lefferts Blvd Little Neck Pkwy Main St Merrick (Floyd H. Flake) Blvd Parsons Blvd Springfield Blvd Steinway St Sutphin Blvd Utopia Pkwy Woodhaven Blvd East–west roads Astoria Blvd Atlantic Av Beach Channel Dr Braddock Av Conduit Av Ditmars Blvd Flushing Av Grand Av Greenpoint Av Hempstead Av Hillside Av Jackson Av Jamaica Av Linden Blvd Liberty Av Metropolitan Av Myrtle Av Northern Blvd Queens Blvd Rockaway Blvd Rockaway Beach Blvd Rockaway Fwy Roosevelt Av Shore Front Dr Union Tpke List of eponymous streets in New York City vteJohn F. Kennedy International AirportHistoric terminals Sundrome TWA Flight Center Worldport GroundtransportationAirTrain Howard Beach Jamaica LIRR Connection at Jamaica Subway Connections Howard Beach Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue Former: JFK Express Bus Q3 Q6 Q7 Q10 B15 Roads Belt Parkway Conduit Avenue NY 27 JFK Expressway Kennedy Airport Interchange Nassau Expressway (NY 878) Rockaway Boulevard Van Wyck Expressway (I-678) Events Accidents and incidents 2007 attack plot Air France robbery JetBlue flight attendant incident Lufthansa heist Nut rage incident Protests against Executive Order 13769 Amenities Our Lady of the Skies Chapel Ramada Plaza Hotel TWA Hotel See also: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Conduit Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Conduit_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Cypress Hills, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Hills,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Rosedale, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosedale,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)"},{"link_name":"right-of-way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"Sunrise Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_Highway"},{"link_name":"Belt Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Interstate 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_78_in_New_York"}],"text":"Avenue in Brooklyn and Queens, New YorkThis article is about the section of NY 27 in Queens. For the entire route, see New York State Route 27.Template:Attached KML/Conduit AvenueKML is from WikidataConduit Avenue (Conduit Boulevard in Brooklyn) is an arterial road in New York City, the vast majority of which is in Queens. The divided highway runs from Atlantic Avenue in Cypress Hills, Brooklyn to Hook Creek Boulevard in Rosedale, Queens at the Nassau County border. The thoroughfare is named after an aqueduct in its right-of-way.Conduit Avenue and Conduit Boulevard were conceived in 1921 as part of the Conduit Highway, later the Sunrise Highway, with the original highway opening in 1929. The highway was expanded in 1940 as part of the construction of the Belt Parkway. The Brooklyn section was originally supposed to host Interstate 78 within its median, but this section was ultimately not built.","title":"Conduit Avenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn Waterworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Waterworks"},{"link_name":"Ridgewood Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgewood_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"right-of-way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-SunriseHwy-1928-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-ConduitHwy-1921-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NassauExyEIS-4"}],"text":"Conduit Avenue and Conduit Boulevard are named for the conduit of the Brooklyn Waterworks, which fed Ridgewood Reservoir. The roads were constructed on the former right-of-way of the aqueduct.[2][3] The conduit was known as the Ridgewood Aqueduct.[4]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cross Bay Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Bay_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"median strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_strip"},{"link_name":"City Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Line,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Ozone Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_Park,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Lindenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindenwood,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-1"},{"link_name":"Shore Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Laurelton Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurelton_Parkway"},{"link_name":"service road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_road"},{"link_name":"Southern Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Parkway_(Queens)"},{"link_name":"Montauk Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Branch"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Sunrise Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_Highway"},{"link_name":"Valley Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Stream,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-1"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Linden Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bushwick Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwick_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Belt Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_Parkway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QChron1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QChron-Greenway-2017-7"}],"text":"West of Cross Bay Boulevard, Conduit Boulevard has a wide, grassy median strip and runs adjacent to a number of parks with playgrounds. Conduit Boulevard serves as the boundary between the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Cypress Hills and City Line, and the Queens neighborhoods of Ozone Park and Lindenwood.[1] Between the Shore Parkway and the Laurelton Parkway, Conduit Avenue serves as the service road for Southern Parkway. East of Brookville Boulevard, South Conduit Avenue parallels the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) and continues as Sunrise Highway in Valley Stream. At 225th Street, North Conduit Avenue diverges to the north to Hook Creek Boulevard, while the Sunrise Highway merges into the avenue to the south.[1]Conduit Avenue is designated as New York State Route 27 between Linden Boulevard and the Nassau County border and accommodates car, bus and truck traffic. Westbound vehicles use the roadway named North Conduit Avenue; eastbound vehicles use South Conduit Avenue.[1] At various times the road has been used as a drag strip, particularly in Rosedale.[5]The western segment of the highway, between Atlantic Avenue and Cross Bay Boulevard, was originally slated to be the eastern part of a planned, but never built, Bushwick Expressway. That highway was proposed to run from the Williamsburg Bridge through Williamsburg, Bushwick and East New York before feeding into the Belt Parkway.[6][7]","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Q85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q85_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"Green Acres Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Acres_Mall"},{"link_name":"B15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B15_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"BM5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BM5_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"stops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct-North_Conduit_Avenue_station"}],"text":"The Q85 runs on the road between Springfield Boulevard and Green Acres Mall. The B15 and BM5 run non-stop along the road and the A train stops near Cohancy Street.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sutter_Conduit_jims_shadow_jeh.JPG"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Waterworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Waterworks"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MotorTravel-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BurrowsWallace1998-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYCPk-CityLinePk-10"},{"link_name":"Ridgewood Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgewood_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NassauExyEIS-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BurrowsWallace1998-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kadinsky2016-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NassauExyEIS-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYCPk-CityLinePk-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NassauExyEIS-4"},{"link_name":"City of Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Massapequa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massapequa,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MotorTravel-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-ConduitHwy-1921-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apportionment1913-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apportionment1916-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-SunriseHwy-July1934-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"New York State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Amityville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amityville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sunrise Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_Highway"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MotorTravel-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-ConduitHwy-1921-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-SunriseHwy-July1934-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QChron1-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MotorTravel-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-ConduitHwy-1921-3"},{"link_name":"Merrick Road/Merrick Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Road"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-SunriseHwy-1928-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-SunriseHwy-1928-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-May1932-17"},{"link_name":"Kings Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Highway_(Brooklyn)"},{"link_name":"Linden Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BklynEagle-Conduit-Linden-1924-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-SunriseHwy-1928-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-SunriseHwy-1928-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Liberty Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Avenue_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queens_spfld_belt.png"},{"link_name":"Southern Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Springfield Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Gardens,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Southern State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-May1932-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-SunriseHwy-July1934-15"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-Jan1937-22"},{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-SunriseHwy-July1934-15"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-Jan1937-22"},{"link_name":"eminent domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QChron1-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-SunriseHwy-July1934-15"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-Jan1937-22"},{"link_name":"Belt Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_Parkway"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kadinsky2016-11"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-Jan1937-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"NYC Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation"},{"link_name":"Robert Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-Belt-Moses-Feb1938-28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-Jan1937-22"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opened-29"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Branch"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arion_Rd%E2%80%9388th_St_Conduit_Bridge_13.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bushwick Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwick_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Bushwick Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwick_Expressway"},{"link_name":"I-78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_78_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Nassau Expressway (NY 878)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_878"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Brooklyn)"},{"link_name":"Bushwick Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bushwick_Avenue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1960map-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPA-ExpresswayPlans-1964-34"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QChron-Greenway-2017-7"},{"link_name":"Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTA_Bridges_and_Tunnels"},{"link_name":"Long Island Expressway (I-495)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_495_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-Moses-Tunnel-1963-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BklynWorld-Bushwick-1963-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYCDCP-BwayJctStudy-2008-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYRec-Bushwick-1966-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BklynWorld-Bushwick-1963-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYCDCP-BwayJctStudy-2008-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYCDCP-BwayJctStudy-2008-37"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Nelson Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"East New York, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_New_York,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Laurelton Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurelton_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Cross Island Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Island_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Bayside, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayside,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenway-44"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conduit_Avenue&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Howard Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Beach,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QChron-Greenway-2017-7"}],"text":"The intersection of Conduit Boulevard and Sutter Avenue, on the Brooklyn side of the Brooklyn-Queens border.The original Brooklyn Waterworks brick conduit stretched from Long Island to the Ridgewood Pumping Station, now the site of City Line Park, in East New York.[8][9][10] There, the water was pushed via a steam-powered pump north through a \"force tube\" into the Ridgewood Reservoir;[4][9][11] the route of this tube is now Force Tube Avenue.[12] The reservoir was opened in 1858, and the pumping station in 1886.[4][10] The aqueduct was located on the north side of what is now Conduit Avenue, and was built on a right-of-way that had not been developed at the time.[4] When the City of Brooklyn was consolidated as a borough of New York City in 1898, New York City gained possession of the Brooklyn Waterworks' assets, including the reservoir and its 25-mile (40 km) long aqueduct stretching to Massapequa in Nassau County. At this time, the right-of-way was still largely undeveloped, with the conduits located underground.[8][3] Both Force Tube Avenue and Conduit Avenue were laid out and paved by the 1910s.[13][14]Plans to construct a highway along the conduit path emerged around 1913.[15][16] In 1921, the New York State Legislature signed a bill to construct a highway along the right-of-way known as Conduit Highway, ending in Amityville. The route included both Conduit Avenue and the Sunrise Highway.[8][3] The original plans called for a grade-separated parkway,[15] but the route was later designed to be 30 feet (9.1 m) to 40 feet (12 m) wide.[6][8][3] The highway was planned to relieve congestion on Merrick Road/Merrick Boulevard.[2] Construction began on the highway in 1924[2] or 1925.[17] In conjunction with the project, what was then Linden Avenue was extended east from Kings Highway to Conduit Boulevard, becoming Linden Boulevard.[18] The highway was referred to by various names including Conduit Boulevard and Pipe Line Boulevard.[2] By 1928, the entire stretch from Brooklyn to Amityville was officially named the Sunrise Highway, following efforts by the Long Island Chamber of Commerce.[2] The label Conduit was deemed \"an unattractive one and quite meaningless.\" The Sunrise Highway name, meanwhile, was reference to the nickname for Long Island, \"Land of the Sunrise Trails\".[19] The entire highway was opened on June 9, 1929. An inauguration ceremony was held at Liberty Avenue in Brooklyn.[20] In 1931, the city planned to extend Conduit Boulevard north to Jamaica Avenue along Force Tube Avenue, which would require condemning property along the avenue in order to widen it, but this never took place.[21]The Southern Parkway in Springfield Gardens, built along the Conduit corridor.In the early 1930s, it was proposed to convert the Conduit Boulevard route between Linden Boulevard and Laurelton Boulevard/Brookville Boulevard into a state parkway, with North and South Conduit Avenues created as service roads for the parkway. The purpose of the project was to create express highway links between Brooklyn and Long Island, via Linden Boulevard, Sunrise Highway, and the Southern State Parkway.[17][15][22] The original 1931 plans, known as the Southern State Parkway extension, called for an arterial road adjacent to the existing narrow Sunrise Highway.[23][24] Later plans called for a parkway.[15][22] As early as July 1934, land was acquired via eminent domain to widen Conduit Boulevard and build the new parkway.[6][15][22] The project would become the Southern Parkway section of the Belt Parkway, which would connect to the Belt system's Laurelton Parkway at Brookville Boulevard and feed into the Southern State Parkway.[11][22][25][26][27] In justifying the conversion of the Conduit route into part of the Belt system, NYC Parks commissioner Robert Moses cited the \"approximately 10,000,000 cars\" traveling the route on an annual basis, and the need for a highway link between Brooklyn and Long Island to create \"the ultimate circumferential boulevard.\"[28]North and South Conduit Avenue were constructed as service roads along with the Southern Parkway.[22] Shortly after the opening of the Belt Parkway system in 1940,[29] Conduit Boulevard west of the parkway was expanded into a six-lane highway, with the right-of-way widened to create the grassy median. The project was undertaken in conjunction with the widening of Atlantic Avenue and grade separation of the LIRR Atlantic Branch.[30][31]The median of Conduit Avenue (pictured) would have been used for the Bushwick Expressway.Around 1954, officials proposed constructing the Bushwick Expressway as part of I-78, between Williamsburg Bridge and the Nassau Expressway (NY 878).[32] The expressway would have utilized Broadway, Bushwick Avenue, and the Conduit Boulevard/Avenue corridor within Brooklyn.[33][34] The widened median of Conduit Boulevard would have facilitated the expressway.[7] An alternate routing proposed in the 1960s by the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA) would have traveled slightly farther north, connecting to the Long Island Expressway (I-495) in western Queens.[35][36][37] The Bushwick Expressway was opposed due to the necessary destruction of residences and businesses in Brooklyn in Queens;[38] the TBTA estimated that nearly 4,000 families would be displaced by the expressway.[36] The Bushwick Expressway plan was later truncated[37][39][40] and later dropped entirely in 1969.[37][41][42] Governor Nelson Rockefeller eliminated the expressway from the state's construction plans in March 1971.[43]In 2000, NYC Parks published a report in which it proposed constructing a bikeway and horse trail within the large grassy median of Conduit Boulevard. The trails would be part of a greenway along the southern and eastern edges of Queens, running from East New York, Brooklyn, along the Laurelton Parkway and Cross Island Parkway to Bayside, Queens.[44] The greenway itself had been proposed in the 1990s. However, as of 2017[update], the full greenway had not been constructed due to disagreements within the Howard Beach community.[7]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"The intersection of Conduit Boulevard and Sutter Avenue, on the Brooklyn side of the Brooklyn-Queens border.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sutter_Conduit_jims_shadow_jeh.JPG/220px-Sutter_Conduit_jims_shadow_jeh.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Southern Parkway in Springfield Gardens, built along the Conduit corridor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Queens_spfld_belt.png/220px-Queens_spfld_belt.png"},{"image_text":"The median of Conduit Avenue (pictured) would have been used for the Bushwick Expressway.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Arion_Rd%E2%80%9388th_St_Conduit_Bridge_13.jpg/220px-Arion_Rd%E2%80%9388th_St_Conduit_Bridge_13.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Google (January 9, 2017). \"Conduit Avenue\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/NDno1i5HdTy","url_text":"\"Conduit Avenue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"SUNRISE HIGHWAY LONG ISLAND BOON; Provides Traffic and Realty Benefits for Queens and Nassau Counties\". The New York Times. April 29, 1928. Retrieved February 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1928/04/29/archives/sunrise-highway-long-island-boon-provides-traffic-and-realty.html","url_text":"\"SUNRISE HIGHWAY LONG ISLAND BOON; Provides Traffic and Realty Benefits for Queens and Nassau Counties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"New Long Island Highway\" (PDF). The New York Times. July 17, 1921. Retrieved October 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/07/17/109813794.pdf","url_text":"\"New Long Island Highway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Nassau Expressway Construction, New York City: Environmental Impact Statement. United States Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, New York State Department of Transportation. 1981. Retrieved February 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bag1AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA59","url_text":"Nassau Expressway Construction, New York City: Environmental Impact Statement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"United States Department of Transportation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration","url_text":"Federal Transit Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"New York State Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Herszenhorn, David M. (August 28, 1995). \"Officers Arrest 18 and Seize Cars in Drag Racing Sting Operation in Queens\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/28/nyregion/officers-arrest-18-and-seize-cars-in-drag-racing-sting-operation-in-queens.html","url_text":"\"Officers Arrest 18 and Seize Cars in Drag Racing Sting Operation in Queens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Marzlock, Ron (September 17, 2015). \"Where the narrow old Conduit met Cross Bay Blvd\". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved February 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/where-the-narrow-old-conduit-met-cross-bay-blvd/article_1825e92f-bb4b-56d9-9ba8-3ec2c560ba2e.html","url_text":"\"Where the narrow old Conduit met Cross Bay Blvd\""}]},{"reference":"Rafter, Domenick (March 27, 2014). \"Howard Beach unsure about greenway plan\". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved February 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.qchron.com/editions/south/howard-beach-unsure-about-greenway-plan/article_818b331a-b5dd-11e3-8572-001a4bcf887a.html","url_text":"\"Howard Beach unsure about greenway plan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bringing the Center of Long Island an Hour Closer to New York: New Proposed Conduit Highway on City-Owned Property Would Relieve Congestion on South Shore Roads\". Motor Travel. 13 (1). Automobile Club of America. April 1921. Retrieved February 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b-lLAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA11","url_text":"\"Bringing the Center of Long Island an Hour Closer to New York: New Proposed Conduit Highway on City-Owned Property Would Relieve Congestion on South Shore Roads\""}]},{"reference":"Edwin G. Burrows; Mike Wallace (November 19, 1998). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. Oxford University Press. p. 837. ISBN 978-0-19-972910-4. Retrieved February 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mObQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA837","url_text":"Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972910-4","url_text":"978-0-19-972910-4"}]},{"reference":"\"City Line Park: History\". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/city-line-park/history","url_text":"\"City Line Park: History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation","url_text":"New York City Department of Parks and Recreation"}]},{"reference":"Kadinsky, Sergey (2016). Hidden Waters of New York City: A History and Guide to 101 Forgotten Lakes, Ponds, Creeks, and Streams in the Five Boroughs. New York, NY: Countryman Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-58157-566-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Czw1CgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Hidden Waters of New York City: A History and Guide to 101 Forgotten Lakes, Ponds, Creeks, and Streams in the Five Boroughs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58157-566-8","url_text":"978-1-58157-566-8"}]},{"reference":"Boland, Ed Jr. (July 21, 2002). \"F.Y.I.\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/21/nyregion/fyi-080055.html","url_text":"\"F.Y.I.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Changing the Map or Plan of the City of New York by Laying Out Force Tube Avenue, From Jamaica Avenue to Dinsmore Place, Borough of Brooklyn\". Minutes of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the City of New York. New York City Board of Estimate, M.B. Brown Printing & Binding Company: 2957. November 9, 1911. Retrieved February 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vT1FAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA2957","url_text":"\"Changing the Map or Plan of the City of New York by Laying Out Force Tube Avenue, From Jamaica Avenue to Dinsmore Place, Borough of Brooklyn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Estimate","url_text":"New York City Board of Estimate"}]},{"reference":"\"Local Improvements\". Proceedings of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the City of New York. 4. New York City Board of Estimate: 3359–3360. June 9, 1916. Retrieved February 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IoY_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA3359","url_text":"\"Local Improvements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Estimate","url_text":"New York City Board of Estimate"}]},{"reference":"\"Plans Ready for Extension of Highway: Sunrise Development Will Be Considered on July 30\". Long Island Daily Press. July 21, 1934. p. 7. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201934%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201934%2520-%25204042.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffc62b12ea%26DocId%3D4814178%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D23%26hits%3D2d%2B2e%2B62%2B63%2B69%2Bfe%2Bff%2B182%2B183%2B1b4%2B1b5%2B1c6%2B1c7%2B39b%2B3ac%2B3ad%2B3ae%2B3c4%2B4ea%2B5e7%2B627%2Bdcc%2Bfeb%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201934%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201934%2520-%25204042.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffc62b12ea%26DocId%3D4814178%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D23%26hits%3D2d%2B2e%2B62%2B63%2B69%2Bfe%2Bff%2B182%2B183%2B1b4%2B1b5%2B1c6%2B1c7%2B39b%2B3ac%2B3ad%2B3ae%2B3c4%2B4ea%2B5e7%2B627%2Bdcc%2Bfeb%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false","url_text":"\"Plans Ready for Extension of Highway: Sunrise Development Will Be Considered on July 30\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fultonhistory.com","url_text":"Fultonhistory.com"}]},{"reference":"\"New Map Adopted: Marks Important Step in Queens Borough Development\". The New York Times. June 1, 1913. Retrieved March 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1913/06/01/archives/new-map-adopted-marks-important-step-in-queens-borough-development.html","url_text":"\"New Map Adopted: Marks Important Step in Queens Borough Development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"5 New Factors Seen Boosting Sunrise Hwy: Increased Utility for Artery Predicted After Improvements\". Long Island Daily Press. May 22, 1932. p. 24. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201932%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201932%2520-%25203078.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffa90daabb%26DocId%3D4796886%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D16%26hits%3D665%2B666%2B69f%2B6a0%2B6c9%2B6ca%2B714%2B715%2B763%2B764%2B768%2B769%2B7af%2B7b0%2B7e6%2B7e7%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201932%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201932%2520-%25203078.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffa90daabb%26DocId%3D4796886%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D16%26hits%3D665%2B666%2B69f%2B6a0%2B6c9%2B6ca%2B714%2B715%2B763%2B764%2B768%2B769%2B7af%2B7b0%2B7e6%2B7e7%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false","url_text":"\"5 New Factors Seen Boosting Sunrise Hwy: Increased Utility for Artery Predicted After Improvements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fultonhistory.com","url_text":"Fultonhistory.com"}]},{"reference":"Wilhem, Carl (November 2, 1924). \"City Can Start on Conduit Boulevard in a Week, Says Riegelmann; $2,000,000 Linden Boulevard Link Awaits Shovels; Nassau Cash Ready, but City Holds Back\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. C1. Retrieved February 27, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/57547530/?terms=%22conduit%2Bboulevard%22","url_text":"\"City Can Start on Conduit Boulevard in a Week, Says Riegelmann; $2,000,000 Linden Boulevard Link Awaits Shovels; Nassau Cash Ready, but City Holds Back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle","url_text":"Brooklyn Daily Eagle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Dobson Asks Civics Aid on Proposal\". Long Island Daily Press. March 10, 1928. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201928%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201928%2520-%25201245.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffc852173c%26DocId%3D4789402%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D22%26hits%3D8ad%2B8ae%2B8b1%2B8b2%2B8f9%2B8fa%2B903%2B904%2B935%2B936%2B93e%2B960%2B961%2B975%2B9e8%2B9e9%2B9ee%2B9ef%2Ba4c%2Ba4d%2Be80%2Bf42%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201928%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201928%2520-%25201245.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffc852173c%26DocId%3D4789402%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D22%26hits%3D8ad%2B8ae%2B8b1%2B8b2%2B8f9%2B8fa%2B903%2B904%2B935%2B936%2B93e%2B960%2B961%2B975%2B9e8%2B9e9%2B9ee%2B9ef%2Ba4c%2Ba4d%2Be80%2Bf42%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false","url_text":"\"Dobson Asks Civics Aid on Proposal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fultonhistory.com","url_text":"Fultonhistory.com"}]},{"reference":"\"LONG ISLAND OPENS SUNRISE HIGHWAY; 300 Motors Parade 26 Miles From Brooklyn to Amityville in Celebration\". 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Retrieved February 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/57384143/?terms=%22force%2Btube%2Bavenue%22","url_text":"\"Protests Local Levy Plan for Sunrise Link: Taxpayers Object to Full Condemnation Cost on Force Tube Avenue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle","url_text":"Brooklyn Daily Eagle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Final Plans Drafted for New Parkway: Sunrise Highway Improvement to Take Several Years\". Long Island Daily Press. January 25, 1937. p. 5. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201937%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201937%2520-%25200534.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D69c2281e%26DocId%3D4834307%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D32%26hits%3D185%2B186%2B268%2B269%2B278%2B279%2B28b%2B28c%2B297%2B298%2B5fd%2B5fe%2B652%2B653%2B661%2B662%2B66e%2B66f%2B67e%2B67f%2B6a1%2B6a2%2B6a4%2B6a5%2B6eb%2B6ec%2B707%2B708%2B71a%2B71b%2B7a5%2B7a6%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201937%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201937%2520-%25200534.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D69c2281e%26DocId%3D4834307%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D32%26hits%3D185%2B186%2B268%2B269%2B278%2B279%2B28b%2B28c%2B297%2B298%2B5fd%2B5fe%2B652%2B653%2B661%2B662%2B66e%2B66f%2B67e%2B67f%2B6a1%2B6a2%2B6a4%2B6a5%2B6eb%2B6ec%2B707%2B708%2B71a%2B71b%2B7a5%2B7a6%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false","url_text":"\"Final Plans Drafted for New Parkway: Sunrise Highway Improvement to Take Several Years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fultonhistory.com","url_text":"Fultonhistory.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Two Road Plans Are Approved: State and City Would Join in Long Island Scheme\". The Sun (New York). September 17, 1931. p. 12. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201931%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201931%2520-%25208961.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffaeacd32b%26DocId%3D2713439%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D12%26hits%3Dfd%2Bfe%2B12a%2B12b%2B135%2B136%2B145%2B146%2B181%2B182%2B1a0%2B1a1%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201931%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201931%2520-%25208961.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffaeacd32b%26DocId%3D2713439%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D12%26hits%3Dfd%2Bfe%2B12a%2B12b%2B135%2B136%2B145%2B146%2B181%2B182%2B1a0%2B1a1%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false","url_text":"\"Two Road Plans Are Approved: State and City Would Join in Long Island Scheme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York)","url_text":"The Sun (New York)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fultonhistory.com","url_text":"Fultonhistory.com"}]},{"reference":"\"URGES EXTENSION OF 2 QUEENS DRIVES\". The New York Times. September 16, 1931. Retrieved March 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1931/09/16/archives/urges-extension-of-2-queens-drives-moses-proposes-to-continue-grand.html","url_text":"\"URGES EXTENSION OF 2 QUEENS DRIVES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Work is Started on Parkway Span\". The Nassau Daily Review. April 29, 1935. 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The Sun (New York). pp. 1, 17. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2520-%25205990.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D28051fba%26DocId%3D2748202%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D6%26hits%3D41%2B42%2B43%2B44%2B1350%2B1355%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2520-%25205990.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D28051fba%26DocId%3D2748202%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D6%26hits%3D41%2B42%2B43%2B44%2B1350%2B1355%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false","url_text":"\"Moses Plans Parkways Into Heart of City; Proposal Would Link Up Huge Westchester and Long Island Systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York)","url_text":"The Sun (New York)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fultonhistory.com","url_text":"Fultonhistory.com"}]},{"reference":"Ritchie, George (December 7, 1937). \"Moses Plans Parkways Into Heart of City; Proposal Would Link Up Huge Westchester and Long Island Systems\". The Sun (New York). pp. 1, 17. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2520-%25206006.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffd6095ad4%26DocId%3D2748218%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D13%26hits%3Db%2B20f%2B210%2B21d%2B21f%2B222%2B241%2B242%2B246%2B26c%2B600%2B80d%2B812%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2520-%25206006.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffd6095ad4%26DocId%3D2748218%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D13%26hits%3Db%2B20f%2B210%2B21d%2B21f%2B222%2B241%2B242%2B246%2B26c%2B600%2B80d%2B812%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false","url_text":"\"Moses Plans Parkways Into Heart of City; Proposal Would Link Up Huge Westchester and Long Island Systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York)","url_text":"The Sun (New York)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fultonhistory.com","url_text":"Fultonhistory.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Traffic Arteries to Cost $7,880,000\". The New York Times. February 19, 1938. Retrieved March 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/02/19/archives/traffic-arteries-to-cost-7880000-program-for-the-metropolitan-area.html","url_text":"\"Traffic Arteries to Cost $7,880,000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Belt Road To Open to Traffic Today\". The New York Times. June 29, 1940. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1940/06/29/archives/belt-road-to-open-to-traffic-today-in-the-30000000-belt-parkway.html","url_text":"\"Belt Road To Open to Traffic Today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"MOSES ASKS FUNDS FOR BELT ROAD LINK; Will Submit to Mayor Today Plan for Widening Conduit Blvd. at $2,200,000\". The New York Times. June 16, 1941. Retrieved February 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/16/archives/moses-asks-funds-for-belt-road-link-will-submit-to-mayor-today-plan.html","url_text":"\"MOSES ASKS FUNDS FOR BELT ROAD LINK; Will Submit to Mayor Today Plan for Widening Conduit Blvd. at $2,200,000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"2 Million Sought By Moses For Highway Link: Would Widen Conduit Blvd.-Atlantic Ave. Project Ready in 1942\" (PDF). Brooklyn Daily Eagle. June 16, 1941. p. 20. 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Retrieved April 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/26/archives/us-aid-is-quietly-pledged-for-cross-brooklyn-expressway.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Aid Is Quietly Pledged For Cross Brooklyn Expressway\""}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Maurice (July 17, 1969). \"Mayor Drops Plans For Express Roads Across 2 Boroughs\". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved April 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0D15FA3858127B93C5A8178CD85F4D8685F9","url_text":"\"Mayor Drops Plans For Express Roads Across 2 Boroughs\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Sam (October 7, 1985). \"The Legacy of Westway: Lessons from Its Demise\". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved April 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/07/nyregion/the-legacy-of-westway-lessons-from-its-demise.html","url_text":"\"The Legacy of Westway: Lessons from Its Demise\""}]},{"reference":"Cliness, Francis X. (March 25, 1971). \"Lower Manhattan Road Killed Under State Plan\". The New York Times. p. 78. Retrieved April 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/25/archives/lower-manhattan-road-killed-under-state-plan.html","url_text":"\"Lower Manhattan Road Killed Under State Plan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greenway Master Plan: Conduit-Southern Queens-Laurelton-Cross Island\" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. July 2000. pp. 2, 6. 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Plans Parkways Into Heart of City; Proposal Would Link Up Huge Westchester and Long Island 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Vermandel	René Vermandel	["1 Major results","2 References","3 External links"]	Belgian cyclist You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (May 2012) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|René Vermandel}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. René VermandelRené Vermandel (1921)Personal informationBorn(1893-03-23)23 March 1893Zelzate, BelgiumDied20 April 1958(1958-04-20) (aged 65)Anderlecht, BelgiumTeam informationDisciplineRoadRoleRiderProfessional teams1920–1921Individual1922–1924Alcyon–Dunlop1925Individual1926Opel–Pollack1926Méteore–Wolber1927Opel–ZR III1928–1931Individual René Vermandel (23 March 1893 – 20 April 1958) was a Belgian cyclist. He most notably won Liège–Bastogne–Liège in 1923 and 1924, as well as the 1921 Tour of Flanders. He finished in 2nd place in the 1923 Paris–Roubaix and 4th place in the 1921 Paris–Roubaix. He also rode in the 1921 Tour de France. Major results 1913 5th Liège–Bastogn–Liège 1920 3rd Road race, National Road Championships 3rd Paris–Brussels 8th Paris–Tours 10th Overall Tour of Belgium 1st Stages 3 & 4 1921 1st National Cyclo-cross Championships 1st Tour of Flanders 1st Overall Tour of Belgium 1st Stage 3 1st Scheldeprijs 1st Schaal Sels 1st Paris–Dijon 1st De Drie Zustersteden 2nd Road race, National Road Championships 2nd Critérium des As 4th Paris–Roubaix 1922 1st Road race, National Road Championships 1st Critérium des As 1st Overall Tour of Belgium 1st Stages 1, 2 & 3 1st Overall Criterium du Midi 1st Stages 1, 2 & 3 1st Jemeppe–Marche–Jemeppe 1st Stage 1 Paris-Saint-Étienne 3rd Paris–Brussels 1923 1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège 1st Schaal Sels 1st Overall Circuit de Champagne 1st Stages 1 & 2 1st Circuit de Paris 2nd Paris–Roubaix 3rd Road race, National Road Championships 5th Overall Tour of Belgium 1st Stage 4 1924 1st Road race, National Road Championships 1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège 1st Scheldeprijs 1st Stages 1 & 5 Tour of Belgium 1st Stage 3 Criterium du Midi 2nd Tour of Flanders 3rd Schaal Sels 1925 1st Overall Criterium du Midi 1st Stage 1 3rd Schaal Sels 1926 1st Rund um Leipzig 2nd Schaal Sels 1927 1st Rund um Leipzig 1928 3rd Overall Tour of Belgium 1st Stage 3 References ^ "24th Paris – Roubaix, 1923". bikeraceinfo. Retrieved 2 April 2015. ^ "22nd Paris – Roubaix, 1921". bikeraceinfo. Retrieved 12 March 2015. ^ "15ème Tour de France 1921" (in French). Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2015. External links René Vermandel at Cycling Archives vteTour of Flanders winners1900–1919 Paul Deman (1913) Marcel Buysse (1914) (1915–1918, not held) Henri Vanlerberghe (1919) 1920–1939 Jules Vanhevel (1920) René Vermandel (1921) Léon Devos (1922) Heiri Suter (1923) Gerard Debaets (1924) Julien Delbecque (1925) Denis Verschueren (1926) Gerard Debaets (1927) Jan Mertens (1928) Joseph Dervaes (1929) Frans Bonduel (1930) Romain Gijssels (1931–1932) Alphonse Schepers (1933) Gaston Rebry (1934) Louis Duerloo (1935) Louis Hardiquest (1936) Michel D'Hooghe (1937) Edgard De Caluwé (1938) Karel Kaers (1939) 1940–1959 Achiel Buysse (1940–1941) Briek Schotte (1942) Achiel Buysse (1943) Rik Van Steenbergen (1944) Sylvain Grysolle (1945) Rik Van Steenbergen (1946) Emiel Faignaert (1947) Briek Schotte (1948) Fiorenzo Magni (1949–1951) Roger Decock (1952) Wim van Est (1953) Raymond Impanis (1954) Louison Bobet (1955) Jean Forestier (1956) Fred De Bruyne (1957) Germain Derycke (1958) Rik Van Looy (1959) 1960–1979 Arthur Decabooter (1960) Tom Simpson (1961) Rik Van Looy (1962) Noël Foré (1963) Rudi Altig (1964) Jo de Roo (1965) Edward Sels (1966) Dino Zandegù (1967) Walter Godefroot (1968) Eddy Merckx (1969) Eric Leman (1970) Evert Dolman (1971) Eric Leman (1972–1973) Cees Bal (1974) Eddy Merckx (1975) Walter Planckaert (1976) Roger De Vlaeminck (1977) Walter Godefroot (1978) Jan Raas (1979) 1980–1999 Michel Pollentier (1980) Hennie Kuiper (1981) René Martens (1982) Jan Raas (1983) Johan Lammerts (1984) Eric Vanderaerden (1985) Adri van der Poel (1986) Claude Criquielion (1987) Eddy Planckaert (1988) Edwig Van Hooydonck (1989) Moreno Argentin (1990) Edwig Van Hooydonck (1991) Jacky Durand (1992) Johan Museeuw (1993) Gianni Bugno (1994) Johan Museeuw (1995) Michele Bartoli (1996) Rolf Sørensen (1997) Johan Museeuw (1998) Peter Van Petegem (1999) 2000–2019 Andrei Tchmil (2000) Gianluca Bortolami (2001) Andrea Tafi (2002) Peter Van Petegem (2003) Steffen Wesemann (2004) Tom Boonen (2005–2006) Alessandro Ballan (2007) Stijn Devolder (2008–2009) Fabian Cancellara (2010) Nick Nuyens (2011) Tom Boonen (2012) Fabian Cancellara (2013–2014) Alexander Kristoff (2015) Peter Sagan (2016) Philippe Gilbert (2017) Niki Terpstra (2018) Alberto Bettiol (2019) 2020–2039 Mathieu van der Poel (2020) Kasper Asgreen (2021) Mathieu van der Poel (2022) Tadej Pogačar (2023) Mathieu van der Poel (2024) vteBelgian National Road Race Champion (men)1880–1899 Léon Houa (1894) Henri Luyten (1895–1896) Henri Bertrand (1897–1898) Jules Degeetere (1899) 1900–1919 Mathieu Quoidbach (1900) Paul Burger (1901) Jules Defrance (1902) Arthur Vanderstuyft (1903) Jules Sales (1904) Dieudonné Jamar (1905) Francois Verstraeten (1907–1908) Cyrille van Hauwaert (1909) Henri Hanlet (1910) Odile Defraye (1911) Omer Verschoore (1912) Joseph Van Daele (1913) Victor Dethier (1914) Jean Rossius (1919) 1920–1939 Jules Vanhevel (1920–1921) René Vermandel (1922) Félix Sellier (1923) René Vermandel (1924) Gerard Debaets (1925) Félix Sellier (1926) August Mortelmans (1927) Joseph Dervaes (1928) Joseph Wauters (1929–1930) Alphonse Schepers (1931) Georges Lemaire (1932) Louis Duerloo (1933) Louis Roels (1934) Gustave Danneels (1935) Jean Aerts (1936) Karel Kaers (1937) Petrus Van Theemsche (1938) Marcel Kint (1939) 1940–1959 Odiel Van Den Meersschaut (1940) André Defoort (1941) André Maelbrancke (1942) Rik Van Steenbergen (1943, 1945) Émile Masson Jr. (1946–1947) Achiel Buysse (1948) Valère Ollivier (1949) Albert Ramon (1950) Lode Anthonis (1951) Jozef Schils (1952) Alois Vansteenkiste (1953) Rik Van Steenbergen (1954) Emiel Van Cauter (1955) André Vlayen (1956–1957) Rik Van Looy (1958) Petrus Oellibrandt (1959) 1960–1979 Frans De Mulder (1960) Michel Van Aerde (1961) Jef Planckaert (1962) Rik Van Looy (1963) Edward Sels (1964) Walter Godefroot (1965) Guido Reybrouck (1966) Jozef Boons (1967) Julien Stevens (1968) Roger De Vlaeminck (1969) Eddy Merckx (1970) Herman Van Springel (1971) Walter Godefroot (1972) Frans Verbeeck (1973) Roger Swerts (1974) Willy Teirlinck (1975) Freddy Maertens (1976) Michel Pollentier (1977–1978) Gery Verlinden (1979) 1980–1999 Jos Jacobs (1980) Roger De Vlaeminck (1981) Frank Hoste (1982) Lucien Van Impe (1983) Eric Vanderaerden (1984) Paul Haghedooren (1985) Marc Sergeant (1986) Ferdi Van Den Haute (1987) Etienne De Wilde (1988) Carlo Bomans (1989) Claude Criquielion (1990) Benjamin Van Itterbeeck (1991) Johan Museeuw (1992) Alain Van Den Bossche (1993) Wilfried Nelissen (1994–1995) Johan Museeuw (1996) Tom Steels (1997–1998) Ludo Dierckxsens (1999) 2000–2019 Axel Merckx (2000) Ludovic Capelle (2001) Tom Steels (2002) Geert Omloop (2003) Tom Steels (2004) Serge Baguet (2005) Niko Eeckhout (2006) Stijn Devolder (2007) Jürgen Roelandts (2008) Tom Boonen (2009) Stijn Devolder (2010) Philippe Gilbert (2011) Tom Boonen (2012) Stijn Devolder (2013) Jens Debusschere (2014) Preben Van Hecke (2015) Philippe Gilbert (2016) Oliver Naesen (2017) Yves Lampaert (2018) Tim Merlier (2019) 2020–2039 Dries De Bondt (2020) Wout van Aert (2021) Tim Merlier (2022) Remco Evenepoel (2023) vteBelgian National Cyclo-cross Champions (men)1900–1919 Philippe Thys (1910) Joseph Van Ingelghem (1912) Henri Moerenhout (1913) Joseph Van Ingelghem (1914) 1920–1939 René Vermandel (1921) Maurice De Waele (1922) Théodore Van Eetvelde (1923) Joseph Van Dam (1924) Pé Verhaegen (1925) Henri Moerenhout (1926) Jean Meeuwis (1927) Jules Goedhuys (1928) Georges Ronsse (1929–1930) Jules Goedhuys (1931) Jef Demuysere (1932) Maurice Seynaeve (1933–1937) Omer Thys (1938–1939) 1940–1959 Richard Blendeman (1941) Eugeen Jacobs (1942–1943) Frans Van Hellemont (1944) Georges Vandermeirsch (1945–1947) Frans De Coster (1948) Georges Vandermeirsch (1949) Firmin Van Kerrebroeck (1950) Georges Vandermeirsch (1951) Firmin Van Kerrebroeck (1952) Georges Furnière (1953) Frans Feremans (1954) Firmin Van Kerrebroeck (1955–1956) René De Rey (1957) Firmin Van Kerrebroeck (1958) René De Rey (1959) 1960–1979 Roger De Clercq (1960) Firmin Van Kerrebroeck (1961) Roger De Clercq (1962) Albert Van Damme (1963) Roger De Clercq (1964) Albert Van Damme (1965–1966) Erik De Vlaeminck (1967) Albert Van Damme (1968) Erik De Vlaeminck (1969) Albert Van Damme (1970) Erik De Vlaeminck (1971–1972) Albert Van Damme (1973) Roger De Vlaeminck (1974–1975) Marc De Block (1976–1977) Roger De Vlaeminck (1978) Jan Teugels (1979) 1980–1999 Roland Liboton (1980–1989) Danny De Bie (1990–1992) Paul Herygers (1993) Peter Van Den Abeele (1994) Marc Janssens (1995) Erwin Vervecken (1996) Paul Herygers (1997) Marc Janssens (1998–1999) 2000–2019 Sven Nys (2000) Mario De Clercq (2001–2002) Sven Nys (2003) Bart Wellens (2004) Sven Nys (2005–2006) Bart Wellens (2007) Sven Nys (2008–2010) Niels Albert (2011) Sven Nys (2012) Klaas Vantornout (2013) Sven Nys (2014) Klaas Vantornout (2015) Wout van Aert (2016–2018) Toon Aerts (2019) 2020–2039 Laurens Sweeck (2020) Wout van Aert (2021–2022) Michael Vanthourenhout (2023) Eli Iserbyt (2024) vteLiège–Bastogne–Liège winners1880–1899 Léon Houa (1892–1894) (1895–1907, not held) 1900–1919 André Trousselier (1908) Victor Fastre (1909) (1910, not held) Joseph Van Daele (1911) Omer Verschoore (1912) Maurice Moritz (1913) (1914–1918, not held) Léon Devos (1919) 1920–1939 Léon Scieur (1920) Louis Mottiat (1921–1922) René Vermandel (1923–1924) Georges Ronsse (1925) Dieudonné Smets (1926) Maurice Raes (1927) Ernest Mottard (1928) Alphonse Schepers (1929) Hermann Buse (1930) Alphonse Schepers (1931) Marcel Houyoux (1932) François Gardier (1933) Théo Herckenrath (1934) Alphonse Schepers (1935) Albert Beckaert (1936) Éloi Meulenberg (1937) Alfons Deloor (1938) Albert Ritserveldt (1939) 1940–1959 (1940–1942, not held) Richard Depoorter (1943) (1944, not held) Jan Engels (1945) Prosper Depredomme (1946) Richard Depoorter (1947) Maurice Mollin (1948) Camille Danguillaume (1949) Prosper Depredomme (1950) Ferdinand Kübler (1951–1952) Alois De Hertog (1953) Marcel Ernzer (1954) Stan Ockers (1955) Fred De Bruyne (1956) Frans Schoubben and Germain Derycke (1957) Fred De Bruyne (1958–1959) 1960–1979 Albertus Geldermans (1960) Rik Van Looy (1961) Jef Planckaert (1962) Frans Melckenbeeck (1963) Willy Bocklant (1964) Carmine Preziosi (1965) Jacques Anquetil (1966) Walter Godefroot (1967) Valère Van Sweevelt (1968) Eddy Merckx (1969) Roger De Vlaeminck (1970) Eddy Merckx (1971–1973) Georges Pintens (1974) Eddy Merckx (1975) Joseph Bruyère (1976) Bernard Hinault (1977) Joseph Bruyère (1978) Dietrich Thurau (1979) 1980–1999 Bernard Hinault (1980) Josef Fuchs (1981) Silvano Contini (1982) Steven Rooks (1983) Sean Kelly (1984) Moreno Argentin (1985–1987) Adri van der Poel (1988) Sean Kelly (1989) Eric Van Lancker (1990) Moreno Argentin (1991) Dirk De Wolf (1992) Rolf Sørensen (1993) Evgeni Berzin (1994) Mauro Gianetti (1995) Pascal Richard (1996) Michele Bartoli (1997–1998) Frank Vandenbroucke (1999) 2000–2019 Paolo Bettini (2000) Oscar Camenzind (2001) Paolo Bettini (2002) Tyler Hamilton (2003) Davide Rebellin (2004) Alexander Vinokourov (2005) Alejandro Valverde (2006) Danilo Di Luca (2007) Alejandro Valverde (2008) Andy Schleck (2009) Alexander Vinokourov (2010) Philippe Gilbert (2011) Maxim Iglinsky (2012) Dan Martin (2013) Simon Gerrans (2014) Alejandro Valverde (2015) Wout Poels (2016) Alejandro Valverde (2017) Bob Jungels (2018) Jakob Fuglsang (2019) 2020–2039 Primož Roglič (2020) Tadej Pogačar (2021) Remco Evenepoel (2022–2023) Tadej Pogačar (2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data This biographical article related to a Belgian cycling person born in the 1890s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Liège–Bastogne–Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"1921 Tour of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Tour_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"1923 Paris–Roubaix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1923PR-1"},{"link_name":"1921 Paris–Roubaix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1921PR-2"},{"link_name":"1921 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdc1921-3"}],"text":"René Vermandel (23 March 1893 – 20 April 1958) was a Belgian cyclist. He most notably won Liège–Bastogne–Liège in 1923 and 1924, as well as the 1921 Tour of Flanders. He finished in 2nd place in the 1923 Paris–Roubaix[1] and 4th place in the 1921 Paris–Roubaix.[2] He also rode in the 1921 Tour de France.[3]","title":"René Vermandel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liège–Bastogn–Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Paris–Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Brussels"},{"link_name":"Paris–Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Paris%E2%80%93Tours"},{"link_name":"Tour of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotB%C3%A9lgica.PNG"},{"link_name":"National Cyclo-cross Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Cyclo-cross_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tour of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Tour_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Tour 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even_Kruse_Skatrud	Even Kruse Skatrud	["1 Career","2 Events","3 Productions","3.1 Conductor","3.2 Musician","3.3 Arranger","3.4 Trombonist and arranger","3.5 DVD releases","4 References","5 External links"]	Norwegian musician, composer, and orchestra leader Even Kruse SkatrudSkatrud with Pitsj at Ingensteds September 10, 2016.Background informationBirth nameEven Skatrud AndersenBorn (1977-08-18) 18 August 1977 (age 46)Lørenskog, Akershus, NorwayGenresJazzOccupation(s)Musicianmusic arrangercomposerInstrument(s)TromboneMusical artist Even Kruse Skatrud (born 18 August 1977) lecturer at the University of Oslo, a Norwegian Jazz musician, composer, Music arranger and Orchestra leader. He is the son of musician Harry Andersen and Marit Skatrud Andersen, married to singer-artist Anine Kruse Skatrud and son-in-law of the major Norwegian Contemporary composer Bjørn Kruse (b. 1946). Career Skatrud with his sister in law Benedikte Kruse and Pitsj at Ingensteds September 10, 2016. He studied music and composition at Norges Musikkhøgskole (from 1998) and contributed on a series of productions with orchestras like Funky Butt, Gumbo, Erik Smith's Friends, Soulslave, Descarga, Soul Inc, Ensemble Denada, Marinemusikken, Kringkastingsorkesteret, Kristiansand Symphony Orchestra and the originale "The Glenn Miller Orchestra". He has played with musicians like Phil Woods, Marilyn Mazur, Ray Anderson, Bobby Stewart, Eddie Daniels og Clarence Clemons, contributed to TV-shows like three Idol-orchestres (TV 2, 2003–05) and four seasons with Skal vi danse (TV 2), and solo performances with Oslo Philharmonic. In 2003 he appeared on the album Angels with the Sigurd Køhn and Nils-Olav Johansen Sextet, and joined the brass section of the band Horndogs in 2005. Jens Petter Antonsen wanted to start up a brass section and got into contact with Kruse Skatrud and Børge-Are Halvorsen. From 2005 they have participated on several albums. In 2006 he wrote an arrangement on Odd R. Antonsen Big Band Album – where Putte Wickman (1924–2006) on Clarinet and Grethe Kausland (1947–2007) on Vocals were among the soloists involved. This was the last recording of each of them on a record. This arrangement with Grethe Kausland was also played at her funeral – the title was: "Here's to life" – a celebration of life. In 2008 he wrote 4 of the arrangements for Kjell Karlsen's Big Band Recording In Grieg Moods – Ved Rondane, Anitras dans, I Dovregubbens hall and a composition of Kjell Karlsen performed by Bjørn Johan Muri. In 2011 he played with Bergen Big Band. Skatrud established the new Norwegian fusion band Moose Patrol together with guitarist Markus Lillehaug Johnsen. They have composed new original music for the DølaJazz, Lillehammer Jazzfestival 2016. There they gave the audience a real treat with the additional lineup Mathias Eick and Jens Petter Antonsen (trup ets), Atle Nymo (saxophone), Jørn Øien (keyboards), Audun Erlien (bass), Torstein Lofthus (drums), Martin Windstad (perkusjon). Events 2008 – Kruse Skatrud conducted his first military band, on tour with divisjonsmusikken in Harstad. 2008 – Skatrud started giving lectures at Blinderen on the discipline of arranging (UiO). 2010 – Gumbo made a 5-week tour in Asia – one week in Guanshow, one week in Shang-hai, three weeks in India. 2010 – Took over as conductor of the Romsås Janitsjar 2011 – Employed at the University of Oslo, Norway as assistant professor, where he teaches jazz arranging. Productions Conductor Lørenskog Kavalkaden 2004 Telenors Kulturprogram og Kulturpris 2008 – You can't stop the beat – + musicians from Montenegro Nordeas Kulturprogram 2009 – 2010 – Trine Rein – Quincy Jones Tribute Musician Eveneven Big Band, Eveneven (Eveneven publishing, 2006) Whoopin 2001 – Funky Butt The Glove 2004 – Funky Butt Big Mama 2005 – Funky Butt Shakin da butt 2007 Rock i fullt alvor – Imperceptible Shattering of Innocence 1993 – bass Guitar Mye rart på Romerike 1997 – trombonist in Romerike All-stars Lasse Thoresen – Som bølger på et hav – 2000 – trombonist The Real Thing – Deluxe 2000 – trombonist Dollie De luxe – Dollie's beste 2001 – trombonist Shire – Car 2001 – trombonist Motorpsycho – Phanerothyme 2001 – trombonist Asgeir – Sjefen over alle sjefer 2001 – trombonist Molo 2002 – Rockeband – trombonist Fabel – Smil 2002 – trombonist Trollhalen – Lisbeth Nygård 2003 – trombonist Amund Maarud 2003 – trombonist Trumpet Jungle 2003 – trombonist Number Seven Deli 2003 – trombonist Køhn/Johansen – Angels 2003 – Flugabone og trombone Børre Dalhaug's Bigbandblast! 2004 – trombonist Kor 90 & Funky Butt – Shout all over god's heaven 2004 – trombonist Margarets 2005 – trombonist Dodo Miranda – 2005 – trombonist, arranger Eveneven Big Band 2006 Gumbo 2006 Pitsj 2006 Arranger Norske Store Orkester – DENADA 2006 Antonsen Big Band 2007 -"Here's to life" with Grethe Kausland Alejandro Fuentes – Tomorrow only knows 2007 – trombonist Jørn Hoel – På Grunn av Dæ 2007 – trombonist Marian Aas Hansen – It's beginning to look a lot like christmas 2007 – trombone row in the big band Kyss meg – Vilde Bjerke 2008 – trombonist Kjell Karlsens Storband – In Grieg Moods. 2008 Trombonist and arranger Gospelkoret HIM – Mighty in the spirit 2009 – trombonist Gospelkoret HIM – Juleplate 2010 – trombonist Helge Sunde's Ensemble Denada 2009 – Lead trombone – won the Echo-prize Deutscher Musikpreis Jazz 2010 Maria Mohn 2009 – trombonist Ole Børud – Keep Movin'- 2011 DVD releases Idol 2003 Idol 2004 Idol 2005 A Night of Gospel – 2008 References ^ a b "Even Kruse Skatrud, alias Eveneven Trombonist". MIC.no. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. ^ a b "Even Kruse Skatrud". Universitetet i Oslo. ^ Funky Butt Archived 26 May 2012 at archive.today ^ "Gumbo". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2012. ^ Ensemble Denada ^ "Antonsen Big Band". Orasb.no. Archived from the original on 10 December 2010. ^ "Grethe Kauslands begravelse". Dagsavisen.no. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. ^ "Arrangør på Kjell Karlsen Big Band" (in Norwegian). Rockipedia.no. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. ^ "Kjell Karlsen Big Band – In Grieg Moods". Universalmusic.no. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. ^ "Skedsmo Storband + Even Skatrud Kruse = full trøkk" (in Norwegian). Romerike-StorBandFestival.no. ^ "Bergen Big Band & Even Skatrud Kruse – Søndagsmatiné" (in Norwegian). USF.no. 25 September 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2012. ^ "Nye navn klare for Dølajazz" (in Norwegian). Iris.Scanmine.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016. ^ "Om Romsås Janitsjar". Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. ^ "Eveneven Big Band". Puls.no. ^ "Eveneven Diskografi". ^ Blanco, Edward (7 May 2007). "Eveneven Big Band: Eveneven (2007) Track Review". All About Jazz. Retrieved 31 October 2013. Norway portalJazz portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Even Kruse Skatrud. External links Bergen Big Band ~ Even Kruse Skaterud ~ Bergen JazzForum on YouTube mic Bransjeregister Authority control databases International VIAF National Norway Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mic-1"},{"link_name":"University of Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oslo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UiO-2"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegians"},{"link_name":"Anine Kruse Skatrud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anine_Kruse"},{"link_name":"Bjørn Kruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Kruse"}],"text":"Musical artistEven Kruse Skatrud (born 18 August 1977)[1] lecturer at the University of Oslo,[2] a Norwegian Jazz musician, composer, Music arranger and Orchestra leader. He is the son of musician Harry Andersen and Marit Skatrud Andersen, married to singer-artist Anine Kruse Skatrud and son-in-law of the major Norwegian Contemporary composer Bjørn Kruse (b. 1946).","title":"Even Kruse Skatrud"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benedikte%CC%A0_Kruse_and_Even_Kruse_Skatrud_2016-9-10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benedikte Kruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikte_Kruse"},{"link_name":"Pitsj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsj"},{"link_name":"Norges Musikkhøgskole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norges_Musikkh%C3%B8gskole"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kringkastingsorkesteret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kringkastingsorkesteret"},{"link_name":"Kristiansand Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Phil Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Woods"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Mazur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Mazur"},{"link_name":"Ray Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Anderson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Stewart_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Clarence Clemons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Clemons"},{"link_name":"TV 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_2_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"TV 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_2_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Oslo Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mic-1"},{"link_name":"Sigurd Køhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_K%C3%B8hn"},{"link_name":"Nils-Olav Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils-Olav_Johansen"},{"link_name":"Jens Petter Antonsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Petter_Antonsen"},{"link_name":"Børge-Are Halvorsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8rge-Are_Halvorsen"},{"link_name":"Odd R. Antonsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odd_R._Antonsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Putte Wickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putte_Wickman"},{"link_name":"Clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"Grethe Kausland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grethe_Kausland"},{"link_name":"Grethe Kausland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grethe_Kausland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kjell Karlsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjell_Karlsen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"I Dovregubbens hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Dovregubbens_hall"},{"link_name":"Kjell Karlsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjell_Karlsen"},{"link_name":"Bjørn Johan Muri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Johan_Muri"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bergen Big Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_Big_Band"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Moose Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moose_Patrol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Markus Lillehaug Johnsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markus_Lillehaug_Johnsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"DølaJazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8laJazz"},{"link_name":"Mathias Eick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_Eick"},{"link_name":"Jens Petter Antonsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Petter_Antonsen"},{"link_name":"Atle Nymo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atle_Nymo"},{"link_name":"Jørn Øien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_%C3%98ien"},{"link_name":"Audun Erlien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audun_Erlien"},{"link_name":"Torstein Lofthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torstein_Lofthus"},{"link_name":"Martin Windstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Windstad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Skatrud with his sister in law Benedikte Kruse and Pitsj at Ingensteds September 10, 2016.He studied music and composition at Norges Musikkhøgskole (from 1998) and contributed on a series of productions with orchestras like Funky Butt,[3] Gumbo,[4] Erik Smith's Friends, Soulslave, Descarga, Soul Inc, Ensemble Denada,[5] Marinemusikken, Kringkastingsorkesteret, Kristiansand Symphony Orchestra and the originale \"The Glenn Miller Orchestra\". He has played with musicians like Phil Woods, Marilyn Mazur, Ray Anderson, Bobby Stewart, Eddie Daniels og Clarence Clemons, contributed to TV-shows like three Idol-orchestres (TV 2, 2003–05) and four seasons with Skal vi danse (TV 2), and solo performances with Oslo Philharmonic.[1]In 2003 he appeared on the album Angels with the Sigurd Køhn and Nils-Olav Johansen Sextet, and joined the brass section of the band Horndogs in 2005. Jens Petter Antonsen wanted to start up a brass section and got into contact with Kruse Skatrud and Børge-Are Halvorsen. From 2005 they have participated on several albums.In 2006 he wrote an arrangement on Odd R. Antonsen Big Band Album[6] – where Putte Wickman (1924–2006) on Clarinet and Grethe Kausland (1947–2007) on Vocals were among the soloists involved. This was the last recording of each of them on a record. This arrangement with Grethe Kausland was also played at her funeral – the title was: \"Here's to life\" – a celebration of life.[7]In 2008 he wrote 4 of the arrangements[8] for Kjell Karlsen's Big Band Recording[9] In Grieg Moods – Ved Rondane, Anitras dans, I Dovregubbens hall and a composition of Kjell Karlsen performed by Bjørn Johan Muri.[10]\nIn 2011 he played with Bergen Big Band.[11]Skatrud established the new Norwegian fusion band Moose Patrol together with guitarist Markus Lillehaug Johnsen. They have composed new original music for the DølaJazz, Lillehammer Jazzfestival 2016. There they gave the audience a real treat with the additional lineup Mathias Eick and Jens Petter Antonsen (trup ets), Atle Nymo (saxophone), Jørn Øien (keyboards), Audun Erlien (bass), Torstein Lofthus (drums), Martin Windstad (perkusjon).[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harstad"},{"link_name":"Blinderen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UiO"},{"link_name":"UiO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UiO"},{"link_name":"Gumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbo"},{"link_name":"Guanshow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guanshow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shang-hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-hai"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Romsås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roms%C3%A5s"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"University of Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oslo"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UiO-2"}],"text":"2008 – Kruse Skatrud conducted his first military band, on tour with divisjonsmusikken in Harstad.\n2008 – Skatrud started giving lectures at Blinderen on the discipline of arranging (UiO).\n2010 – Gumbo made a 5-week tour in Asia – one week in Guanshow, one week in Shang-hai, three weeks in India.\n2010 – Took over as conductor of the Romsås Janitsjar[13]\n2011 – Employed at the University of Oslo, Norway as assistant professor, where he teaches jazz arranging.[2]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"}],"sub_title":"Conductor","text":"Lørenskog Kavalkaden 2004\nTelenors Kulturprogram og Kulturpris 2008 – You can't stop the beat – + musicians from Montenegro\nNordeas Kulturprogram 2009 – 2010 – Trine Rein – Quincy Jones Tribute","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Real Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Thing_(jazz_band)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dollie De luxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollie_De_luxe"},{"link_name":"Motorpsycho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorpsycho_(band)"},{"link_name":"Phanerothyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanerothyme"},{"link_name":"Amund Maarud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amund_Maarud"},{"link_name":"Køhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_K%C3%B8hn"},{"link_name":"Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils-Olav_Johansen"},{"link_name":"Børre Dalhaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8rre_Dalhaug"},{"link_name":"Bigbandblast!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigbandblast!"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Gumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbo"},{"link_name":"Pitsj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsj"}],"sub_title":"Musician","text":"Eveneven Big Band, Eveneven (Eveneven publishing, 2006)[14]\nWhoopin 2001 – Funky Butt\nThe Glove 2004 – Funky Butt\nBig Mama 2005 – Funky Butt\nShakin da butt 2007\nRock i fullt alvor – Imperceptible Shattering of Innocence 1993 – bass Guitar\nMye rart på Romerike 1997 – trombonist in Romerike All-stars\nLasse Thoresen – Som bølger på et hav – 2000 – trombonist\nThe Real Thing – Deluxe 2000 – trombonist[15]\nDollie De luxe – Dollie's beste 2001 – trombonist\nShire – Car 2001 – trombonist\nMotorpsycho – Phanerothyme 2001 – trombonist\nAsgeir – Sjefen over alle sjefer 2001 – trombonist\nMolo 2002 – Rockeband – trombonist\nFabel – Smil 2002 – trombonist\nTrollhalen – Lisbeth Nygård 2003 – trombonist\nAmund Maarud 2003 – trombonist\nTrumpet Jungle 2003 – trombonist\nNumber Seven Deli 2003 – trombonist\nKøhn/Johansen – Angels 2003 – Flugabone og trombone\nBørre Dalhaug's Bigbandblast! 2004 – trombonist\nKor 90 & Funky Butt – Shout all over god's heaven 2004 – trombonist\nMargarets 2005 – trombonist\nDodo Miranda – 2005 – trombonist, arranger\nEveneven Big Band 2006[16]\nGumbo 2006\nPitsj 2006","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grethe Kausland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grethe_Kausland"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Fuentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Fuentes"},{"link_name":"Jørn Hoel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Hoel"},{"link_name":"Kjell Karlsens Storband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kjell_Karlsens_Storband&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"In Grieg Moods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Grieg_Moods&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Arranger","text":"Norske Store Orkester – DENADA 2006\nAntonsen Big Band 2007 -\"Here's to life\" with Grethe Kausland\nAlejandro Fuentes – Tomorrow only knows 2007 – trombonist\nJørn Hoel – På Grunn av Dæ 2007 – trombonist\nMarian Aas Hansen – It's beginning to look a lot like christmas 2007 – trombone row in the big band\nKyss meg – Vilde Bjerke 2008 – trombonist\nKjell Karlsens Storband – In Grieg Moods. 2008","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helge Sunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helge_Sunde"},{"link_name":"Ensemble Denada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Denada"},{"link_name":"Maria Mohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Mohn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ole Børud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_B%C3%B8rud"}],"sub_title":"Trombonist and arranger","text":"Gospelkoret HIM – Mighty in the spirit 2009 – trombonist\nGospelkoret HIM – Juleplate 2010 – trombonist\nHelge Sunde's Ensemble Denada 2009 – Lead trombone – won the Echo-prize Deutscher Musikpreis Jazz 2010\nMaria Mohn 2009 – trombonist\nOle Børud – Keep Movin'- 2011","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"DVD releases","text":"Idol 2003\nIdol 2004\nIdol 2005\nA Night of Gospel – 2008","title":"Productions"}]	[{"image_text":"Skatrud with his sister in law Benedikte Kruse and Pitsj at Ingensteds September 10, 2016.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Benedikte%CC%A0_Kruse_and_Even_Kruse_Skatrud_2016-9-10.jpg/220px-Benedikte%CC%A0_Kruse_and_Even_Kruse_Skatrud_2016-9-10.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Even Kruse Skatrud, alias Eveneven Trombonist\". MIC.no. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140427163715/http://www.mic.no/symfoni/kontakt.nsf/pub_e/per2006091911412438310826","url_text":"\"Even Kruse Skatrud, alias Eveneven Trombonist\""},{"url":"http://www.mic.no/symfoni/kontakt.nsf/pub_e/per2006091911412438310826","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Even Kruse Skatrud\". Universitetet i Oslo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hf.uio.no/imv/english/people/aca/tenured/evenks/","url_text":"\"Even Kruse Skatrud\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oslo","url_text":"Universitetet i Oslo"}]},{"reference":"\"Gumbo\". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921162251/http://gumbo.no/Gumbo/Velkommen.html","url_text":"\"Gumbo\""},{"url":"http://www.gumbo.no/Gumbo/Velkommen.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Antonsen Big Band\". Orasb.no. Archived from the original on 10 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101210205032/http://orasb.no/index.php?art=1&id=707","url_text":"\"Antonsen Big Band\""},{"url":"http://orasb.no/index.php?art=1&id=707","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grethe Kauslands begravelse\". Dagsavisen.no. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811204326/http://www.dagsavisen.no/kultur/article322336.ece","url_text":"\"Grethe Kauslands begravelse\""},{"url":"http://www.dagsavisen.no/kultur/article322336.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arrangør på Kjell Karlsen Big Band\" (in Norwegian). Rockipedia.no. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120526235147/http://www.rockipedia.no/Vault.aspx?entity=1233512","url_text":"\"Arrangør på Kjell Karlsen Big Band\""},{"url":"http://www.rockipedia.no/Vault.aspx?entity=1233512","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kjell Karlsen Big Band – In Grieg Moods\". Universalmusic.no. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150419133603/http://www.universalmusic.no/News/newspage/kjell_karlsen_big_band_grieg_in_jazz_mood","url_text":"\"Kjell Karlsen Big Band – In Grieg Moods\""},{"url":"http://www.universalmusic.no/News/newspage/kjell_karlsen_big_band_grieg_in_jazz_mood","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Skedsmo Storband + Even Skatrud Kruse = full trøkk\" (in Norwegian). Romerike-StorBandFestival.no.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.romerike-storbandfestival.no/program-2011/skedsmo-storband/","url_text":"\"Skedsmo Storband + Even Skatrud Kruse = full trøkk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bergen Big Band & Even Skatrud Kruse – Søndagsmatiné\" (in Norwegian). USF.no. 25 September 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usf.no/?side=program&art=5377","url_text":"\"Bergen Big Band & Even Skatrud Kruse – Søndagsmatiné\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nye navn klare for Dølajazz\" (in Norwegian). Iris.Scanmine.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161022225711/http://iris.scanmine.com/go/pub/norskekjendiser/www__Ddolajazz__Dno/_Nye_navn_klare_for_Dlajazz__musikk_no.php","url_text":"\"Nye navn klare for Dølajazz\""},{"url":"http://iris.scanmine.com/go/pub/norskekjendiser/www__Ddolajazz__Dno/_Nye_navn_klare_for_Dlajazz__musikk_no.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Om Romsås Janitsjar\". Archived from the original on 15 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415143917/http://romsas-janitsjar.no/rj/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=5&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Om Romsås Janitsjar\""},{"url":"http://romsas-janitsjar.no/rj/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=5&Itemid=53","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eveneven Big Band\". Puls.no.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.puls.no/14050.html","url_text":"\"Eveneven Big Band\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eveneven Diskografi\".","urls":[{"url":"http://eveneven.no/Diskografi.aspx?diskografiId=42","url_text":"\"Eveneven Diskografi\""}]},{"reference":"Blanco, Edward (7 May 2007). \"Eveneven Big Band: Eveneven (2007) Track Review\". All About Jazz. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Quantum_Ray	Cosmic Quantum Ray	["1 Synopsis","2 Production","3 Cast","4 Crew","5 Episodes","6 References","7 External links"]	Animated television series This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cosmic Quantum Ray" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cosmic Quantum RayCreated byMani BhaumikDirected byAndrew YoungArnaud BouronJi Hoon SonVoices ofTom KennySamuel VincentColin MurdockAshleigh BallPauline NewstoneRichard Ian CoxMatt HillCathy WeseluckCountry of originUnited States Germany FranceOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes26 (List of episodes)ProductionExecutive producersMike YoungBill SchultzLiz YoungMarc GabizonSebastian DebertinPaul CumminsAton SoumacheAlexis VonarbJae Soo ChoYoung Cheol YoonMani BhaumikTatiana ChekhovaNiraj BhukhanwalaRonald D'MelloProducers Peter AndersonAndrew YoungPamela HickeyDennys McCoyRomain Van LiemtCédric PilotSiobhán Ní GhadhraYoung Cheol Yoon Supervising producer:Cary Silver Creative producers:Tina SickerSteffi Fehnle Assistant creative producer:Jens Opatz Associate producers:Nate ClesowichHyun Duk YangJi Yun Kim Running time22 minutesProduction companiesMike Young ProductionsMethod FilmsCosmotoonsOcean ProductionsEuropoolTelegaelSK C&CIndependence CreativeMaya EntertainmentOriginal releaseNetworkAnimania HD/The Hub/Qubo (United States)KiKa (Germany)M6 (France)ReleaseNovember 5, 2007 (2007-11-05) –2008 (2008) Cosmic Quantum Ray is a CGI-animated television series. The series premiered in the United States on November 5, 2007, on Animania HD, then in 2009 in Germany on KI.KA, and then later on October 10, 2010, on The Hub. It also aired on Science Channel as part of a sneak peek of the latter. Synopsis The story centers on teenager Robbie Shipton, who possesses a shoe box leading to the Ninth Dimension, the home of Quantum Ray. Robbie joins Team Quantum, a team of heroes responsible for stopping the many antagonists of the show, such as Professor Evil Brainhead and his hamster mother-figure named Mother, from carrying out their plans. He also attends school in the ordinary dimension, and occasionally characters from the two dimensions end up meeting with each other. Production Although produced by Germany's KI.KA and France's M6, the show was written in English, the writing supervised by Head Writers/Co-producers and Emmy winners Pamela Hickey and Dennys McCoy. In 2009, the series beat out Nickelodeon, Disney and Cartoon Network to win the Pulcinella Award for Best TV Series. The series was created by cosmologist Dr. Mani Bhaumik. Hickey and McCoy based all their stories on principles and theories from quantum physics, and Dr. Bhaumik provided the math. Cosmic Quantum Ray is a comedy/science-fiction adventure that, at the end of each episode, explains the quantum physics associated with a story and/or physical gags found within the series. Cast Ashleigh Ball – Allison Doron Bell – Lucas Richard Ian Cox – Chip Monahan Matt Hill – Scott Tom Kenny – Quantum Ray, Kronecker, Professor Evil Brainhead, Commander Fuzzy, Guy Gamma Colin Murdock – Bucketworth Pauline Newstone – Contessa De Worm Samuel Vincent – Robbie Shipton, Justin Cathy Weseluck – Mother Brainhead Chiara Zanni – Atee, Geecey Crew Mani Bhaumik – Creator, Executive Producer Tatiana Chekhova – Executive Producer Mike Young – Executive Producer Andrew Young – Director Arnaud Bouron – Co-Director (France) Karl Willems – Voice Director Episodes Alison Attacks! Sliptilicus It Was Nothing! What's Up With Gravity? There's a Universe in Scott's Head! Olga's Dish of Doom Chip Monahan: Alien Squirrel Master! What's a Bucketworth? Me, Robot Are We There Yet? Un-Real Estate Mr. Charm's Bad Vibration Eat at Olga's Alison's New Pet Rings of Fire Return of the Alien Squirrel Master Hall of Fame Here Today, Gone Yesterday Pirates of the Dark Matter Wild, Wild Wormhole Let's Play a Game Oh Mother, Where Art Thou? Tangled Up in Twins Cosmic Quantum... Robbie The Incredible Shrinking Ray Ms. Zooty's References ^ "Animania HD picks up a hat trick". ^ "The Hub's Schedule for 10/10 & 10/11 - "Men in Black: The Series" is Coming!". ^ "KiKA - Fernsehen - Sendungen von A-Z - Cosmic Quantum Ray". Archived from the original on 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2012-06-12. ^ "Disney, FreshTV and others score Pulcinella Awards". External links Cosmic Quantum Ray at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated-imagery"},{"link_name":"animated television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_television_series"},{"link_name":"Animania HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voom_HD_Networks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"KI.KA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KiKa"},{"link_name":"The Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Family"},{"link_name":"Science Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Channel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Cosmic Quantum Ray is a CGI-animated television series. The series premiered in the United States on November 5, 2007, on Animania HD,[1] then in 2009 in Germany on KI.KA, and then later on October 10, 2010, on The Hub. It also aired on Science Channel as part of a sneak peek of the latter.[2]","title":"Cosmic Quantum Ray"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The story centers on teenager Robbie Shipton, who possesses a shoe box leading to the Ninth Dimension, the home of Quantum Ray. Robbie joins Team Quantum, a team of heroes responsible for stopping the many antagonists of the show, such as Professor Evil Brainhead and his hamster mother-figure named Mother, from carrying out their plans. He also attends school in the ordinary dimension, and occasionally characters from the two dimensions end up meeting with each other.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dr. Bhaumik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Lal_Bhaumik"}],"text":"Although produced by Germany's KI.KA[3] and France's M6, the show was written in English, the writing supervised by Head Writers/Co-producers and Emmy winners Pamela Hickey and Dennys McCoy. In 2009, the series beat out Nickelodeon, Disney and Cartoon Network to win the Pulcinella Award for Best TV Series.[4] The series was created by cosmologist Dr. Mani Bhaumik. Hickey and McCoy based all their stories on principles and theories from quantum physics, and Dr. Bhaumik provided the math. Cosmic Quantum Ray is a comedy/science-fiction adventure that, at the end of each episode, explains the quantum physics associated with a story and/or physical gags found within the series.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashleigh Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashleigh_Ball_(voice_actress)"},{"link_name":"Doron Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doron_Bell"},{"link_name":"Richard Ian Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ian_Cox"},{"link_name":"Matt Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hill"},{"link_name":"Tom Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kenny"},{"link_name":"Pauline Newstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Newstone"},{"link_name":"Samuel Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Vincent_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Cathy Weseluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Weseluck"},{"link_name":"Chiara Zanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiara_Zanni"}],"text":"Ashleigh Ball – Allison\nDoron Bell – Lucas\nRichard Ian Cox – Chip Monahan\nMatt Hill – Scott\nTom Kenny – Quantum Ray, Kronecker, Professor Evil Brainhead, Commander Fuzzy, Guy Gamma\nColin Murdock – Bucketworth\nPauline Newstone – Contessa De Worm\nSamuel Vincent – Robbie Shipton, Justin\nCathy Weseluck – Mother Brainhead\nChiara Zanni – Atee, Geecey","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mani Bhaumik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Lal_Bhaumik"},{"link_name":"Mike Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Young_(producer)"}],"text":"Mani Bhaumik – Creator, Executive Producer\nTatiana Chekhova – Executive Producer\nMike Young – Executive Producer\nAndrew Young – Director\nArnaud Bouron – Co-Director (France)\nKarl Willems – Voice Director","title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alison Attacks!\nSliptilicus\nIt Was Nothing!\nWhat's Up With Gravity?\nThere's a Universe in Scott's Head!\nOlga's Dish of Doom\nChip Monahan: Alien Squirrel Master!\nWhat's a Bucketworth?\nMe, Robot\nAre We There Yet?\nUn-Real Estate\nMr. Charm's Bad Vibration\nEat at Olga's\nAlison's New Pet\nRings of Fire\nReturn of the Alien Squirrel Master\nHall of Fame\nHere Today, Gone Yesterday\nPirates of the Dark Matter\nWild, Wild Wormhole\nLet's Play a Game\nOh Mother, Where Art Thou?\nTangled Up in Twins\nCosmic Quantum... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labranzagrande	Labranzagrande	[]	Coordinates: 5°34′N 72°34′W / 5.567°N 72.567°W / 5.567; -72.567Municipality and town in Boyacá Department, ColombiaLabranzagrandeMunicipality and town FlagSealLocation of the municipality and town of Labranzagrande in the Boyacá Department of Colombia.Country ColombiaDepartmentBoyacá DepartmentProvinceLa Libertad ProvinceGovernment • MayorÉrica Paola Peña Álvarez(2020-2023)Time zoneUTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time) Labranzagrande is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Boyacá, part of the subregion of the La Libertad Province. vteProvinces and Municipalities in Boyacá Department Central Boyacá Province Cómbita Cucaita Chíquiza Chivatá Motavita Oicatá Siachoque Samacá Sora Soracá Sotaquirá Toca Tunja Tuta Ventaquemada Northern Boyacá Province Boavita Covarachía La Uvita San Mateo Sativanorte Sativasur Soatá Susacón Tipacoque Western Boyacá Province Briceño Buenavista Caldas Chiquinquirá Coper La Victoria Maripí Muzo Otanche Pauna Quípama Saboyá San Miguel de Sema San Pablo de Borbur Tununguá Eastern Boyacá Province Almeida Chivor Guateque Guayatá La Capilla Somondoco Sutatenza Tenza Gutiérrez Province Chiscas El Cocuy El Espino Guacamayas Güicán Panqueba La Libertad Province Labranzagrande Pajarito Paya Pisba Lengupá Province Berbeo Campohermoso Miraflores Páez San Eduardo Zetaquirá Márquez Province Boyacá Ciénaga Jenesano Nuevo Colón Ramiriquí Rondón Tibaná Turmequé Úmbita Viracachá Neira Province Chinavita Garagoa Macanal Pachavita San Luis de Gaceno Santa María Ricaurte Province Arcabuco Chitaraque Gachantivá Moniquirá Ráquira Sáchica San José de Pare Santa Sofía Santana Sutamarchán Tinjacá Togüí Villa de Leyva Sugamuxi Province Aquitania Cuítiva Firavitoba Gámeza Iza Mongua Monguí Nobsa Pesca Sogamoso Tibasosa Tópaga Tota Tundama Province Belén Busbanzá Cerinza Corrales Duitama Floresta Paipa Santa Rosa de Viterbo Tutazá Valderrama Province Betéitiva Chita Jericó Paz de Río Socotá Socha Tasco Boyacá Frontier District Cubará Boyacá Special Handling Zone Puerto Boyacá See also: List of municipalities in Boyacá 5°34′N 72°34′W / 5.567°N 72.567°W / 5.567; -72.567 This Boyacá Department location article is a stub. 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Espino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Espino,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Guacamayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamayas,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Güicán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCic%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Panqueba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panqueba"},{"link_name":"La Libertad Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Libertad_Province"},{"link_name":"Labranzagrande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Pajarito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajarito,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Paya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paya,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Pisba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisba"},{"link_name":"Lengupá Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengup%C3%A1_Province"},{"link_name":"Berbeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbeo"},{"link_name":"Campohermoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campohermoso"},{"link_name":"Miraflores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraflores,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Páez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ez,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"San Eduardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Eduardo,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Zetaquirá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetaquir%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Márquez Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rquez_Province"},{"link_name":"Boyacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Ciénaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Jenesano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenesano"},{"link_name":"Nuevo Colón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Col%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Ramiriquí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramiriqu%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Rondón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B3n,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Tibaná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiban%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Turmequé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmequ%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Úmbita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ambita"},{"link_name":"Viracachá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracach%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Neira Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neira_Province"},{"link_name":"Chinavita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinavita"},{"link_name":"Garagoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garagoa"},{"link_name":"Macanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macanal"},{"link_name":"Pachavita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachavita"},{"link_name":"San Luis de Gaceno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_de_Gaceno"},{"link_name":"Santa María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Ricaurte Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricaurte_Province"},{"link_name":"Arcabuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcabuco"},{"link_name":"Chitaraque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitaraque"},{"link_name":"Gachantivá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gachantiv%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Moniquirá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moniquir%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Ráquira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1quira"},{"link_name":"Sáchica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1chica"},{"link_name":"San José de Pare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Pare"},{"link_name":"Santa Sofía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sof%C3%ADa,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Sutamarchán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutamarch%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Tinjacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinjac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Togüí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tog%C3%BC%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Villa de Leyva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_de_Leyva"},{"link_name":"Sugamuxi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugamuxi_Province"},{"link_name":"Aquitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitania,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Cuítiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%C3%ADtiva"},{"link_name":"Firavitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firavitoba"},{"link_name":"Gámeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1meza"},{"link_name":"Iza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iza,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Mongua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongua"},{"link_name":"Monguí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongu%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Nobsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobsa"},{"link_name":"Pesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesca"},{"link_name":"Sogamoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogamoso"},{"link_name":"Tibasosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibasosa"},{"link_name":"Tópaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3paga"},{"link_name":"Tota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tota,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Tundama Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundama_Province"},{"link_name":"Belén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Busbanzá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busbanz%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Cerinza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerinza"},{"link_name":"Corrales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrales,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Duitama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitama"},{"link_name":"Floresta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floresta,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Paipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paipa"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa de Viterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa_de_Viterbo,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Tutazá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutaz%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Valderrama Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valderrama_Province"},{"link_name":"Betéitiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet%C3%A9itiva"},{"link_name":"Chita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Jericó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeric%C3%B3,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Paz de Río","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paz_de_R%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Socotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Socha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socha"},{"link_name":"Tasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasco,_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Boyacá Frontier District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubar%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Cubará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubar%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Boyacá Special Handling Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Special_Handling_Zone"},{"link_name":"Puerto Boyacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"List of municipalities in Boyacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"5°34′N 72°34′W / 5.567°N 72.567°W / 5.567; -72.567","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Labranzagrande&params=5_34_N_72_34_W_region:CO_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg"},{"link_name":"Boyacá Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labranzagrande&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Boyac%C3%A1-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Boyac%C3%A1-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boyac%C3%A1-geo-stub"}],"text":"Municipality and town in Boyacá Department, ColombiaLabranzagrande is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Boyacá, part of the subregion of the La Libertad Province.vteProvinces and Municipalities in Boyacá Department Central Boyacá Province\nCómbita\nCucaita\nChíquiza\nChivatá\nMotavita\nOicatá\nSiachoque\nSamacá\nSora\nSoracá\nSotaquirá\nToca\nTunja\nTuta\nVentaquemada\nNorthern Boyacá Province\nBoavita\nCovarachía\nLa Uvita\nSan Mateo\nSativanorte\nSativasur\nSoatá\nSusacón\nTipacoque\nWestern Boyacá Province\nBriceño\nBuenavista\nCaldas\nChiquinquirá\nCoper\nLa Victoria\nMaripí\nMuzo\nOtanche\nPauna\nQuípama\nSaboyá\nSan Miguel de Sema\nSan Pablo de Borbur\nTununguá\nEastern Boyacá Province\nAlmeida\nChivor\nGuateque\nGuayatá\nLa Capilla\nSomondoco\nSutatenza\nTenza\nGutiérrez Province\nChiscas\nEl Cocuy\nEl Espino\nGuacamayas\nGüicán\nPanqueba\nLa Libertad Province\nLabranzagrande\nPajarito\nPaya\nPisba\nLengupá Province\nBerbeo\nCampohermoso\nMiraflores\nPáez\nSan Eduardo\nZetaquirá\nMárquez Province\nBoyacá\nCiénaga\nJenesano\nNuevo Colón\nRamiriquí\nRondón\nTibaná\nTurmequé\nÚmbita\nViracachá\nNeira Province\nChinavita\nGaragoa\nMacanal\nPachavita\nSan Luis de Gaceno\nSanta María\nRicaurte Province\nArcabuco\nChitaraque\nGachantivá\nMoniquirá\nRáquira\nSáchica\nSan José de Pare\nSanta Sofía\nSantana\nSutamarchán\nTinjacá\nTogüí\nVilla de Leyva\nSugamuxi Province\nAquitania\nCuítiva\nFiravitoba\nGámeza\nIza\nMongua\nMonguí\nNobsa\nPesca\nSogamoso\nTibasosa\nTópaga\nTota\nTundama Province\nBelén\nBusbanzá\nCerinza\nCorrales\nDuitama\nFloresta\nPaipa\nSanta Rosa de Viterbo\nTutazá\nValderrama Province\nBetéitiva\nChita\nJericó\nPaz de Río\nSocotá\nSocha\nTasco\nBoyacá Frontier District\nCubará\nBoyacá Special Handling Zone\nPuerto Boyacá\nSee also: List of municipalities in Boyacá5°34′N 72°34′W / 5.567°N 72.567°W / 5.567; -72.567This Boyacá Department location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Labranzagrande"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Labranzagrande&params=5_34_N_72_34_W_region:CO_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"5°34′N 72°34′W / 5.567°N 72.567°W / 5.567; -72.567"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Labranzagrande&params=5_34_N_72_34_W_region:CO_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"5°34′N 72°34′W / 5.567°N 72.567°W / 5.567; -72.567"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labranzagrande&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Swanson	William H. Swanson	["1 Education","2 Career","2.1 Raytheon","3 Car Collection","4 Honors and associations","5 Swanson's Unwritten Rules of Management and plagiarism","6 References","7 External links"]	American businessman, engineer and car collector For other people named William Swanson, see William Swanson (disambiguation). William H. Swanson William H. Swanson (born 1949) is an American businessman, engineer and car collector who is the former chairman and CEO of Raytheon Company (2004 -2014). Education A native of California, Swanson graduated magna cum laude from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo with a bachelor's degree in aerospace engineering. He attended Cal Poly with the assistance of a golf scholarship. He was awarded an honorary Doctorate from Pepperdine University and served on the Board of Regents of Pepperdine. He was selected as the Outstanding Industrial Engineering Graduate in 1972, and in 1991 was recognized as an Honored Alumnus by California Polytechnic State University College of Engineering. He attended a graduate degree program in business administration at Golden Gate University. Career Raytheon Swanson joined Raytheon in 1972 and held a wide range of leadership positions, including manufacturing manager of the company’s Equipment Division, general manager of the Missile Systems Division's Andover Plant, senior vice president and general manager of the Missile Systems Division, general manager of Raytheon Electronic Systems, and president, chairman and chief executive officer of Raytheon Systems Company. Before becoming chairman of Raytheon in January 2004, Swanson was CEO and president of the company. Prior to that he was president of the company, responsible for Raytheon’s government and defense operations, including the four Strategic Business Areas of Missile Defense; Precision Engagement; Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR); and Homeland Security. Before that, he was a Raytheon executive vice president and president of Electronic Systems. As a protégé of Chairman and CEO Dennis Picard and a long-time Raytheon insider, he was the expected candidate to succeed the retiring chairman in the late 1990s. However, Daniel Burnham, an outsider, was elected to succeed Dennis Picard as Chairman and CEO. After Burnham completed a five-year contract with Raytheon, Swanson was elevated to his position. Swanson stepped down from the CEO position in March 2014 and retired from Raytheon entirely in September 2014. He was succeeded by Dr. Thomas A. Kennedy, who had previously served as Raytheon's Chief Operating Officer. Car Collection Swanson is the owner and curator of an entirely-red collection of exotic vehicles based in Arroyo Grande, California. The collection, which primarily houses Ferraris, includes cars from the 1960s to the modern day. The license plate on every car contains his initials “WHS" alongside a different number or letter(s). The collection currently includes: Ferrari 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series I Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta Ferrari 275 GTB/4 Ferrari F40 Ferrari F50 Ferrari Enzo Ferrari LaFerrari Ferrari F12 TDF Ferrari SA Aperta Ferrari 812 Superfast Porsche Carrera GT Porsche 918 Spyder Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Cobra 289 Cobra 427 BMW 507 Ford GT40 Mk I (1965) Ford GT (2005) Ford GT (2017) Honors and associations Member of the board of directors of Sprint Nextel Corporation. Member of the Congressional Medal of Honor Foundation board of directors, the California Polytechnic State University President’s Cabinet, and the Rose Kennedy Greenway board. Appointed to the Pepperdine University board of regents and awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree and the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship. Member of the Secretary of the Air Force advisory board. Trustee of the Association of the United States Army. Member of the National Defense Industrial Association. Member of the Navy League. Member of the Air Force Association. Member of the Board of Governors of the Aerospace Industries Association. Member of the CIA Officers Memorial Foundation board of advisors. Associate fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Member of the US president’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee. Vice chairman of the Business-Higher Education Forum (BHEF). Co-chair of BHEF's Securing America's Leadership in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Initiative. Honorary chair of MATHCOUNTS for 2009 through 2011. Honorary chair of 2011 Engineers Week. Swanson's Unwritten Rules of Management and plagiarism This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2011) Swanson released a short work called Swanson's Unwritten Rules of Management, thirty three sound-bite rules, including the comparatively well known "Waiter Rule". On April 24, 2006, in a statement released by Raytheon, Swanson admitted to plagiarism in claiming authorship for his booklet, "Swanson's Unwritten Rules of Management," after being exposed by an article in The New York Times. On May 2, 2006, Raytheon withdrew distribution of the book. On May 3, 2006, Raytheon punished Swanson by reducing his compensation by approximately $1 million for publishing what was "later found to have been taken from a 1944 engineering classic, The Unwritten Laws of Engineering, by W. J. King." Further investigation by the Boston Herald revealed that Swanson had also copied some of the rules from former US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and columnist Dave Barry. The Boston Globe, the major newspaper in Raytheon's home town, reported "the move was largely symbolic given Swanson's robust $7 million pay package in 2005." References ^ "Bio: Swanson" (PDF). raytheon.com. ^ Reference for Business William H. Swanson 1949— Biography ^ "Raytheon: Raytheon Announces William H. Swanson to Step Down as Chief Executive Officer; Board appoints Dr. Thomas A. Kennedy Chief Executive Officer Effective March 31, 2014; Board also appoints Dr. Kennedy to the Raytheon Company Board of Directors Effective Janu". ^ Stone, Matt (2021-04-11). "Drowning in the Red See - Red Ferrari Collection". Sports Car Digest. Retrieved 2022-12-16. ^ "ECR - Collection - The Red Collection". ECR - Collection - The Red Collection. Retrieved 2022-12-16. ^ List of Directors Archived 2006-04-23 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Board of Directors". Congressional Medal of Honor Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-05-24. ^ "California State University and Cal Poly Award Raytheon Co. CEO Honorary Doctorate" (Press release). California Polytechnic State University. May 27, 2005. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-15. ^ Board members chosen for Greenway Conservancy Archived 2006-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, a press release from the Boston Redevelopment Authority ^ appointment to board of regents at Pepperdine ^ "Raytheon's biography of William H. Swanson" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-01. ^ "Engineers Week 2012". eweek.org. ^ "Raytheon Chairman & CEO Comments Regarding 'Unwritten Rules'". Raytheon News Release. Retrieved 2006-05-02. ^ "Raytheon halts distribution of controversial booklet by CEO". AP/Boston.com. 2006-05-02. Archived from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved 2006-05-02. ^ Leslie Wayne (2006-05-03). "Raytheon Punishes Chief Executive for Lifting Text". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-05-03. ^ "Rumsfeld Rules Home". rumsfeldsrules.com. Archived from the original on 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2011-05-12. ^ "What Is The Price Of Plagiarism?". CBS News. Archived from the original on May 25, 2006. ^ Robert Weisman (2006-05-04). "CEO gets $1m slap for misuse of maxims". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2006-05-10. (Subscription for full article) External links Raytheon's biography of William H. Swanson (in PDF format). Past Leadership of Raytheon Business positions Preceded byDaniel P. Burnham CEO of Raytheon 2003– 2014 Succeeded byThomas A. Kennedy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Swanson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Swanson_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_H._Swanson_174-CD-L-07-11-08-B-003_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_board"},{"link_name":"Raytheon Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other people named William Swanson, see William Swanson (disambiguation).William H. SwansonWilliam H. Swanson (born 1949) is an American businessman, engineer and car collector who is the former chairman and CEO of Raytheon Company (2004 -2014).[1]","title":"William H. Swanson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magna cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_cum_laude"},{"link_name":"California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University,_San_Luis_Obispo"},{"link_name":"aerospace engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"California Polytechnic State University College of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Poly_San_Luis_Obispo_College_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"business administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_administration"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_University"}],"text":"A native of California, Swanson graduated magna cum laude from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo with a bachelor's degree in aerospace engineering. He attended Cal Poly with the assistance of a golf scholarship.[2] He was awarded an honorary Doctorate from Pepperdine University and served on the Board of Regents of Pepperdine. He was selected as the Outstanding Industrial Engineering Graduate in 1972, and in 1991 was recognized as an Honored Alumnus by California Polytechnic State University College of Engineering. He attended a graduate degree program in business administration at Golden Gate University.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raytheon Electronic Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raytheon_Electronic_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raytheon Systems Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raytheon_Systems_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(corporate_title)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Picard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Picard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Raytheon","text":"Swanson joined Raytheon in 1972 and held a wide range of leadership positions, including manufacturing manager of the company’s Equipment Division, general manager of the Missile Systems Division's Andover Plant, senior vice president and general manager of the Missile Systems Division, general manager of Raytheon Electronic Systems, and president, chairman and chief executive officer of Raytheon Systems Company.Before becoming chairman of Raytheon in January 2004, Swanson was CEO and president of the company. Prior to that he was president of the company, responsible for Raytheon’s government and defense operations, including the four Strategic Business Areas of Missile Defense; Precision Engagement; Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR); and Homeland Security. Before that, he was a Raytheon executive vice president and president of Electronic Systems.As a protégé of Chairman and CEO Dennis Picard and a long-time Raytheon insider, he was the expected candidate to succeed the retiring chairman in the late 1990s. However, Daniel Burnham, an outsider, was elected to succeed Dennis Picard as Chairman and CEO. After Burnham completed a five-year contract with Raytheon, Swanson was elevated to his position.Swanson stepped down from the CEO position in March 2014 and retired from Raytheon entirely in September 2014. He was succeeded by Dr. Thomas A. Kennedy, who had previously served as Raytheon's Chief Operating Officer.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ferrari 250 GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_250_GT_Coup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ferrari 275 GTB/4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_275"},{"link_name":"Ferrari F40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_F40"},{"link_name":"Ferrari F50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_F50"},{"link_name":"Ferrari Enzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_Enzo"},{"link_name":"Ferrari LaFerrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaFerrari"},{"link_name":"Ferrari F12 TDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_F12"},{"link_name":"Ferrari SA Aperta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_599"},{"link_name":"Ferrari 812 Superfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_812_Superfast"},{"link_name":"Porsche Carrera GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_GT"},{"link_name":"Porsche 918 Spyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_918_Spyder"},{"link_name":"Bugatti Veyron 16.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugatti_Veyron"},{"link_name":"Ford GT (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_GT"}],"text":"Swanson is the owner and curator of an entirely-red collection of exotic vehicles based in Arroyo Grande, California.[4] The collection, which primarily houses Ferraris, includes cars from the 1960s to the modern day. The license plate on every car contains his initials “WHS\" alongside a different number or letter(s). The collection currently includes:[5]Ferrari 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series I\nFerrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta\nFerrari 275 GTB/4\nFerrari F40\nFerrari F50\nFerrari Enzo\nFerrari LaFerrari\nFerrari F12 TDF\nFerrari SA Aperta\nFerrari 812 Superfast\nPorsche Carrera GT\nPorsche 918 Spyder\nBugatti Veyron 16.4\nCobra 289\nCobra 427\nBMW 507\nFord GT40 Mk I (1965)\nFord GT (2005)\nFord GT (2017)","title":"Car Collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"Sprint Nextel Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Nextel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Congressional Medal of Honor Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congressional_Medal_of_Honor_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rose Kennedy Greenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Kennedy_Greenway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pepperdine University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepperdine_University"},{"link_name":"board of regents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_regents"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Awards"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Association of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"National Defense Industrial Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Industrial_Association"},{"link_name":"Navy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_League"},{"link_name":"Air Force Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Association"},{"link_name":"Aerospace Industries Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Industries_Association"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics"},{"link_name":"National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Telecommunications_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Member of the board of directors of Sprint Nextel Corporation.[6]\nMember of the Congressional Medal of Honor Foundation board of directors,[7] the California Polytechnic State University President’s Cabinet,[8] and the Rose Kennedy Greenway board.[9]\nAppointed to the Pepperdine University board of regents[10] and awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree and the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship.\nMember of the Secretary of the Air Force advisory board.\nTrustee of the Association of the United States Army.\nMember of the National Defense Industrial Association.\nMember of the Navy League.\nMember of the Air Force Association.\nMember of the Board of Governors of the Aerospace Industries Association.\nMember of the CIA Officers Memorial Foundation board of advisors.\nAssociate fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.\nMember of the US president’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee.\nVice chairman of the Business-Higher Education Forum (BHEF).\nCo-chair of BHEF's Securing America's Leadership in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Initiative.\nHonorary chair of MATHCOUNTS for 2009 through 2011.[11]\nHonorary chair of 2011 Engineers Week.[12]","title":"Honors and associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waiter Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiter_Rule"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"plagiarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Unwritten Laws of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Unwritten_Laws_of_Engineering&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Donald Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Dave Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Barry"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Swanson released a short work called Swanson's Unwritten Rules of Management, thirty three sound-bite rules, including the comparatively well known \"Waiter Rule\".On April 24, 2006, in a statement[13] released by Raytheon, Swanson admitted to plagiarism in claiming authorship for his booklet, \"Swanson's Unwritten Rules of Management,\" after being exposed by an article in The New York Times. On May 2, 2006, Raytheon withdrew distribution of the book.[14] On May 3, 2006, Raytheon punished Swanson by reducing his compensation by approximately $1 million for publishing what was \"later found to have been taken from a 1944 engineering classic, The Unwritten Laws of Engineering, by W. J. King.\"[15] Further investigation by the Boston Herald revealed that Swanson had also copied some of the rules from former US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld[16] and columnist Dave Barry.[17]The Boston Globe, the major newspaper in Raytheon's home town, reported \"the move was largely symbolic given Swanson's robust $7 million pay package in 2005.\"[18]","title":"Swanson's Unwritten Rules of Management and plagiarism"}]	[{"image_text":"William H. Swanson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/William_H._Swanson_174-CD-L-07-11-08-B-003_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-William_H._Swanson_174-CD-L-07-11-08-B-003_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bio: Swanson\" (PDF). raytheon.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.raytheon.com/rtnwcm/groups/public/documents/profile/bio_swanson.pdf","url_text":"\"Bio: Swanson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raytheon: Raytheon Announces William H. Swanson to Step Down as Chief Executive Officer; Board appoints Dr. Thomas A. Kennedy Chief Executive Officer Effective March 31, 2014; Board also appoints Dr. Kennedy to the Raytheon Company Board of Directors Effective Janu\".","urls":[{"url":"http://raytheon.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=2503","url_text":"\"Raytheon: Raytheon Announces William H. Swanson to Step Down as Chief Executive Officer; Board appoints Dr. Thomas A. Kennedy Chief Executive Officer Effective March 31, 2014; Board also appoints Dr. Kennedy to the Raytheon Company Board of Directors Effective Janu\""}]},{"reference":"Stone, Matt (2021-04-11). \"Drowning in the Red See - Red Ferrari Collection\". Sports Car Digest. Retrieved 2022-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportscardigest.com/drowning-in-the-red-see/","url_text":"\"Drowning in the Red See - Red Ferrari Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"ECR - Collection - The Red Collection\". ECR - Collection - The Red Collection. Retrieved 2022-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://exclusivecarregistry.com/collection/theredcollection","url_text":"\"ECR - Collection - The Red Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". Congressional Medal of Honor Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070524235749/http://cmohfoundation.org/_wsn/page3.html","url_text":"\"Board of Directors\""},{"url":"http://cmohfoundation.org/_wsn/page3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"California State University and Cal Poly Award Raytheon Co. CEO Honorary Doctorate\" (Press release). California Polytechnic State University. May 27, 2005. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060427015341/http://www.calpolynews.calpoly.edu/news_releases/2005/may_05/swanson.html","url_text":"\"California State University and Cal Poly Award Raytheon Co. CEO Honorary Doctorate\""},{"url":"http://calpolynews.calpoly.edu/news_releases/2005/may_05/swanson.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Raytheon's biography of William H. Swanson\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100601204553/http://www.raytheon.com/ourcompany/rtnwcm/groups/public/documents/profile/bio_swanson.pdf","url_text":"\"Raytheon's biography of William H. Swanson\""},{"url":"http://www.raytheon.com/ourcompany/rtnwcm/groups/public/documents/profile/bio_swanson.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Engineers Week 2012\". eweek.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eweek.org/NewsStory.aspx?ContentID=215","url_text":"\"Engineers Week 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raytheon Chairman & CEO Comments Regarding 'Unwritten Rules'\". Raytheon News Release. Retrieved 2006-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=149999&TICK=RTN&STORY=/www/story/04-24-2006/0004346311&EDATE=Apr+24,+2006","url_text":"\"Raytheon Chairman & CEO Comments Regarding 'Unwritten Rules'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raytheon halts distribution of controversial booklet by CEO\". AP/Boston.com. 2006-05-02. Archived from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved 2006-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070304043019/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/05/02/raytheon_halts_distribution_of_controversial_booklet_by_ceo/","url_text":"\"Raytheon halts distribution of controversial booklet by CEO\""},{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/05/02/raytheon_halts_distribution_of_controversial_booklet_by_ceo/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leslie Wayne (2006-05-03). \"Raytheon Punishes Chief Executive for Lifting Text\". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/03/business/03cnd-raytheon.html","url_text":"\"Raytheon Punishes Chief Executive for Lifting Text\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld Rules Home\". rumsfeldsrules.com. Archived from the original on 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2011-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180524031137/http://www.rumsfeldsrules.com/","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld Rules Home\""},{"url":"http://www.rumsfeldsrules.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What Is The Price Of Plagiarism?\". CBS News. Archived from the original on May 25, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060525032302/https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/05/11/national/main1611434.shtml","url_text":"\"What Is The Price Of Plagiarism?\""},{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/05/11/national/main1611434.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robert Weisman (2006-05-04). \"CEO gets $1m slap for misuse of maxims\". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2006-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/05/04/ceo_gets_1m_slap_for_misuse_of_maxims/","url_text":"\"CEO gets $1m slap for misuse of maxims\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_H._Swanson&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.raytheon.com/rtnwcm/groups/public/documents/profile/bio_swanson.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bio: Swanson\""},{"Link":"http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/biography/S-Z/Swanson-William-H-1949.html","external_links_name":"William H. Swanson 1949— Biography"},{"Link":"http://raytheon.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=2503","external_links_name":"\"Raytheon: Raytheon Announces William H. Swanson to Step Down as Chief Executive Officer; Board appoints Dr. Thomas A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion_(international_relations)	Coercion (international relations)	["1 Definition","2 Coercion","2.1 Deterrence","2.2 Compellence","2.3 Credibility","3 References"]	Action by a state to compel international entities to do (or not) something In international relations, coercion refers to the imposition of costs by a state on other states and non-state actors to prevent them from taking an action (deterrence) or to compel them to take an action (compellence). Coercion frequently takes the form of threats or the use of limited military force. It is commonly seen as analytically distinct from persuasion (which may not necessarily involve the imposition of costs), brute force (which may not be intended to shape the adversary's behavior), or full-on war (which involves the use of full military force). Coercion takes the form of either deterrence or compellence. Compellence has been characterized as harder to successfully implement than deterrence because of difficulties in getting actors to withdraw actions. One influential typology of coercion distinguishes between strategies to punish an adversary, raise the risk for an adversary, or deny the adversary from achieving their objectives. Successful instances of coercive diplomacy in one case may have a deterrent effect on other states, whereas a reputation for a lack of resolve may undermine general deterrence and future compellence. Successful coercive diplomacy entails clearly communicated threats, a cost-benefit calculus, credibility, and reassurance. It frequently revolves around a demonstration of capabilities and resolve, both of which enhance the credibility of attempts to coerce others. Scholars have identified several factors as contributing to successful coercion, such as power, interests, reputation, credibility, resolve, and ability to signal. Definition Daniel Byman and Matthew Waxman define coercion as "getting the adversary to act a certain way via anything short of brute force; the adversary must still have the capacity of organized violence but choose not to exercise it". Coercion strategy "relies on the threat of future military force to influence an adversary's decision making but may also include limited uses of actual force". Robert Pape uses the term coercion as a synonym for compellence. Coercion Thomas Schelling and Robert Pape distinguished between coercive strategies that sought to: Punish: Raise the costs for the adversary Risk: Raise the probability of future costs for the adversary Deny: Prevent the adversary from obtaining their objectives. Pape also added the strategy of decapitation, which typically entails targeting leaders. Alexander Downes and Kathryn McNabb Cochran distinguish between two punishment strategies: (i) Coercive victimization (which raises the costs of war for a government by targeting its civilians) and (ii) Eliminationist victimization (which removes civilians from territory). According to Richard Ned Lebow, successful coercion tends to involve: A formulated commitment A communication of that commitment to the other side The capability to back up the commitment The will to back up the commitment According to Robert Art, the perquisites for coercion success are: Clear objectives Strong motivation Domestic and international support Strong leadership Clearly stated demands Creation of a sense of urgency in the other state's mind Making the target fear unacceptable escalation Asymmetry in motivation Deterrence Main article: Deterrence theory Deterrence is widely defined as any use of threats (implicit or explicit) or limited force intended to dissuade an actor from taking an action (i.e. maintain the status quo). Most of the innovative work on deterrence theory occurred from the late 1940s to mid-1960s. Historically, scholarship on deterrence has tended to focus on nuclear deterrence. Since the end of the Cold War, there has been an extension of deterrence scholarship to areas that are not specifically about nuclear weapons. Compellence Main article: Compellence Compellence is the attempt to get an actor to change its behavior through threats to use of force or the actual use of limited force. As distinguished from deterrence theory, which is a strategy aimed at maintaining the status quo (dissuading adversaries from undertaking an action), compellence entails efforts to change the status quo (persuading an opponent to change their behavior). Credibility Main article: Credibility (international relations) Credibility in international relations refers to the perceived likelihood that a leader or a state follows through on threats and promises that have been made. Credibility is a key component of coercive diplomacy and deterrence, as well as the functioning of military alliances. Credibility is related to concepts such as reputation (how past behavior shapes perceptions of an actor's tendencies) and resolve (the willingness to stand firm while incurring costs). Credibility may be determined through assessments of past reputation, current interests, and signaling. Misperception and miscommunication can lead to erroneous assessments of credibility. Assessments of reputation may be linked to specific leaders, as well as states. Some scholars question whether credibility or reputation matters in international disputes. Credibility entails that defiance will be met with punishment, and that compliance will be met with restraint. One of the main problems in coercive diplomacy is that it is hard to credibly signal that compliance will not lead to punishment. Some scholarship suggests that the credibility of threats is enhanced by costly signaling, which means that the threats themselves incur costs, which signify that the threats are genuine. Other scholars argue that sunk-cost signaling is exceedingly rare in practice, as states prefer to signal credibility and resolve in other ways. Some scholars argue that incurring audience costs effectively enhance the credibility of threats. Other scholars dispute that audience costs enhance credibility. References ^ a b Greenhill, Kelly M.; Krause, Peter (2018). Coercion: The Power to Hurt in International Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-084633-6. ^ a b c d e f Pape, Robert A. (1996). Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War (1 ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3134-0. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v. ^ a b c d e f Schelling, Thomas C. (1966). Arms and Influence. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-00221-8. JSTOR j.ctt5vm52s. ^ a b Byman, Daniel and Matthew Waxman. The Dynamics of Coercion: American Foreign Policy and the Limits of Military Might New York. Cambridge University Press. 2002. ^ Morgan, Patrick M. (1977). Deterrence: A Conceptual Analysis. SAGE Publications. pp. 26–30. ISBN 978-0-8039-0819-2. ^ Zhang, Ketian (2019). "Cautious Bully: Reputation, Resolve, and Beijing's Use of Coercion in the South China Sea". International Security. 44 (1): 117–159. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00354. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 198952376. ^ Miller, Nicholas L. (2014). "The Secret Success of Nonproliferation Sanctions". International Organization. 68 (4): 913–944. doi:10.1017/S0020818314000216. ISSN 0020-8183. S2CID 154519741. ^ a b c Weisiger, Alex; Yarhi-Milo, Keren (2015). "Revisiting Reputation: How Past Actions Matter in International Politics". International Organization. 69 (2): 473–495. doi:10.1017/S0020818314000393. ISSN 0020-8183. ^ a b c Peterson, Timothy M. (2013). "Sending a Message: The Reputation Effect of US Sanction Threat Behavior". International Studies Quarterly. 57 (4): 672–682. doi:10.1111/isqu.12017. ISSN 0020-8833. ^ Borghard, Erica D.; Lonergan, Shawn W. (2017). "The Logic of Coercion in Cyberspace". Security Studies. 26 (3): 452–481. doi:10.1080/09636412.2017.1306396. ISSN 0963-6412. S2CID 46356854. ^ a b c Press, Daryl G. (2007). Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threats. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7415-6. ^ a b Fearon, James D. (1997). "Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands versus Sinking Costs". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 41 (1): 68–90. doi:10.1177/0022002797041001004. ISSN 0022-0027. S2CID 42473249. ^ Alexander B. Downes and Kathryn McNabb Cochran, "It’s a Crime, but Is It a Blunder? Investigating the Military Effectiveness of Civilian Victimization," in Civilians and Warfare in History, ed. Nicola Foote and Nadya Williams (Abingdon: Routledge, 2018), 288-312. ^ Lebow, Richard Ned (1981). Between Peace and War: The Nature of International Crisis. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-2311-4. ^ Robert J. Art and Patrick M. Cronin, The United States and Coercive Diplomacy United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, DC. ^ Morgan, Patrick M. (1977). Deterrence: A Conceptual Analysis. SAGE Publications. pp. 26–30. ISBN 978-0-8039-0819-2. ^ a b Gartzke, Eric; Lindsay, Jon R. (2019). Cross-Domain Deterrence: Strategy in an Era of Complexity. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190908645.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-090960-4. ^ Art, Robert J.; Greenhill, Kelly M. (2015). The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4422-3306-5. ^ Jervis, Robert; Yarhi-Milo, Keren; Casler, Don (2021). "Redefining the Debate Over Reputation and Credibility in International Security: Promises and Limits of New Scholarship". World Politics. 73 (1): 167–203. doi:10.1017/S0043887120000246. ISSN 0043-8871. S2CID 230529327. ^ Reiter, Dan (1996). Crucible of Beliefs: Learning, Alliances, and World Wars. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3188-3. ^ Jervis, Robert (2017). Perception and Misperception in International Politics (new ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-8511-4. ^ Renshon, Jonathan; Dafoe, Allan; Huth, Paul (2018). "Leader Influence and Reputation Formation in World Politics". American Journal of Political Science. 62 (2): 325–339. doi:10.1111/ajps.12335. ISSN 1540-5907. S2CID 158373803. ^ Lupton, Danielle L. (2020). Reputation for Resolve: How Leaders Signal Determination in International Politics. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-4773-1. ^ Mercer, Jonathan (2010). Reputation and International Politics. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7489-7. ^ a b Cebul, Matthew D.; Dafoe, Allan; Monteiro, Nuno P. (2020). "Coercion and the Credibility of Assurances". The Journal of Politics. 83 (3): 975–991. doi:10.1086/711132. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 225429435. ^ Bowen, Wyn; Knopf, Jeffrey W.; Moran, Matthew (2020-10-19). "The Obama Administration and Syrian Chemical Weapons: Deterrence, Compellence, and the Limits of the "Resolve plus Bombs" Formula". Security Studies. 29 (5): 797–831. doi:10.1080/09636412.2020.1859130. ISSN 0963-6412. ^ Sechser, Todd S. (2010). "Goliath's Curse: Coercive Threats and Asymmetric Power". International Organization. 64 (4): 627–660. doi:10.1017/S0020818310000214. ISSN 0020-8183. JSTOR 40930451. S2CID 46107608. ^ Gartzke, Erik A.; Carcelli, Shannon; Gannon, J. Andres; Zhang, Jiakun Jack (2017). "Signaling in Foreign Policy". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.481. ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7. Archived from the original on 2018-11-28. ^ Altman, Dan; Quek, Kai (2024). "Do States Really Sink Costs to Signal Resolve?". Journal of Global Security Studies. ^ Fearon, James D. (1994). "Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes". The American Political Science Review. 88 (3): 577–592. doi:10.2307/2944796. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 2944796. S2CID 36315471. ^ Schultz, Kenneth A. (2001). Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511491658. ISBN 978-0-521-79227-1. ^ Gelpi, Christopher F.; Griesdorf, Michael (2001). "Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918–94". American Political Science Review. 95 (3): 633–647. doi:10.1017/S0003055401003148. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 146346368. ^ Downes, Alexander B.; Sechser, Todd S. (2012). "The Illusion of Democratic Credibility". International Organization. 66 (3): 457–489. doi:10.1017/S0020818312000161. ISSN 0020-8183. JSTOR 23279964. S2CID 154325372. ^ Snyder, Jack; Borghard, Erica D. (2011). "The Cost of Empty Threats: A Penny, Not a Pound". American Political Science Review. 105 (3): 437–456. doi:10.1017/s000305541100027x. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 144584619. vteDiplomacy and diplomatsRolesDiplomatic leader titlesMultilateral Permanent representative United Nations Ambassador-at-large Resident representative Bilateral-national Ambassador High commissioner Nuncio Chargé d'affaires Head of mission Deputy chief of mission Bilateral-subnational Consul Bilateral-insular Resident Resident commissioner Envoy Agent-general By portfolio (Attaché) Agricultural attaché Chargé de mission Conseiller chargé des investissements Cultural attaché Military attaché Science attaché Trade commissioner Other roles Diplomatic courier King's Messenger Foreign minister Classification Diplomatic rank Offices Apostolic nunciature Consular corps Consulate De facto embassy Diplomatic corps African Diplomatic Corps Diplomatic mission High commission Legation Protecting power Exclusive mandate Types Caviar Checkbook Coercive Commercial Cultural Culinary Defence Debt-trap Digital Dollar Economic Energy Freelance Full-spectrum Guerrilla Gunboat Hostage Iron Medical Migration New Panda Paradiplomacy Parley Pilgrimage Ping-pong Preventive Public Science Shuttle Stadium Track II Wolf warrior Topics Appeasement Consular assistance Consular immunity Diplomatic accreditation Diplomatic bag Diplomatic cable Diplomatic credentials Diplomatic history Diplomatic illness Diplomatic immunity Diplomatic law Diplomatic rank Diplomatic service Diplomatic uniform Protocol Persona non grata Soft power Documents Exequatur Letter of credence Letter of protest Other topics Development aid Agencies Parliamentary delegation Summit Plenipotentiary Conference Twin towns and sister cities Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)"},{"link_name":"non-state actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-state_actor"},{"link_name":"deterrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory"},{"link_name":"compellence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compellence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DByman-4"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-12"}],"text":"In international relations, coercion refers to the imposition of costs by a state on other states and non-state actors to prevent them from taking an action (deterrence) or to compel them to take an action (compellence).[1][2][3] Coercion frequently takes the form of threats or the use of limited military force.[4] It is commonly seen as analytically distinct from persuasion (which may not necessarily involve the imposition of costs), brute force (which may not be intended to shape the adversary's behavior), or full-on war (which involves the use of full military force).[1][5][3]Coercion takes the form of either deterrence or compellence. Compellence has been characterized as harder to successfully implement than deterrence because of difficulties in getting actors to withdraw actions.[3][2] One influential typology of coercion distinguishes between strategies to punish an adversary, raise the risk for an adversary, or deny the adversary from achieving their objectives.[3][2] Successful instances of coercive diplomacy in one case may have a deterrent effect on other states,[6][7][3] whereas a reputation for a lack of resolve may undermine general deterrence[8] and future compellence.[9]Successful coercive diplomacy entails clearly communicated threats, a cost-benefit calculus, credibility, and reassurance.[10] It frequently revolves around a demonstration of capabilities and resolve, both of which enhance the credibility of attempts to coerce others. Scholars have identified several factors as contributing to successful coercion, such as power, interests,[11] reputation,[8][9] credibility, resolve, and ability to signal.[12]","title":"Coercion (international relations)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Byman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Byman"},{"link_name":"Matthew Waxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Waxman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DByman-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Pape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pape"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Daniel Byman and Matthew Waxman define coercion as \"getting the adversary to act a certain way via anything short of brute force; the adversary must still have the capacity of organized violence but choose not to exercise it\". Coercion strategy \"relies on the threat of future military force to influence an adversary's decision making but may also include limited uses of actual force\".[4]Robert Pape uses the term coercion as a synonym for compellence.[2]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Schelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Schelling"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-13"},{"link_name":"Richard Ned Lebow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ned_Lebow"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RArt-15"}],"text":"Thomas Schelling and Robert Pape distinguished between coercive strategies that sought to:Punish: Raise the costs for the adversary\nRisk: Raise the probability of future costs for the adversary\nDeny: Prevent the adversary from obtaining their objectives.[3][2]Pape also added the strategy of decapitation, which typically entails targeting leaders.[2] Alexander Downes and Kathryn McNabb Cochran distinguish between two punishment strategies: (i) Coercive victimization (which raises the costs of war for a government by targeting its civilians) and (ii) Eliminationist victimization (which removes civilians from territory).[13]According to Richard Ned Lebow, successful coercion tends to involve:[14]A formulated commitment\nA communication of that commitment to the other side\nThe capability to back up the commitment\nThe will to back up the commitmentAccording to Robert Art, the perquisites for coercion success are:[15]Clear objectives\nStrong motivation\nDomestic and international support\nStrong leadership\nClearly stated demands\nCreation of a sense of urgency in the other state's mind\nMaking the target fear unacceptable escalation\nAsymmetry in motivation","title":"Coercion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dissuade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercive_diplomacy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"}],"sub_title":"Deterrence","text":"Deterrence is widely defined as any use of threats (implicit or explicit) or limited force intended to dissuade an actor from taking an action (i.e. maintain the status quo).[16][17]Most of the innovative work on deterrence theory occurred from the late 1940s to mid-1960s.[18] Historically, scholarship on deterrence has tended to focus on nuclear deterrence. Since the end of the Cold War, there has been an extension of deterrence scholarship to areas that are not specifically about nuclear weapons.[17]","title":"Coercion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deterrence theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory"}],"sub_title":"Compellence","text":"Compellence is the attempt to get an actor to change its behavior through threats to use of force or the actual use of limited force. As distinguished from deterrence theory, which is a strategy aimed at maintaining the status quo (dissuading adversaries from undertaking an action), compellence entails efforts to change the status quo (persuading an opponent to change their behavior).","title":"Coercion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"coercive diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercive_diplomacy"},{"link_name":"deterrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory"},{"link_name":"military alliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_alliances"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-20"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-12"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-11"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"audience costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_cost"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Credibility","text":"Credibility in international relations refers to the perceived likelihood that a leader or a state follows through on threats and promises that have been made.[19] Credibility is a key component of coercive diplomacy and deterrence, as well as the functioning of military alliances. Credibility is related to concepts such as reputation (how past behavior shapes perceptions of an actor's tendencies) and resolve (the willingness to stand firm while incurring costs).Credibility may be determined through assessments of past reputation,[8][9][20] current interests,[11] and signaling.[12] Misperception and miscommunication can lead to erroneous assessments of credibility.[21] Assessments of reputation may be linked to specific leaders,[22][23] as well as states. Some scholars question whether credibility or reputation matters in international disputes.[11][24]Credibility entails that defiance will be met with punishment, and that compliance will be met with restraint.[25] One of the main problems in coercive diplomacy is that it is hard to credibly signal that compliance will not lead to punishment.[25][26][27]Some scholarship suggests that the credibility of threats is enhanced by costly signaling, which means that the threats themselves incur costs, which signify that the threats are genuine.[28] Other scholars argue that sunk-cost signaling is exceedingly rare in practice, as states prefer to signal credibility and resolve in other ways.[29]Some scholars argue that incurring audience costs effectively enhance the credibility of threats.[30][31][32] Other scholars dispute that audience costs enhance credibility.[33][34]","title":"Coercion"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Greenhill, Kelly M.; Krause, Peter (2018). Coercion: The Power to Hurt in International Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-084633-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U_U-DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Coercion: The Power to Hurt in International Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084633-6","url_text":"978-0-19-084633-6"}]},{"reference":"Pape, Robert A. (1996). Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War (1 ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3134-0. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v","url_text":"Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3134-0","url_text":"978-0-8014-3134-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v","url_text":"10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v"}]},{"reference":"Schelling, Thomas C. (1966). Arms and Influence. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-00221-8. JSTOR j.ctt5vm52s.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vm52s","url_text":"Arms and Influence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-00221-8","url_text":"978-0-300-00221-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vm52s","url_text":"j.ctt5vm52s"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Patrick M. (1977). Deterrence: A Conceptual Analysis. SAGE Publications. pp. 26–30. 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S2CID 198952376.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00354","url_text":"\"Cautious Bully: Reputation, Resolve, and Beijing's Use of Coercion in the South China Sea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec_a_00354","url_text":"10.1162/isec_a_00354"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2889","url_text":"0162-2889"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198952376","url_text":"198952376"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Nicholas L. (2014). \"The Secret Success of Nonproliferation Sanctions\". International Organization. 68 (4): 913–944. doi:10.1017/S0020818314000216. ISSN 0020-8183. 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ISSN 0020-8183.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818314000393","url_text":"\"Revisiting Reputation: How Past Actions Matter in International Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818314000393","url_text":"10.1017/S0020818314000393"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8183","url_text":"0020-8183"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Timothy M. (2013). \"Sending a Message: The Reputation Effect of US Sanction Threat Behavior\". International Studies Quarterly. 57 (4): 672–682. doi:10.1111/isqu.12017. 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S2CID 46356854.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2017.1306396","url_text":"\"The Logic of Coercion in Cyberspace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09636412.2017.1306396","url_text":"10.1080/09636412.2017.1306396"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0963-6412","url_text":"0963-6412"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46356854","url_text":"46356854"}]},{"reference":"Press, Daryl G. (2007). Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threats. Cornell University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_d%27Oro	Pala d'Oro	["1 History","2 Description","2.1 Top Section","2.2 Bottom Section","2.3 Doge Falier and Empress Irene","3 Notes","4 References","4.1 Films"]	High altar retable in the Basilica di San Marco, Venice Pala d'Oro viewed in its altarpiece setting Pala d'Oro (Italian, "Golden Panel") is the high altar retable of the Basilica di San Marco in Venice. It is universally recognized as one of the most refined and accomplished works of Byzantine enamel, with both front and rear sides decorated. History Pala d'Oro from a closer view The Pala d'Oro was thought to be first commissioned in 976 by Doge Pietro Orseolo, where it was made up of precious stones and several enamels depicting various saints, and in 1105 it was expanded on by Doge Ordelafo Faliero. In 1345, the goldsmith Giovanni Paolo Bonesegna was commissioned to complete the altarpiece by Andrea Dandolo, who was the procurator at the time, and later became doge. Bonesegna added a Gothic-style frame to the piece, along with more precious stones. Dandolo also included an inscription describing what his own additions were, along with those of his predecessors. Paolo Veneziano was commissioned to make wood panels to provide a cover (Pala Feriale) for when the altarpiece was not on display. Veneziano was commissioned between 1342-4 to make this cover, where it was dated 1345 and signed by him along with his sons, Luca and Giovanni. The cover is made from two pieces. The top plank features the Man of Sorrows in the center, who is surrounded by the Virgin and Sts. John, George, Mark, Peter, and Nicholas. The bottom plank shows narratives of Life, Martyrdom, Burial, and Translation of St Mark. The wooden panels were opened to the public during liturgies only. In the 15th century, Veneziano's "exterior" altarpiece was replaced by a wooden panel which remains today, though the Pala is now always open. In 1995, Veneziano's wooden Pala Feriale cover underwent conservation treatment funded by the non-profit organization Save Venice Inc. Description Development and elements of the Pala d'Oro The altarpiece is 3 meters (9.8 ft) wide by 2 meters (6.6 ft) tall. It is made of gold and silver, 187 enamel plaques, and 1,927 gems. These include 526 pearls, 330 garnets, 320 emeralds, 255 sapphires, 183 amethysts, 175 agates, 75 rubies, 34 topazes, 16 carnelians, and 13 jaspers. Top Section The altarpiece consists of two parts. The enamels in the top section of the Pala d'Oro contain the Archangel Michael at the center, with six images depicting the Life of Christ on either side of him, which were added in 1209. They show the Entry of Christ into Jerusalem, Descent into Limbo, Crucifixion, Ascension, Pentecost, and Death of the Virgin. It's generally thought that these weren't originally part of the altarpiece, as their stylistic features place them into the 12th century, and they were probably looted during the Fourth Crusade. Bottom Section The bottom section contains the enamels that told the Life of St. Mark. These were created in 1105 in Constantinople, and were commissioned by Doge Ordelaffo Falier. They used to be positioned along the base, but have since been moved to their current position along the sides and the top row of this section. The central panel of Christ in Majesty Also in the bottom section is an enamel depicting Christ at the center of the altarpiece, and the four circular enamels around him are images of the Four Evangelists. To the right and left of Christ are the twelve apostles, six to each side. Above Christ is an empty throne, which represents the Last Judgement and the Second Coming of Christ, with angels and archangels on either side of it. Underneath Christ and the apostles are the twelve prophets, with the Virgin—flanked by Falier and Empress Irene—at the center. Doge Falier and Empress Irene Doge Ordelaffo Falier, the Virgin, and Empress Irene The two figures surrounding the Virgin are images of Doge Ordelaffo Falier and Byzantine Empress Irene. The depiction of Falier seems to be slightly off as his head is too small in proportion to his body. There is evidence that shows the original head was removed, and replaced with a new one. There are also scratches on the enamel from when the previous head was removed, and some type of wax or paste was used to fill in the gaps where the replacement piece didn't exactly fit. While there have been theories that the previous head depicted an emperor, that explanation doesn't quite fit. Emperors are usually depicted with red footwear, and this figure is wearing black footwear, with no signs of being altered. Additionally, the enamel bears Falier's name, which would have required a lot of effort to change, and would have left evidence behind. The most likely explanation is that the original head was in fact Falier's head, but without a halo. Later, church officials—possibly even Falier himself—decided to replace it to include a halo. The scepter he's holding restricted how much could be altered, which required the crafters to make the new image slightly smaller. Notes ^ Paoletti and Radke 1997, p. 134. ^ a b c d Vio, 2000, p. 167. ^ a b Vio 2003, p. 300 ^ Paoletti and Radke 1997, p. 135. ^ a b c d Gibbs 2014 ^ Vio, 2000, p. 163. ^ Nagel, 2000. ^ Gonosová 1978, p. 332. ^ a b c d Vio, 2000, p. 166. ^ a b Buckton and Osborne 2000, p. 43. ^ a b c d e Buckton and Osborne 2000, p. 44. References Bettini, Sergio, "Venice, the Pala d'Oro, and Constantinople", in Buckton, David, et al., The Treasury of San Marco Venice, 1984, Metropolitan Museum of Art, (fully available online or as PDF from the MMA). Buckton, David, and John Osborne. "The Enamel of Doge Ordelaffo Falier on the Pala d'Oro in Venice." Gesta 39 no. 1 (2000): 43-49. Gibbs, Robert (2014). "Paolo Veneziano." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Gonosová, Anna. "A Study of an Enamel Fragment in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 32 (1978): 327-333. Nagel, Alexander. "Altarpiece." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, 2014. Paoletti, John T., and Gary M. Radke (1997). Art in Renaissance Italy. New York: H.N. Abrams. Vio, Ettore (2000). St Mark's Basilica in Venice. London: Thames & Hudson. Vio, Ettore (2003). St. Mark's: the Art and Architecture of Church and State in Venice. New York: Riverside Book Co. Films Romer, John (1997), Byzantium: The Lost Empire; ABTV/Ibis Films/The Learning Channel; 4 episodes; 209 minutes. (In Episode 3 , presenter Romer examines the Pala d'Oro in detail.) 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It is universally recognized as one of the most refined and accomplished works of Byzantine enamel, with both front and rear sides decorated.","title":"Pala d'Oro"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pala_D%27Oro_Markusdom_Venedig.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pietro Orseolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_I_Orseolo"},{"link_name":"Ordelafo Faliero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordelafo_Faliero"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Andrea Dandolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Dandolo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vio2000-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vio2003-3"},{"link_name":"Paolo Veneziano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Veneziano"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibbs2014-5"},{"link_name":"Man of Sorrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_Sorrows"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George"},{"link_name":"Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibbs2014-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibbs2014-5"},{"link_name":"Save Venice Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_Venice_Inc."}],"text":"Pala d'Oro from a closer viewThe Pala d'Oro was thought to be first commissioned in 976 by Doge Pietro Orseolo, where it was made up of precious stones and several enamels depicting various saints, and in 1105 it was expanded on by Doge Ordelafo Faliero.[1] In 1345, the goldsmith Giovanni Paolo Bonesegna was commissioned to complete the altarpiece by Andrea Dandolo, who was the procurator at the time, and later became doge. Bonesegna added a Gothic-style frame to the piece, along with more precious stones.[2] Dandolo also included an inscription describing what his own additions were, along with those of his predecessors.[3]Paolo Veneziano was commissioned to make wood panels to provide a cover (Pala Feriale) for when the altarpiece was not on display.[4] Veneziano was commissioned between 1342-4 to make this cover, where it was dated 1345 and signed by him along with his sons, Luca and Giovanni.[5] The cover is made from two pieces. The top plank features the Man of Sorrows in the center, who is surrounded by the Virgin and Sts. John, George, Mark, Peter, and Nicholas.[5] The bottom plank shows narratives of Life, Martyrdom, Burial, and Translation of St Mark.[5] The wooden panels were opened to the public during liturgies only. In the 15th century, Veneziano's \"exterior\" altarpiece was replaced by a wooden panel which remains today, though the Pala is now always open.In 1995, Veneziano's wooden Pala Feriale cover underwent conservation treatment funded by the non-profit organization Save Venice Inc.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SanMarcoPalaDOroDevelopmentEn.png"},{"link_name":"altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"enamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_enamel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibbs2014-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vio2000-2"},{"link_name":"carnelians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnelian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vio2000-2"}],"text":"Development and elements of the Pala d'OroThe altarpiece is 3 meters (9.8 ft) wide by 2 meters (6.6 ft) tall.[6] It is made of gold and silver,[7] 187 enamel plaques,[5] and 1,927 gems.[2] These include 526 pearls, 330 garnets, 320 emeralds, 255 sapphires, 183 amethysts, 175 agates, 75 rubies, 34 topazes, 16 carnelians, and 13 jaspers.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archangel Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"Life of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vio2000-2"},{"link_name":"Fourth Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Top Section","text":"The altarpiece consists of two parts. The enamels in the top section of the Pala d'Oro contain the Archangel Michael at the center, with six images depicting the Life of Christ on either side of him, which were added in 1209. They show the Entry of Christ into Jerusalem, Descent into Limbo, Crucifixion, Ascension, Pentecost, and Death of the Virgin.[2] It's generally thought that these weren't originally part of the altarpiece, as their stylistic features place them into the 12th century, and they were probably looted during the Fourth Crusade.[8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Doge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doge_(title)"},{"link_name":"Ordelaffo Falier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordelafo_Faliero"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vio166-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vio166-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pala_d%27oro,_cristo_in_smalto_al_centro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christ in Majesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_in_Majesty"},{"link_name":"Four Evangelists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Evangelists"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vio166-9"},{"link_name":"Last Judgement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Judgment"},{"link_name":"Second Coming of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vio2003-3"},{"link_name":"Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vio166-9"}],"sub_title":"Bottom Section","text":"The bottom section contains the enamels that told the Life of St. Mark. These were created in 1105 in Constantinople, and were commissioned by Doge Ordelaffo Falier.[9] They used to be positioned along the base, but have since been moved to their current position along the sides and the top row of this section.[9]The central panel of Christ in MajestyAlso in the bottom section is an enamel depicting Christ at the center of the altarpiece, and the four circular enamels around him are images of the Four Evangelists.[9] To the right and left of Christ are the twelve apostles, six to each side. Above Christ is an empty throne, which represents the Last Judgement and the Second Coming of Christ, with angels and archangels on either side of it.[3] Underneath Christ and the apostles are the twelve prophets, with the Virgin—flanked by Falier and Empress Irene—at the center.[9]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezia,_pala_d%27oro,_madonna_tra_i_donatori_irene_e_l%27imperatore_Giovanni_II_Comneno,_trasformato_nel_doge_Ordelaffo_Falier.JPG"},{"link_name":"Doge Ordelaffo Falier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordelafo_Faliero"},{"link_name":"Empress Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buckton43-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buckton43-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buckton44-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buckton44-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buckton44-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buckton44-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buckton44-11"}],"sub_title":"Doge Falier and Empress Irene","text":"Doge Ordelaffo Falier, the Virgin, and Empress IreneThe two figures surrounding the Virgin are images of Doge Ordelaffo Falier and Byzantine Empress Irene.[10] The depiction of Falier seems to be slightly off as his head is too small in proportion to his body. There is evidence that shows the original head was removed, and replaced with a new one.[10] There are also scratches on the enamel from when the previous head was removed, and some type of wax or paste was used to fill in the gaps where the replacement piece didn't exactly fit.[11]While there have been theories that the previous head depicted an emperor, that explanation doesn't quite fit. Emperors are usually depicted with red footwear, and this figure is wearing black footwear, with no signs of being altered.[11] Additionally, the enamel bears Falier's name, which would have required a lot of effort to change, and would have left evidence behind.[11] The most likely explanation is that the original head was in fact Falier's head, but without a halo.[11] Later, church officials—possibly even Falier himself—decided to replace it to include a halo. The scepter he's holding restricted how much could be altered, which required the crafters to make the new image slightly smaller.[11]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vio2000_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vio2000_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vio2000_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vio2000_2-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vio2003_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vio2003_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gibbs2014_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gibbs2014_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gibbs2014_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gibbs2014_5-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vio166_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vio166_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vio166_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vio166_9-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-buckton43_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-buckton43_10-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-buckton44_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-buckton44_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-buckton44_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-buckton44_11-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-buckton44_11-4"}],"text":"^ Paoletti and Radke 1997, p. 134.\n\n^ a b c d Vio, 2000, p. 167.\n\n^ a b Vio 2003, p. 300\n\n^ Paoletti and Radke 1997, p. 135.\n\n^ a b c d Gibbs 2014\n\n^ Vio, 2000, p. 163.\n\n^ Nagel, 2000.\n\n^ Gonosová 1978, p. 332.\n\n^ a b c d Vio, 2000, p. 166.\n\n^ a b Buckton and Osborne 2000, p. 43.\n\n^ a b c d e Buckton and Osborne 2000, p. 44.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Pala d'Oro viewed in its altarpiece setting","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Venise%2C_Pala_d%27Oro_expos%C3%A9e.JPG/300px-Venise%2C_Pala_d%27Oro_expos%C3%A9e.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pala d'Oro from a closer view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pala_D%27Oro_Markusdom_Venedig.jpg/300px-Pala_D%27Oro_Markusdom_Venedig.jpg"},{"image_text":"Development and elements of the Pala d'Oro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/SanMarcoPalaDOroDevelopmentEn.png/300px-SanMarcoPalaDOroDevelopmentEn.png"},{"image_text":"The central panel of Christ in Majesty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pala_d%27oro%2C_cristo_in_smalto_al_centro.jpg/300px-Pala_d%27oro%2C_cristo_in_smalto_al_centro.jpg"},{"image_text":"Doge Ordelaffo Falier, the Virgin, and Empress Irene","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Venezia%2C_pala_d%27oro%2C_madonna_tra_i_donatori_irene_e_l%27imperatore_Giovanni_II_Comneno%2C_trasformato_nel_doge_Ordelaffo_Falier.JPG/300px-Venezia%2C_pala_d%27oro%2C_madonna_tra_i_donatori_irene_e_l%27imperatore_Giovanni_II_Comneno%2C_trasformato_nel_doge_Ordelaffo_Falier.JPG"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/The_Treasury_of_San_Marco_Venice","external_links_name":"The Treasury of San Marco Venice"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ngelholm_Municipality	Ängelholm Municipality	["1 Localities","2 Demographics","3 International relations","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 56°15′N 12°51′E / 56.250°N 12.850°E / 56.250; 12.850Municipality in South Sweden, SwedenÄngelholm Municipality Ängelholms kommunMunicipality Coat of armsCoordinates: 56°15′N 12°51′E / 56.250°N 12.850°E / 56.250; 12.850CountrySwedenNational AreaSouth SwedenCountyScania CountySeatÄngelholmArea • Total478.06 km2 (184.58 sq mi) • Land420.06 km2 (162.19 sq mi) • Water58 km2 (22 sq mi) Area as of 1 January 2014.Population (31 December 2023) • Total44,866 • Density94/km2 (240/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeSEProvinceScaniaMunicipal code1292Websitewww.engelholm.se Ängelholm Municipality (Ängelholms kommun) is a municipality in Scania County in South Sweden in southern Sweden. Its seat is located in the city Ängelholm. In 1971 the City of Ängelholm was amalgamated with the rural municipalities Ausås, Barkåkra, Hjärnarp and Munka-Ljungby, thus creating a municipality of unitary type. In 1974 a parish from the dissolved municipality Östra Ljungby was added. Ängelholm was until recently the home of a major airforce base. The base is now closed down and the premises taken over by the supercar manufacturer Koenigsegg. A notable landmark is the UFO memorial at Ängelholm. It is a model of a flying saucer, situated on a site where a UFO allegedly landed 18 May 1946. Localities There are 9 urban areas (also called a tätort, or locality) in Ängelholm Municipality. In the table the localities are listed according to the size of the population as of 31 December 2005. The municipal seat is in bold characters. # Locality Population 1 Ängelholm 22,533 2 Munka-Ljungby 2,877 3 Vejbystrand 1) 2,764 4 Strövelstorp 1,012 5 Hjärnarp 871 6 Skepparkroken 705 7 Svenstorp 238 8 Margretetorp 211 9 Höja 200 1) A minor part of Vejbystrand is in Båstad Municipality Demographics This is a demographic table based on Ängelholm Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics. In total there were 43,599 residents, including 34,038 Swedish citizens of voting age. 37.9% voted for the left coalition and 61.0% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income. Location Residents Citizen adults Left vote Right vote Employed Swedish parents Foreign heritage Income SEK Degree % % Ausås-Strövelstorp 2,314 1,637 28.3 70.7 83 80 20 27,401 29 Centrum N 1,756 1,489 37.3 62.0 83 80 20 24,047 34 Centrum S 1,650 1,482 38.6 60.2 78 86 14 24,615 38 Danielslund 1,915 1,648 35.3 63.6 82 88 12 29,425 53 Hjärnarp N 1,624 1,248 32.4 66.5 87 90 10 28,195 39 Hjärnarp S 1,487 1,073 36.5 63.2 86 87 13 27,092 35 Höja-Starby 1,432 1,079 26.8 71.8 83 87 13 27,680 36 Kungsgården 2,387 1,778 47.9 51.2 76 65 35 23,324 35 Magnarp 2,179 1,721 35.3 64.2 86 93 7 33,654 58 Munka Ljungby N 2,040 1,539 36.0 63.3 85 89 11 25,927 37 Munka Ljungby S 2,277 1,610 35.7 63.3 83 81 19 24,679 31 Nya Torg 1,688 1,397 43.5 55.6 78 75 25 21,846 32 Pomona 1,836 1,406 37.6 62.0 89 89 11 31,354 54 Rebbelberga 2,234 1,729 40.6 58.7 88 85 15 28,635 45 Skälderviken 1,614 1,243 34.8 64.2 83 91 9 32,773 56 Skörpinge 1,855 1,464 36.3 62.9 87 85 15 31,774 48 Sockerbruket 1,735 1,677 45.2 53.7 78 86 14 21,510 35 Södra Utmarken 2,462 1,833 44.2 55.2 84 89 11 28,046 43 Tåssjö-Össjö 2,411 1,831 30.1 68.8 84 89 11 25,991 31 Vejbystrand 2,262 1,846 39.8 59.0 83 89 11 27,453 50 Willan 2,110 1,577 46.1 51.7 71 62 38 19,561 30 Ängavången 2,331 1,731 43.5 54.4 81 77 23 26,522 43 Source: SVT International relations The municipality is twinned with: Høje-Taastrup Municipality, Denmark Maaninka, Finland Dobele, Latvia Kamen, Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia) See also Linjeflyg flight 277 References Statistics Sweden ^ "Statistiska centralbyrån, Kommunarealer den 1 januari 2014" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 2014-01-01. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2014-04-18. ^ "Folkmängd och befolkningsförändringar - Kvartal 4, 2023" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. February 22, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024. ^ a b c "Valresultat 2022 för Ängelholm i riksdagsvalet" (in Swedish). SVT. 11 September 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2024. ^ "Våra vänorter - Ängelholms kommun". www.engelholm.se. Archived from the original on 2010-08-13. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ängelholm Municipality. Ängelholm - Official site (Swedish) - Official site (English) Coat of arms Ängelholm Tourist Office (English) Places adjacent to Ängelholm Municipality Båstad Laholm (Halland) Höganäs / Skälder Bay Ängelholm Örkelljunga Helsingborg Åstorp Klippan vteMunicipalities and seats of Skåne CountyMunicipalities Ängelholm Åstorp Båstad Bjuv Bromölla Burlöv Eslöv Hässleholm Helsingborg Höganäs Höör Hörby Kävlinge Klippan Kristianstad Landskrona Lomma Lund Malmö Örkelljunga Osby Östra Göinge Perstorp Simrishamn Sjöbo Skurup Staffanstorp Svalöv Svedala Tomelilla Trelleborg Vellinge Ystad Municipal seats Ängelholm Arlöv Åstorp Båstad Bjuv Broby Bromölla Eslöv Hässleholm Helsingborg Höganäs Höör Hörby Kävlinge Klippan Kristianstad Landskrona Lomma Lund Malmö Örkelljunga Osby Perstorp Simrishamn Sjöbo Skurup Staffanstorp Svalöv Svedala Tomelilla Trelleborg Vellinge Ystad Counties of Sweden Sweden vteLocalities in Ängelholm Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden Ängelholm (seat, part of) Åstorp (part of) Havsbaden Hjärnarp Lerbäckshult Margretetorp Munka-Ljungby Össjö Strövelstorp Svenstorp Tåstarp Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Scania County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_County"},{"link_name":"South Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Ängelholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ngelholm"},{"link_name":"airforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airforce"},{"link_name":"supercar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercar"},{"link_name":"Koenigsegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenigsegg"},{"link_name":"UFO memorial at Ängelholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO-Memorial_%C3%84ngelholm"},{"link_name":"flying saucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_saucer"}],"text":"Municipality in South Sweden, SwedenÄngelholm Municipality (Ängelholms kommun) is a municipality in Scania County in South Sweden in southern Sweden. Its seat is located in the city Ängelholm.In 1971 the City of Ängelholm was amalgamated with the rural municipalities Ausås, Barkåkra, Hjärnarp and Munka-Ljungby, thus creating a municipality of unitary type. In 1974 a parish from the dissolved municipality Östra Ljungby was added.Ängelholm was until recently the home of a major airforce base. The base is now closed down and the premises taken over by the supercar manufacturer Koenigsegg.A notable landmark is the UFO memorial at Ängelholm. It is a model of a flying saucer, situated on a site where a UFO allegedly landed 18 May 1946.","title":"Ängelholm Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urban areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areas_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Båstad Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A5stad_Municipality"}],"text":"There are 9 urban areas (also called a tätort, or locality) in Ängelholm Municipality.In the table the localities are listed according to the size of the population as of 31 December 2005. The municipal seat is in bold characters.1) A minor part of Vejbystrand is in Båstad Municipality","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Swedish general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Swedish_general_election"},{"link_name":"SVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Television"},{"link_name":"SCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiska_Centralbyr%C3%A5n"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%84ngelholmVal2022-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%84ngelholmVal2022-3"}],"text":"This is a demographic table based on Ängelholm Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.[3]In total there were 43,599 residents, including 34,038 Swedish citizens of voting age.[3] 37.9% voted for the left coalition and 61.0% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Høje-Taastrup Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8je-Taastrup_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Maaninka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaninka"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Dobele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobele"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"}],"text":"The municipality is twinned with:[4]Høje-Taastrup Municipality, Denmark\n Maaninka, Finland\n Dobele, Latvia\n Kamen, Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia)","title":"International relations"}]	[]	[{"title":"Linjeflyg flight 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linjeflyg_flight_277"}]	[{"reference":"\"Statistiska centralbyrån, Kommunarealer den 1 januari 2014\" (in Swedish). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_289	Japan National Route 289	["1 Sections","1.1 Niigata","1.2 Fukushima","1.3 Central part","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°24′23.36″N 139°14′8.05″E / 37.4064889°N 139.2355694°E / 37.4064889; 139.2355694National highway in Japan National Route 289国道289号Eastern part of the 289 near Nishigō, FukushimaRoute informationLength275.4 km (171.1 mi)Existed1999–presentMajor junctionsWest endYoshida, NiigataMajor intersectionsCentral section incompleteEast endIwaki, Fukushima LocationCountryJapan Highway system National highways of Japan Expressways of Japan ← National Route 288→ National Route 290 National Route 289 is an incomplete national highway in Japan that will eventually connect central Niigata with Iwaki, Fukushima with a total length of 275.4 km (171.1 mi). At present, work is underway to complete an 18 km (11 mi) central section that will join the eastern and western portions together through the very northern part of the Japanese Alps on Niigata's and Fukushima's prefectural border. When finished, traffic will be able to travel coast to coast across Japan in a link between the Sea of Japan and Pacific. Sections View from Route 289 outside Shitada village, eastern Niigata Niigata The western part of Route 289 begins in Yoshida passing east through the towns of Tsubame and Sanjo. It currently ends in the mountains 10 km south east of Shitada village. Fukushima The eastern part of Route 289 starts in Iwaki, Fukushima near Nakoso Station. It then heads west through Shirakawa and passed Shinshirakawa. It currently ends 12 km north west of Nishigō village. Central part Work to join the east and west sections began in 1999. But the scheme suffered a major setback after the Chūetsu earthquake in 2004 when landslips covered large parts of the route. In 2005/06 efforts were made to clear these blockages and restart building work. The finished route, which presently is a dirt track and is only passable by 4x4s or construction traffic, will include several spanned bridges, avalanche covers and a 1.5 km tunnel. A provisional completion date was given as 2012 but that has since lapsed. References ^ "一般国道の路線別、都道府県別道路現況" (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Retrieved 18 February 2020. External links Tunnel Completion (In Japanese) 37°24′23.36″N 139°14′8.05″E / 37.4064889°N 139.2355694°E / 37.4064889; 139.2355694 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Route 289 (Japan). vte National highways of Japan1–58 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 101–200 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201–300 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301–400 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401–507 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 Related topics Kaidō Gokishichidō Nihonbashi Prefectural road Route numbers in italics are no longer in use. Category This article relating to the roads and highways in Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_highways_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Niigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Iwaki, Fukushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwaki,_Fukushima"},{"link_name":"Japanese Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Alps"},{"link_name":"Niigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Fukushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Sea of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific"}],"text":"National highway in JapanNational Route 289 is an incomplete national highway in Japan that will eventually connect central Niigata with Iwaki, Fukushima with a total length of 275.4 km (171.1 mi).At present, work is underway to complete an 18 km (11 mi) central section that will join the eastern and western portions together through the very northern part of the Japanese Alps on Niigata's and Fukushima's prefectural border.When finished, traffic will be able to travel coast to coast across Japan in a link between the Sea of Japan and Pacific.","title":"Japan National Route 289"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%85%AB%E6%9C%A8%E3%83%B6%E9%BC%BB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shitada village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shitada,_Niigata"}],"text":"View from Route 289 outside Shitada village, eastern Niigata","title":"Sections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yoshida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshida,_Niigata"},{"link_name":"Tsubame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsubame,_Niigata"},{"link_name":"Sanjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjo,_Niigata"},{"link_name":"Shitada village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shitada,_Niigata"}],"sub_title":"Niigata","text":"The western part of Route 289 begins in Yoshida passing east through the towns of Tsubame and Sanjo. It currently ends in the mountains 10 km south east of Shitada village.","title":"Sections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nakoso Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakoso_Station"},{"link_name":"Shirakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirakawa,_Fukushima"},{"link_name":"Shinshirakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-Shirakawa_Station"},{"link_name":"Nishigō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishig%C5%8D,_Fukushima"}],"sub_title":"Fukushima","text":"The eastern part of Route 289 starts in Iwaki, Fukushima near Nakoso Station. It then heads west through Shirakawa and passed Shinshirakawa. It currently ends 12 km north west of Nishigō village.","title":"Sections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chūetsu earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Ch%C5%ABetsu_earthquake"},{"link_name":"landslips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslip"}],"sub_title":"Central part","text":"Work to join the east and west sections began in 1999. But the scheme suffered a major setback after the Chūetsu earthquake in 2004 when landslips covered large parts of the route. In 2005/06 efforts were made to clear these blockages and restart building work.The finished route, which presently is a dirt track and is only passable by 4x4s or construction traffic, will include several spanned bridges, avalanche covers and a 1.5 km tunnel.A provisional completion date was given as 2012 but that has since lapsed.","title":"Sections"}]	[{"image_text":"View from Route 289 outside Shitada village, eastern Niigata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%E5%85%AB%E6%9C%A8%E3%83%B6%E9%BC%BB.jpg/250px-%E5%85%AB%E6%9C%A8%E3%83%B6%E9%BC%BB.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"一般国道の路線別、都道府県別道路現況\" [Road statistics by General National Highway route and prefecture] (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(graph_theory)	Graph (discrete mathematics)	["1 Definitions","1.1 Graph","1.2 Directed graph","1.3 Mixed graph","1.4 Weighted graph","2 Types of graphs","2.1 Oriented graph","2.2 Regular graph","2.3 Complete graph","2.4 Finite graph","2.5 Connected graph","2.6 Bipartite graph","2.7 Path graph","2.8 Planar graph","2.9 Cycle graph","2.10 Tree","2.11 Polytree","2.12 Advanced classes","3 Properties of graphs","4 Examples","5 Graph operations","6 Generalizations","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]	This article is about sets of vertices connected by edges. For graphs of mathematical functions, see Graph of a function. For other uses, see Graph (disambiguation). Vertices connected in pairs by edges A graph with six vertices and seven edges In discrete mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a graph is a structure amounting to a set of objects in which some pairs of the objects are in some sense "related". The objects are represented by abstractions called vertices (also called nodes or points) and each of the related pairs of vertices is called an edge (also called link or line). Typically, a graph is depicted in diagrammatic form as a set of dots or circles for the vertices, joined by lines or curves for the edges. The edges may be directed or undirected. For example, if the vertices represent people at a party, and there is an edge between two people if they shake hands, then this graph is undirected because any person A can shake hands with a person B only if B also shakes hands with A. In contrast, if an edge from a person A to a person B means that A owes money to B, then this graph is directed, because owing money is not necessarily reciprocated. Graphs are the basic subject studied by graph theory. The word "graph" was first used in this sense by J. J. Sylvester in 1878 due to a direct relation between mathematics and chemical structure (what he called a chemico-graphical image). Definitions Definitions in graph theory vary. The following are some of the more basic ways of defining graphs and related mathematical structures. Graph A graph with three vertices and three edges A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs { v 1 , v 2 } {\displaystyle \{v_{1},v_{2}\}} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines). The vertices u and v of an edge {u, v} are called the edge's endpoints. The edge is said to join u and v and to be incident on them. A vertex may belong to no edge, in which case it is not joined to any other vertex and is called isolated. When an edge { u , v } {\displaystyle \{u,v\}} exists, the vertices u and v are called adjacent. A multigraph is a generalization that allows multiple edges to have the same pair of endpoints. In some texts, multigraphs are simply called graphs. Sometimes, graphs are allowed to contain loops, which are edges that join a vertex to itself. To allow loops, the pairs of vertices in E must be allowed to have the same node twice. Such generalized graphs are called graphs with loops or simply graphs when it is clear from the context that loops are allowed. Generally, the vertex set V is taken to be finite (which implies that the edge set E is also finite). Sometimes infinite graphs are considered, but they are usually viewed as a special kind of binary relation, because most results on finite graphs either do not extend to the infinite case or need a rather different proof. An empty graph is a graph that has an empty set of vertices (and thus an empty set of edges). The order of a graph is its number \|V\| of vertices, usually denoted by n. The size of a graph is its number \|E\| of edges, typically denoted by m. However, in some contexts, such as for expressing the computational complexity of algorithms, the term size is used for the quantity \|V\| + \|E\| (otherwise, a non-empty graph could have size 0). The degree or valency of a vertex is the number of edges that are incident to it; for graphs with loops, a loop is counted twice. In a graph of order n, the maximum degree of each vertex is n − 1 (or n + 1 if loops are allowed, because a loop contributes 2 to the degree), and the maximum number of edges is n(n − 1)/2 (or n(n + 1)/2 if loops are allowed). The edges of a graph define a symmetric relation on the vertices, called the adjacency relation. Specifically, two vertices x and y are adjacent if {x, y} is an edge. A graph is fully determined by its adjacency matrix A, which is an n × n square matrix, with Aij specifying the number of connections from vertex i to vertex j. For a simple graph, Aij is either 0, indicating disconnection, or 1, indicating connection; moreover Aii = 0 because an edge in a simple graph cannot start and end at the same vertex. Graphs with self-loops will be characterized by some or all Aii being equal to a positive integer, and multigraphs (with multiple edges between vertices) will be characterized by some or all Aij being equal to a positive integer. Undirected graphs will have a symmetric adjacency matrix (meaning Aij = Aji). Directed graph Main article: Directed graph A directed graph with three vertices and four directed edges (the double arrow represents an edge in each direction) A directed graph or digraph is a graph in which edges have orientations. In one restricted but very common sense of the term, a directed graph is a pair G = (V, E) comprising: V, a set of vertices (also called nodes or points); E, a set of edges (also called directed edges, directed links, directed lines, arrows, or arcs), which are ordered pairs of distinct vertices: E ⊆ { ( x , y ) ∣ ( x , y ) ∈ V 2 and x ≠ y } {\displaystyle E\subseteq \{(x,y)\mid (x,y)\in V^{2}\;{\textrm {and}}\;x\neq y\}} . To avoid ambiguity, this type of object may be called precisely a directed simple graph. In the edge (x, y) directed from x to y, the vertices x and y are called the endpoints of the edge, x the tail of the edge and y the head of the edge. The edge is said to join x and y and to be incident on x and on y. A vertex may exist in a graph and not belong to an edge. The edge (y, x) is called the inverted edge of (x, y). Multiple edges, not allowed under the definition above, are two or more edges with both the same tail and the same head. In one more general sense of the term allowing multiple edges, a directed graph is sometimes defined to be an ordered triple G = (V, E, ϕ) comprising: V, a set of vertices (also called nodes or points); E, a set of edges (also called directed edges, directed links, directed lines, arrows or arcs); ϕ, an incidence function mapping every edge to an ordered pair of vertices (that is, an edge is associated with two distinct vertices): ϕ : E → { ( x , y ) ∣ ( x , y ) ∈ V 2 and x ≠ y } {\displaystyle \phi :E\to \{(x,y)\mid (x,y)\in V^{2}\;{\textrm {and}}\;x\neq y\}} . To avoid ambiguity, this type of object may be called precisely a directed multigraph. A loop is an edge that joins a vertex to itself. Directed graphs as defined in the two definitions above cannot have loops, because a loop joining a vertex x {\displaystyle x} to itself is the edge (for a directed simple graph) or is incident on (for a directed multigraph) ( x , x ) {\displaystyle (x,x)} which is not in { ( x , y ) ∣ ( x , y ) ∈ V 2 and x ≠ y } {\displaystyle \{(x,y)\mid (x,y)\in V^{2}\;{\textrm {and}}\;x\neq y\}} . So to allow loops the definitions must be expanded. For directed simple graphs, the definition of E {\displaystyle E} should be modified to E ⊆ { ( x , y ) ∣ ( x , y ) ∈ V 2 } {\displaystyle E\subseteq \{(x,y)\mid (x,y)\in V^{2}\}} . For directed multigraphs, the definition of ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } should be modified to ϕ : E → { ( x , y ) ∣ ( x , y ) ∈ V 2 } {\displaystyle \phi :E\to \{(x,y)\mid (x,y)\in V^{2}\}} . To avoid ambiguity, these types of objects may be called precisely a directed simple graph permitting loops and a directed multigraph permitting loops (or a quiver) respectively. The edges of a directed simple graph permitting loops G is a homogeneous relation ~ on the vertices of G that is called the adjacency relation of G. Specifically, for each edge (x, y), its endpoints x and y are said to be adjacent to one another, which is denoted x ~ y. Mixed graph Main article: Mixed graph A mixed graph is a graph in which some edges may be directed and some may be undirected. It is an ordered triple G = (V, E, A) for a mixed simple graph and G = (V, E, A, ϕE, ϕA) for a mixed multigraph with V, E (the undirected edges), A (the directed edges), ϕE and ϕA defined as above. Directed and undirected graphs are special cases. Weighted graph A weighted graph with ten vertices and twelve edges A weighted graph or a network is a graph in which a number (the weight) is assigned to each edge. Such weights might represent for example costs, lengths or capacities, depending on the problem at hand. Such graphs arise in many contexts, for example in shortest path problems such as the traveling salesman problem. Types of graphs Oriented graph One definition of an oriented graph is that it is a directed graph in which at most one of (x, y) and (y, x) may be edges of the graph. That is, it is a directed graph that can be formed as an orientation of an undirected (simple) graph. Some authors use "oriented graph" to mean the same as "directed graph". Some authors use "oriented graph" to mean any orientation of a given undirected graph or multigraph. Regular graph Main article: Regular graph A regular graph is a graph in which each vertex has the same number of neighbours, i.e., every vertex has the same degree. A regular graph with vertices of degree k is called a k‑regular graph or regular graph of degree k. Complete graph Main article: Complete graph A complete graph with five vertices and ten edges. Each vertex has an edge to every other vertex. A complete graph is a graph in which each pair of vertices is joined by an edge. A complete graph contains all possible edges. Finite graph A finite graph is a graph in which the vertex set and the edge set are finite sets. Otherwise, it is called an infinite graph. Most commonly in graph theory it is implied that the graphs discussed are finite. If the graphs are infinite, that is usually specifically stated. Connected graph Main article: Connectivity (graph theory) In an undirected graph, an unordered pair of vertices {x, y} is called connected if a path leads from x to y. Otherwise, the unordered pair is called disconnected. A connected graph is an undirected graph in which every unordered pair of vertices in the graph is connected. Otherwise, it is called a disconnected graph. In a directed graph, an ordered pair of vertices (x, y) is called strongly connected if a directed path leads from x to y. Otherwise, the ordered pair is called weakly connected if an undirected path leads from x to y after replacing all of its directed edges with undirected edges. Otherwise, the ordered pair is called disconnected. A strongly connected graph is a directed graph in which every ordered pair of vertices in the graph is strongly connected. Otherwise, it is called a weakly connected graph if every ordered pair of vertices in the graph is weakly connected. Otherwise it is called a disconnected graph. A k-vertex-connected graph or k-edge-connected graph is a graph in which no set of k − 1 vertices (respectively, edges) exists that, when removed, disconnects the graph. A k-vertex-connected graph is often called simply a k-connected graph. Bipartite graph Main article: Bipartite graph A bipartite graph is a simple graph in which the vertex set can be partitioned into two sets, W and X, so that no two vertices in W share a common edge and no two vertices in X share a common edge. Alternatively, it is a graph with a chromatic number of 2. In a complete bipartite graph, the vertex set is the union of two disjoint sets, W and X, so that every vertex in W is adjacent to every vertex in X but there are no edges within W or X. Path graph Main article: Path graph A path graph or linear graph of order n ≥ 2 is a graph in which the vertices can be listed in an order v1, v2, …, vn such that the edges are the {vi, vi+1} where i = 1, 2, …, n − 1. Path graphs can be characterized as connected graphs in which the degree of all but two vertices is 2 and the degree of the two remaining vertices is 1. If a path graph occurs as a subgraph of another graph, it is a path in that graph. Planar graph Main article: Planar graph A planar graph is a graph whose vertices and edges can be drawn in a plane such that no two of the edges intersect. Cycle graph Main article: Cycle graph A cycle graph or circular graph of order n ≥ 3 is a graph in which the vertices can be listed in an order v1, v2, …, vn such that the edges are the {vi, vi+1} where i = 1, 2, …, n − 1, plus the edge {vn, v1}. Cycle graphs can be characterized as connected graphs in which the degree of all vertices is 2. If a cycle graph occurs as a subgraph of another graph, it is a cycle or circuit in that graph. Tree Main article: Tree (graph theory) A tree is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by exactly one path, or equivalently a connected acyclic undirected graph. A forest is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by at most one path, or equivalently an acyclic undirected graph, or equivalently a disjoint union of trees. Polytree Main article: Polytree A polytree (or directed tree or oriented tree or singly connected network) is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) whose underlying undirected graph is a tree. A polyforest (or directed forest or oriented forest) is a directed acyclic graph whose underlying undirected graph is a forest. Advanced classes More advanced kinds of graphs are: Petersen graph and its generalizations; perfect graphs; cographs; chordal graphs; other graphs with large automorphism groups: vertex-transitive, arc-transitive, and distance-transitive graphs; strongly regular graphs and their generalizations distance-regular graphs. Properties of graphs See also: Glossary of graph theory and Graph property Two edges of a graph are called adjacent if they share a common vertex. Two edges of a directed graph are called consecutive if the head of the first one is the tail of the second one. Similarly, two vertices are called adjacent if they share a common edge (consecutive if the first one is the tail and the second one is the head of an edge), in which case the common edge is said to join the two vertices. An edge and a vertex on that edge are called incident. The graph with only one vertex and no edges is called the trivial graph. A graph with only vertices and no edges is known as an edgeless graph. The graph with no vertices and no edges is sometimes called the null graph or empty graph, but the terminology is not consistent and not all mathematicians allow this object. Normally, the vertices of a graph, by their nature as elements of a set, are distinguishable. This kind of graph may be called vertex-labeled. However, for many questions it is better to treat vertices as indistinguishable. (Of course, the vertices may be still distinguishable by the properties of the graph itself, e.g., by the numbers of incident edges.) The same remarks apply to edges, so graphs with labeled edges are called edge-labeled. Graphs with labels attached to edges or vertices are more generally designated as labeled. Consequently, graphs in which vertices are indistinguishable and edges are indistinguishable are called unlabeled. (In the literature, the term labeled may apply to other kinds of labeling, besides that which serves only to distinguish different vertices or edges.) The category of all graphs is the comma category Set ↓ D where D: Set → Set is the functor taking a set s to s × s. Examples A graph with six vertices and seven edges The diagram is a schematic representation of the graph with vertices V = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 } {\displaystyle V=\{1,2,3,4,5,6\}} and edges E = { { 1 , 2 } , { 1 , 5 } , { 2 , 3 } , { 2 , 5 } , { 3 , 4 } , { 4 , 5 } , { 4 , 6 } } . {\displaystyle E=\{\{1,2\},\{1,5\},\{2,3\},\{2,5\},\{3,4\},\{4,5\},\{4,6\}\}.} In computer science, directed graphs are used to represent knowledge (e.g., conceptual graph), finite state machines, and many other discrete structures. A binary relation R on a set X defines a directed graph. An element x of X is a direct predecessor of an element y of X if and only if xRy. A directed graph can model information networks such as Twitter, with one user following another. Particularly regular examples of directed graphs are given by the Cayley graphs of finitely-generated groups, as well as Schreier coset graphs In category theory, every small category has an underlying directed multigraph whose vertices are the objects of the category, and whose edges are the arrows of the category. In the language of category theory, one says that there is a forgetful functor from the category of small categories to the category of quivers. Graph operations Main article: Graph operations There are several operations that produce new graphs from initial ones, which might be classified into the following categories: unary operations, which create a new graph from an initial one, such as: edge contraction, line graph, dual graph, complement graph, graph rewriting; binary operations, which create a new graph from two initial ones, such as: disjoint union of graphs, cartesian product of graphs, tensor product of graphs, strong product of graphs, lexicographic product of graphs, series–parallel graphs. Generalizations In a hypergraph, an edge can join any positive number of vertices. An undirected graph can be seen as a simplicial complex consisting of 1-simplices (the edges) and 0-simplices (the vertices). As such, complexes are generalizations of graphs since they allow for higher-dimensional simplices. Every graph gives rise to a matroid. In model theory, a graph is just a structure. But in that case, there is no limitation on the number of edges: it can be any cardinal number, see continuous graph. In computational biology, power graph analysis introduces power graphs as an alternative representation of undirected graphs. In geographic information systems, geometric networks are closely modeled after graphs, and borrow many concepts from graph theory to perform spatial analysis on road networks or utility grids. See also Conceptual graph Graph (abstract data type) Graph database Graph drawing List of graph theory topics List of publications in graph theory Network theory Notes ^ Trudeau, Richard J. (1993). Introduction to Graph Theory (Corrected, enlarged republication. ed.). New York: Dover Pub. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-486-67870-2. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2012. A graph is an object consisting of two sets called its vertex set and its edge set. ^ See: J. J. Sylvester (February 7, 1878) "Chemistry and algebra", Archived 2023-02-04 at the Wayback Machine Nature, 17 : 284. doi:10.1038/017284a0. From page 284: "Every invariant and covariant thus becomes expressible by a graph precisely identical with a Kekuléan diagram or chemicograph." J. J. Sylvester (1878) "On an application of the new atomic theory to the graphical representation of the invariants and covariants of binary quantics, – with three appendices", Archived 2023-02-04 at the Wayback Machine American Journal of Mathematics, Pure and Applied, 1 (1) : 64–90. doi:10.2307/2369436. JSTOR 2369436. The term "graph" first appears in this paper on page 65. ^ Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (2004). Handbook of graph theory. CRC Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-58488-090-5. Archived from the original on 2023-02-04. Retrieved 2016-02-16. ^ Bender & Williamson 2010, p. 148. ^ See, for instance, Iyanaga and Kawada, 69 J, p. 234 or Biggs, p. 4. ^ Bender & Williamson 2010, p. 149. ^ Graham et al., p. 5. ^ a b Bender & Williamson 2010, p. 161. ^ Strang, Gilbert (2005), Linear Algebra and Its Applications (4th ed.), Brooks Cole, ISBN 978-0-03-010567-8 ^ Lewis, John (2013), Java Software Structures (4th ed.), Pearson, p. 405, ISBN 978-0133250121 ^ Fletcher, Peter; Hoyle, Hughes; Patty, C. Wayne (1991). Foundations of Discrete Mathematics (International student ed.). Boston: PWS-KENT Pub. Co. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-53492-373-0. A weighted graph is a graph in which a number w(e), called its weight, is assigned to each edge e. ^ Grandjean, Martin (2016). "A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community". Cogent Arts & Humanities. 3 (1): 1171458. doi:10.1080/23311983.2016.1171458. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2019-09-16. ^ Pankaj Gupta, Ashish Goel, Jimmy Lin, Aneesh Sharma, Dong Wang, and Reza Bosagh Zadeh WTF: The who-to-follow system at Twitter Archived 2019-07-12 at the Wayback Machine, Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web. doi:10.1145/2488388.2488433. References Balakrishnan, V. K. (1997). Graph Theory (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-005489-9. Bang-Jensen, J.; Gutin, G. (2000). Digraphs: Theory, Algorithms and Applications. Springer. Bender, Edward A.; Williamson, S. Gill (2010). Lists, Decisions and Graphs. With an Introduction to Probability. Berge, Claude (1958). Théorie des graphes et ses applications (in French). Paris: Dunod. Biggs, Norman (1993). Algebraic Graph Theory (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45897-9. Bollobás, Béla (2002). Modern Graph Theory (1st ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98488-9. Diestel, Reinhard (2005). Graph Theory (3rd ed.). Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-26183-4. Graham, R.L.; Grötschel, M.; Lovász, L. (1995). Handbook of Combinatorics. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-07169-7. Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (1998). Graph Theory and Its Applications. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3982-0. Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (2003). Handbook of Graph Theory. CRC. ISBN 978-1-58488-090-5. Harary, Frank (1995). Graph Theory. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-41033-4. Iyanaga, Shôkichi; Kawada, Yukiyosi (1977). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-09016-2. Zwillinger, Daniel (2002). CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae (31st ed.). Chapman & Hall/CRC. ISBN 978-1-58488-291-6. Further reading Trudeau, Richard J. (1993). Introduction to Graph Theory (Corrected, enlarged republication. ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-67870-2. Retrieved 8 August 2012. External links Library resources about Graph (mathematics) Resources in your library Media related to Graph (discrete mathematics) at Wikimedia Commons Weisstein, Eric W. "Graph". MathWorld.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graph of a function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"Graph (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6n-graf.svg"},{"link_name":"discrete mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"vertices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"diagrammatic form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrammatic_form"},{"link_name":"J. J. Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester"},{"link_name":"chemical structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about sets of vertices connected by edges. For graphs of mathematical functions, see Graph of a function. For other uses, see Graph (disambiguation).Vertices connected in pairs by edgesA graph with six vertices and seven edgesIn discrete mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a graph is a structure amounting to a set of objects in which some pairs of the objects are in some sense \"related\". The objects are represented by abstractions called vertices (also called nodes or points) and each of the related pairs of vertices is called an edge (also called link or line).[1] Typically, a graph is depicted in diagrammatic form as a set of dots or circles for the vertices, joined by lines or curves for the edges.The edges may be directed or undirected. For example, if the vertices represent people at a party, and there is an edge between two people if they shake hands, then this graph is undirected because any person A can shake hands with a person B only if B also shakes hands with A. In contrast, if an edge from a person A to a person B means that A owes money to B, then this graph is directed, because owing money is not necessarily reciprocated.Graphs are the basic subject studied by graph theory. The word \"graph\" was first used in this sense by J. J. Sylvester in 1878 due to a direct relation between mathematics and chemical structure (what he called a chemico-graphical image).[2][3]","title":"Graph (discrete mathematics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematical structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_structure"}],"text":"Definitions in graph theory vary. The following are some of the more basic ways of defining graphs and related mathematical structures.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Undirected.svg"},{"link_name":"directed graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Directed_graph"},{"link_name":"multigraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multigraph"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010148-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_pair"},{"link_name":"multigraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multigraph"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010149-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"infinite graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_graph"},{"link_name":"binary relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation"},{"link_name":"empty graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_graph"},{"link_name":"empty set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set"},{"link_name":"computational complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity"},{"link_name":"symmetric relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_relation"},{"link_name":"adjacency matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjacency_matrix"},{"link_name":"symmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_matrix"}],"sub_title":"Graph","text":"A graph with three vertices and three edgesA graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph)[4][5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs \n \n \n \n {\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{v_{1},v_{2}\\}}\n \n of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).The vertices u and v of an edge {u, v} are called the edge's endpoints. The edge is said to join u and v and to be incident on them. A vertex may belong to no edge, in which case it is not joined to any other vertex and is called isolated. When an edge \n \n \n \n {\n u\n ,\n v\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{u,v\\}}\n \n exists, the vertices u and v are called adjacent.A multigraph is a generalization that allows multiple edges to have the same pair of endpoints. In some texts, multigraphs are simply called graphs.[6][7]Sometimes, graphs are allowed to contain loops, which are edges that join a vertex to itself. To allow loops, the pairs of vertices in E must be allowed to have the same node twice. Such generalized graphs are called graphs with loops or simply graphs when it is clear from the context that loops are allowed.Generally, the vertex set V is taken to be finite (which implies that the edge set E is also finite). Sometimes infinite graphs are considered, but they are usually viewed as a special kind of binary relation, because most results on finite graphs either do not extend to the infinite case or need a rather different proof.An empty graph is a graph that has an empty set of vertices (and thus an empty set of edges). The order of a graph is its number \|V\| of vertices, usually denoted by n. The size of a graph is its number \|E\| of edges, typically denoted by m. However, in some contexts, such as for expressing the computational complexity of algorithms, the term size is used for the quantity \|V\| + \|E\| (otherwise, a non-empty graph could have size 0). The degree or valency of a vertex is the number of edges that are incident to it; for graphs with loops, a loop is counted twice.In a graph of order n, the maximum degree of each vertex is n − 1 (or n + 1 if loops are allowed, because a loop contributes 2 to the degree), and the maximum number of edges is n(n − 1)/2 (or n(n + 1)/2 if loops are allowed).The edges of a graph define a symmetric relation on the vertices, called the adjacency relation. Specifically, two vertices x and y are adjacent if {x, y} is an edge. A graph is fully determined by its adjacency matrix A, which is an n × n square matrix, with Aij specifying the number of connections from vertex i to vertex j. For a simple graph, Aij is either 0, indicating disconnection, or 1, indicating connection; moreover Aii = 0 because an edge in a simple graph cannot start and end at the same vertex. Graphs with self-loops will be characterized by some or all Aii being equal to a positive integer, and multigraphs (with multiple edges between vertices) will be characterized by some or all Aij being equal to a positive integer. Undirected graphs will have a symmetric adjacency matrix (meaning Aij = Aji).","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Directed.svg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010161-8"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"ordered pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_pair"},{"link_name":"Multiple edges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_edges"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010161-8"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"ordered pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_pair"},{"link_name":"loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"quiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiver_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"homogeneous relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation#Homogeneous_relation"}],"sub_title":"Directed graph","text":"A directed graph with three vertices and four directed edges (the double arrow represents an edge in each direction)A directed graph or digraph is a graph in which edges have orientations.In one restricted but very common sense of the term,[8] a directed graph is a pair G = (V, E) comprising:V, a set of vertices (also called nodes or points);\nE, a set of edges (also called directed edges, directed links, directed lines, arrows, or arcs), which are ordered pairs of distinct vertices: \n \n \n \n E\n ⊆\n {\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∣\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∈\n \n V\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n and\n \n \n \n x\n ≠\n y\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\subseteq \\{(x,y)\\mid (x,y)\\in V^{2}\\;{\\textrm {and}}\\;x\\neq y\\}}\n \n.To avoid ambiguity, this type of object may be called precisely a directed simple graph.In the edge (x, y) directed from x to y, the vertices x and y are called the endpoints of the edge, x the tail of the edge and y the head of the edge. The edge is said to join x and y and to be incident on x and on y. A vertex may exist in a graph and not belong to an edge. The edge (y, x) is called the inverted edge of (x, y). Multiple edges, not allowed under the definition above, are two or more edges with both the same tail and the same head.In one more general sense of the term allowing multiple edges,[8] a directed graph is sometimes defined to be an ordered triple G = (V, E, ϕ) comprising:V, a set of vertices (also called nodes or points);\nE, a set of edges (also called directed edges, directed links, directed lines, arrows or arcs);\nϕ, an incidence function mapping every edge to an ordered pair of vertices (that is, an edge is associated with two distinct vertices): \n \n \n \n ϕ\n :\n E\n →\n {\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∣\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∈\n \n V\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n and\n \n \n \n x\n ≠\n y\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi :E\\to \\{(x,y)\\mid (x,y)\\in V^{2}\\;{\\textrm {and}}\\;x\\neq y\\}}\n \n.To avoid ambiguity, this type of object may be called precisely a directed multigraph.A loop is an edge that joins a vertex to itself. Directed graphs as defined in the two definitions above cannot have loops, because a loop joining a vertex \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n to itself is the edge (for a directed simple graph) or is incident on (for a directed multigraph) \n \n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,x)}\n \n which is not in \n \n \n \n {\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∣\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∈\n \n V\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n and\n \n \n \n x\n ≠\n y\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{(x,y)\\mid (x,y)\\in V^{2}\\;{\\textrm {and}}\\;x\\neq y\\}}\n \n. So to allow loops the definitions must be expanded. For directed simple graphs, the definition of \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n should be modified to \n \n \n \n E\n ⊆\n {\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∣\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∈\n \n V\n \n 2\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\subseteq \\{(x,y)\\mid (x,y)\\in V^{2}\\}}\n \n. For directed multigraphs, the definition of \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n should be modified to \n \n \n \n ϕ\n :\n E\n →\n {\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∣\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∈\n \n V\n \n 2\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi :E\\to \\{(x,y)\\mid (x,y)\\in V^{2}\\}}\n \n. To avoid ambiguity, these types of objects may be called precisely a directed simple graph permitting loops and a directed multigraph permitting loops (or a quiver) respectively.The edges of a directed simple graph permitting loops G is a homogeneous relation ~ on the vertices of G that is called the adjacency relation of G. Specifically, for each edge (x, y), its endpoints x and y are said to be adjacent to one another, which is denoted x ~ y.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed graph","text":"A mixed graph is a graph in which some edges may be directed and some may be undirected. It is an ordered triple G = (V, E, A) for a mixed simple graph and G = (V, E, A, ϕE, ϕA) for a mixed multigraph with V, E (the undirected edges), A (the directed edges), ϕE and ϕA defined as above. Directed and undirected graphs are special cases.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weighted_network.svg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"shortest path problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest_path_problem"},{"link_name":"traveling salesman problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveling_salesman_problem"}],"sub_title":"Weighted graph","text":"A weighted graph with ten vertices and twelve edgesA weighted graph or a network[9][10] is a graph in which a number (the weight) is assigned to each edge.[11] Such weights might represent for example costs, lengths or capacities, depending on the problem at hand. Such graphs arise in many contexts, for example in shortest path problems such as the traveling salesman problem.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(graph_theory)"}],"sub_title":"Oriented graph","text":"One definition of an oriented graph is that it is a directed graph in which at most one of (x, y) and (y, x) may be edges of the graph. That is, it is a directed graph that can be formed as an orientation of an undirected (simple) graph.Some authors use \"oriented graph\" to mean the same as \"directed graph\". Some authors use \"oriented graph\" to mean any orientation of a given undirected graph or multigraph.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular graph","text":"A regular graph is a graph in which each vertex has the same number of neighbours, i.e., every vertex has the same degree. A regular graph with vertices of degree k is called a k‑regular graph or regular graph of degree k.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complete_graph_K5.svg"}],"sub_title":"Complete graph","text":"A complete graph with five vertices and ten edges. Each vertex has an edge to every other vertex.A complete graph is a graph in which each pair of vertices is joined by an edge. A complete graph contains all possible edges.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"finite sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_set"}],"sub_title":"Finite graph","text":"A finite graph is a graph in which the vertex set and the edge set are finite sets. Otherwise, it is called an infinite graph.Most commonly in graph theory it is implied that the graphs discussed are finite. If the graphs are infinite, that is usually specifically stated.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"k-vertex-connected graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-vertex-connected_graph"},{"link_name":"k-edge-connected graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-edge-connected_graph"}],"sub_title":"Connected graph","text":"In an undirected graph, an unordered pair of vertices {x, y} is called connected if a path leads from x to y. Otherwise, the unordered pair is called disconnected.A connected graph is an undirected graph in which every unordered pair of vertices in the graph is connected. Otherwise, it is called a disconnected graph.In a directed graph, an ordered pair of vertices (x, y) is called strongly connected if a directed path leads from x to y. Otherwise, the ordered pair is called weakly connected if an undirected path leads from x to y after replacing all of its directed edges with undirected edges. Otherwise, the ordered pair is called disconnected.A strongly connected graph is a directed graph in which every ordered pair of vertices in the graph is strongly connected. Otherwise, it is called a weakly connected graph if every ordered pair of vertices in the graph is weakly connected. Otherwise it is called a disconnected graph.A k-vertex-connected graph or k-edge-connected graph is a graph in which no set of k − 1 vertices (respectively, edges) exists that, when removed, disconnects the graph. A k-vertex-connected graph is often called simply a k-connected graph.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bipartite graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartite_graph"},{"link_name":"partitioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_a_set"},{"link_name":"chromatic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_number"},{"link_name":"complete bipartite graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_bipartite_graph"}],"sub_title":"Bipartite graph","text":"A bipartite graph is a simple graph in which the vertex set can be partitioned into two sets, W and X, so that no two vertices in W share a common edge and no two vertices in X share a common edge. Alternatively, it is a graph with a chromatic number of 2.In a complete bipartite graph, the vertex set is the union of two disjoint sets, W and X, so that every vertex in W is adjacent to every vertex in X but there are no edges within W or X.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subgraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_graph_theory#Subgraphs"},{"link_name":"path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(graph_theory)"}],"sub_title":"Path graph","text":"A path graph or linear graph of order n ≥ 2 is a graph in which the vertices can be listed in an order v1, v2, …, vn such that the edges are the {vi, vi+1} where i = 1, 2, …, n − 1. Path graphs can be characterized as connected graphs in which the degree of all but two vertices is 2 and the degree of the two remaining vertices is 1. If a path graph occurs as a subgraph of another graph, it is a path in that graph.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Planar graph","text":"A planar graph is a graph whose vertices and edges can be drawn in a plane such that no two of the edges intersect.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cycle graph","text":"A cycle graph or circular graph of order n ≥ 3 is a graph in which the vertices can be listed in an order v1, v2, …, vn such that the edges are the {vi, vi+1} where i = 1, 2, …, n − 1, plus the edge {vn, v1}. Cycle graphs can be characterized as connected graphs in which the degree of all vertices is 2. If a cycle graph occurs as a subgraph of another graph, it is a cycle or circuit in that graph.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vertices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_graph"},{"link_name":"acyclic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"disjoint union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint_union_of_graphs"}],"sub_title":"Tree","text":"A tree is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by exactly one path, or equivalently a connected acyclic undirected graph.A forest is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by at most one path, or equivalently an acyclic undirected graph, or equivalently a disjoint union of trees.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"directed acyclic graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph"}],"sub_title":"Polytree","text":"A polytree (or directed tree or oriented tree or singly connected network) is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) whose underlying undirected graph is a tree.A polyforest (or directed forest or oriented forest) is a directed acyclic graph whose underlying undirected graph is a forest.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petersen graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_graph"},{"link_name":"perfect graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_graph"},{"link_name":"cographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cograph"},{"link_name":"chordal graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordal_graph"},{"link_name":"automorphism groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_automorphism"},{"link_name":"vertex-transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex-transitive_graph"},{"link_name":"arc-transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-transitive_graph"},{"link_name":"distance-transitive graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance-transitive_graph"},{"link_name":"strongly regular graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_regular_graph"},{"link_name":"distance-regular graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance-regular_graph"}],"sub_title":"Advanced classes","text":"More advanced kinds of graphs are:Petersen graph and its generalizations;\nperfect graphs;\ncographs;\nchordal graphs;\nother graphs with large automorphism groups: vertex-transitive, arc-transitive, and distance-transitive graphs;\nstrongly regular graphs and their generalizations distance-regular graphs.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glossary of graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_graph_theory"},{"link_name":"Graph property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_property"},{"link_name":"null graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_graph"},{"link_name":"category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory"},{"link_name":"comma category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_category"},{"link_name":"functor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functor"}],"text":"See also: Glossary of graph theory and Graph propertyTwo edges of a graph are called adjacent if they share a common vertex. Two edges of a directed graph are called consecutive if the head of the first one is the tail of the second one. Similarly, two vertices are called adjacent if they share a common edge (consecutive if the first one is the tail and the second one is the head of an edge), in which case the common edge is said to join the two vertices. An edge and a vertex on that edge are called incident.The graph with only one vertex and no edges is called the trivial graph. A graph with only vertices and no edges is known as an edgeless graph. The graph with no vertices and no edges is sometimes called the null graph or empty graph, but the terminology is not consistent and not all mathematicians allow this object.Normally, the vertices of a graph, by their nature as elements of a set, are distinguishable. This kind of graph may be called vertex-labeled. However, for many questions it is better to treat vertices as indistinguishable. (Of course, the vertices may be still distinguishable by the properties of the graph itself, e.g., by the numbers of incident edges.) The same remarks apply to edges, so graphs with labeled edges are called edge-labeled. Graphs with labels attached to edges or vertices are more generally designated as labeled. Consequently, graphs in which vertices are indistinguishable and edges are indistinguishable are called unlabeled. (In the literature, the term labeled may apply to other kinds of labeling, besides that which serves only to distinguish different vertices or edges.)The category of all graphs is the comma category Set ↓ D where D: Set → Set is the functor taking a set s to s × s.","title":"Properties of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6n-graf.svg"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"conceptual graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_graph"},{"link_name":"finite state machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_state_machine"},{"link_name":"binary relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snatwitter-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twitterwtf-13"},{"link_name":"Cayley graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley_graph"},{"link_name":"Schreier coset graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreier_coset_graph"},{"link_name":"category theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory"},{"link_name":"small category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_category"},{"link_name":"forgetful functor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgetful_functor"},{"link_name":"category of small categories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_small_categories"},{"link_name":"category of quivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiver_(mathematics)"}],"text":"A graph with six vertices and seven edgesThe diagram is a schematic representation of the graph with vertices \n \n \n \n V\n =\n {\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 4\n ,\n 5\n ,\n 6\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V=\\{1,2,3,4,5,6\\}}\n \n and edges \n \n \n \n E\n =\n {\n {\n 1\n ,\n 2\n }\n ,\n {\n 1\n ,\n 5\n }\n ,\n {\n 2\n ,\n 3\n }\n ,\n {\n 2\n ,\n 5\n }\n ,\n {\n 3\n ,\n 4\n }\n ,\n {\n 4\n ,\n 5\n }\n ,\n {\n 4\n ,\n 6\n }\n }\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E=\\{\\{1,2\\},\\{1,5\\},\\{2,3\\},\\{2,5\\},\\{3,4\\},\\{4,5\\},\\{4,6\\}\\}.}\n \n\nIn computer science, directed graphs are used to represent knowledge (e.g., conceptual graph), finite state machines, and many other discrete structures.\nA binary relation R on a set X defines a directed graph. An element x of X is a direct predecessor of an element y of X if and only if xRy.\nA directed graph can model information networks such as Twitter, with one user following another.[12][13]\nParticularly regular examples of directed graphs are given by the Cayley graphs of finitely-generated groups, as well as Schreier coset graphs\nIn category theory, every small category has an underlying directed multigraph whose vertices are the objects of the category, and whose edges are the arrows of the category. In the language of category theory, one says that there is a forgetful functor from the category of small categories to the category of quivers.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edge contraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_contraction"},{"link_name":"line graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_graph"},{"link_name":"dual graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_graph"},{"link_name":"complement graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_graph"},{"link_name":"graph rewriting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_rewriting"},{"link_name":"disjoint union of graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint_union_of_graphs"},{"link_name":"cartesian product of graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product_of_graphs"},{"link_name":"tensor product of graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_product_of_graphs"},{"link_name":"strong product of graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_product_of_graphs"},{"link_name":"lexicographic product of graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographic_product_of_graphs"},{"link_name":"series–parallel graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series%E2%80%93parallel_graph"}],"text":"There are several operations that produce new graphs from initial ones, which might be classified into the following categories:unary operations, which create a new graph from an initial one, such as:\nedge contraction,\nline graph,\ndual graph,\ncomplement graph,\ngraph rewriting;\nbinary operations, which create a new graph from two initial ones, such as:\ndisjoint union of graphs,\ncartesian product of graphs,\ntensor product of graphs,\nstrong product of graphs,\nlexicographic product of graphs,\nseries–parallel graphs.","title":"Graph operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypergraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraph"},{"link_name":"simplicial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_complex"},{"link_name":"simplices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex"},{"link_name":"matroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matroid"},{"link_name":"model theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_theory"},{"link_name":"structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_(model_theory)"},{"link_name":"cardinal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_number"},{"link_name":"continuous graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_graph"},{"link_name":"computational biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology"},{"link_name":"power graph analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_graph_analysis"},{"link_name":"geographic information systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_systems"},{"link_name":"geometric networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_networks"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"}],"text":"In a hypergraph, an edge can join any positive number of vertices.An undirected graph can be seen as a simplicial complex consisting of 1-simplices (the edges) and 0-simplices (the vertices). As such, complexes are generalizations of graphs since they allow for higher-dimensional simplices.Every graph gives rise to a matroid.In model theory, a graph is just a structure. But in that case, there is no limitation on the number of edges: it can be any cardinal number, see continuous graph.In computational biology, power graph analysis introduces power graphs as an alternative representation of undirected graphs.In geographic information systems, geometric networks are closely modeled after graphs, and borrow many concepts from graph theory to perform spatial analysis on road networks or utility grids.","title":"Generalizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"Introduction to Graph Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//store.doverpublications.com/0486678709.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-67870-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-67870-2"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190505192352/http://store.doverpublications.com/0486678709.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Chemistry and algebra\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KcoKAAAAYAAJ&q=Sylvester&pg=PA284"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230204142956/https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoKAAAAYAAJ&vq=Sylvester&pg=PA284"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/017284a0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F017284a0"},{"link_name":"\"On an application of the new atomic theory to the graphical representation of the invariants and covariants of binary quantics, – with three appendices\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1q0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230204142957/https://books.google.com/books?id=1q0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64"},{"link_name":"Wayback 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Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=mKkIGIea_BkC&pg=PA35"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58488-090-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58488-090-5"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230204142959/https://books.google.com/books?id=mKkIGIea_BkC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010148_4-0"},{"link_name":"Bender & Williamson 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBenderWilliamson2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010149_6-0"},{"link_name":"Bender & Williamson 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBenderWilliamson2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010161_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010161_8-1"},{"link_name":"Bender & Williamson 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBenderWilliamson2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-03-010567-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-010567-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0133250121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0133250121"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-53492-373-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-53492-373-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snatwitter_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_81C2C68B1DF5.P001/REF"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/23311983.2016.1171458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F23311983.2016.1171458"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210302190117/https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_81C2C68B1DF5.P001/REF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-twitterwtf_13-0"},{"link_name":"WTF: The who-to-follow system at Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2488433"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190712002903/http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2488433"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1145/2488388.2488433","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1145%2F2488388.2488433"}],"text":"^ Trudeau, Richard J. (1993). Introduction to Graph Theory (Corrected, enlarged republication. ed.). New York: Dover Pub. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-486-67870-2. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2012. A graph is an object consisting of two sets called its vertex set and its edge set.\n\n^ See:\nJ. J. Sylvester (February 7, 1878) \"Chemistry and algebra\", Archived 2023-02-04 at the Wayback Machine Nature, 17 : 284. doi:10.1038/017284a0. From page 284: \"Every invariant and covariant thus becomes expressible by a graph precisely identical with a Kekuléan diagram or chemicograph.\"\nJ. J. Sylvester (1878) \"On an application of the new atomic theory to the graphical representation of the invariants and covariants of binary quantics, – with three appendices\", Archived 2023-02-04 at the Wayback Machine American Journal of Mathematics, Pure and Applied, 1 (1) : 64–90. doi:10.2307/2369436. JSTOR 2369436. The term \"graph\" first appears in this paper on page 65.\n\n^ Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (2004). Handbook of graph theory. CRC Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-58488-090-5. Archived from the original on 2023-02-04. Retrieved 2016-02-16.\n\n^ Bender & Williamson 2010, p. 148.\n\n^ See, for instance, Iyanaga and Kawada, 69 J, p. 234 or Biggs, p. 4.\n\n^ Bender & Williamson 2010, p. 149.\n\n^ Graham et al., p. 5.\n\n^ a b Bender & Williamson 2010, p. 161.\n\n^ Strang, Gilbert (2005), Linear Algebra and Its Applications (4th ed.), Brooks Cole, ISBN 978-0-03-010567-8\n\n^ Lewis, John (2013), Java Software Structures (4th ed.), Pearson, p. 405, ISBN 978-0133250121\n\n^ Fletcher, Peter; Hoyle, Hughes; Patty, C. Wayne (1991). Foundations of Discrete Mathematics (International student ed.). Boston: PWS-KENT Pub. Co. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-53492-373-0. A weighted graph is a graph in which a number w(e), called its weight, is assigned to each edge e.\n\n^ Grandjean, Martin (2016). \"A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community\". Cogent Arts & Humanities. 3 (1): 1171458. doi:10.1080/23311983.2016.1171458. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2019-09-16.\n\n^ Pankaj Gupta, Ashish Goel, Jimmy Lin, Aneesh Sharma, Dong Wang, and Reza Bosagh Zadeh WTF: The who-to-follow system at Twitter Archived 2019-07-12 at the Wayback Machine, Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web. doi:10.1145/2488388.2488433.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Introduction to Graph Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//store.doverpublications.com/0486678709.html"},{"link_name":"Dover Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-67870-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-67870-2"}],"text":"Trudeau, Richard J. (1993). Introduction to Graph Theory (Corrected, enlarged republication. ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-67870-2. Retrieved 8 August 2012.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"A graph with six vertices and seven edges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/220px-6n-graf.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A graph with three vertices and three edges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Undirected.svg/220px-Undirected.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A directed graph with three vertices and four directed edges (the double arrow represents an edge in each direction)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Directed.svg/220px-Directed.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A weighted graph with ten vertices and twelve edges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Weighted_network.svg/220px-Weighted_network.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A complete graph with five vertices and ten edges. Each vertex has an edge to every other vertex.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Complete_graph_K5.svg/125px-Complete_graph_K5.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A graph with six vertices and seven edges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/220px-6n-graf.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Conceptual graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_graph"},{"title":"Graph (abstract data type)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(abstract_data_type)"},{"title":"Graph database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_database"},{"title":"Graph drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_drawing"},{"title":"List of graph theory topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graph_theory_topics"},{"title":"List of publications in graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics#Graph_theory"},{"title":"Network theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_theory"}]	[{"reference":"Trudeau, Richard J. (1993). Introduction to Graph Theory (Corrected, enlarged republication. ed.). New York: Dover Pub. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-486-67870-2. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2012. A graph is an object consisting of two sets called its vertex set and its edge set.","urls":[{"url":"http://store.doverpublications.com/0486678709.html","url_text":"Introduction to Graph Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-67870-2","url_text":"978-0-486-67870-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190505192352/http://store.doverpublications.com/0486678709.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (2004). Handbook of graph theory. CRC Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-58488-090-5. Archived from the original on 2023-02-04. Retrieved 2016-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mKkIGIea_BkC","url_text":"Handbook of graph theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mKkIGIea_BkC&pg=PA35","url_text":"35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58488-090-5","url_text":"978-1-58488-090-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230204142959/https://books.google.com/books?id=mKkIGIea_BkC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Strang, Gilbert (2005), Linear Algebra and Its Applications (4th ed.), Brooks Cole, ISBN 978-0-03-010567-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-010567-8","url_text":"978-0-03-010567-8"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, John (2013), Java Software Structures (4th ed.), Pearson, p. 405, ISBN 978-0133250121","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0133250121","url_text":"978-0133250121"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Peter; Hoyle, Hughes; Patty, C. Wayne (1991). Foundations of Discrete Mathematics (International student ed.). Boston: PWS-KENT Pub. Co. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-53492-373-0. A weighted graph is a graph in which a number w(e), called its weight, is assigned to each edge e.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-53492-373-0","url_text":"978-0-53492-373-0"}]},{"reference":"Grandjean, Martin (2016). \"A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community\". Cogent Arts & Humanities. 3 (1): 1171458. doi:10.1080/23311983.2016.1171458. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2019-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_81C2C68B1DF5.P001/REF","url_text":"\"A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311983.2016.1171458","url_text":"10.1080/23311983.2016.1171458"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302190117/https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_81C2C68B1DF5.P001/REF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Balakrishnan, V. K. (1997). Graph Theory (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-005489-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-005489-9","url_text":"978-0-07-005489-9"}]},{"reference":"Bang-Jensen, J.; Gutin, G. (2000). Digraphs: Theory, Algorithms and Applications. Springer.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cs.rhul.ac.uk/books/dbook/","url_text":"Digraphs: Theory, Algorithms and Applications"}]},{"reference":"Bender, Edward A.; Williamson, S. Gill (2010). Lists, Decisions and Graphs. With an Introduction to Probability.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vaXv_yhefG8C","url_text":"Lists, Decisions and Graphs. With an Introduction to Probability"}]},{"reference":"Berge, Claude (1958). Théorie des graphes et ses applications (in French). Paris: Dunod.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Biggs, Norman (1993). Algebraic Graph Theory (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45897-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45897-9","url_text":"978-0-521-45897-9"}]},{"reference":"Bollobás, Béla (2002). Modern Graph Theory (1st ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98488-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98488-9","url_text":"978-0-387-98488-9"}]},{"reference":"Diestel, Reinhard (2005). Graph Theory (3rd ed.). Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-26183-4.","urls":[{"url":"http://diestel-graph-theory.com/GrTh.html","url_text":"Graph Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26183-4","url_text":"978-3-540-26183-4"}]},{"reference":"Graham, R.L.; Grötschel, M.; Lovász, L. (1995). Handbook of Combinatorics. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-07169-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-07169-7","url_text":"978-0-262-07169-7"}]},{"reference":"Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (1998). Graph Theory and Its Applications. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3982-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3982-0","url_text":"978-0-8493-3982-0"}]},{"reference":"Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (2003). Handbook of Graph Theory. CRC. ISBN 978-1-58488-090-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58488-090-5","url_text":"978-1-58488-090-5"}]},{"reference":"Harary, Frank (1995). Graph Theory. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-41033-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-41033-4","url_text":"978-0-201-41033-4"}]},{"reference":"Iyanaga, Shôkichi; Kawada, Yukiyosi (1977). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics. MIT Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Jafar_Mahalleh	Mohammad Jafar Mahalleh	["1 References"]	Village in Gilan, IranMohammad Jafar Mahalleh محمدجعفرمحلهvillageCountry IranProvinceGilanCountyLangarudBakhshOtaqvarRural DistrictOtaqvarPopulation (2006) • Total193Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Mohammad Jafar Mahalleh (Persian: محمدجعفرمحله, also Romanized as Moḩammad Jaʿfar Maḩalleh) is a village in Otaqvar Rural District, Otaqvar District, Langarud County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 193, in 54 families. Made famous as the location of the world's largest functional drinking hat. References Iran portal ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Langarud CountyCapital Langarud DistrictsCentralCities Chaf and Chamkhaleh Langarud Rural Districts and villagesChaf Bala Pap Kiadeh Hasanabad Hoseynabad-e Chaf Khal Kiasar Mian Mahalleh-ye Pap Kiadeh Pain Pap Kiadeh Poshtaleh-ye Sar Radar Kumeh Sadat Mahalleh Tazehabad Tazehabad-e Chaf Divshal Abchalagi Akhund Mahalleh Bala Mahalleh-ye Nalkiashar Bazar Deh-e Gol Bagh Darvishan Bar Divshal Divshal Poshteh Esmail Sara Galesh Kalam-e Leyla Kuh Hajj Ebrahim Deh Jodanukar Khalia Gol Kharrat Mahalleh Kushal Shad Leyla Kuh Lukolayeh Mubandan Pain Mahalleh-ye Nalkiashar Sadat Mahalleh Siah Kaldeh Talesh Mahalleh Gel-e Sefid Darya Kenar Fatideh Galesh Khaleh Galesh Kolam Gel-e Sefid Kamal ol Din Poshteh Palat Kaleh Pir Poshteh Soltan Moradi Tappeh KumelehCities Kumeleh Shalman Rural Districts and villagesDaryasar Bala Salkuyeh Daryasar Golab Mahalleh Kelidbar Malat Pain Qazi Mahalleh Pain Salkuyeh Shad Kalayeh Sigarud Moridan Dadqansara Hajji Sara Kia Gahan Lasheh Liarjdemeh Liseh Rud Moridan Paresh Kuh Siah Kord Gavabar Solush OtaqvarCities Otaqvar Rural Districts and villagesLat Leyl Abdangsar Aghuzchal Aliabad Sara Arb Gardan Atash Sara Bolur Dokan Chaharsu Poshteh Chal Dasht Chaliki Changul Fabili Feblasheh Fi Ab Ganj Ali Sara Garsak-e Pain Hoseynabad Kahlestan Kal Chal Kateh Khurteh-ye Pain Khaleh Sar Lat Leyl Lateh Liashur Sara-ye Olya Liashur Saray-e Ostad Vali Liashur Sara-ye Sofla Lisha Kuh Mian Gavaber Pish Kuh-e Pain Pol Darreh Poshteh Sara Sang Tash Sarleyleh Sheshtanrud-e Bala Sheshtanrud-e Pain Siah Manseh-ye Bala Siah Manseh-ye Pain Tash Kola Tazehabad Zargush Otaqvar Akbar Sara Alam Sar Alikhan Sara Alman Lengeh Anbolan Sara Aqa Ali Sara Arbu Langeh Asd Sara Ashiyan Ashkal Atarud Baji Sara Bala Shekar Kesh Bandar Mahalleh Bar Gali Behesht Lat Behpesa Bagh Bijar Anjil-e Kachal Bon Birum Churi Dasht-e Olam Deh Jan Febil Gav Sara Garusi Gav Koli Gerd Gavabar Golsu Hoseyn Sara Jan Aliabad Javardeh Kachal Bon Kafsh Kal Mahalleh Kahlebun Kandsar Kandsar-e Shekar Kesh Kandsar-e Zeyn Pareh Kareh Rud Khan Khalifeh Gavabar Khana Poshtan Khanavar Sara Khomeyr Mahalleh Khorar Khorma Khortay Kish Posht Kord Sara Kuh-e Bala Kord Sara Kuh-e Pain Lak Posht Larzian Lemushposht Liseh Rud-e Tazehabad Lotf Ali Gavaber Madian Gavaber Marzalat Melaz Gavaber Mian Shekar Kesh Mohammad Jafar Mahalleh Narenjbon-e Bala Narenjbon-e Pain Navasar Neshash Noqareh Chi Mahalleh Pain Kesh Sara Pain Shekar Kesh Pashtal Sara Penu Pileh Mahalleh Porush-e Bala Porush-e Pain Sabz Ali Sara Sadat Mahalleh Salajan Sang Sara Sharif Ali Sara Shesh Kalayeh Sheshlu Silab Kesh Su Gavaber Taleb Sara Tazehabad-e Kord Sara Kuh Tiksar Vandarkesh Zohrab Ali Sara This Langarud County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"Otaqvar Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaqvar_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Otaqvar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaqvar_District"},{"link_name":"Langarud County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langarud_County"},{"link_name":"Gilan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Mohammad Jafar Mahalleh (Persian: محمدجعفرمحله, also Romanized as Moḩammad Jaʿfar Maḩalleh) is a village in Otaqvar Rural District, Otaqvar District, Langarud County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 193, in 54 families. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_kofordi	Gymnogyps	["1 Fossil species","2 References"]	Genus of birds Gymnogyps California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Cathartiformes Family: Cathartidae Genus: GymnogypsLesson, 1842 Species Gymnogyps californianus †Gymnogyps varonai †Gymnogyps amplus †Gymnogyps howardae †Gymnogyps kofordi Gymnogyps is a genus of New World vultures in the family Cathartidae. There are five known species in the genus, with only one being extant, the California condor. Fossil species Gymnogyps amplus was first described by L. H. Miller in 1911 from a broken tarsometatarsus. The species is the only condor species found in the La Brea Tar Pits' Pit 10, which fossils date to "a Holocene radiocarbon age of 9,000 years." The smaller, modern California condor may have evolved from G. amplus. Gymnogyps howardae was described from the Late Pleistocene (Lujanian) asphalt deposits known as the Talara Tar Seeps, near Talara, northwestern Peru. It lived about 126,000-12,000 years ago. Gymnogyps kofordi was described based on a right tarsometatarsus. Gymnogyps varonai is known from fossils found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene tar seep deposits in Cuba. It may have fed upon carcasses from large mammals such as ground sloths. References ^ Nadin, Elisabeth (26 October 2007). "Tracing the Roots of the California Condor". Caltech News. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 11 October 2015. ^ a b c Syverson, Valerie J.; Prothero, Donald R. (2010). "Evolutionary Patterns in Late Quaternary California Condors" (PDF). PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 7 (1). PalArch Foundation: 1–18. Retrieved 11 October 2015. ^ a b Suárez, W.; Emslie, S.D. (2003). "New fossil material with a redescription of the extinct condor Gymnogyps varonai (Arredondo, 1971) from the Quaternary of Cuba (Aves: Vulturidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 116 (1): 29–37. ^ Emslie, Steven D. (June 1988). "The Fossil History and Phylogenetic Relationships of Condors (Ciconiiformes: Vulturidae) in the New World". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 8 (2): 212–228. Bibcode:1988JVPal...8..212E. doi:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011699. JSTOR 4523192. ^ Iturralde Vinent, M.A.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Díaz Franco, S.; Rojas Consuegra, R.; Suárez, W.; Lomba, A. (2000). "Las Breas de San Felipe, a quaternary fossiliferous asphalt seep near Martí (Matanzas Province, Cuba)" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. 36 (3–4): 300–313. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2012-11-28. vteGenera of eagles, condors and their extinct allies Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Clade: Telluraves Clade: Accipitrimorphae AccipitrimorphaeCathartiformesincertae sedis †Parasarcoramphus †Teratornithidae Aiolornis Argentavis Cathartornis Oscaravis Taubatornis Teratornis Cathartidae †Aizenogyps †Brasilogyps †Breagyps Cathartes †Cathartidarum Coragyps †Diatropornis †Dryornis †Geronogyps Gymnogyps †Hadrogyps †Kuntur †Pampagyps †Phasmagyps †Perugyps †Pleistovultur †Pliogyps Sarcoramphus Vultur †Wingegyps Accipitriformes See below ↓ Accipitriformes†Horusornithidae Horusornis Pandionidae Pandion Sagittariidae †Amanuensis †Amphiserpentarius †Pelargopappus Sagittarius Accipitridaeincertae sedis †Amplibuteo †Aquilavus †Apatosagittarius †Aviraptor †"Cruschedula"? †Dynatoaetus †Gigantohierax †Gobihierax †Milvoides †Mioaegypius †Miohierax †Necrastur †Palaeohierax †Palaeastur †Palaeocircus †Palaeoplancus †"Palaetus" †Pengana †Proictinia †Promilio †Qiluornis †Titanohierax †Vinchinavis Aegypiinae Aegypius †Cryptogyps †Gansugyps Gyps Necrosyrtes Sarcogyps Torgos Trigonoceps Accipitrinae Accipiter Erythrotriorchis Megatriorchis Aquilinae Aquila Clanga Hieraaetus Ictinaetus Lophaetus Lophotriorchis Nisaetus Polemaetus Spizaetus Stephanoaetus †Archaehieraxinae Archaehierax Buteoninae †Bermuteo †Garganoaetus Buteonini Busarellus Butastur Buteo Buteogallus Cryptoleucopteryx Geranoaetus Geranospiza Helicolestes Ictinia Leucopternis Morphnarchus Parabuteo Pseudastur Rostrhamus Rupornis Milvini Haliastur Milvus Circaetinae Circaetus Dryotriorchis Eutriorchis Pithecophaga Spilornis Terathopius Circinae Circus Elaninae Chelictinia Elanus Gampsonyx Gypaetinae †Anchigyps †Arikarornis Gypaetus Gypohierax †Mioneophron †Neogyps Neophron †Neophrontops †Palaeoborus Polyboroides Haliaeetinae Haliaeetus Icthyophaga Harpaginae Harpagus Kaupifalco Microspizias Harpiinae Harpia Harpyopsis Macheiramphus Morphnus Lophospizinae Lophospiza Melieraxinae Melierax Micronisus Urotriorchis Perninae Aviceda Chondrohierax Elanoides Eutriorchis Hamirostra Henicopernis Leptodon Lophoictinia Pernis Taxon identifiersGymnogyps Wikidata: Q10763377 Wikispecies: Gymnogyps BOLD: 4424 CoL: 6369H GBIF: 2481919 iNaturalist: 4777 IRMNG: 1299466 ITIS: 175273 NCBI: 33615 Open Tree of Life: 316997 Paleobiology Database: 137181	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New World vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_vulture"},{"link_name":"Cathartidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathartidae"},{"link_name":"California condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_condor"}],"text":"Gymnogyps is a genus of New World vultures in the family Cathartidae. There are five known species in the genus, with only one being extant, the California condor.","title":"Gymnogyps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gymnogyps amplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_amplus"},{"link_name":"L. H. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._H._Miller"},{"link_name":"1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_ornithology"},{"link_name":"tarsometatarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caltech-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SyvPro-2"},{"link_name":"La Brea Tar Pits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Brea_Tar_Pits"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SyvPro-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SyvPro-2"},{"link_name":"Gymnogyps howardae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_howardae"},{"link_name":"Late Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Lujanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lujanian"},{"link_name":"asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen"},{"link_name":"Talara Tar Seeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talara_Tar_Seeps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Talara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talara"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Su%C3%A1rez2003-3"},{"link_name":"Gymnogyps kofordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_kofordi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emslie-4"},{"link_name":"Gymnogyps varonai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogyps_varonai"},{"link_name":"late Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Su%C3%A1rez2003-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IturraldeVinent2000-5"}],"text":"Gymnogyps amplus was first described by L. H. Miller in 1911 from a broken tarsometatarsus.[1][2] The species is the only condor species found in the La Brea Tar Pits' Pit 10, which fossils date to \"a Holocene radiocarbon age of 9,000 years.\"[2] The smaller, modern California condor may have evolved from G. amplus.[2]Gymnogyps howardae was described from the Late Pleistocene (Lujanian) asphalt deposits known as the Talara Tar Seeps, near Talara, northwestern Peru. It lived about 126,000-12,000 years ago.[3]Gymnogyps kofordi was described based on a right tarsometatarsus.[4]Gymnogyps varonai is known from fossils found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene tar seep deposits in Cuba. It may have fed upon carcasses from large mammals such as ground sloths.[3][5]","title":"Fossil species"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Nadin, Elisabeth (26 October 2007). \"Tracing the Roots of the California Condor\". Caltech News. California Institute of Technology. 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Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 116 (1): 29–37.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.uncw.edu/emslies/documents/SuarezandEmslie2003.pdf","url_text":"\"New fossil material with a redescription of the extinct condor Gymnogyps varonai (Arredondo, 1971) from the Quaternary of Cuba (Aves: Vulturidae)\""}]},{"reference":"Emslie, Steven D. (June 1988). \"The Fossil History and Phylogenetic Relationships of Condors (Ciconiiformes: Vulturidae) in the New World\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 8 (2): 212–228. Bibcode:1988JVPal...8..212E. doi:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011699. JSTOR 4523192.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JVPal...8..212E","url_text":"1988JVPal...8..212E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.1988.10011699","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.1988.10011699"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4523192","url_text":"4523192"}]},{"reference":"Iturralde Vinent, M.A.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Díaz Franco, S.; Rojas Consuegra, R.; Suárez, W.; Lomba, A. (2000). \"Las Breas de San Felipe, a quaternary fossiliferous asphalt seep near Martí (Matanzas Province, Cuba)\" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. 36 (3–4): 300–313. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2012-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085528/http://www.redciencia.cu/cdorigen/arca/paper/felipe.pdf","url_text":"\"Las Breas de San Felipe, a quaternary fossiliferous asphalt seep near Martí (Matanzas Province, Cuba)\""},{"url":"http://www.redciencia.cu/cdorigen/arca/paper/felipe.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.caltech.edu/news/tracing-roots-california-condor-1341","external_links_name":"\"Tracing the Roots of the California Condor\""},{"Link":"http://www.donaldprothero.com/files/92367861.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Evolutionary Patterns in Late Quaternary California Condors\""},{"Link":"http://people.uncw.edu/emslies/documents/SuarezandEmslie2003.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New fossil material with a redescription of the extinct condor Gymnogyps varonai (Arredondo, 1971) from the Quaternary of Cuba (Aves: Vulturidae)\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JVPal...8..212E","external_links_name":"1988JVPal...8..212E"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.1988.10011699","external_links_name":"10.1080/02724634.1988.10011699"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4523192","external_links_name":"4523192"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085528/http://www.redciencia.cu/cdorigen/arca/paper/felipe.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Las Breas de San Felipe, a quaternary fossiliferous asphalt seep near Martí (Matanzas Province, Cuba)\""},{"Link":"http://www.redciencia.cu/cdorigen/arca/paper/felipe.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=4424","external_links_name":"4424"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6369H","external_links_name":"6369H"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2481919","external_links_name":"2481919"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/4777","external_links_name":"4777"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1299466","external_links_name":"1299466"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175273","external_links_name":"175273"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=33615","external_links_name":"33615"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=316997","external_links_name":"316997"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=137181","external_links_name":"137181"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuraby_railway_station	Kuraby railway station	["1 History","2 Services","3 Services by platform","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 27°36′17″S 153°05′28″E / 27.6048°S 153.0912°E / -27.6048; 153.0912Railway station in Brisbane, Queensland KurabySouthbound view from Platform 1 in July 2012General informationLocationBeenleigh Road, KurabyCoordinates27°36′17″S 153°05′28″E / 27.6048°S 153.0912°E / -27.6048; 153.0912Owned byQueensland RailOperated byQueensland RailLine(s)BeenleighDistance22.49 kilometres from CentralPlatforms3 (1 side, 1 island)Tracks3ConstructionStructure typeGroundParking161 baysBicycle facilitiesYesAccessibleYesOther informationStatusStaffedStation code600221 (platform 1)600222 (platform 2)600223 (platform 3)Fare zonego card 2WebsiteTranslinkHistoryOpened1885Rebuilt2008ElectrifiedYesPrevious namesSpring CreekServices Preceding station Queensland Rail Following station Fruitgrovetowards Bowen Hills Beenleigh Line Trinder Parktowards Beenleigh Kuraby railway station is located on the Beenleigh line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the Brisbane suburb of Kuraby. Kuraby is the final station on the Beenleigh Line in the City of Brisbane, with the next station, Trinder Park, located in Logan City. History Kuraby station opened in 1885 as Spring Creek being renamed Kuraby in 1889. In 1998 work commenced on a third platform to allow Gold Coast line services to overtake Beenleigh line services. In 2008, an upgrade of the station was completed as part of the Salisbury to Kuraby triplication project. The upgrade included a new footbridge with lifts. As part of the Logan and Gold Coast Faster Rail project, the station will receive level crossing removals. Services Kuraby station is served by all stops Beenleigh line services from Beenleigh to Bowen Hills and Ferny Grove. Two evening peak hours trains services from Brisbane terminate at Kuraby. While Kuraby has two services that begin in the morning peak hour and run into Bowen Hills Services by platform Platform Line Destinations Notes 1 Beenleigh Beenleigh 2 Beenleigh Beenleigh, Bowen Hills & Ferny Grove Peak hours only 3 Beenleigh Bowen Hills & Ferny Grove References ^ "Queensland Places – Kuraby". Centre for the Government of Queensland. Retrieved 19 February 2015. ^ "EIGHT-MILE PLAINS". Logan Witness. Queensland, Australia. 10 August 1889. p. 3. Retrieved 16 February 2020 – via Trove. ^ "Brisbane Citytrain Shortlines" Railway Digest May 1998 page 15 ^ John Mickel (2 March 2008). "Salisbury to Kuraby rail upgrade paves the way for more train services". Queensland Government. ^ Salisbury to Kuraby Railway Upgrade RCP ^ "Logan and Gold Coast Faster Rail (Department of Transport and Main Roads)". sc-tmrwcmgr-cd.azurewebsites.net. Retrieved 17 February 2024. ^ "Beenleigh Line timetable". Translink. 2 March 2020. ^ Kuraby Platform 1 TransLink ^ Kuraby Platform 2 TransLink ^ Kuraby Platform 3 TransLink External links Media related to Kuraby railway station at Wikimedia Commons Kuraby station Queensland's Railways on the Internet Kuraby station Translink travel information vteQueensland Rail railway stations Rail network in South East Queensland List of closed railway stations in Brisbane Queensland Rail Citytrain services and stationsBeenleigh Bowen Hills Fortitude Valley Brisbane Central Roma Street South Brisbane South Bank Park Road Dutton Park Fairfield Yeronga Yeerongpilly Moorooka Rocklea Salisbury Coopers Plains Banoon Sunnybank Altandi Runcorn Fruitgrove Kuraby Trinder Park Woodridge Kingston Loganlea Bethania Edens Landing Holmview Beenleigh Airport and Gold Coast Beenleigh and Ferny Grove Caboolture/Sunshine Coast and Ipswich/Rosewood Doomben Exhibition Redcliffe Peninsula and Springfield Shorncliffe and Cleveland Queensland Rail Travel services and stations Spirit of Queensland Spirit of the Outback Tilt Train The Westlander The Inlander Gulflander Kuranda Scenic Railway Stations and services in italics are planned or under construction	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beenleigh line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenleigh_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Kuraby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuraby"},{"link_name":"Beenleigh Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenleigh_railway_line"},{"link_name":"City of Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Trinder Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinder_Park_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Logan City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_City"}],"text":"Railway station in Brisbane, QueenslandKuraby railway station is located on the Beenleigh line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the Brisbane suburb of Kuraby. Kuraby is the final station on the Beenleigh Line in the City of Brisbane, with the next station, Trinder Park, located in Logan City.","title":"Kuraby railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Beenleigh line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenleigh_railway_line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_railway_station,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"footbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footbridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Kuraby station opened in 1885 as Spring Creek being renamed Kuraby in 1889.[1][2] In 1998 work commenced on a third platform to allow Gold Coast line services to overtake Beenleigh line services.[3] In 2008, an upgrade of the station was completed as part of the Salisbury to Kuraby triplication project. The upgrade included a new footbridge with lifts.[4][5] As part of the Logan and Gold Coast Faster Rail project, the station will receive level crossing removals.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beenleigh line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenleigh_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Beenleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenleigh_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bowen Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen_Hills_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ferny Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferny_Grove_railway_station"},{"link_name":"services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_service"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Kuraby station is served by all stops Beenleigh line services from Beenleigh to Bowen Hills and Ferny Grove. Two evening peak hours trains services from Brisbane terminate at Kuraby. While Kuraby has two services that begin in the morning peak hour and run into Bowen Hills[7]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Services by platform"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Queensland Places – Kuraby\". Centre for the Government of Queensland. Retrieved 19 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.queenslandplaces.com.au/kuraby","url_text":"\"Queensland Places – Kuraby\""}]},{"reference":"\"EIGHT-MILE PLAINS\". Logan Witness. Queensland, Australia. 10 August 1889. p. 3. Retrieved 16 February 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article163893318","url_text":"\"EIGHT-MILE PLAINS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Witness","url_text":"Logan Witness"}]},{"reference":"John Mickel (2 March 2008). \"Salisbury to Kuraby rail upgrade paves the way for more train services\". Queensland Government.","urls":[{"url":"http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/Id/56798","url_text":"\"Salisbury to Kuraby rail upgrade paves the way for more train services\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Logan and Gold Coast Faster Rail (Department of Transport and Main Roads)\". sc-tmrwcmgr-cd.azurewebsites.net. Retrieved 17 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sc-tmrwcmgr-cd.azurewebsites.net/projects/logan-and-gold-coast-faster-rail","url_text":"\"Logan and Gold Coast Faster Rail (Department of Transport and Main Roads)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beenleigh Line timetable\". Translink. 2 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://jp.translink.com.au/plan-your-journey/timetables/train/t/beenleigh-line","url_text":"\"Beenleigh Line timetable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translink_(Queensland)","url_text":"Translink"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuraby_railway_station&params=27.6048_S_153.0912_E_type:railwaystation_region:AU-QLD","external_links_name":"27°36′17″S 153°05′28″E / 27.6048°S 153.0912°E / -27.6048; 153.0912"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuraby_railway_station&params=27.6048_S_153.0912_E_type:railwaystation_region:AU-QLD","external_links_name":"27°36′17″S 153°05′28″E / 27.6048°S 153.0912°E / -27.6048; 153.0912"},{"Link":"https://jp.translink.com.au/plan-your-journey/stops/kuraby-station","external_links_name":"Translink"},{"Link":"http://www.queenslandplaces.com.au/kuraby","external_links_name":"\"Queensland Places – Kuraby\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article163893318","external_links_name":"\"EIGHT-MILE PLAINS\""},{"Link":"http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/Id/56798","external_links_name":"\"Salisbury to Kuraby rail upgrade paves the way for more train services\""},{"Link":"http://rcp.net.au/projects/infrastructure/salisbury-to-kuraby-railway-upgrade/","external_links_name":"Salisbury to Kuraby Railway Upgrade"},{"Link":"https://sc-tmrwcmgr-cd.azurewebsites.net/projects/logan-and-gold-coast-faster-rail","external_links_name":"\"Logan and Gold Coast Faster Rail (Department of Transport and Main Roads)\""},{"Link":"https://jp.translink.com.au/plan-your-journey/timetables/train/t/beenleigh-line","external_links_name":"\"Beenleigh Line timetable\""},{"Link":"https://jp.translink.com.au/plan-your-journey/stops/600221/timetable","external_links_name":"Kuraby Platform 1"},{"Link":"https://jp.translink.com.au/plan-your-journey/stops/600222/timetable","external_links_name":"Kuraby Platform 2"},{"Link":"https://jp.translink.com.au/plan-your-journey/stops/600223/timetable","external_links_name":"Kuraby Platform 3"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907230237/http://www.qroti.com/placeinfo/qld/rail/kuraby/","external_links_name":"Kuraby station"},{"Link":"https://jp.translink.com.au/plan-your-journey/stops/kuraby-station","external_links_name":"Kuraby station"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakshi_Agarwal	Sakshi Agarwal	["1 Career","2 Filmography","2.1 Music video","3 Television","4 References","5 External links"]	Indian actress and model Sakshi AgarwalAgarwal in 2018NationalityIndianOccupationsActressmodelYears active2013–presentTelevisionBigg Boss Tamil 3 Sakshi Agarwal is an Indian actress and model who has appeared in Tamil films and in a few Kannada and Malayalam films. After beginning her working career as a marketing consultant, she pursued acting and garnered attention through part time modelling commitments. Since then she has taken up various lead and supporting roles in South Indian films. She was also a contestant in the Tamil reality TV show Bigg Boss Tamil 3. Career A native of Nainital, Agarwal studied at Good Shepherd Convent, Chennai, completed a bachelor's degree in information technology at St. Joseph's College of Engineering and then an MBA degree at Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship She then pursued a career as a marketing consultant, first working with Tata Consultancy Services and then Infosys during 2010. After taking part in a charity fashion show for a friend, Sakshi was approached by a modelling recruiter who introduced her to advertisement directors. Sakshi subsequently started taking up commercial assignments during her weekends, appearing as a model on print, television and fashion shows. She appeared in Malabar Gold's advert alongside Suriya, and later chose to quit her job at Infosys in January 2013 to take up a career as an actress. Agarwal then shot for a video album titled Jillinu Oru Kalavaram, learnt dance from Shiamak Davar and worked on acting skills with Ratan Thakore Theatre Group, to prepare herself for the film industry. She sought out acting opportunities in the Tamil and Kannada film industries, and signed her first film projects during early 2013. She was first cast by director Tejaswi in a Kannada film titled Heddari, which she completed filming by August 2013. Her first release was a little known Tamil tele-film titled No Parking, while her first theatrical release was Atlee's Raja Rani (2013), where she portrayed a small role in one scene. Among her early films, Heddari and another proposed Kannada-Tamil bilingual titled Karaab Story by Prathap Gowda did not eventually release. Her first film release in a leading role was the Kannada comedy drama, Software Ganda (2014), where she portrayed an office worker. In 2015 and 2016, she appeared in a series of low-budget Tamil films as the main lead featuring in a variety of roles. For one particular song in Ka Ka Ka Po, she dressed up in nine different avatars, while in Adhyan, she played a fashion student. Other films she was attached to in the period were the unreleased Jeyikkira Kuthira, where she played a negative role, and Brahma.com, which she later opted out from. In early 2017, Agarwal did a three-week intensive course at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute, and has since been attached to an indie English film titled Cherubs. Sakshi then appeared in Pa. Ranjith's Kaala (2018) as a Hindi-speaking daughter-in-law of Rajinikanth's character. Agarwal auditioned for the role three times and noted her elation at being selected for the film. She later made her debut in the Malayalam film industry through the comedy drama, Orayiram Kinakkalal (2018), portraying the caring wife of Biju Menon's character. In 2021 Agarwal went to play the female lead role in Vinoo Venkatesh's Cindrella, a Horror Thriller film, starring Raai Laxmi. The film opens high positive reviews from critics, Agarwal praises her performance in the film. Her second release was Aranmanai 3, alongside Sundar C., received mixed reviews. In 2019, she took part in Star Vijay's Bigg Boss Tamil 3 and was evicted on Day 49, following her being the contestant with the least vote count. She is also a part of Bagheera starring Prabhu Deva along with Gopinath Ravi who is Rubaru Mr. India 2021 winner as her boy friend. Filmography Key † Denotes films that have not yet been released As Actress All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted. Year Film(s) Role(s) Notes Ref. 2013 Raja Rani Girl ordering Cappuchino Uncredited 2014 Software Ganda Nancy Kannada film 2015 Yoogan Pooja Thiruttu VCD Sakshi Adhyan Anamika 2016 Ka Ka Ka Po Kavitha Punyakodi 2018 Orayiram Kinakkalal Preethi Malayalam film Kaala Kaala's daughter-in-law 2019 Viswasam Niranjana's colleague 2021 Kutty Story Maya Anthology film; Segment: Logam Teddy Dr. Priya Guest Appearance Cinderella Ramya Aranmanai 3 Hema 4 Sorry Yamuna Anthology film; Segment: 2k Kannagi 2023 Naan Kadavul Illai Leena Bagheera Reshma 2024 Guest : Chapter 2† TBA Post-production The Night † TBA Post-production Music video Year Song Co star Music director Notes 2021 Yo Baby Sridhar Santhosh Narayanan New year special song As Dubbing artist Year Film Actress 2019 Action Akanksha Puri Television Year Show Name Role Channel Notes 2018 Soppanna Sundari Judge Sun TV 2019 Bigg Boss Tamil 3 Contestant Star Vijay Evicted, Day 49 2022 Kannana Kanne Sakshi Sun TV Special Appearance in special episode References ^ "Kaala girl Sakshi Agarwal makes Mollywood debut with Biju Menon", The Indian Express (19 December 2017). Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Placemenets 2010. xime.org ^ Sivakumar, Anushka (3 June, 3014) In love with the uncertainties. Deccan Herald ^ a b From IT to Sandalwood. Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Happy hues for Sakshi Agarwal. Daily News and Analysis. (17 December 2012). Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Telugu: Newbie Sakshi Agarwal cries casting couch? \| Kannada Movie News – The Times of India. The Times of India. (19 December 2013). Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Techies & doctors invade silver screen in Karnataka \| Bengaluru News – The Times of India. The Times of India. (25 August 2013). Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Model on the role. The New Indian Express (15 May 2014). Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Which Kannada film do YOU want to watch this weekend? – Rediff.com movies. Rediff.com (5 December 2014). Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Busy times ahead for Sakshi. The Hindu (11 September 2015). Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Menon, Thinkal V. (24 July 2015) Sakshi to don nine avatars for a song. Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Raghavan, Nikhil (25 October 2014) Etcetera: Charting his own course. The Hindu. Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Suganth, M. (16 January 2017) Thiruttu VCD: I am a Chennai girl: Sakshi. The Times of India. Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Jaikira Kuthirai: Sakshi to be seen in a much bolder avatar. Hindustan Times (19 September 2016). Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Subramanian, Anupama (17 February 2016) Getting her swimsuit act right. Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Sahasranaman, Sruthi. (15 February 2017) Sakshi Aggarwal All Set For Hollywood Debut –. Silverscreen.in. Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Kaala actor Sakshi Agarwal on Rajinikanth: I was star struck when I first met him. The Indian Express (31 October 2017). Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Sakshi Agarwal's next is Kaala. Deccan Chronicle. (1 June 2017). Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Kaala actress Sakshi Agarwal to debut in Mollywood. The Times of India (18 December 2017). Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Sreekumar, Priya (29 March 2018) There's a method to Sakshi Agarwal's acting. Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 3: 'Do not drag cultural differences here', Sakshi Agarwal clears the air and cries. timesnownews.com (26 July 2019) However her appearance on Bigg Boss Tamil 3 boosted her popularity and image and has leade her to sign on to appear in lead and supporting roles in a number of tamil films ^ Sakshi Agarwal plays a village belle in Ezhil's comedy. The Times of India (18 May 2019). Retrieved 9 September 2019. ^ "Rubaru Mr. India 2020-21, Gopinath Ravi all set to make his Kollywood debut with 'Bagheera'". GrehIndia. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021. ^ Torkham, Sulabha (1 October 2020). "Sakshi Agarwal who played Rajinikanth's daughter-in-law in Kaala shares photos with him". India Today. Retrieved 5 October 2022. ^ "Sakshi Agarwal: First time Experience ?". indiaherald.com. Retrieved 5 October 2022. ^ "Vijay Sethupathi, Amala Paul part of upcoming Tamil anthology 'Kutti Love Story'". The News Minute. 2 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ Subramanian, Anupama (20 October 2019). "Cinderella steers clears of horror cliches". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 2 June 2021. ^ "Aranmanai 3 censored with U/A certificate". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ Loren, Sophia. "4 Story Tamil Movie Trailer Starring Sakshi Agarwal Released". News Bricks. Retrieved 22 October 2021. ^ "Sakshi Agarwal starts dubbing for SAC's Naan Kadavul Illai". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 September 2021. ^ "Watch: Trailer of Prabhu Deva starrer 'Bagheera' is loaded with suspense". The News Minute. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021. ^ "VFX Work of 'Guest: Chapter 2' Handled By Team From Hong Kong". Outlook India. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022. ^ "The Night: Cricketer R Ashwin Unveils the First Poster of Vidhu and Sakshi Agarwal Starrer Film (View Pic)". Sports Grind Entertainment. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021. ^ "Sakshi Agarwal has dubbed for Action". The Times of India. Retrieved 16 July 2022. External links Sakshi Agarwal at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bigg Boss Tamil 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigg_Boss_Tamil_3"}],"text":"Sakshi Agarwal is an Indian actress and model who has appeared in Tamil films and in a few Kannada and Malayalam films. After beginning her working career as a marketing consultant, she pursued acting and garnered attention through part time modelling commitments. Since then she has taken up various lead and supporting roles in South Indian films.[1] She was also a contestant in the Tamil reality TV show Bigg Boss Tamil 3.","title":"Sakshi Agarwal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nainital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nainital"},{"link_name":"Good Shepherd Convent, Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Shepherd_Convent,_Chennai"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph's College of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_College_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Institute_of_Management_and_Entrepreneurship"},{"link_name":"Tata Consultancy Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services"},{"link_name":"Infosys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infosys"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Suriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deccanchronicle1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Atlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlee_(director)"},{"link_name":"Raja Rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Rani_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deccanchronicle1-4"},{"link_name":"Software Ganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Ganda"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ka Ka Ka Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_Ka_Ka_Po"},{"link_name":"Adhyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhyan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jeyikkira Kuthira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeyikkira_Kuthira"},{"link_name":"Brahma.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma.com"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Strasberg_Theatre_and_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pa. Ranjith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa._Ranjith"},{"link_name":"Kaala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaala_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Rajinikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinikanth"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Orayiram Kinakkalal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orayiram_Kinakkalal"},{"link_name":"Biju Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biju_Menon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cindrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(2021_horror_film)"},{"link_name":"Horror Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_Thriller"},{"link_name":"Raai Laxmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raai_Laxmi"},{"link_name":"Aranmanai 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranmanai_3"},{"link_name":"Sundar C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_C."},{"link_name":"Star Vijay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Vijay"},{"link_name":"Bigg Boss Tamil 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigg_Boss_Tamil_3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Prabhu Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhu_Deva"},{"link_name":"Gopinath Ravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopinath_Ravi"},{"link_name":"Rubaru Mr. India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaru_Mr._India"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"A native of Nainital, Agarwal studied at Good Shepherd Convent, Chennai, completed a bachelor's degree in information technology at St. Joseph's College of Engineering and then an MBA degree at Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship She then pursued a career as a marketing consultant, first working with Tata Consultancy Services and then Infosys during 2010.[2] After taking part in a charity fashion show for a friend, Sakshi was approached by a modelling recruiter who introduced her to advertisement directors. Sakshi subsequently started taking up commercial assignments during her weekends, appearing as a model on print, television and fashion shows. She appeared in Malabar Gold's advert alongside Suriya, and later chose to quit her job at Infosys in January 2013 to take up a career as an actress.[3][4] Agarwal then shot for a video album titled Jillinu Oru Kalavaram, learnt dance from Shiamak Davar and worked on acting skills with Ratan Thakore Theatre Group, to prepare herself for the film industry. She sought out acting opportunities in the Tamil and Kannada film industries, and signed her first film projects during early 2013.[5][6]She was first cast by director Tejaswi in a Kannada film titled Heddari, which she completed filming by August 2013.[7] Her first release was a little known Tamil tele-film titled No Parking, while her first theatrical release was Atlee's Raja Rani (2013), where she portrayed a small role in one scene. Among her early films, Heddari and another proposed Kannada-Tamil bilingual titled Karaab Story by Prathap Gowda did not eventually release.[8][4] Her first film release in a leading role was the Kannada comedy drama, Software Ganda (2014), where she portrayed an office worker.[9] In 2015 and 2016, she appeared in a series of low-budget Tamil films as the main lead featuring in a variety of roles. For one particular song in Ka Ka Ka Po, she dressed up in nine different avatars, while in Adhyan, she played a fashion student.[10][11][12][13] Other films she was attached to in the period were the unreleased Jeyikkira Kuthira, where she played a negative role, and Brahma.com, which she later opted out from.[14][15]In early 2017, Agarwal did a three-week intensive course at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute, and has since been attached to an indie English film titled Cherubs.[16] Sakshi then appeared in Pa. Ranjith's Kaala (2018) as a Hindi-speaking daughter-in-law of Rajinikanth's character. Agarwal auditioned for the role three times and noted her elation at being selected for the film.[17][18] She later made her debut in the Malayalam film industry through the comedy drama, Orayiram Kinakkalal (2018), portraying the caring wife of Biju Menon's character.[19][20]In 2021 Agarwal went to play the female lead role in Vinoo Venkatesh's Cindrella, a Horror Thriller film, starring Raai Laxmi. The film opens high positive reviews from critics, Agarwal praises her performance in the film. Her second release was Aranmanai 3, alongside Sundar C., received mixed reviews.In 2019, she took part in Star Vijay's Bigg Boss Tamil 3 and was evicted on Day 49, following her being the contestant with the least vote count.[21][22] She is also a part of Bagheera starring Prabhu Deva along with Gopinath Ravi who is Rubaru Mr. India 2021 winner as her boy friend.[23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As ActressAll films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music video","text":"As Dubbing artist","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Television"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Rubaru Mr. India 2020-21, Gopinath Ravi all set to make his Kollywood debut with 'Bagheera'\". GrehIndia. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210628012820/https://www.grehindia.com/rubaru-mr-india-2020-21-gopinath-ravi-all-set-to-make-his-kollywood-debut-with-bagheera/","url_text":"\"Rubaru Mr. India 2020-21, Gopinath Ravi all set to make his Kollywood debut with 'Bagheera'\""},{"url":"https://www.grehindia.com/rubaru-mr-india-2020-21-gopinath-ravi-all-set-to-make-his-kollywood-debut-with-bagheera/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Torkham, Sulabha (1 October 2020). \"Sakshi Agarwal who played Rajinikanth's daughter-in-law in Kaala shares photos with him\". India Today. Retrieved 5 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sakshi-agarwal-who-played-rajinikanth-s-daughter-in-law-in-kaala-shares-photos-with-him-1727389-2020-10-01","url_text":"\"Sakshi Agarwal who played Rajinikanth's daughter-in-law in Kaala shares photos with him\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sakshi Agarwal: First time Experience ?\". indiaherald.com. Retrieved 5 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994471649/Sakshi-Agarwal-First-time-Experience","url_text":"\"Sakshi Agarwal: First time Experience ?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vijay Sethupathi, Amala Paul part of upcoming Tamil anthology 'Kutti Love Story'\". The News Minute. 2 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-amala-paul-part-upcoming-tamil-anthology-kutti-love-story-142638","url_text":"\"Vijay Sethupathi, Amala Paul part of upcoming Tamil anthology 'Kutti Love Story'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_Minute","url_text":"The News Minute"}]},{"reference":"Subramanian, Anupama (20 October 2019). \"Cinderella steers clears of horror cliches\". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/201019/cinderella-steers-clears-of-horror-cliches.html","url_text":"\"Cinderella steers clears of horror cliches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aranmanai 3 censored with U/A certificate\". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aranmanai-3-censored-with-u/a-certificate/articleshow/86200565.cms","url_text":"\"Aranmanai 3 censored with U/A certificate\""}]},{"reference":"Loren, Sophia. \"4 Story Tamil Movie Trailer Starring Sakshi Agarwal Released\". News Bricks. Retrieved 22 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsbricks.com/entertainment/4-story-tamil-movie-trailer-starring-sakshi-agarwal-released/08983","url_text":"\"4 Story Tamil Movie Trailer Starring Sakshi Agarwal Released\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sakshi Agarwal starts dubbing for SAC's Naan Kadavul Illai\". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sakshi-agarwal-starts-dubbing-for-sacs-naan-kadavul-illai/articleshow/80099056.cms","url_text":"\"Sakshi Agarwal starts dubbing for SAC's Naan Kadavul Illai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch: Trailer of Prabhu Deva starrer 'Bagheera' is loaded with suspense\". The News Minute. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-trailer-prabhu-deva-starrer-bagheera-loaded-suspense-144085","url_text":"\"Watch: Trailer of Prabhu Deva starrer 'Bagheera' is loaded with suspense\""}]},{"reference":"\"VFX Work of 'Guest: Chapter 2' Handled By Team From Hong Kong\". Outlook India. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vfx-work-of-guest-chapter-2-handled-by-team-from-hong-kong-news-204492","url_text":"\"VFX Work of 'Guest: Chapter 2' Handled By Team From Hong Kong\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Night: Cricketer R Ashwin Unveils the First Poster of Vidhu and Sakshi Agarwal Starrer Film (View Pic)\". Sports Grind Entertainment. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportsgrindentertainment.com/the-night-cricketer-r-ashwin-unveils-the-first-poster-of-vidhu-and-sakshi-agarwal-starrer-film-view-pic/","url_text":"\"The Night: Cricketer R Ashwin Unveils the First Poster of Vidhu and Sakshi Agarwal Starrer Film (View Pic)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sakshi Agarwal has dubbed for Action\". The Times of India. Retrieved 16 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sakshi-agarwal-has-dubbed-for-action/articleshow/72084074.cms","url_text":"\"Sakshi Agarwal has dubbed for Action\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kaala-girl-sakshi-agarwal-makes-mollywood-debut-with-biju-menon-4989367/","external_links_name":"Kaala girl Sakshi Agarwal makes Mollywood debut with Biju Menon"},{"Link":"http://xime.org/uploads/archives/Batch14_20160929110528.pdf","external_links_name":"Placemenets 2010"},{"Link":"https://www.deccanherald.com/content/411185/in-love-uncertainties.html","external_links_name":"In love with the uncertainties"},{"Link":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131113/entertainment-sandalwood/article/it-sandalwood","external_links_name":"From IT to Sandalwood"},{"Link":"https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-happy-hues-for-sakshi-agarwal-1778602","external_links_name":"Happy hues for Sakshi 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movies"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/sakshi-agarwal-is-gearing-up-with-three-releases/article7641575.ece","external_links_name":"Busy times ahead for Sakshi"},{"Link":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150724/entertainment-kollywood/article/sakshi-don-nine-avatars-song","external_links_name":"Sakshi to don nine avatars for a song"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-snippets/article6533169.ece","external_links_name":"Etcetera: Charting his own course"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-am-a-Chennai-girl-Sakshi/articleshow/44924802.cms","external_links_name":"Thiruttu VCD: I am a Chennai girl: Sakshi"},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jaikira-kuthirai-sakshi-to-be-seen-in-a-much-bolder-avatar/story-A4b6id8LZHvwumZtlMiiUO.html","external_links_name":"Jaikira Kuthirai: Sakshi to be seen in a much bolder 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Jill_Robinson	J. Jill Robinson	["1 Making of a writer","2 Short story collections","2.1 Saltwater Trees","2.2 Lovely In Her Bones","2.3 Eggplant Wife","2.4 Residual Desire","3 Debut novel","4 Influences","5 Awards and honours","6 References","7 Bibliography"]	Canadian writer, editor and teacher (born 1955) J. Jill RobinsonRobinson in July 2021Born (1955-06-16) June 16, 1955 (age 68)Langley, British Columbia, CanadaOccupationWriter, editor.Alma materUniversity of Alaska FairbanksPeriod1991 to presentGenreFiction, Creative nonfictionNotable worksSaltwater Trees (1991) Lovely In Her Bones (1993) Eggplant Wife (1995) Residual Desire (2003) More in Anger (2012) Jacqueline Jill Robinson (born June 16, 1955) is a Canadian writer and editor. She is the author of a novel and four collections of short stories. Her fiction and creative nonfiction have appeared in a wide variety of magazines and literary journals including Geist, the Antigonish Review, Event, Prairie Fire and the Windsor Review. Her novel, More In Anger, published in 2012, tells the stories of three generations of mothers and daughters who bear the emotional scars of loveless marriages, corrosive anger and misogyny. Robinson has won numerous literary competitions including two Western Magazine Awards, two Saskatchewan Book Awards, two prizes for creative nonfiction from Event magazine, the PRISM international fiction contest and the Howard O'Hagan award for short fiction from the Writers' Guild of Alberta. Her novel and stories have also won critical acclaim for their vivid characters, spare writing and tragic themes that nevertheless convey humour and hope. Robinson was appointed writer-in-residence at the Regina Public Library for 2020–2021. She was the 24th writer-in-residence at the Saskatoon Public Library during 2004–2005. From 1995 to 1999, she was editor of the literary magazine Grain, published quarterly by the Saskatchewan Writers' Guild. She has taught English literature and creative writing at the Universities of Calgary and Saskatchewan, at St. Peter's College in Muenster, Saskatchewan and at the First Nations University of Canada. Robinson was married to the poet Steven Ross Smith (1999 to 2022) and is the mother of a son, Emmett H Robinson Smith, born in 1995. She lives on Galiano Island in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Making of a writer J. Jill Robinson was born in Langley, British Columbia in 1955, but she also had family ties to Alberta. Her mother grew up in Calgary while her father, a doctor, was from Banff. In 1979, she moved to Calgary where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in drama and English literature as well as a Master's degree in 19th century American literature at the University of Calgary. Her Master's thesis was entitled, The circumferential vision: love and death in the poetry of Emily Dickinson. In 1987, while attending the Banff Centre for the Arts, where she encountered writers from across the country, Robinson realized that she wanted to be a writer herself. From 1988 to 1991, she studied creative writing at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, with among others, Frank Soos and Peggy Shumaker, earning a Master of Fine Arts degree. "I was the only Canadian in a graduate program with just 12 students in it...and it was great," she told a reporter in 2004. She added that the program provided her with "a toolbox of skills and techniques" while giving her a chance to read a wide variety of American writers. Short story collections Saltwater Trees Robinson earned a Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Alaska in 1990. Her MFA thesis consisted of writings that later became the basis for Saltwater Trees, her first collection of short stories published in 1991 when she was 36. The Writers' Guild of Alberta awarded Saltwater Trees its Howard O'Hagan prize for short fiction. Reviewer Mary Walters Riskin noted the book was a fine beginning to Robinson's career. "One of the most refreshing aspects of this collection is that so many of the 13 stories in Saltwater Trees rise out of the insanities, the batterings and the drudgeries of real life to end on notes of hope," Riskin wrote. Lovely In Her Bones I am always alone. Always thinking. In, and in, and in unto myself. I tell you, the world is the inside of my head. – From Lovely In Her Bones by J. Jill Robinson. In 1993, J. Jill Robinson published Lovely In Her Bones, a collection of 11 stories including "Finding Linette," co-winner of Event magazine's 1992 prize for creative nonfiction. Calgary journalist and author Ken McGoogan, who interviewed Robinson about the new book, described "Finding Linette" as a "technically sophisticated" story that "intercuts the straight-ahead tale of a family's Christmas gathering with memories—and conflicting versions—of the long-ago death of a child." Robinson warned, however, that although the story was based on "family mythology" and other stories in the book came from her own experience, they should not be read too literally. "People are using a more liberal definition of nonfiction," she said. "There's a lot more freedom of structure and angle. A lot more room for imagination." Lovely In Her Bones received favourable reviews. The Globe and Mail critic John Doyle wrote that the stories were ones of "quiet self absorption" adding: "Fortunately, they are written in a clear, lucid prose and often attain a rhythm that saves them from static solipsism." He summed up the collection as "a mosaic of sharply observed events and incidents" calling it the "best type of short story collection" and adding: "At the close of the collection the mosaic has taken shape and stands as a radiant insight into the power of painful memories." The Globe's book editors listed Lovely In Her Bones as "among the books we couldn't put down in 1993." In the Edmonton Journal, reviewer Valerie Compton pointed to Robinson's passage that begins, "I am always alone. Always thinking..." as evidence of both the strengths and weaknesses of Lovely In Her Bones. She called the stories "so pared down, so reduced to wistful contemplation that it is almost enervating. Almost, but not quite, because these stories depend for their effects on insights we might not achieve without spending a good long time inside a character's head." Eggplant Wife J. Jill Robinson moved from Calgary to Saskatoon in 1993 to join the writer, Steven Ross Smith whom she would later marry. In 1995, she published Eggplant Wife, a novella and short stories. The collection was shortlisted for the 1996 Saskatchewan Book Award. A review in the Edmonton Journal noted Robinson's "flair for domestic drama and detail. The plotting is almost incidental to the emotional states of the characters." The novella tells the story of a young couple who leave Vancouver to move into his parents' prairie farmhouse. Mitch had paid for his parents' trip to Hawaii where they were swept away by a wave. The eggplant of the title refers to a bowl of ceramic fruits and vegetables in the farmhouse kitchen. In 1995, Robinson gave birth to her son Emmett. During her years in Saskatchewan, she also taught creative writing at St. Peter's College in Muenster as well as at the First Nations University of Canada. Robinson served for four years, from 1995 to 1999, as editor of the quarterly literary magazine Grain: the journal of eclectic writing dividing her time between her own writing in the mornings and editing in the afternoons. Residual Desire In 2003, Robinson published Residual Desire, her fourth collection of short stories. The book captured two Saskatchewan Book Awards and earned praise from critics such as Verne Clemence. "The stories in this excellent collection are character-driven," he wrote. "The prose is spare and well crafted. The stories are edgy as befits the dark themes that drive them, but there is hope too, and more than one rueful laugh at those delightful foibles that mark us all as human." A review in ForeWord magazine noted that Residual Desire is an "unsentimental examination" of women's lives. "Robinson's stories are dramatic and heart wrenching, but, impressively, there's nothing heavy-handed or unbelievable in her delivery," the review added. "Her characters probe the most vulnerable underbellies of their lives—lost loves, aging fathers, jealous sisterhoods—and push the reader to do the same." I am generally a fan of sparely written prose; a character's suffering can be laid so bare the reader winces because she can't shy away. – From a book review by J. Jill Robinson. During an interview about Residual Desire, Robinson agreed that her work could be described as unsentimental and heart wrenching. "One of the things that gets me writing is sadness," she said. "When you're happy and joyful, you don't need so much to pick up a pen to try to fathom or understand life...If a story of mine helps somebody see that there's another way through a really difficult, or seemingly impossible situation, I feel good," she added. "That's one of the reasons I write." She told another journalist she was pleased with Residual Desire. "I'm happy with all of the stories," she said. "Each one of them is the best that I can make it." Residual Desire includes "Deja Vu" a story commissioned by CBC Radio on the recommendation of Guy Vanderhaeghe, winner of two Governor General's Literary Awards. "It's about a woman who's on her way to the Coast stops in Calgary and on a whim, decides to visit her ex-husband," Robinson told a journalist. "It's about how memory works, and yearning for and re-visiting the things that have played an important part in your life." From September 1, 2004, to May 31, 2005, Robinson served as the 24th writer-in-residence at the Saskatoon Public Library. In 2009, she and her family moved from Saskatoon to Banff, Alberta where she now lives. Debut novel Robinson authored More In Anger, a novel published in 2012. It tells the stories of three women from an unhappy family beset by the corrosive anger passed on from one generation to the next. The novel is divided into three sections named after the unlucky Opal, her emotionally cold daughter Pearl and her troubled granddaughter Vivien. It opens in 1915 with Opal's marriage to a misogynistic lawyer whose coldness and cruelty toward his wife and daughters reverberates through succeeding generations in loveless marriages and broken relationships. The novel ends as Vivien struggles to break free from her family's legacy of anger so that her own daughter can escape its destructive cycle. The idea for the novel came, Robinson says, after her son was born in 1995, the year she turned 40. "The combination of being 40 and then his being born made me start thinking about mortality and generations and legacies," she told a journalist. She added that along with physical traits such as red hair, families pass on less pleasant characteristics such as a tendency toward anger. "I wanted to explore what happens when a negative legacy is passed through generations and how it affects, not only the angry person, but the person around her or him: the children, the spouse. Although you can't do much about red hair, if that's what's running in your family, there is something you can do about emotional inheritance." Robinson says she struggled with the novel for 10 years and found it frustrating trying to find "a sense of structure, or narrative thrust, to make it work." She adds that she found the novel much harder than writing short stories. "I'm a fairly organic writer, so I don't construct my stories. That works fine for short stories. But when you have hundreds of pages of material, it's really way harder to be organic about it." In 2003, she told another journalist that she preferred writing short stories. "I like the smaller, more intense, more narrow focus," she said. "I like to know where the edges are. You can move the boundaries by making the story longer or shorter, but you know where they are. Which isn't the case with the novel." Initial critical reaction to Robinson's novel was mixed. A reviewer for The Globe and Mail observed: "Countless novels have been written about family dysfunction, but few so precisely capture verbal abuse and its long-lasting psychological effects...Character and the overt ways in which ridicule and mistreatment shape the psyche are where Robinson overwhelmingly succeeds." TheToronto Star, however, called the novel "relentlessly depressing" adding that Robinson "provides nothing uplifting or enlightening for her readers." A reviewer for the Winnipeg Free Press described More in Anger as a "compassionate" book "sombre yet gripping" adding that even though readers know from the beginning things won't turn out well, they "remain steadfastly horrified, fascinated and curious, all at the same time." While a reviewer for the Times Colonist called the novel's pacing "enjoyably swift," he felt two of the main characters were not fully drawn and that Robinson had not solved all of the technical problems in her transition from short story to novel writing. On the other hand, an online reviewer wrote that the strength of the novel lay in its "three-dimensional" characters adding that "Robinson writes about families and the love that both binds them together and tears them apart with a psychological insight that can make you cringe with recognition." Robinson herself acknowledges that her novel is "bleak and dark and painful and unhappy." She adds that as a reader, she's more intrigued by stories like that than by ones about happiness. "I find it much more engaging to read about the struggle of the human condition. The search for love and search for fulfilment and search for meaning in life. All that is not lighthearted material." Influences Robinson once explained that her artistic inspiration came from the American writer William Faulkner who believed that matters of the heart are the only things worth writing about. She has also said that she loves the intensity of short stories adding that Raymond Carver was one of her main influences. "I like the way Carver writes dialogue, the spareness, so that when he's writing about something painful, it can make you wince at how naked it is," Robinson told an interviewer. "There's no padding." Master short story writer, Alice Munro was another strong influence. "If I could write anything like Munro," she once said, "I would fall to my knees and praise the sky." Robinson explains that her stories are based on personal experience, her own or someone she knows. "They begin with the truth," she says, "but as it changes into fiction, truth itself changes in order that it can do what is necessary for the story." Awards and honours J. Jill Robinson's work has won a variety of awards including the PRISM international fiction contest; Event magazine's creative nonfiction contest (twice); two Gold Western Magazine awards; two Saskatchewan Book awards and the Howard O'Hagan Prize for short fiction. She won an Honourable Mention in the National Magazine Awards for "The Letter," a piece of personal journalism. Her short story collection Lovely In Her Bones was on the Globe and Mail's top 100 books list for 1993. Residual Desire won a silver medal in ForeWord magazine's Book of the Year Awards in 2004. And, CBC Radio commissioned the story Deja Vu for broadcast in 1998. References ^ a b c d e f "The Writers' Union of Canada". Retrieved 2012-06-04. ^ a b c d e f Volmers, Eric. "J. Jill Robinson explores dark inheritances in new novel: More in Anger," Calgary Herald, June 1, 2012. ^ a b "Saskatchewan Archival Information Network". Retrieved 2011-09-19. ^ a b c d Clemence, Verne. "Happy endings can't be guaranteed," The StarPhoenix (Saskatoon), October 25, 2003, p. E13. ^ "Writer in Residence". Regina Public Library. Retrieved 2020-09-08. ^ "Member Profile". The Writers' Union of Canada. Retrieved July 16, 2022. ^ Robinson, Jacqueline Jill (1985). University of Calgary Institutional Repository. University of Calgary. doi:10.11575/PRISM/11388. ISBN 9780315220782. Retrieved 2011-09-26. ^ a b c McGoogan, Ken. "NON-FICTION BOUNDARIES BLUR," Calgary Herald, April 3, 1993, p. D13. ^ Paulson, Joanne. "Robinson natural writer," The StarPhoenix (Saskatoon), October 20, 2004, p. D1. ^ a b c "Library Arts Writer In Residence named," The Saskatoon Sun, p. 7. ^ Riskin, Mary Walters. "Alberta writer's off to good start with first book," Calgary Herald, October 5, 1991, p. E5. ^ Robinson, J. Jill. (1993) Lovely In Her Bones. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, p. 11. ^ Doyle, John. "BOOKS IN BRIEF: LOVELY IN HER BONES," The Globe and Mail, May 8, 1993, p. C19. ^ a b The Globe and Mail, January 1, 1994, p. C15. ^ Compton, Valerie. "Short story collection filled with contemplation," Edmonton Journal, May 1, 1994, p. D7. ^ "Saskatchewan Book Awards: Fiction". Canadian Books & Authors. Retrieved 2011-09-23. ^ Fertile, Candace. "Eggplant Wife plumbs abyss of feelings," Edmonton Journal, January 21, 1996, p. E4. ^ Mandel, Charles. "Worth their weight in books; Novice authors need editing by fine writers, but what's in it for the veterans, who should be writing?" Edmonton Journal, June 29, 1997, p. C6. ^ "ForeWord Reviews: Residual Desire". Foreword Reviews. Retrieved 2011-09-26. ^ Robinson, J. Jill. "Too dire for words," The Globe and Mail, May 29, 2004, p. D7. ^ a b c d Miliokas, Nick. "J. Jill Robinson a master of the short story," Canwest News Service, October 20, 2003. ^ a b Morash, Gordon. "New western writers get their chance on CBC readings," Edmonton Journal, May 3, 1998, p. F7. ^ a b "Canadian Authors Association--Alberta Branch". Retrieved 2011-09-19. ^ Robinson, J. Jill. (2012) More In Anger. Toronto: Thomas Allen Publishers. ^ Blakeslee, Vanessa. "Three generations of sharp tongues," The Globe and Mail, June 29, 2012. ^ Hunter, Jennifer. "More in Anger," Toronto Star, May 12, 2012. "thestar.com". The Star. Toronto. May 12, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-09. ^ Greenberg, Bev Sandell. "Anger influences lives of generations of women," Winnipeg Free Press, May 19, 2012. ^ Gunn, Julian. "Writer stretches out into long-form novel," Times Colonist, April 15, 2012. ^ Dean, David. "J. Jill Robinson - More in Anger," Palimpsest. "Palimpsest". Retrieved 2012-06-09. ^ a b Mandel, Charles. "From OZ to naked painful truths," Edmonton Journal, January 21, 1996, p. E4. ^ "Authors feel their characters' pain," Books Section, the Vancouver Sun, March 20, 2004, p. D19. ^ "ForeWord Magazine, 2004 Book of the Year Award Finalists". Foreword Reviews. Archived from the original on April 9, 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-24. Bibliography Robinson, J. Jill. (1991) Saltwater Trees. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 0-88978-241-5 Robinson, J. Jill. (1993) Lovely In Her Bones. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 0-88978-260-1 Robinson, J. Jill. (1995) Eggplant Wife. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 1-55152-024-9 Robinson, J. Jill. (2003) Residual Desire. Regina: Coteau Books. ISBN 1-55050-265-4 Robinson, J. Jill. (2012) More in Anger. Toronto: Thomas Allen Publishers. ISBN 978-0-88762-953-2 Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction"},{"link_name":"creative nonfiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_nonfiction"},{"link_name":"Geist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geist_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Prairie Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Fire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Windsor Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Review"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWUC-1"},{"link_name":"misogyny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyny"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volmers-2"},{"link_name":"Western Magazine Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Magazine_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"PRISM international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM_international"},{"link_name":"Howard O'Hagan award for short fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Literary_Awards"},{"link_name":"Writers' Guild of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAIN-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volmers-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clemence-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Saskatoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatoon"},{"link_name":"Grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calgary"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Muenster"},{"link_name":"Muenster, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muenster,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"First Nations University of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_University_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWUC-1"},{"link_name":"Steven Ross Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Ross_Smith"},{"link_name":"Galiano Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galiano_Island"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Jacqueline Jill Robinson (born June 16, 1955) is a Canadian writer and editor. She is the author of a novel and four collections of short stories. Her fiction and creative nonfiction have appeared in a wide variety of magazines and literary journals including Geist, the Antigonish Review, Event, Prairie Fire and the Windsor Review.[1] Her novel, More In Anger, published in 2012, tells the stories of three generations of mothers and daughters who bear the emotional scars of loveless marriages, corrosive anger and misogyny.[2]Robinson has won numerous literary competitions including two Western Magazine Awards, two Saskatchewan Book Awards, two prizes for creative nonfiction from Event magazine, the PRISM international fiction contest and the Howard O'Hagan award for short fiction from the Writers' Guild of Alberta.[3] Her novel and stories have also won critical acclaim for their vivid characters, spare writing and tragic themes that nevertheless convey humour and hope.[2][4]Robinson was appointed writer-in-residence at the Regina Public Library for 2020–2021.[5] She was the 24th writer-in-residence at the Saskatoon Public Library during 2004–2005. From 1995 to 1999, she was editor of the literary magazine Grain, published quarterly by the Saskatchewan Writers' Guild. She has taught English literature and creative writing at the Universities of Calgary and Saskatchewan, at St. Peter's College in Muenster, Saskatchewan and at the First Nations University of Canada.[1]Robinson was married to the poet Steven Ross Smith (1999 to 2022) and is the mother of a son, Emmett H Robinson Smith, born in 1995. She lives on Galiano Island in the Canadian province of British Columbia.[6]","title":"J. Jill Robinson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley,_British_Columbia_(city)"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"University of Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calgary"},{"link_name":"Emily Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thesis-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGoogan-8"},{"link_name":"Banff Centre for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_Centre_for_Arts_and_Creativity"},{"link_name":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"Frank Soos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Soos"},{"link_name":"Peggy Shumaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peggy_Shumaker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Master of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulson-9"}],"text":"J. Jill Robinson was born in Langley, British Columbia in 1955, but she also had family ties to Alberta. Her mother grew up in Calgary while her father, a doctor, was from Banff. In 1979, she moved to Calgary where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in drama and English literature as well as a Master's degree in 19th century American literature at the University of Calgary. Her Master's thesis was entitled, The circumferential vision: love and death in the poetry of Emily Dickinson.[7][8]In 1987, while attending the Banff Centre for the Arts, where she encountered writers from across the country, Robinson realized that she wanted to be a writer herself. From 1988 to 1991, she studied creative writing at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, with among others, Frank Soos and Peggy Shumaker, earning a Master of Fine Arts degree. \"I was the only Canadian in a graduate program with just 12 students in it...and it was great,\" she told a reporter in 2004. She added that the program provided her with \"a toolbox of skills and techniques\" while giving her a chance to read a wide variety of American writers.[9]","title":"Making of a writer"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Short story collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Master of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAIN-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGoogan-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-no_byline-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riskin-11"}],"sub_title":"Saltwater Trees","text":"Robinson earned a Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Alaska in 1990.[3] Her MFA thesis consisted of writings that later became the basis for Saltwater Trees, her first collection of short stories published in 1991 when she was 36.[8] The Writers' Guild of Alberta awarded Saltwater Trees its Howard O'Hagan prize for short fiction.[10] Reviewer Mary Walters Riskin noted the book was a fine beginning to Robinson's career. \"One of the most refreshing aspects of this collection is that so many of the 13 stories in Saltwater Trees rise out of the insanities, the batterings and the drudgeries of real life to end on notes of hope,\" Riskin wrote.[11]","title":"Short story collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken McGoogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_McGoogan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGoogan-8"},{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"solipsism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklist-14"},{"link_name":"Valerie Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Compton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Lovely In Her Bones","text":"In 1993, J. Jill Robinson published Lovely In Her Bones, a collection of 11 stories including \"Finding Linette,\" co-winner of Event magazine's 1992 prize for creative nonfiction. Calgary journalist and author Ken McGoogan, who interviewed Robinson about the new book, described \"Finding Linette\" as a \"technically sophisticated\" story that \"intercuts the straight-ahead tale of a family's Christmas gathering with memories—and conflicting versions—of the long-ago death of a child.\" Robinson warned, however, that although the story was based on \"family mythology\" and other stories in the book came from her own experience, they should not be read too literally. \"People are using a more liberal definition of nonfiction,\" she said. \"There's a lot more freedom of structure and angle. A lot more room for imagination.\"[8]Lovely In Her Bones received favourable reviews. The Globe and Mail critic John Doyle wrote that the stories were ones of \"quiet self absorption\" adding: \"Fortunately, they are written in a clear, lucid\nprose and often attain a rhythm that saves them from static solipsism.\" He summed up the collection as \"a mosaic of sharply observed events and incidents\" calling it the \"best type of short story collection\" and adding: \"At the close of the collection the mosaic has taken shape and stands as a radiant insight into the power of painful memories.\"[13] The Globe's book editors listed Lovely In Her Bones as \"among the books we couldn't put down in 1993.\"[14]In the Edmonton Journal, reviewer Valerie Compton pointed to Robinson's passage that begins, \"I am always alone. Always thinking...\" as evidence of both the strengths and weaknesses of Lovely In Her Bones. She called the stories \"so pared down, so reduced to wistful contemplation that it is almost enervating. Almost, but not quite, because these stories depend for their effects on insights we might not achieve without spending a good long time inside a character's head.\"[15]","title":"Short story collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-no_byline-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWUC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWUC-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clemence-4"},{"link_name":"Grain: the journal of eclectic writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWUC-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Eggplant Wife","text":"J. Jill Robinson moved from Calgary to Saskatoon in 1993[10] to join the writer, Steven Ross Smith whom she would later marry. In 1995, she published Eggplant Wife, a novella and short stories. The collection was shortlisted for the 1996 Saskatchewan Book Award.[16] A review in the Edmonton Journal noted Robinson's \"flair for domestic drama and detail. The plotting is almost incidental to the emotional states of the characters.\" The novella tells the story of a young couple who leave Vancouver to move into his parents' prairie farmhouse. Mitch had paid for his parents' trip to Hawaii where they were swept away by a wave. The eggplant of the title refers to a bowl of ceramic fruits and vegetables in the farmhouse kitchen.[17]In 1995, Robinson gave birth to her son Emmett.[1] During her years in Saskatchewan, she also taught creative writing at St. Peter's College in Muenster as well as at the First Nations University of Canada.[1][4]Robinson served for four years, from 1995 to 1999, as editor of the quarterly literary magazine Grain: the journal of eclectic writing dividing her time between her own writing in the mornings and editing in the afternoons.[1][18]","title":"Short story collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clemence-4"},{"link_name":"ForeWord magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreword_Reviews&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clemence-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miliokas-21"},{"link_name":"CBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"Guy Vanderhaeghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Vanderhaeghe"},{"link_name":"Governor General's Literary Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Award#Governor_General.27s_Literary_Awards"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morash-22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-no_byline-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canadian_Authors-23"}],"sub_title":"Residual Desire","text":"In 2003, Robinson published Residual Desire, her fourth collection of short stories. The book captured two Saskatchewan Book Awards and earned praise from critics such as Verne Clemence. \"The stories in this excellent collection are character-driven,\" he wrote. \"The prose is spare and well crafted. The stories are edgy as befits the dark themes that drive them, but there is hope too, and more than one rueful laugh at those delightful foibles that mark us all as human.\"[4]A review in ForeWord magazine noted that Residual Desire is an \"unsentimental examination\" of women's lives. \"Robinson's stories are dramatic and heart wrenching, but, impressively, there's nothing heavy-handed or unbelievable in her delivery,\" the review added. \"Her characters probe the most vulnerable underbellies of their lives—lost loves, aging fathers, jealous sisterhoods—and push the reader to do the same.\"[19]During an interview about Residual Desire, Robinson agreed that her work could be described as unsentimental and heart wrenching. \"One of the things that gets me writing is sadness,\" she said. \"When you're happy and joyful, you don't need so much to pick up a pen to try to fathom or understand life...If a story of mine helps somebody see that there's another way through a really difficult, or seemingly impossible situation, I feel good,\" she added. \"That's one of the reasons I write.\"[4] She told another journalist she was pleased with Residual Desire. \"I'm happy with all of the stories,\" she said. \"Each one of them is the best that I can make it.\"[21]Residual Desire includes \"Deja Vu\" a story commissioned by CBC Radio on the recommendation of Guy Vanderhaeghe, winner of two Governor General's Literary Awards. \"It's about a woman who's on her way to the Coast stops in Calgary and on a whim, decides to visit her ex-husband,\" Robinson told a journalist. \"It's about how memory works, and yearning for and re-visiting the things that have played an important part in your life.\"[22]From September 1, 2004, to May 31, 2005, Robinson served as the 24th writer-in-residence at the Saskatoon Public Library.[10] In 2009, she and her family moved from Saskatoon to Banff, Alberta where she now lives.[23]","title":"Short story collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volmers-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novel-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22More_in_Anger,_a_novel%22_cover_image.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volmers-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volmers-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miliokas-21"},{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Toronto Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Free Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Free_Press"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Times Colonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Colonist"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volmers-2"}],"text":"Robinson authored More In Anger, a novel published in 2012. It tells the stories of three women from an unhappy family beset by the corrosive anger passed on from one generation to the next. The novel is divided into three sections named after the unlucky Opal, her emotionally cold daughter Pearl and her troubled granddaughter Vivien. It opens in 1915 with Opal's marriage to a misogynistic lawyer whose coldness and cruelty toward his wife and daughters reverberates through succeeding generations in loveless marriages and broken relationships. The novel ends as Vivien struggles to break free from her family's legacy of anger so that her own daughter can escape its destructive cycle.[2][24]The idea for the novel came, Robinson says, after her son was born in 1995, the year she turned 40. \"The combination of being 40 and then his being born made me start thinking about mortality and generations and legacies,\" she told a journalist. She added that along with physical traits such as red hair, families pass on less pleasant characteristics such as a tendency toward anger. \"I wanted to explore what happens when a negative legacy is passed through generations and how it affects, not only the angry person, but the person around her or him: the children, the spouse. Although you can't do much about red hair, if that's what's running in your family, there is something you can do about emotional inheritance.\"[2]Robinson says she struggled with the novel for 10 years and found it frustrating trying to find \"a sense of structure, or narrative thrust, to make it work.\" She adds that she found the novel much harder than writing short stories. \"I'm a fairly organic writer, so I don't construct my stories. That works fine for short stories. But when you have hundreds of pages of material, it's really way harder to be organic about it.\"[2] In 2003, she told another journalist that she preferred writing short stories. \"I like the smaller, more intense, more narrow focus,\" she said. \"I like to know where the edges are. You can move the boundaries by making the story longer or shorter, but you know where they are. Which isn't the case with the novel.\"[21]Initial critical reaction to Robinson's novel was mixed. A reviewer for The Globe and Mail observed: \"Countless novels have been written about family dysfunction, but few so precisely capture verbal abuse and its long-lasting psychological effects...Character and the overt ways in which ridicule and mistreatment shape the psyche are where Robinson overwhelmingly succeeds.\"[25] TheToronto Star, however, called the novel \"relentlessly depressing\" adding that Robinson \"provides nothing uplifting or enlightening for her readers.\"[26] A reviewer for the Winnipeg Free Press described More in Anger as a \"compassionate\" book \"sombre yet gripping\" adding that even though readers know from the beginning things won't turn out well, they \"remain steadfastly horrified, fascinated and curious, all at the same time.\"[27] While a reviewer for the Times Colonist called the novel's pacing \"enjoyably swift,\" he felt two of the main characters were not fully drawn and that Robinson had not solved all of the technical problems in her transition from short story to novel writing.[28] On the other hand, an online reviewer wrote that the strength of the novel lay in its \"three-dimensional\" characters adding that \"Robinson writes about families and the love that both binds them together and tears them apart with a psychological insight that can make you cringe with recognition.\"[29]Robinson herself acknowledges that her novel is \"bleak and dark and painful and unhappy.\" She adds that as a reader, she's more intrigued by stories like that than by ones about happiness. \"I find it much more engaging to read about the struggle of the human condition. The search for love and search for fulfilment and search for meaning in life. All that is not lighthearted material.\"[2]","title":"Debut novel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miliokas-21"},{"link_name":"Raymond Carver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Carver"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandel-30"},{"link_name":"Alice Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Munro"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandel-30"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miliokas-21"}],"text":"Robinson once explained that her artistic inspiration came from the American writer William Faulkner who believed that matters of the heart are the only things worth writing about.[21] She has also said that she loves the intensity of short stories adding that Raymond Carver was one of her main influences. \"I like the way Carver writes dialogue, the spareness, so that when he's writing about something painful, it can make you wince at how naked it is,\" Robinson told an interviewer. \"There's no padding.\"[30] Master short story writer, Alice Munro was another strong influence.[31] \"If I could write anything like Munro,\" she once said, \"I would fall to my knees and praise the sky.\"[30]Robinson explains that her stories are based on personal experience, her own or someone she knows. \"They begin with the truth,\" she says, \"but as it changes into fiction, truth itself changes in order that it can do what is necessary for the story.\"[21]","title":"Influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canadian_Authors-23"},{"link_name":"National Magazine Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Magazine_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWUC-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklist-14"},{"link_name":"ForeWord magazine's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreword_Reviews&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morash-22"}],"text":"J. Jill Robinson's work has won a variety of awards including the PRISM international fiction contest; Event magazine's creative nonfiction contest (twice); two Gold Western Magazine awards; two Saskatchewan Book awards and the Howard O'Hagan Prize for short fiction.[23]She won an Honourable Mention in the National Magazine Awards for \"The Letter,\" a piece of personal journalism.[1] Her short story collection Lovely In Her Bones was on the Globe and Mail's top 100 books list for 1993.[14] Residual Desire won a silver medal in ForeWord magazine's Book of the Year Awards in 2004.[32] And, CBC Radio commissioned the story Deja Vu for broadcast in 1998.[22]","title":"Awards and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arsenal Pulp Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_Pulp_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88978-241-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88978-241-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88978-260-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88978-260-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55152-024-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55152-024-9"},{"link_name":"Coteau Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coteau_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55050-265-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55050-265-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88762-953-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88762-953-2"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6106181#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/66337214"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2014818152&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/224289659"}],"text":"Robinson, J. Jill. (1991) Saltwater Trees. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 0-88978-241-5\nRobinson, J. Jill. (1993) Lovely In Her Bones. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 0-88978-260-1\nRobinson, J. Jill. (1995) Eggplant Wife. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 1-55152-024-9\nRobinson, J. Jill. (2003) Residual Desire. Regina: Coteau Books. ISBN 1-55050-265-4\nRobinson, J. Jill. (2012) More in Anger. Toronto: Thomas Allen Publishers. ISBN 978-0-88762-953-2Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nCzech Republic\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%22More_in_Anger%2C_a_novel%22_cover_image.jpeg/220px-%22More_in_Anger%2C_a_novel%22_cover_image.jpeg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Writers' Union of Canada\". Retrieved 2012-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.writersunion.ca/member/jjill-robinson#.T81imo60K5Q","url_text":"\"The Writers' Union of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saskatchewan Archival Information Network\". Retrieved 2011-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://sain.scaa.sk.ca/collections/index.php/j-jill-robinson-fonds;rad","url_text":"\"Saskatchewan Archival Information Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"Writer in Residence\". Regina Public Library. Retrieved 2020-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reginalibrary.ca/services/in-residence-programs","url_text":"\"Writer in Residence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Member Profile\". The Writers' Union of Canada. Retrieved July 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.writersunion.ca/member/jjill-robinson","url_text":"\"Member Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Jacqueline Jill (1985). University of Calgary Institutional Repository. University of Calgary. doi:10.11575/PRISM/11388. ISBN 9780315220782. Retrieved 2011-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/handle/1880/23452","url_text":"University of Calgary Institutional Repository"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11575%2FPRISM%2F11388","url_text":"10.11575/PRISM/11388"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780315220782","url_text":"9780315220782"}]},{"reference":"\"Saskatchewan Book Awards: Fiction\". Canadian Books & Authors. Retrieved 2011-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadianauthors.net/awards/saskatchewan_book_awards/fiction/","url_text":"\"Saskatchewan Book Awards: Fiction\""}]},{"reference":"\"ForeWord Reviews: Residual Desire\". Foreword Reviews. Retrieved 2011-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/residual-desire/","url_text":"\"ForeWord Reviews: Residual Desire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreword_Reviews&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Foreword Reviews"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Authors Association--Alberta Branch\". Retrieved 2011-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canauthorsalberta.ca/writers-in-residence","url_text":"\"Canadian Authors Association--Alberta Branch\""}]},{"reference":"\"thestar.com\". The Star. Toronto. May 12, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/books/article/1175542--more-in-anger","url_text":"\"thestar.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palimpsest\". Retrieved 2012-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://palimpsest.org.uk/forum/showthread.php?t=6047","url_text":"\"Palimpsest\""}]},{"reference":"\"ForeWord Magazine, 2004 Book of the Year Award Finalists\". Foreword Reviews. Archived from the original on April 9, 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120409052050/http://www.forewordmagazine.net/botya/print2k4.aspx","url_text":"\"ForeWord Magazine, 2004 Book of the Year Award Finalists\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreword_Reviews&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Foreword Reviews"},{"url":"http://www.forewordmagazine.net/botya/print2k4.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.writersunion.ca/member/jjill-robinson#.T81imo60K5Q","external_links_name":"\"The Writers' Union of Canada\""},{"Link":"http://sain.scaa.sk.ca/collections/index.php/j-jill-robinson-fonds;rad","external_links_name":"\"Saskatchewan Archival Information Network\""},{"Link":"https://www.reginalibrary.ca/services/in-residence-programs","external_links_name":"\"Writer in Residence\""},{"Link":"https://www.writersunion.ca/member/jjill-robinson","external_links_name":"\"Member Profile\""},{"Link":"http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/handle/1880/23452","external_links_name":"University of Calgary Institutional Repository"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.11575%2FPRISM%2F11388","external_links_name":"10.11575/PRISM/11388"},{"Link":"http://www.canadianauthors.net/awards/saskatchewan_book_awards/fiction/","external_links_name":"\"Saskatchewan Book Awards: Fiction\""},{"Link":"https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/residual-desire/","external_links_name":"\"ForeWord Reviews: Residual Desire\""},{"Link":"http://www.canauthorsalberta.ca/writers-in-residence","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Authors Association--Alberta Branch\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/books/article/1175542--more-in-anger","external_links_name":"\"thestar.com\""},{"Link":"http://palimpsest.org.uk/forum/showthread.php?t=6047","external_links_name":"\"Palimpsest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120409052050/http://www.forewordmagazine.net/botya/print2k4.aspx","external_links_name":"\"ForeWord Magazine, 2004 Book of the Year Award Finalists\""},{"Link":"http://www.forewordmagazine.net/botya/print2k4.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66337214","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2014818152&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/224289659","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_von_Boltenstern	Walter von Boltenstern	[]	German general (1889–1952) Walter von BoltensternBorn(1889-11-26)26 November 1889BreslauDied19 January 1952(1952-01-19) (aged 62)Voikovo prison camp, Soviet UnionAllegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi GermanyService/branchArmyYears of service1910–45RankGeneralleutnantCommands held29th Infantry Division179th Reserve Panzer DivisionBattles/warsWorld War I World War IIAwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross Walter von Boltenstern (26 November 1889 – 19 January 1952) was a German general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II who commanded several divisions. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Boltenstern was discharged from active service in 1945, later that year he was taken prisoner by the Soviet Red Army. He died in Soviet captivity at the Voikovo prison camp in 1952. Grave in Cherntsy Awards and decorations Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 August 1941 as Generalmajor and commander of 29.Infanterie-Division References Citations ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 119. Bibliography Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) . Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6. Military offices Preceded byGeneralmajor Willibald Freiherr von Langermann und Erlencamp Commander of 29. Infanterie-Division (mot.) 1 July 1940 – 20 September 1941 Succeeded byGeneralmajor Max Fremerey Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of 29th Infantry DivisionStaff Walter von Boltenstern Gerhard Franz Walter Fries1 (Oak Leaves & Swords) Max Fremerey Willibald von Langermann und Erlencamp2 (Oak Leaves) Units Hans Hecker Helmut Meitzel Fritz Polack Wilhelm Thomas Max Ulich Walter Wessel (Oak Leaves) Portal: Biography	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Voikovo prison camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voikovo_prison_camp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_von_Boltenstern.jpg"}],"text":"Walter von Boltenstern (26 November 1889 – 19 January 1952) was a German general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II who commanded several divisions. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Boltenstern was discharged from active service in 1945, later that year he was taken prisoner by the Soviet Red Army. He died in Soviet captivity at the Voikovo prison camp in 1952.Grave in Cherntsy","title":"Walter von Boltenstern"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"Generalmajor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalmajor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 August 1941 as Generalmajor and commander of 29.Infanterie-Division [1]","title":"Awards and decorations"}]	[{"image_text":"Grave in Cherntsy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Walter_von_Boltenstern.jpg/220px-Walter_von_Boltenstern.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther-Peer_Fellgiebel&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0284-6","url_text":"978-3-7909-0284-6"}]}]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Battle_Avirett	James Battle Avirett	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 Bibliography","6 References","7 External links"]	James Battle AvirettBornMarch 12, 1835Richlands, Onslow County, North Carolina, U.S.DiedFebruary 16, 1912 (1912-02-17) (aged 76)Cumberland, Maryland, U.S.Resting placeWinchester, Virginia, U.S.Alma materUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChildrenJohn W. Avirett, Philip W. AvirettParent(s)John Alfred AverittSerena Thomas James Battle Avirett (March 12, 1835 – February 16, 1912) was an American Confederate chaplain and author. He was the first chaplain commissioned to serve in the Confederate States Army in 1861. His The Old Plantation: How We Lived in Great House and Cabin before the War, published in 1901 was a nostalgic description of life on a plantation in the Antebellum South. By the time of his death, he was "the last surviving Confederate chaplain." Early life James Battle Avirett was born on March 12, 1835, in Richlands, North Carolina. On his paternal side, he was of German-Huguenot descent. His father, John Alfred Alvirett, was a large planter and sheriff of Onslow County, North Carolina. He grew up on the Avirett-Stephens Plantation. Avirett attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1850 to 1852. He was ordained as an Episcopal priest by Bishop William Meade in 1861. Career Avirett was a priest of the Episcopal Church. During the American Civil War of 1861–1865, he served as a chaplain in the Confederate States Army in Alabama, under General Turner Ashby. He was the first chaplain to be commissioned to serve in the CSA in 1861. Avirett served as the president of the Dunbar Institute, an Episcopal female seminary in Winchester, Virginia from 1865 to 1871. For the next twenty-five years, he was a priest in Sligo, North Carolina, Upper Marlboro and Silver Spring, Maryland, followed by Waterville, New York. He served as the rector of St Paul's Church Louisburg, North Carolina from 1894 to 1899. Avirett was the author of several books. As early as 1867, he wrote a memoir of General Turner Ashby, after he had given a speech about Ashby at the University of Virginia. By 1897, he wrote two religious pamphlets. Avirett published The Old Plantation: How We Lived in Great House and Cabin before the War in 1901. He had been encouraged to write about plantation life by Senator Zebulon Baird Vance. Prefaced by Hunter McGuire, it was presented as a response to Uncle Tom's Cabin. For David Anderson, a senior lecturer in cultural and political studies at Swansea University, the book was emblematic of nostalgic memoirs about the Old South, which was lost forever except in writing and memories. However, David Goldfield, a professor of history at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, suggests that it was "much less a re-creation of plantation life than a fantasy, part of the full-blown rehabilitation of the Old South that had been underway since the end of Reconstruction." Avirett was a regular contributor to the Cumberland Evening Times, a newspaper in Cumberland, Maryland. Personal life Avirett married Mary Louise Dunbar Williams of Winchester, Virginia, in 1862. His wife was a driving force in the establishment of the Stonewall Cemetery, a Confederate cemetery near the Mount Hebron Cemetery and Gatehouse in Winchester, Virginia. The couple had two sons, John Williams Avirett (1863–1914), who was the owner of the Cumberland Evening Times, and Philip Williams Avirett (1867–1902), a lawyer and newspaper editor. Death Avirett died on February 16, 1912, in Cumberland, Maryland. By the time of his death, he was the last surviving Confederate chaplain. He was buried in Winchester, Virginia. Bibliography The Memoirs of General Turner Ashby and His Compeers (1867). Watchman, What of the Night? or The Causes Affecting Church Growth (1897). Who Was the Rebel ? (1897). The Old Plantation: How We Lived in Great House and Cabin before the War (1901). References ^ a b c "Col. Avirett Died Suddenly". The Charlotte News. Charlotte, North Carolina. May 29, 1914. p. 1. Retrieved December 26, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c "Last Surviving Chaplain of the Confederate Army, Dr. James Battle Avirett, Is Dead". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, Ohio. February 17, 1912. p. 4. Retrieved December 26, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Littleton, Tucker Reed. "Avirett, James Battle by Tucker Reed Littleton, 1979". NCPedia. State Library of North Carolina. Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ a b Cecelski, David (2000). An Historian's Coast Adventures into the Tidewater Past. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair, Publisher. ISBN 9780895871893. Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ a b c d e f "Rev. Dr. Avirett Dead. Probably Last Surviving Chaplain in the Confederate Army". The Washington Herald. Washington, D.C. February 17, 1912. p. 7. Retrieved December 26, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c "Honor Them. A Sacred Duty to Perform. Four Hundred Unmarked Confederate Graves--North Carolinians Who Lie Buried in Winchester, Va.--An Effort Made to Properly Mark the Resting Place of These Heroes". The Henderson Gold Leaf. Henderson, North Carolina. October 24, 1895. p. 1. Retrieved December 26, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Louisburg Loses Mr. Avirett". The Franklin Times. Louisburg, North Carolina. May 26, 1899. p. 3. Retrieved December 26, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Anderson, Paul Christopher (2006). Blood Image: Turner Ashby in the Civil War and the Southern Mind. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780807131619. Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ "Uncle Tom's Cabin". The Carolina Mascot. Statesville, North Carolina. September 14, 1899. p. 1. Retrieved December 26, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Anderson, David (February 2005). "Down Memory Lane: Nostalgia for the Old South in Post-Civil War Plantation Reminiscences". The Journal of Southern History. 71 (1): 105–136. JSTOR 27648653. ^ Goldfield, David R. (2004). Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780807129609. Retrieved December 26, 2015. External links James Battle Avirett at Find a Grave James Battle Avirett on the Internet Archive	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colavirettdied-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastsurvivingchaplain-2"}],"text":"James Battle Avirett (March 12, 1835 – February 16, 1912) was an American Confederate chaplain and author. He was the first chaplain commissioned to serve in the Confederate States Army in 1861.[1] His The Old Plantation: How We Lived in Great House and Cabin before the War, published in 1901 was a nostalgic description of life on a plantation in the Antebellum South. By the time of his death, he was \"the last surviving Confederate chaplain.\"[2]","title":"James Battle Avirett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richlands, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richlands,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncpediaavirett-3"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anhistorianscoast-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anhistorianscoast-4"},{"link_name":"Avirett-Stephens Plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avirett-Stephens_Plantation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncpediaavirett-3"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncpediaavirett-3"},{"link_name":"Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"William Meade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Meade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncpediaavirett-3"}],"text":"James Battle Avirett was born on March 12, 1835, in Richlands, North Carolina.[3] On his paternal side, he was of German-Huguenot descent.[4] His father, John Alfred Alvirett, was a large planter and sheriff of Onslow County, North Carolina.[4] He grew up on the Avirett-Stephens Plantation.[3]Avirett attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1850 to 1852.[3] He was ordained as an Episcopal priest by Bishop William Meade in 1861.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncpediaavirett-3"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Turner Ashby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Ashby"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastsurvivingchaplain-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rvdead-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honorthem-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colavirettdied-1"},{"link_name":"Winchester, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncpediaavirett-3"},{"link_name":"Sligo, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Upper Marlboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Marlboro,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Silver Spring, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rvdead-5"},{"link_name":"Waterville, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncpediaavirett-3"},{"link_name":"Louisburg, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisburg,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-losesmr-7"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloodimage-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Old_Plantation_title_page.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncpediaavirett-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rvdead-5"},{"link_name":"Zebulon Baird Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebulon_Baird_Vance"},{"link_name":"Hunter McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_McGuire"},{"link_name":"Uncle Tom's Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uncletomscabin-9"},{"link_name":"Swansea University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-downmemorylane-10"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stillfighting-11"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Evening Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Evening_Times"},{"link_name":"Cumberland, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rvdead-5"}],"text":"Avirett was a priest of the Episcopal Church.[3] During the American Civil War of 1861–1865, he served as a chaplain in the Confederate States Army in Alabama, under General Turner Ashby.[2][5][6] He was the first chaplain to be commissioned to serve in the CSA in 1861.[1]Avirett served as the president of the Dunbar Institute, an Episcopal female seminary in Winchester, Virginia from 1865 to 1871.[3] For the next twenty-five years, he was a priest in Sligo, North Carolina, Upper Marlboro and Silver Spring, Maryland,[5] followed by Waterville, New York.[3] He served as the rector of St Paul's Church Louisburg, North Carolina from 1894 to 1899.[7]Avirett was the author of several books. As early as 1867, he wrote a memoir of General Turner Ashby, after he had given a speech about Ashby at the University of Virginia.[8] By 1897, he wrote two religious pamphlets.Avirett published The Old Plantation: How We Lived in Great House and Cabin before the War in 1901.[3][5] He had been encouraged to write about plantation life by Senator Zebulon Baird Vance. Prefaced by Hunter McGuire, it was presented as a response to Uncle Tom's Cabin.[9] For David Anderson, a senior lecturer in cultural and political studies at Swansea University, the book was emblematic of nostalgic memoirs about the Old South, which was lost forever except in writing and memories.[10] However, David Goldfield, a professor of history at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, suggests that it was \"much less a re-creation of plantation life than a fantasy, part of the full-blown rehabilitation of the Old South that had been underway since the end of Reconstruction.\"[11]Avirett was a regular contributor to the Cumberland Evening Times, a newspaper in Cumberland, Maryland.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honorthem-6"},{"link_name":"Stonewall Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honorthem-6"},{"link_name":"Mount Hebron Cemetery and Gatehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hebron_Cemetery_and_Gatehouse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rvdead-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colavirettdied-1"}],"text":"Avirett married Mary Louise Dunbar Williams of Winchester, Virginia, in 1862.[6] His wife was a driving force in the establishment of the Stonewall Cemetery,[6] a Confederate cemetery near the Mount Hebron Cemetery and Gatehouse in Winchester, Virginia. The couple had two sons, John Williams Avirett (1863–1914), who was the owner of the Cumberland Evening Times, and Philip Williams Avirett (1867–1902), a lawyer and newspaper editor.[5][1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncpediaavirett-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rvdead-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastsurvivingchaplain-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncpediaavirett-3"}],"text":"Avirett died on February 16, 1912, in Cumberland, Maryland.[3][5] By the time of his death, he was the last surviving Confederate chaplain.[2] He was buried in Winchester, Virginia.[3]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Memoirs of General Turner Ashby and His Compeers (1867).\nWatchman, What of the Night? or The Causes Affecting Church Growth (1897).\nWho Was the Rebel ? (1897).\n The Old Plantation: How We Lived in Great House and Cabin before the War (1901).","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Old_Plantation_title_page.png/220px-The_Old_Plantation_title_page.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Col. Avirett Died Suddenly\". The Charlotte News. Charlotte, North Carolina. May 29, 1914. p. 1. Retrieved December 26, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/61871054/?terms=%22James%2BBattle%2BAvirett%22","url_text":"\"Col. Avirett Died Suddenly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Last Surviving Chaplain of the Confederate Army, Dr. James Battle Avirett, Is Dead\". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, Ohio. February 17, 1912. p. 4. Retrieved December 26, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/33380742/?terms=%22James%2BBattle%2BAvirett%22","url_text":"\"Last Surviving Chaplain of the Confederate Army, Dr. James Battle Avirett, Is Dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Littleton, Tucker Reed. \"Avirett, James Battle by Tucker Reed Littleton, 1979\". NCPedia. State Library of North Carolina. Retrieved December 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ncpedia.org/biography/avirett-james-battle","url_text":"\"Avirett, James Battle by Tucker Reed Littleton, 1979\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_North_Carolina","url_text":"State Library of North Carolina"}]},{"reference":"Cecelski, David (2000). An Historian's Coast Adventures into the Tidewater Past. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair, Publisher. ISBN 9780895871893. Retrieved December 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eUaYtexhvVIC&q=%22James+Battle+Avirett%22&pg=PT49","url_text":"An Historian's Coast Adventures into the Tidewater Past"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895871893","url_text":"9780895871893"}]},{"reference":"\"Rev. Dr. Avirett Dead. Probably Last Surviving Chaplain in the Confederate Army\". The Washington Herald. Washington, D.C. February 17, 1912. p. 7. Retrieved December 26, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/76393720/?terms=%22James%2BBattle%2BAvirett%22","url_text":"\"Rev. Dr. Avirett Dead. Probably Last Surviving Chaplain in the Confederate Army\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Honor Them. A Sacred Duty to Perform. Four Hundred Unmarked Confederate Graves--North Carolinians Who Lie Buried in Winchester, Va.--An Effort Made to Properly Mark the Resting Place of These Heroes\". The Henderson Gold Leaf. Henderson, North Carolina. October 24, 1895. p. 1. Retrieved December 26, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/64490034/?terms=%22James%2BBattle%2BAvirett%22","url_text":"\"Honor Them. A Sacred Duty to Perform. Four Hundred Unmarked Confederate Graves--North Carolinians Who Lie Buried in Winchester, Va.--An Effort Made to Properly Mark the Resting Place of These Heroes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Louisburg Loses Mr. Avirett\". The Franklin Times. Louisburg, North Carolina. May 26, 1899. p. 3. Retrieved December 26, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/64230103/?terms=%22James%2BBattle%2BAvirett%22","url_text":"\"Louisburg Loses Mr. Avirett\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Paul Christopher (2006). Blood Image: Turner Ashby in the Civil War and the Southern Mind. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780807131619. Retrieved December 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4uuBnOmvMAEC&q=%22James+Battle+Avirett%22&pg=PA13","url_text":"Blood Image: Turner Ashby in the Civil War and the Southern Mind"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807131619","url_text":"9780807131619"}]},{"reference":"\"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". The Carolina Mascot. Statesville, North Carolina. September 14, 1899. p. 1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun_Penh	Doun Penh section	["1 Administration","1.1 Places of interest","2 Education","3 References"]	Coordinates: 11°34′32″N 104°55′13″E / 11.57561°N 104.92025°E / 11.57561; 104.92025"Daun Penh" redirects here. For the founder of Phnom Penh, see Penh. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Doun Penh section" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) District in Phnom Penh, CambodiaDoun Penh ខណ្ឌដូនពេញDistrict (Khan)The Royal Palace, located in Chey ChumneasDoun PenhCoordinates: 11°34′32″N 104°55′13″E / 11.57561°N 104.92025°E / 11.57561; 104.92025Country CambodiaProvincePhnom PenhArea • Total7.44 km2 (2.87 sq mi)Population (2019) • Total 155,069Time zoneUTC+7 (ICT)Postal code12200Geocode1202 Doun Penh or Daun Penh (Khmer: ដូនពេញ, Donpénh , lit. "Grandmother Penh") is a major district (khan) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Many major businesses in Phnom Penh like Sorya Shopping Center and Mokod Pich Jewelry Enterprise are located here. The district has an area of 7.44 km2 (2.87 sq mi). According to the 2019 census of Cambodia, it had a population of 155,069. The district is the commercial hub of Phnom Penh, marked by the Central Market with its unique art deco architecture and several major roads which emanate from and pass near the market. The district is subdivided into 11 sangkats and 134 kroms. Administration No. Sangkat Postal Code 1 Srah Chak 12201 2 Wat Phnom 12202 3 Phsar Chas 12203 4 Phsar Kandal I 12204 5 Phsar Kandal II 12205 6 Chey Chumneas 12206 7 Chaktomuk 12207 8 Phsar Thmey I 12208 9 Phsar Thmey II 12209 10 Phsar Thmey III 12210 11 Boeng Reang 12211 Places of interest Khalandale Mall Phnom Penh FCC Phnom Penh Independence Monument National Museum of Cambodia Norodom Sihanouk Memorial Royal Railway Station Phsar Thom Thmey Royal Palace of Cambodia Silver Pagoda Sisowath Quay Sorya Shopping Center Wat Botum Wat Ounalom Wat Phnom Education Lycée français René Descartes de Phnom Penh in Wat Phnom sangkat In 2014, due to the large numbers of schools in the areas, there are congestion problems when the schools dismiss classes. References Cambodia portal ^ "General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – Final Results" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics. Ministry of Planning. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021. ^ "General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – Final Results" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics. Ministry of Planning. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021. ^ a b Wilkins, Emily (2014-03-22). "When School is Out, Streets Clog in Phnom Penh". Cambodia Daily. Retrieved 2020-05-15. vteDoun Penh SectionSangkats Chey Chumneas Landmarks FCC Phnom Penh Independence Monument National Museum of Cambodia Norodom Sihanouk Memorial Phsar Thom Thmey Raffles Hotel Le Royal Royal Palace of Cambodia Silver Pagoda Sisowath Quay Sorya Shopping Center Wat Botum Wat Ounalom Wat Phnom Transport Royal Railway Station Education Royal University of Fine Arts Lycée français René Descartes de Phnom Penh This list is incomplete. vtePhnom PenhHistory Fall of Phnom Penh 2003 Phnom Penh riots Phnom Penh stampede 2013–2014 Cambodian protests Districts Boeng Keng Kang Boeung Keng Kang I Tuol Svay Prey II Chamkar Mon Chbar Ampov Chroy Changvar Dangkao Doun Penh template Kamboul Mean Chey Prampir Makara Boeung Prolit Prek Pnov Pou Senchey Russey Keo Sen Sok Tuol Kouk Geography Koh Pich Landmarks Landmarks in Doun Penh Central Market Chaktomuk Conference Hall Choeung Ek Phnom Penh Olympic Stadium Royal Palace of Cambodia Vann Molyvann House Transport Phnom Penh City Bus Lines and stations Phnom Penh International Airport Royal railway station EducationUniversities American University of Phnom Penh Institute of Technology of Cambodia National University of Management Paññāsāstra University of Cambodia Paragon International University Phnom Penh Institute of Technology Preah Sihanouk Raja Buddhist University Royal University of Agriculture Royal University of Fine Arts Royal University of Law and Economics Royal University of Phnom Penh University of Health Sciences University of Puthisastra Primary andsecondary British International School of Phnom Penh Canadian International School of Phnom Penh Harrods International Academy Home of English International School International School of Phnom Penh Japanese School of Phnom Penh Lycée français René Descartes de Phnom Penh Lycée Sisowath Mengly J. Quach Education Northbridge International School Cambodia Zaman International School vte Districts, Municipalities, and Khans of CambodiaAutonomous municipalityPhnom Penh Khans Chamkar Mon Chbar Ampov Chroy Changvar Dangkao Doun Penh※ Mean Chey Prampir Makara Prek Pnov Pou Senchey Russey Keo Sen Sok Tuol Kouk Boeng Keng Kang Kamboul ProvincesBanteay Meanchey Mongkol Borey Phnom Srok Poipet Municipality Preah Net Preah Ou Chrov Thma Puok Serei Saophoan Municipality※ Svay Chek Malai Battambang Banan Battambang Municipality※ Thma Koul Bavel Aek Phnom Moung Russei Ratanak Mondul Sangkae Samlout Sampov Loun Phnom Proek Kamrieng Koas Krala Rukhak Kiri Kampong Cham Batheay Chamkar Leu Cheung Prey Kampong Cham Municipality※ Kampong Siem Kang Meas Koh Sotin Prey Chhor Srey Santhor Steung Trang Kampong Chhnang Baribour Chol Kiri Kampong Chhnang Municipality※ Kampong Leaeng Kampong Tralach Rolea B'ier Samaki Mean Chey Teuk Phos Kampong Speu Basedth Chbar Mon Municipality※ Kong Pisey Aural Odong Phnom Sruoch Samraong Tong Thpong Kampong Thom Baray Kampong Svay Stueng Saen Municipality※ Prasat Balangk Prasat Sambour Sandan Santuk Steung Taing Kouk Kampot Angkor Chey Banteay Meas Chhouk Chum Kiri Dang Tong Kampong Trach Kampot Municipality※ Tuek Chhou Kandal Kandal Stueng Kien Svay Khsach Kandal Kaoh Thum Leuk Daek Lvea Aem Mukh Kampul Angk Snuol Ponhea Lueu S'ang Ta Khmau Municipality※ Kep Damnak Chang'aeur Kep Municipality※ Koh Kong Botum Sakor Kiri Sakor Koh Kong Khemarak Phoumin Municipality※ Mondol Seima Srae Ambel Thma Bang Kratié Chhloung Kratié Municipality※ Prek Prasab Sambour Snuol Chetr Borei Mondulkiri Kaeo Seima Koh Nheaek Ou Reang Pich Chenda Senmonorom Municipality※ Oddar Meanchey Anlong Veng Banteay Ampil Chong Kal Samraong Municipality※ Trapeang Prasat Pailin Pailin Municipality※ Sala Krau Preah Vihear Chey Saen Chhaeb Choam Khsant Kulaen Rovieng Sangkom Thmei Tbaeng Meanchey Preah Vihear Municipality※ Pursat Bakan Kandieng Krakor Phnom Kravanh Pursat Municipality※ Veal Veaeng Talou Sen Chey Prey Veng Ba Phnom Kamchay Mear Kampong Trabaek Kanhchriech Me Sang Peam Chor Peam Ro Pea Reang Preah Sdach Prey Veng Municipality※ Pou Rieng Sithor Kandal Svay Antor Ratanakiri Anduong Meas Banlung Municipality※ Bar Kaev Koun Mom Lumphat Ou Chum Ou Ya Dav Ta Veaeng Veun Sai Siem Reap Angkor Chum Angkor Thom Banteay Srei Chi Kraeng Kralanh Puok Prasat Bakong Siem Reap Municipality※ Sout Nikom Srei Snam Svay Leu Varin Sihanoukville Kampong Seila Prey Nob Sihanoukville Municipality※ Steung Hav Stung Treng Sesan Siem Bouk Siem Pang Stung Treng Municipality※ Thala Borivat Borei O’Svay Sen Chey Svay Rieng Bavet Municipality Chantrea Kampong Rou Romeas Haek Rumduol Svay Chrum Svay Rieng Municipality※ Svay Teab Takéo Angkor Borei Bati Borei Cholsar Doun Kaev Municipality※ Kaoh Andaet Kiri Vong Prey Kabbas Samraŏng Tram Kak Treang Tboung KhmumInternet Dambae Krouch Chhmar Memot Ou Reang Ov Ponhea Kraek Suong Municipality※ Tboung Khmum※ denotes capital/provincial seat. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States This Cambodian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penh"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"[dounpɨɲ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer"},{"link_name":"khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Sorya Shopping Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorya_Shopping_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Central Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Market,_Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"art deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_deco"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"sangkats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangkat"},{"link_name":"kroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia"}],"text":"\"Daun Penh\" redirects here. For the founder of Phnom Penh, see Penh.District in Phnom Penh, CambodiaDoun Penh or Daun Penh (Khmer: ដូនពេញ, Donpénh [dounpɨɲ], lit. \"Grandmother Penh\") is a major district (khan) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Many major businesses in Phnom Penh like Sorya Shopping Center and Mokod Pich Jewelry Enterprise are located here. The district has an area of 7.44 km2 (2.87 sq mi). According to the 2019 census of Cambodia, it had a population of 155,069.[2]The district is the commercial hub of Phnom Penh, marked by the Central Market with its unique art deco architecture and several major roads which emanate from and pass near the market. The district is subdivided into 11 sangkats and 134 kroms.","title":"Doun Penh section"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khalandale Mall Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalandale_Mall_Phnom_Penh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FCC Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Correspondents%27_Club,_Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Independence Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Monument,_Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Norodom Sihanouk Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Royal Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_railway_station_(Phnom_Penh)"},{"link_name":"Phsar Thom Thmey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Market,_Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Royal Palace of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Silver Pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Pagoda"},{"link_name":"Sisowath Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisowath_Quay"},{"link_name":"Sorya Shopping Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorya_Shopping_Center"},{"link_name":"Wat Botum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Botum"},{"link_name":"Wat Ounalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Ounalom"},{"link_name":"Wat Phnom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phnom"}],"sub_title":"Places of interest","text":"Khalandale Mall Phnom Penh\nFCC Phnom Penh\nIndependence Monument\nNational Museum of Cambodia\nNorodom Sihanouk Memorial\nRoyal Railway Station\nPhsar Thom Thmey\nRoyal Palace of Cambodia\nSilver Pagoda\nSisowath Quay\nSorya Shopping Center\nWat Botum\nWat Ounalom\nWat Phnom","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lycée français René Descartes de Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7ais_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes_de_Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkinsclog-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkinsclog-3"}],"text":"Lycée français René Descartes de Phnom Penh in Wat Phnom sangkat[3]In 2014, due to the large numbers of schools in the areas, there are congestion problems when the schools dismiss classes.[3]","title":"Education"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – Final Results\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team	Netherlands men's national ice hockey team	["1 History","2 Tournament record","2.1 Olympic Games","2.2 World Championship","3 Team","3.1 Roster for the 1980 Olympics","4 All-time record","5 References","6 External links"]	NetherlandsNickname(s)Oranje (Orange)AssociationNetherlands Ice Hockey AssociationGeneral managerRobin de VroedeHead coachDoug MasonAssistantsMichael NasonBo SubrCaptainKilian van GorpMost gamesRon Berteling (213)Top scorerJack de Heer (114)Most pointsJack de Heer (210)Team colors IIHF codeNEDRankingCurrent IIHF29 (27 May 2024)Highest IIHF23 (2004–06)Lowest IIHF29 (2022–24)First internationalBelgium 4–0 Netherlands(Amsterdam, Netherlands; 5 January 1935)Biggest winNetherlands 23–1 Thailand(Tilburg, Netherlands; 16 December 2023)Biggest defeatDenmark 23–1 Netherlands(Odense, Denmark; 1 September 2001)IIHF World ChampionshipsAppearances53 (first in 1935)Best result7th (1953)OlympicsAppearances1 (first in 1980)International record (W–L–T)217–433–60 The Netherlands men's national ice hockey team is the national men's ice hockey of the Netherlands. The Netherlands are currently ranked 24th in the IIHF World Ranking and currently compete in IIHF World Championship Division II. History The Netherlands competed in the 1980 Olympic ice hockey competition. They then competed in Pool A of the 1981 World Ice Hockey Championships. In the 1980 Winter Olympics, The Netherlands, competed in the Red division group, and had a record of 1–3–1. They lost to Canada (10–1), they lost to the Soviet Union (17–4), they tied Japan (3–3), they beat Poland (5–3), and they lost to Finland (10–3). One year later, the team returned to the top division in the 1981 World Ice Hockey Championships. In the first round, the team lost all of their games, followed by another 3 losses in the final round. Tournament record Olympic Games 1980 – 9th place World Championship 1935 – 14th place 1939 – 11th place 1950 – 8th place 1951 – 10th place (3rd in Pool B) 1952 – 13th place (4th in Pool B) 1953 – 7th place (4th in Pool B) 1955 – 12th place (3rd in Pool B) 1961 – 18th place (4th in Pool C) 1963 – 20th place (5th in Pool C) 1967 – 21st place (5th in Pool C) 1969 – 18th place (4th in Pool C) 1970 – 20th place (6th in Pool C) 1971 – 21st place (7th in Pool C) 1972 – 20th place (7th in Pool C) 1973 – 16th place (2nd in Pool C) 1974 – 11th place (5th in Pool B) 1975 – 14th place (8th in Pool B) 1976 – 14th place (6th in Pool B) 1977 – 16th place (8th in Pool B) 1978 – 17th place (1st in Pool C) 1979 – 9th place (1st in Pool B) 1981 – 8th place 1982 – 16th place (8th in Pool B) 1983 – 17th place (1st in Pool C) 1985 – 14th place (6th in Pool B) 1986 – 13th place (5th in Pool B) 1987 – 15th place (7th in Pool B) 1989 – 17th place (1st in Pool C) 1990 – 16th place (8th in Pool B) 1991 – 15th place (7th in Pool B) 1992 – 13th place (2nd in Pool B) 1993 – 15th place (3rd in Pool B) 1994 – 18th place (6th in Pool B) 1995 – 16th place (4th in Pool B) 1996 – 19th place (7th in Pool B) 1997 – 19th place (7th in Pool B) 1998 – 24th place (8th in Pool B) 1999 – 25th place (1st in Pool C) 2000 – 24th place (8th in Pool B) 2001 – 25th place (5th in Division I, Group A) 2002 – 24th place (4th in Division I, Group A) 2003 – 23rd place (4th in Division I, Group A) 2004 – 22nd place (3rd in Division I, Group A) 2005 – 22nd place (3rd in Division I, Group B) 2006 – 25th place (5th in Division I, Group B) 2007 – 25th place (5th in Division I, Group A) 2008 – 26th place (5th in Division I, Group A) 2009 – 25th place (5th in Division I, Group B) 2010 – 24th place (4th in Division I, Group A) 2011 – 24th place (4th in Division I, Group A) 2012 – 25th place (3rd in Division I, Group B) 2013 – 25th place (3rd in Division I, Group B) 2014 – 27th place (5th in Division I, Group B) 2015 – 28th place (6th in Division I, Group B) 2016 – 29th place (1st in Division II, Group A) 2017 – 28th place (6th in Division I, Group B) 2018 – 29th place (1st in Division II, Group A) 2019 – 28th place (6th in Division I, Group B) 2020 – Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2021 – Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2022 – 28th place (2nd in Division II, Group A) 2023 – 27th place (5th in Division I, Group B) 2024 – 28th place (6th in Division I, Group B) 2025 – (Division II, Group A) Team The Netherlands national team in 2007. Roster for the 1980 Olympics 1 G Ted Lenssen 30 G John de Bruyn 6 D Patrick Kolijn 9 D George Peternousek 11 D Allan Pluimers 12 D Rick van Gog 14 D Henk Hille 17 D Frank van Soldt 2 F Harrie van Heumen 3 F Larry van Wieren (C) 4 F Ron Berteling 5 F Dick Decloe 8 F Jack de Heer 10 F Jan Janssen 15 F Klaas van den Broek (A) 16 F Leo Koopmans 18 F Brian de Bruyn 19 F Chuck Huizinga 20 F Corky de Graauw 25 F William Klooster All-time record The Netherlands and Canada during the 1980 Winter Olympics, the only Olympics the Netherlands has participated in. Canada won the match 10–1. As of 29 April 2023. Opponent Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Australia 5 5 0 0 44 10 +34 Austria 37 7 4 26 89 198 −109 Belarus 4 0 0 4 10 35 −25 Belgium 71 18 3 50 453 210 +243 Bulgaria 17 13 1 3 110 52 +58 Canada 3 0 0 3 2 26 −24 China 20 17 0 3 151 47 +104 Chinese Taipei 1 1 0 0 14 1 +13 Croatia 17 14 1 2 86 36 +50 Denmark 55 17 7 31 185 242 −57 East Germany 20 2 5 13 55 105 −50 Estonia 12 2 1 9 33 51 −18 Finland 4 1 0 3 10 27 −17 France 43 13 4 26 159 222 −63 Germany 11 0 1 10 23 79 −56 Great Britain 30 7 1 22 99 155 −56 Hungary 31 10 3 18 101 170 −69 Iceland 3 3 0 0 18 2 +16 Israel 1 1 0 0 7 0 +7 Italy 32 4 3 25 68 155 −87 Japan 32 9 4 19 94 170 −76 Kazakhstan 8 0 0 8 17 45 −28 Latvia 6 0 0 6 6 45 −39 Lithuania 16 7 5 4 54 44 +10 Mexico 1 1 0 0 17 1 +16 North Korea 3 3 0 0 25 2 +23 Norway 42 11 6 25 130 200 −70 Poland 40 3 2 35 85 209 −124 Romania 29 14 2 13 93 113 −20 Serbia 5 4 0 1 20 10 +10 Slovakia 2 0 0 2 4 24 −20 Slovenia 16 2 3 11 36 90 −54 South Africa 1 1 0 0 8 4 +4 South Korea 9 6 0 3 49 39 +10 Soviet Union 14 0 0 14 27 172 −145 Spain 7 7 0 0 60 13 +47 Sweden 3 0 0 3 0 23 −23 Switzerland 19 3 1 15 42 119 −77 Ukraine 12 0 0 12 17 77 −60 United States 6 0 0 6 19 58 −39 Yugoslavia 22 11 3 8 98 84 +14 Total 710 217 60 433 2 618 3 365 −747 References ^ Podnieks, Andrew (4 February 2020). "Legends join IIHF Hall of Fame". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ "IIHF Men's World Ranking". IIHF. 27 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024. ^ "Dutch Hockey: Building the Game From the Inside Out". Thehockeywriters.com. Retrieved 25 October 2016. ^ "Men's Division II, III cancelled". IIHF. Retrieved 13 March 2020. ^ "IIHF – IIHF Council announces more cancellations". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 18 November 2020. External links Official website IIHF profile National Teams of Ice Hockey vte National sports teams of the Netherlands A1 GP Acceleration American football Badminton Bandy M W Baseball M M U18 W Basketball M M U20 M U18 M U16 M 3x3 W W U20 W U19 W U16 W 3x3 Beach soccer Cricket M M U19 W Field hockey M M U21 W W U21 Floorball Football M M 21 M U19 M U17 W W U19 W U17 CP Futsal Goalball M W Gymnastics Handball M W W-J W-Y Ice hockey M M U20 M U18 W W U18 Korfball Motorcycle Pitch and putt Racquetball Rollball Roller hockey Rugby league M W Rugby union M M U20 M7 W W7 Softball M W W U17 Speedway M longtrack Squash M W Tennis M W X Volleyball M M U21 M U19 W W U23 W U20 W U18 Water polo M W Wheelchair basketball M W Wheelchair handball Olympics Paralympics European Games vteMen's national ice hockey teamsAfrica Algeria* EgyptN Morocco* South Africa Tunisia* Americas Argentina* Brazil* Canada Chile** Colombia* HaitiN Jamaica* Mexico Puerto Rico* United States VenezuelaN Asia andOceania Australia BahrainN China Chinese Taipei Hong Kong India Indonesia* Iran* Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lebanon* Macau* Malaysia Mongolia New Zealand North Korea Oman* Philippines Qatar* Saudi ArabiaN Singapore South Korea Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan* Europe Andorra* Armenia* Azerbaijan* Austria Belarus† Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece* Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein* Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands North Macedonia* Norway Poland Portugal* Romania Russia† Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Former teams Basque Country Bohemia Catalonia Commonwealth of Independent States Czechoslovakia East Germany England Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Scotland Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union West Germany Yugoslavia Team Europe Team North America * IIHF associate members ** IIHF affiliate members † IIHF suspended members N Not an IIHF member	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"IIHF World Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF_World_Ranking"},{"link_name":"IIHF World Championship Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF_World_Championship_Division_II"}],"text":"The Netherlands men's national ice hockey team is the national men's ice hockey of the Netherlands.[3]The Netherlands are currently ranked 24th in the IIHF World Ranking and currently compete in IIHF World Championship Division II.","title":"Netherlands men's national ice hockey team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1980 Olympic ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1981 World Ice Hockey Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships"},{"link_name":"1980 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"1981 World Ice Hockey Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships"}],"text":"The Netherlands competed in the 1980 Olympic ice hockey competition. They then competed in Pool A of the 1981 World Ice Hockey Championships.In the 1980 Winter Olympics, The Netherlands, competed in the Red division group, and had a record of 1–3–1. They lost to Canada (10–1), they lost to the Soviet Union (17–4), they tied Japan (3–3), they beat Poland (5–3), and they lost to Finland (10–3).One year later, the team returned to the top division in the 1981 World Ice Hockey Championships. In the first round, the team lost all of their games, followed by another 3 losses in the final round.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tournament record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","text":"1980 – 9th place","title":"Tournament record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_IIHF_World_Championship_Division_II"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_IIHF_World_Championship_Division_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_IIHF_World_Championship_Division_II"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_IIHF_World_Championship_Division_I"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_IIHF_World_Championship_Division_I"},{"link_name":"2025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_IIHF_World_Championship_Division_I"}],"sub_title":"World Championship","text":"1935 – 14th place\n1939 – 11th place\n1950 – 8th place\n1951 – 10th place (3rd in Pool B)\n1952 – 13th place (4th in Pool B)\n1953 – 7th place (4th in Pool B)\n1955 – 12th place (3rd in Pool B)\n1961 – 18th place (4th in Pool C)\n1963 – 20th place (5th in Pool C)\n1967 – 21st place (5th in Pool C)\n1969 – 18th place (4th in Pool C)\n1970 – 20th place (6th in Pool C)\n1971 – 21st place (7th in Pool C)\n1972 – 20th place (7th in Pool C)\n1973 – 16th place (2nd in Pool C)\n1974 – 11th place (5th in Pool B)\n1975 – 14th place (8th in Pool B)\n1976 – 14th place (6th in Pool B)\n1977 – 16th place (8th in Pool B)\n1978 – 17th place (1st in Pool C)\n1979 – 9th place (1st in Pool B)\n1981 – 8th place\n1982 – 16th place (8th in Pool B)\n1983 – 17th place (1st in Pool C)\n1985 – 14th place (6th in Pool B)\n1986 – 13th place (5th in Pool B)\n1987 – 15th place (7th in Pool B)\n1989 – 17th place (1st in Pool C)\n1990 – 16th place (8th in Pool B)\n1991 – 15th place (7th in Pool B)\n1992 – 13th place (2nd in Pool B)\n1993 – 15th place (3rd in Pool B)\n\n\n1994 – 18th place (6th in Pool B)\n1995 – 16th place (4th in Pool B)\n1996 – 19th place (7th in Pool B)\n1997 – 19th place (7th in Pool B)\n1998 – 24th place (8th in Pool B)\n1999 – 25th place (1st in Pool C)\n2000 – 24th place (8th in Pool B)\n2001 – 25th place (5th in Division I, Group A)\n2002 – 24th place (4th in Division I, Group A)\n2003 – 23rd place (4th in Division I, Group A)\n2004 – 22nd place (3rd in Division I, Group A)\n2005 – 22nd place (3rd in Division I, Group B)\n2006 – 25th place (5th in Division I, Group B)\n2007 – 25th place (5th in Division I, Group A)\n2008 – 26th place (5th in Division I, Group A)\n2009 – 25th place (5th in Division I, Group B)\n2010 – 24th place (4th in Division I, Group A)\n2011 – 24th place (4th in Division I, Group A)\n2012 – 25th place (3rd in Division I, Group B)\n2013 – 25th place (3rd in Division I, Group B)\n2014 – 27th place (5th in Division I, Group B)\n2015 – 28th place (6th in Division I, Group B)\n2016 – 29th place (1st in Division II, Group A)\n2017 – 28th place (6th in Division I, Group B)\n2018 – 29th place (1st in Division II, Group A)\n2019 – 28th place (6th in Division I, Group B)\n2020 – Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic[4]\n2021 – Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic[5]\n2022 – 28th place (2nd in Division II, Group A)\n2023 – 27th place (5th in Division I, Group B)\n2024 – 28th place (6th in Division I, Group B)\n2025 – (Division II, Group A)","title":"Tournament record"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Team_PB_1962.jpg"}],"text":"The Netherlands national team in 2007.","title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ted Lenssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lenssen"},{"link_name":"John de Bruyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Bruyn"},{"link_name":"Patrick Kolijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Kolijn"},{"link_name":"George Peternousek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Peternousek"},{"link_name":"Allan Pluimers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Pluimers"},{"link_name":"Rick van Gog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_van_Gog"},{"link_name":"Henk Hille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_Hille"},{"link_name":"Frank van Soldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_van_Soldt"},{"link_name":"Harrie van Heumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrie_van_Heumen"},{"link_name":"Larry van Wieren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_van_Wieren"},{"link_name":"Ron Berteling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Berteling"},{"link_name":"Dick Decloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Decloe"},{"link_name":"Jack de Heer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_de_Heer"},{"link_name":"Jan Janssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Janssen_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Klaas van den Broek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaas_van_den_Broek"},{"link_name":"Leo Koopmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Koopmans"},{"link_name":"Brian de Bruyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_de_Bruyn"},{"link_name":"Chuck Huizinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Huizinga"},{"link_name":"Corky de Graauw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corky_de_Graauw"},{"link_name":"William Klooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Klooster"}],"sub_title":"Roster for the 1980 Olympics","text":"1 G Ted Lenssen\n30 G John de Bruyn\n6 D Patrick Kolijn\n9 D George Peternousek\n11 D Allan Pluimers\n12 D Rick van Gog\n14 D Henk Hille\n17 D Frank van Soldt\n2 F Harrie van Heumen\n3 F Larry van Wieren (C)\n4 F Ron Berteling\n5 F Dick Decloe\n8 F Jack de Heer\n10 F Jan Janssen\n15 F Klaas van den Broek (A)\n16 F Leo Koopmans\n18 F Brian de Bruyn\n19 F Chuck Huizinga\n20 F Corky de Graauw\n25 F William Klooster","title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_Hockey_Match,_Lake_Placid_1980.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"1980 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics"}],"text":"The Netherlands and Canada during the 1980 Winter Olympics, the only Olympics the Netherlands has participated in. Canada won the match 10–1.As of 29 April 2023.","title":"All-time record"}]	[{"image_text":"The Netherlands national team in 2007.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Team_PB_1962.jpg/220px-Team_PB_1962.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Netherlands and Canada during the 1980 Winter Olympics, the only Olympics the Netherlands has participated in. Canada won the match 10–1.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ice_Hockey_Match%2C_Lake_Placid_1980.jpg/250px-Ice_Hockey_Match%2C_Lake_Placid_1980.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Podnieks, Andrew (4 February 2020). \"Legends join IIHF Hall of Fame\". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 7 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Podnieks","url_text":"Podnieks, Andrew"},{"url":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/17847/iihf-hall-of-fame-welcomes-class-of-2020","url_text":"\"Legends join IIHF Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"IIHF Men's World Ranking\". IIHF. 27 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iihf.com/en/worldranking","url_text":"\"IIHF Men's World Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch Hockey: Building the Game From the Inside Out\". Thehockeywriters.com. Retrieved 25 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://thehockeywriters.com/dutch-hockey-building-the-game-from-the-inside-out/","url_text":"\"Dutch Hockey: Building the Game From the Inside Out\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's Division II, III cancelled\". IIHF. Retrieved 13 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/18314/men%e2%80%99s-division-ii%2c-iii-cancelled","url_text":"\"Men's Division II, III cancelled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation","url_text":"IIHF"}]},{"reference":"\"IIHF – IIHF Council announces more cancellations\". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 18 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/23178/iihf-council-announces-more-cancellations","url_text":"\"IIHF – IIHF Council announces more cancellations\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/17847/iihf-hall-of-fame-welcomes-class-of-2020","external_links_name":"\"Legends join IIHF Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"https://www.iihf.com/en/worldranking","external_links_name":"\"IIHF Men's World Ranking\""},{"Link":"http://thehockeywriters.com/dutch-hockey-building-the-game-from-the-inside-out/","external_links_name":"\"Dutch Hockey: Building the Game From the Inside Out\""},{"Link":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/18314/men%e2%80%99s-division-ii%2c-iii-cancelled","external_links_name":"\"Men's Division II, III cancelled\""},{"Link":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/23178/iihf-council-announces-more-cancellations","external_links_name":"\"IIHF – IIHF Council announces more cancellations\""},{"Link":"https://www.ijnl.nl/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1353/netherlands","external_links_name":"IIHF profile"},{"Link":"http://nationalteamsoficehockey.com/netherlands/","external_links_name":"National Teams of Ice Hockey"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Cl%C3%A1sica_de_Almer%C3%ADa	2005 Clásica de Almería	["1 General classification","2 References"]	Cycling race 2005 Clásica de AlmeríaRace detailsDates27 February 2005Stages1Distance173.4 km (107.7 mi)Winning time4h 23' 03"Results Winner Iván Gutiérrez (ESP) Second Sergi Escobar (ESP) Third David Muñoz (ESP)← 2004 2006 → The 2005 Clásica de Almería was the 20th edition of the Clásica de Almería cycle race and was held on 27 February 2005. The race started in El Ejido and finished in Almería. The race was won by Iván Gutiérrez. General classification Final general classification Rank Rider Time 1 Iván Gutiérrez (ESP) 4h 23' 03" 2 Sergi Escobar (ESP) + 0" 3 David Muñoz (ESP) + 0" 4 José Antonio López (ESP) + 4" 5 Marco Milesi (ITA) + 55" 6 Dionisio Galparsoro (ESP) + 2' 01" 7 Thorwald Veneberg (NED) + 2' 03" 8 Steven Kleynen (BEL) + 2' 08" 9 Dario Andriotto (ITA) + 2' 08" 10 Danilo Hondo (GER) + 2' 26" References ^ "Clásica de Almería (HC), Spain". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 3 April 2018. ^ "Clasica de Almeria". WVCycling. Retrieved 3 April 2018. ^ "Clasica de Almeria". WVCycling. Retrieved 3 April 2018. ^ "2005 Clasica de Almeria". First Cycling. Retrieved 3 April 2018. ^ "20th Clasica de Almeria - 1.1". Cycling News. Retrieved 3 April 2018. vteClásica de Almería Amateur 1986–1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 This cycling race article related to Spanish cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clásica de Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1sica_de_Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"El Ejido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ejido"},{"link_name":"Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Iván Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Guti%C3%A9rrez_(cyclist)"}],"text":"The 2005 Clásica de Almería was the 20th edition of the Clásica de Almería cycle race and was held on 27 February 2005. The race started in El Ejido and finished in Almería.[2] The race was won by Iván Gutiérrez.","title":"2005 Clásica de Almería"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General classification"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Clásica de Almería (HC), Spain\". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 3 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/races/almeria-clasica/almeria-clasica-index.html","url_text":"\"Clásica de Almería (HC), Spain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clasica de Almeria\". WVCycling. Retrieved 3 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wvcycling.com/en/race/25//2005/","url_text":"\"Clasica de Almeria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clasica de Almeria\". WVCycling. Retrieved 3 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wvcycling.com/en/race/25/result/2005/","url_text":"\"Clasica de Almeria\""}]},{"reference":"\"2005 Clasica de Almeria\". First Cycling. Retrieved 3 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://firstcycling.com/race.php?r=129&y=2005","url_text":"\"2005 Clasica de Almeria\""}]},{"reference":"\"20th Clasica de Almeria - 1.1\". Cycling News. Retrieved 3 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2005/feb05/almeria05","url_text":"\"20th Clasica de Almeria - 1.1\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/races/almeria-clasica/almeria-clasica-index.html","external_links_name":"\"Clásica de Almería (HC), Spain\""},{"Link":"http://www.wvcycling.com/en/race/25//2005/","external_links_name":"\"Clasica de Almeria\""},{"Link":"http://www.wvcycling.com/en/race/25/result/2005/","external_links_name":"\"Clasica de Almeria\""},{"Link":"http://firstcycling.com/race.php?r=129&y=2005","external_links_name":"\"2005 Clasica de Almeria\""},{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2005/feb05/almeria05","external_links_name":"\"20th Clasica de Almeria - 1.1\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2005_Cl%C3%A1sica_de_Almer%C3%ADa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_Time_Kirara_Max	Manga Time Kirara Max	["1 History","1.1 Supplement issue","1.2 Monthly magazine","2 Ongoing serialized manga","3 Finished manga series","4 Anime adaptations","5 Game adaptations","6 References","7 External links"]	Japanese manga magazine Manga Time Kirara Max まんがタイムきららMAXCategoriesSeinen mangaFrequencyMonthlyCirculation50,000 (2019)First issueSeptember 29, 2004CompanyHoubunshaCountryJapanLanguageJapaneseWebsitehttp://www.dokidokivisual.com/magazine/max/ Manga Time Kirara Max (まんがタイムきららMAX) is a Japanese four-panel seinen manga magazine published by Houbunsha. It is the third magazine of the "Kirara" series, after Manga Time Kirara and Manga Time Kirara Carat. The first issue was released on September 29, 2004. Currently the magazine is released on the 19th of each month. History Supplement issue May 24, 2004 - Created as the supplement issue of "Manga Time Kirara" (Vol.1). Since it was a supplement issue, only one issue is published. Monthly magazine Until July 19, 2019, it was 15 years after first issue, and the latest issue number is No.179. September 29, 2004 - First issue is published as November issue, 2004. Starting from this issue, issue number is recorded as "Month" Issue and No.○, published on the 29th of each month. September 20, 2005 - Since November issue, 2005, it was changed to release on 19th of each month and the price is changed. July 19, 2006 - Since September issue, 2006, the serif of logo "MAX" was changed and the design is renewed. October 18, 2008 - December issue, 2008 was released, and it had an issue number No.50. September 19, 2009 - September issue, 2009 was released. It was 5th anniversary since it became an independent publication. A comic anthology of Kanamemo, which celebrates the 5th anniversary, was included. March 19, 2010 - May issue, 2010 was released. The issue number on the cover and side had a minor change. December 19, 2012 - February issue, 2013 was released. It was the 100th issue and it had an anniversary cover. June 19, 2013 - August issue, 2013 was released. It announced the held of "2013 Summer Reading Report Contest", which collects the article of readers based on manga serialized on this magazine. In the November issue, 2013, outstanding work was posted. August 19, 2014 - October issue, 2014 was released. It is a commemorative issue and a 10th anniversary booklet, "MAXX" was included. February 18, 2017 - April, 2017 was released and it is the No.150 issue. Ongoing serialized manga Title Japanese title Author Guest appearance Serialized since Kin-iro Mosaic きんいろモザイク Yui Hara February - March issue, 2010 June issue, 2010 Is the Order a Rabbit? ご注文はうさぎですか？ Koi December issue, 2010 March issue, 2011 Magic of Stella ステラのまほう Cloba·U October, November issue, 2012 February issue, 2013 Comic Girls こみっくがーるず Kaori Hanzawa May issue, 2014 August issue, 2014 Take Me to the Baseball Stadium 私を球場に連れてって！ Author：Super Masara Illustrator：Umino Tomo Not Applicable April issue, 2017 Tabemono Gatari タベモノガタリ Den2bow September - November issue, 2017 January issue, 2018 Bocchi the Rock! ぼっち・ざ・ろっく！ Aki Hamaji February - April issue, 2018 May issue, 2018 しょうこセンセイ！ Najimi January - April issue, 2018 June issue, 2018 Class President's Request 委員長のノゾミ Hiroki Toda August - September issue, 2018 November issue, 2018 First Love* Rail Trip 初恋＊れ～るとりっぷ Yunon Nagayama August - September issue, 2018 December issue, 2018 みわくの魔かぞく Gobou August - September issue, 2018 December issue, 2018 社畜さんと家出少女 Tatsuno Kosso September - November issue, 2018 January issue, 2019 Traveling the Sea and Atelier 旅する海とアトリエ Miki Morinaga November issue, 2018 - January issue, 2019 March issue, 2019 Humanoid 7-DO and Her Friends ななどなどなど Uso Uzaki February - April issue, 2019 June issue, 2019 En and Yukari エンとゆかり Shirourayama January - March issue, 2019 July issue, 2019 Hal Metal Dolls ハルメタルドールズ！ Kakoben May - June issue, 2019 September issue, 2019 いのち短し善せよ乙女 Dokan August - October issue, 2019 December issue, 2019 六条さんのアトリビュート Setoyuki September - October issue, 2019 February issue, 2020 Finished manga series Title Japanese title Author Guest appearance Serialized since End of serialization いんぷれ Akazawa RED Not Applicable July issue, 2005 魔法のじゅもん Araki Kanao てんしのたまごかたつむりちゃん帝立第13軍学校歩兵科異常アリ!? 0からはじめましょうカラフル曜日 The Last Uniform 最後の制服兄妹はじめました！えむの王国ぴよぴよライフちびでびっ！ワンダフルデイズ The Inhabitants of Somewhere (○ Hon no Jūnin) ○本の住人烈！きなこパーティー Very Sweet ベリースイートスズナリ！りんたま LR少女探偵団ももえん。にこプリトランス茶華道部へようこそ★ きらきらきら Glee Green Island 看板娘はさしおさえ Wハーフひより日和落花流水天然女子高物語お仕えしたいの！無敵せんせいあきばちゃんねるオオカミの手かします！ Welcome to Wakaba-Soh ようこそ。若葉荘へしらたま！はなまるべんと！ちかちかプラネッツひろなex. 通りすがりのLibreria イチロー！ファンブルスターちかろぐケノモノ学園ぐーぱん！がーるずぽっぷピコピコぱんち！スキっ！キライっ！まん研ぼくの生徒はヴァンパイアちびっと！カンフーちゃー深葉学園☆未来機械普通科ももいろちゃいむ Kanamemo かなめも Kotoha no Ōji-sama Free! Rakka Ryūsui Ichigo no Haitta Sodasui Doushite Watashi ga Bijutsuka ni!? Anime adaptations Kanamemo - Summer 2009 Kin-iro Mosaic - Summer 2013 Is the Order a Rabbit? - Spring 2014 Hello!! Kin-iro Mosaic - Spring 2015 Is the Order a Rabbit?? - Fall 2015 Magic of Stella - Fall 2016 Comic Girls - Spring 2018 Is the Order a Rabbit? BLOOM - Fall 2020 Bocchi the Rock! - Fall 2022 Game adaptations Miracle Girls Festival – December 17, 2015 Is the Order a Rabbit?? Wonderful Party! - March 3, 2016 Kin-iro Mosaic Memories - December 27, 2016 Kirara Fantasia – December 11, 2017 References ^ "Men's Manga". Japanese Magazine Publishers Association. Retrieved July 26, 2016. ^ "一般社団法人日本雑誌協会". External links Official website (in Japanese) Manga Time Kirara Max at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteManga Time Kirara Max seriesCurrent Bocchi the Rock! Is the Order a Rabbit? Finished Comic Girls Kanamemo Kin-iro Mosaic Magic of Stella Rakka Ryūsui The Last Uniform Welcome to Wakaba-Soh vteHoubunsha manga magazinesYonkoma Honto ni Atta Marunama Koko Dake no Hanashi Manga Time Manga Time Natural Manga Time Original Seinen Comic Yell! Manga Home Manga Time Kirara Manga Time Kirara Carat Manga Time Kirara Carino Manga Time Kirara Forward Manga Time Kirara Magica Manga Time Kirara Max Weekly Manga Times Shūman Special Other Hana Oto (yaoi) Discontinued Tsubomi (yuri) Manga Time Kirara Miracle! Manga Time Family Manga Time Jumbo Manga Time Lovely Manga Time Special This Japanese magazine or journal-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This article about an anime or manga magazine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"four-panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonkoma"},{"link_name":"seinen manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinen_manga"},{"link_name":"Manga Time Kirara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_Time_Kirara"},{"link_name":"Manga Time Kirara Carat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_Time_Kirara_Carat"}],"text":"Manga Time Kirara Max (まんがタイムきららMAX) is a Japanese four-panel seinen manga magazine published by Houbunsha. It is the third magazine of the \"Kirara\" series, after Manga Time Kirara and Manga Time Kirara Carat. The first issue was released on September 29, 2004. Currently the magazine is released on the 19th of each month.","title":"Manga Time Kirara Max"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Supplement issue","text":"May 24, 2004 - Created as the supplement issue of \"Manga Time Kirara\" (Vol.1). Since it was a supplement issue, only one issue is published.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kanamemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanamemo"}],"sub_title":"Monthly magazine","text":"Until July 19, 2019, it was 15 years after first issue, and the latest issue number is No.179.September 29, 2004 - First issue is published as November issue, 2004. Starting from this issue, issue number is recorded as \"Month\" Issue and No.○, published on the 29th of each month.\nSeptember 20, 2005 - Since November issue, 2005, it was changed to release on 19th of each month and the price is changed.\nJuly 19, 2006 - Since September issue, 2006, the serif of logo \"MAX\" was changed and the design is renewed.\nOctober 18, 2008 - December issue, 2008 was released, and it had an issue number No.50.\nSeptember 19, 2009 - September issue, 2009 was released. It was 5th anniversary since it became an independent publication. A comic anthology of Kanamemo, which celebrates the 5th anniversary, was included.\nMarch 19, 2010 - May issue, 2010 was released. The issue number on the cover and side had a minor change.\nDecember 19, 2012 - February issue, 2013 was released. It was the 100th issue and it had an anniversary cover.\nJune 19, 2013 - August issue, 2013 was released. It announced the held of \"2013 Summer Reading Report Contest\", which collects the article of readers based on manga serialized on this magazine. In the November issue, 2013, outstanding work was posted.\nAugust 19, 2014 - October issue, 2014 was released. It is a commemorative issue and a 10th anniversary booklet, \"MAXX\" was included.\nFebruary 18, 2017 - April, 2017 was released and it is the No.150 issue.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ongoing serialized manga"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Finished manga series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kanamemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanamemo"},{"link_name":"Kin-iro Mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin-iro_Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Is the Order a Rabbit?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_the_Order_a_Rabbit%3F"},{"link_name":"Magic of Stella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_of_Stella"},{"link_name":"Comic Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Girls"},{"link_name":"Bocchi the Rock!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocchi_the_Rock!"}],"text":"Kanamemo - Summer 2009\nKin-iro Mosaic - Summer 2013\nIs the Order a Rabbit? - Spring 2014\nHello!! Kin-iro Mosaic - Spring 2015\nIs the Order a Rabbit?? - Fall 2015\nMagic of Stella - Fall 2016\nComic Girls - Spring 2018\nIs the Order a Rabbit? BLOOM - Fall 2020\nBocchi the Rock! - Fall 2022","title":"Anime adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miracle Girls Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Girls_Festival"},{"link_name":"Is the Order a Rabbit?? Wonderful Party!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_the_Order_a_Rabbit%3F"},{"link_name":"Kin-iro Mosaic Memories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin-iro_Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Kirara Fantasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirara_Fantasia"}],"text":"Miracle Girls Festival – December 17, 2015\nIs the Order a Rabbit?? Wonderful Party! - March 3, 2016\nKin-iro Mosaic Memories - December 27, 2016\nKirara Fantasia – December 11, 2017","title":"Game adaptations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Men's Manga\". Japanese Magazine Publishers Association. Retrieved July 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.j-magazine.or.jp/data_002/m6.html#002","url_text":"\"Men's Manga\""}]},{"reference":"\"一般社団法人日本雑誌協会\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.j-magazine.or.jp/user/data/magdata/1/13","url_text":"\"一般社団法人日本雑誌協会\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.dokidokivisual.com/magazine/max/","external_links_name":"http://www.dokidokivisual.com/magazine/max/"},{"Link":"http://www.j-magazine.or.jp/data_002/m6.html#002","external_links_name":"\"Men's Manga\""},{"Link":"https://www.j-magazine.or.jp/user/data/magdata/1/13","external_links_name":"\"一般社団法人日本雑誌協会\""},{"Link":"http://www.dokidokivisual.com/magazine/max/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/manga.php?id=12691","external_links_name":"Manga Time Kirara Max"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manga_Time_Kirara_Max&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manga_Time_Kirara_Max&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kotsopoulos	Chris Kotsopoulos	["1 Career statistics","2 References","3 External links"]	Canadian ice hockey player Ice hockey player Chris KotsopoulosBorn (1958-11-27) November 27, 1958 (age 65)Scarborough, Ontario, CanadaHeight 6 ft 3 in (191 cm)Weight 215 lb (98 kg; 15 st 5 lb)Position DefenceShot RightPlayed for New York RangersHartford WhalersToronto Maple LeafsDetroit Red WingsNHL draft UndraftedPlaying career 1978–1990 Chris Kotsopoulos (Greek: Χρήστος Κωτσόπουλος; born November 27, 1958) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played 479 games in the National Hockey League. He played for the New York Rangers, Hartford Whalers, Toronto Maple Leafs, and Detroit Red Wings. As a youth, he played in the 1971 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Toronto. He is the former Quinnipiac Bobcats men's ice hockey analyst on AM1220 WQUN. Career statistics Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1974–75 Wexford Raiders OPJHL 30 0 5 5 128 — — — — — 1975–76 Windsor Spitfires OHL 59 3 13 16 169 — — — — — 1976–77 Acadia University CIAU — — — — — — — — — — 1977–78 Acadia University CIAU 17 0 7 7 72 — — — — — 1978–79 Toledo Goaldiggers IHL 62 6 22 28 153 6 1 7 8 48 1979–80 New Haven Nighthawks AHL 75 7 27 34 149 10 4 5 9 28 1980–81 New York Rangers NHL 54 4 12 16 153 14 0 3 3 63 1981–82 Hartford Whalers NHL 68 13 20 33 147 — — — — — 1982–83 Hartford Whalers NHL 68 6 24 30 125 — — — — — 1983–84 Hartford Whalers NHL 72 5 13 18 118 — — — — — 1984–85 Hartford Whalers NHL 33 5 3 8 53 — — — — — 1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 61 6 11 17 83 10 1 0 1 14 1986–87 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 43 2 10 12 75 7 0 0 0 14 1987–88 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 21 2 2 4 19 — — — — — 1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 57 1 14 15 44 — — — — — 1989–90 Detroit Red Wings NHL 2 0 0 0 10 — — — — — 1989–90 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 24 2 4 6 4 4 0 0 0 2 NHL totals 479 44 109 153 827 31 1 3 4 91 References ^ "Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-01-10. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database Profile at hockey-reference.com http://www.chriskotsopoulos.com https://web.archive.org/web/20120613221629/http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/37240-Getting-To-Know-Chris-Kotsopoulos.html This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey defenceman born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"New York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Hartford Whalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Whalers"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"Detroit Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_International_Pee-Wee_Hockey_Tournament"},{"link_name":"minor ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Quinnipiac Bobcats men's ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_men%27s_ice_hockey"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerChris Kotsopoulos (Greek: Χρήστος Κωτσόπουλος; born November 27, 1958) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played 479 games in the National Hockey League. He played for the New York Rangers, Hartford Whalers, Toronto Maple Leafs, and Detroit Red Wings. As a youth, he played in the 1971 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Toronto.[1]He is the former Quinnipiac Bobcats men's ice hockey analyst on AM1220 WQUN.","title":"Chris Kotsopoulos"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf","url_text":"\"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\""},{"url":"https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\""},{"Link":"https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8448529","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=71436&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/k/kotsoch01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=2798","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/k/kotsoch01.html","external_links_name":"Profile at hockey-reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.chriskotsopoulos.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.chriskotsopoulos.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120613221629/http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/37240-Getting-To-Know-Chris-Kotsopoulos.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120613221629/http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/37240-Getting-To-Know-Chris-Kotsopoulos.html"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Kotsopoulos&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_v._City_of_Oakland	Allen v. City of Oakland	["1 Background","2 Lawsuit","3 Negotiated settlement","4 Post-settlement action","5 Related legal issues","5.1 Criminal proceedings","6 References","7 External links"]	Lawsuit against the Oakland Police Department Allen v. City of OaklandCourtUnited States District Court for the Northern District of CaliforniaFull case nameDelphine Allen et al v. City of Oakland Docket nos.3:00-cv-04599;3:02-cv-04935Court membershipJudge sittingThelton HendersonKeywords42:1983 Civil Rights Act Delphine Allen et al. v. City of Oakland (also known as the Riders Case or Riders Scandal) was a civil rights lawsuit in Federal District Court regarding police misconduct in Oakland, California which has resulted in ongoing Federal oversight. Plaintiffs alleged mistreatment at the hands of four veteran officers, known as the "Riders", who were alleged to have kidnapped, planted evidence, and beaten citizens. Plaintiffs also alleged that the Oakland Police Department (OPD) turned a blind eye to police misconduct. The plaintiffs were represented by the Law Offices of John Burris and the Law Offices of James B. Chanin. Ms. Julie Houk, Mr. Chanin's associate, also played a major role in the litigation that has lasted for nearly fourteen years. In 2003, the parties entered into a settlement. Part of that settlement saw a $10.9 million payout to the 119 plaintiffs. Additionally, the Oakland Police Department was required to comply with a series of reforms. An independent monitoring team was appointed by the court to ensure the police complied with the settlement. As of January 15, 2019, the city has yet to fully comply with the terms of that settlement. Background "The Riders" refer to four officers in the Oakland Police Department. The Washington Post described them: At the high point of their careers, the so-called "Riders" were considered the best and the brightest, veterans whom rookie police officers tried to emulate. Their specialty: bringing in reputed drug dealers in record numbers from the crime-plagued streets of West Oakland. The alleged abuses came to light after a rookie officer, just 10 days on the job and fresh out of the police academy, resigned and reported his former co-workers' activities to the police department's Internal Affairs Division. A string of incidents of police misconduct by the group of four Oakland PD officers known as "the Oakland Riders" came to light. 119 people pressed civil rights lawsuits for unlawful beatings and detention, ultimately settling for $11 million with an agreement that the Oakland Police Department would implement significant reforms. Although all of the police officers involved were fired, three were later acquitted of criminal charges while one fled, presumably to Mexico, to avoid prosecution. Lawsuit On 17 December 2000, Delphine Allen filed suit against the city. His case was ultimately consolidated along with other similar civil rights lawsuits against Oakland and its police, including a total of 119 different plaintiffs. In 2003, the city entered into a negotiated settlement agreement. As part of the settlement, the city agreed to pay nearly $11 million to the 119 plaintiffs. Negotiated settlement The parties negotiated the largest legal settlement in Oakland municipal history and on March 14, 2003, the district court approved the negotiated settlement agreement. The settlement brought major changes to police department operations and dealings with the public. The case riveted the city as it was the largest case of police misconduct in Oakland in decades. Despite the settlement's hefty price tag, Russo said the cases could have cost the city tens of millions of dollars more had they gone to trial, pointing out that the victims had spent more than 25 years, combined, imprisoned on false charges. By comparison, Los Angeles spent $40 million to settle litigation stemming from the Rampart corruption scandal. The payout went to 119 plaintiffs who filed federal civil rights lawsuits claiming four police officers kidnapped, beat and planted drugs on them during the summer of 2000. The plaintiffs alleged that the Oakland Police Department either encouraged or turned a blind eye to the abuse. U.S. District Court Judge Thelton Henderson approved the settlement in the civil cases after 18 months of negotiations. Post-settlement action On August 20, 2003, the District Court appointed an independent monitoring team; Rachel Burgess, Kelli Evans, Charles Gruber and Christy Lopez to oversee the reform process and ensure city compliance with the settlement agreement. In January 2010, a monitoring team led by Robert Warshaw was appointed to replace the team that was appointed in August 2003. A Jan 17, 2012, a report by the independent monitoring team found "no improvement in compliance" during the past quarter. In a January 24, 2012, ruling, the district court found that Oakland Police Department had still failed to comply with the terms of the settlement. On October 4, 2012, Plaintiffs' counsel filed a motion requesting that the Oakland Police Department be placed in receivership. The OPD requested more time to achieve compliance. Plaintiffs' motion ultimately led to a settlement by the parties, who agreed to the Court's appointment of a Compliance Director who would have broad ranging powers, including the power "to review, investigate and take correction action regarding Oakland Police Department policies, procedures, and practices that are related to the objectives of the Negotiated Settlement Agreement (NSA) and Amended Memorandum of Understanding (AMOU), even if such policies, procedures, or practices do not fall squarely within any specific NSA task." The Compliance Director was also given the power to remove the Chief of Police, and to demote the Assistant Chief or any of the Deputy Chiefs. The December 12, 2012, Order settling the Plaintiffs' motion also called for the OPD "to address, resolve, and reduce: (1) incidents involving the unjustified use of force, including those involving the drawing and pointing of a firearm at a person or an officer-involved shooting (2) incidents of racial profiling and bias-based policing (3) citizen complaints (4) high-speed pursuits". On 10 June 2016, Oakland mayor Libby Schaaf announced the resignation of Oakland PD Chief Sean Whent. Reporters from the East Bay Express reported that Robert Warshaw forced Whent to resign due to the role of Whent (and his wife) in the coverup of a sexual-misconduct scandal involving Oakland police officers (as well as personnel from multiple other agencies) and a minor girl. The reporters also suspect that Whent was motivated by a desire to prevent another scandal from preventing the termination of federal oversight of the department. Related legal issues Keith Batt, the rookie who first reported the misconduct, ultimately settled with the city for $625,000. In total, the City of Oakland has paid a total of $57 million during the 2001-2011 timeframe to alleged victims of police abuse—the largest sum of any city in the San Francisco Bay Area. Criminal proceedings In November 2000, Alameda county prosecutors filed charges against four members of the Oakland Police Department. One officer, Francisco "Frank" Vazquez, the alleged ringleader, became a fugitive and was not brought to trial. As of 2023, he is still missing and is currently wanted by the FBI. The other three charged officers did stand trial and two juries failed to convict them. Opening arguments for the first criminal trial began in September 2002. In September 2003, after the longest criminal trial in county history, a jury deadlocked on 27 counts and a mistrial was declared. The second criminal trial began in November 2004. In May 2005, a jury found officer Matthew Hornung not guilty of all charges. After two mistrials, the judge dismissed the remaining charges against the two remaining officers. References ^ Veklerov, Kimberly (July 11, 2017). "Judge slams Oakland leaders in police sex scandal". SFGATE. ^ 24 January 2012 ruling ^ Liz Garone, "Oakland's Police 'Riders' on Trial: Officers Lauded for Drug Busts Are Accused of Brutality by Ex-Colleague," Washington Post, January 26, 2003 ^ "Oakland struggles with police scandal". Berkeley Daily Planet. Associated Press. 2000-11-30. Retrieved 2007-09-01. ^ "Riders' Cop Case Settlement Will Cost $10.9 Million". KTVU News. 2003-02-19. Archived from the original on 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2007-09-01. ^ "Three Oakland 'Riders' still seeking arbitration". East Bay Daily News. 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2007-09-01. ^ Janine DeFao, "Oakland settles 'Riders' Suits: Record $10.5 Million Payout," San Francisco Chronicle, February 19, 2003 ^ Robert S. Warshaw, Independent Monitor, "First Quarterly Report of the Independent Monitor for the Oakland Police Department," April 22, 2010 ^ "IMT Report, 1/17/12" (PDF). ^ "ORDER vacating January 26, 2012 status conference and conferring additional authority on the Monitor for Allen, et al v. City of Oakland, et al". Justia Dockets & Filings. ^ Plaintiffs' Notice Of, and Motion for, Appointment of A Receiver; Memorandum of Points and Authorities Thereon filed October 4, 2012 in United States District Court Northern District of California, Master Case File No. COO-4599 TEH ^ December 12, 2012, Court Order re: Compliance Director Master Case File No. COO-4599 TEH, 6 ^ December 12, 2012 Court Order, 6 ^ December 12, 2012, Court Order, 5 ^ BondGraham, Darwin; Winston, Ali (June 10, 2016). "The Real Reason Why Oakland's Police Chief Was Fired". East Bay Express. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 14 Jun 2016. Despite the mayor's claims, multiple city sources say Whent was forced out by Independent Police Monitor Robert Warshaw, who is responsible for overseeing OPD's progress with its 13-year-old federal reforms, and who hand-selected Whent to run the department in 2014. ^ Brian Edwards-Tiekert (14 Jun 2016). ""Oakland: Multi-department sex and prostitution scandal brought down police chief"". KPFA UpFront (Podcast). KPFA. Event occurs at 0700 Pacific time. Retrieved 14 Jun 2016. ^ Whistle-blower in 'Riders' case settles with Oakland for $625,000 ^ KTVU - Investigation reveals East Bay city paying out extraordinary police abuse settlements Archived 2014-08-02 at the Wayback Machine Nov 14, 2011 ^ "With charges dismissed, Oakland Riders want jobs back". The San Francisco Chronicle. 2011-06-24. ^ Duara, Nigel (2022-04-06). "From Scandal to Scrutiny: How Vigilant Citizen Oversight Helped Reshape Oakland's Police Force \| KQED". KQED. Archived from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2024-04-05. ^ Group, Bay Area News (2012-12-12). "Oakland: Where "the Riders" are today". East Bay Times. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2024-04-05. ^ Lee, Henry K. (November 2, 2004). "OAKLAND / Retrial starts of ex-cops called 'Riders' / D.A. says he has new evidence of altered documents". SFGATE. ^ "With charges dismissed, Oakland Riders want jobs back". The San Francisco Chronicle. 2011-06-24. External links Allen v. City of Oakland at University of Michigan Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse Allen v. City of Oakland at Justia Oakland City Attorney's page on Riders case Oakland Police Department page on Negotiated Settlement Agreement, including full reports from the Independent Monitoring Team. vteOakland Police DepartmentEvents 2009 shootings of Oakland police officers Allen v. City of Oakland Campbell v. City of Oakland Occupy Oakland People v. Newton Related Chief of the Oakland Police Department The Force vteOakland, CaliforniaEconomy Port of Oakland List of companies EducationHigher California College of the Arts Laney College Lincoln University Merritt College Mills College Samuel Merritt University Patten University Primary andsecondary Oakland USD Castlemont High Coliseum College Prep Academy Fremont High McClymonds High MetWest High Oakland High Oakland Technical High Skyline High American Indian Model Schools High School The Crucible Bishop O'Dowd High School The College Preparatory School Head-Royce School Oakland School for the Arts St. Elizabeth High School Government Mayors City Hall City Council Fire Department Police Department History(Timeline) Oakland Railroad Company Oakland Army Base Key System Naval Supply Depot Black Panther Party 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Firestorm of 1991 Oscar Grant shooting Shootings of police officers Riders scandal Your Black Muslim Bakery Occupy Oakland Oakland Tribune 2012 Oikos University shooting Ghost Ship warehouse fire Sports Oakland Athletics Oakland Ballers Oakland Roots SC Oakland Spiders Transportation San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge SR 24 Caldecott Tunnel Posey and Webster Street Tubes MacArthur Maze Interstate 580 Interstate 880 Cypress Street Viaduct Interstate 980 Warren Freeway International Boulevard Oakland – Jack London Square station Oakland International Airport AC Transit Eastmont Transit Center BART stations 12th Street Oakland City Center 19th Street Oakland (Uptown Transit Center) Coliseum Lake Merritt MacArthur OAK Rockridge West Oakland Other Designated Landmarks Neighborhoods Notable people Tallest buildings Children's Hospital Mountain View Cemetery Lake Merritt Temescal Creek Sausal Creek Crime Related Alameda County San Francisco Bay Area California United States Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Oakland Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"John Burris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Delphine Allen et al. v. City of Oakland (also known as the Riders Case or Riders Scandal) was a civil rights lawsuit in Federal District Court regarding police misconduct in Oakland, California which has resulted in ongoing Federal oversight.[1] Plaintiffs alleged mistreatment at the hands of four veteran officers, known as the \"Riders\", who were alleged to have kidnapped, planted evidence, and beaten citizens. Plaintiffs also alleged that the Oakland Police Department (OPD) turned a blind eye to police misconduct.The plaintiffs were represented by the Law Offices of John Burris and the Law Offices of James B. Chanin. Ms. Julie Houk, Mr. Chanin's associate, also played a major role in the litigation that has lasted for nearly fourteen years.In 2003, the parties entered into a settlement. Part of that settlement saw a $10.9 million payout to the 119 plaintiffs. Additionally, the Oakland Police Department was required to comply with a series of reforms. An independent monitoring team was appointed by the court to ensure the police complied with the settlement. As of January 15, 2019, the city has yet to fully comply with the terms of that settlement.[2]","title":"Allen v. City of Oakland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Oakland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Internal Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_affairs_(law_enforcement)"},{"link_name":"police misconduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_misconduct"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"\"The Riders\" refer to four officers in the Oakland Police Department. The Washington Post described them:At the high point of their careers, the so-called \"Riders\" were considered the best and the brightest, veterans whom rookie police officers tried to emulate. Their specialty: bringing in reputed drug dealers in record numbers from the crime-plagued streets of West Oakland.[3]The alleged abuses came to light after a rookie officer, just 10 days on the job and fresh out of the police academy, resigned and reported his former co-workers' activities to the police department's Internal Affairs Division.A string of incidents of police misconduct by the group of four Oakland PD officers known as \"the Oakland Riders\" came to light.[4] 119 people pressed civil rights lawsuits for unlawful beatings and detention, ultimately settling for $11 million with an agreement that the Oakland Police Department would implement significant reforms.[5] Although all of the police officers involved were fired, three were later acquitted of criminal charges while one fled, presumably to Mexico, to avoid prosecution.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On 17 December 2000, Delphine Allen filed suit against the city. His case was ultimately consolidated along with other similar civil rights lawsuits against Oakland and its police, including a total of 119 different plaintiffs.In 2003, the city entered into a negotiated settlement agreement. As part of the settlement, the city agreed to pay nearly $11 million to the 119 plaintiffs.","title":"Lawsuit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rampart corruption scandal.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_scandal"},{"link_name":"Judge Thelton Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelton_Henderson"}],"text":"The parties negotiated the largest legal settlement in Oakland municipal history and on March 14, 2003, the district court approved the negotiated settlement agreement.[7]The settlement brought major changes to police department operations and dealings with the public. The case riveted the city as it was the largest case of police misconduct in Oakland in decades. Despite the settlement's hefty price tag, Russo said the cases could have cost the city tens of millions of dollars more had they gone to trial, pointing out that the victims had spent more than 25 years, combined, imprisoned on false charges. By comparison, Los Angeles spent $40 million to settle litigation stemming from the Rampart corruption scandal.The payout went to 119 plaintiffs who filed federal civil rights lawsuits claiming four police officers kidnapped, beat and planted drugs on them during the summer of 2000. The plaintiffs alleged that the Oakland Police Department either encouraged or turned a blind eye to the abuse. U.S. District Court Judge Thelton Henderson approved the settlement in the civil cases after 18 months of negotiations.","title":"Negotiated settlement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kelli Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelli_Evans"},{"link_name":"compliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_compliance"},{"link_name":"Robert Warshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Warshaw"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"receivership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receivership"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Chief of Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_police"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Libby Schaaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libby_Schaaf"},{"link_name":"Sean Whent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Whent"},{"link_name":"East Bay Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Express"},{"link_name":"minor girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_of_children"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BondGraham_Winston_EBE_20160610-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BondGraham_Winston_upfront_20160614-16"}],"text":"On August 20, 2003, the District Court appointed an independent monitoring team; Rachel Burgess, Kelli Evans, Charles Gruber and Christy Lopez to oversee the reform process and ensure city compliance with the settlement agreement. In January 2010, a monitoring team led by Robert Warshaw was appointed to replace the team that was appointed in August 2003.[8]A Jan 17, 2012, a report by the independent monitoring team found \"no improvement in compliance\" during the past quarter.[9] In a January 24, 2012, ruling, the district court found that Oakland Police Department had still failed to comply with the terms of the settlement.[10]On October 4, 2012, Plaintiffs' counsel filed a motion requesting that the Oakland Police Department be placed in receivership.[11] The OPD requested more time to achieve compliance.Plaintiffs' motion ultimately led to a settlement by the parties, who agreed to the Court's appointment of a Compliance Director who would have broad ranging powers, including the power \"to review, investigate and take correction action regarding Oakland Police Department policies, procedures, and practices that are related to the objectives of the Negotiated Settlement Agreement (NSA) and Amended Memorandum of Understanding (AMOU), even if such policies, procedures, or practices do not fall squarely within any specific NSA task.\"[12] The Compliance Director was also given the power to remove the Chief of Police, and to demote the Assistant Chief or any of the Deputy Chiefs.[13]The December 12, 2012, Order settling the Plaintiffs' motion also called for the OPD \"to address, resolve, and reduce:\n(1) incidents involving the unjustified use of force, including those involving the drawing and pointing of a firearm at a person or an officer-involved shooting\n(2) incidents of racial profiling and bias-based policing\n(3) citizen complaints\n(4) high-speed pursuits\".[14]On 10 June 2016, Oakland mayor Libby Schaaf announced the resignation of Oakland PD Chief Sean Whent. Reporters from the East Bay Express reported that Robert Warshaw forced Whent to resign due to the role of Whent (and his wife) in the coverup of a sexual-misconduct scandal involving Oakland police officers (as well as personnel from multiple other agencies) and a minor girl.[15] The reporters also suspect that Whent was motivated by a desire to prevent another scandal from preventing the termination of federal oversight of the department.[16]","title":"Post-settlement action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Keith Batt, the rookie who first reported the misconduct, ultimately settled with the city for $625,000.[17]In total, the City of Oakland has paid a total of $57 million during the 2001-2011 timeframe to alleged victims of police abuse—the largest sum of any city in the San Francisco Bay Area.[18]","title":"Related legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"wanted by the FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Criminal proceedings","text":"In November 2000, Alameda county prosecutors filed charges against four members of the Oakland Police Department. One officer, Francisco \"Frank\" Vazquez, the alleged ringleader, became a fugitive and was not brought to trial.[19] As of 2023, he is still missing and is currently wanted by the FBI.[20][21]The other three charged officers did stand trial and two juries failed to convict them. Opening arguments for the first criminal trial began in September 2002. In September 2003, after the longest criminal trial in county history, a jury deadlocked on 27 counts and a mistrial was declared.[citation needed]The second criminal trial began in November 2004. In May 2005, a jury found officer Matthew Hornung not guilty of all charges.[22]After two mistrials, the judge dismissed the remaining charges against the two remaining officers.[23]","title":"Related legal issues"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Veklerov, Kimberly (July 11, 2017). \"Judge slams Oakland leaders in police sex scandal\". SFGATE.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Judge-criticizes-Oakland-leaders-in-police-sex-11279027.php","url_text":"\"Judge slams Oakland leaders in police sex scandal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oakland struggles with police scandal\". Berkeley Daily Planet. Associated Press. 2000-11-30. Retrieved 2007-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/article.cfm?archiveDate=2000-11-30&storyID=2415","url_text":"\"Oakland struggles with police scandal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riders' Cop Case Settlement Will Cost $10.9 Million\". KTVU News. 2003-02-19. Archived from the original on 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2007-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020060244/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/Parliament/2398/police_lawsuits.htm","url_text":"\"Riders' Cop Case Settlement Will Cost $10.9 Million\""},{"url":"http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Parliament/2398/police_lawsuits.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Three Oakland 'Riders' still seeking arbitration\". East Bay Daily News. 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2007-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebdailynews.com/article/2007-2-6-02-06-07-bcn89","url_text":"\"Three Oakland 'Riders' still seeking arbitration\""}]},{"reference":"\"IMT Report, 1/17/12\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca/groups/police/documents/webcontent/oak033001.pdf","url_text":"\"IMT Report, 1/17/12\""}]},{"reference":"\"ORDER vacating January 26, 2012 status conference and conferring additional authority on the Monitor for Allen, et al v. City of Oakland, et al\". Justia Dockets & Filings.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/california/candce/3:2000cv04599/41858/675","url_text":"\"ORDER vacating January 26, 2012 status conference and conferring additional authority on the Monitor for Allen, et al v. City of Oakland, et al\""}]},{"reference":"BondGraham, Darwin; Winston, Ali (June 10, 2016). \"The Real Reason Why Oakland's Police Chief Was Fired\". East Bay Express. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 14 Jun 2016. Despite the mayor's claims, multiple city sources say Whent was forced out by Independent Police Monitor Robert Warshaw, who is responsible for overseeing OPD's progress with its 13-year-old federal reforms, and who hand-selected Whent to run the department in 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160612121948/http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-real-reason-why-oakland-fired-its-police-chief/Content?oid=4826701","url_text":"\"The Real Reason Why Oakland's Police Chief Was Fired\""},{"url":"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-real-reason-why-oakland-fired-its-police-chief/Content?oid=4826701","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brian Edwards-Tiekert (14 Jun 2016). \"\"Oakland: Multi-department sex and prostitution scandal brought down police chief\"\". KPFA UpFront (Podcast). KPFA. Event occurs at 0700 Pacific time. Retrieved 14 Jun 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.kpfa.org/data/20160614-Tue0700.mp3","url_text":"\"\"Oakland: Multi-department sex and prostitution scandal brought down police chief\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"With charges dismissed, Oakland Riders want jobs back\". The San Francisco Chronicle. 2011-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/06/11/MNGS2D786S1.DTL&ao=all#ixzz1kzWnHO9E","url_text":"\"With charges dismissed, Oakland Riders want jobs back\""}]},{"reference":"Duara, Nigel (2022-04-06). \"From Scandal to Scrutiny: How Vigilant Citizen Oversight Helped Reshape Oakland's Police Force \| KQED\". KQED. Archived from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2024-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kqed.org/news/11910447/from-scandal-to-scrutiny-how-vigilant-citizen-oversight-helped-reshape-oaklands-police-force","url_text":"\"From Scandal to Scrutiny: How Vigilant Citizen Oversight Helped Reshape Oakland's Police Force \| KQED\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQED-FM","url_text":"KQED"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220407075002/https://www.kqed.org/news/11910447/from-scandal-to-scrutiny-how-vigilant-citizen-oversight-helped-reshape-oaklands-police-force","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Group, Bay Area News (2012-12-12). \"Oakland: Where \"the Riders\" are today\". East Bay Times. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2024-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2012/12/12/oakland-where-the-riders-are-today/","url_text":"\"Oakland: Where \"the Riders\" are today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Times","url_text":"East Bay Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160920004557/https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2012/12/12/oakland-where-the-riders-are-today/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Henry K. (November 2, 2004). \"OAKLAND / Retrial starts of ex-cops called 'Riders' / D.A. says he has new evidence of altered documents\". SFGATE.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/OAKLAND-Retrial-starts-of-ex-cops-called-2638855.php","url_text":"\"OAKLAND / Retrial starts of ex-cops called 'Riders' / D.A. says he has new evidence of altered documents\""}]},{"reference":"\"With charges dismissed, Oakland Riders want jobs back\". The San Francisco Chronicle. 2011-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/06/11/MNGS2D786S1.DTL&ao=all","url_text":"\"With charges dismissed, Oakland Riders want jobs back\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4496116/allen-v-city-of-oakland/","external_links_name":"3:00-cv-04599"},{"Link":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4496140/allen-v-city-of-oakland/","external_links_name":"3:02-cv-04935"},{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Judge-criticizes-Oakland-leaders-in-police-sex-11279027.php","external_links_name":"\"Judge slams Oakland leaders in police sex scandal\""},{"Link":"http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/article.cfm?archiveDate=2000-11-30&storyID=2415","external_links_name":"\"Oakland struggles with police scandal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020060244/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/Parliament/2398/police_lawsuits.htm","external_links_name":"\"Riders' Cop Case Settlement Will Cost $10.9 Million\""},{"Link":"http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Parliament/2398/police_lawsuits.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ebdailynews.com/article/2007-2-6-02-06-07-bcn89","external_links_name":"\"Three Oakland 'Riders' still seeking arbitration\""},{"Link":"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca/groups/police/documents/webcontent/oak033001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"IMT Report, 1/17/12\""},{"Link":"https://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/california/candce/3:2000cv04599/41858/675","external_links_name":"\"ORDER vacating January 26, 2012 status conference and conferring additional authority on the Monitor for Allen, et al v. City of Oakland, et al\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160612121948/http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-real-reason-why-oakland-fired-its-police-chief/Content?oid=4826701","external_links_name":"\"The Real Reason Why Oakland's Police Chief Was Fired\""},{"Link":"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-real-reason-why-oakland-fired-its-police-chief/Content?oid=4826701","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://archives.kpfa.org/data/20160614-Tue0700.mp3","external_links_name":"\"\"Oakland: Multi-department sex and prostitution scandal brought down police chief\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/investigation-reveals-east-bay-city-paying-out-ext/nFdWy/","external_links_name":"Investigation reveals East Bay city paying out extraordinary police abuse settlements"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140802014527/http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/investigation-reveals-east-bay-city-paying-out-ext/nFdWy/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/06/11/MNGS2D786S1.DTL&ao=all#ixzz1kzWnHO9E","external_links_name":"\"With charges dismissed, Oakland Riders want jobs back\""},{"Link":"https://www.kqed.org/news/11910447/from-scandal-to-scrutiny-how-vigilant-citizen-oversight-helped-reshape-oaklands-police-force","external_links_name":"\"From Scandal to Scrutiny: How Vigilant Citizen Oversight Helped Reshape Oakland's Police Force \| KQED\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220407075002/https://www.kqed.org/news/11910447/from-scandal-to-scrutiny-how-vigilant-citizen-oversight-helped-reshape-oaklands-police-force","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2012/12/12/oakland-where-the-riders-are-today/","external_links_name":"\"Oakland: Where \"the Riders\" are today\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160920004557/https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2012/12/12/oakland-where-the-riders-are-today/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/OAKLAND-Retrial-starts-of-ex-cops-called-2638855.php","external_links_name":"\"OAKLAND / Retrial starts of ex-cops called 'Riders' / D.A. says he has new evidence of altered documents\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/06/11/MNGS2D786S1.DTL&ao=all","external_links_name":"\"With charges dismissed, Oakland Riders want jobs back\""},{"Link":"http://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=5541","external_links_name":"Allen v. City of Oakland"},{"Link":"http://dockets.justia.com/docket/california/candce/3:2000cv04599/41858/","external_links_name":"Allen v. City of Oakland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120102023613/http://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/notable/Riders.html","external_links_name":"Oakland City Attorney's page on Riders case"},{"Link":"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/OPD/DOWD004998","external_links_name":"Oakland Police Department page on Negotiated Settlement Agreement"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urnasch	Urnäsch	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Weather","5 Economy","6 Transport","7 Heritage sites of national significance","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 47°19′N 9°17′E / 47.317°N 9.283°E / 47.317; 9.283 Municipality in Appenzell Ausserrhoden, SwitzerlandUrnäschMunicipality Coat of armsLocation of Urnäsch UrnäschShow map of SwitzerlandUrnäschShow map of Canton of Appenzell AusserrhodenCoordinates: 47°19′N 9°17′E / 47.317°N 9.283°E / 47.317; 9.283CountrySwitzerlandCantonAppenzell AusserrhodenDistrictn.a.Area • Total48.3 km2 (18.6 sq mi)Elevation826 m (2,710 ft)Population (31 December 2018) • Total2,303 • Density48/km2 (120/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)Postal code(s)9107SFOS number3006ISO 3166 codeCH-ARSurrounded byHemberg (SG), Hundwil, Nesslau-Krummenau (SG), Schönengrund, Schwellbrunn, WaldstattWebsitewww.urnaesch.ch SFSO statistics Urnäsch is a municipality in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Switzerland. History Aerial view from 200 m by Walter Mittelholzer (1922) In 831 AD a part of Urnäsch known as Färchen was first mentioned. In the 10th century, Urnäsch was part of the administrative district Herisau. From the 14th century onwards, Urnäsch was part of the Rhode Hundwil, and thus part of the bailiwick of St. Gallen. The first official mentioning of the municipality's entirety as “Urnäschen” occurred in 1344, when the village was sold to the German Earl Werdenberg, although the municipality already had a strong and independent agenda. It became part of the Schwäbischer Städtebund in the same year as the so-called Lendlyn, which further reaffirmed their independent position. In 1401, Urnäsch joined the Bund together with St. Gallen. At that time, Urnäsch was still a part of the Rhode Hundwil. From 1401 to 1429, Urnäsch was on the forefront of the Appenzell wars. After the battles in Vögelinsegg (1403) and Stoss (1405) the land gained independence as part of Appenzell. Until 1414, Urnäsch’s population had to go to church in the faraway municipality of Herisau. In the same year, a new church was built in Urnäsch and thereby the municipality obtained its independence in 1417 when the church was inaugurated. In 1480, Hundwil and Urnäsch split. In 1525, Urnäsch joined the reformation. Since the Landteilung in 1597, Urnäsch has been part of Appenzell Ausserrhoden as one of the six outermost Rhoden and was regularly the meeting place of the Kleiner Rat. In 1641, a large fire broke out in the village and burned down the church, the guildhall, the presbytery, and many other residential buildings. The church was rebuilt shortly thereafter and renovated in the years 1866 to 1888. Until 1722, the municipality Schönengrund was also part of Urnäsch, but obtained its independence the same year. Since then, the territory of Urnäsch has remained unaltered. Since the second half of the 19th century, the separation of church and state became more common, until the Swiss constitution of 1908 declared them to be fully separated from each other. Interestingly, the Urnäsch’s constitution only removed the term “Kirchhöri” as its description, which includes both church and government, in the year 2000. From the 1850’s onwards, tourism began to gain importance as a source of income. In 1853, the municipality’s first bridge was inaugurated, and in1875 a first train stop was built. In the 20th century, especially the establishment of public transport connections were of significance. Geography View from the Kronberg over Urnäsch and Hundwil. Urnäsch has an area, as of 2006, of 48.3 km2 (18.6 sq mi). Of this area, 53.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 41.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). The elevation of the village is 838 meters (2,749 ft). The lowest elevation is the Murbach which is 722 m (2,369 ft), while the highest point is the Petersalp which is 1,590 m (5,220 ft). Demographics Urnäsch has a population (as of 2008) of 2,268, of which about 11.6% are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -3%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (93.0%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common ( 2.3%) and Italian being third ( 1.0%). As of 2000, the gender distribution of the population was 50.6% male and 49.4% female. The age distribution, as of 2000, in Urnäsch is; 216 people or 9.2% of the population are between 0–6 years old. 316 people or 13.5% are 6-15, and 121 people or 5.2% are 16–19. Of the adult population, 143 people or 6.1% of the population are between 20–24 years old. 651 people or 27.9% are 25–44, and 495 people or 21.2% are 45–64. The senior population distribution is 276 people or 11.8% of the population are between 65–79 years old, and 118 people or 5.1% are over 80. In the 2007 federal election the FDP received 70.6% of the vote. In Urnäsch about 57.4% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). The historical population is given in the following table: Historical populationYearPop.±% 1850 2,464— 1870 2,564+4.1% 1888 3,123+21.8% 1900 3,087−1.2% 1920 3,202+3.7% 1941 2,481−22.5% 1960 2,330−6.1% 1980 2,258−3.1% 2000 2,322+2.8% 2010 2,278−1.9% 2020 2,263−0.7% 2022 2,290+1.2% Weather Urnäsch has an average of 161.6 days of rain per year and on average receives 1,803 mm (71.0 in) of precipitation. The wettest month is June during which time Urnäsch receives an average of 210 mm (8.3 in) of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 15.5 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 15.8, but with only 177 mm (7.0 in) of precipitation. The driest month of the year is October with an average of 107 mm (4.2 in) of precipitation over 15.5 days. Economy Urnäsch has an unemployment rate of 1.33%. As of 2005, there were 215 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 96 businesses involved in this sector. 246 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 28 businesses in this sector. 496 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 79 businesses in this sector. There are just under 100 farms and 18 hotels and restaurants in the village. Transport Train station and post office of Urnäsch The municipality has two railway stations, Urnäsch and Zürchersmühle, on the Gossau–Wasserauen line of Appenzell Railways. Heritage sites of national significance The Museum für Appenzeller Brauchtum and the Mill House along with the Mill are listed as heritage sites of national significance. References ^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019. ^ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019. ^ "Ersterwähnung des Weilers Färchen bei Urnäsch". St. Gallen, Stiftsarchiv, II 105 (Privaturkunde). ^ a b c Hürlimann, Hans (2006). Urnäsch, Landschaft-Brauchtum-Geschichte (in Swiss High German) (1st ed.). Herisau: Gemeinde Urnäsch. pp. 218–223. ISBN 3-85882-432-1. ^ a b Hürlimann, Hans (2006). Urnäsch, Landschaft-Brauchtum-Geschichte (in Swiss High German) (1st ed.). Herisau: Gemeinde Urnäsch. pp. 146–149. ISBN 3-85882-432-1. ^ Hürlimann, Hans (2006). Urnäsch, Landschaft-Brauchtum-Geschichte (in Swiss High German) (1st ed.). Herisau: Gemeinde Urnäsch. pp. 248–250. ISBN 3-85882-432-1. ^ a b c d e Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 17 September 2009 ^ Brief Statistics for the half-canton Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 15 September 2009 ^ a b Appenzell Outer Rhodes website Archived 13 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 15 September 2009 ^ "Daten der Eidgenössischen Volkszählungen ab 1850 nach Gemeinden (CSV-Datensatz)". Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft - Bundesamt für Statistik. 29 November 2019. ^ "Temperature and Precipitation Average Values-Table, 1961-1990" (in German, French, and Italian). Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology - MeteoSwiss. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009., the weather station elevation is 850 meters above sea level. ^ Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance Archived 1 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine 21.11.2008 version, (in German) accessed 17 September 2009 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urnäsch. Official Page (German) vteMunicipalities of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Switzerland Bühler Gais Grub Heiden Herisau Hundwil Lutzenberg Rehetobel Reute Schönengrund Schwellbrunn Speicher Stein Teufen Trogen Urnäsch Wald Waldstatt Walzenhausen Wolfhalden Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Appenzell Ausserrhoden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden"}],"text":"Municipality in Appenzell Ausserrhoden, SwitzerlandUrnäsch is a municipality in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Switzerland.","title":"Urnäsch"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Urn%C3%A4sch_aus_200_m-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-002799-AL.tif"},{"link_name":"Walter Mittelholzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mittelholzer"},{"link_name":"AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenzell_Wars"},{"link_name":"Appenzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenzell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Aerial view from 200 m by Walter Mittelholzer (1922)In 831 AD a part of Urnäsch known as Färchen was first mentioned.[3] In the 10th century, Urnäsch was part of the administrative district Herisau. From the 14th century onwards, Urnäsch was part of the Rhode Hundwil, and thus part of the bailiwick of St. Gallen. The first official mentioning of the municipality's entirety as “Urnäschen” occurred in 1344, when the village was sold to the German Earl Werdenberg, although the municipality already had a strong and independent agenda. It became part of the Schwäbischer Städtebund in the same year as the so-called Lendlyn, which further reaffirmed their independent position. In 1401, Urnäsch joined the Bund together with St. Gallen. At that time, Urnäsch was still a part of the Rhode Hundwil.[4] From 1401 to 1429, Urnäsch was on the forefront of the Appenzell wars. After the battles in Vögelinsegg (1403) and Stoss (1405) the land gained independence as part of Appenzell.Until 1414, Urnäsch’s population had to go to church in the faraway municipality of Herisau. In the same year, a new church was built in Urnäsch and thereby the municipality obtained its independence in 1417 when the church was inaugurated. In 1480, Hundwil and Urnäsch split. In 1525, Urnäsch joined the reformation. Since the Landteilung in 1597, Urnäsch has been part of Appenzell Ausserrhoden as one of the six outermost Rhoden and was regularly the meeting place of the Kleiner Rat.[4]In 1641, a large fire broke out in the village and burned down the church, the guildhall, the presbytery, and many other residential buildings. The church was rebuilt shortly thereafter and renovated in the years 1866 to 1888.[4]Until 1722, the municipality Schönengrund was also part of Urnäsch, but obtained its independence the same year. Since then, the territory of Urnäsch has remained unaltered.[5]Since the second half of the 19th century, the separation of church and state became more common, until the Swiss constitution of 1908 declared them to be fully separated from each other. Interestingly, the Urnäsch’s constitution only removed the term “Kirchhöri” as its description, which includes both church and government, in the year 2000.[5]From the 1850’s onwards, tourism began to gain importance as a source of income. In 1853, the municipality’s first bridge was inaugurated, and in1875 a first train stop was built. In the 20th century, especially the establishment of public transport connections were of significance.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picswiss_AI-05-11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hundwil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundwil"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urn%C3%A4sch&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-7"}],"text":"View from the Kronberg over Urnäsch and Hundwil.Urnäsch has an area, as of 2006[update], of 48.3 km2 (18.6 sq mi). Of this area, 53.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 41.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).[7]The elevation of the village is 838 meters (2,749 ft). The lowest elevation is the Murbach which is 722 m (2,369 ft), while the highest point is the Petersalp which is 1,590 m (5,220 ft).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urn%C3%A4sch&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurzstats-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urn%C3%A4sch&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-7"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urn%C3%A4sch&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR-9"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urn%C3%A4sch&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR-9"},{"link_name":"2007 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Swiss_federal_election"},{"link_name":"FDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-7"},{"link_name":"upper secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Urnäsch has a population (as of 2008[update]) of 2,268, of which about 11.6% are foreign nationals.[8] Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -3%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (93.0%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common ( 2.3%) and Italian being third ( 1.0%).[7] As of 2000[update], the gender distribution of the population was 50.6% male and 49.4% female.[9] The age distribution, as of 2000[update], in Urnäsch is; 216 people or 9.2% of the population are between 0–6 years old. 316 people or 13.5% are 6-15, and 121 people or 5.2% are 16–19. Of the adult population, 143 people or 6.1% of the population are between 20–24 years old. 651 people or 27.9% are 25–44, and 495 people or 21.2% are 45–64. The senior population distribution is 276 people or 11.8% of the population are between 65–79 years old, and 118 people or 5.1% are over 80.[9]In the 2007 federal election the FDP received 70.6% of the vote.[7]In Urnäsch about 57.4% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).[7]The historical population is given in the following table:[10]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MeteoSchweiz-11"}],"text":"Urnäsch has an average of 161.6 days of rain per year and on average receives 1,803 mm (71.0 in) of precipitation. The wettest month is June during which time Urnäsch receives an average of 210 mm (8.3 in) of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 15.5 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 15.8, but with only 177 mm (7.0 in) of precipitation. The driest month of the year is October with an average of 107 mm (4.2 in) of precipitation over 15.5 days.[11]","title":"Weather"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urn%C3%A4sch&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary economic sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"secondary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"tertiary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-7"}],"text":"Urnäsch has an unemployment rate of 1.33%. As of 2005[update], there were 215 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 96 businesses involved in this sector. 246 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 28 businesses in this sector. 496 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 79 businesses in this sector.[7] There are just under 100 farms and 18 hotels and restaurants in the village.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahnhof-urnaesch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Urnäsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urn%C3%A4sch_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürchersmühle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrchersm%C3%BChle_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Gossau–Wasserauen line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossau%E2%80%93Wasserauen_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Appenzell Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenzell_Railways"}],"text":"Train station and post office of UrnäschThe municipality has two railway stations, Urnäsch and Zürchersmühle, on the Gossau–Wasserauen line of Appenzell Railways.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heritage sites of national significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Museum für Appenzeller Brauchtum and the Mill House along with the Mill are listed as heritage sites of national significance.[12]","title":"Heritage sites of national significance"}]	[{"image_text":"Aerial view from 200 m by Walter Mittelholzer (1922)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ETH-BIB-Urn%C3%A4sch_aus_200_m-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-002799-AL.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ETH-BIB-Urn%C3%A4sch_aus_200_m-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-002799-AL.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"View from the Kronberg over Urnäsch and Hundwil.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Picswiss_AI-05-11.jpg/220px-Picswiss_AI-05-11.jpg"},{"image_text":"Train station and post office of Urnäsch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bahnhof-urnaesch.jpg/220px-Bahnhof-urnaesch.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raum-umwelt/bodennutzung-bedeckung/gesamtspektrum-regionalen-stufen/gemeinden.html","url_text":"\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung.assetdetail.7966022.html","url_text":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ersterwähnung des Weilers Färchen bei Urnäsch\". St. Gallen, Stiftsarchiv, II 105 (Privaturkunde).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-chartae.ch/de/charters/view/607","url_text":"\"Ersterwähnung des Weilers Färchen bei Urnäsch\""}]},{"reference":"Hürlimann, Hans (2006). Urnäsch, Landschaft-Brauchtum-Geschichte (in Swiss High German) (1st ed.). Herisau: Gemeinde Urnäsch. pp. 218–223. ISBN 3-85882-432-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85882-432-1","url_text":"3-85882-432-1"}]},{"reference":"Hürlimann, Hans (2006). Urnäsch, Landschaft-Brauchtum-Geschichte (in Swiss High German) (1st ed.). Herisau: Gemeinde Urnäsch. pp. 146–149. ISBN 3-85882-432-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85882-432-1","url_text":"3-85882-432-1"}]},{"reference":"Hürlimann, Hans (2006). Urnäsch, Landschaft-Brauchtum-Geschichte (in Swiss High German) (1st ed.). Herisau: Gemeinde Urnäsch. pp. 248–250. ISBN 3-85882-432-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85882-432-1","url_text":"3-85882-432-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Daten der Eidgenössischen Volkszählungen ab 1850 nach Gemeinden (CSV-Datensatz)\". Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft - Bundesamt für Statistik. 29 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/kataloge-datenbanken/tabellen.assetdetail.11027921.html","url_text":"\"Daten der Eidgenössischen Volkszählungen ab 1850 nach Gemeinden (CSV-Datensatz)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Temperature and Precipitation Average Values-Table, 1961-1990\" (in German, French, and Italian). Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology - MeteoSwiss. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090627163841/http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klima_schweiz/tabellen.html","url_text":"\"Temperature and Precipitation Average Values-Table, 1961-1990\""},{"url":"http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klima_schweiz/tabellen.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Urn%C3%A4sch&params=47_19_N_9_17_E_region:CH-AR_type:city(2263)","external_links_name":"47°19′N 9°17′E / 47.317°N 9.283°E / 47.317; 9.283"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Urn%C3%A4sch&params=47_19_N_9_17_E_region:CH-AR_type:city(2263)","external_links_name":"47°19′N 9°17′E / 47.317°N 9.283°E / 47.317; 9.283"},{"Link":"http://www.urnaesch.ch/","external_links_name":"www.urnaesch.ch"},{"Link":"http://www.media-stat.admin.ch/maps/profile/profile.html?226.3006.en.geoRefStandard","external_links_name":"SFSO statistics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urn%C3%A4sch&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urn%C3%A4sch&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urn%C3%A4sch&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urn%C3%A4sch&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urn%C3%A4sch&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urn%C3%A4sch&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raum-umwelt/bodennutzung-bedeckung/gesamtspektrum-regionalen-stufen/gemeinden.html","external_links_name":"\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\""},{"Link":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung.assetdetail.7966022.html","external_links_name":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.e-chartae.ch/de/charters/view/607","external_links_name":"\"Ersterwähnung des Weilers Färchen bei Urnäsch\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/02/key.html","external_links_name":"Swiss Federal Statistical Office"},{"Link":"http://www.ar.ch/appenzell-ausserrhoden/klein-aber-anschaulich/gemeindestatistik/?redirect_url=%2Fdepartemente%2Fdepartement-sicherheit-und-justiz%2Fmilitaer-und-bevoelkerungsschutz%2Fsonderstab-pandemieplanung%2Fsonderstab-pandem","external_links_name":"Brief Statistics for the half-canton"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612112140/http://www.ar.ch/appenzell-ausserrhoden/klein-aber-anschaulich/gemeindestatistik/?redirect_url=%2Fdepartemente%2Fdepartement-sicherheit-und-justiz%2Fmilitaer-und-bevoelkerungsschutz%2Fsonderstab-pandemieplanung%2Fsonderstab-pandem","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ar.ch/gemeinden/","external_links_name":"Appenzell Outer Rhodes website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090913070215/http://www.ar.ch/gemeinden/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/kataloge-datenbanken/tabellen.assetdetail.11027921.html","external_links_name":"\"Daten der Eidgenössischen Volkszählungen ab 1850 nach Gemeinden (CSV-Datensatz)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090627163841/http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klima_schweiz/tabellen.html","external_links_name":"\"Temperature and Precipitation Average Values-Table, 1961-1990\""},{"Link":"http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klima_schweiz/tabellen.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar.html","external_links_name":"Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090501142322/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.urnaesch.ch/","external_links_name":"Official Page"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/139608733","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555490105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/81d194ce-eba6-47c1-969c-56c89997df68","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/001298","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanny_Dahlbeck	Sanny Dahlbeck	["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Titles","4 Fight record","5 References"]	Sanny DahlbeckBorn (1991-05-12) May 12, 1991 (age 33)Nationality SwedishHeight1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Weight70 kg (150 lb; 11 st)DivisionWelterweightStyleKickboxing, Muay ThaiStanceSouthpawFighting out ofOdenplan Fightgym, SwedenTeamOdenplan Fight GymYears active2007-presentKickboxing recordTotal59Wins45By knockout28Losses14By knockout5Draws0 Last updated on: August 17, 2013 Sanny Dahlbeck is a Swedish welterweight kickboxer fighting out of Odenplan Fightgym, Stockholm, Sweden. Being a southpaw fighter, he is particularly known for his powerful left punch and his overall finishing abilities. Career Dahlbeck has been trained by the head coach of Slagskeppet Peter Lööf since the age of 15. Dahlbeck Was under contract with Glory World Series and he also most recently participated in their 16-man elimination tournament, making it all the way to the semi-finals where he eventually was knocked out from a body shot in the third round by fellow up-and-comer Robin van Roosmalen. At 21, Dahlbeck was the youngest contestant in the highly regarded tournament. He was to fight Andy Ristie at Glory 10: Los Angeles - Middleweight World Championship Tournament in Ontario, California on September 28, 2013. However, he withdrew for undisclosed reasons and was replaced by Niclas Larsen. In March 2014 Sanny Dahlbeck announced the opening of Odenplan Fightgym and which he started together with André Bånghäll, Markus Österblom, Lars Ahlstedt and Hans Edström. Personal life Dahlbeck is of Malaysian-Singaporean descent on his mother's side. In 2011, he discovered that he had a long-lost half sister from his mother's previous marriage living in the United States. In 2015, Dahlbeck had a relationship with Swedish actress Noomi Rapace. They made their first public appearance as a couple at the BAFTAs on 8 February 2015. On 2 October 2015, it was reported that the couple had broken up. Titles Swedish Muay Thai Federation 2017 SMTF Swedish Muaythai Championships -71 kg 2011 SMTF Swedish Muaythai Championships -67 kg 2010 SMTF Swedish Muaythai Championships -67 kg 2009 SMTF Swedish Muaythai Championships -67 kg Yokkao 2015 Yokkao World title -70 kg World Muaythai Council 2012 WMC Nordic Muaythai Welterweight Champion International Federation of Muaythai Associations 2011 IFMA Nordic Muaythai Championships -67 kg 2010 IFMA Nordic Muaythai Championships -67 kg 2009 IFMA Muaythai World Championships B-class in Bangkok, Thailand -67 kg Fight record Professional kickboxing record Date Result Opponent Event Location Method Round Time 2022-06-11 Loss Luke Bar West Coast Battle 13 Sweden TKO (Corner stoppage/Elbow) 5 2021-11-14 Loss Niko Korventaus Bulldog Fight Night 9 Gothenburg, Sweden TKO (Elbow) 3 0:30 2021-04-10 Win Robbie Daniels Empire Fighting Series Stockholm, Sweden TKO 4 2019-12-11 Win Jonatan Larsson AK Fighting Championships 3 Gothenburg, Sweden KO (overhand left) 3 2017-11-25 Win Youssef El Hadmi Rumble Of The Kings Sweden Decision 3 3:00 2017-06-18 Loss Yasuhiro Kido K-1 World GP 2017 Super Middleweight Championship Tournament, Semi Finals Tokyo, Japan KO (Low Kicks) 1 2:28 2017-06-18 Win Yu Hirono K-1 World GP 2017 Super Middleweight Championship Tournament, Quarter Finals Tokyo, Japan TKO 2 2016-11-25 Loss Abdou Karim Chorr Rumble Of the Kings Stockholm, Sweden KO (Elbow) 1 2016-11-03 Win Yasuhiro Kido K-1 World GP 2016 Featherweight Championship Tournament Tokyo, Japan KO (Left Overhand + Left Knee) 1 2:09 2016-03-19 Loss Jordan Watson Yokkao 18 England Decision 5 3:00 Loss Yokkao 70kg title . 2015-12-28 Loss Aikpracha Meenayothin Topking World Series 8 Pattaya, Thailand TKO(Punches and Elbow) 2 2015-07-04 Loss Jordann Pikeur K-1 World GP 2015 -70kg Championship Tournament, Semi Finals Tokyo, Japan TKO 2 1:03 2015-07-04 Win Hiroki Nakajima K-1 World GP 2015 -70kg Championship Tournament, Quarter Finals Tokyo, Japan TKO 2 3:00 2015-03-21 Win Jordan Watson Yokkao 12 England TKO 4 3:00 Won Yokkao 70kg title . 2015-01-18 Win Yoshihiro Sato K-1 World GP 2015 -60kg Championship Tournament Tokyo, Japan KO 4 2:08 2014-23-06 Win Tanongdet Siangsimaewgym King Fight Falun, Sweden TKO 2 3:00 2014-09-20 Win Guram Kutateladze Battle of Lund Lund, Sweden Decision (3-0) 5 3:00 2014-06-14 Loss Deo Phetsangkhat Fight Night Finland Helsinki, Finland Decision (0-3) 5 3:00 2013-08-17 Loss Sebastian Mendez Fight Night 08 Stockholm, Sweden Decision (1-2) 3 3:00 2013-03-23 Win Mauro Serra Heroes Fighting Championship Halmstad, Sweden Decision (3-0) 3 3:00 2012-10-02 Loss Robin van Roosmalen Glory 3: Rome - 70 kg Slam Tournament, Semi Finals Rome, Italy TKO (body shot) 3 2012-10-02 Win Yoshihiro Sato Glory 3: Rome - 70 kg Slam Tournament, Quarter Finals Rome, Italy TKO (knee) 2 2012-05-26 Win Warren Stevelmans Glory 1: Stockholm - 70 kg Slam Tournament, First Round Stockholm, Sweden Decision 3 3:00 2011-11-26 Win Martin Akhtar Rumble of the Kings Stockholm, Sweden Decision (3-0) 3 3:00 Wins WMC Nordic Welterweight Championship. 2011-11-26 Win Pasi Luukanen Rumble of the Kings Stockholm, Sweden KO (elbow) 3 0:49 2010-08-01 Win Jonas Berglund Wat Santinivas Decision (3-0) 5 3:00 2010-05-01 Win David Teymur Helsinki, Finland Decision (3-0) 5 3:00 2009-03-27 Win Genk Uka Battle of Sweden 2 Stockholm, Sweden TKO 2009-00-00 Win Tang Quach C-4 Time 4 Champions Stockholm, Sweden KO 3:00 Legend: Win Loss Draw/No contest Notes Amateur Kickboxing record Date Result Opponent Event Location Method Round Time 2018-02-01 Loss Adel Ekvall 2018 Swedish Championships - Semifinal Sweden TKO (injury) 2011-09-01 Loss Seyedisa Alamdarnezam IFMA 2011 World Muaythai Championships, Quarter Finals Bangkok, Thailand Decision (3-0) 2011-09-01 Win Marcin Lepkowski IFMA 2011 World Muaythai Championships Bangkok, Thailand Decision (3-0) 2011-05-11 Loss Sergey Kulyaba IFMA 2011 European Muaythai Championships Antalaya, Turkey Decision (1-2) 2011-02-01 Win Fredrik Björnander Swedish Championships Muaythai Stockholm, Sweden KO Wins SMTF 2011 Swedish Muaythai Championships 67kg gold medal. 2011-01-01 Win Elvis Androvic Swedish Championships Muaythai Stockholm, Sweden KO 2011-01-01 Win Daniel Anderson Swedish Championships Muaythai Stockholm, Sweden KO 2010-12-00 Loss Mustafa Hamza IFMA 2010 World Muaythai Championships Bangkok, Thailand 2010-12-00 Win Mohammed Aziz IFMA 2010 World Muaythai Championships Bangkok, Thailand KO 2010-09-18 Win Chanty Soi IFMA 2010 Nordic Muaythai Championships Copenhagen, Denmark KO Wins IFMA 2010 Nordic Championships -67kg gold . 2010-09-18 Win Antero Hynynen IFMA 2010 Nordic Muaythai Championships Copenhagen, Denmark Decision (3-0) 3 2010-02-01 Loss David Teymur Swedish Championships Muaythai Stockholm, Sweden Decision (1-2) 3 3:00 Wins SMTF 2011 Swedish Muaythai Championships 67kg silver medal. 2010-02-01 Win Kim Carneus Swedish Championships Muaythai Stockholm, Sweden KO 2010-02-01 Win Fredrik Svensson Swedish Championships Muaythai Stockholm, Sweden Decision (3-0) 3 3:00 2009-12-00 Win Peter Simko IFMA 2009 World Muaythai Championships Bangkok, Thailand Decision (3-0) Wins IFMA 2009 World Muay Thai Championships B-class 67kg gold medal. 2009-12-00 Win Harim Hariyoli IFMA 2009 World Muaythai Championships Bangkok, Thailand KO 2009-12-00 Win Ruel Copeland IFMA 2009 World Muaythai Championships Bangkok, Thailand Decision (3-0) 2009-03-27 Win David Teymur Battle of Sweden Stockholm, Sweden Decision (2-1) 3 3:00 Wins SMTF Swedish Welterweight Championship. 2008-08-00 Win Miko Kopponen KO Legend: Win Loss Draw/No contest Notes References ^ Glory 3 results and LIVE fight coverage for 'Rome Final 8' kickboxing tournament ^ More Super Fights Announced for GLORY 10 Los Angeles ^ GLORY 10 Los Angeles Fight Card: Shimizu Replaces Wakeling ^ "Intervju med Sanny Dahlbeck inför invigningen av Odenplan Fightgym \| FIGHTPLAY". Archived from the original on 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2014-03-21. ^ Sanny Dahlbeck: Sweden's Fastest Rising Star ^ "Noomi Rapace and guest attend The Weinstein Company, Entertainment Film Distributor, StudioCanal 2015 BAFTA After Party". Getty Images. 8 February 2015. ^ "Noomi Rapace visar upp sin nya kärlek". expressen.se (in Swedish). 9 February 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015. ^ "Uppgifter: Noomi Rapace och Sanny går skilda vägar". expressen.se (in Swedish). 2 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_people"},{"link_name":"welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welterweight"},{"link_name":"kickboxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxer"},{"link_name":"Odenplan Fightgym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odenplan_Fightgym&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"southpaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-handed"}],"text":"Sanny Dahlbeck is a Swedish welterweight kickboxer fighting out of Odenplan Fightgym, Stockholm, Sweden. Being a southpaw fighter, he is particularly known for his powerful left punch and his overall finishing abilities.","title":"Sanny Dahlbeck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glory World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Robin van Roosmalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_van_Roosmalen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Andy Ristie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Ristie"},{"link_name":"Glory 10: Los Angeles - Middleweight World Championship Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_10:_Los_Angeles_-_Middleweight_World_Championship_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Niclas Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niclas_Larsen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Dahlbeck has been trained by the head coach of Slagskeppet Peter Lööf since the age of 15. Dahlbeck Was under contract with Glory World Series and he also most recently participated in their 16-man elimination tournament, making it all the way to the semi-finals where he eventually was knocked out from a body shot in the third round by fellow up-and-comer Robin van Roosmalen.[1] At 21, Dahlbeck was the youngest contestant in the highly regarded tournament. He was to fight Andy Ristie at Glory 10: Los Angeles - Middleweight World Championship Tournament in Ontario, California on September 28, 2013.[2] However, he withdrew for undisclosed reasons and was replaced by Niclas Larsen.[3] In March 2014 Sanny Dahlbeck announced the opening of Odenplan Fightgym and which he started together with André Bånghäll, Markus Österblom, Lars Ahlstedt and Hans Edström.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysians"},{"link_name":"Singaporean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporeans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Noomi Rapace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noomi_Rapace"},{"link_name":"BAFTAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTAs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Dahlbeck is of Malaysian-Singaporean descent on his mother's side. In 2011, he discovered that he had a long-lost half sister from his mother's previous marriage living in the United States.[5]In 2015, Dahlbeck had a relationship with Swedish actress Noomi Rapace. They made their first public appearance as a couple at the BAFTAs on 8 February 2015.[6][7] On 2 October 2015, it was reported that the couple had broken up.[8]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_1.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_1.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_2.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_1.png"},{"link_name":"Yokkao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokkao"},{"link_name":"World Muaythai Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Muaythai_Council"},{"link_name":"International Federation of Muaythai Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Muaythai_Associations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_1.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_1.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_1.png"}],"text":"Swedish Muay Thai Federation\n2017 SMTF Swedish Muaythai Championships -71 kg\n2011 SMTF Swedish Muaythai Championships -67 kg\n2010 SMTF Swedish Muaythai Championships -67 kg\n2009 SMTF Swedish Muaythai Championships -67 kgYokkao\n2015 Yokkao World title -70 kgWorld Muaythai Council\n2012 WMC Nordic Muaythai Welterweight ChampionInternational Federation of Muaythai Associations\n2011 IFMA Nordic Muaythai Championships -67 kg\n2010 IFMA Nordic Muaythai Championships -67 kg\n2009 IFMA Muaythai World Championships B-class in Bangkok, Thailand -67 kg","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fight record"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Intervju med Sanny Dahlbeck inför invigningen av Odenplan Fightgym \| FIGHTPLAY\". Archived from the original on 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2014-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140314215634/http://www.fightplay.tv/nyheter/intervju-med-sanny-dahlbeck-infor-invigningen-av-odenplan-fightgym/","url_text":"\"Intervju med Sanny Dahlbeck inför invigningen av Odenplan Fightgym \| FIGHTPLAY\""},{"url":"http://www.fightplay.tv/nyheter/intervju-med-sanny-dahlbeck-infor-invigningen-av-odenplan-fightgym","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Noomi Rapace and guest attend The Weinstein Company, Entertainment Film Distributor, StudioCanal 2015 BAFTA After Party\". Getty Images. 8 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gettyimages.de/detail/nachrichtenfoto/noomi-rapace-and-guest-attend-the-weinstein-company-nachrichtenfoto/463030822","url_text":"\"Noomi Rapace and guest attend The Weinstein Company, Entertainment Film Distributor, StudioCanal 2015 BAFTA After Party\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Images","url_text":"Getty Images"}]},{"reference":"\"Noomi Rapace visar upp sin nya kärlek\". expressen.se (in Swedish). 9 February 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.expressen.se/noje/noomi-rapace-visar-upp-sin-nya-karlek/","url_text":"\"Noomi Rapace visar upp sin nya kärlek\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uppgifter: Noomi Rapace och Sanny går skilda vägar\". expressen.se (in Swedish). 2 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/klick/article21512864.ab","url_text":"\"Uppgifter: Noomi Rapace och Sanny går skilda vägar\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.mmamania.com/2012/11/3/3579408/glory-3-results-live-online-coverage-rome-final-8-kickboxing","external_links_name":"Glory 3 results and LIVE fight coverage for 'Rome Final 8' kickboxing tournament"},{"Link":"http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2589:more-super-fights-announced-for-glory-10-los-angeles&catid=50:glory","external_links_name":"More Super Fights Announced for GLORY 10 Los Angeles"},{"Link":"http://liverkick.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2664:glory-10-los-angeles-fight-card-shimizu-replaces-wakeling&catid=50:glory","external_links_name":"GLORY 10 Los Angeles Fight Card: Shimizu Replaces Wakeling"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140314215634/http://www.fightplay.tv/nyheter/intervju-med-sanny-dahlbeck-infor-invigningen-av-odenplan-fightgym/","external_links_name":"\"Intervju med Sanny Dahlbeck inför invigningen av Odenplan Fightgym \| FIGHTPLAY\""},{"Link":"http://www.fightplay.tv/nyheter/intervju-med-sanny-dahlbeck-infor-invigningen-av-odenplan-fightgym","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gloryworldseries.com/en/news/view/287","external_links_name":"Sanny Dahlbeck: Sweden's Fastest Rising Star"},{"Link":"http://www.gettyimages.de/detail/nachrichtenfoto/noomi-rapace-and-guest-attend-the-weinstein-company-nachrichtenfoto/463030822","external_links_name":"\"Noomi Rapace and guest attend The Weinstein Company, Entertainment Film Distributor, StudioCanal 2015 BAFTA After Party\""},{"Link":"http://www.expressen.se/noje/noomi-rapace-visar-upp-sin-nya-karlek/","external_links_name":"\"Noomi Rapace visar upp sin nya kärlek\""},{"Link":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/klick/article21512864.ab","external_links_name":"\"Uppgifter: Noomi Rapace och Sanny går skilda vägar\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_Blaauw	Adriaan Blaauw	["1 Honors","2 References","3 External links"]	Dutch astronomer (1914–2010) Adriaan BlaauwBorn(1914-04-12)12 April 1914Amsterdam, NetherlandsDied1 December 2010(2010-12-01) (aged 96)Groningen, NetherlandsNationalityDutchAlma materLeiden UniversityUniversity of GroningenKnown forStar formationScientific careerFieldsAstronomyInstitutionsKapteyn Astronomical InstituteEuropean Southern ObservatoryLeiden University Adriaan Blaauw (12 April 1914 – 1 December 2010) was a Dutch astronomer. Blaauw was born in Amsterdam to Cornelis Blaauw and Gesina Clasina Zwart, and studied at Leiden University and the University of Groningen, obtaining his doctorate at the latter in 1946. In 1948, he was appointed an associate professor at Leiden. In the 1950s he worked a few years at the Yerkes Observatory, before returning to Europe in 1957 to become director of the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute in Groningen. Blaauw was closely involved in the founding of the European Southern Observatory, and was its general director from 1970 to 1975. In 1975, he returned to the Netherlands, becoming a full professor at Leiden, until his retirement in 1981. From 1976 to 1979, he served as president of the International Astronomical Union. He chaired the committee for assigning scientific priorities for the observing programme of the astrometric satellite Hipparcos. His research has involved star formation, the motions of star clusters and stellar associations, and distance scale. His main contributions are the explanation of the origin of stars that move with high velocity in our galaxy and the description of star formation in associations. Among his many honours he was made member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963, elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1973. In 1989, he was awarded the Bruce Medal. In 1997, the University of Groningen instituted a Blaauw chair and Blaauw lecture in his honour. The asteroid 2145 Blaauw and the Blaauw Observatory are named after him. He died in 2010 in the city of Groningen. Honors Asteroid 2145 Blaauw is named for him. References ^ Milone, Eugene F. (2007). "Blaauw, Adriaan". In Hockey, Thomas; Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R.; Bracher, Katherine; Jarrell, Richard; Marché, Jordan D.; Ragep, F. Jamil (eds.). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Publishing. pp. 135–136. Bibcode:2007bea..book.....H. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_166. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved 29 April 2023. (subscription required) ^ a b c d "Professor dr. Adriaan Blaauw turns ninety". 1 April 2004. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. ^ "Adriaan Blaauw (1914 - 2010)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 19 July 2015. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011. ^ "Bruce Medalists: Adriaan Blaauw". 2 June 2021. ^ "Blaauw lecture". Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. External links Oral History interview transcript with Adriaan Blaauw on 19 August 1979, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Academics CiNii Mathematics Genealogy Project Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"astronomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biogencastron-1"},{"link_name":"Leiden University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University"},{"link_name":"University of Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Groningen"},{"link_name":"Yerkes Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerkes_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Kapteyn Astronomical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapteyn_Astronomical_Institute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"European Southern Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Hipparcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos"},{"link_name":"star formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_formation"},{"link_name":"star clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_cluster"},{"link_name":"stellar associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_kinematics"},{"link_name":"distance scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_measures_(cosmology)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAAS-4"},{"link_name":"Bruce Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Medal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Groningen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"asteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid"},{"link_name":"2145 Blaauw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2145_Blaauw"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(city)"}],"text":"Adriaan Blaauw (12 April 1914 – 1 December 2010) was a Dutch astronomer.Blaauw was born in Amsterdam to Cornelis Blaauw and Gesina Clasina Zwart,[1] and studied at Leiden University and the University of Groningen, obtaining his doctorate at the latter in 1946. In 1948, he was appointed an associate professor at Leiden. In the 1950s he worked a few years at the Yerkes Observatory, before returning to Europe in 1957 to become director of the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute in Groningen.[2] Blaauw was closely involved in the founding of the European Southern Observatory, and was its general director from 1970 to 1975.[2] In 1975, he\nreturned to the Netherlands, becoming a full professor at Leiden, until his retirement in 1981. From 1976 to 1979, he served as president of the International Astronomical Union.[2] He chaired the committee for assigning scientific priorities for the observing programme of the astrometric satellite Hipparcos. His research has involved star formation, the motions of star clusters and stellar associations, and distance scale. His main contributions are the explanation of the origin of stars that move with high velocity in our galaxy and the description of star formation in associations.[2]Among his many honours he was made member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963,[3] elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1973.[4] In 1989, he was awarded the Bruce Medal.[5] In 1997, the University of Groningen instituted a Blaauw chair and Blaauw lecture in his honour.[6] The asteroid 2145 Blaauw and the Blaauw Observatory are named after him. He died in 2010 in the city of Groningen.","title":"Adriaan Blaauw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2145 Blaauw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2145_Blaauw"}],"text":"Asteroid 2145 Blaauw is named for him.","title":"Honors"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Milone, Eugene F. (2007). \"Blaauw, Adriaan\". In Hockey, Thomas; Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R.; Bracher, Katherine; Jarrell, Richard; Marché, Jordan D.; Ragep, F. Jamil (eds.). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Publishing. pp. 135–136. Bibcode:2007bea..book.....H. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_166. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved 29 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Milone","url_text":"Milone, Eugene F."},{"url":"https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_166","url_text":"\"Blaauw, Adriaan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Encyclopedia_of_Astronomers","url_text":"Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing","url_text":"Springer Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007bea..book.....H","url_text":"2007bea..book.....H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-30400-7_166","url_text":"10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_166"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0","url_text":"978-0-387-31022-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor dr. Adriaan Blaauw turns ninety\". 1 April 2004. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515002945/http://www.rug.nl/sterrenkunde/onderzoek/Blaauw/blaauwLeven","url_text":"\"Professor dr. Adriaan Blaauw turns ninety\""},{"url":"http://www.rug.nl/sterrenkunde/onderzoek/Blaauw/blaauwLeven","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Adriaan Blaauw (1914 - 2010)\". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 19 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00009273","url_text":"\"Adriaan Blaauw (1914 - 2010)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences","url_text":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B\" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf","url_text":"\"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences","url_text":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725002054/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bruce Medalists: Adriaan Blaauw\". 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Blaauw/index.html","url_text":"\"Bruce Medalists: Adriaan Blaauw\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blaauw lecture\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_County	Uppsala County	["1 Province","2 Administration","3 Politics","3.1 County Council","3.2 General elections","4 Municipalities","5 Heraldry","6 References and notes","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 59°51′30″N 17°39′00″E / 59.858333°N 17.65°E / 59.858333; 17.65This article is about the administrative county. For the Riksdag constituency, see Uppsala County (Riksdag constituency). County (län) of Sweden County of SwedenUppsala County Uppsala län (Swedish)County of Sweden FlagCoat of armsUppsala County in SwedenLocation map of Uppsala County in SwedenCoordinates: 59°51′30″N 17°39′00″E / 59.85833°N 17.65000°E / 59.85833; 17.65000CountrySwedenFormed1634CapitalUppsalaMunicipalities 8 ÄlvkarlebyEnköpingHåboHebyKnivstaÖsthammarTierpUppsala Government • GovernorStefan AttefallArea • Total8,207.2 km2 (3,168.8 sq mi)Population (September 30, 2023) • Total404,589 • Density49/km2 (130/sq mi)GDP • TotalSEK 142 billion€15.193 billion (2015)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeSE-CNUTS RegionSE121Websitewww.lansstyrelsen.se/uppsala/ Uppsala County (Swedish: Uppsala län) is a county or län on the eastern coast of Sweden, whose capital is the city of Uppsala. It borders the counties of Dalarna, Stockholm, Södermanland, Västmanland, Gävleborg, and the Baltic Sea. Province For History, Geography and Culture see: Uppland The northern parts of the province of Uppland encompasses Uppsala County. Administration The main aim of the County Administrative Board is to fulfill the goals set in national politics by the Riksdag and the Government, to coordinate the interests of the county, promote its development, establish regional goals and safeguard the due process of law in the handling of each case. The County Administrative Board is a Government Agency headed by a Governor. See List of Uppsala Governors. Politics County Council The County Council of Uppsala or Region Uppsala (previously Landstinget i Uppsala län), which is appointed by the electorate of the county, is primarily responsible for health care and public transportation. The most recent county elections include: 2018 Uppsala regional election 2014 Uppsala county election 2010 Uppsala county election General elections The table details all Riksdag election (general election) results of Uppsala County since the unicameral era began in 1970. The blocs denote which party would support the Prime Minister or the lead opposition party towards the end of the elected parliament. Year Turnout Votes V S MP C L KD M SD NyD Left Right 1970 87.7 131,282 3.2 45.8 22.5 14.7 1.8 10.8 49.4 47.9 1973 90.3 139,874 5.5 43.0 26.9 9.5 1.5 12.9 48.4 49.3 1976 91.3 149,325 5.4 42.2 25.1 11.3 1.2 14.3 47.6 50.6 1979 90.7 153,866 6.6 42.3 19.9 10.7 1.1 18.8 48.9 49.3 1982 91.7 160,073 6.1 44.6 2.0 16.9 6.3 1.5 22.3 50.7 45.5 1985 90.2 162,979 5.6 43.3 1.7 12.7 15.4 20.5 48.9 48.6 1988 86.3 160,675 6.2 40.8 5.7 12.3 13.6 2.0 18.4 52.7 44.3 1991 87.0 167,283 4.5 35.3 4.3 9.0 11.2 5.8 22.0 7.5 39.8 48.1 1994 87.4 176,494 5.9 42.8 6.1 7.9 9.0 3.8 22.4 1.2 54.8 43.0 1998 81.9 170,096 10.9 34.4 5.7 5.8 6.2 10.7 23.8 51.0 46.5 2002 80.8 176,402 8.1 37.4 5.7 6.8 15.6 8.9 15.0 1.4 51.3 46.3 2006 82.9 196,389 5.7 30.9 6.3 9.9 9.1 6.6 26.5 2.3 42.9 52.1 2010 85.8 215,030 5.5 27.4 8.8 8.3 7.9 5.7 30.1 4.7 41.7 52.0 2014 87.4 228,351 6.3 28.9 8.4 6.9 6.2 4.7 22.4 10.5 43.5 40.6 2018 88.9 241,489 8.7 27.0 5.6 9.2 6.2 6.9 19.0 15.4 50.5 47.5 2022 86.0 251,301 7.9 29.1 6.7 7.3 5.0 5.9 18.3 18.2 51.0 47.4 Municipalities Älvkarleby Tierp Östhammar Uppsala Enköping Håbo Knivsta Heby (from 2007-01-01) Heraldry The County of Uppsala inherited its coat of arms from the province of Uppland. When it is shown with a royal crown it represents the County Administrative Board. References and notes ^ "Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2023 och befolkningsförändringar 2023". Statistics Sweden. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2024. ^ Regions and Cities > Regional Statistics > Regional Economy > Regional GDP per Capita, OECD.Stats. Accessed on 16 November 2018. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1970" (PDF). SCB. Retrieved 21 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1973" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1976" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1979" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1982" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1985" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1988" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1991" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1994" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1998" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Valresultat Riksdag 2002" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Allmänna val 17 september 2006" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Röster - Val 2010" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Röster - Val 2014" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Röster - Val 2018" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Valpresentation". resultat.val.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-01-26. External links Uppsala County Administrative Board Uppsala County Council Regional Association of Uppsala Hotels in Uppsala Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uppsala County. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Uppsala County. vteCounties (län) of Sweden Blekinge Dalarna Gävleborg Gotland Halland Jämtland Jönköping Kalmar Kronoberg Norrbotten Örebro Östergötland Scania (Skåne) Södermanland Stockholm Uppsala Värmland Västerbotten Västernorrland Västmanland Västra Götaland vteMunicipalities and seats of Uppsala CountyMunicipalities Älvkarleby Enköping Håbo Heby Knivsta Östhammar Tierp Uppsala Municipal seats Bålsta Enköping Heby Knivsta Östhammar Skutskär Tierp Uppsala Counties of Sweden Sweden vteRegions of Sweden Region Blekinge Region Dalarna Region Gotland Region Gävleborg Region Halland Region Jämtland Härjedalen Region Jönköpings län Region Kalmar län Region Kronoberg Region Norrbotten Region Skåne Region Stockholm Region Sörmland Region Uppsala Region Värmland Region Västerbotten Region Västernorrland Region Västmanland Region Västra Götaland Region Örebro Region Östergötland 59°51′30″N 17°39′00″E / 59.858333°N 17.65°E / 59.858333; 17.65 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uppsala County (Riksdag constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_County_(Riksdag_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"län","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4n"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"the city of Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala"},{"link_name":"Dalarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalarna_County"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_County"},{"link_name":"Södermanland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_County"},{"link_name":"Västmanland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stmanland_County"},{"link_name":"Gävleborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4vleborg_County"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"}],"text":"This article is about the administrative county. For the Riksdag constituency, see Uppsala County (Riksdag constituency).County (län) of SwedenCounty of SwedenUppsala County (Swedish: Uppsala län) is a county or län on the eastern coast of Sweden, whose capital is the city of Uppsala. It borders the counties of Dalarna, Stockholm, Södermanland, Västmanland, Gävleborg, and the Baltic Sea.","title":"Uppsala County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uppland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppland"}],"text":"For History, Geography and Culture see: UpplandThe northern parts of the province of Uppland encompasses Uppsala County.","title":"Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County Administrative Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Administrative_Boards_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Riksdag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdag"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Government Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Agencies_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"List of Uppsala Governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Uppsala_Governors"}],"text":"The main aim of the County Administrative Board is to fulfill the goals set in national politics by the Riksdag and the Government, to coordinate the interests of the county, promote its development, establish regional goals and safeguard the due process of law in the handling of each case. 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The blocs denote which party would support the Prime Minister or the lead opposition party towards the end of the elected parliament.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uppsala_County.png"},{"link_name":"Älvkarleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84lvkarleby_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Tierp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierp_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Östhammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sthammar_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Enköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enk%C3%B6ping_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Håbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5bo_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Knivsta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knivsta_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Heby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heby_Municipality"}],"text":"Älvkarleby\nTierp\nÖsthammar\nUppsala\nEnköping\nHåbo\nKnivsta\nHeby (from 2007-01-01)","title":"Municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The County of Uppsala inherited its coat of arms from the province of Uppland. 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1994\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1994-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1998\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1998-Del-1-Riksdagen.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Valresultat Riksdag 2002\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210907132650/https://data.val.se/val/val_02/slutresultat/00R/00.html"},{"link_name":"Valmyndigheten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmyndigheten"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.val.se/val/val_02/slutresultat/00R/00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Allmänna val 17 september 2006\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210928124857/https://data.val.se/val/val2006/slutlig/R/rike/roster.html"},{"link_name":"Valmyndigheten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmyndigheten"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.val.se/val/val2006/slutlig/R/rike/roster.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Röster - Val 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180828203233/https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Röster - Val 2014\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201111211028/https://data.val.se/val/val2014/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.val.se/val/val2014/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Röster - Val 2018\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180828203233/https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html"},{"link_name":"Valmyndigheten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmyndigheten"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Valpresentation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resultat.val.se/val2022/slutlig/RD/riksdagsvalkrets/28"}],"text":"^ \"Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2023 och befolkningsförändringar 2023\". Statistics Sweden. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2024.\n\n^ Regions and Cities > Regional Statistics > Regional Economy > Regional GDP per Capita, OECD.Stats. Accessed on 16 November 2018.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1970\" (PDF). SCB. Retrieved 21 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1973\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1976\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1979\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1982\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1985\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1988\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1991\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1994\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1998\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Valresultat Riksdag 2002\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Allmänna val 17 september 2006\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Röster - Val 2010\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Röster - Val 2014\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Röster - Val 2018\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Valpresentation\". resultat.val.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-01-26.","title":"References and notes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Uppsala_County.png/200px-Uppsala_County.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2023 och befolkningsförändringar 2023\". Statistics Sweden. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---helarsstatistik/folkmangd-i-riket-lan-och-kommuner-31-december-2023-och-befolkningsforandringar-2023/","url_text":"\"Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2023 och befolkningsförändringar 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden","url_text":"Statistics Sweden"}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1970\" (PDF). SCB. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1970-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1970\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1973\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1973-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1973\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1976\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1976-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1976\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1979\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1979-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1979\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1982\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1982-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1982\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1985\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1985-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1985\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1988\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1988-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1988\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1991\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1991-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1994\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1994-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1994\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1998\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1998-Del-1-Riksdagen.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valresultat Riksdag 2002\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210907132650/https://data.val.se/val/val_02/slutresultat/00R/00.html","url_text":"\"Valresultat Riksdag 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmyndigheten","url_text":"Valmyndigheten"},{"url":"https://data.val.se/val/val_02/slutresultat/00R/00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Allmänna val 17 september 2006\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210928124857/https://data.val.se/val/val2006/slutlig/R/rike/roster.html","url_text":"\"Allmänna val 17 september 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmyndigheten","url_text":"Valmyndigheten"},{"url":"https://data.val.se/val/val2006/slutlig/R/rike/roster.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Röster - Val 2010\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203233/https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html","url_text":"\"Röster - Val 2010\""},{"url":"https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Röster - Val 2014\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211028/https://data.val.se/val/val2014/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html","url_text":"\"Röster - Val 2014\""},{"url":"https://data.val.se/val/val2014/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Röster - Val 2018\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203233/https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html","url_text":"\"Röster - Val 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmyndigheten","url_text":"Valmyndigheten"},{"url":"https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Valpresentation\". resultat.val.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://resultat.val.se/val2022/slutlig/RD/riksdagsvalkrets/28","url_text":"\"Valpresentation\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uppsala_County&params=59.858333_N_17.65_E_source:ndswiki_region:SE","external_links_name":"59°51′30″N 17°39′00″E / 59.858333°N 17.65°E / 59.858333; 17.65"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uppsala_County&params=59_51_30_N_17_39_00_E_type:city(404589)_region:SE","external_links_name":"59°51′30″N 17°39′00″E / 59.85833°N 17.65000°E / 59.85833; 17.65000"},{"Link":"http://dd.eionet.europa.eu/vocabularyconcept/common/nuts/SE121","external_links_name":"SE121"},{"Link":"https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/uppsala/","external_links_name":"www.lansstyrelsen.se/uppsala/"},{"Link":"https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---helarsstatistik/folkmangd-i-riket-lan-och-kommuner-31-december-2023-och-befolkningsforandringar-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2023 och befolkningsförändringar 2023\""},{"Link":"http://stats.oecd.org/","external_links_name":"Regions and Cities > Regional Statistics > Regional Economy > Regional GDP per Capita"},{"Link":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1970-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1970\""},{"Link":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1973-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1973\""},{"Link":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1976-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1976\""},{"Link":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1979-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1979\""},{"Link":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1982-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1982\""},{"Link":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1985-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1985\""},{"Link":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1988-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1988\""},{"Link":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1991-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1991\""},{"Link":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1994-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1994\""},{"Link":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1998-Del-1-Riksdagen.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1998\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210907132650/https://data.val.se/val/val_02/slutresultat/00R/00.html","external_links_name":"\"Valresultat Riksdag 2002\""},{"Link":"https://data.val.se/val/val_02/slutresultat/00R/00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210928124857/https://data.val.se/val/val2006/slutlig/R/rike/roster.html","external_links_name":"\"Allmänna val 17 september 2006\""},{"Link":"https://data.val.se/val/val2006/slutlig/R/rike/roster.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203233/https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Röster - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novamedia	Novamedia	["1 References"]	Novamedia was started in 1983 by Boudewijn Poelmann and his wife Annemiek Hoogenboom. In 1989, Poelmann joined forces with Simon Jelsma, Frank Leeman en Herman de Jong to establish the Dutch National Postcode Lottery. In 2002, Novamedia took over the operations of the Bankgiroloterij. In 2009 the Charity Lotteries operated by Novamedia produced a turnover of more than 728 million euros, of which more than 364 million euros was divided among the charities. Since its inception, Novamedia has collected over 4 billion euros for more than 240 charities for people, nature, culture and health & welfare. References ^ "Nationale Postcode Loterij" (in Dutch). Oxfam Novib. n.d. ^ Kalse, Egbert (2002-06-19). "Loterijen in één organisatie". NRC Handelsblad. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. ^ "Novamedia - Home". Novamedia. Archived from the original on 2009-04-12.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"euros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health"},{"link_name":"welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 2009 the Charity Lotteries operated by Novamedia produced a turnover of more than 728 million euros, of which more than 364 million euros was divided among the charities. Since its inception, Novamedia has collected over 4 billion euros for more than 240 charities for people, nature, culture and health & welfare.[3]","title":"Novamedia"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Nationale Postcode Loterij\" (in Dutch). Oxfam Novib. n.d.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfamnovib.nl/Nationale-Postcode-Loterij.html","url_text":"\"Nationale Postcode Loterij\""}]},{"reference":"Kalse, Egbert (2002-06-19). \"Loterijen in één organisatie\". NRC Handelsblad. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429021752/http://vorige.nrc.nl/dossiers/goede_doelen/nieuws/article1572059.ece/Loterijen_in_een_organisatie","url_text":"\"Loterijen in één organisatie\""},{"url":"http://vorige.nrc.nl/dossiers/goede_doelen/nieuws/article1572059.ece/Loterijen_in_een_organisatie","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Novamedia - Home\". Novamedia. Archived from the original on 2009-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090412092500/http://www.novamedia.nl/web/Home.htm","url_text":"\"Novamedia - Home\""},{"url":"http://www.novamedia.nl/web/Home.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.oxfamnovib.nl/Nationale-Postcode-Loterij.html","external_links_name":"\"Nationale Postcode Loterij\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429021752/http://vorige.nrc.nl/dossiers/goede_doelen/nieuws/article1572059.ece/Loterijen_in_een_organisatie","external_links_name":"\"Loterijen in één organisatie\""},{"Link":"http://vorige.nrc.nl/dossiers/goede_doelen/nieuws/article1572059.ece/Loterijen_in_een_organisatie","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090412092500/http://www.novamedia.nl/web/Home.htm","external_links_name":"\"Novamedia - Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.novamedia.nl/web/Home.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_New_Orleans_Saints_season	1995 New Orleans Saints season	["1 Offseason","1.1 NFL draft","2 Personnel","2.1 Staff","2.2 Roster","3 Regular season","3.1 Schedule","3.2 Standings","4 Awards and records","5 References","6 External links"]	NFL team season 1995 New Orleans Saints seasonHead coachJim MoraHome fieldLouisiana SuperdomeResultsRecord7–9Division place5th NFC WestPlayoff finishDid not qualifyPro BowlersT Willie RoafCB Eric Allen ← 1994 Saints seasons 1996 → The 1995 New Orleans Saints season was the 29th season in Saints history. Offseason NFL draft Main article: 1995 NFL draft 1995 New Orleans Saints draft Round Pick Player Position College Notes 1 13 Mark Fields * Linebacker Washington State 2 44 Ray Zellars Running back Notre Dame 3 75 Mike Verstegen Guard Wisconsin 4 108 Dameian Jeffries Defensive end Alabama 5 148 William Strong Defensive back North Carolina State 6 184 Lee DeRamus Wide receiver Wisconsin 7 242 Travis Davis Defensive back Notre Dame Made roster * Made at least one Pro Bowl during career Personnel Staff 1995 New Orleans Saints staff Front office Owner/general partner – Tom Benson Executive vice-president of administration – Jim Miller Vice-president of football operations – Bill Kuharich Director of pro personnel – Chet Franklin Director of college scouting – Bruce Lemmerman Head coaches Vice-president/head coach – Jim E. Mora Offensive coaches Offensive coordinator/quarterbacks – Carl Smith Running backs – Jim Skipper Wide receivers – Steve Walters Tight ends – Larry Kennan Offensive line – John Matsko Defensive coaches Defensive coordinator – Monte Kiffin Defensive line – Wayne Nunnely Linebackers – Jim Haslett Defensive backs – Jim L. Mora Defensive assistant – Steve Trimble Defensive assistant – Frank Warren Special teams coaches Special teams – Joe Marciano Strength and conditioning Strength and conditioning – Russell Paternostro Roster 1995 New Orleans Saints roster Quarterbacks 11 Jim Everett 14 Tommy Hodson 13 Doug Nussmeier Running backs 24 Mario Bates 20 Derek Brown 22 Lorenzo Neal 36 Derrick Ned 34 Ray Zellars FB Wide receivers 87 Lee DeRamus 89 Quinn Early 81 Michael Haynes 84 Steve Rhem 83 Torrance Small Tight ends 86 Kirk Botkin LS 82 Irv Smith Sr. 85 Wesley Walls Offensive linemen 71 Richard Cooper T 72 Jim Dombrowski G 61 Ed King G 68 Alan Kline T 67 Andy McCollum G 60 Craig Novitsky C/T 77 Willie Roaf T 62 Jeff Uhlenhake C/LS 66 Mike Verstegen G/T 63 Donald Willis G Defensive linemen 99 Willie Broughton DT 79 Tory Epps DT 91 Robert Goff DT 96 Dameian Jeffries DE 94 Joe Johnson DE 93 Wayne Martin DT 74 Toddrick McIntosh DE 90 Israel Stanley DT 97 Renaldo Turnbull DE Linebackers 51 Ron Childs MLB 56 Ernest Dixon OLB 55 Mark Fields OLB 52 Richard Harvey OLB 56 Brian Jones MLB 59 Rufus Porter OLB Defensive backs 21 Eric Allen CB 45 Israel Byrd CB 39 John Covington FS 33 Tyrone Hughes CB/KR/PR 43 Tyrone Legette CB 46 Sean Lumpkin SS 44 JJ McCleskey FS 30 Anthony Newman SS 37 Jimmy Spencer CB 41 William Strong CB Special teams 10 Doug Brien K 4 Klaus Wilmsmeyer P Reserve lists 26 Vince Buck S (IRTooltip Injured reserve) 28 Ralph Dawkins RB (IRTooltip Injured reserve) 35 Shane Pahukoa S (IRTooltip Injured reserve) 70 Chris Port G/T (IRTooltip Injured reserve) 3 Timm Rosenbach QB (NF-Inj.Tooltip Non-football injury and illness) 54 Winfred Tubbs LB (IRTooltip Injured reserve) Practice squad 98 Dunstan Anderson DE 95 Ernest Jones DE 53 active, 6 inactive, 2 practice squad Rookies in italics Regular season Schedule Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Attendance 1 September 3 San Francisco 49ers L 22–24 0–1 Louisiana Superdome 66,627 2 September 10 at St. Louis Rams L 13–17 0–2 Busch Memorial Stadium 59,335 3 September 17 Atlanta Falcons L 24–27 (OT) 0–3 Louisiana Superdome 57,442 4 September 24 at New York Giants L 29–45 0–4 Giants Stadium 72,619 5 October 1 Philadelphia Eagles L 10–15 0–5 Louisiana Superdome 43,938 6 Bye 7 October 15 Miami Dolphins W 33–30 1–5 Louisiana Superdome 55,628 8 October 22 at Carolina Panthers L 3–20 1–6 Memorial Stadium 55,484 9 October 29 at San Francisco 49ers W 11–7 2–6 3Com Park 65,272 10 November 5 St. Louis Rams W 19–10 3–6 Louisiana Superdome 43,120 11 November 12 Indianapolis Colts W 17–14 4–6 Louisiana Superdome 44,122 12 November 19 at Minnesota Vikings L 24–43 4–7 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 58,108 13 November 26 Carolina Panthers W 34–26 5–7 Louisiana Superdome 39,580 14 December 3 at New England Patriots W 31–17 6–7 Foxboro Stadium 59,876 15 December 10 at Atlanta Falcons L 14–19 6–8 Georgia Dome 54,603 16 December 16 Green Bay Packers L 23–34 6–9 Louisiana Superdome 50,132 17 December 24 at New York Jets W 12–0 7–9 Giants Stadium 28,885 Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Standings NFC West viewtalkedit W L T PCT PF PA STK (2) San Francisco 49ers 11 5 0 .688 457 258 L1 (6) Atlanta Falcons 9 7 0 .563 362 349 W1 St. Louis Rams 7 9 0 .438 309 418 L3 Carolina Panthers 7 9 0 .438 289 325 L1 New Orleans Saints 7 9 0 .438 319 348 W1 Awards and records Jim Everett, franchise record, most passing yards in one season, 3,970 yards Jim Everett, franchise record, most touchdown passes in one season, 26 touchdown passes References ^ "1995 New Orleans Saints Draftees". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved January 3, 2014. ^ "All-Time Roster". NewOrleansSaints.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2011. ^ a b NFL 2001 Record and Fact Book. Workman Publishing Company. 2001. p. 126. ISBN 0-7611-2480-2. External links Saints on Pro Football Reference Saints on jt-sw.com vteNew Orleans Saints Founded in 1967 Based in New Orleans, Louisiana Headquartered in Metairie, Louisiana Franchise Franchise Seasons History Players Coaches Expansion draft First-round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Tulane Stadium Caesars Superdome Temporary home venues in 2005 due to Hurricane Katrina: Alamodome Giants Stadium Tiger Stadium Culture Gumbo Sir Saint Saintsations Who Dat? Tom Benson Effect of Hurricane Katrina Buddy D "When the Saints Go Marching In" Home Team Number One A Saintly Switch Lore "Aints" (1–15) Dempsey's 63-yard field goal Dome Patrol Ricky Williams trade River City Relay Steve Gleason's blocked punt Beast Quake Bountygate Minneapolis Miracle NOLA No-Call Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers Los Angeles Rams Minnesota Vikings Tampa Bay Buccaneers Wild card berths (5) 1987 1990 1992 2010 2013 Division championships (9) 1991 2000 2006 2009 2011 2017 2018 2019 2020 Conference championships (1) 2009 League championships (1) 2009 (XLIV) Retired numbers 31 81 Ring of Honor Andersen Benson Jackson Manning Mills Roaf Smith Current league affiliations League: National Football League Conference: National Football Conference Division: South Division vteNew Orleans Saints seasons 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Bold indicates Super Bowl victory vte1995 NFL season AFCEast CentralWestEastCentralWest NFC Buffalo CincinnatiDenverArizonaChicagoAtlanta Indianapolis ClevelandKansas CityDallasDetroitCarolina Miami HoustonOaklandNY GiantsGreen BayNew Orleans New England JacksonvilleSan DiegoPhiladelphiaMinnesotaSt. Louis NY Jets PittsburghSeattleWashingtonTampa BaySan Francisco 1995 NFL Draft Expansion Draft NFL playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XXX This article relating to an American football season is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The 1995 New Orleans Saints season was the 29th season in Saints history.","title":"1995 New Orleans Saints season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"NFL draft","text":"[1]","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Staff","text":"[2]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Roster","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Schedule","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Standings","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Everett"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_NFL_Fact_Book-3"},{"link_name":"Jim Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Everett"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_NFL_Fact_Book-3"}],"text":"Jim Everett, franchise record, most passing yards in one season, 3,970 yards [3]\nJim Everett, franchise record, most touchdown passes in one season, 26 touchdown passes [3]","title":"Awards and records"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"1995 New Orleans Saints Draftees\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Irwin	Wallace Irwin	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]	American journalist Irwin in London, 1922 Wallace Irwin (March 15, 1875 – February 14, 1959) was an American writer. Over the course of his long career, Irwin wrote humorous sketches, light verse, screenplays, short stories, novels, nautical lays, aphorisms, journalism, political satire, lyrics for Broadway musicals, and the libretto for an opera. His novel The Julius Caesar Murder Case (1935) represents a subgenre within detective fiction, the mystery novel set in antiquity. Biography A native of Oneida, New York, Irwin grew up in Colorado and went to California to attend Stanford University. As editor of two campus publications, he lampooned faculty in verse and was expelled, as he later boasted, for having a character that "savored of brimstone". He moved to San Francisco and began his career as a journalist for William Randolph Hearst’s Examiner and other papers. With the encouragement of Gelett Burgess, Irwin branched into poetry with The Love Sonnets of a Hoodlum (1901), followed by Nautical Lays of a Landsman (1904), At The Sign of the Dollar (1905), Chinatown Ballads (1906), and The Love Sonnets of a Car Conductor (1908). Between 1913 and 1935, fourteen of his novels or short stories were adapted by himself or others for film. Irwin often wrote under a pseudonym or presented himself as the editor, translator, or sardonic discoverer of works by others. His Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Jr. purports to be his translation from a language he calls "Mango-Bornese". Irwin’s most sustained impersonation began in 1907 with the serialization of his "Letters of a Japanese Schoolboy" in Colliers magazine. He wrote in a stereotypical fractured English in the persona of a thirty-five-year-old "boy" Hashimura Togo. The fourth installment of the series, entitled "Yellow Peril", featured Irwin posed in yellow face make-up for a portrait photograph of Togo. The photo fooled readers for months, whereupon Colliers produced twin photos, Irwin as Togo and Irwin "before he was Japanned". Irwin’s racial clichés brought him to the heights of success, including praise from Mark Twain who found Togo a delightful creation and the New York Globe which hailed the book as "the greatest joke in America". Irwin went on to write three more Togo books, and in 1917 Hollywood followed with the silent film comedy Hashimura Togo. The Togo fad was built upon Irwin’s creation of a Japanese caricature at a time when many Americans admired Japan for its recent victory in the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–05. However, after World War I, American opinion shifted as the United States and Japan competed for military and economic advantage in Asia. Irwin’s approach likewise turned, resulting in Seed of the Sun with its dire warning that Japanese immigrants represented both the "nefarious alliance of Asiatics and speculative capital" and their emperor’s plan for them to "marry Euro-American women in order to promote their race". Success as a humorist allowed Irwin to devote himself to what he considered his serious work, novels and articles with social and political purpose, writing that is now largely forgotten except when cited by historians as representative of widespread pre-World War II racism. Irwin was married twice. In 1901 he married Grace Adelaide Luce. Over a year after her death, in January 1916 he married Laetitia McDonald. Wallace and Laetitia had two children. Donald (1917–1991) was a journalist for the New York Herald Tribune and the Los Angeles Times, and served as an aide to Nelson A. Rockefeller during the Eisenhower administration. Wallace Jr. (1919–2010) was a speechwriter for several U.S. congressmen and the future President George H. W. Bush during Bush's time as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. Wallace Irwin died in Southern Pines, North Carolina. That same year, 1959, his personal papers, including manuscripts to novels and poems, correspondence, freelance journalism, and an unpublished autobiography, were donated to the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley. References ^ Heli, Richard. "The Detective and the Toga". ^ a b "Guide to the Wallace Irwin papers, 1917-1959". Online Archive of California. ^ Wallace, Irwin. Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Jr. 2. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ a b Uzawa, Yoshiko. "’Will White Man and Yellow Man Ever Mix?’: Wallace Irwin, Hashimura Togo, and the Japanese Immigrant in America." The Japanese Journal of American Studies. No. 17 (2006). 201-2. ^ Kim, Daniel. "Racial Forms, National Fictions." Novel. 39:2 (2006). 277. ^ Christopher, Renny. "U.S. Wars in Asia and the Representation of Asians."(Chapter 3, The Vietnam War. U. Mass. Press, 1995.) 128-9. ^ "The Irwin Brothers." Time. October 8, 1923. ^ Vials, Chris. "Review of America’s Asia: Racial Form and American Literature, 1893-1945." Journal of Asian American Studies. 8:2 (2005). 228-9. ^ "Kentucky marriage bond for Wallace Irwin and Laetitia McDonald". FamilySearch. ^ New York Times, March 6, 1991, page B10. ^ Princeton Alumni Weekly, March 17, 2010 External links Wallace Irwin at IMDb Works by Wallace Irwin at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Wallace Irwin at Internet Archive Guide to the Wallace Irwin Papers at The Bancroft Library "At the Stevenson Fountain" sonnet for Robert Louis Stevenson Works by Wallace Irwin at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Japan People Trove Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wallace_Irwin_1922.jpg"},{"link_name":"American writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_literature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heli-1"}],"text":"Irwin in London, 1922Wallace Irwin (March 15, 1875 – February 14, 1959) was an American writer. 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Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_A._Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"U.S. ambassador to the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Southern Pines, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pines,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online_archive-2"}],"text":"A native of Oneida, New York, Irwin grew up in Colorado and went to California to attend Stanford University. As editor of two campus publications, he lampooned faculty in verse and was expelled, as he later boasted, for having a character that \"savored of brimstone\".[2] He moved to San Francisco and began his career as a journalist for William Randolph Hearst’s Examiner and other papers. With the encouragement of Gelett Burgess, Irwin branched into poetry with The Love Sonnets of a Hoodlum (1901), followed by Nautical Lays of a Landsman (1904), At The Sign of the Dollar (1905), Chinatown Ballads (1906), and The Love Sonnets of a Car Conductor (1908). Between 1913 and 1935, fourteen of his novels or short stories were adapted by himself or others for film.[citation needed]Irwin often wrote under a pseudonym or presented himself as the editor, translator, or sardonic discoverer of works by others.[citation needed] His Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Jr. purports to be his translation from a language he calls \"Mango-Bornese\".[3] Irwin’s most sustained impersonation began in 1907 with the serialization of his \"Letters of a Japanese Schoolboy\" in Colliers magazine. He wrote in a stereotypical fractured English in the persona of a thirty-five-year-old \"boy\" Hashimura Togo. The fourth installment of the series, entitled \"Yellow Peril\", featured Irwin posed in yellow face make-up for a portrait photograph of Togo. The photo fooled readers for months, whereupon Colliers produced twin photos, Irwin as Togo and Irwin \"before he was Japanned\".[4] Irwin’s racial clichés brought him to the heights of success, including praise from Mark Twain who found Togo a delightful creation and the New York Globe which hailed the book as \"the greatest joke in America\".[4] Irwin went on to write three more Togo books, and in 1917 Hollywood followed with the silent film comedy Hashimura Togo.The Togo fad was built upon Irwin’s creation of a Japanese caricature at a time when many Americans admired Japan for its recent victory in the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–05. However, after World War I, American opinion shifted as the United States and Japan competed for military and economic advantage in Asia. Irwin’s approach likewise turned, resulting in Seed of the Sun with its dire warning that Japanese immigrants represented both the \"nefarious alliance of Asiatics and speculative capital\"[5] and their emperor’s plan for them to \"marry Euro-American women in order to promote their race\".[6]Success as a humorist allowed Irwin to devote himself to what he considered his serious work, novels and articles with social and political purpose,[7] writing that is now largely forgotten except when cited by historians as representative of widespread pre-World War II racism.[8]Irwin was married twice. In 1901 he married Grace Adelaide Luce. Over a year after her death, in January 1916 he married Laetitia McDonald.[9] Wallace and Laetitia had two children. Donald (1917–1991) was a journalist for the New York Herald Tribune and the Los Angeles Times, and served as an aide to Nelson A. Rockefeller during the Eisenhower administration.[10] Wallace Jr. (1919–2010) was a speechwriter for several U.S. congressmen and the future President George H. W. Bush during Bush's time as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.[11]Wallace Irwin died in Southern Pines, North Carolina. That same year, 1959, his personal papers, including manuscripts to novels and poems, correspondence, freelance journalism, and an unpublished autobiography, were donated to the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley.[2]","title":"Biography"}]	[{"image_text":"Irwin in London, 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wallace_Irwin_1922.jpg/220px-Wallace_Irwin_1922.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Heli, Richard. \"The Detective and the Toga\".","urls":[{"url":"http://histmyst.org/profiles.html#irwi","url_text":"\"The Detective and the Toga\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to the Wallace Irwin papers, 1917-1959\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_meningitis	Chronic meningitis	["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Cause","3 Pathophysiology","4 Diagnosis","5 Treatment","6 Prevention","7 Prognosis","8 Epidemiology","9 References"]	Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord lasting longer than 4 weeks Medical conditionChronic meningitisHealthcare workers performing a lumbar puncture, obtaining a sample of the cerebrospinal fluid aids in the diagnosis of chronic meningitisSpecialtyInfectious disease, Microbiology, Neurology, NeurosurgerySymptomsHeadache, lethargy, confusion, fever, nausea, vomiting, visual impairmentComplicationsCranial nerve palsies, ophthalmoplegia, seizures, ataxia, psychiatric disorders, hemiparesis, deafness, blindness, intellectual disabilityDurationChronic, by definition lasting longer than 4 weeks. With some infections lasting many monthsCausesMicroorganisms (bacteria and fungi), viruses, and non-infectious causes including cancer, medications, autoimmune disease or inflammatory conditionsRisk factorsHIV infection, diabetes, immunosuppressionDiagnostic methodCulture of microorganism from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), biopsy of tissue or CSF sample with staining of organism, molecular methods such as immunoassay (antigen or antibody assays), nucleic acid amplification, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brainPreventionVaccination, BCG vaccine in tuberculosis meningitisMedicationAntibiotics, antifungals, antivirals in infectious causesPrognosisPoor Chronic meningitis is a long-lasting inflammation of the membranes lining the brain and spinal cord (known as the meninges). By definition, the duration of signs, symptoms and inflammation in chronic meningitis last longer than 4 weeks. Infectious causes (due to bacteria, fungi and viruses) are a leading cause and the infectious organisms responsible for chronic meningitis are different than the organisms that cause acute infectious meningitis. Tuberculosis and the fungi cryptococcus are leading causes worldwide. Chronic meningitis due to infectious causes are more common in those who are immunosuppressed, including those with HIV infection or in children who are malnourished. Chronic meningitis sometimes has a more insidious course than acute meningitis. Also, some of the infectious agents that cause chronic infectious meningitis such as mycobacterium tuberculosis, many fungal species and viruses are difficult to isolate from the cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord) making diagnosis challenging. No cause is identified during initial evaluation in one third of cases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is more sensitive than computed tomography (CT scan) and may show radiological signs that suggest chronic meningitis, however no radiological signs are considered pathognomonic or characteristic. MRI is also normal in many cases further limiting its diagnostic utility. Worldwide, tuberculosis meningitis is a leading cause of disability and death, with central nervous system tuberculosis (with tuberculosis meningitis being the most common type) occurring in 5-10% of all cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and 1% of all cases of tuberculosis overall. Cryptococcal meningitis is also a major cause of death and disability worldwide, especially in areas where HIV and AIDS are more common, accounting for more than 100,000 yearly deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. The treatment for chronic infectious meningitis is directed at the underlying infectious agent. Signs and symptoms Some of the possible symptoms of chronic meningitis (due to any cause) include headache, nausea and vomiting, fever, and visual impairment. Nuchal rigidity (or neck stiffness with discomfort in trying to move the neck), a classic symptom in acute meningitis, was seen in only 45% of cases of chronic meningitis with the sign being even more rare in non-infectious causes. Other signs associated with chronic meningitis include altered mental status or confusion, and papillary edema (swelling of the optic disc). The headache in chronic meningitis is commonly described as diffuse, poorly localized and constant. Lethargy is a common symptom, with 40% of those also having mental status changes. The inflammation can affect the cranial nerves as they course through the subarachnoid space leading to cranial nerve palsies. Nerve roots may also be affected in chronic meningitis leading to radiculopathy. Cause The causes of chronic infectious meningitis are different than those of acute infectious meningitis. Worldwide, the fungi cryptococcus and tuberculosis are leading infectious causes. Immunosuppression (due to a variety of causes) is a major risk factor for the development of chronic infectious meningitis, with Cryptococcus meningitis (which is transmitted by inhalation of fungal spores) being the most common cause of chronic meningitis in those who are immunosuppressed. Worldwide, HIV and AIDS (which are characterized by immunosuppression) are major risk factors for the development of chronic infectious meningitis. Diabetes, recent ear surgery or neurosurgery and the presence of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt are other risk factors for development of chronic infectious meningitis. Other fungi that are ubiquitously found in the environment (either in certain regions of the world or globally) are also known causes. These fungi include coccidiomycosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, aspergillus and cryptococcus gattii (which may also cause chronic meningitis in those with normal immune function). In 2012-2013, an outbreak of fungal meningitis linked to contaminated steroids designated for epidural spinal injections led to the development of meningitis in about 800 people and more than 100 deaths. The most common bacterial causes of chronic meningitis include tuberculosis and treponema pallidum (neurosyphillis). Other bacterial causes include leptospirosis and brucellosis. HIV is a potential viral cause. HIV leads to immunosuppression and subsequent chronic infectious meningitis by a variety of potential opportunistic organisms, however the HIV virus itself may also cause infectious meningitis, usually during the initial phase of HIV infection. Herpes simplex virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus are other viruses that may cause chronic meningitis. Non-infectious causes of chronic meningitis include potential etiologies that cause meningeal irritation, such as medications, inflammatory diseases, auto-immune diseases and cancer. Chemical inflammation of the meninges may be due to Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs (most commonly with ibuprofen), immunoglobulin therapy, anti-microbials (such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), immunosuppressants, chemotherapy and anticonvulsants (most commonly lamotrigine and carbamazepine). Auto-immune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or Sjogren syndrome may cause inflammation of the meningitis. Various inflammatory conditions such as neurosarcoidosis, IgG4 related pachymeningitis or leptomeningitis are also known causes of chronic meningitis. Carcinomatous meningitis involves meningeal inflammation due to cancer spread to the meninges. The types of cancers that are most commonly associated with meningeal spread include breast and lung cancer, melanoma skin cancer, lymphomas, and leukemia. Dermoid cysts near the brain or spinal cord, a type of cyst containing developmentally mature tissue, may leak their contents into the subarachnoid space thus leading to meningeal inflammation. Pathophysiology The pathogenesis of tuberculosis meningitis involves mycobacterium tuberculosis being shed into the environment via respiratory droplets from an infected person. These droplets are then inhaled to the lungs where the mycobacterium tuberculosis is phagocytosed by macrophages as part of the Th1-helper T cell response and a granuloma forms. Either via disseminated tuberculosis, or by other means, some tubercula gain access to the meninges. Small foci of tuberculous bacilli, known as Rich foci, deposit in the brain, meninges and spinal cord. The tuberculosis bacilli then gain access to the subarachnoid space via the Rich foci and begin the process of meningeal inflammation characteristic of tuberculosis meningitis. Diagnosis Chronic meningitis is defined by signs and symptoms being present longer than 4 weeks, and includes pleocytosis, or the presence of inflammatory cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. The initial test is usually a lumbar puncture to collect cerebrospinal fluid for analysis. The lumbar puncture in chronic meningitis usually shows a lymphocytic predominant inflammatory pattern, however some infectious agents such as early tuberculosis meningitis, nocardia or brucella may have an neutrophilic predominant inflammation. A eosinophilic predominant inflammation may be seen with some parasites that cause chronic infectious meningitis. The content of protein and glucose in the cerebrospinal fluid also varies depending on the etiology. Many of the organisms responsible for chronic infectious meningitis (especially mycobacterium tuberculosis and most types of fungi) are difficult to grow on culture making diagnosis especially difficult. Large volume lumbar punctures (obtaining more than 10 mL of cerebrospinal fluid) or multiple lumbar punctures may increase diagnostic yield. Serologic testing of the cerebrospinal fluid or blood (testing for specific antibodies or antigens related to an infectious organism) may aid in the diagnosis and is available for infectious causes such as HIV, syphilis, and Lyme disease. Nucleic acid amplification or PCR of the cerebrospinal fluid may also assist in identifying a causative organism. PCR specific to bacterial RNA (16S ribosomal RNA) or fungal RNA (18S ribosomal RNA) further aids in identifying the causative organism. Metagenomic sequencing has been used to detect a wide variety of genetic material in a sample (rather than testing for specific predetermined organisms with PCR) of the cerebrospinal fluid and aids in the identification of infectious causes of chronic meningitis that are difficult to isolate by conventional methods. The clinical relevance of detected genetic material in the pathology of chronic infectious meningitis can be further confirmed by comparing the metagenomic genetic material to controls from healthy individuals. MRI of the brain with contrast may show enhancement of the meninges and the subarachnoid space however MRI may also be normal. MRI is the preferred neuroimaging test to diagnose chronic meningitis, being more sensitive than CT of the brain, however MRI scanners are not available in many resource limited settings where chronic infectious meningitis is prevalent. Brain biopsy is considered a second line test, that is usually utilized when first-line testing fails to identify a cause. Brain biopsy has increased diagnostic yield when highly enhancing brain or meningeal areas on MRI are biopsied. Treatment Initial diagnostic evaluation often fails to identify a causative organism in chronic infectious meningitis, and empirical therapy may be initiated to prevent significant disability or death. Empiric therapy is indicated in those who are immunocompromized or who are neutropenic. In those who are immune competent, empiric therapy is less well established and is usually initiated on a case by case basis. In those who undergo empirical therapy, treatment involves anti-tuberculosis therapy combined with steroids in areas where tuberculosis is endemic. Anti-fungal empirical therapy is also commonly employed due to fungi's ubiquitous presence and ability to cause opportunistic infections in those who are immunosuppressed. When a causative organism is identified then anti-microbial therapy is targeted specifically to that organism. Treatment of tuberculosis meningitis consists of a 2 month induction regiment with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol followed by an extended course (often 7-10 months) of isoniazid and rifampin as maintenance therapy. Isoniazid and pyrazinamide are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. However the duration of maintenance treatment is assumed based on experience with pulmonary tuberculosis, and the optimal duration of therapy in tuberculosis meningitis is not well established. Steroid co-administration is thought to improve outcomes. There is a paucity of information regarding the optimal treatment regiment for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis meningitis (which is by definition resistant to isoniazid and rifampin), but fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides are able to achieve adequate brain and spinal cord penetration and are often used. The World Health Organization recommends a screen and treat approach with regards to cryptococcal meningitis in those with HIV. All HIV positive people with low CD4+ T cells should undergo cryptococcal serum antigen testing. Those who screen positive for serum cryptococcal antigen should undergo a lumbar puncture followed by treatment if the cerebrospinal fluid contains cryptococcus. Those who cannot undergo a lumbar puncture but screen positive for cryptococcal antigen in the serum should be presumptively treated. Cryptococcal meningitis is treated with 2 weeks of induction therapy using the antifungals amphotericin B and flucytosine followed by 8 weeks of induction therapy with fluconazole and then a prolonged duration (at least one year) of lower dose maintenance fluconazole therapy. Lifelong treatment is required in those with AIDS, however in those who begin anti-retroviral therapy and have CD4 T-cells above 200, therapy can be stopped. Steroid co-therapy is not indicated in cryptococcal meningitis and may worsen outcomes and delay recovery. Hydrocephalus is a common complication in chronic infectious meningitis, including tuberculosis and cryptococcal meningitis. In cases of hydrocephalus, intracranial pressure is controlled by serial therapeutic lumbar punctures (often done daily) until opening pressure normalizes. Diuretics such as furosemide or acetazolamide, osmotic agents such as mannitol, external ventricular drainage, or ventriculoperitoneal shunts may also be used in tuberculosis meningitis to control intracranial pressure. Prevention The BCG vaccine has been shown to lower the risk of developing tuberculosis meningitis in those who become infected with tuberculosis. In children who developed tuberculosis meningitis, those who had the BCG vaccine had milder symptoms and were less likely to die from the disease. Prognosis The mortality of tuberculosis meningitis is 20-50% even with treatment. A longer duration of presenting symptoms was associated with a higher mortality in tuberculosis meningitis. HIV co-infection, multidrug resistant tuberculosis, or the development of hydrocephalus or focal weakness in tuberculosis meningitis are also associated with a poor prognosis. In those who survive tuberculosis meningitis, 30% have longstanding neurological impairments including seizures, weakness, deafness, blindness, intellectual disability. The mortality rate in cryptococcal meningitis is 25%. Epidemiology Tuberculosis meningitis is more common in children and people who are HIV positive. Cryptococcal meningitis is also more common in those who are HIV positive; with HIV co-infection being present in 95% of cases in low and middle income countries and 80% of cases in high income countries. Those who are immunosuppressed due to organ transplantation also have a higher incidence of cryptococcal meningitis. References ^ a b Kumar, R (1 November 2005). "Tuberculous meningitis in BCG vaccinated and unvaccinated children". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 76 (11): 1550–1554. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.065201. PMC 1739405. PMID 16227549. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Aksamit, Allen J. (2 September 2021). "Chronic Meningitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 385 (10): 930–936. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2032996. PMID 34469648. S2CID 237391707. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Thakur, Kiran T.; Wilson, Michael R. (October 2018). "Chronic Meningitis". CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 24 (5): 1298–1326. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000664. PMC 6812559. PMID 30273241. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rock, R. Bryan; Olin, Michael; Baker, Cristina A.; Molitor, Thomas W.; Peterson, Phillip K. (April 2008). "Central Nervous System Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 21 (2): 243–261. doi:10.1128/CMR.00042-07. PMC 2292571. PMID 18400795. ^ a b Bineshfar, Niloufar; Rezaei, Ali; Mirahmadi, Alireza; Shokouhi, Shervin; Gharehbagh, Farid Javandoust; Haghighi, Mehrdad; Harandi, Ali Amini; Shojaei, Maziar; Ramezani, Mahtab; Zoghi, Anahita; Gharagozli, Kourosh; Lotfollahi, Legha; Darazam, Ilad Alavi (10 September 2022). "Evaluation of the epidemiologic, clinical, radiologic, and treatment methods of patients with subacute and chronic meningitis". BMC Neurology. 22 (1): 340. doi:10.1186/s12883-022-02873-1. PMC 9463760. PMID 36088290. ^ "Multistate Outbreak of Fungal Meningitis and Other Infections CDC". www.cdc.gov. 23 April 2019. ^ Wilson, Michael R.; O’Donovan, Brian D.; Gelfand, Jeffrey M.; Sample, Hannah A.; Chow, Felicia C.; Betjemann, John P.; Shah, Maulik P.; Richie, Megan B.; Gorman, Mark P.; Hajj-Ali, Rula A.; Calabrese, Leonard H.; Zorn, Kelsey C.; Chow, Eric D.; Greenlee, John E.; Blum, Jonathan H.; Green, Gary; Khan, Lillian M.; Banerji, Debarko; Langelier, Charles; Bryson-Cahn, Chloe; Harrington, Whitney; Lingappa, Jairam R.; Shanbhag, Niraj M.; Green, Ari J.; Brew, Bruce J.; Soldatos, Ariane; Strnad, Luke; Doernberg, Sarah B.; Jay, Cheryl A.; Douglas, Vanja; Josephson, S. Andrew; DeRisi, Joseph L. (1 August 2018). "Chronic Meningitis Investigated via Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing". JAMA Neurology. 75 (8): 947–955. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0463. PMC 5933460. PMID 29710329. ^ a b Sloan, Derek; Parris, Victoria (May 2014). "Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology and therapeutic options". Clinical Epidemiology. 6: 169–182. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S38850. PMC 4026566. PMID 24872723. vteMeningitis and other diseases of meningesMeningitis Arachnoiditis Bacterial Tuberculous Haemophilus Pneumococcal Viral Herpesviral Fungal Cryptococcal Aseptic Drug-induced Other Meningoencephalitis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meninges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninges"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruses"},{"link_name":"meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis"},{"link_name":"Tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"cryptococcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptococcus"},{"link_name":"immunosuppressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressed"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"malnourished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnourishment"},{"link_name":"mycobacterium tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"cerebrospinal fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"computed tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography"},{"link_name":"pathognomonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathognomonic"},{"link_name":"extrapulmonary tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_2008-4"},{"link_name":"Sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"}],"text":"Medical conditionChronic meningitis is a long-lasting inflammation of the membranes lining the brain and spinal cord (known as the meninges). By definition, the duration of signs, symptoms and inflammation in chronic meningitis last longer than 4 weeks.[2] Infectious causes (due to bacteria, fungi and viruses) are a leading cause and the infectious organisms responsible for chronic meningitis are different than the organisms that cause acute infectious meningitis. Tuberculosis and the fungi cryptococcus are leading causes worldwide. Chronic meningitis due to infectious causes are more common in those who are immunosuppressed, including those with HIV infection or in children who are malnourished. Chronic meningitis sometimes has a more insidious course than acute meningitis. Also, some of the infectious agents that cause chronic infectious meningitis such as mycobacterium tuberculosis, many fungal species and viruses are difficult to isolate from the cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord) making diagnosis challenging. No cause is identified during initial evaluation in one third of cases.[3] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is more sensitive than computed tomography (CT scan) and may show radiological signs that suggest chronic meningitis, however no radiological signs are considered pathognomonic or characteristic. MRI is also normal in many cases further limiting its diagnostic utility.Worldwide, tuberculosis meningitis is a leading cause of disability and death, with central nervous system tuberculosis (with tuberculosis meningitis being the most common type) occurring in 5-10% of all cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and 1% of all cases of tuberculosis overall.[4] Cryptococcal meningitis is also a major cause of death and disability worldwide, especially in areas where HIV and AIDS are more common, accounting for more than 100,000 yearly deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa.[3] The treatment for chronic infectious meningitis is directed at the underlying infectious agent.","title":"Chronic meningitis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuchal rigidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuchal_rigidity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bineshfar_2022-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"papillary edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilledema"},{"link_name":"optic disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_disc"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"Lethargy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethargy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"cranial nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves"},{"link_name":"subarachnoid space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarachnoid_space"},{"link_name":"cranial nerve palsies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerve_palsies"},{"link_name":"radiculopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiculopathy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"}],"text":"Some of the possible symptoms of chronic meningitis (due to any cause) include headache, nausea and vomiting, fever, and visual impairment. Nuchal rigidity (or neck stiffness with discomfort in trying to move the neck), a classic symptom in acute meningitis, was seen in only 45% of cases of chronic meningitis with the sign being even more rare in non-infectious causes.[5][2] Other signs associated with chronic meningitis include altered mental status or confusion, and papillary edema (swelling of the optic disc).[2]The headache in chronic meningitis is commonly described as diffuse, poorly localized and constant. Lethargy is a common symptom, with 40% of those also having mental status changes.[2] The inflammation can affect the cranial nerves as they course through the subarachnoid space leading to cranial nerve palsies. Nerve roots may also be affected in chronic meningitis leading to radiculopathy.[2]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"Immunosuppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"ventriculoperitoneal shunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriculoperitoneal_shunt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"coccidiomycosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidiomycosis"},{"link_name":"histoplasmosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoplasmosis"},{"link_name":"blastomycosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastomycosis"},{"link_name":"aspergillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus"},{"link_name":"cryptococcus gattii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptococcus_gattii"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Compounding_Center_meningitis_outbreak"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDC-6"},{"link_name":"treponema pallidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema_pallidum"},{"link_name":"neurosyphillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosyphillis"},{"link_name":"leptospirosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospirosis"},{"link_name":"brucellosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"opportunistic organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infection"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"Herpes simplex virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus"},{"link_name":"lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis_virus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory"},{"link_name":"ibuprofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen"},{"link_name":"immunoglobulin therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_therapy"},{"link_name":"trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"anticonvulsants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonvulsants"},{"link_name":"lamotrigine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine"},{"link_name":"carbamazepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis"},{"link_name":"Sjogren syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjogren_syndrome"},{"link_name":"neurosarcoidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosarcoidosis"},{"link_name":"IgG4 related pachymeningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgG4-related_disease"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"melanoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma"},{"link_name":"lymphomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphomas"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"Dermoid cysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermoid_cysts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"}],"text":"The causes of chronic infectious meningitis are different than those of acute infectious meningitis. Worldwide, the fungi cryptococcus and tuberculosis are leading infectious causes.[3] Immunosuppression (due to a variety of causes) is a major risk factor for the development of chronic infectious meningitis, with Cryptococcus meningitis (which is transmitted by inhalation of fungal spores) being the most common cause of chronic meningitis in those who are immunosuppressed. Worldwide, HIV and AIDS (which are characterized by immunosuppression) are major risk factors for the development of chronic infectious meningitis.[3] Diabetes, recent ear surgery or neurosurgery and the presence of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt are other risk factors for development of chronic infectious meningitis.[2] Other fungi that are ubiquitously found in the environment (either in certain regions of the world or globally) are also known causes. These fungi include coccidiomycosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, aspergillus and cryptococcus gattii (which may also cause chronic meningitis in those with normal immune function).[3][2]In 2012-2013, an outbreak of fungal meningitis linked to contaminated steroids designated for epidural spinal injections led to the development of meningitis in about 800 people and more than 100 deaths.[6]The most common bacterial causes of chronic meningitis include tuberculosis and treponema pallidum (neurosyphillis). Other bacterial causes include leptospirosis and brucellosis.[3] HIV is a potential viral cause. HIV leads to immunosuppression and subsequent chronic infectious meningitis by a variety of potential opportunistic organisms, however the HIV virus itself may also cause infectious meningitis, usually during the initial phase of HIV infection.[3] Herpes simplex virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus are other viruses that may cause chronic meningitis.[3]Non-infectious causes of chronic meningitis include potential etiologies that cause meningeal irritation, such as medications, inflammatory diseases, auto-immune diseases and cancer. Chemical inflammation of the meninges may be due to Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs (most commonly with ibuprofen), immunoglobulin therapy, anti-microbials (such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), immunosuppressants, chemotherapy and anticonvulsants (most commonly lamotrigine and carbamazepine).[3] Auto-immune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or Sjogren syndrome may cause inflammation of the meningitis. Various inflammatory conditions such as neurosarcoidosis, IgG4 related pachymeningitis or leptomeningitis are also known causes of chronic meningitis.[3] Carcinomatous meningitis involves meningeal inflammation due to cancer spread to the meninges. The types of cancers that are most commonly associated with meningeal spread include breast and lung cancer, melanoma skin cancer, lymphomas, and leukemia.[3] Dermoid cysts near the brain or spinal cord, a type of cyst containing developmentally mature tissue, may leak their contents into the subarachnoid space thus leading to meningeal inflammation.[2]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"respiratory droplets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_droplets"},{"link_name":"macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophages"},{"link_name":"Th1-helper T cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_2008-4"},{"link_name":"Rich foci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_focus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_2008-4"}],"text":"The pathogenesis of tuberculosis meningitis involves mycobacterium tuberculosis being shed into the environment via respiratory droplets from an infected person. These droplets are then inhaled to the lungs where the mycobacterium tuberculosis is phagocytosed by macrophages as part of the Th1-helper T cell response and a granuloma forms.[4] Either via disseminated tuberculosis, or by other means, some tubercula gain access to the meninges. Small foci of tuberculous bacilli, known as Rich foci, deposit in the brain, meninges and spinal cord. The tuberculosis bacilli then gain access to the subarachnoid space via the Rich foci and begin the process of meningeal inflammation characteristic of tuberculosis meningitis.[4]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pleocytosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleocytosis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"lumbar puncture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_puncture"},{"link_name":"lymphocytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte"},{"link_name":"nocardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocardia"},{"link_name":"neutrophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"eosinophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"Lyme disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"16S ribosomal RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"18S ribosomal RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"Metagenomic sequencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bineshfar_2022-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_2008-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"}],"text":"Chronic meningitis is defined by signs and symptoms being present longer than 4 weeks, and includes pleocytosis, or the presence of inflammatory cells in the cerebrospinal fluid.[2] The initial test is usually a lumbar puncture to collect cerebrospinal fluid for analysis. The lumbar puncture in chronic meningitis usually shows a lymphocytic predominant inflammatory pattern, however some infectious agents such as early tuberculosis meningitis, nocardia or brucella may have an neutrophilic predominant inflammation.[2] A eosinophilic predominant inflammation may be seen with some parasites that cause chronic infectious meningitis.[2] The content of protein and glucose in the cerebrospinal fluid also varies depending on the etiology. Many of the organisms responsible for chronic infectious meningitis (especially mycobacterium tuberculosis and most types of fungi) are difficult to grow on culture making diagnosis especially difficult. Large volume lumbar punctures (obtaining more than 10 mL of cerebrospinal fluid) or multiple lumbar punctures may increase diagnostic yield.[3][2] Serologic testing of the cerebrospinal fluid or blood (testing for specific antibodies or antigens related to an infectious organism) may aid in the diagnosis and is available for infectious causes such as HIV, syphilis, and Lyme disease.[2] Nucleic acid amplification or PCR of the cerebrospinal fluid may also assist in identifying a causative organism. PCR specific to bacterial RNA (16S ribosomal RNA) or fungal RNA (18S ribosomal RNA) further aids in identifying the causative organism.[2] Metagenomic sequencing has been used to detect a wide variety of genetic material in a sample (rather than testing for specific predetermined organisms with PCR) of the cerebrospinal fluid and aids in the identification of infectious causes of chronic meningitis that are difficult to isolate by conventional methods. The clinical relevance of detected genetic material in the pathology of chronic infectious meningitis can be further confirmed by comparing the metagenomic genetic material to controls from healthy individuals.[7][2]MRI of the brain with contrast may show enhancement of the meninges and the subarachnoid space however MRI may also be normal.[5][2] MRI is the preferred neuroimaging test to diagnose chronic meningitis, being more sensitive than CT of the brain, however MRI scanners are not available in many resource limited settings where chronic infectious meningitis is prevalent.[4][2]Brain biopsy is considered a second line test, that is usually utilized when first-line testing fails to identify a cause. Brain biopsy has increased diagnostic yield when highly enhancing brain or meningeal areas on MRI are biopsied.[2]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"neutropenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutropenic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"isoniazid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazid"},{"link_name":"rifampin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampin"},{"link_name":"pyrazinamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrazinamide"},{"link_name":"ethambutol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethambutol"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_2008-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_2008-4"},{"link_name":"fluoroquinolones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroquinolones"},{"link_name":"aminoglycosides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoglycosides"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_2008-4"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"CD4+ T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4%2B_T_cells"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_2008-4"},{"link_name":"amphotericin B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphotericin_B"},{"link_name":"flucytosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flucytosine"},{"link_name":"fluconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluconazole"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"Hydrocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aksamit_2021-2"},{"link_name":"furosemide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide"},{"link_name":"acetazolamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetazolamide"},{"link_name":"mannitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannitol"},{"link_name":"ventricular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_ventricle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_2008-4"}],"text":"Initial diagnostic evaluation often fails to identify a causative organism in chronic infectious meningitis, and empirical therapy may be initiated to prevent significant disability or death.[2] Empiric therapy is indicated in those who are immunocompromized or who are neutropenic.[3] In those who are immune competent, empiric therapy is less well established and is usually initiated on a case by case basis.[3] In those who undergo empirical therapy, treatment involves anti-tuberculosis therapy combined with steroids in areas where tuberculosis is endemic.[2] Anti-fungal empirical therapy is also commonly employed due to fungi's ubiquitous presence and ability to cause opportunistic infections in those who are immunosuppressed.[2] When a causative organism is identified then anti-microbial therapy is targeted specifically to that organism.Treatment of tuberculosis meningitis consists of a 2 month induction regiment with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol followed by an extended course (often 7-10 months) of isoniazid and rifampin as maintenance therapy. Isoniazid and pyrazinamide are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. However the duration of maintenance treatment is assumed based on experience with pulmonary tuberculosis, and the optimal duration of therapy in tuberculosis meningitis is not well established.[4] Steroid co-administration is thought to improve outcomes.[4] There is a paucity of information regarding the optimal treatment regiment for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis meningitis (which is by definition resistant to isoniazid and rifampin), but fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides are able to achieve adequate brain and spinal cord penetration and are often used.[4]The World Health Organization recommends a screen and treat approach with regards to cryptococcal meningitis in those with HIV. All HIV positive people with low CD4+ T cells should undergo cryptococcal serum antigen testing. Those who screen positive for serum cryptococcal antigen should undergo a lumbar puncture followed by treatment if the cerebrospinal fluid contains cryptococcus. Those who cannot undergo a lumbar puncture but screen positive for cryptococcal antigen in the serum should be presumptively treated.[4] Cryptococcal meningitis is treated with 2 weeks of induction therapy using the antifungals amphotericin B and flucytosine followed by 8 weeks of induction therapy with fluconazole and then a prolonged duration (at least one year) of lower dose maintenance fluconazole therapy. Lifelong treatment is required in those with AIDS, however in those who begin anti-retroviral therapy and have CD4 T-cells above 200, therapy can be stopped.[3] Steroid co-therapy is not indicated in cryptococcal meningitis and may worsen outcomes and delay recovery.[3]Hydrocephalus is a common complication in chronic infectious meningitis, including tuberculosis and cryptococcal meningitis. In cases of hydrocephalus, intracranial pressure is controlled by serial therapeutic lumbar punctures (often done daily) until opening pressure normalizes.[3][2] Diuretics such as furosemide or acetazolamide, osmotic agents such as mannitol, external ventricular drainage, or ventriculoperitoneal shunts may also be used in tuberculosis meningitis to control intracranial pressure.[4]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BCG vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar_2005-1"}],"text":"The BCG vaccine has been shown to lower the risk of developing tuberculosis meningitis in those who become infected with tuberculosis. In children who developed tuberculosis meningitis, those who had the BCG vaccine had milder symptoms and were less likely to die from the disease.[1]","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_2008-4"},{"link_name":"multidrug resistant tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidrug_resistant_tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_2008-4"},{"link_name":"seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizures"},{"link_name":"intellectual disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_disability"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_2008-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thakur_2018-3"}],"text":"The mortality of tuberculosis meningitis is 20-50% even with treatment. A longer duration of presenting symptoms was associated with a higher mortality in tuberculosis meningitis.[4] HIV co-infection, multidrug resistant tuberculosis, or the development of hydrocephalus or focal weakness in tuberculosis meningitis are also associated with a poor prognosis.[4] In those who survive tuberculosis meningitis, 30% have longstanding neurological impairments including seizures, weakness, deafness, blindness, intellectual disability.[4]The mortality rate in cryptococcal meningitis is 25%.[3]","title":"Prognosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_2008-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sloan_2014-8"},{"link_name":"organ transplantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sloan_2014-8"}],"text":"Tuberculosis meningitis is more common in children and people who are HIV positive.[4] Cryptococcal meningitis is also more common in those who are HIV positive; with HIV co-infection being present in 95% of cases in low and middle income countries and 80% of cases in high income countries.[8] Those who are immunosuppressed due to organ transplantation also have a higher incidence of cryptococcal meningitis.[8]","title":"Epidemiology"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kumar, R (1 November 2005). \"Tuberculous meningitis in BCG vaccinated and unvaccinated children\". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 76 (11): 1550–1554. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.065201. PMC 1739405. PMID 16227549.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1739405","url_text":"\"Tuberculous meningitis in BCG vaccinated and unvaccinated children\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.2005.065201","url_text":"10.1136/jnnp.2005.065201"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1739405","url_text":"1739405"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16227549","url_text":"16227549"}]},{"reference":"Aksamit, Allen J. (2 September 2021). \"Chronic Meningitis\". New England Journal of Medicine. 385 (10): 930–936. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2032996. PMID 34469648. S2CID 237391707.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra2032996","url_text":"10.1056/NEJMra2032996"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34469648","url_text":"34469648"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237391707","url_text":"237391707"}]},{"reference":"Thakur, Kiran T.; Wilson, Michael R. (October 2018). \"Chronic Meningitis\". CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 24 (5): 1298–1326. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000664. PMC 6812559. PMID 30273241.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6812559","url_text":"\"Chronic Meningitis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2FCON.0000000000000664","url_text":"10.1212/CON.0000000000000664"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6812559","url_text":"6812559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30273241","url_text":"30273241"}]},{"reference":"Rock, R. Bryan; Olin, Michael; Baker, Cristina A.; Molitor, Thomas W.; Peterson, Phillip K. (April 2008). \"Central Nervous System Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects\". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 21 (2): 243–261. doi:10.1128/CMR.00042-07. PMC 2292571. PMID 18400795.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2292571","url_text":"\"Central Nervous System Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.00042-07","url_text":"10.1128/CMR.00042-07"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2292571","url_text":"2292571"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18400795","url_text":"18400795"}]},{"reference":"Bineshfar, Niloufar; Rezaei, Ali; Mirahmadi, Alireza; Shokouhi, Shervin; Gharehbagh, Farid Javandoust; Haghighi, Mehrdad; Harandi, Ali Amini; Shojaei, Maziar; Ramezani, Mahtab; Zoghi, Anahita; Gharagozli, Kourosh; Lotfollahi, Legha; Darazam, Ilad Alavi (10 September 2022). \"Evaluation of the epidemiologic, clinical, radiologic, and treatment methods of patients with subacute and chronic meningitis\". BMC Neurology. 22 (1): 340. doi:10.1186/s12883-022-02873-1. PMC 9463760. PMID 36088290.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9463760","url_text":"\"Evaluation of the epidemiologic, clinical, radiologic, and treatment methods of patients with subacute and chronic meningitis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12883-022-02873-1","url_text":"10.1186/s12883-022-02873-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9463760","url_text":"9463760"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36088290","url_text":"36088290"}]},{"reference":"\"Multistate Outbreak of Fungal Meningitis and Other Infections CDC\". www.cdc.gov. 23 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hai/outbreaks/meningitis.html","url_text":"\"Multistate Outbreak of Fungal Meningitis and Other Infections CDC\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Michael R.; O’Donovan, Brian D.; Gelfand, Jeffrey M.; Sample, Hannah A.; Chow, Felicia C.; Betjemann, John P.; Shah, Maulik P.; Richie, Megan B.; Gorman, Mark P.; Hajj-Ali, Rula A.; Calabrese, Leonard H.; Zorn, Kelsey C.; Chow, Eric D.; Greenlee, John E.; Blum, Jonathan H.; Green, Gary; Khan, Lillian M.; Banerji, Debarko; Langelier, Charles; Bryson-Cahn, Chloe; Harrington, Whitney; Lingappa, Jairam R.; Shanbhag, Niraj M.; Green, Ari J.; Brew, Bruce J.; Soldatos, Ariane; Strnad, Luke; Doernberg, Sarah B.; Jay, Cheryl A.; Douglas, Vanja; Josephson, S. Andrew; DeRisi, Joseph L. (1 August 2018). \"Chronic Meningitis Investigated via Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing\". JAMA Neurology. 75 (8): 947–955. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0463. PMC 5933460. PMID 29710329.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5933460","url_text":"\"Chronic Meningitis Investigated via Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamaneurol.2018.0463","url_text":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0463"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5933460","url_text":"5933460"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29710329","url_text":"29710329"}]},{"reference":"Sloan, Derek; Parris, Victoria (May 2014). \"Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology and therapeutic options\". Clinical Epidemiology. 6: 169–182. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S38850. PMC 4026566. PMID 24872723.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026566","url_text":"\"Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology and therapeutic options\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2147%2FCLEP.S38850","url_text":"10.2147/CLEP.S38850"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026566","url_text":"4026566"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24872723","url_text":"24872723"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1739405","external_links_name":"\"Tuberculous meningitis in BCG vaccinated and unvaccinated children\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.2005.065201","external_links_name":"10.1136/jnnp.2005.065201"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1739405","external_links_name":"1739405"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16227549","external_links_name":"16227549"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra2032996","external_links_name":"10.1056/NEJMra2032996"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34469648","external_links_name":"34469648"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237391707","external_links_name":"237391707"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6812559","external_links_name":"\"Chronic Meningitis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2FCON.0000000000000664","external_links_name":"10.1212/CON.0000000000000664"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6812559","external_links_name":"6812559"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30273241","external_links_name":"30273241"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2292571","external_links_name":"\"Central Nervous System Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.00042-07","external_links_name":"10.1128/CMR.00042-07"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2292571","external_links_name":"2292571"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18400795","external_links_name":"18400795"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9463760","external_links_name":"\"Evaluation of the epidemiologic, clinical, radiologic, and treatment methods of patients with subacute and chronic meningitis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12883-022-02873-1","external_links_name":"10.1186/s12883-022-02873-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9463760","external_links_name":"9463760"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36088290","external_links_name":"36088290"},{"Link":"https://www.cdc.gov/hai/outbreaks/meningitis.html","external_links_name":"\"Multistate Outbreak of Fungal Meningitis and Other Infections CDC\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5933460","external_links_name":"\"Chronic Meningitis Investigated via Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamaneurol.2018.0463","external_links_name":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0463"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5933460","external_links_name":"5933460"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29710329","external_links_name":"29710329"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026566","external_links_name":"\"Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology and therapeutic options\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2147%2FCLEP.S38850","external_links_name":"10.2147/CLEP.S38850"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026566","external_links_name":"4026566"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24872723","external_links_name":"24872723"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST_Empire_Birch	ST Empire Birch	["1 Description","2 Career","3 Official Numbers and Code Letters","4 Propulsion","5 References"]	History NameEmpire Birch OwnerMinistry of War Transport OperatorMinistry of War Transport Port of registry Hull BuilderHenry Scarr Ltd, Hessle. Yard number418 Launched9 August 1941 Completed12 December 1941 Identification UK Official Number 167111 Code Letters BCVM FateStruck mine, beached, and sank 10 August 1942 General characteristics Tonnage245 GRT, 229 NRT Length106 ft 7 in (32.49 m) Beam26 ft 7 in (8.10 m) Draught11 ft 6 in (3.51 m) PropulsionOne triple expansion steam engine 177 hp (132 kW). class=notpageimage\| Location of the sinking of Empire Birch off Mozambique. Empire Birch was a 245 GRT tug built in 1941 for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). In 1942 she struck a mine and sank. Description Empire Birch was built by Henry Scarr Ltd, Hessle. She was yard number 418 and was launched on 9 August 1941 with completion on 12 December. She was 106 feet 7 inches (32.49 m) long, with a beam of 26 feet 7 inches (8.10 m) and a draught of 11 feet 6 inches (3.51 m). Her GRT was 245 with a NRT of 229. Career Empire Birch was operated by the MoWT, her port of registry was Hull. She was the lead ship of the Birch-class tugs. On 10 August 1942, Empire Birch hit a mine in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Portuguese East Africa 150 nautical miles (280 km) north of Lourenço Marques (24°45′S 34°47′E / 24.750°S 34.783°E / -24.750; 34.783). Although she was beached and abandoned, Empire Birch slid off the beach and sank in deep water. Official Numbers and Code Letters Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. Empire Bermuda had the UK Official Number 167111 and the Code Letters BCMV. Propulsion Empire Birch was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine which had cylinders of 16 inches (41 cm), 26 inches (66 cm) and 43 inches (110 cm) bore by 30 inches (76 cm) stroke. It was built by the O D Holmer & Co, Hull. References ^ a b Mitchell, W H, and Sawyer, L A (1995). The Empire Ships. London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "16560". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 7 November 2009. ^ a b c d "NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS DE MOINS de 300tx, CHALTIERS, &c" (PDF). Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved 7 November 2009. ^ "THUNDER CAPE". Welland Canal. Retrieved 7 November 2009. vteEmpire shipsBy suffix, Empire x A B Ca–Cl Co–Cy D E F G H I–J K L M N O P R Sa–Sh Si–Sy Ta–Te Th–Ty U–Z See also: Fort ship, Liberty ship, Park ship, Ocean ship, Victory ship. vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in August 1942Shipwrecks 1 Aug: Empire Imp 3 Aug: Dureenbee, U-335 4 Aug: Empire Arnold, USS Tucker, U-372 6 Aug: Mamutu, HMS Thorn, U-210, U-612 8 Aug: USS George F. Elliott, Strale, U-379 9 Aug: USS Astoria, HMAS Canberra, USS Jarvis, USS Quincy, USS Vincennes 10 Aug: Empire Birch, Fukuei Maru No. 15, Kako, Scirè 11 Aug: HMS Eagle 12 Aug: Cairo, Deucalion 13 Aug: Almeria Lykes, HMS Foresight, HMS Manchester, Santa Elisa, Waimarama 14 Aug: Empire Corporal, USS S-39 18 Aug: Empire Bede, Hatarana 19 Aug: HMS Berkeley, British Consul, Empire Cloud 20 Aug: U-464, V 312 Hanseat 22 Aug: USS Ingraham, U-458, U-654 23 Aug: USS Blue 24 Aug: Ryūjō 25 Aug: A. Sibiryakov, Mutsuki 27 Aug: Clan Macwhirter, V 208 R. Walther Darré 28 Aug: Asagiri, U-94 29 Aug: I-123, 'Ro-33 30 Aug: USS Colhoun, Star of Oregon, RFA Vardaas, West Lashaway 31 Aug: Ro-61 Unknown date: Empire Breeze, U-578 Other incidents 2 Aug: Molotov 3 Aug: USS S-13 4 Aug: USS S-17 6 Aug: U-444 12 Aug: Ohio 13 Aug: Bolzano 17 Aug: Nino Bixio 18 Aug: HMS Cheshire 22 Aug: USS Chemung 25 Aug: USS R-2 27 Aug: I-8 28 Aug: USS S-31 29 Aug: HMS Eridge 30 Aug: USS Casco 31 Aug: HMS Vesper, HMS Vivacious 1941 1942 1943 July 1942 September 1942	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mozambique_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mozambique_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"Ministry of War Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_Transport"}],"text":"class=notpageimage\| Location of the sinking of Empire Birch off Mozambique.Empire Birch was a 245 GRT tug built in 1941 for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). In 1942 she struck a mine and sank.","title":"ST Empire Birch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ships-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miramar-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birch-3"}],"text":"Empire Birch was built by Henry Scarr Ltd, Hessle.[1] She was yard number 418 and was launched on 9 August 1941 with completion on 12 December.[2] She was 106 feet 7 inches (32.49 m) long, with a beam of 26 feet 7 inches (8.10 m) and a draught of 11 feet 6 inches (3.51 m). Her GRT was 245 with a NRT of 229.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birch-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lead-4"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Portuguese East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Lourenço Marques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo"},{"link_name":"24°45′S 34°47′E / 24.750°S 34.783°E / -24.750; 34.783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ST_Empire_Birch&params=24_45_S_34_47_E_"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ships-1"}],"text":"Empire Birch was operated by the MoWT, her port of registry was Hull.[3] She was the lead ship of the Birch-class tugs.[4] On 10 August 1942, Empire Birch hit a mine in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Portuguese East Africa 150 nautical miles (280 km) north of Lourenço Marques (24°45′S 34°47′E / 24.750°S 34.783°E / -24.750; 34.783). Although she was beached and abandoned, Empire Birch slid off the beach and sank in deep water.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IMO Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMO_ship_identification_number"},{"link_name":"Official Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Number"},{"link_name":"Code Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Letters"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birch-3"}],"text":"Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. Empire Bermuda had the UK Official Number 167111 and the Code Letters BCMV.[3]","title":"Official Numbers and Code Letters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"triple expansion steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_expansion_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birch-3"}],"text":"Empire Birch was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine which had cylinders of 16 inches (41 cm), 26 inches (66 cm) and 43 inches (110 cm) bore by 30 inches (76 cm) stroke. It was built by the O D Holmer & Co, Hull.[3]","title":"Propulsion"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mitchell, W H, and Sawyer, L A (1995). The Empire Ships. London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"\"16560\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 7 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/16560","url_text":"\"16560\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"\"NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS DE MOINS de 300tx, CHALTIERS, &c\" (PDF). Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved 7 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/41/41a0648.pdf","url_text":"\"NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS DE MOINS de 300tx, CHALTIERS, &c\""}]},{"reference":"\"THUNDER CAPE\". Welland Canal. Retrieved 7 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wellandcanal.ca/shiparc/tugs/thundercape/cape2.htm","url_text":"\"THUNDER CAPE\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ST_Empire_Birch&params=24_45_S_34_47_E_","external_links_name":"24°45′S 34°47′E / 24.750°S 34.783°E / -24.750; 34.783"},{"Link":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/16560","external_links_name":"\"16560\""},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/41/41a0648.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS DE MOINS de 300tx, CHALTIERS, &c\""},{"Link":"http://www.wellandcanal.ca/shiparc/tugs/thundercape/cape2.htm","external_links_name":"\"THUNDER CAPE\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Democratic_Lawyers	International Association of Democratic Lawyers	["1 History","2 Headquarters","3 Organization","4 Activities","5 Economic and Social Council consultative status","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	International Association of Democratic Lawyers (IADL) is an international organization of left-wing and progressive jurists' associations with sections and members in 50 countries and territories. Along with facilitating contact and exchange of views between and among lawyers and lawyers' associations of all countries, the IADL works to conduct research on legal issues affecting human, political and economic rights, organizes international commissions of enquiry and conferences on legal and judicial concerns, and takes part in international legal observer missions. Through its activities the Association works as a recognized consultative organization with the United Nations through ECOSOC, UNESCO and UNICEF. History The Association was founded in Paris in 1946 by leftist French lawyers with connections to the French resistance.: 62 Many of its founders served as prosecutors at the Nuremberg trials. Its first president was René Cassin, who was largely responsible for writing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The IADL stated that it had documented proof of the US dropping poisoned mosquitoes on North Koreans and mass-torturing civilians during the Korean War. Cassin resigned his presidency in 1951 due to the resulting U.S. pressure, and the US successfully lobbied France to expel the headquarters of what it considered a communist front from Paris. The Central Intelligence Agency started funding the International Commission of Jurists to counter the IADL. From 1967 the IADL was one of the original NGOs accredited with Consultative II Status with ECOSOC and is represented at UNESCO and UNICEF. The Association is also a member of the Conference of NGOs (CONGO) of the United Nations. In 1990, the Soviet Union funded the organization with 100,000 US dollars. Headquarters International Headquarters – Rue Brialmont 21, B-1210, Brussels, Belgium International Secretariat – Ito Bldg 2nd Floor, Yotsuya 1–2, Shinjuku-ku, 160–0004, Tokyo, Japan Organization The IADL is organized on the basis of institutional member organizations, regional and affiliated sections, groups and individual membership, representing about 200,000 members in all. Institutional Members: Bangladesh – Democratic Lawyers Association of Bangladesh (DLAB) Belgium – Progress Lawyers Network As of 2010 it has offices in Antwerp and Brussels. Bulgaria – Union of Jurists in Bulgaria Cuba – Unión Nacional de Juristas de Cuba Finland – Suomen Demokraattiset Lakimiehet (Oikeuspoliittinen yhdistys Demla ) France – Droit Solidarité Germany (West) – Vereinigung Demokratischer Juristen Deutschlands Italy – Giuristi Democratici India – All India Lawyers Union India – Indian Association of Lawyers Japan – Japanese Lawyers International Solidarity Association (JALISA) Morocco – Association Marocaine des Droits Humains North Korea – Korean Democratic Lawyers Organisation Philippines – The National Union of Peoples’ Lawyers (NUPL) United Kingdom – Haldane Society of Socialist Lawyers United States – National Lawyers Guild Regional and Affiliated Members: Arab Lawyers Union American Association of Jurists Palestinian Centre for Human Rights European Association of Lawyers for Democracy and World Human Rights European Lawyers for Democracy and Human Rights European Democratic Lawyers. Its member organizations are: Belgium – Le Syndicat des Avocats pour la Démocratie (S.A D.) France – Le Syndicat des Avocats de France (S.A.F.) Germany – Der Republikanische Anwältinnen und Anwälteverein (RAV) Italy – La Confederazione Nazionale Delle Associazioni Sindicali Forensi d 'Italia Italy – L'Iniziativa Democratica Forense (I.D.F.) Italy – Legal Team Italia ( L.T.I.) Netherlands – De Vereniging Sociale Advokatuur Nederland (VSAN) Spain – L 'Associació Catalana per a la Defensa dels Drets Humans (A.C.D.D.H) Spain – La Asociación Libre de Abogados (ALA) Spain – Euskal Herriko Abokatuen Elkartea (ESKUBIDEAK) Activities IADL sent a team to investigate allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War in 1951, and published "Report on U.S. Crimes in Korea", alleging the United States has used biological weapons during Korean War. In 2006, IADL claimed that the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti was manipulated by the United States, and called for the release of members of leftist party Fanmi Lavalas. IADL filed an amicus curiae with the US Supreme Court in 2009 relating to the trial of five Cuban intelligence officers who were convicted in Miami of conspiracy to commit espionage and murder. The IADL stated that the large Cuban exile population in Miami "supports many political and paramilitary groups dedicated to the overthrow of the Castro government". As a result, the IADL believed that the defendants had not received "a fair trial by an impartial fact finder". IADL made statement saying they oppose the use of military force against Syria and Iran in 2012. Economic and Social Council consultative status IADL applied for Category B consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council in 1954, 1955, 1957 and 1959, but the application was rejected. The application was accepted in 1967. The organizations are divided into three groups: those in Category A, which have a basic interest in most of the activities of the council; those in Category B, which have a special competence but are concerned with only a few of the council's activities; and those with a significant contribution to make to the council's work, which are placed on a Register for ad hoc consultations. At the end of 1967, there were 143 NGOs with Category B status. See also International Organization of Journalists International Union of Students Women's International Democratic Federation World Federation of Trade Unions World Federation of Democratic Youth World Federation of Scientific Workers World Peace Council References ^ "Our Aims". November 29, 2015. ^ "About \| IADL". Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved 2013-07-28. ^ a b c d e "UNESCO". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07. ^ IADL Our Aims ^ Yves Dezalay, Bryant G. Garth (2002). The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists, and the Contest to Transform Latin American States. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14426-7. ^ Donert, Celia (12 April 2016). "From Communist Internationalism to Human Rights: Gender, Violence and International Law in the Women's International Democratic Federation Mission to North Korea, 1951". Contemporary European History. 25 (2): 313–333. doi:10.1017/S0960777316000096. S2CID 159814571. ^ Van Daal, A.J.M. (October 1955). Under False Colors: A report on the Character of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers (PDF). The Hague: International Commission of Jurists. ^ New York City Law Review, Volumes 9-10. 2005. p. 1 ^ a b "No. 08-987 in the Supreme Court of the United States – RUBEN CAMPA, RENE GONZALEZ, ANTONIO GUERRERO, GERARDO HERNANDEZ, AND LUIS MENDINA, PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" (PDF). ^ Tolley, Jr., Howard B. (2010). The International Commission of Jurists: Global Advocates for Human Rights. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0812203158. ^ Tolley, Jr., Howard B. (2010). The International Commission of Jurists: Global Advocates for Human Rights. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0812203158. ^ a b "IADL". Archived from the original on 2015-02-18. Retrieved 2015-03-07. ^ Richard Felix Staar (1991). Foreign policies of the Soviet Union. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University. p. 80. ISBN 9780817991029 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "IADL website – members". Archived from the original on 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2010-07-02. ^ "Progress Lawyers Network \| Welkom \| Bienvenue". www.progresslaw.net. ^ "Article \| LakimiesUutiset". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-07-02. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2010-07-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Avocats Européens Démocrates – European Democratic Lawyers". ^ "Report on U.S. Crimes in Korea" (PDF). International Association of Democratic Lawyers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 16 July 2013. ^ "International Association of Democratic Lawyers Calls on UN to Respect Haiti's Sovereignty". Political Affairs. April 19, 2006. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. ^ Marjorie Cohn (March 24, 2012). "Marjorie Cohn: International Association of Democratic Lawyers Opposes Military Force Against Syria and Iran". Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. ^ "Chapter XIX Consultative Arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations". 1954 Yearbook of the United Nations (pdf). United Nations. p. 303. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-01. ^ "Chapter XVII Consultative Arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations". 1955 Yearbook of the United Nations (pdf). United Nations. p. 238. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-01. ^ "Chapter XVI Consultative Arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations". 1957 Yearbook of the United Nations (pdf). United Nations. p. 279. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-01. ^ "Chapter XIV Consultative Arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations". 1959 Yearbook of the United Nations (pdf). United Nations. p. 280. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-01. ^ a b "Chapter XXII Consultative Arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations". 1967 Yearbook of the United Nations (pdf). United Nations. pp. 562–564. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-01. ^ "List of non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council as of 1 September 2010" (PDF). United Nations. 1 September 2010. p. 38. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Spain France BnF data Israel United States Greece Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International Association of Democratic Lawyers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_resistance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palace-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDeezCom-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICoJComm-7"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"René Cassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin"},{"link_name":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amicus-9"},{"link_name":"North Koreans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"communist front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_front"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"International Commission of Jurists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IADL-12"},{"link_name":"Conference of NGOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_of_NGOs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IADL-12"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staar-13"}],"text":"The Association was founded in Paris in 1946 by leftist French lawyers with connections to the French resistance.[5]: 62 [6][7] Many of its founders served as prosecutors at the Nuremberg trials.[8] Its first president was René Cassin, who was largely responsible for writing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[9]The IADL stated that it had documented proof of the US dropping poisoned mosquitoes on North Koreans and mass-torturing civilians during the Korean War. Cassin resigned his presidency in 1951 due to the resulting U.S. pressure, and the US successfully lobbied France to expel the headquarters of what it considered a communist front from Paris.[10] The Central Intelligence Agency started funding the International Commission of Jurists to counter the IADL.[11]From 1967 the IADL was one of the original NGOs accredited with Consultative II Status with ECOSOC and is represented at UNESCO and UNICEF.[12] The Association is also a member of the Conference of NGOs (CONGO) of the United Nations.[12]In 1990, the Soviet Union funded the organization with 100,000 US dollars.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-3"}],"text":"International Headquarters – Rue Brialmont 21, B-1210, Brussels, Belgium[3]International Secretariat – Ito Bldg 2nd Floor, Yotsuya 1–2, Shinjuku-ku, 160–0004, Tokyo, Japan[3]","title":"Headquarters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"Oikeuspoliittinen yhdistys Demla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oikeuspoliittinen_yhdistys_Demla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikeuspoliittinen_yhdistys_Demla"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"Haldane Society of Socialist Lawyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane_Society_of_Socialist_Lawyers"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"National Lawyers Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lawyers_Guild"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"Arab Lawyers Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Lawyers_Union"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Centre for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Centre_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-14"},{"link_name":"European Democratic Lawyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Democratic_Lawyers"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The IADL is organized on the basis of institutional member organizations, regional and affiliated sections, groups and individual membership, representing about 200,000 members in all.[3]Institutional Members:Bangladesh – Democratic Lawyers Association of Bangladesh (DLAB)[14]\nBelgium – Progress Lawyers Network[14] As of 2010 it has offices in Antwerp and Brussels.[15]\nBulgaria – Union of Jurists in Bulgaria[14]\nCuba – Unión Nacional de Juristas de Cuba[14]\nFinland – Suomen Demokraattiset Lakimiehet (Oikeuspoliittinen yhdistys Demla [fi])[16]\nFrance – Droit Solidarité[14]\nGermany (West) – Vereinigung Demokratischer Juristen Deutschlands[17]\nItaly – Giuristi Democratici[14]\nIndia – All India Lawyers Union[14]\nIndia – Indian Association of Lawyers[14]\nJapan – Japanese Lawyers International Solidarity Association (JALISA)[14]\nMorocco – Association Marocaine des Droits Humains[14]\nNorth Korea – Korean Democratic Lawyers Organisation[14]\nPhilippines – The National Union of Peoples’ Lawyers (NUPL)[14]\nUnited Kingdom – Haldane Society of Socialist Lawyers[14]\nUnited States – National Lawyers Guild[14]Regional and Affiliated Members:Arab Lawyers Union[14]\nAmerican Association of Jurists[14]\nPalestinian Centre for Human Rights[14]\nEuropean Association of Lawyers for Democracy and World Human Rights[14]\nEuropean Lawyers for Democracy and Human Rights\nEuropean Democratic Lawyers. Its member organizations are:[18]\nBelgium – Le Syndicat des Avocats pour la Démocratie (S.A D.)\nFrance – Le Syndicat des Avocats de France (S.A.F.)\nGermany – Der Republikanische Anwältinnen und Anwälteverein (RAV)\nItaly – La Confederazione Nazionale Delle Associazioni Sindicali Forensi d 'Italia\nItaly – L'Iniziativa Democratica Forense (I.D.F.)\nItaly – Legal Team Italia ( L.T.I.)\nNetherlands – De Vereniging Sociale Advokatuur Nederland (VSAN)\nSpain – L 'Associació Catalana per a la Defensa dels Drets Humans (A.C.D.D.H)\nSpain – La Asociación Libre de Abogados (ALA)\nSpain – Euskal Herriko Abokatuen Elkartea (ESKUBIDEAK)","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_biological_warfare_in_the_Korean_War"},{"link_name":"biological weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_weapons"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilisation_Mission_in_Haiti"},{"link_name":"leftist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftist"},{"link_name":"Fanmi Lavalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanmi_Lavalas"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"amicus curiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"five Cuban intelligence officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Five"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amicus-9"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"IADL sent a team to investigate allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War in 1951, and published \"Report on U.S. Crimes in Korea\", alleging the United States has used biological weapons during Korean War.[19]\nIn 2006, IADL claimed that the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti was manipulated by the United States, and called for the release of members of leftist party Fanmi Lavalas.[20]\nIADL filed an amicus curiae with the US Supreme Court in 2009 relating to the trial of five Cuban intelligence officers who were convicted in Miami of conspiracy to commit espionage and murder. The IADL stated that the large Cuban exile population in Miami \"supports many political and paramilitary groups dedicated to the overthrow of the Castro government\". As a result, the IADL believed that the defendants had not received \"a fair trial by an impartial fact finder\".[9]\nIADL made statement saying they oppose the use of military force against Syria and Iran in 2012.[21]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UN Economic and Social Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Economic_and_Social_Council"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1954yun-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1955yun-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1957yun-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1959yun-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1967yun-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1967yun-26"}],"text":"IADL applied for Category B consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council in 1954, 1955, 1957 and 1959, but the application was rejected.[22][23][24][25] The application was accepted in 1967.[26][27]The organizations are divided into three groups: those in Category A, which have a basic interest in most of the activities of the council; those in Category B, which have a special competence\nbut are concerned with only a few of the council's activities; and those with a significant contribution to make to the council's work, which are placed on a Register for ad hoc consultations. At the end of 1967, there were 143 NGOs with Category B status.[26]","title":"Economic and Social Council consultative status"}]	[]	[{"title":"International Organization of Journalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Journalists"},{"title":"International Union of Students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Students"},{"title":"Women's International Democratic Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation"},{"title":"World Federation of Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions"},{"title":"World Federation of Democratic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth"},{"title":"World Federation of Scientific Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers"},{"title":"World Peace Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Peace_Council"}]	[{"reference":"\"Our Aims\". November 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://iadllaw.org/our-aims/","url_text":"\"Our Aims\""}]},{"reference":"\"About \| IADL\". Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved 2013-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130622145832/http://www.iadllaw.org/en/about","url_text":"\"About \| IADL\""},{"url":"http://www.iadllaw.org/en/about","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104522/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100066952","url_text":"\"UNESCO\""},{"url":"http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100066952","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yves Dezalay, Bryant G. Garth (2002). The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists, and the Contest to Transform Latin American States. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14426-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2vq_siMEzRIC&pg=PA62","url_text":"The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists, and the Contest to Transform Latin American States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14426-7","url_text":"0-226-14426-7"}]},{"reference":"Donert, Celia (12 April 2016). \"From Communist Internationalism to Human Rights: Gender, Violence and International Law in the Women's International Democratic Federation Mission to North Korea, 1951\". Contemporary European History. 25 (2): 313–333. doi:10.1017/S0960777316000096. S2CID 159814571.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/from-communist-internationalism-to-human-rights-gender-violence-and-international-law-in-the-womens-international-democratic-federation-mission-to-north-korea-1951/3721E50166969AC565748B847216394E","url_text":"\"From Communist Internationalism to Human Rights: Gender, Violence and International Law in the Women's International Democratic Federation Mission to North Korea, 1951\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777316000096","url_text":"10.1017/S0960777316000096"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159814571","url_text":"159814571"}]},{"reference":"Van Daal, A.J.M. (October 1955). Under False Colors: A report on the Character of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers (PDF). The Hague: International Commission of Jurists.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1955/11/IADL-thematic-report-1955-eng.pdf","url_text":"Under False Colors: A report on the Character of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists","url_text":"International Commission of Jurists"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 08-987 in the Supreme Court of the United States – RUBEN CAMPA, RENE GONZALEZ, ANTONIO GUERRERO, GERARDO HERNANDEZ, AND LUIS MENDINA, PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freethefive.org/legalFront/amicusiadl.pdf","url_text":"\"No. 08-987 in the Supreme Court of the United States – RUBEN CAMPA, RENE GONZALEZ, ANTONIO GUERRERO, GERARDO HERNANDEZ, AND LUIS MENDINA, PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA\""}]},{"reference":"Tolley, Jr., Howard B. (2010). The International Commission of Jurists: Global Advocates for Human Rights. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0812203158.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_msFY_uFcqUC","url_text":"The International Commission of Jurists: Global Advocates for Human Rights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812203158","url_text":"978-0812203158"}]},{"reference":"Tolley, Jr., Howard B. (2010). The International Commission of Jurists: Global Advocates for Human Rights. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0812203158.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_msFY_uFcqUC","url_text":"The International Commission of Jurists: Global Advocates for Human Rights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812203158","url_text":"978-0812203158"}]},{"reference":"\"IADL\". Archived from the original on 2015-02-18. Retrieved 2015-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150218134226/http://iadllaw.org/en/unactivity","url_text":"\"IADL\""},{"url":"http://www.iadllaw.org/en/unactivity","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IADL website – members\". Archived from the original on 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2010-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100707105436/http://www.iadllaw.org/en/members","url_text":"\"IADL website – members\""},{"url":"http://www.iadllaw.org/en/members","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Progress Lawyers Network \| Welkom \| Bienvenue\". www.progresslaw.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.progresslaw.net/","url_text":"\"Progress Lawyers Network \| Welkom \| Bienvenue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article \| LakimiesUutiset\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716231114/http://www.lakimiesuutiset.fi/artikkeli?artid=250","url_text":"\"Article \| LakimiesUutiset\""},{"url":"http://www.lakimiesuutiset.fi/artikkeli?artid=250","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2010-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612104222/http://www.berlin.de/imperia/md/content/lstu/schriftenreihe/ufj1.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.berlin.de/imperia/md/content/lstu/schriftenreihe/ufj1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Avocats Européens Démocrates – European Democratic Lawyers\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aeud.org/","url_text":"\"Avocats Européens Démocrates – European Democratic Lawyers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report on U.S. Crimes in Korea\" (PDF). International Association of Democratic Lawyers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 16 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002045226/http://www.uwpep.org/Index/Resources_files/Crime_Reports_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Report on U.S. Crimes in Korea\""},{"url":"http://www.uwpep.org/Index/Resources_files/Crime_Reports_1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International Association of Democratic Lawyers Calls on UN to Respect Haiti's Sovereignty\". Political Affairs. April 19, 2006. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130802191104/http://www.politicalaffairs.net/international-association-of-democratic-lawyers-calls-on-un-to-respect-haiti-s-sovereignty/","url_text":"\"International Association of Democratic Lawyers Calls on UN to Respect Haiti's Sovereignty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Affairs_(magazine)","url_text":"Political Affairs"},{"url":"http://www.politicalaffairs.net/international-association-of-democratic-lawyers-calls-on-un-to-respect-haiti-s-sovereignty/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marjorie Cohn (March 24, 2012). \"Marjorie Cohn: International Association of Democratic Lawyers Opposes Military Force Against Syria and Iran\". Archived from the original on July 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Cohn","url_text":"Marjorie Cohn"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130719194441/http://www.marjoriecohn.com/2012/03/international-association-of-democratic.html","url_text":"\"Marjorie Cohn: International Association of Democratic Lawyers Opposes Military Force Against Syria and Iran\""},{"url":"http://www.marjoriecohn.com/2012/03/international-association-of-democratic.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter XIX Consultative Arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations\". 1954 Yearbook of the United Nations (pdf). United Nations. p. 303. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130801222649/http://unyearbook.un.org/unyearbook.html?name=1954index.html","url_text":"\"Chapter XIX Consultative Arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations\""},{"url":"http://unyearbook.un.org/unyearbook.html?name=1954index.html","url_text":"1954 Yearbook of the United Nations"},{"url":"http://unyearbook.un.org/1954YUN/1954_P1_SEC2_CH19.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter XVII Consultative Arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations\". 1955 Yearbook of the United Nations (pdf). United Nations. p. 238. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130801222652/http://unyearbook.un.org/unyearbook.html?name=1955index.html","url_text":"\"Chapter XVII Consultative Arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations\""},{"url":"http://unyearbook.un.org/unyearbook.html?name=1955index.html","url_text":"1955 Yearbook of the United Nations"},{"url":"http://unyearbook.un.org/1955YUN/1955_P1_SEC2_CH17.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter XVI Consultative Arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations\". 1957 Yearbook of the United Nations (pdf). United Nations. p. 279. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130801220128/http://unyearbook.un.org/unyearbook.html?name=1957index.html","url_text":"\"Chapter XVI Consultative Arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations\""},{"url":"http://unyearbook.un.org/unyearbook.html?name=1957index.html","url_text":"1957 Yearbook of the United Nations"},{"url":"http://unyearbook.un.org/1957YUN/1957_P1_SEC2_CH16.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter XIV Consultative Arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations\". 1959 Yearbook of the United Nations (pdf). United Nations. p. 280. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/AAQ-14	LANTIRN	["1 Features","1.1 AN/AAQ-13 navigation pod","1.2 AN/AAQ-14 targeting pod","2 Background","3 LANTIRN and the F-14 Tomcat","4 General characteristics","5 Operators","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	US Air Force navigation and targeting system This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "LANTIRN" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Artist's concept of a Low Altitude Navigation Targeting Infrared for Night (LANTIRN) scenario for attacking an armored column, 1982Mounted underneath an F-15E Strike Eagle, the AN/AAQ-13 navigation pod to the left with the AN/AAQ-14 targeting pod to the right. This particular F-15 was assigned to the 366th Fighter Wing (Note the emblem on the intake.) LANTIRN (Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night) is a combined navigation and targeting pod system for use on the United States Air Force fighter aircraft—the F-15E Strike Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon (Block 40/42 C & D models) manufactured by Martin Marietta (now Lockheed Martin). LANTIRN significantly increases the combat effectiveness of these aircraft, allowing them to fly at low altitudes, at night and under-the-weather to attack ground targets with a variety of precision-guided weapons. Features AN/AAQ-13 LANTIRN navigation pod aboard an F-15EF-15E Head-up display of infrared image from the AN/AAQ-13 LANTIRN navigation pod LANTIRN consists of a navigation pod and a targeting pod mounted externally beneath the aircraft. AN/AAQ-13 navigation pod The AN/AAQ-13 navigation pod provides high-speed penetration and precision attack on tactical targets at night and in adverse weather. The navigation pod contains a terrain-following radar and a fixed thermographic camera, which provides a visual cue and input to the aircraft's flight control system, enabling it to maintain a pre-selected altitude above the terrain and avoid obstacles. This sensor displays an infrared image of the terrain in front of the aircraft, to the pilot, on a Head-up display. The navigation pod enables the pilot to fly along the general contour of the terrain at high speed, using mountains, valleys and the cover of darkness to avoid detection. The pod was the USAF's first wide-field, forward looking infrared navigation system for air superiority fighters. A downgraded version for export with the terrain-following radar deleted is designated as the AN/AAQ-20 Pathfinder, which is only capable of providing a visual cue/picture of ground features in darkness and adverse weather generated by the infrared sensor, and pilots must rely on their own skill to avoid ground obstacles at low altitude flight. AN/AAQ-14 targeting pod The AN/AAQ-14 targeting pod contains a high-resolution, forward looking infrared sensor (which displays an infrared image of the target to the pilot), a laser designator/rangefinder for precise delivery of laser-guided munitions, a missile boresight correlator for automatic lock-on of the AGM-65 Maverick imaging infrared missiles, and software for automatic target tracking. These features simplify the functions of target detection, recognition and attack and permit pilots of single-seat fighters to attack targets with precision-guided weapons on a single pass. A downgraded version for export with the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missile compatibility deleted is designated as AN/AAQ-19 Sharpshooter. Background The research and development program began in September 1980 with Martin Marietta Corp. (now Lockheed Martin), Orlando, FL, as contractor. Initial operational test and evaluation of the LANTIRN navigation pod was successfully completed in December 1984. The Air Force approved low-rate initial production of the navigation pod in March 1985 and full-rate production in November 1986. The first production pod was delivered to the Air Force March 31, 1987. LANTIRN represented a major advance in the U.S. military's ability to carry out operations in darkness and adverse weather, and has been developed further into its successor, the AN/AAQ-33 Sniper pod. LANTIRN and the F-14 Tomcat An F-14D carrying a LANTIRN pod, 2005 Until the early 1990s, the F-14 Tomcat didn't have clearance to drop bombs even though all Tomcats were built with a Stores Management System (SMS) that included air-to-ground options as well as rudimentary software in the AWG-9. Early flight clearance work to clear the aircraft for air-to-ground were suspended due to development delays with the F-14 and it being shifted away from the air to ground mission. At the time, the Tomcat was so expensive (and lacked proper defensive electronic countermeasures (DECM) and radar homing and warning (RHAW) for overland operations) that the Navy did not want to risk it in the air-to-ground role. However, the TARPS mission had proven the Tomcat was survivable overland and upgrades to the Tomcat's DECM, expendables and RHAW gear were developed to increase its survivability. With the end of the Cold War and de-emphasis on the Fleet Air Defense mission, NAVAIR had renewed flight clearance work before Desert Storm so the F-14 could carry gravity bombs as well as laser-guided bombs if the target was lased by another jet (first Tomcat LGB drop in combat was made by VF-41 in 1995 during operations over Bosnia with an A-6 Intruder providing the requisite target illumination). Meanwhile, the decision had been made by Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV) to retire the A-6 altogether and allow the F-14 Block 1 Strike variant to take over as the precision strike platform for the air wing. However, the $1.6B Block 1 Strike program was canceled in budgetary cuts by 1994 with only enough funding to integrate the JDAM, which was years away. In late 1994, an unsolicited proposal from Martin Marietta was initiated to demonstrate how a USAF LANTIRN targeting pod could be rapidly integrated onto the Tomcat. This effort was done under the auspices of Commander, Naval Air Forces Atlantic Fleet (COMNAVAIRLANT) using a fleet aircraft to integrate the digital 1553-based pod on an analog F-14B. In March 1995 a VF-103 fleet aircraft successfully dropped the first laser-guided training rounds (LGTR) and quickly laser-guided bombs (LGB). Due to the early success and interest from Fleet Commanders, NAVAIR began to procure pods and control units for deployment, resulting in VF-103 receiving the first LANTIRN pod June 14, 1996 in time for its upcoming deployment. The basic LANTIRN was modified into LANTIRN Targeting System (LTS), the navigation pod was removed from the two-pod system and the targeting pod was improved for Tomcat use. The LTS featured a Global Positioning System and inertial measurement unit that provided the pod line-of-sight cueing and weapon release ballistics and eliminated the need for external cumbersome and time-consuming boresight equipment. Unlike the early versions, the LTS performed all weapon release calculations and presented release cues that it had generated to the aircrew. The LTS also had a masking avoidance curve display (preventing firing the laser at the jet) and eventually a north orientation curve and 12,200 m (40,000 ft) capable laser. The latter became very useful allowing F-14s to employ LGBs above potential threat systems and it came into its own in the higher terrain in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom. The LTS could also generate coordinates for any target located on the FLIR, and a latter software modification, known as T3 (Tomcat Tactical Targeting) increased the accuracy of the coordinates produced by the LTS and allowed generated coordinates for GPS/INS guided weapons (JDAM, JSOW and WCMD). The first combat use of this was during Operation Enduring Freedom when an F-14 generated coordinates for a B-52 that dropped a CBU-103 WCMD from over 40,000 feet (12,000 m). These weapons scored hits on a vehicle convoy that had stopped after the first vehicle was destroyed by the Tomcat with LGBs. The pod also featured an internal computer with ballistics data for the various precision munitions carried by the F-14. Data is fed to the pod by the Tomcat's AWG-9 (F-14A and F-14B) and AN/APG-71 (F-14D) radar, but the LTS in turn only sends video and guidance symbology to the crew's cockpit displays. This means that few wiring and software changes had to be made to the Tomcat in order for it to operate the LTS. All pod controls are in the RIO's cockpit, but the bomb release button is situated with the pilot. The LTS had a price tag of around 3 million US Dollars each and due to these high costs, only 75 were bought for fleet use. Typically, an F-14 squadron brought 6 to 8 pods with them on deployment, which would be permanently fitted to the non-TARPS jets. The first combat use of the LTS was in December 1998 during Operation Desert Fox by VF-32. General characteristics Primary function: Low altitude navigation and targeting infrared for night flying Contractor: Lockheed Martin, Inc. Length: Navigation pod, 78.2 in (1.99 m); targeting pod, 98.5 in (2.51 m) Diameter: Navigation pod, 12 in (305 mm); targeting pod, 15 in (380 mm) Weight: Navigation pod, 451.1 lb (204.6 kg); targeting pod, 530 lb (240.7 kg) Aircraft: F-15E, F-16A/B Block 20 (MLU), F-16C/D Block 40, F-14 B/D, S-3B Sensors: Infrared and terrain following radar sensors on the navigation pod. Infrared and laser designator and ranging sensors on the targeting pod Introduction date: March 1987 Unit cost: Navigation pod, $1.38 million; targeting pod, $3.6 million Operators Belgium Belgian Air Component Egypt Egyptian Air Force Greece Hellenic Air Force Israel Israeli Air Force Netherlands Royal Netherlands Air Force Singapore Republic of Singapore Air Force South Korea Republic of Korea Air Force Taiwan Republic of China Air Force Turkey Turkish Air Force United States United States Air Force United States Navy See also ATFLIR LITENING AN/AAQ-28(V) Lockheed Martin Sniper XR Thales Damocles PDLCT References ^ "Lockheed Martin AN/AAQ-19 Sharpshooter". Scramble. Dutch Aviation Society. 29 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. ^ "Official Site of the U.S. Air Force - Fact Sheet (Printable) : LANTIRN". Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. ^ Ellebaut, Stefaan. "Belgian Air Force buys eight Sniper XR targeting pods". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ "Egypt getting more LANTIRN targeting pods". defenceWeb. 2016-11-29. Retrieved 2020-10-06. ^ a b "AN/AAQ-13 & AN/AAQ-14 LANTIRN Navigation & Targeting Pod". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ "F-16 Air Forces - Israel". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ "143rd squadron (RSAF)". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ "155th Fighter Squadron (RoKAF)". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ "F-16 Air Forces - Republic of China / Taiwan". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ "F-16 Air Forces - Turkey". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ "USAF Fact Sheet - LANTIRN". af.mil. Retrieved 18 February 2023. ^ "New LANTIRN ER goes to war". navair.navy.mil. Retrieved 18 February 2023. Clancy, Tom (1996). Fighter Wing. London: HarperCollins, 1995. ISBN 0-00-255527-1. OCLC 33316967. Holmes, Tony (2014). US Navy F-14 Tomcat Units of Operation Iraqi Freedom. London: Osprey Pub. ISBN 9781782006701. OCLC 869308208. Hildebrandt, Erik (2006). Anytime, Baby! Hail and Farewell to the US Navy F-14 Tomcat. Stillwater, MN: Cleared Hot Media. ISBN 9780967404059. OCLC 225371634. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to LANTIRN. AN/AAQ-13 & AN/AAQ-14 [email protected] Targeting: in the hands of the pods International Defence Review, 7 September 2006 vteUnited States Air Force system numbers100–199 100 101 P 102 103 104 105 1061 107 A-1 A-2 1081 1091 110 1111 112 1131 1141 1151 1161 117 L M 118 A L P 119 C/F E L T Y 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 1271 128 129 130 131 132 A B 133 1341 135 1361 1371 138 139 140 1411 142 143–1971 198 199 B C D Y 200–299 200 201 A/L B/W E 202 2031 204 205 206 2071 208 2091 210 2111 212 213 214 2151 216 217 218 2191 220 221 222 A G 2231 224 2251 226 227–2381 239 240–2781 279 280–2981 299 300–399 300 3011 302 303 3041 3051 306 A/L B 307 308 309 3101 3111 3121 3131 314 315 A-1 A-2 316 317 3181 319 3201 321 3221 323 324 L M/N 325 326 327 E 328 E 329 F 3301 3311 3321 3331 3341 335 336 337 338–3791 380 A/B/E/F/N P 381–3971 398 399 A B 400–499 400 B/C/N E G/H M 401 402 4031 404 405 B C D 4061 407 4081 4091 410 E L 411 E L 412 413 414 L M 415 416 L M (I) M (II) P Q 417 418 L M 4191 420 L/W 4211 422 423 424 425 426 L M 427 L M 428 A L 429 430 431 G (I) G (II) 432 433 434 435 A L 436 437 438 439 440 441 A D L 442 443 4441 445 L M 446 447 4481 4491 450 451 D L 452 453 4541 455 456 4571 458 459 460 L 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 L (I) L (II) 472 473 474 L N 4751 476 E 477 478 A T 4791 480 481 L 482 E L M/Z 483 484 L M N 485 L Z 486 487 488 489 490 L M 4911 492 493 494 495 L (I) L (II) 496 497 A L (I) L 498 A C D E L 499 A C D 500–599 500 501–5191 520 521–5291 530 531–5411 542 543–5491 550 A E 551–5591 560 A F 561–5691 570 571–5791 580 A E 581–5891 590 591 592 593–5991 600–699 600 601 A L 602 A L 603 A L 604 605 606 607 6081 609 6101 6111 6121 6131 614 6151 616 6171 618 6191 620 621 A/B (I) B (II) 622 623 624 625 6261 627 6281 6291 6301 6311 632 633 634 A B 635 6361 6371 638 639 640 641 642 643 6441 6451 6461 6471 648 A D P 649 A B C D E F L P 650 651 652 6531 6541 655 A (I) A (II) P 656 6571 6581 6591 660 661 6621 6631 664 665 A (I) A (II) 666 A C/P 667 668 6691 670 6711 672 A M/P 6731 674 675 6761 6771 6781 679 680 681 D E 6821 683 A J V 6841 685 686 687 J P 6881 6891 690 691 C X Z 6921 693 6941 695 A B C L N P Q R S (I) S (II) 6961 6971 6981 6991 700–799 700–7351 736 7371 7381 7391 7401 741 742 743 7441 745 746–7531 754 755–7991 800–899 8001 8011 802 L (I) L (II) 8031 8041 8051 806 807 808–8161 817 8181 8191 8201 8211 8221 823 824–8311 832 8331 834 835–8451 846 847–8991 900–999 900–9511 952 8531 8541 8551 956 957–9671 968 1 Unknown or not assigned	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LANTIRN_artist_concept.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SAS_2010_F-15E_LANTIRN.JPG"},{"link_name":"F-15E Strike Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15E_Strike_Eagle"},{"link_name":"366th Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/366th_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"targeting pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeting_pod"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"F-15E Strike Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15E_Strike_Eagle"},{"link_name":"F-16 Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Martin Marietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Marietta"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"precision-guided weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision-guided_weapon"}],"text":"Artist's concept of a Low Altitude Navigation Targeting Infrared for Night (LANTIRN) scenario for attacking an armored column, 1982Mounted underneath an F-15E Strike Eagle, the AN/AAQ-13 navigation pod to the left with the AN/AAQ-14 targeting pod to the right. 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LANTIRN significantly increases the combat effectiveness of these aircraft, allowing them to fly at low altitudes, at night and under-the-weather to attack ground targets with a variety of precision-guided weapons.","title":"LANTIRN"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-15E_LANTIRN_pod.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-15E_LANTIRN_IR_HUD_image.jpg"},{"link_name":"Head-up display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up_display"}],"text":"AN/AAQ-13 LANTIRN navigation pod aboard an F-15EF-15E Head-up display of infrared image from the AN/AAQ-13 LANTIRN navigation podLANTIRN consists of a navigation pod and a targeting pod mounted externally beneath the aircraft.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terrain-following radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain-following_radar"},{"link_name":"thermographic camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camera"},{"link_name":"Head-up display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up_display"},{"link_name":"USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAF"},{"link_name":"forward looking infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_looking_infrared"},{"link_name":"air superiority fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_superiority_fighter"}],"sub_title":"AN/AAQ-13 navigation pod","text":"The AN/AAQ-13 navigation pod provides high-speed penetration and precision attack on tactical targets at night and in adverse weather. The navigation pod contains a terrain-following radar and a fixed thermographic camera, which provides a visual cue and input to the aircraft's flight control system, enabling it to maintain a pre-selected altitude above the terrain and avoid obstacles. This sensor displays an infrared image of the terrain in front of the aircraft, to the pilot, on a Head-up display. The navigation pod enables the pilot to fly along the general contour of the terrain at high speed, using mountains, valleys and the cover of darkness to avoid detection. The pod was the USAF's first wide-field, forward looking infrared navigation system for air superiority fighters. A downgraded version for export with the terrain-following radar deleted is designated as the AN/AAQ-20 Pathfinder, which is only capable of providing a visual cue/picture of ground features in darkness and adverse weather generated by the infrared sensor, and pilots must rely on their own skill to avoid ground obstacles at low altitude flight.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forward looking infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_looking_infrared"},{"link_name":"laser designator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_designator"},{"link_name":"rangefinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_rangefinder"},{"link_name":"laser-guided munitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser-guided_bomb"},{"link_name":"AGM-65 Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick"},{"link_name":"AGM-65 Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scramble-1"}],"sub_title":"AN/AAQ-14 targeting pod","text":"The AN/AAQ-14 targeting pod contains a high-resolution, forward looking infrared sensor (which displays an infrared image of the target to the pilot), a laser designator/rangefinder for precise delivery of laser-guided munitions, a missile boresight correlator for automatic lock-on of the AGM-65 Maverick imaging infrared missiles, and software for automatic target tracking. These features simplify the functions of target detection, recognition and attack and permit pilots of single-seat fighters to attack targets with precision-guided weapons on a single pass. A downgraded version for export with the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missile compatibility deleted is designated as AN/AAQ-19 Sharpshooter.[1]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Marietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Marietta"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"low-rate initial production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_rate_initial_production"},{"link_name":"AN/AAQ-33 Sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Sniper_XR"}],"text":"The research and development program began in September 1980 with Martin Marietta Corp. (now Lockheed Martin), Orlando, FL, as contractor. Initial operational test and evaluation of the LANTIRN navigation pod was successfully completed in December 1984. The Air Force approved low-rate initial production of the navigation pod in March 1985 and full-rate production in November 1986. The first production pod was delivered to the Air Force March 31, 1987. LANTIRN represented a major advance in the U.S. military's ability to carry out operations in darkness and adverse weather, and has been developed further into its successor, the AN/AAQ-33 Sniper pod.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-14D_LANTIRN.jpg"},{"link_name":"F-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14"},{"link_name":"Stores Management System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIL-STD-1760"},{"link_name":"AWG-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWG-9"},{"link_name":"electronic countermeasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures"},{"link_name":"TARPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Airborne_Reconnaissance_Pod_System"},{"link_name":"NAVAIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAVAIR"},{"link_name":"gravity bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_bombs"},{"link_name":"laser-guided bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser-guided_bombs"},{"link_name":"VF-41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFA-41"},{"link_name":"A-6 Intruder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-6_Intruder"},{"link_name":"Martin Marietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Marietta"},{"link_name":"1553","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIL-STD-1553"},{"link_name":"VF-103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-103"},{"link_name":"Global Positioning System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Operation Enduring Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom"},{"link_name":"JDAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDAM"},{"link_name":"JSOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSOW"},{"link_name":"WCMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_Corrected_Munitions_Dispenser"},{"link_name":"B-52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52"},{"link_name":"CBU-103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBU-103"},{"link_name":"AWG-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWG-9"},{"link_name":"AN/APG-71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/APG-71"},{"link_name":"TARPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Airborne_Reconnaissance_Pod_System"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Fox"}],"text":"An F-14D carrying a LANTIRN pod, 2005Until the early 1990s, the F-14 Tomcat didn't have clearance to drop bombs even though all Tomcats were built with a Stores Management System (SMS) that included air-to-ground options as well as rudimentary software in the AWG-9. Early flight clearance work to clear the aircraft for air-to-ground were suspended due to development delays with the F-14 and it being shifted away from the air to ground mission. At the time, the Tomcat was so expensive (and lacked proper defensive electronic countermeasures (DECM) and radar homing and warning (RHAW) for overland operations) that the Navy did not want to risk it in the air-to-ground role. However, the TARPS mission had proven the Tomcat was survivable overland and upgrades to the Tomcat's DECM, expendables and RHAW gear were developed to increase its survivability. With the end of the Cold War and de-emphasis on the Fleet Air Defense mission, NAVAIR had renewed flight clearance work before Desert Storm so the F-14 could carry gravity bombs as well as laser-guided bombs if the target was lased by another jet (first Tomcat LGB drop in combat was made by VF-41 in 1995 during operations over Bosnia with an A-6 Intruder providing the requisite target illumination). Meanwhile, the decision had been made by Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV) to retire the A-6 altogether and allow the F-14 Block 1 Strike variant to take over as the precision strike platform for the air wing. However, the $1.6B Block 1 Strike program was canceled in budgetary cuts by 1994 with only enough funding to integrate the JDAM, which was years away. In late 1994, an unsolicited proposal from Martin Marietta was initiated to demonstrate how a USAF LANTIRN targeting pod could be rapidly integrated onto the Tomcat. This effort was done under the auspices of Commander, Naval Air Forces Atlantic Fleet (COMNAVAIRLANT) using a fleet aircraft to integrate the digital 1553-based pod on an analog F-14B. In March 1995 a VF-103 fleet aircraft successfully dropped the first laser-guided training rounds (LGTR) and quickly laser-guided bombs (LGB). Due to the early success and interest from Fleet Commanders, NAVAIR began to procure pods and control units for deployment, resulting in VF-103 receiving the first LANTIRN pod June 14, 1996 in time for its upcoming deployment.The basic LANTIRN was modified into LANTIRN Targeting System (LTS), the navigation pod was removed from the two-pod system and the targeting pod was improved for Tomcat use. The LTS featured a Global Positioning System and inertial measurement unit that provided the pod line-of-sight cueing and weapon release ballistics and eliminated the need for external cumbersome and time-consuming boresight equipment.Unlike the early versions, the LTS performed all weapon release calculations and presented release cues that it had generated to the aircrew. The LTS also had a masking avoidance curve display (preventing firing the laser at the jet) and eventually a north orientation curve and 12,200 m (40,000 ft) capable laser. The latter became very useful allowing F-14s to employ LGBs above potential threat systems and it came into its own in the higher terrain in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom.The LTS could also generate coordinates for any target located on the FLIR, and a latter software modification, known as T3 (Tomcat Tactical Targeting) increased the accuracy of the coordinates produced by the LTS and allowed generated coordinates for GPS/INS guided weapons (JDAM, JSOW and WCMD). The first combat use of this was during Operation Enduring Freedom when an F-14 generated coordinates for a B-52 that dropped a CBU-103 WCMD from over 40,000 feet (12,000 m). These weapons scored hits on a vehicle convoy that had stopped after the first vehicle was destroyed by the Tomcat with LGBs.The pod also featured an internal computer with ballistics data for the various precision munitions carried by the F-14. Data is fed to the pod by the Tomcat's AWG-9 (F-14A and F-14B) and AN/APG-71 (F-14D) radar, but the LTS in turn only sends video and guidance symbology to the crew's cockpit displays. This means that few wiring and software changes had to be made to the Tomcat in order for it to operate the LTS. All pod controls are in the RIO's cockpit, but the bomb release button is situated with the pilot. The LTS had a price tag of around 3 million US Dollars each and due to these high costs, only 75 were bought for fleet use. Typically, an F-14 squadron brought 6 to 8 pods with them on deployment, which would be permanently fitted to the non-TARPS jets.The first combat use of the LTS was in December 1998 during Operation Desert Fox by VF-32.","title":"LANTIRN and the F-14 Tomcat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"S-3B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_S-3_Viking"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usaf_factsheet-2"}],"text":"Primary function: Low altitude navigation and targeting infrared for night flying\nContractor: Lockheed Martin, Inc.\nLength: Navigation pod, 78.2 in (1.99 m); targeting pod, 98.5 in (2.51 m)\nDiameter: Navigation pod, 12 in (305 mm); targeting pod, 15 in (380 mm)\nWeight: Navigation pod, 451.1 lb (204.6 kg); targeting pod, 530 lb (240.7 kg)\nAircraft: F-15E, F-16A/B Block 20 (MLU), F-16C/D Block 40, F-14 B/D, S-3B\nSensors: Infrared and terrain following radar sensors on the navigation pod. Infrared and laser designator and ranging sensors on the targeting pod\nIntroduction date: March 1987\nUnit cost: Navigation pod, $1.38 million; targeting pod, $3.6 million[2]","title":"General characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Belgian Air Component","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Air_Component"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f-16.net_lantirn-5"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Israeli Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f-16.net_lantirn-5"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Republic of Singapore Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"BelgiumBelgian Air Component[3]EgyptEgyptian Air Force[4]GreeceHellenic Air Force[5]IsraelIsraeli Air Force[6]NetherlandsRoyal Netherlands Air Force[5]SingaporeRepublic of Singapore Air Force[7]South KoreaRepublic of Korea Air Force[8]TaiwanRepublic of China Air Force[9]TurkeyTurkish Air Force[10]United StatesUnited States Air Force[11]\nUnited States Navy[12]","title":"Operators"}]	[{"image_text":"An F-14D carrying a LANTIRN pod, 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/F-14D_LANTIRN.jpg/220px-F-14D_LANTIRN.jpg"}]	[{"title":"ATFLIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATFLIR"},{"title":"LITENING","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LITENING"},{"title":"Lockheed Martin Sniper XR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Sniper_XR"},{"title":"Thales Damocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Damocles"},{"title":"PDLCT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDLCT"}]	[{"reference":"\"Lockheed Martin AN/AAQ-19 Sharpshooter\". Scramble. Dutch Aviation Society. 29 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722092857/http://wiki.scramble.nl/index.php?title=Lockheed_Martin_AN/AAQ-19_Sharpshooter","url_text":"\"Lockheed Martin AN/AAQ-19 Sharpshooter\""},{"url":"http://wiki.scramble.nl/index.php?title=Lockheed_Martin_AN/AAQ-19_Sharpshooter","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Site of the U.S. Air Force - Fact Sheet (Printable) : LANTIRN\". Archived from the original on 2012-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121212212946/http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp?fsID=111&page=1","url_text":"\"Official Site of the U.S. Air Force - Fact Sheet (Printable) : LANTIRN\""},{"url":"http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ellebaut, Stefaan. \"Belgian Air Force buys eight Sniper XR targeting pods\". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article1730.html","url_text":"\"Belgian Air Force buys eight Sniper XR targeting pods\""}]},{"reference":"\"Egypt getting more LANTIRN targeting pods\". defenceWeb. 2016-11-29. Retrieved 2020-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/egypt-getting-more-lantirn-targeting-pods/","url_text":"\"Egypt getting more LANTIRN targeting pods\""}]},{"reference":"\"AN/AAQ-13 & AN/AAQ-14 LANTIRN Navigation & Targeting Pod\". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f-16.net/f-16_armament_article2.html","url_text":"\"AN/AAQ-13 & AN/AAQ-14 LANTIRN Navigation & Targeting Pod\""}]},{"reference":"\"F-16 Air Forces - Israel\". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article7.html","url_text":"\"F-16 Air Forces - Israel\""}]},{"reference":"\"143rd squadron (RSAF)\". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f-16.net/units_article258.html","url_text":"\"143rd squadron (RSAF)\""}]},{"reference":"\"155th Fighter Squadron (RoKAF)\". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f-16.net/units_article384.html","url_text":"\"155th Fighter Squadron (RoKAF)\""}]},{"reference":"\"F-16 Air Forces - Republic of China / Taiwan\". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article19.html","url_text":"\"F-16 Air Forces - Republic of China / Taiwan\""}]},{"reference":"\"F-16 Air Forces - Turkey\". F-16.net. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article21.html","url_text":"\"F-16 Air Forces - Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"USAF Fact Sheet - LANTIRN\". af.mil. Retrieved 18 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104582/lantirn/","url_text":"\"USAF Fact Sheet - LANTIRN\""}]},{"reference":"\"New LANTIRN ER goes to war\". navair.navy.mil. Retrieved 18 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navair.navy.mil/node/8246","url_text":"\"New LANTIRN ER goes to war\""}]},{"reference":"Clancy, Tom (1996). Fighter Wing. London: HarperCollins, 1995. ISBN 0-00-255527-1. OCLC 33316967.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fighterwingguide0000clan_a6q7","url_text":"Fighter Wing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255527-1","url_text":"0-00-255527-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33316967","url_text":"33316967"}]},{"reference":"Holmes, Tony (2014). US Navy F-14 Tomcat Units of Operation Iraqi Freedom. London: Osprey Pub. ISBN 9781782006701. OCLC 869308208.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782006701","url_text":"9781782006701"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869308208","url_text":"869308208"}]},{"reference":"Hildebrandt, Erik (2006). Anytime, Baby! Hail and Farewell to the US Navy F-14 Tomcat. Stillwater, MN: Cleared Hot Media. ISBN 9780967404059. OCLC 225371634.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780967404059","url_text":"9780967404059"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/225371634","url_text":"225371634"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22LANTIRN%22","external_links_name":"\"LANTIRN\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22LANTIRN%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22LANTIRN%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22LANTIRN%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22LANTIRN%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22LANTIRN%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722092857/http://wiki.scramble.nl/index.php?title=Lockheed_Martin_AN/AAQ-19_Sharpshooter","external_links_name":"\"Lockheed Martin AN/AAQ-19 Sharpshooter\""},{"Link":"http://wiki.scramble.nl/index.php?title=Lockheed_Martin_AN/AAQ-19_Sharpshooter","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121212212946/http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp?fsID=111&page=1","external_links_name":"\"Official Site of the U.S. Air Force - Fact Sheet (Printable) : LANTIRN\""},{"Link":"http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article1730.html","external_links_name":"\"Belgian Air Force buys eight Sniper XR targeting pods\""},{"Link":"https://www.defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/egypt-getting-more-lantirn-targeting-pods/","external_links_name":"\"Egypt getting more LANTIRN targeting pods\""},{"Link":"https://www.f-16.net/f-16_armament_article2.html","external_links_name":"\"AN/AAQ-13 & AN/AAQ-14 LANTIRN Navigation & Targeting Pod\""},{"Link":"https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article7.html","external_links_name":"\"F-16 Air Forces - Israel\""},{"Link":"https://www.f-16.net/units_article258.html","external_links_name":"\"143rd squadron (RSAF)\""},{"Link":"https://www.f-16.net/units_article384.html","external_links_name":"\"155th Fighter Squadron (RoKAF)\""},{"Link":"https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article19.html","external_links_name":"\"F-16 Air Forces - Republic of China / Taiwan\""},{"Link":"https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article21.html","external_links_name":"\"F-16 Air Forces - Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104582/lantirn/","external_links_name":"\"USAF Fact Sheet - LANTIRN\""},{"Link":"https://www.navair.navy.mil/node/8246","external_links_name":"\"New LANTIRN ER goes to war\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fighterwingguide0000clan_a6q7","external_links_name":"Fighter Wing"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33316967","external_links_name":"33316967"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869308208","external_links_name":"869308208"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/225371634","external_links_name":"225371634"},{"Link":"http://www.f-16.net/f-16_armament_article2.html","external_links_name":"AN/AAQ-13 & AN/AAQ-14 [email protected]"},{"Link":"http://www.janes.com/defence/news/idr/idr060907_1_n.shtml","external_links_name":"Targeting: in the hands of the pods"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Range_Home_and_Leisure	The Range (retailer)	["1 History","2 Wilko acquisition","3 Key people","4 Products","5 Store growth","6 Store formats & locations","7 Distribution centres","8 Head office","9 References","10 External links"]	Retail department store chain The RangeIndustryRetailFounded1989; 35 years ago (1989)HeadquartersPlymouth, United KingdomKey peopleChris Dawson (Chairman)ProductsHome, garden and leisure productsBrandsWilkoNumber of employees11,200ParentNorton Group Holdings LimitedWebsitewww.therange.co.ukThe Range, Andover (2006) The Range, Tulip Retail Park, Leeds (2007) The Range is a multi-channel retailer selling products in the home, garden, and leisure categories, with over 210 stores in the United Kingdom and Ireland. History In 1980, Chris Dawson started business as an open-air market trader in Plymouth, South West England. His first physical retail store opened in 1989 at Sugar Mill Business Park on Billacombe Road, Plymouth, under the name "C.D.S. Superstores". This trading style continues to be displayed on external signs exclusively at this debut store only, as a nod to the heritage of the business. The business was subsequently rebranded "The Range" in the early 1990s after further store openings. "The Range" is the trading name of CDS (Superstores International) Ltd. Wilko acquisition In September 2023, the company acquired the brand and digital assets of discount retailer Wilko for £5,000,000 after Wilko's parent company collapsed into administration a month earlier. Former Wilko Store In late October 2023, The Range’s parent company, C.D.S Superstores, said that the company would open 5 new stand-alone Wilko stores “before Christmas". This came just under 3 weeks after the collapsed retailer ceased operations. This would include a store in both Plymouth and Exeter, two in the southeast, and one in the north. By 29 March 2024, Wilko stores had opened in Plymouth, Exeter, Luton, St Albans, and Rotherham, with an additional store planned to open in Poole at an unconfirmed date. Key people Chris Dawson, the founder of the business, was chief executive officer between 1989 and 2017. Jersey based Sarah Dawson wholly owns the parent company's shares with her husband Chris Dawson listed as a person with significant control. Chris Dawson was ranked fifth in Management Today's seventh annual survey of Britain's Top 100 Entrepreneurs. Products The Range sells a diverse and large assortment of products, their marketing often referencing a product range of over 65,000 products. Products sold are a combination of branded, non-branded, and own-branded goods in the broad home, garden and leisure categories. Store growth The Range has expanded rapidly. In 2009, The Range was ranked 121st on The Sunday Times, PricewaterhouseCoopers Top Track, and 250 League Table of the United Kingdom's fastest growing companies. The business regularly announces new store openings in large tranches, for example in November 2013, it was announced that The Range planned to open 40 stores in the period of 2013 to 2016. New store openings such as the Swansea store regularly gain local press attention. Many of the stores in Ireland are repurposed stores/retail warehouses that have been left by other brands including Woolworths, Tesco, Homebase and Atlantic Homecare During 2016 and 2017, The Range opened stores in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland for the first time. Chris Dawson, the chain's billionaire owner has previously indicated he has European expansion plans, including 1,000 stores across Europe. The retailer currently operates a total of 211 stores, including a brand new concept store in Derriford, Plymouth. The Range have also expanded e-commerce operations significantly in recent years. The business was recognised in 2017 as a leading multi-channel retailer in the Internet Retailing UK Top 250 and the EU Top 350 indices. Store formats & locations The vast majority of stores are situated in out-of-town retail park locations, with some exceptions such as the four Greater London stores at Surrey Quays, Enfield, Romford and Watford. The Range also occupies some shopping centre locations such as the Redditch store. Various design iterations of the store branding and format have been used as the brand has evolved. Stores are geographically dispersed across all regions of the United Kingdom & the Republic of Ireland. Many stores also include a "Dee Dee's", an own-brand coffee shop concept operated by Compass Group and found only within The Range stores. Newer, larger stores offer an Iceland food department (paid for at main tills), and the cafes in stores with Iceland are branded 'Iceland Cafe'. Some stores also host concessions such as rug cleaner hire or key cutting services. Distribution centres The Range operates over 2,000,000 sq ft of distribution space, mostly from their facilities at Avonmouth, Bristol and Thorne, Doncaster. The Avonmouth distribution centre has an area of over 1,250,000 sq ft and is the largest single footprint warehouse in the United Kingdom. In Spring 2024, The Range will open a brand new distribution centre in Stowmarket, Suffolk, just off the A14 trunk road, with 1,170,000 sq ft of space for goods. The road is directly on the route from the Port of Felixstowe to the Midlands and beyond. The Thorne distribution centre has an area of over 750,000 sq ft. The Range also has a distribution centre located in Normanton, Wakefield, and a Multichannel Fulfilment Centre in Rugby, Warwickshire. The distribution centres are currently operated by DHL. Distribution is run by Gregory Distribution Group who supply drivers to use The Range’s fleet of vehicles on local work, and they also use their own vehicles for longer distance deliveries. Head office The Range Head Office used to be in the Estover area of Plymouth, but in 2019 it was relocated to a new building named ‘Elsie Margaret House’. It is in the Derriford area of Plymouth next door to the flagship store. It employs over 300 people. The new head office was part of a major development by London-based property developer Petros and was set to include residential, retail, hospitality and office space. Dawson has indicated a long-held ambition to commit The Range to a long-term future and its head office jobs to Plymouth, the city where he has lived most of his life. References ^ a b Telford, William (19 February 2015). "From market trader to millionaire - the rise and rise of Chris Dawson and The Range". Plymouth Herald. Retrieved 31 March 2015. ^ "The Range - Our Story". www.therange.co.uk. Retrieved 6 September 2017. ^ Jordan, Dearbail (28 November 2023). "Wilko: Lisa Wilkinson 'devastated' over the failure of firm". BBC News. Retrieved 28 November 2023. ^ "Wilko brand bought by The Range in £5m deal". BBC News. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023. ^ Jones2023-10-27T10:52:00+01:00, Stephen. "Standalone Wilko stores to return to the UK under 'aggressive' rollout plans". The Grocer. Retrieved 1 November 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Five Wilko shops to reopen before Christmas". Sky News. Retrieved 2 November 2023. ^ Cannon, Finley (3 November 2023). "Wilko set to open in Luton with 80 new employees". Bedfordshire Live. Retrieved 3 May 2024. ^ Cunningham, Ed (28 March 2024). "Wilko is opening 300 new UK stores – here's the full list of confirmed locations so far". Time Out United Kingdom. Retrieved 4 May 2024. ^ "NORTON GROUP HOLDINGS LIMITED". Companies House. Retrieved 12 October 2022. ^ "The Range - Our Story". www.therange.co.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2017. ^ "Did you know... that The Range plans to open 45 stores in the next three years". Retail Week. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2014. ^ "We take a sneak peek inside Swansea's newest The Range store ahead of its grand opening". Swansea Evening Post. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016. ^ "Popular UK retailer, The Range, to open its doors in Maynooth next month". www.leinsterleader.ie. ^ Kinsella, Aoife (15 May 2019). "The Discounters are here to stay \| The Hardware Journal". ^ McKeown, Gareth (14 August 2017). "Retail chain The Range to create 80 jobs with new Connswater store". The Irish News. Retrieved 4 September 2017. ^ "Range boss Chris Dawson climbs rich list with £1.65bn fortune". westernmorningnews. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015. ^ "InternetRetailing UK Top500 2017 - InternetRetailing". InternetRetailing. Retrieved 4 September 2017. ^ "Leading European multichannel retailers named in 2017 IREU Top500 report - InternetRetailing". InternetRetailing. 31 July 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017. ^ "UPDATE: Hundreds turn up to opening of The Range Superstore". Redditch Advertiser. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017. ^ Manzoori-Stamford, Janie (19 September 2014). "Compass Group wins £60m contract with The Range". www.thecaterer.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017. ^ "Iceland develops supply chain network to support store expansion strategy". SHD Logistics. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2022. ^ Shaw, Neil (12 September 2019). "Iceland to open first cafe where you can eat then buy frozen meals". WalesOnline. Retrieved 17 October 2022. ^ "The Range and DHL open distribution centre in Bristol". ITV News. Retrieved 5 September 2017. ^ "The Range distribution centre will be the largest ever built in the South West - The Business Exchange - Bath and Somerset". The Business Exchange - Bath and Somerset. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2017. ^ "INCREDIBLE NEW AERIAL PICTURES REVEAL THE ENORMITY OF THE RANGE'S NEW AVONMOUTH WAREHOUSE". Central Park Bristol. 4 January 2017. ^ "TritaxTritax Big Box REIT plc - Acquisition of The Range, Nimbus Park, Thorne, Doncaster for £48.5 million - Tritax". www.tritax.co.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2017. ^ "Chris Dawson marks 30 years of The Range by opening another superstore in his home city". Plymouth News Room. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019. ^ "The Range HQ to anchor new district centre for Derriford - Plymouth News Room". Plymouth News Room. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2017. External links The Range vteVariety storesAsia 100-yen shop (Japan and East Asia) Daiso (East and Southeast Asia) Living Plaza by Aeon (Hong Kong) Watashi to Seikatsu (Hong Kong) Loft (Japan) Hands (Japan et al.) Eslite Spectrum (Taiwan et al.) EuropeMainland Action (Netherlands) Dealz (Ireland, Poland, Spain) El Corte Inglés (Spain) EuroGiant (Ireland) Flying Tiger Copenhagen (Denmark) føtex (Denmark) HEMA (Netherlands) Monoprix (France) UPIM (Italy) Karstadt (Germany) Zeeman (Netherlands) UnitedKingdom B&M Bargain Buys Boyes Card Factory Home Bargains OneBeyond The Original Factory Shop The Range (retailer) The Works (retailer) Poundland Poundstretcher QD stores Quality Save Savers (UK retailer) Wilko WHSmith Yorkshire Trading Company NorthAmericaCanada A Buck or Two Dollar Tree Canada Dollarama Fields Giant Tiger Great Canadian Dollar Store Hart Stores Red Apple and The Bargain! Shop Rossy Your Dollar Store with More Mexico Casa Ley Waldo's Dollar Mart UnitedStates 99 Cents Only Stores ABC Stores Big Lots Daiso (also Canada) Dollar General Dollar Tree Family Dollar Five Below Ollie's Bargain Outlet Ocean State Job Lot Oceania Daiso (Australia) The Reject Shop (Australia)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Range,_Andover.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover,_Hampshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Range_-_Tulip_Retail_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_483123.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"}],"text":"The Range, Andover (2006)The Range, Tulip Retail Park, Leeds (2007)The Range is a multi-channel retailer selling products in the home, garden, and leisure categories, with over 210 stores in the United Kingdom and Ireland.","title":"The Range (retailer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Dawson_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plymouthherald.co.uk-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1980, Chris Dawson started business as an open-air market trader in Plymouth, South West England.[citation needed]His first physical retail store opened in 1989 at Sugar Mill Business Park on Billacombe Road, Plymouth, under the name \"C.D.S. Superstores\".[1] This trading style continues to be displayed on external signs exclusively at this debut store only,[2] as a nod to the heritage of the business.The business was subsequently rebranded \"The Range\" in the early 1990s after further store openings.[citation needed] \"The Range\" is the trading name of CDS (Superstores International) Ltd.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilko"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilco_Store_Pre_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Luton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton"},{"link_name":"St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans"},{"link_name":"Rotherham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham"},{"link_name":"Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In September 2023, the company acquired the brand and digital assets of discount retailer Wilko for £5,000,000 after Wilko's parent company collapsed into administration a month earlier.[4]Former Wilko StoreIn late October 2023, The Range’s parent company, C.D.S Superstores, said that the company would open 5 new stand-alone Wilko stores “before Christmas\". This came just under 3 weeks after the collapsed retailer ceased operations.[5] This would include a store in both Plymouth and Exeter, two in the southeast, and one in the north.[6]By 29 March 2024, Wilko stores had opened in Plymouth, Exeter, Luton, St Albans, and Rotherham, with an additional store planned to open in Poole at an unconfirmed date.[7][8]","title":"Wilko acquisition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Management Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Today"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Chris Dawson, the founder of the business, was chief executive officer between 1989 and 2017.[citation needed]Jersey based Sarah Dawson wholly owns the parent company's shares with her husband Chris Dawson listed as a person with significant control.[9]Chris Dawson was ranked fifth in Management Today's seventh annual survey of Britain's Top 100 Entrepreneurs.[citation needed]","title":"Key people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Range sells a diverse and large assortment of products, their marketing often referencing a product range of over 65,000 products.[10] Products sold are a combination of branded, non-branded, and own-branded goods in the broad home, garden and leisure categories.[citation needed]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"PricewaterhouseCoopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Homebase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebase"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Homecare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Homecare"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-westernmorningnews-16"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Derriford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derriford"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Range has expanded rapidly. In 2009, The Range was ranked 121st on The Sunday Times, PricewaterhouseCoopers Top Track, and 250 League Table of the United Kingdom's fastest growing companies.[citation needed]The business regularly announces new store openings in large tranches, for example in November 2013, it was announced that The Range planned to open 40 stores in the period of 2013 to 2016.[11] New store openings such as the Swansea store[12] regularly gain local press attention.Many of the stores in Ireland are repurposed stores/retail warehouses that have been left by other brands including Woolworths, Tesco,[13] Homebase and Atlantic Homecare[14]During 2016 and 2017, The Range opened stores in both Northern Ireland[15] and the Republic of Ireland for the first time. Chris Dawson, the chain's billionaire owner has previously indicated he has European expansion plans, including 1,000 stores across Europe.[16] The retailer currently operates a total of 211 stores, including a brand new[when?] concept store in Derriford, Plymouth.[citation needed]The Range have also expanded e-commerce operations significantly in recent years. The business was recognised in 2017 as a leading multi-channel retailer in the Internet Retailing UK Top 250[17] and the EU Top 350[18] indices.","title":"Store growth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Compass Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_Group"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wales-22"}],"text":"The vast majority of stores are situated in out-of-town retail park locations, with some exceptions such as the four Greater London stores at Surrey Quays, Enfield, Romford and Watford. The Range also occupies some shopping centre locations such as the Redditch store.[19] Various design iterations of the store branding and format have been used as the brand has evolved. Stores are geographically dispersed across all regions of the United Kingdom & the Republic of Ireland.Many stores also include a \"Dee Dee's\", an own-brand coffee shop concept operated by Compass Group[20] and found only within The Range stores. Newer, larger stores offer an Iceland food department (paid for at main tills),[21] and the cafes in stores with Iceland are branded 'Iceland Cafe'.[22] Some stores also host concessions such as rug cleaner hire or key cutting services.","title":"Store formats & locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avonmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avonmouth"},{"link_name":"Thorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorne,_South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Stowmarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowmarket"},{"link_name":"A14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A14_road_(England)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.logisticsmanager.com/construction-complete-at-the-range-warehouse-in-suffolk/"},{"link_name":"Port of Felixstowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Felixstowe"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The Range operates over 2,000,000 sq ft of distribution space, mostly from their facilities at Avonmouth, Bristol and Thorne, Doncaster.The Avonmouth distribution centre has an area of over 1,250,000 sq ft[23] and is the largest single footprint warehouse in the United Kingdom.[24][25]In Spring 2024, The Range will open a brand new distribution centre in Stowmarket, Suffolk, just off the A14 trunk road, with 1,170,000 sq ft of space for goods.[1] The road is directly on the route from the Port of Felixstowe to the Midlands and beyond.The Thorne distribution centre has an area of over 750,000 sq ft.[26]The Range also has a distribution centre located in Normanton, Wakefield, and a Multichannel Fulfilment Centre in Rugby, Warwickshire.The distribution centres are currently operated by DHL. Distribution is run by Gregory Distribution Group who supply drivers to use The Range’s fleet of vehicles on local work, and they also use their own vehicles for longer distance deliveries.","title":"Distribution centres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estover"},{"link_name":"Derriford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derriford"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The Range Head Office used to be in the Estover area of Plymouth, but in 2019 it was relocated to a new building named ‘Elsie Margaret House’. It is in the Derriford area of Plymouth next door to the flagship store. It employs over 300 people.[27]The new head office was part of a major development by London-based property developer Petros and was set to include residential, retail, hospitality and office space. Dawson has indicated a long-held ambition to commit The Range to a long-term future and its head office jobs to Plymouth, the city where he has lived most of his life.[28]","title":"Head office"}]	[{"image_text":"The Range, Andover (2006)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Range%2C_Andover.jpg/220px-The_Range%2C_Andover.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Range, Tulip Retail Park, Leeds (2007)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Range_-_Tulip_Retail_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_483123.jpg/220px-The_Range_-_Tulip_Retail_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_483123.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former Wilko Store","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wilco_Store_Pre_2023.jpg/220px-Wilco_Store_Pre_2023.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Telford, William (19 February 2015). \"From market trader to millionaire - the rise and rise of Chris Dawson and The Range\". Plymouth Herald. Retrieved 31 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/rise-Range/story-26054702-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"From market trader to millionaire - the rise and rise of Chris Dawson and The Range\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Range - Our Story\". www.therange.co.uk. Retrieved 6 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.therange.co.uk/our-story/","url_text":"\"The Range - Our Story\""}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Dearbail (28 November 2023). \"Wilko: Lisa Wilkinson 'devastated' over the failure of firm\". BBC News. Retrieved 28 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-67552360","url_text":"\"Wilko: Lisa Wilkinson 'devastated' over the failure of firm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilko brand bought by The Range in £5m deal\". BBC News. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66800612","url_text":"\"Wilko brand bought by The Range in £5m deal\""}]},{"reference":"Jones2023-10-27T10:52:00+01:00, Stephen. \"Standalone Wilko stores to return to the UK under 'aggressive' rollout plans\". The Grocer. Retrieved 1 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/discounters/standalone-wilko-stores-to-return-to-the-uk-under-aggressive-rollout-plans/684717.article","url_text":"\"Standalone Wilko stores to return to the UK under 'aggressive' rollout plans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five Wilko shops to reopen before Christmas\". Sky News. Retrieved 2 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/five-wilko-shops-to-reopen-before-christmas-12993801","url_text":"\"Five Wilko shops to reopen before Christmas\""}]},{"reference":"Cannon, Finley (3 November 2023). \"Wilko set to open in Luton with 80 new employees\". Bedfordshire Live. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bedfordshirelive.co.uk/whats-on/shopping/wilko-set-open-luton-80-8880205","url_text":"\"Wilko set to open in Luton with 80 new employees\""}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Ed (28 March 2024). \"Wilko is opening 300 new UK stores – here's the full list of confirmed locations so far\". Time Out United Kingdom. Retrieved 4 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/uk/news/new-wilkos-stores-announced-011824","url_text":"\"Wilko is opening 300 new UK stores – here's the full list of confirmed locations so far\""}]},{"reference":"\"NORTON GROUP HOLDINGS LIMITED\". Companies House. Retrieved 12 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/09562778/persons-with-significant-control","url_text":"\"NORTON GROUP HOLDINGS LIMITED\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Range - Our Story\". www.therange.co.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.therange.co.uk/our-story/","url_text":"\"The Range - Our Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Did you know... that The Range plans to open 45 stores in the next three years\". Retail Week. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.retail-week.com/did-you-know-that-the-range-plans-to-open-45-stores-in-the-next-three-years/5055318.article","url_text":"\"Did you know... that The Range plans to open 45 stores in the next three years\""}]},{"reference":"\"We take a sneak peek inside Swansea's newest The Range store ahead of its grand opening\". Swansea Evening Post. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southwales-eveningpost.co.uk/we-take-a-sneak-peek-in-swansea-s-newest-range-store-ahead-of-it-s-grand-opening/story-29968630-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"We take a sneak peek inside Swansea's newest The Range store ahead of its grand opening\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popular UK retailer, The Range, to open its doors in Maynooth next month\". www.leinsterleader.ie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leinsterleader.ie/news/news/298628/popular-uk-retailer-the-range-to-open-its-doors-in-maynooth-next-month.html","url_text":"\"Popular UK retailer, The Range, to open its doors in Maynooth next month\""}]},{"reference":"Kinsella, Aoife (15 May 2019). \"The Discounters are here to stay \| The Hardware Journal\".","urls":[{"url":"https://thehardwarejournal.ie/2019/05/15/the-discounters-are-here-to-stay/","url_text":"\"The Discounters are here to stay \| The Hardware Journal\""}]},{"reference":"McKeown, Gareth (14 August 2017). \"Retail chain The Range to create 80 jobs with new Connswater store\". The Irish News. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishnews.com/business/2017/08/14/news/retail-chain-the-range-to-create-80-jobs-with-new-connswater-store-1108933/","url_text":"\"Retail chain The Range to create 80 jobs with new Connswater store\""}]},{"reference":"\"Range boss Chris Dawson climbs rich list with £1.65bn fortune\". westernmorningnews. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Range-boss-Chris-Dawson-climbs-rich-list-1-65bn/story-26388738-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Range boss Chris Dawson climbs rich list with £1.65bn fortune\""}]},{"reference":"\"InternetRetailing UK Top500 2017 - InternetRetailing\". InternetRetailing. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://internetretailing.net/issues/iruk-top500-2017/","url_text":"\"InternetRetailing UK Top500 2017 - InternetRetailing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leading European multichannel retailers named in 2017 IREU Top500 report - InternetRetailing\". InternetRetailing. 31 July 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://internetretailing.net/2017/07/leading-european-multichannel-retailers-2017-named-new-ireu-top500-report/","url_text":"\"Leading European multichannel retailers named in 2017 IREU Top500 report - InternetRetailing\""}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATE: Hundreds turn up to opening of The Range Superstore\". Redditch Advertiser. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redditchadvertiser.co.uk/news/15409018.UPDATE__Hundreds_turn_up_to_opening_of_The_Range_Superstore/","url_text":"\"UPDATE: Hundreds turn up to opening of The Range Superstore\""}]},{"reference":"Manzoori-Stamford, Janie (19 September 2014). \"Compass Group wins £60m contract with The Range\". www.thecaterer.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecaterer.com/articles/353575/compass-groups-instore-wins-60m-contract-with-the-range","url_text":"\"Compass Group wins £60m contract with The Range\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iceland develops supply chain network to support store expansion strategy\". SHD Logistics. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shdlogistics.com/news/iceland-develops-supply-chain-network-support-store-expansion-strategy","url_text":"\"Iceland develops supply chain network to support store expansion strategy\""}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Neil (12 September 2019). \"Iceland to open first cafe where you can eat then buy frozen meals\". WalesOnline. Retrieved 17 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/iceland-open-first-cafe-you-16905920","url_text":"\"Iceland to open first cafe where you can eat then buy frozen meals\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Range and DHL open distribution centre in Bristol\". ITV News. Retrieved 5 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2017-06-28/the-range-and-dhl-open-distribution-centre-in-bristol/","url_text":"\"The Range and DHL open distribution centre in Bristol\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Range distribution centre will be the largest ever built in the South West - The Business Exchange - Bath and Somerset\". The Business Exchange - Bath and Somerset. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tbebathandsomerset.co.uk/the-range-distribution-centre-will-be-the-largest-ever-built-in-the-south-west/","url_text":"\"The Range distribution centre will be the largest ever built in the South West - The Business Exchange - Bath and Somerset\""}]},{"reference":"\"INCREDIBLE NEW AERIAL PICTURES REVEAL THE ENORMITY OF THE RANGE'S NEW AVONMOUTH WAREHOUSE\". Central Park Bristol. 4 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.centralparkbristol.co.uk/incredible-new-aerial-pictures-reveal-the-enormity-of-the-ranges-new-avonmouth-warehouse/","url_text":"\"INCREDIBLE NEW AERIAL PICTURES REVEAL THE ENORMITY OF THE RANGE'S NEW AVONMOUTH WAREHOUSE\""}]},{"reference":"\"TritaxTritax Big Box REIT plc - Acquisition of The Range, Nimbus Park, Thorne, Doncaster for £48.5 million - Tritax\". www.tritax.co.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tritax.co.uk/pressrelease/acquisition-of-the-range-nimbus-park-thorne-doncaster-for-48-5-million/","url_text":"\"TritaxTritax Big Box REIT plc - Acquisition of The Range, Nimbus Park, Thorne, Doncaster for £48.5 million - Tritax\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Dawson marks 30 years of The Range by opening another superstore in his home city\". Plymouth News Room. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/business/ranges-new-25m-superstore-opens-2389494","url_text":"\"Chris Dawson marks 30 years of The Range by opening another superstore in his home city\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Range HQ to anchor new district centre for Derriford - Plymouth News Room\". Plymouth News Room. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://plymouthnewsroom.co.uk/range-hq-anchor-new-district-centre-derriford/","url_text":"\"The Range HQ to anchor new district centre for Derriford - Plymouth News Room\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.therange.co.uk/","external_links_name":"www.therange.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.logisticsmanager.com/construction-complete-at-the-range-warehouse-in-suffolk/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/rise-Range/story-26054702-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"\"From market trader to millionaire - the rise and rise of Chris Dawson and The Range\""},{"Link":"https://www.therange.co.uk/our-story/","external_links_name":"\"The Range - Our Story\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-67552360","external_links_name":"\"Wilko: Lisa Wilkinson 'devastated' over the failure of firm\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66800612","external_links_name":"\"Wilko brand bought by The Range in £5m deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/discounters/standalone-wilko-stores-to-return-to-the-uk-under-aggressive-rollout-plans/684717.article","external_links_name":"\"Standalone Wilko stores to return to the UK under 'aggressive' rollout plans\""},{"Link":"https://news.sky.com/story/five-wilko-shops-to-reopen-before-christmas-12993801","external_links_name":"\"Five Wilko shops to reopen before Christmas\""},{"Link":"https://www.bedfordshirelive.co.uk/whats-on/shopping/wilko-set-open-luton-80-8880205","external_links_name":"\"Wilko set to open in Luton with 80 new employees\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/uk/news/new-wilkos-stores-announced-011824","external_links_name":"\"Wilko is opening 300 new UK stores – here's the full list of confirmed locations so far\""},{"Link":"https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/09562778/persons-with-significant-control","external_links_name":"\"NORTON GROUP HOLDINGS LIMITED\""},{"Link":"https://www.therange.co.uk/our-story/","external_links_name":"\"The Range - Our Story\""},{"Link":"http://www.retail-week.com/did-you-know-that-the-range-plans-to-open-45-stores-in-the-next-three-years/5055318.article","external_links_name":"\"Did you know... that The Range plans to open 45 stores in the next three years\""},{"Link":"http://www.southwales-eveningpost.co.uk/we-take-a-sneak-peek-in-swansea-s-newest-range-store-ahead-of-it-s-grand-opening/story-29968630-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"\"We take a sneak peek inside Swansea's newest The Range store ahead of its grand opening\""},{"Link":"https://www.leinsterleader.ie/news/news/298628/popular-uk-retailer-the-range-to-open-its-doors-in-maynooth-next-month.html","external_links_name":"\"Popular UK retailer, The Range, to open its doors in Maynooth next month\""},{"Link":"https://thehardwarejournal.ie/2019/05/15/the-discounters-are-here-to-stay/","external_links_name":"\"The Discounters are here to stay \| The Hardware Journal\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishnews.com/business/2017/08/14/news/retail-chain-the-range-to-create-80-jobs-with-new-connswater-store-1108933/","external_links_name":"\"Retail chain The Range to create 80 jobs with new Connswater store\""},{"Link":"http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Range-boss-Chris-Dawson-climbs-rich-list-1-65bn/story-26388738-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Range boss Chris Dawson climbs rich list with £1.65bn fortune\""},{"Link":"https://internetretailing.net/issues/iruk-top500-2017/","external_links_name":"\"InternetRetailing UK Top500 2017 - InternetRetailing\""},{"Link":"https://internetretailing.net/2017/07/leading-european-multichannel-retailers-2017-named-new-ireu-top500-report/","external_links_name":"\"Leading European multichannel retailers named in 2017 IREU Top500 report - InternetRetailing\""},{"Link":"http://www.redditchadvertiser.co.uk/news/15409018.UPDATE__Hundreds_turn_up_to_opening_of_The_Range_Superstore/","external_links_name":"\"UPDATE: Hundreds turn up to opening of The Range Superstore\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecaterer.com/articles/353575/compass-groups-instore-wins-60m-contract-with-the-range","external_links_name":"\"Compass Group wins £60m contract with The Range\""},{"Link":"https://www.shdlogistics.com/news/iceland-develops-supply-chain-network-support-store-expansion-strategy","external_links_name":"\"Iceland develops supply chain network to support store expansion strategy\""},{"Link":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/iceland-open-first-cafe-you-16905920","external_links_name":"\"Iceland to open first cafe where you can eat then buy frozen meals\""},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2017-06-28/the-range-and-dhl-open-distribution-centre-in-bristol/","external_links_name":"\"The Range and DHL open distribution centre in Bristol\""},{"Link":"http://www.tbebathandsomerset.co.uk/the-range-distribution-centre-will-be-the-largest-ever-built-in-the-south-west/","external_links_name":"\"The Range distribution centre will be the largest ever built in the South West - The Business Exchange - Bath and Somerset\""},{"Link":"http://www.centralparkbristol.co.uk/incredible-new-aerial-pictures-reveal-the-enormity-of-the-ranges-new-avonmouth-warehouse/","external_links_name":"\"INCREDIBLE NEW AERIAL PICTURES REVEAL THE ENORMITY OF THE RANGE'S NEW AVONMOUTH WAREHOUSE\""},{"Link":"http://www.tritax.co.uk/pressrelease/acquisition-of-the-range-nimbus-park-thorne-doncaster-for-48-5-million/","external_links_name":"\"TritaxTritax Big Box REIT plc - Acquisition of The Range, Nimbus Park, Thorne, Doncaster for £48.5 million - Tritax\""},{"Link":"https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/business/ranges-new-25m-superstore-opens-2389494","external_links_name":"\"Chris Dawson marks 30 years of The Range by opening another superstore in his home city\""},{"Link":"http://plymouthnewsroom.co.uk/range-hq-anchor-new-district-centre-derriford/","external_links_name":"\"The Range HQ to anchor new district centre for Derriford - Plymouth News Room\""},{"Link":"https://www.therange.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The Range"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_Bay_Lake	List of lakes of Nova Scotia	["1 Cape Breton Island","1.1 All Four Counties","1.2 Cape Breton Regional Municipality","1.3 Inverness County","1.4 Richmond County","1.5 Victoria County","2 Halifax Regional Municipality","3 Annapolis County","4 Antigonish County","5 Colchester County","6 Cumberland County","7 Digby County","7.1 Municipality of Clare","7.2 Municipality of the District of Digby","8 Guysborough County","8.1 Municipality of the District of Guysborough","8.2 Municipality of the District of Saint Mary's","9 Hants County","9.1 Municipality of East Hants","9.2 Municipality of the District of West Hants","10 Lunenburg County","10.1 Municipality of the District of Lunenburg","10.2 Municipality of the District of Chester","11 Kings County","12 Pictou County","13 Region of Queens Municipality","14 Shelburne County","14.1 Municipality of Barrington","14.2 Municipality of the District of Shelburne","15 Yarmouth County","15.1 Municipalite Argyle Municipality","15.2 Municipality of the District of Yarmouth","16 See also","17 References"]	BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU This is a list of lakes in Nova Scotia. Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Cape Breton Island All Four Counties Bras d'Or Lake 45°51′37″N 60°46′44″W / 45.86028°N 60.77889°W / 45.86028; -60.77889 (Bras d'Or Lake) Cape Breton Regional Municipality Anse aux Cannes Pond 45°57′41″N 59°48′29″W / 45.96139°N 59.80806°W / 45.96139; -59.80806 (Anse aux Cannes Pond) The Barachois 45°55′0″N 59°58′41″W / 45.91667°N 59.97806°W / 45.91667; -59.97806 (The Barachois) Bear Cove Pond 45°48′34″N 60°4′55″W / 45.80944°N 60.08194°W / 45.80944; -60.08194 (Bear Cove Pond) Bear Gulch Ponds 45°57′46″N 59°50′39″W / 45.96278°N 59.84417°W / 45.96278; -59.84417 (Bear Gulch Ponds) Beaverdam Pond 46°5′24″N 59°56′22″W / 46.09000°N 59.93944°W / 46.09000; -59.93944 (Beaverdam Pond) Belle Lake 45°57′7″N 60°6′16″W / 45.95194°N 60.10444°W / 45.95194; -60.10444 (Belle Lake) Bennetts Pond 45°57′8″N 59°49′24″W / 45.95222°N 59.82333°W / 45.95222; -59.82333 (Bennetts Pond) Big Pond 45°56′46″N 59°52′19″W / 45.94611°N 59.87194°W / 45.94611; -59.87194 (Big Pond) Blacketts Lake 46°4′7″N 60°18′28″W / 46.06861°N 60.30778°W / 46.06861; -60.30778 (Blacketts Lake) Bluff Lake 45°47′42″N 60°6′8″W / 45.79500°N 60.10222°W / 45.79500; -60.10222 (Bluff Lake) Boom Pond 45°59′49″N 59°51′11″W / 45.99694°N 59.85306°W / 45.99694; -59.85306 (Boom Pond) Boutellier Lake 46°5′23″N 60°6′59″W / 46.08972°N 60.11639°W / 46.08972; -60.11639 (Boutellier Lake) Bray Lake 46°6′13″N 60°7′35″W / 46.10361°N 60.12639°W / 46.10361; -60.12639 (Bray Lake) Buscombe Lake 46°6′13″N 60°7′35″W / 46.10361°N 60.12639°W / 46.10361; -60.12639 (Buscombe Lake) Campbells Pond 45°59′27″N 59°50′47″W / 45.99083°N 59.84639°W / 45.99083; -59.84639 (Campbells Pond) Canoe Lake 45°52′17″N 60°13′39″W / 45.87139°N 60.22750°W / 45.87139; -60.22750 (Canoe Lake) Catalone Lake 46°0′2″N 59°57′4″W / 46.00056°N 59.95111°W / 46.00056; -59.95111 (Catalone Lake) Cavanaghs Lake 45°54′59″N 60°2′22″W / 45.91639°N 60.03944°W / 45.91639; -60.03944 (Cavanaghs Lake) Cochran Lake 46°5′57″N 59°59′35″W / 46.09917°N 59.99306°W / 46.09917; -59.99306 (Cochran Lake) Copper Lake 45°54′19″N 60°12′38″W / 45.90528°N 60.21056°W / 45.90528; -60.21056 (Copper Lake) Cranberry Pond 46°3′9″N 60°9′47″W / 46.05250°N 60.16306°W / 46.05250; -60.16306 (Cranberry Pond) Cusack Lake 46°6′37″N 60°5′13″W / 46.11028°N 60.08694°W / 46.11028; -60.08694 (Cusack Lake) Danny MacDonalds Lake 45°58′27″N 60°4′44″W / 45.97417°N 60.07889°W / 45.97417; -60.07889 (Danny MacDonalds Lake) Deadman Lake 46°4′25″N 60°9′46″W / 46.07361°N 60.16278°W / 46.07361; -60.16278 (Deadman Lake) Dixon Lake 45°57′15″N 60°7′36″W / 45.95417°N 60.12667°W / 45.95417; -60.12667 (Dixon Lake) Dixons Lake 45°55′54″N 59°58′24″W / 45.93167°N 59.97333°W / 45.93167; -59.97333 (Dixons Lake) Ducker Lake 46°2′28″N 60°8′13″W / 46.04111°N 60.13694°W / 46.04111; -60.13694 (Ducker Lake) Dumaresq Lake 46°4′27″N 60°8′18″W / 46.07417°N 60.13833°W / 46.07417; -60.13833 (Dumaresq Lake) Ferguson Lake 45°58′18″N 60°4′31″W / 45.97167°N 60.07528°W / 45.97167; -60.07528 (Ferguson Lake) Fiddlers Lake 45°53′42″N 60°12′23″W / 45.89500°N 60.20639°W / 45.89500; -60.20639 (Fiddlers Lake) Fieldings Lake 45°59′29″N 60°2′15″W / 45.99139°N 60.03750°W / 45.99139; -60.03750 (Fieldings Lake) First Dodds Lake 46°8′25″N 60°2′47″W / 46.14028°N 60.04639°W / 46.14028; -60.04639 (First Dodds Lake) French Village Lake 45°55′8″N 60°15′50″W / 45.91889°N 60.26389°W / 45.91889; -60.26389 (French Village Lake) Gabarus Lake 45°48′44″N 60°12′32″W / 45.81222°N 60.20889°W / 45.81222; -60.20889 (Gabarus Lake) Goose Lake 45°45′0″N 60°17′54″W / 45.75000°N 60.29833°W / 45.75000; -60.29833 (Goose Lake) Grants Hill Lake 45°48′30″N 60°8′41″W / 45.80833°N 60.14472°W / 45.80833; -60.14472 (Grants Hill Lake) Grants Old Lake 45°49′24″N 60°9′12″W / 45.82333°N 60.15333°W / 45.82333; -60.15333 (Grants Old Lake) Gull Lake 46°0′30″N 59°49′42″W / 46.00833°N 59.82833°W / 46.00833; -59.82833 (Gull Lake) Hardys Lake 45°48′24″N 60°6′51″W / 45.80667°N 60.11417°W / 45.80667; -60.11417 (Hardys Lake) Little Ferguson Lake 45°57′8″N 60°6′51″W / 45.95222°N 60.11417°W / 45.95222; -60.11417 (Little Ferguson Lake) Little MacLeod Lake 45°57′27″N 60°6′20″W / 45.95750°N 60.10556°W / 45.95750; -60.10556 (Little MacLeod Lake) Lower MacLeod Lake 45°57′21″N 60°7′52″W / 45.95583°N 60.13111°W / 45.95583; -60.13111 (Lower MacLeod Lake) MacInnis Lake 45°57′28″N 60°8′53″W / 45.95778°N 60.14806°W / 45.95778; -60.14806 (MacInnis Lake) MacIntyre Lake 45°58′20″N 60°5′43″W / 45.97222°N 60.09528°W / 45.97222; -60.09528 (MacIntyre Lake) MacIsaacs Lake 45°58′18″N 60°7′48″W / 45.97167°N 60.13000°W / 45.97167; -60.13000 (MacIsaacs Lake) MacLeod Lake 45°56′50″N 60°8′9″W / 45.94722°N 60.13583°W / 45.94722; -60.13583 (MacLeod Lake) MacMullin Lake 45°57′40″N 60°6′37″W / 45.96111°N 60.11028°W / 45.96111; -60.11028 (MacMullin Lake) MacPherson Lake 45°57′32″N 60°5′33″W / 45.95889°N 60.09250°W / 45.95889; -60.09250 (MacPherson Lake) Marsh Lake 46°6′0″N 60°6′54″W / 46.10000°N 60.11500°W / 46.10000; -60.11500 (Marsh Lake) Shibinette Lakes 45°58′48″N 60°7′8″W / 45.98000°N 60.11889°W / 45.98000; -60.11889 (Shibinette Lakes) Slatterys Lake 45°50′11″N 60°9′26″W / 45.83639°N 60.15722°W / 45.83639; -60.15722 (Slatterys Lake) Stewarts Lake 45°56′24″N 60°1′14″W / 45.94000°N 60.02056°W / 45.94000; -60.02056 (Stewarts Lake) Sugar Loaf Lakes 45°48′12″N 60°5′38″W / 45.80333°N 60.09389°W / 45.80333; -60.09389 (Sugar Loaf Lakes) Tank Pond 46°1′51″N 59°58′16″W / 46.03083°N 59.97111°W / 46.03083; -59.97111 (Tank Pond) Taylors Ponds 45°57′45″N 60°3′7″W / 45.96250°N 60.05194°W / 45.96250; -60.05194 (Taylors Ponds) The Three Ponds 45°57′5″N 59°54′38″W / 45.95139°N 59.91056°W / 45.95139; -59.91056 (The Three Ponds) Three Stone Lake 45°52′36″N 60°12′29″W / 45.87667°N 60.20806°W / 45.87667; -60.20806 (Twelve Mile Lake) Twelve Mile Lake 45°54′3″N 60°7′52″W / 45.90083°N 60.13111°W / 45.90083; -60.13111 (Twelve Mile Lake) Upper Barachois Lake 45°50′25″N 60°8′37″W / 45.84028°N 60.14361°W / 45.84028; -60.14361 (Willis Lake) Willis Lake 45°52′26″N 60°12′42″W / 45.87389°N 60.21167°W / 45.87389; -60.21167 (Willis Lake) Winging Point Lake 45°47′13″N 60°7′2″W / 45.78694°N 60.11722°W / 45.78694; -60.11722 (Winging Point Lake) Inverness County Lake Ainslie 46°7′59″N 61°10′59″W / 46.13306°N 61.18306°W / 46.13306; -61.18306 (Lake Ainslie) Beaver Lake 45°46′45″N 61°10′31″W / 45.77917°N 61.17528°W / 45.77917; -61.17528 (Beaver Lake) Ballams Pond 45°41′45″N 61°6′19″W / 45.69583°N 61.10528°W / 45.69583; -61.10528 (Ballams Pond) Beaver Dam Lake 45°38′18″N 61°17′3″W / 45.63833°N 61.28417°W / 45.63833; -61.28417 (Beaver Dam Lake) Black Charlies Lake 45°50′39″N 61°2′24″W / 45.84417°N 61.04000°W / 45.84417; -61.04000 (Black Charlies Lake) Black Lakes 45°47′29″N 61°7′17″W / 45.79139°N 61.12139°W / 45.79139; -61.12139 (Black Lakes) Brileys Lake 45°45′11″N 61°24′10″W / 45.75306°N 61.40278°W / 45.75306; -61.40278 (Brileys Lake) Company Lake 45°50′0″N 61°3′1″W / 45.83333°N 61.05028°W / 45.83333; -61.05028 (Company Lake) Little Beaver Lakes 45°50′44″N 61°1′13″W / 45.84556°N 61.02028°W / 45.84556; -61.02028 (Little Beaver Lakes) Livingstones Lakes 45°51′45″N 61°6′0″W / 45.86250°N 61.10000°W / 45.86250; -61.10000 (Livingstones Lakes) MacArthurs Lake 45°45′49″N 61°14′47″W / 45.76361°N 61.24639°W / 45.76361; -61.24639 (MacArthurs Lake) MacAskills Lake 45°50′9″N 61°2′39″W / 45.83583°N 61.04417°W / 45.83583; -61.04417 (MacAskills Lake) MacDonalds Lake 45°50′14″N 61°2′14″W / 45.83722°N 61.03722°W / 45.83722; -61.03722 (MacDonalds Lake) MacGregors Lake 45°41′44″N 61°18′52″W / 45.69556°N 61.31444°W / 45.69556; -61.31444 (MacGregors Lake) MacIntyre Lake 45°39′12″N 61°16′49″W / 45.65333°N 61.28028°W / 45.65333; -61.28028 (MacIntyre Lake) MacRaes Lakes 45°49′12″N 61°4′34″W / 45.82000°N 61.07611°W / 45.82000; -61.07611 (MacRaes Lakes) Richmond County Buchanan Lake 45°38′49″N 61°6′9″W / 45.64694°N 61.10250°W / 45.64694; -61.10250 (Buchanan Lake) Donnellys Lake 45°43′58″N 60°58′17″W / 45.73278°N 60.97139°W / 45.73278; -60.97139 (Donnellys Lake) First Lake 45°38′20″N 61°1′0″W / 45.63889°N 61.01667°W / 45.63889; -61.01667 (First Lake) Hill Lake 45°42′0″N 60°59′46″W / 45.70000°N 60.99611°W / 45.70000; -60.99611 (Hill Lake) Lauchlin Lake 45°39′6″N 61°7′39″W / 45.65167°N 61.12750°W / 45.65167; -61.12750 (Lauchlin Lake) Loch Lomond 45°44′46.9″N 60°35′22.9″W / 45.746361°N 60.589694°W / 45.746361; -60.589694 (Loch Lomond) MacMillan Lakes 45°37′59″N 61°9′50″W / 45.63306°N 61.16389°W / 45.63306; -61.16389 (MacMillan Lakes) McCarthys Lake 45°37′44″N 61°10′7″W / 45.62889°N 61.16861°W / 45.62889; -61.16861 (McCarthys Lake) McDonald Lake 45°43′13″N 60°57′48″W / 45.72028°N 60.96333°W / 45.72028; -60.96333 (McDonald Lake) Middle Lake 45°37′52″N 61°9′33″W / 45.63111°N 61.15917°W / 45.63111; -61.15917 (Middle Lake) Willis Lake 45°52′25.9″N 60°12′42″W / 45.873861°N 60.21167°W / 45.873861; -60.21167 (Willis Lake) Victoria County Artemise Lake 46°37′12″N 60°40′7″W / 46.62000°N 60.66861°W / 46.62000; -60.66861 (Artemise Lake) Beaver Lake 46°43′6″N 60°30′37″W / 46.71833°N 60.51028°W / 46.71833; -60.51028 (Beaver Lake) Big Lake 46°24′56″N 60°37′48″W / 46.41556°N 60.63000°W / 46.41556; -60.63000 (Big Lake) Black Lake 46°52′35″N 60°33′35″W / 46.876389°N 60.559722°W / 46.876389; -60.559722 Boot Lake 46°33′9″N 60°28′38″W / 46.55250°N 60.47722°W / 46.55250; -60.47722 (Boot Lake) Boyd Lake 46°40′51″N 60°29′6″W / 46.68083°N 60.48500°W / 46.68083; -60.48500 (Boyd Lake) Breton Cove Pond 46°27′33″N 60°27′22″W / 46.45917°N 60.45611°W / 46.45917; -60.45611 (Breton Cove Pond) Camerons Lakes 46°40′55″N 60°26′45″W / 46.68194°N 60.44583°W / 46.68194; -60.44583 (Camerons Lakes) Canns Lake 46°40′21″N 60°25′55″W / 46.67250°N 60.43194°W / 46.67250; -60.43194 (Camerons Lakes) Caribou Lakes 46°37′17″N 60°36′12″W / 46.62139°N 60.60333°W / 46.62139; -60.60333 (Caribou Lakes) Chéticamp Flowage 46°39′5″N 60°38′16″W / 46.65139°N 60.63778°W / 46.65139; -60.63778 (Chéticamp Flowage) Clyburn Lake 46°39′58″N 60°34′46″W / 46.66611°N 60.57944°W / 46.66611; -60.57944 (Clyburn Lake) Dauphiney Lake 46°41′57″N 60°31′58″W / 46.69917°N 60.53278°W / 46.69917; -60.53278 (Dauphiney Lake) Dundas Lakes 46°42′39″N 60°32′24″W / 46.71083°N 60.54000°W / 46.71083; -60.54000 (Dundas Lakes) Fenton Lake 46°40′24″N 60°35′50″W / 46.67333°N 60.59722°W / 46.67333; -60.59722 (Fenton Lake) Flint Lake 46°39′5″N 60°36′3″W / 46.65139°N 60.60083°W / 46.65139; -60.60083 (Flint Lake) French River Lakes 46°30′52″N 60°32′43″W / 46.51444°N 60.54528°W / 46.51444; -60.54528 (French River Lakes) Freshwater Lake 46°38′43″N 60°23′48″W / 46.64528°N 60.39667°W / 46.64528; -60.39667 (Freshwater Lake) Gisborne Flowage 46°33′46″N 60°33′28″W / 46.56278°N 60.55778°W / 46.56278; -60.55778 (Gisborne Flowage) McMillan Flowage 46°31′14″N 60°39′2″W / 46.52056°N 60.65056°W / 46.52056; -60.65056 (McMillan Flowage) South Lake 46°32′31″N 60°30′0″W / 46.54194°N 60.50000°W / 46.54194; -60.50000 (South Lake) Three Mile Lake 46°50′11″N 60°29′56″W / 46.83639°N 60.49889°W / 46.83639; -60.49889 Two Island Lake 46°39′32″N 60°35′11″W / 46.65889°N 60.58639°W / 46.65889; -60.58639 (Three Mile Lake) Wreck Cove Flowage 46°33′29″N 60°30′29″W / 46.55806°N 60.50806°W / 46.55806; -60.50806 (Wreck Cove Flowage) Halifax Regional Municipality A Lake 44°49′26.9″N 63°38′2.9″W / 44.824139°N 63.634139°W / 44.824139; -63.634139 (A Lake) Acadia Lake 44°50′21″N 62°52′12″W / 44.83917°N 62.87000°W / 44.83917; -62.87000 (Acadia Lake) Albro Lake 44°41′19.9″N 63°34′35.9″W / 44.688861°N 63.576639°W / 44.688861; -63.576639 (Albro Lake) Anderson Lake- Bedford 44°43′35.9″N 63°37′10.9″W / 44.726639°N 63.619694°W / 44.726639; -63.619694 (Anderson Lake) Anderson Lake -Hammond Plains 44°44′2.5″N 63°51′51.8″W / 44.734028°N 63.864389°W / 44.734028; -63.864389 (Anderson Lake) Ash Lake 44°54′2.9″N 63°38′46.9″W / 44.900806°N 63.646361°W / 44.900806; -63.646361 (Ash Lake) Ash Lake 44°44′4.9″N 63°51′44″W / 44.734694°N 63.86222°W / 44.734694; -63.86222 (Ash Lake, Upper Tantallon) Ash Lake 44°40′45.9″N 63°42′52.9″W / 44.679417°N 63.714694°W / 44.679417; -63.714694 (Ash Lake, Timberlea) Ash Lake 44°40′5.9″N 63°51′8.9″W / 44.668306°N 63.852472°W / 44.668306; -63.852472 (Ash Lake, Hubley) Ash Hill Lake 44°56′0″N 63°0′55″W / 44.93333°N 63.01528°W / 44.93333; -63.01528 (Ash Hill Lake) Back Rocky Lake 44°50′35″N 62°47′21″W / 44.84306°N 62.78917°W / 44.84306; -62.78917 (Back Rocky Lake) Lake Banook 44°40′51.2″N 63°33′24.9″W / 44.680889°N 63.556917°W / 44.680889; -63.556917 (Lake Banook) Baptizing Lake, Nova Scotia 44°43′26.9″N 63°46′1.9″W / 44.724139°N 63.767194°W / 44.724139; -63.767194 (Baptizing Lake) Bare Rock Lake 44°48′2″N 62°47′3″W / 44.80056°N 62.78417°W / 44.80056; -62.78417 (Bare Rock Lake) Barrett Lake 44°48′51.9″N 63°41′13.9″W / 44.814417°N 63.687194°W / 44.814417; -63.687194 (Barrett Lake) Bayers Lake 44°38′31.9″N 63°40′13.9″W / 44.642194°N 63.670528°W / 44.642194; -63.670528 (Bayers Lake) Bear Lake 44°51′52″N 62°51′28″W / 44.86444°N 62.85778°W / 44.86444; -62.85778 (Bear Lake) Beaverbank Lake 44°51′24.9″N 63°40′3.9″W / 44.856917°N 63.667750°W / 44.856917; -63.667750 (Beaverbank Lake) Beckwith Lake 44°49′21″N 63°28′38″W / 44.82250°N 63.47722°W / 44.82250; -63.47722 (Beckwith Lake) Beckwood Lake 44°51′4″N 63°27′21″W / 44.85111°N 63.45583°W / 44.85111; -63.45583 (Beckwood Lake) Bell Lake 44°40′29.3″N 63°30′34.1″W / 44.674806°N 63.509472°W / 44.674806; -63.509472 (Bell Lake) Bell Lake 44°52′19″N 63°28′32″W / 44.87194°N 63.47556°W / 44.87194; -63.47556 (Bell Lake) Big Horseshoe Lake 44°39′54.9″N 63°43′18.9″W / 44.665250°N 63.721917°W / 44.665250; -63.721917 (Big Horseshoe Lake) Birch Lake 44°48′38″N 63°30′50″W / 44.81056°N 63.51389°W / 44.81056; -63.51389 (Birch Lake) Birch Cove Lake 44°40′5.9″N 63°41′46.1″W / 44.668306°N 63.696139°W / 44.668306; -63.696139 (Birch Cove Lake) Bissett Lake 44°39′20.9″N 63°28′15.4″W / 44.655806°N 63.470944°W / 44.655806; -63.470944 (Bissett Lake) Black Lake - 1 of 5 total 44°42′37″N 63°35′33″W / 44.71028°N 63.59250°W / 44.71028; -63.59250 (Black Lake) Black Lake - 2 of 5 44°42′37″N 63°35′34″W / 44.7103°N 63.5927°W / 44.7103; -63.5927 Black Lake - 3 of 5 44°31′00″N 63°39′00″W / 44.51667°N 63.65000°W / 44.51667; -63.65000 Black Lake - 4 of 5 45°00′59″N 62°28′09″W / 45.016389°N 62.4691666°W / 45.016389; -62.4691666 Black Lake - 5 of 5 44°47′57″N 63°32′45″W / 44.799167°N 63.5458333°W / 44.799167; -63.5458333 Blakeney Lake 44°50′4.1″N 62°53′46.8″W / 44.834472°N 62.896333°W / 44.834472; -62.896333 (Blakeney Lake) Blueberry Lake 44°37′18.9″N 63°41′43.9″W / 44.621917°N 63.695528°W / 44.621917; -63.695528 (Blueberry Lake) Boot Lake 44°51′7″N 62°52′1″W / 44.85194°N 62.86694°W / 44.85194; -62.86694 (Boot Lake) Bottle Lake 44°43′18.9″N 63°25′16.9″W / 44.721917°N 63.421361°W / 44.721917; -63.421361 (Bottle Lake) Brandy Lake 44°48′27″N 62°47′20″W / 44.80750°N 62.78889°W / 44.80750; -62.78889 (Brandy Lake) Bug Lake 44°49′18″N 63°33′4″W / 44.82167°N 63.55111°W / 44.82167; -63.55111 (Bug Lake) Campbell Lake 44°41′50.9″N 63°48′49″W / 44.697472°N 63.81361°W / 44.697472; -63.81361 (Camphill Lake) Camphill Lake 44°51′16.9″N 63°29′37.9″W / 44.854694°N 63.493861°W / 44.854694; -63.493861 (Camphill Lake) Caribou Lake 44°49′37″N 62°52′18″W / 44.82694°N 62.87167°W / 44.82694; -62.87167 (Caribou Lake) Carter Lake 44°44′56″N 63°25′9″W / 44.74889°N 63.41917°W / 44.74889; -63.41917 (Carter Lake) Catcha Lake 44°44′09″N 63°11′40″W / 44.73583°N 63.19444°W / 44.73583; -63.19444 Crotched Lake 44°52′14.9″N 63°39′41″W / 44.870806°N 63.66139°W / 44.870806; -63.66139 (Crotched Lake) Lake Charles 44°43′11.5″N 63°32′59.9″W / 44.719861°N 63.549972°W / 44.719861; -63.549972 (Lake Charles Dartmouth) Lake Charlotte 44°46′03″N 62°57′05″W / 44.76750°N 62.95139°W / 44.76750; -62.95139 (Lake Charlotte) Chapman Lake 44°49′15″N 63°31′44″W / 44.82083°N 63.52889°W / 44.82083; -63.52889 (Chapman Lake) Chocolate Lake- Armdale 44°38′19.1″N 63°37′21.1″W / 44.638639°N 63.622528°W / 44.638639; -63.622528 (Chocolate Lake) Chocolate Lake -Moser River 44°58′55.3″N 62°19′30.7″W / 44.982028°N 62.325194°W / 44.982028; -62.325194 (Chocolate Lake) Colpitt Lake 44°36′35.9″N 63°35′52″W / 44.609972°N 63.59778°W / 44.609972; -63.59778 (Colpitt Lake) Cow Bay Lake 44°36′54″N 63°26′42″W / 44.61500°N 63.44500°W / 44.61500; -63.44500 (Cow Bay Lake) Cox Lake 45°14′34″N 62°45′4″W / 45.24278°N 62.75111°W / 45.24278; -62.75111 (Cox Lake) Coxs Lake 44°42′53.9″N 63°48′50.9″W / 44.714972°N 63.814139°W / 44.714972; -63.814139 (Coxs Lake) Dark Lake- Enfield 44°52′34.9″N 63°33′15.9″W / 44.876361°N 63.554417°W / 44.876361; -63.554417 (Dark Lake) Dark Lake -Devon 44°52′25.4″N 63°22′33.2″W / 44.873722°N 63.375889°W / 44.873722; -63.375889 (Dark Lake) De Said Lake 44°38′3″N 63°28′59″W / 44.63417°N 63.48306°W / 44.63417; -63.48306 (Governor Lake) Doctors Lake 44°49′48″N 62°45′38″W / 44.83000°N 62.76056°W / 44.83000; -62.76056 (Doctors Lake) East Little Paul Lake 44°51′44″N 62°47′37″W / 44.86222°N 62.79361°W / 44.86222; -62.79361 (East Little Paul Lake) Lake Echo 44°43′9″N 63°23′5″W / 44.71917°N 63.38472°W / 44.71917; -63.38472 (Lake Echo) Egg Lake 44°49′50″N 63°30′44″W / 44.83056°N 63.51222°W / 44.83056; -63.51222 (Enchanted Lake) Enchanted Lake 44°43′8″N 63°35′33″W / 44.71889°N 63.59250°W / 44.71889; -63.59250 (Enchanted Lake) Feely Lake 44°47′59.9″N 63°41′48.9″W / 44.799972°N 63.696917°W / 44.799972; -63.696917 (Governor Lake) Fenerty Lake 44°49′50.9″N 63°43′8.9″W / 44.830806°N 63.719139°W / 44.830806; -63.719139 (Governor Lake) Lake Fletcher 44°50′49.9″N 63°36′40.9″W / 44.847194°N 63.611361°W / 44.847194; -63.611361 (Lake Fletcher) First Chain Lake 44°38′18″N 63°38′46″W / 44.63833°N 63.64611°W / 44.63833; -63.64611 (First Chain Lake) Fox Lake 44°50′56.9″N 63°19′42.9″W / 44.849139°N 63.328583°W / 44.849139; -63.328583 (Fox Lake) Fox Lake 44°48′24.7″N 63°30′12.9″W / 44.806861°N 63.503583°W / 44.806861; -63.503583 (Fox Lake) Fox Lake 44°40′45.8″N 63°42′18.9″W / 44.679389°N 63.705250°W / 44.679389; -63.705250 (Fox Lake) Frenchman Lake 44°41′55.6″N 63°34′35.5″W / 44.698778°N 63.576528°W / 44.698778; -63.576528 (Frenchman Lake) Frog Lake 44°37′34.5″N 63°36′13.5″W / 44.626250°N 63.603750°W / 44.626250; -63.603750 (Frog Lake) Frog Lake 44°43′7.9″N 63°24′38.9″W / 44.718861°N 63.410806°W / 44.718861; -63.410806 (Frog Lake) Frying Pan Hole 44°49′16″N 63°30′48″W / 44.82111°N 63.51333°W / 44.82111; -63.51333 (Frying Pan Hole) Golden Lake 44°52′44.9″N 63°38′29″W / 44.879139°N 63.64139°W / 44.879139; -63.64139 (Golden Lake) Governor Lake 45°12′47.9″N 62°39′55.9″W / 45.213306°N 62.665528°W / 45.213306; -62.665528 (Governor Lake) Governor Lake Lakeside 44°38′31.9″N 63°42′0″W / 44.642194°N 63.70000°W / 44.642194; -63.70000 (Governor Lake) Green Lake 44°51′31″N 62°49′49″W / 44.85861°N 62.83028°W / 44.85861; -62.83028 (Green Lake) Goose Lakes Halfway Lake 44°44′42.9″N 63°47′3.9″W / 44.745250°N 63.784417°W / 44.745250; -63.784417 (Halfway Lake) Hamilton Lake 45°11′36″N 62°51′34″W / 45.19333°N 62.85944°W / 45.19333; -62.85944 (Hamilton Lake) Hamilton Lake 44°51′47″N 62°36′35″W / 44.86306°N 62.60972°W / 44.86306; -62.60972 (Hamilton Lake) Hamilton Lake 44°50′24″N 63°42′22″W / 44.84000°N 63.70611°W / 44.84000; -63.70611 (Hamilton Lake) Hatchet Lake 44°34′8″N 63°43′30″W / 44.56889°N 63.72500°W / 44.56889; -63.72500 (Hatchet Lake) Haunted Lake 44°53′11″N 63°39′2″W / 44.88639°N 63.65056°W / 44.88639; -63.65056 (Haunted Lake) Hawkin Hall Lake 44°52′29″N 63°43′22″W / 44.87472°N 63.72278°W / 44.87472; -63.72278 (Hawkin Hall Lake) Henry Lake 44°34′7″N 63°37′42″W / 44.56861°N 63.62833°W / 44.56861; -63.62833 (Henry Lake) Hobsons Lake 44°41′33″N 63°42′42″W / 44.69250°N 63.71167°W / 44.69250; -63.71167 (Hobsons Lake) Hill Lake 45°14′8″N 62°41′26″W / 45.23556°N 62.69056°W / 45.23556; -62.69056 (Hill Lake) Holland Marsh Lake 44°40′10″N 63°49′08″W / 44.6695°N 63.8189°W / 44.6695; -63.8189 (Holland Marsh Lake) Holman Marsh Lake 44°34′06″N 63°46′34″W / 44.5684°N 63.7761°W / 44.5684; -63.7761 (Holman Marsh Lake) Hurley Lake 44°51′35″N 62°49′29″W / 44.85972°N 62.82472°W / 44.85972; -62.82472 (Hurley Lake) Jack Lake 44°44′16″N 63°40′43″W / 44.73778°N 63.67861°W / 44.73778; -63.67861 (Jack Lake) Kearney Lake 44°41′44″N 63°41′51″W / 44.69556°N 63.69750°W / 44.69556; -63.69750 (Kearney Lake) Kelly Lake 45°3′6″N 62°19′40″W / 45.05167°N 62.32778°W / 45.05167; -62.32778 (Kelly Lake) Kelly Lake 44°52′24″N 63°35′7″W / 44.87333°N 63.58528°W / 44.87333; -63.58528 (Kelly Lake) Kelly Long Lake 44°52′15″N 63°34′2″W / 44.87083°N 63.56722°W / 44.87083; -63.56722 (Kelly Long Lake) Kidston Lake 44°35′45″N 63°37′12″W / 44.59583°N 63.62000°W / 44.59583; -63.62000 (Kidston Lake) King Lake 44°50′59″N 63°31′8″W / 44.84972°N 63.51889°W / 44.84972; -63.51889 (King Lake) Kinsac Lake 44°49′40″N 63°39′15″W / 44.82778°N 63.65417°W / 44.82778; -63.65417 (Kinsac Lake) Lemont Lake 44°41′21″N 63°31′15″W / 44.68917°N 63.52083°W / 44.68917; -63.52083 (Lemont Lake) Little Albro Lake 44°41′3″N 63°34′35″W / 44.68417°N 63.57639°W / 44.68417; -63.57639 (Little Albro Lake) Little Cranberry Lake 44°39′33″N 63°42′49″W / 44.65917°N 63.71361°W / 44.65917; -63.71361 (Little Cranberry Lake, Halifax) Little Cranberry Lake 44°32′24″N 63°40′36″W / 44.54000°N 63.67667°W / 44.54000; -63.67667 (Little Cranberry Lake, Halifax) Little Cranberry Lake 44°50′12″N 62°41′41″W / 44.83667°N 62.69472°W / 44.83667; -62.69472 (Little Cranberry Lake, Halifax) Little Pockwock Lake 44°46′10″N 63°51′35″W / 44.76944°N 63.85972°W / 44.76944; -63.85972 (Little Pockwock Lake) Little Red Trout Lake 44°48′51″N 63°32′37″W / 44.81417°N 63.54361°W / 44.81417; -63.54361 (Little Red Trout Lake) Lizard Lake near Hammonds Plains 44°45′39″N 63°50′37″W / 44.76083°N 63.84361°W / 44.76083; -63.84361 (Lizard Lake) Lizard Lake on the Chebucto Peninsula 44°32′38″N 63°40′0″W / 44.54389°N 63.66667°W / 44.54389; -63.66667 (Lizard Lake) Lizard Lake in Wellington at 44°53′46″N 63°38′15″W / 44.89611°N 63.63750°W / 44.89611; -63.63750 (Lizard Lake) Lizard Lake in Fletchers Lake 44°50′7″N 63°37′13″W / 44.83528°N 63.62028°W / 44.83528; -63.62028 (Lizard Lake) Lizard Lake in Timberlea 44°39′54″N 63°47′30″W / 44.66500°N 63.79167°W / 44.66500; -63.79167 (Lizard Lake) Lovett Lake 44°38′16″N 63°40′59″W / 44.63778°N 63.68306°W / 44.63778; -63.68306 (Major Lake) Lookout Lake 44°48′26″N 63°30′30″W / 44.80722°N 63.50833°W / 44.80722; -63.50833 (Lookout Lake) Lower Marsh Lake 44°38′0″N 63°45′55″W / 44.63333°N 63.76528°W / 44.63333; -63.76528 (ower Marsh Lake) Major Lake 44°44′38″N 63°29′47″W / 44.74389°N 63.49639°W / 44.74389; -63.49639 (Major Lake) Maple Lake 44°41′18″N 63°47′8″W / 44.68833°N 63.78556°W / 44.68833; -63.78556 (Maple Lake) Marsh Lake 44°45′0″N 63°41′55″W / 44.75000°N 63.69861°W / 44.75000; -63.69861 (Marsh Lake) Marsh Lake 44°39′54.2″N 64°03′32.8″W / 44.665056°N 64.059111°W / 44.665056; -64.059111 (Marsh Lake) Martin Lake 44°41′31″N 63°34′22″W / 44.69194°N 63.57278°W / 44.69194; -63.57278 (Martin Lake) Maynard Lake 44°40′16.8″N 63°33′11.8″W / 44.671333°N 63.553278°W / 44.671333; -63.553278 (Maynard Lake) McCabe Lake 44°46′33″N 63°45′4″W / 44.77583°N 63.75111°W / 44.77583; -63.75111 (McCabe Lake) Lake Mic Mac 44°41′35.4″N 63°33′12.1″W / 44.693167°N 63.553361°W / 44.693167; -63.553361 (Lake Mic Mac) Miller Lake in Fall River 44°48′52″N 63°35′35″W / 44.81444°N 63.59306°W / 44.81444; -63.59306 (Miller Lake) Miller Lake 44°58′24″N 62°50′10″W / 44.97333°N 62.83611°W / 44.97333; -62.83611 (Miller Lake) Moon Lake 44°46′1″N 63°32′50″W / 44.76694°N 63.54722°W / 44.76694; -63.54722 (Moon Lake) Morris Lake 44°38′58″N 63°29′40″W / 44.64944°N 63.49444°W / 44.64944; -63.49444 (Morris Lake) Mountain Lake 44°44′7″N 63°30′44″W / 44.73528°N 63.51222°W / 44.73528; -63.51222 (Mountain Lake) Murphys Black Duck Lake 44°49′36″N 62°47′42″W / 44.82667°N 62.79500°W / 44.82667; -62.79500 (Murphys Black Duck Lake) Niagara Lake 44°50′25″N 62°48′28″W / 44.84028°N 62.80778°W / 44.84028; -62.80778 (Niagara Lake) Nelson Lake 44°43′24″N 63°25′38″W / 44.72333°N 63.42722°W / 44.72333; -63.42722 (Nelson Lake) Newcombe Lake 44°48′32″N 62°48′6″W / 44.80889°N 62.80167°W / 44.80889; -62.80167 (Newcombe Lake) Oak Lake 44°47′51″N 63°1′55″W / 44.79750°N 63.03194°W / 44.79750; -63.03194 (Oak Lake) Oak Lake 44°54′0″N 63°38′34″W / 44.90000°N 63.64278°W / 44.90000; -63.64278 (Oak Lake) Oak Hill Lake 44°53′29″N 62°41′8″W / 44.89139°N 62.68556°W / 44.89139; -62.68556 (Oak Hill Lake) Oak Hill Lake 44°35′0″N 63°52′4″W / 44.58333°N 63.86778°W / 44.58333; -63.86778 (Oak Hill Lake) Oak Hill Lake 44°53′28″N 62°33′48″W / 44.89111°N 62.56333°W / 44.89111; -62.56333 (Oak Hill Lake) Oat Hill Lake 44°40′26″N 63°32′59″W / 44.67389°N 63.54972°W / 44.67389; -63.54972 (Oak Hill Lake) Obrien Lake 44°52′6″N 62°46′24″W / 44.86833°N 62.77333°W / 44.86833; -62.77333 (Obrien Lake) Obrien Lake 44°51′52″N 63°28′39″W / 44.86444°N 63.47750°W / 44.86444; -63.47750 (Obrien Lake) Porters Lake 44°42′5″N 63°17′23″W / 44.70139°N 63.28972°W / 44.70139; -63.28972 (Porters Lake) Porcupine Lake Quarry Lake Halifax 44°40′16″N 63°41′29″W / 44.67111°N 63.69139°W / 44.67111; -63.69139 (Quarry Lake Halifax) Quarry Lake Chebucto Peninsula 44°29′10″N 63°42′53″W / 44.48611°N 63.71472°W / 44.48611; -63.71472 (Quarry Lake Chebucto Peninsula) Queen Lake 44°51′1″N 63°30′55″W / 44.85028°N 63.51528°W / 44.85028; -63.51528 (Queen Lake) Paul Lake (Nova Scotia) 44°51′42″N 62°48′6″W / 44.86167°N 62.80167°W / 44.86167; -62.80167 (Paul Lake) Perry Lake 44°47′46″N 63°37′15″W / 44.79611°N 63.62083°W / 44.79611; -63.62083 (Perry Lake) Phillips Boot Lake 44°49′40″N 62°48′51″W / 44.82778°N 62.81417°W / 44.82778; -62.81417 (Phillips Boot Lake) Pockwock Lake 44°47′57″N 63°50′15″W / 44.79917°N 63.83750°W / 44.79917; -63.83750 (Pockwock Lake) Powder Mill Lake 44°46′29″N 63°36′38″W / 44.77472°N 63.61056°W / 44.77472; -63.61056 (Powder Mill Lake) Rabbit Lake 44°51′33″N 62°51′36″W / 44.85917°N 62.86000°W / 44.85917; -62.86000 (Rabbit Lake) Ragged Lake 44°29′55″N 63°39′39″W / 44.49861°N 63.66083°W / 44.49861; -63.66083 (Ragged Lake) Ragged Lake 44°41′55″N 63°43′44″W / 44.69861°N 63.72889°W / 44.69861; -63.72889 (Ragged Lake) Ragged Lake 44°37′27″N 63°40′30″W / 44.62417°N 63.67500°W / 44.62417; -63.67500 (Ragged Lake) Rasley Lake 44°51′24″N 63°41′51″W / 44.85667°N 63.69750°W / 44.85667; -63.69750 (Rasley Lake) Red Bridge Pond 44°41′26″N 63°32′36″W / 44.69056°N 63.54333°W / 44.69056; -63.54333 (Red Bridge Pond) Second Chain Lake 44°38′10″N 63°39′8″W / 44.63611°N 63.65222°W / 44.63611; -63.65222 (Second Chain Lake) Seal Cove Lake 44°49′12″N 62°51′7″W / 44.82000°N 62.85194°W / 44.82000; -62.85194 (Seal Cove Lake) Settle Lake 44°40′44.9″N 63°30′15.9″W / 44.679139°N 63.504417°W / 44.679139; -63.504417 (Settle Lake) Schmidt Lake 44°43′13″N 63°45′27″W / 44.72028°N 63.75750°W / 44.72028; -63.75750 (Schmidt Lake) Shingle Lake 44°49′8″N 62°46′20″W / 44.81889°N 62.77222°W / 44.81889; -62.77222 (Shingle Lake) Shubenacadie Grand Lake 44°55′5.7″N 63°35′40″W / 44.918250°N 63.59444°W / 44.918250; -63.59444 (Shubenacadie Grand Lake) Six Mile Lake 44°39′5″N 63°42′43″W / 44.65139°N 63.71194°W / 44.65139; -63.71194 (Six Mile Lake) Soldier Lake 44°48′57″N 63°34′11″W / 44.81583°N 63.56972°W / 44.81583; -63.56972 (Soldier Lake) South Lake 45°14′19″N 62°42′23″W / 45.23861°N 62.70639°W / 45.23861; -62.70639 (South Lake) Spectacle Lake Springfield Lake 44°48′44″N 63°44′18″W / 44.81222°N 63.73833°W / 44.81222; -63.73833 (Springfield Lake) Square Lake Squirrel Lake 44°50′54″N 62°51′11″W / 44.84833°N 62.85306°W / 44.84833; -62.85306 (Squirrel Lake) Stillwater Lake 44°42′44″N 63°50′50″W / 44.71222°N 63.84722°W / 44.71222; -63.84722 (Stillwater Lake) Sullivan Lake 44°52′55″N 63°34′33″W / 44.88194°N 63.57583°W / 44.88194; -63.57583 (Sullivan Lake) Sullivans Pond 44°40′22″N 63°33′47″W / 44.67278°N 63.56306°W / 44.67278; -63.56306 (Sullivans Pond) Tangier Grand Lake 44°53′29″N 62°50′28″W / 44.89139°N 62.84111°W / 44.89139; -62.84111 (Tangier Grand Lake) Tangier Island Pond 44°45′40″N 62°39′35″W / 44.76111°N 62.65972°W / 44.76111; -62.65972 (Tangier Island Pond) Tangier Lake 44°49′56″N 62°43′57″W / 44.83222°N 62.73250°W / 44.83222; -62.73250 (Tangier Lake) Taylor Lake 44°44′46″N 63°49′27″W / 44.74611°N 63.82417°W / 44.74611; -63.82417 (Taylor Lake) Ten Mile Lake 45°8′36″N 62°42′11″W / 45.14333°N 62.70306°W / 45.14333; -62.70306 (Ten Mile Lake) Three Mile Lake 44°46′54″N 63°37′31″W / 44.78167°N 63.62528°W / 44.78167; -63.62528 (Three Mile Lake) Three Mile Lake 44°49′3″N 63°30′18″W / 44.81750°N 63.50500°W / 44.81750; -63.50500 (Three Mile Lake) Timber Lake 44°49′33″N 62°45′26″W / 44.82583°N 62.75722°W / 44.82583; -62.75722 (Timber Lake) Thomas Lake 44°48′7″N 63°36′29″W / 44.80194°N 63.60806°W / 44.80194; -63.60806 (Thomas Lake) Third Lake Three Finger Lake 44°40′7″N 63°43′12″W / 44.66861°N 63.72000°W / 44.66861; -63.72000 (Three Finger Lake) Tomahawk Lake 44°46′45″N 63°48′13″W / 44.77917°N 63.80361°W / 44.77917; -63.80361 (Tomahawk Lake) Topsail Lake 44°41′39″N 63°31′0″W / 44.69417°N 63.51667°W / 44.69417; -63.51667 (Topsail Lake) Trout Lake 44°49′31″N 62°50′15″W / 44.82528°N 62.83750°W / 44.82528; -62.83750 (Trout Lake) Tucker Lake 44°50′28″N 63°41′10″W / 44.84111°N 63.68611°W / 44.84111; -63.68611 (Tucker Lake) Turf Lake 44°53′48″N 63°28′56″W / 44.89667°N 63.48222°W / 44.89667; -63.48222 (Turf Lake) Twin Lakes 44°50′11″N 62°48′21″W / 44.83639°N 62.80583°W / 44.83639; -62.80583 (Twin Lakes) Upper Holman Marsh Lake 44°34′50.9″N 63°46′11.5″W / 44.580806°N 63.769861°W / 44.580806; -63.769861 (Upper Holman Marsh Lake) Upper Marsh Lake 44°38′0″N 63°45′55″W / 44.63333°N 63.76528°W / 44.63333; -63.76528 (Upper Marsh Lake) Wallace Lake Sable Island 43°55′50.6″N 59°59′9.2″W / 43.930722°N 59.985889°W / 43.930722; -59.985889 (Wallace Lake) Washmill Lake 44°40′47″N 63°41′5″W / 44.67972°N 63.68472°W / 44.67972; -63.68472 (Wallace Lake Sable Island) Webber Lake 44°46′30″N 63°43′35″W / 44.77500°N 63.72639°W / 44.77500; -63.72639 (Webber Lake) Webber Lake 44°49′49″N 63°0′18″W / 44.83028°N 63.00500°W / 44.83028; -63.00500 (Webber Lake) West Little Paul Lake 44°51′37″N 62°48′17″W / 44.86028°N 62.80472°W / 44.86028; -62.80472 (West Little Paul Lake) Williams Lake 44°37′11.9″N 63°35′43″W / 44.619972°N 63.59528°W / 44.619972; -63.59528 (Williams Lake) Williams Lake 44°48′50.9″N 63°26′57″W / 44.814139°N 63.44917°W / 44.814139; -63.44917 (Williams Lake) Williams Lake 44°43′2″N 63°3′1″W / 44.71722°N 63.05028°W / 44.71722; -63.05028 (Williams Lake) Willis Lake 44°47′38″N 63°35′27.5″W / 44.79389°N 63.590972°W / 44.79389; -63.590972 (Willis Lake) Wilson Lake 44°48′47″N 63°42′4″W / 44.81306°N 63.70111°W / 44.81306; -63.70111 (Wilson Lake) Annapolis County Beaver Lakes 44°35′12″N 65°3′44″W / 44.58667°N 65.06222°W / 44.58667; -65.06222 (Beaver Lake) Big Molly Upsim Lake44°37′12″N 65°6′36″W / 44.62000°N 65.11000°W / 44.62000; -65.11000 (Big Molly Upsim Lake) Carter Lake 44°43′51″N 65°5′28″W / 44.73083°N 65.09111°W / 44.73083; -65.09111 (Carter Lake) Dean Lake 44°26′50″N 65°3′39″W / 44.44722°N 65.06083°W / 44.44722; -65.06083 (Dean Lake) Folly Lake 44°43′47″N 64°50′53″W / 44.72972°N 64.84806°W / 44.72972; -64.84806 (Folly Lake) Frog Lake 44°33′1.9″N 65°12′57″W / 44.550528°N 65.21583°W / 44.550528; -65.21583 (Frog Lake) Hill Lake 44°30′36″N 65°34′30″W / 44.51000°N 65.57500°W / 44.51000; -65.57500 (Hill Lake) Kelly Lake 44°37′41″N 65°5′17″W / 44.62806°N 65.08806°W / 44.62806; -65.08806 (Kelly Lake) Kejimikujik Lake 44°21′40.7″N 65°13′49.2″W / 44.361306°N 65.230333°W / 44.361306; -65.230333 (Kejimikujik Lake) Little Cranberry Lake 44°38′16″N 65°2′4″W / 44.63778°N 65.03444°W / 44.63778; -65.03444 (Little Cranberry Lake, Annapolis) Little Grand Lake 44°39′1.6″N 65°29′11.8″W / 44.650444°N 65.486611°W / 44.650444; -65.486611 (Little Grand Lake) Springfield Lake 44°38′9″N 64°51′29″W / 44.63583°N 64.85806°W / 44.63583; -64.85806 (Springfield Lake) Thomas Lake 44°35′39″N 65°22′17″W / 44.59417°N 65.37139°W / 44.59417; -65.37139 (Thomas Lake) Antigonish County Big Loch 45°47′33″N 61°58′50″W / 45.79250°N 61.98056°W / 45.79250; -61.98056 (Big Loch) Greendale Loch 45°47′14″N 62°0′47″W / 45.78722°N 62.01306°W / 45.78722; -62.01306 (Greendale Loch) Malignant Cove Pond 45°47′14″N 62°4′55″W / 45.78722°N 62.08194°W / 45.78722; -62.08194 (Malignant Cove Pond) Monks Head Pond 45°40′12″N 61°50′37″W / 45.67000°N 61.84361°W / 45.67000; -61.84361 (Monks Head Pond) North Lake 45°46′49″N 61°55′1″W / 45.78028°N 61.91694°W / 45.78028; -61.91694 (North Lake) Pomquet Lake 45°37′23″N 61°50′21″W / 45.62306°N 61.83917°W / 45.62306; -61.83917 (Pomquet Lake) South Lake 45°45′56″N 61°55′0″W / 45.76556°N 61.91667°W / 45.76556; -61.91667 (South Lake) Vincents Lake 45°42′41″N 62°9′19″W / 45.71139°N 62.15528°W / 45.71139; -62.15528 (Vincents Lake) Colchester County Bear Lake Blakeney Lake 45°31′29.9″N 63°24′48.9″W / 45.524972°N 63.413583°W / 45.524972; -63.413583 (Blakeney Lake) Carter Lake 45°31′51″N 63°34′53″W / 45.53083°N 63.58139°W / 45.53083; -63.58139 (Carter Lake) Dean Lake 45°16′1″N 62°45′31″W / 45.26694°N 62.75861°W / 45.26694; -62.75861 (Dean Lake) Folly Lake (Colchester) 45°32′15″N 63°32′42″W / 45.53750°N 63.54500°W / 45.53750; -63.54500 (Folly Lake) Frog Lake 45°30′48.9″N 63°23′26.1″W / 45.513583°N 63.390583°W / 45.513583; -63.390583 (Frog Lake) Hattie Lake 45°17′2″N 62°44′0″W / 45.28389°N 62.73333°W / 45.28389; -62.73333 (Hattie Lake) Nelson Lake 45°16′34″N 62°43′33″W / 45.27611°N 62.72583°W / 45.27611; -62.72583 (Nelson Lake) Pictou Lake 45°16′31″N 62°45′1″W / 45.27528°N 62.75028°W / 45.27528; -62.75028 (Pictou Lake) Slack Lake 45°30′42″N 63°33′8″W / 45.51167°N 63.55222°W / 45.51167; -63.55222 (Slack Lake) Stevens Lake 45°32′6″N 63°31′1″W / 45.53500°N 63.51694°W / 45.53500; -63.51694 (Stevens Lake) Cumberland County Black Lake (Nova Scotia) 45°28′17″N 64°16′24″W / 45.47139°N 64.27333°W / 45.47139; -64.27333 Black Lake (Nova Scotia) 45°42′12″N 63°55′47″W / 45.703422°N 63.929793°W / 45.703422; -63.929793 Barber Lake 45°33′0″N 63°33′0″W / 45.55000°N 63.55000°W / 45.55000; -63.55000 (Barber Lake) Goose Lake 45°57′0″N 64°7′55″W / 45.95000°N 64.13194°W / 45.95000; -64.13194 (Goose Lake) Hart Lake 45°34′32″N 63°31′5″W / 45.57556°N 63.51806°W / 45.57556; -63.51806 (Hart Lake) Newville Lake 45°31′16″N 64°20′18″W / 45.52111°N 64.33833°W / 45.52111; -64.33833 (Newville Lake) Taylor Lake 45°31′18″N 64°42′4″W / 45.52167°N 64.70111°W / 45.52167; -64.70111 (Taylor Lake) Williams Lake 45°46′16.9″N 63°40′7.9″W / 45.771361°N 63.668861°W / 45.771361; -63.668861 (Williams Lake) Digby County Municipality of Clare Ash Lake 44°9′37.9″N 66°6′26.9″W / 44.160528°N 66.107472°W / 44.160528; -66.107472 (Ash Lake(Clare)) Briar Lake 44°7′49.06″N 65°57′22.81″W / 44.1302944°N 65.9563361°W / 44.1302944; -65.9563361 (Briar Lake) Second Briar Lake 44°8′0″N 65°56′55″W / 44.13333°N 65.94861°W / 44.13333; -65.94861 (Second Briar Lake) Municipality of the District of Digby Little Cranberry Lake 44°19′16″N 65°44′9″W / 44.32111°N 65.73583°W / 44.32111; -65.73583 (Little Cranberry Lake, Digby) Ninth Lake 44°26′43″N 65°33′40″W / 44.44528°N 65.56111°W / 44.44528; -65.56111 (Ninth Lake) Obrien Lake 44°30′58″N 65°40′34″W / 44.51611°N 65.67611°W / 44.51611; -65.67611 (Obrien Lake) Porters Lake 44°29′52″N 65°48′18″W / 44.49778°N 65.80500°W / 44.49778; -65.80500 (Porters Lake) Guysborough County Municipality of the District of Guysborough Frog Lake 45°17′25.9″N 61°54′31.9″W / 45.290528°N 61.908861°W / 45.290528; -61.908861 (Frog Lake) Boggy Lake 45°0′10″N 62°11′55″W / 45.00278°N 62.19861°W / 45.00278; -62.19861 (Boggy Lake) Boggy Lake 45°6′1″N 62°18′49″W / 45.10028°N 62.31361°W / 45.10028; -62.31361 (Boggy Lake) Greenwood Lake 45°18′8″N 61°27′36″W / 45.30222°N 61.46000°W / 45.30222; -61.46000 (Greenwood Lake) Goose Lake 45°11′0″N 61°23′54″W / 45.18333°N 61.39833°W / 45.18333; -61.39833 (Goose Lake) Goose Harbour Lake 45°33′0″N 61°24′54″W / 45.55000°N 61.41500°W / 45.55000; -61.41500 (Goose Harbour Lake) Hart Lake 45°24′33″N 61°34′32″W / 45.40917°N 61.57556°W / 45.40917; -61.57556 (Hart Lake) Hart Lake 45°26′18″N 61°27′54″W / 45.43833°N 61.46500°W / 45.43833; -61.46500 (Hart Lake) Hattie Lake 45°15′45″N 62°28′35″W / 45.26250°N 62.47639°W / 45.26250; -62.47639 (Hattie Lakes) Hattie Lake 45°21′47″N 62°1′31″W / 45.36306°N 62.02528°W / 45.36306; -62.02528 (Hattie Lakes) Hattie Lakes 45°18′52″N 62°17′29″W / 45.31444°N 62.29139°W / 45.31444; -62.29139 (Hattie Lakes) Kelly Lake 45°14′33″N 62°19′24″W / 45.24250°N 62.32333°W / 45.24250; -62.32333 (Kelly Lake) King Lake 45°18′8″N 61°27′36″W / 45.30222°N 61.46000°W / 45.30222; -61.46000 (King Lake) Lake Charles 45°19′11.9″N 61°3′13.9″W / 45.319972°N 61.053861°W / 45.319972; -61.053861 (Lake Charles) Indian Harbour Lake 45°8′1.34″N 61°52′38.38″W / 45.1337056°N 61.8773278°W / 45.1337056; -61.8773278 Jordan Lake 45°11′56.9″N 62°25′2″W / 45.199139°N 62.41722°W / 45.199139; -62.41722 (Jordan Lake) Hay Marsh Lake 45°21′0″N 61°12′54″W / 45.35000°N 61.21500°W / 45.35000; -61.21500 (Hay Marsh Lake) Miller Lake 45°2′26″N 62°9′12″W / 45.04056°N 62.15333°W / 45.04056; -62.15333 (Miller Lake) Miller Lake 45°1′0″N 62°8′57″W / 45.01667°N 62.14917°W / 45.01667; -62.14917 (Miller Lake) Morris Lake 45°4′30″N 62°18′31″W / 45.07500°N 62.30861°W / 45.07500; -62.30861 (Morris Lake) Second Cow Lake 45°16′38.3″N 61°16′11.9″W / 45.277306°N 61.269972°W / 45.277306; -61.269972 (Second Cow Lake) Stevens Lake 45°16′13″N 61°11′55″W / 45.27028°N 61.19861°W / 45.27028; -61.19861 (Stevens Lake) Oak Hill Lake 45°14′1″N 61°38′20″W / 45.23361°N 61.63889°W / 45.23361; -61.63889 (Oak Hill Lake) Oak Hill Lake 45°7′14″N 62°23′24″W / 45.12056°N 62.39000°W / 45.12056; -62.39000 (Oak Hill Lake) Taylor Lake 45°22′50″N 62°0′0″W / 45.38056°N 62.00000°W / 45.38056; -62.00000 (Taylor Lake) Sherbrooke Lake 45°8′27.9″N 61°58′0.9″W / 45.141083°N 61.966917°W / 45.141083; -61.966917 (Sherbrooke Lake) Three Mile Lake 45°20′9″N 61°4′42″W / 45.33583°N 61.07833°W / 45.33583; -61.07833 (Three Mile Lake) Wallace Lake 45°18′55.9″N 62°3′21.9″W / 45.315528°N 62.056083°W / 45.315528; -62.056083 (Wallace Lake(Guysborough)) Municipality of the District of Saint Mary's Ash Lake 45°7′16.9″N 62°12′46.9″W / 45.121361°N 62.213028°W / 45.121361; -62.213028 (Ash Lake) Lake Henry 45°18′20″N 62°17′14″W / 45.30556°N 62.28722°W / 45.30556; -62.28722 (Lake Henry) Long Marsh Lake 45°0′0″N 62°6′55″W / 45.00000°N 62.11528°W / 45.00000; -62.11528 (Long Marsh Lake) Marsh Lake 44°59′0″N 62°5′54″W / 44.98333°N 62.09833°W / 44.98333; -62.09833 (Marsh Lake) Hants County Municipality of East Hants Little Grand Lake 44°57′43.9″N 63°34′30″W / 44.962194°N 63.57500°W / 44.962194; -63.57500 (Little Grand Lake) Nelson Lake 44°58′10″N 63°42′2″W / 44.96944°N 63.70056°W / 44.96944; -63.70056 (Nelson Lake) Soldier Lake 44°54′5″N 63°52′49″W / 44.90139°N 63.88028°W / 44.90139; -63.88028 (Soldier Lake) Wallace Lake 45°1′39.9″N 63°43′18.9″W / 45.027750°N 63.721917°W / 45.027750; -63.721917 (Wallace Lake (Hants)) Municipality of the District of West Hants King Lake 44°54′22″N 63°58′44″W / 44.90611°N 63.97889°W / 44.90611; -63.97889 (King Lake) Lizard Lake 44°49′41.7″N 64°08′15.6″W / 44.828250°N 64.137667°W / 44.828250; -64.137667 (Lizard Lake) Miller Lake 44°55′57″N 64°8′20″W / 44.93250°N 64.13889°W / 44.93250; -64.13889 (Miller Lake) Panuke Lake 44°47′33.9″N 64°6′46.9″W / 44.792750°N 64.113028°W / 44.792750; -64.113028 (Panuke Lake) South Lake 44°46′22″N 64°1′59″W / 44.77278°N 64.03306°W / 44.77278; -64.03306 (South Lake) Taylor Lake 44°56′0″N 64°1′7″W / 44.93333°N 64.01861°W / 44.93333; -64.01861 (Taylor Lake) Lunenburg County Municipality of the District of Lunenburg Big Mushamush Lake 44°30′5.9″N 64°33′48″W / 44.501639°N 64.56333°W / 44.501639; -64.56333 (Big Mushamush Lake) Fox Lake 44°25′45.9″N 64°47′55″W / 44.429417°N 64.79861°W / 44.429417; -64.79861 (Fox Lake) Marsh Lake 44°17′0″N 64°32′55″W / 44.28333°N 64.54861°W / 44.28333; -64.54861 (Marsh Lake) Municipality of the District of Chester Anderson Lake 44°44′0.9″N 64°13′33.9″W / 44.733583°N 64.226083°W / 44.733583; -64.226083 (Anderson Lake) Goose Lake 44°41′0″N 64°21′55″W / 44.68333°N 64.36528°W / 44.68333; -64.36528 (Goose Lake) Henry Lake 44°36′0″N 64°20′59″W / 44.60000°N 64.34972°W / 44.60000; -64.34972 (Henry Lake) Maple Lake 44°38′16″N 64°4′56″W / 44.63778°N 64.08222°W / 44.63778; -64.08222 (Maple Lake) Bear Marsh Lake 44°40′0″N 64°30′55″W / 44.66667°N 64.51528°W / 44.66667; -64.51528 (Bear Marsh Lake) Nine Mile Lake 44°41′54″N 64°17′55″W / 44.69833°N 64.29861°W / 44.69833; -64.29861 (Nine Mile Lake) Second Bog Lake 44°42′0″N 64°11′55″W / 44.70000°N 64.19861°W / 44.70000; -64.19861 (Second Bog Lake) Sherbrooke Lake 44°39′27.9″N 64°36′8″W / 44.657750°N 64.60222°W / 44.657750; -64.60222 (Sherbrooke Lake) Yellow Marsh Lake 44°35′0″N 64°6′55″W / 44.58333°N 64.11528°W / 44.58333; -64.11528 (Sherbrooke Lake) Kings County Aylesford Lake 44°56′28″N 64°39′50″W / 44.941°N 64.664°W / 44.941; -64.664 (Aylesford Lake) Fox Lake 44°51′49″N 64°49′5″W / 44.86361°N 64.81806°W / 44.86361; -64.81806 (Fox Lake) Gaspereau Lake 44°59′N 64°32′W / 44.983°N 64.533°W / 44.983; -64.533 (Gaspereau Lake) Hamilton Lake 44°49′45″N 64°45′54″W / 44.82917°N 64.76500°W / 44.82917; -64.76500 (Hamilton Lake) Lake George 44°55′26.9″N 64°41′21.9″W / 44.924139°N 64.689417°W / 44.924139; -64.689417 (Lake George) Tomahawk Lake 44°52′55″N 64°45′0″W / 44.88194°N 64.75000°W / 44.88194; -64.75000 (Tomahawk Lake) Pictou County Beaver Lake 45°23′39″N 62°22′50″W / 45.39417°N 62.38056°W / 45.39417; -62.38056 (Beaver Lake) Beaver Lake 45°21′6″N 62°30′1″W / 45.35167°N 62.50028°W / 45.35167; -62.50028 (Beaver Lake) Black Lake 1 of 4 named 45°24′0″N 62°19′0″W / 45.40000°N 62.31667°W / 45.40000; -62.31667, Black Lake 2 of 4 45°22′58″N 62°40′44″W / 45.382778°N 62.6788888°W / 45.382778; -62.6788888 Black Lake 3 of 4 45°23′54″N 62°19′06″W / 45.398333°N 62.3183333°W / 45.398333; -62.3183333 Black Lake 4 of 4 45°26′57″N 62°24′48″W / 45.449167°N 62.4133333°W / 45.449167; -62.4133333 Dryden Lake 45°23′29″N 62°46′39″W / 45.39139°N 62.77750°W / 45.39139; -62.77750 (Dryden Lake) Ellen Brown Lake 45°18′0″N 62°43′16″W / 45.30000°N 62.72111°W / 45.30000; -62.72111 (Ellen Brown Lake) Forbes Lake (Pictou County) 45°29′50″N 62°38′16″W / 45.497201°N 62.637773°W / 45.497201; -62.637773 Maple Lake 45°22′59″N 62°36′29″W / 45.38306°N 62.60806°W / 45.38306; -62.60806 (Maple Lake) Robertsons Lake 45°32′10″N 62°13′42″W / 45.53611°N 62.22833°W / 45.53611; -62.22833 (Robertsons Lake) Taylor Lake 45°21′46″N 62°26′0″W / 45.36278°N 62.43333°W / 45.36278; -62.43333 (Taylor Lake) Region of Queens Municipality Beaver Lake 44°29′57″N 64°55′14″W / 44.49917°N 64.92056°W / 44.49917; -64.92056 (Beaver Lake) Beaver Lake 44°15′35″N 65°14′23″W / 44.25972°N 65.23972°W / 44.25972; -65.23972 (Beaver Lake) Black Lake 44°12′10″N 64°58′59″W / 44.202835°N 64.983018°W / 44.202835; -64.983018 Hog Lake 44°22′43.9″N 64°54′53″W / 44.378861°N 64.91472°W / 44.378861; -64.91472 (Hog Lake) Lake Rossignol 44°13′3.4″N 65°8′43.2″W / 44.217611°N 65.145333°W / 44.217611; -65.145333 (Lake Rossignol) McGowan Lake 44°25′46″N 65°03′13″W / 44.42944°N 65.05361°W / 44.42944; -65.05361 (McGowan Lake) Robertsons Lake 43°52′51″N 64°53′43″W / 43.88083°N 64.89528°W / 43.88083; -64.89528 (Robertsons Lake) Second Beaverdam Lake 44°06′09.8″N 64°45′18.6″W / 44.102722°N 64.755167°W / 44.102722; -64.755167 (Second Beaverdam Lake) Second Beaver Lake 44°12′37.8″N 65°19′19.3″W / 44.210500°N 65.322028°W / 44.210500; -65.322028 (Second Beaver Lake) Second Christopher Lake 44°19′0″N 64°58′55″W / 44.31667°N 64.98194°W / 44.31667; -64.98194 (Second Christopher Lake) Ten Mile Lake 44°10′7″N 64°50′36″W / 44.16861°N 64.84333°W / 44.16861; -64.84333 (Ten Mile Lake) Tobeatic Lake 44°11′39.9″N 65°17′2.9″W / 44.194417°N 65.284139°W / 44.194417; -65.284139 (Tobeatic Lake) Willis Lake 43°53′47″N 64°49′10.9″W / 43.89639°N 64.819694°W / 43.89639; -64.819694 (Willis Lake) Shelburne County Municipality of Barrington Barrington Lake 43°36′44.9″N 65°34′24.9″W / 43.612472°N 65.573583°W / 43.612472; -65.573583 (Barrington Lake) Beaver Lake 43°49′9″N 65°32′23″W / 43.81917°N 65.53972°W / 43.81917; -65.53972 (Beaver Lake) Goose Lake 43°36′14″N 65°31′36″W / 43.60389°N 65.52667°W / 43.60389; -65.52667 (Goose Lake) Musquash Lake 43°40′34″N 65°33′58″W / 43.67611°N 65.56611°W / 43.67611; -65.56611 (Musquash Lake) Oak Park Lake 43°36′15″N 65°39′43″W / 43.60417°N 65.66194°W / 43.60417; -65.66194 (Oak Park Lake) Municipality of the District of Shelburne Greenwood Lake 43°35′53″N 65°25′39″W / 43.59806°N 65.42750°W / 43.59806; -65.42750 (Greenwood Lake) Jordan Lake 44°4′45.7″N 65°14′14.9″W / 44.079361°N 65.237472°W / 44.079361; -65.237472 (Jordan Lake) Lily Pond 43°44′9.9″N 65°3′8.9″W / 43.736083°N 65.052472°W / 43.736083; -65.052472 (Lily Pond) Little Harbour Lake 43°42′30.1″N 65°3′14.2″W / 43.708361°N 65.053944°W / 43.708361; -65.053944 (Little Harbour Lake) Long Beach Pond 43°44′2.9″N 65°0′41.9″W / 43.734139°N 65.011639°W / 43.734139; -65.011639 (Long Beach Pond) Little Lake 43°46′11.9″N 64°59′16″W / 43.769972°N 64.98778°W / 43.769972; -64.98778 (Little Lake) Porterfield Lakes 43°46′37.6″N 65°2′19.5″W / 43.777111°N 65.038750°W / 43.777111; -65.038750 (Porterfield Lakes) Sodom Lake 43°45′30.9″N 64°57′30.9″W / 43.758583°N 64.958583°W / 43.758583; -64.958583 (Sodom Lake) Swims Iceponds 43°43′9.7″N 65°7′3.9″W / 43.719361°N 65.117750°W / 43.719361; -65.117750 (Swims Iceponds) Robs Lake 43°45′29″N 65°5′42″W / 43.75806°N 65.09500°W / 43.75806; -65.09500 (Robs Lake) Walls Lake 43°46′29″N 65°4′4″W / 43.77472°N 65.06778°W / 43.77472; -65.06778 (Walls Lake) Wallace Lake 44°6′9.9″N 65°21′49″W / 44.102750°N 65.36361°W / 44.102750; -65.36361 (Wallace Lake) Yarmouth County Municipalite Argyle Municipality East Goose Lake 43°45′0″N 65°48′56″W / 43.75000°N 65.81556°W / 43.75000; -65.81556 (Goose Lake) Gavels Lake 43°54′07.5″N 65°56′08.9″W / 43.902083°N 65.935806°W / 43.902083; -65.935806 (Gavels Lake) Goose Lake (Argyle) 43°46′0″N 66°0′56″W / 43.76667°N 66.01556°W / 43.76667; -66.01556 (Goose Lake) Great Barren Lake 43°50′33.9″N 65°44′13.9″W / 43.842750°N 65.737194°W / 43.842750; -65.737194 (Great Barren Lake) Great Pubnico Lake 43°43′5.9″N 65°40′47″W / 43.718306°N 65.67972°W / 43.718306; -65.67972 (Great Pubnico Lake) Hog Lake 43°53′33.9″N 65°53′22″W / 43.892750°N 65.88944°W / 43.892750; -65.88944 (Hog Lake) Kings Lake 43°54′12.3″N 65°54′53.7″W / 43.903417°N 65.914917°W / 43.903417; -65.914917 (Kings Lake) Middle Lakes 43°39′4″N 65°37′31″W / 43.65111°N 65.62528°W / 43.65111; -65.62528 (Middle Lakes) Second Bear Lake 44°6′0″N 65°37′55″W / 44.10000°N 65.63194°W / 44.10000; -65.63194 (Second Bear Lake) Municipality of the District of Yarmouth Lake Annis 44°3′10.98″N 66°0′58.17″W / 44.0530500°N 66.0161583°W / 44.0530500; -66.0161583 (Lake Annis) Beaver Lake 43°59′55″N 66°8′33″W / 43.99861°N 66.14250°W / 43.99861; -66.14250 (Beaver Lake) Doctors Lake 43°53′8″N 66°5′58″W / 43.88556°N 66.09944°W / 43.88556; -66.09944 (Doctors Lake) Goose Lake 43°36′0″N 65°31′55″W / 43.60000°N 65.53194°W / 43.60000; -65.53194 (Goose Lake) Halfway Lake 43°59′56.9″N 65°51′25″W / 43.999139°N 65.85694°W / 43.999139; -65.85694 (Halfway Lake) Lake Milo 43°51′40.4″N 66°6′43.4″W / 43.861222°N 66.112056°W / 43.861222; -66.112056 (Lake Milo) Raynards Lake 43°57′41.3″N 65°54′54.7″W / 43.961472°N 65.915194°W / 43.961472; -65.915194 (Raynards Lake) Second Chub Lake 44°26′0″N 65°37′55″W / 44.43333°N 65.63194°W / 44.43333; -65.63194 (Second Chub Lake) Second Lake 43°52′14″N 66°6′33″W / 43.87056°N 66.10917°W / 43.87056; -66.10917 (Second Lake) Lake Vaughan 43°54′29.9″N 65°57′46.0″W / 43.908306°N 65.962778°W / 43.908306; -65.962778 (Lake Vaughan) This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2009) See also Beaver Lake Crooked Lake Cranberry Lake Duck Lake Flat Lake Fourth Lake Grand Lake Hatchet Lake Juniper Lake Lewis Lake Little Lake Long Lake Molega Lake Oak Lake Otter Lake River Lake Rocky Lake Russell Lake Sandy Lake Second Lake Spectacle Lake Third Lake Whites Lake References ^ "Lizard Lake - CAUXS". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016. ^ "Lizard Lake - CAUXO". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016. ^ "Lizard Lake - CAUXP". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016. ^ "Lizard Lake - CAUXQ". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016. ^ "Lizard Lake - CAUXT". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016. Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Geographical Names Board of Canada Geonames.org Explore HRM Nova Scotia Placenames Nova Scotia Lake Survey List vteList of lakes of Canada (by province or territory)Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Category Canada portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"MB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"ON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"NB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"PE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"NS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"NL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"YT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Yukon"},{"link_name":"NT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"NU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Nunavut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nova_Scotia_in_Canada_2.svg"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia"}],"text":"BC\nAB\nSK\nMB\nON\nQC\nNB\nPE\nNS\nNL\nYT\nNT\nNUThis is a list of lakes in Nova Scotia.Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)","title":"List of lakes of Nova Scotia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cape Breton Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bras d'Or Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°51′37″N 60°46′44″W / 45.86028°N 60.77889°W / 45.86028; -60.77889 (Bras d'Or Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_51_37_N_60_46_44_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Bras+d%27Or+Lake"}],"sub_title":"All Four Counties","text":"Bras d'Or Lake 45°51′37″N 60°46′44″W / 45.86028°N 60.77889°W / 45.86028; -60.77889 (Bras d'Or Lake)","title":"Cape Breton Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anse aux Cannes Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse_aux_Cannes_Pond"},{"link_name":"45°57′41″N 59°48′29″W / 45.96139°N 59.80806°W / 45.96139; -59.80806 (Anse aux Cannes Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_57_41_N_59_48_29_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Anse+aux+Cannes+Pond"},{"link_name":"The Barachois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barachois"},{"link_name":"45°55′0″N 59°58′41″W / 45.91667°N 59.97806°W / 45.91667; -59.97806 (The Barachois)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_55_0_N_59_58_41_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=The+Barachois"},{"link_name":"Bear Cove Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Cove_Pond"},{"link_name":"45°48′34″N 60°4′55″W / 45.80944°N 60.08194°W / 45.80944; -60.08194 (Bear Cove Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_48_34_N_60_4_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Bear+Cove+Pond"},{"link_name":"Bear Gulch Ponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Gulch_Ponds"},{"link_name":"45°57′46″N 59°50′39″W / 45.96278°N 59.84417°W / 45.96278; -59.84417 (Bear Gulch Ponds)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_57_46_N_59_50_39_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Bear+Gulch+Ponds"},{"link_name":"Beaverdam Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverdam_Pond"},{"link_name":"46°5′24″N 59°56′22″W / 46.09000°N 59.93944°W / 46.09000; -59.93944 (Beaverdam Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_5_24_N_59_56_22_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaverdam+Pond"},{"link_name":"Belle Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Lake(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°57′7″N 60°6′16″W / 45.95194°N 60.10444°W / 45.95194; -60.10444 (Belle Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_57_7_N_60_6_16_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Belle+Lake"},{"link_name":"Bennetts Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennetts_Pond"},{"link_name":"45°57′8″N 59°49′24″W / 45.95222°N 59.82333°W / 45.95222; -59.82333 (Bennetts Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_57_8_N_59_49_24_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Bennetts+Pond"},{"link_name":"Big Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Pond_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°56′46″N 59°52′19″W / 45.94611°N 59.87194°W / 45.94611; -59.87194 (Big Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_56_46_N_59_52_19_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Big+Pond"},{"link_name":"Blacketts Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacketts_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°4′7″N 60°18′28″W / 46.06861°N 60.30778°W / 46.06861; -60.30778 (Blacketts Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_4_7_N_60_18_28_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Blacketts+Lake"},{"link_name":"Bluff Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°47′42″N 60°6′8″W / 45.79500°N 60.10222°W / 45.79500; -60.10222 (Bluff Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_47_42_N_60_6_8_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Bluff+Lake"},{"link_name":"Boom Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_Pond"},{"link_name":"45°59′49″N 59°51′11″W / 45.99694°N 59.85306°W / 45.99694; -59.85306 (Boom Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_59_49_N_59_51_11_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Boom+Pond"},{"link_name":"Boutellier Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutellier_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°5′23″N 60°6′59″W / 46.08972°N 60.11639°W / 46.08972; -60.11639 (Boutellier Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_5_23_N_60_6_59_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Boutellier+Lake"},{"link_name":"Bray Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°6′13″N 60°7′35″W / 46.10361°N 60.12639°W / 46.10361; -60.12639 (Bray Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_6_13_N_60_7_35_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Bray+Lake"},{"link_name":"Buscombe Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buscombe_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°6′13″N 60°7′35″W / 46.10361°N 60.12639°W / 46.10361; -60.12639 (Buscombe Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_6_13_N_60_7_35_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Buscombe+Lake"},{"link_name":"Campbells Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbells_Pond"},{"link_name":"45°59′27″N 59°50′47″W / 45.99083°N 59.84639°W / 45.99083; -59.84639 (Campbells Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_59_27_N_59_50_47_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Campbells+Pond"},{"link_name":"Canoe Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°52′17″N 60°13′39″W / 45.87139°N 60.22750°W / 45.87139; -60.22750 (Canoe Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_52_17_N_60_13_39_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Canoe+Lake"},{"link_name":"Catalone Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalone_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°0′2″N 59°57′4″W / 46.00056°N 59.95111°W / 46.00056; -59.95111 (Catalone Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_0_2_N_59_57_4_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Catalone+Lake"},{"link_name":"Cavanaghs Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavanaghs_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°54′59″N 60°2′22″W / 45.91639°N 60.03944°W / 45.91639; -60.03944 (Cavanaghs Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_54_59_N_60_2_22_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Cavanaghs+Lake"},{"link_name":"Cochran Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochran_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°5′57″N 59°59′35″W / 46.09917°N 59.99306°W / 46.09917; -59.99306 (Cochran Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_5_57_N_59_59_35_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Cochran+Lake"},{"link_name":"Copper Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Lake_(Nova_Scotia,_Canada)"},{"link_name":"45°54′19″N 60°12′38″W / 45.90528°N 60.21056°W / 45.90528; -60.21056 (Copper Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_54_19_N_60_12_38_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Copper+Lake"},{"link_name":"Cranberry Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_Pond"},{"link_name":"46°3′9″N 60°9′47″W / 46.05250°N 60.16306°W / 46.05250; -60.16306 (Cranberry Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_3_9_N_60_9_47_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Cranberry+Pond"},{"link_name":"Cusack Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusack_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°6′37″N 60°5′13″W / 46.11028°N 60.08694°W / 46.11028; -60.08694 (Cusack Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_6_37_N_60_5_13_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Cusack+Lake"},{"link_name":"Danny MacDonalds Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_MacDonalds_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°58′27″N 60°4′44″W / 45.97417°N 60.07889°W / 45.97417; -60.07889 (Danny MacDonalds Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_58_27_N_60_4_44_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Danny+MacDonalds+Lake"},{"link_name":"Deadman Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadman_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"46°4′25″N 60°9′46″W / 46.07361°N 60.16278°W / 46.07361; -60.16278 (Deadman Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_4_25_N_60_9_46_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Deadman+Lake"},{"link_name":"45°57′15″N 60°7′36″W / 45.95417°N 60.12667°W / 45.95417; -60.12667 (Dixon Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_57_15_N_60_7_36_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Dixon+Lake"},{"link_name":"Dixons Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixons_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°55′54″N 59°58′24″W / 45.93167°N 59.97333°W / 45.93167; -59.97333 (Dixons Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_55_54_N_59_58_24_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Dixons+Lake"},{"link_name":"Ducker Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducker_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°2′28″N 60°8′13″W / 46.04111°N 60.13694°W / 46.04111; -60.13694 (Ducker Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_2_28_N_60_8_13_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ducker+Lake"},{"link_name":"Dumaresq Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumaresq_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°4′27″N 60°8′18″W / 46.07417°N 60.13833°W / 46.07417; -60.13833 (Dumaresq Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_4_27_N_60_8_18_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Dumaresq+Lake"},{"link_name":"Ferguson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferguson_Lake(Nova_Scotia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"45°58′18″N 60°4′31″W / 45.97167°N 60.07528°W / 45.97167; -60.07528 (Ferguson Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_58_18_N_60_4_31_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ferguson+Lake"},{"link_name":"Fiddlers Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddlers_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°53′42″N 60°12′23″W / 45.89500°N 60.20639°W / 45.89500; -60.20639 (Fiddlers Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_53_42_N_60_12_23_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Fiddlers+Lake"},{"link_name":"Fieldings Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldings_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°59′29″N 60°2′15″W / 45.99139°N 60.03750°W / 45.99139; -60.03750 (Fieldings Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_59_29_N_60_2_15_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Fieldings+Lake"},{"link_name":"First Dodds Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Dodds_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°8′25″N 60°2′47″W / 46.14028°N 60.04639°W / 46.14028; -60.04639 (First Dodds Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_8_25_N_60_2_47_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=First+Dodds+Lake"},{"link_name":"French Village Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Village_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°55′8″N 60°15′50″W / 45.91889°N 60.26389°W / 45.91889; -60.26389 (French Village Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_55_8_N_60_15_50_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=French+Village+Lake"},{"link_name":"Gabarus Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabarus_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°48′44″N 60°12′32″W / 45.81222°N 60.20889°W / 45.81222; -60.20889 (Gabarus Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_48_44_N_60_12_32_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Gabarus+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_(Cape_Breton)"},{"link_name":"45°45′0″N 60°17′54″W / 45.75000°N 60.29833°W / 45.75000; -60.29833 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_45_0_N_60_17_54_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Grants Hill Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grants_Hill_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°48′30″N 60°8′41″W / 45.80833°N 60.14472°W / 45.80833; 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-61.31444 (MacGregors Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_41_44_N_61_18_52_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=MacGregors+Lake"},{"link_name":"MacIntyre Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacIntyre_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°39′12″N 61°16′49″W / 45.65333°N 61.28028°W / 45.65333; -61.28028 (MacIntyre Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_39_12_N_61_16_49_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=MacIntyre+Lake"},{"link_name":"MacRaes Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacRaes_Lakes"},{"link_name":"45°49′12″N 61°4′34″W / 45.82000°N 61.07611°W / 45.82000; -61.07611 (MacRaes Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_49_12_N_61_4_34_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=MacRaes+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Richmond County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_County,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Buchanan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchanan_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"45°38′49″N 61°6′9″W / 45.64694°N 61.10250°W / 45.64694; -61.10250 (Buchanan Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_38_49_N_61_6_9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Buchanan+Lake"},{"link_name":"Donnellys Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnellys_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°43′58″N 60°58′17″W / 45.73278°N 60.97139°W / 45.73278; -60.97139 (Donnellys Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_43_58_N_60_58_17_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Donnellys+Lake"},{"link_name":"First Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°38′20″N 61°1′0″W / 45.63889°N 61.01667°W / 45.63889; -61.01667 (First Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_38_20_N_61_1_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=First+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hill Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°42′0″N 60°59′46″W / 45.70000°N 60.99611°W / 45.70000; -60.99611 (Hill Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_42_0_N_60_59_46_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hill+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lauchlin Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauchlin_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°39′6″N 61°7′39″W / 45.65167°N 61.12750°W / 45.65167; -61.12750 (Lauchlin Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_39_6_N_61_7_39_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lauchlin+Lake"},{"link_name":"Loch Lomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Lomond,_Cape_Breton"},{"link_name":"45°44′46.9″N 60°35′22.9″W / 45.746361°N 60.589694°W / 45.746361; -60.589694 (Loch Lomond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_44_46.9_N_60_35_22.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Loch+Lomond"},{"link_name":"MacMillan Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacMillan_Lakes"},{"link_name":"45°37′59″N 61°9′50″W / 45.63306°N 61.16389°W / 45.63306; -61.16389 (MacMillan Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_37_59_N_61_9_50_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=MacMillan+Lakes"},{"link_name":"McCarthys Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthys_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°37′44″N 61°10′7″W / 45.62889°N 61.16861°W / 45.62889; -61.16861 (McCarthys Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_37_44_N_61_10_7_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=McCarthys+Lake"},{"link_name":"McDonald Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"45°43′13″N 60°57′48″W / 45.72028°N 60.96333°W / 45.72028; -60.96333 (McDonald Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_43_13_N_60_57_48_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=McDonald+Lake"},{"link_name":"Middle Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"45°37′52″N 61°9′33″W / 45.63111°N 61.15917°W / 45.63111; -61.15917 (Middle Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_37_52_N_61_9_33_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Middle+Lake"},{"link_name":"Willis Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Lake_Cape_Breton"},{"link_name":"45°52′25.9″N 60°12′42″W / 45.873861°N 60.21167°W / 45.873861; -60.21167 (Willis Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_52_25.9_N_60_12_42_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Willis+Lake"}],"sub_title":"Cape Breton Regional Municipality","text":"Anse aux Cannes Pond 45°57′41″N 59°48′29″W / 45.96139°N 59.80806°W / 45.96139; -59.80806 (Anse aux Cannes Pond)\nThe Barachois 45°55′0″N 59°58′41″W / 45.91667°N 59.97806°W / 45.91667; -59.97806 (The Barachois)\nBear Cove Pond 45°48′34″N 60°4′55″W / 45.80944°N 60.08194°W / 45.80944; -60.08194 (Bear Cove Pond)\nBear Gulch Ponds 45°57′46″N 59°50′39″W / 45.96278°N 59.84417°W / 45.96278; -59.84417 (Bear Gulch Ponds)\nBeaverdam Pond 46°5′24″N 59°56′22″W / 46.09000°N 59.93944°W / 46.09000; -59.93944 (Beaverdam Pond)\nBelle Lake 45°57′7″N 60°6′16″W / 45.95194°N 60.10444°W / 45.95194; -60.10444 (Belle Lake)\nBennetts Pond 45°57′8″N 59°49′24″W / 45.95222°N 59.82333°W / 45.95222; -59.82333 (Bennetts Pond)\nBig Pond 45°56′46″N 59°52′19″W / 45.94611°N 59.87194°W / 45.94611; -59.87194 (Big Pond)\nBlacketts Lake 46°4′7″N 60°18′28″W / 46.06861°N 60.30778°W / 46.06861; -60.30778 (Blacketts Lake)\nBluff Lake 45°47′42″N 60°6′8″W / 45.79500°N 60.10222°W / 45.79500; -60.10222 (Bluff Lake)\nBoom Pond 45°59′49″N 59°51′11″W / 45.99694°N 59.85306°W / 45.99694; -59.85306 (Boom Pond)\nBoutellier Lake 46°5′23″N 60°6′59″W / 46.08972°N 60.11639°W / 46.08972; -60.11639 (Boutellier Lake)\nBray Lake 46°6′13″N 60°7′35″W / 46.10361°N 60.12639°W / 46.10361; -60.12639 (Bray Lake)\nBuscombe Lake 46°6′13″N 60°7′35″W / 46.10361°N 60.12639°W / 46.10361; -60.12639 (Buscombe Lake)\nCampbells Pond 45°59′27″N 59°50′47″W / 45.99083°N 59.84639°W / 45.99083; -59.84639 (Campbells Pond)\nCanoe Lake 45°52′17″N 60°13′39″W / 45.87139°N 60.22750°W / 45.87139; -60.22750 (Canoe Lake)\nCatalone Lake 46°0′2″N 59°57′4″W / 46.00056°N 59.95111°W / 46.00056; -59.95111 (Catalone Lake)\nCavanaghs Lake 45°54′59″N 60°2′22″W / 45.91639°N 60.03944°W / 45.91639; -60.03944 (Cavanaghs Lake)\nCochran Lake 46°5′57″N 59°59′35″W / 46.09917°N 59.99306°W / 46.09917; -59.99306 (Cochran Lake)\nCopper Lake 45°54′19″N 60°12′38″W / 45.90528°N 60.21056°W / 45.90528; -60.21056 (Copper Lake)\nCranberry Pond 46°3′9″N 60°9′47″W / 46.05250°N 60.16306°W / 46.05250; -60.16306 (Cranberry Pond)\nCusack Lake 46°6′37″N 60°5′13″W / 46.11028°N 60.08694°W / 46.11028; -60.08694 (Cusack Lake)\nDanny MacDonalds Lake 45°58′27″N 60°4′44″W / 45.97417°N 60.07889°W / 45.97417; -60.07889 (Danny MacDonalds Lake)\nDeadman Lake 46°4′25″N 60°9′46″W / 46.07361°N 60.16278°W / 46.07361; -60.16278 (Deadman Lake)\nDixon Lake 45°57′15″N 60°7′36″W / 45.95417°N 60.12667°W / 45.95417; -60.12667 (Dixon Lake)\nDixons Lake 45°55′54″N 59°58′24″W / 45.93167°N 59.97333°W / 45.93167; -59.97333 (Dixons Lake)\nDucker Lake 46°2′28″N 60°8′13″W / 46.04111°N 60.13694°W / 46.04111; -60.13694 (Ducker Lake)\nDumaresq Lake 46°4′27″N 60°8′18″W / 46.07417°N 60.13833°W / 46.07417; -60.13833 (Dumaresq Lake)\nFerguson Lake 45°58′18″N 60°4′31″W / 45.97167°N 60.07528°W / 45.97167; -60.07528 (Ferguson Lake)\n\n\nFiddlers Lake 45°53′42″N 60°12′23″W / 45.89500°N 60.20639°W / 45.89500; -60.20639 (Fiddlers Lake)\nFieldings Lake 45°59′29″N 60°2′15″W / 45.99139°N 60.03750°W / 45.99139; -60.03750 (Fieldings Lake)\nFirst Dodds Lake 46°8′25″N 60°2′47″W / 46.14028°N 60.04639°W / 46.14028; -60.04639 (First Dodds Lake)\nFrench Village Lake 45°55′8″N 60°15′50″W / 45.91889°N 60.26389°W / 45.91889; -60.26389 (French Village Lake)\nGabarus Lake 45°48′44″N 60°12′32″W / 45.81222°N 60.20889°W / 45.81222; -60.20889 (Gabarus Lake)\nGoose Lake 45°45′0″N 60°17′54″W / 45.75000°N 60.29833°W / 45.75000; -60.29833 (Goose Lake)\nGrants Hill Lake 45°48′30″N 60°8′41″W / 45.80833°N 60.14472°W / 45.80833; -60.14472 (Grants Hill Lake)\nGrants Old Lake 45°49′24″N 60°9′12″W / 45.82333°N 60.15333°W / 45.82333; -60.15333 (Grants Old Lake)\nGull Lake 46°0′30″N 59°49′42″W / 46.00833°N 59.82833°W / 46.00833; -59.82833 (Gull Lake)\nHardys Lake 45°48′24″N 60°6′51″W / 45.80667°N 60.11417°W / 45.80667; -60.11417 (Hardys Lake)\nLittle Ferguson Lake 45°57′8″N 60°6′51″W / 45.95222°N 60.11417°W / 45.95222; -60.11417 (Little Ferguson Lake)\nLittle MacLeod Lake 45°57′27″N 60°6′20″W / 45.95750°N 60.10556°W / 45.95750; -60.10556 (Little MacLeod Lake)\nLower MacLeod Lake 45°57′21″N 60°7′52″W / 45.95583°N 60.13111°W / 45.95583; -60.13111 (Lower MacLeod Lake)\nMacInnis Lake 45°57′28″N 60°8′53″W / 45.95778°N 60.14806°W / 45.95778; -60.14806 (MacInnis Lake)\nMacIntyre Lake 45°58′20″N 60°5′43″W / 45.97222°N 60.09528°W / 45.97222; -60.09528 (MacIntyre Lake)\nMacIsaacs Lake 45°58′18″N 60°7′48″W / 45.97167°N 60.13000°W / 45.97167; -60.13000 (MacIsaacs Lake)\nMacLeod Lake 45°56′50″N 60°8′9″W / 45.94722°N 60.13583°W / 45.94722; -60.13583 (MacLeod Lake)\nMacMullin Lake 45°57′40″N 60°6′37″W / 45.96111°N 60.11028°W / 45.96111; -60.11028 (MacMullin Lake)\nMacPherson Lake 45°57′32″N 60°5′33″W / 45.95889°N 60.09250°W / 45.95889; -60.09250 (MacPherson Lake)\nMarsh Lake 46°6′0″N 60°6′54″W / 46.10000°N 60.11500°W / 46.10000; -60.11500 (Marsh Lake)\nShibinette Lakes 45°58′48″N 60°7′8″W / 45.98000°N 60.11889°W / 45.98000; -60.11889 (Shibinette Lakes)\nSlatterys Lake 45°50′11″N 60°9′26″W / 45.83639°N 60.15722°W / 45.83639; -60.15722 (Slatterys Lake)\nStewarts Lake 45°56′24″N 60°1′14″W / 45.94000°N 60.02056°W / 45.94000; -60.02056 (Stewarts Lake)\nSugar Loaf Lakes 45°48′12″N 60°5′38″W / 45.80333°N 60.09389°W / 45.80333; -60.09389 (Sugar Loaf Lakes)\nTank Pond 46°1′51″N 59°58′16″W / 46.03083°N 59.97111°W / 46.03083; -59.97111 (Tank Pond)\nTaylors Ponds 45°57′45″N 60°3′7″W / 45.96250°N 60.05194°W / 45.96250; -60.05194 (Taylors Ponds)\nThe Three Ponds 45°57′5″N 59°54′38″W / 45.95139°N 59.91056°W / 45.95139; -59.91056 (The Three Ponds)\nThree Stone Lake 45°52′36″N 60°12′29″W / 45.87667°N 60.20806°W / 45.87667; -60.20806 (Twelve Mile Lake)\nTwelve Mile Lake 45°54′3″N 60°7′52″W / 45.90083°N 60.13111°W / 45.90083; -60.13111 (Twelve Mile Lake)\nUpper Barachois Lake 45°50′25″N 60°8′37″W / 45.84028°N 60.14361°W / 45.84028; -60.14361 (Willis Lake)\nWillis Lake 45°52′26″N 60°12′42″W / 45.87389°N 60.21167°W / 45.87389; -60.21167 (Willis Lake)\nWinging Point Lake 45°47′13″N 60°7′2″W / 45.78694°N 60.11722°W / 45.78694; -60.11722 (Winging Point Lake)Inverness County[edit]\nLake Ainslie 46°7′59″N 61°10′59″W / 46.13306°N 61.18306°W / 46.13306; -61.18306 (Lake Ainslie)\nBeaver Lake 45°46′45″N 61°10′31″W / 45.77917°N 61.17528°W / 45.77917; -61.17528 (Beaver Lake)\nBallams Pond 45°41′45″N 61°6′19″W / 45.69583°N 61.10528°W / 45.69583; -61.10528 (Ballams Pond)\nBeaver Dam Lake 45°38′18″N 61°17′3″W / 45.63833°N 61.28417°W / 45.63833; -61.28417 (Beaver Dam Lake)\nBlack Charlies Lake 45°50′39″N 61°2′24″W / 45.84417°N 61.04000°W / 45.84417; -61.04000 (Black Charlies Lake)\nBlack Lakes 45°47′29″N 61°7′17″W / 45.79139°N 61.12139°W / 45.79139; -61.12139 (Black Lakes)\nBrileys Lake 45°45′11″N 61°24′10″W / 45.75306°N 61.40278°W / 45.75306; -61.40278 (Brileys Lake)\nCompany Lake 45°50′0″N 61°3′1″W / 45.83333°N 61.05028°W / 45.83333; -61.05028 (Company Lake)\nLittle Beaver Lakes 45°50′44″N 61°1′13″W / 45.84556°N 61.02028°W / 45.84556; -61.02028 (Little Beaver Lakes)\nLivingstones Lakes 45°51′45″N 61°6′0″W / 45.86250°N 61.10000°W / 45.86250; -61.10000 (Livingstones Lakes)\nMacArthurs Lake 45°45′49″N 61°14′47″W / 45.76361°N 61.24639°W / 45.76361; -61.24639 (MacArthurs Lake)\nMacAskills Lake 45°50′9″N 61°2′39″W / 45.83583°N 61.04417°W / 45.83583; -61.04417 (MacAskills Lake)\nMacDonalds Lake 45°50′14″N 61°2′14″W / 45.83722°N 61.03722°W / 45.83722; -61.03722 (MacDonalds Lake)\nMacGregors Lake 45°41′44″N 61°18′52″W / 45.69556°N 61.31444°W / 45.69556; -61.31444 (MacGregors Lake)\nMacIntyre Lake 45°39′12″N 61°16′49″W / 45.65333°N 61.28028°W / 45.65333; -61.28028 (MacIntyre Lake)\nMacRaes Lakes 45°49′12″N 61°4′34″W / 45.82000°N 61.07611°W / 45.82000; -61.07611 (MacRaes Lakes)\n\n\nRichmond County[edit]\nBuchanan Lake 45°38′49″N 61°6′9″W / 45.64694°N 61.10250°W / 45.64694; -61.10250 (Buchanan Lake)\nDonnellys Lake 45°43′58″N 60°58′17″W / 45.73278°N 60.97139°W / 45.73278; -60.97139 (Donnellys Lake)\nFirst Lake 45°38′20″N 61°1′0″W / 45.63889°N 61.01667°W / 45.63889; -61.01667 (First Lake)\nHill Lake 45°42′0″N 60°59′46″W / 45.70000°N 60.99611°W / 45.70000; -60.99611 (Hill Lake)\nLauchlin Lake 45°39′6″N 61°7′39″W / 45.65167°N 61.12750°W / 45.65167; -61.12750 (Lauchlin Lake)\nLoch Lomond 45°44′46.9″N 60°35′22.9″W / 45.746361°N 60.589694°W / 45.746361; -60.589694 (Loch Lomond)\nMacMillan Lakes 45°37′59″N 61°9′50″W / 45.63306°N 61.16389°W / 45.63306; -61.16389 (MacMillan Lakes)\nMcCarthys Lake 45°37′44″N 61°10′7″W / 45.62889°N 61.16861°W / 45.62889; -61.16861 (McCarthys Lake)\nMcDonald Lake 45°43′13″N 60°57′48″W / 45.72028°N 60.96333°W / 45.72028; -60.96333 (McDonald Lake)\nMiddle Lake 45°37′52″N 61°9′33″W / 45.63111°N 61.15917°W / 45.63111; -61.15917 (Middle Lake)\nWillis Lake 45°52′25.9″N 60°12′42″W / 45.873861°N 60.21167°W / 45.873861; -60.21167 (Willis Lake)","title":"Cape Breton Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Artemise Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemise_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°37′12″N 60°40′7″W / 46.62000°N 60.66861°W / 46.62000; -60.66861 (Artemise Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_37_12_N_60_40_7_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Artemise+Lake"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Victoria"},{"link_name":"46°43′6″N 60°30′37″W / 46.71833°N 60.51028°W / 46.71833; -60.51028 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_43_6_N_60_30_37_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Big Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"46°24′56″N 60°37′48″W / 46.41556°N 60.63000°W / 46.41556; -60.63000 (Big Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_24_56_N_60_37_48_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Big+Lake"},{"link_name":"Black Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"46°52′35″N 60°33′35″W / 46.876389°N 60.559722°W / 46.876389; -60.559722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46.876389_N_60.559722_W_"},{"link_name":"Boot Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"46°33′9″N 60°28′38″W / 46.55250°N 60.47722°W / 46.55250; -60.47722 (Boot Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_33_9_N_60_28_38_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Boot+Lake"},{"link_name":"Boyd Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"46°40′51″N 60°29′6″W / 46.68083°N 60.48500°W / 46.68083; -60.48500 (Boyd Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_40_51_N_60_29_6_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Boyd+Lake"},{"link_name":"Breton Cove Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_Cove_Pond"},{"link_name":"46°27′33″N 60°27′22″W / 46.45917°N 60.45611°W / 46.45917; -60.45611 (Breton Cove Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_27_33_N_60_27_22_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Breton+Cove+Pond"},{"link_name":"Camerons Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerons_Lakes"},{"link_name":"46°40′55″N 60°26′45″W / 46.68194°N 60.44583°W / 46.68194; -60.44583 (Camerons Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_40_55_N_60_26_45_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Camerons+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Canns Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canns_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°40′21″N 60°25′55″W / 46.67250°N 60.43194°W / 46.67250; -60.43194 (Camerons Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_40_21_N_60_25_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Camerons+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Caribou Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribou_Lakes"},{"link_name":"46°37′17″N 60°36′12″W / 46.62139°N 60.60333°W / 46.62139; -60.60333 (Caribou Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_37_17_N_60_36_12_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Caribou+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Chéticamp Flowage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ticamp_Flowage"},{"link_name":"46°39′5″N 60°38′16″W / 46.65139°N 60.63778°W / 46.65139; -60.63778 (Chéticamp Flowage)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_39_5_N_60_38_16_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ch%C3%A9ticamp+Flowage"},{"link_name":"Clyburn Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyburn_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°39′58″N 60°34′46″W / 46.66611°N 60.57944°W / 46.66611; -60.57944 (Clyburn Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_39_58_N_60_34_46_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Clyburn+Lake"},{"link_name":"Dauphiney Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphiney_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°41′57″N 60°31′58″W / 46.69917°N 60.53278°W / 46.69917; -60.53278 (Dauphiney Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_41_57_N_60_31_58_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Dauphiney+Lake"},{"link_name":"Dundas Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundas_Lakes"},{"link_name":"46°42′39″N 60°32′24″W / 46.71083°N 60.54000°W / 46.71083; -60.54000 (Dundas Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_42_39_N_60_32_24_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Dundas+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Fenton Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"46°40′24″N 60°35′50″W / 46.67333°N 60.59722°W / 46.67333; -60.59722 (Fenton Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_40_24_N_60_35_50_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Fenton+Lake"},{"link_name":"Flint Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°39′5″N 60°36′3″W / 46.65139°N 60.60083°W / 46.65139; -60.60083 (Flint Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_39_5_N_60_36_3_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Flint+Lake"},{"link_name":"French River Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_River_Lakes"},{"link_name":"46°30′52″N 60°32′43″W / 46.51444°N 60.54528°W / 46.51444; -60.54528 (French River Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_30_52_N_60_32_43_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=French+River+Lakes"},{"link_name":"46°38′43″N 60°23′48″W / 46.64528°N 60.39667°W / 46.64528; -60.39667 (Freshwater Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_38_43_N_60_23_48_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Freshwater+Lake"},{"link_name":"Gisborne Flowage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisborne_Flowage"},{"link_name":"46°33′46″N 60°33′28″W / 46.56278°N 60.55778°W / 46.56278; -60.55778 (Gisborne Flowage)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_33_46_N_60_33_28_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Gisborne+Flowage"},{"link_name":"McMillan Flowage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMillan_Flowage"},{"link_name":"46°31′14″N 60°39′2″W / 46.52056°N 60.65056°W / 46.52056; -60.65056 (McMillan Flowage)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_31_14_N_60_39_2_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=McMillan+Flowage"},{"link_name":"South Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lake,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"46°32′31″N 60°30′0″W / 46.54194°N 60.50000°W / 46.54194; -60.50000 (South Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_32_31_N_60_30_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=South+Lake"},{"link_name":"Three Mile Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°50′11″N 60°29′56″W / 46.83639°N 60.49889°W / 46.83639; -60.49889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_50_11_N_60_29_56_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS"},{"link_name":"Two Island Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Island_Lake"},{"link_name":"46°39′32″N 60°35′11″W / 46.65889°N 60.58639°W / 46.65889; -60.58639 (Three Mile Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_39_32_N_60_35_11_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Three+Mile+Lake"},{"link_name":"Wreck Cove Flowage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck_Cove_Flowage"},{"link_name":"46°33′29″N 60°30′29″W / 46.55806°N 60.50806°W / 46.55806; -60.50806 (Wreck Cove Flowage)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=46_33_29_N_60_30_29_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Wreck+Cove+Flowage"}],"sub_title":"Victoria County","text":"Artemise Lake 46°37′12″N 60°40′7″W / 46.62000°N 60.66861°W / 46.62000; -60.66861 (Artemise Lake)\nBeaver Lake 46°43′6″N 60°30′37″W / 46.71833°N 60.51028°W / 46.71833; -60.51028 (Beaver Lake)\nBig Lake 46°24′56″N 60°37′48″W / 46.41556°N 60.63000°W / 46.41556; -60.63000 (Big Lake)\nBlack Lake 46°52′35″N 60°33′35″W / 46.876389°N 60.559722°W / 46.876389; -60.559722\nBoot Lake 46°33′9″N 60°28′38″W / 46.55250°N 60.47722°W / 46.55250; -60.47722 (Boot Lake)\nBoyd Lake 46°40′51″N 60°29′6″W / 46.68083°N 60.48500°W / 46.68083; -60.48500 (Boyd Lake)\nBreton Cove Pond 46°27′33″N 60°27′22″W / 46.45917°N 60.45611°W / 46.45917; -60.45611 (Breton Cove Pond)\nCamerons Lakes 46°40′55″N 60°26′45″W / 46.68194°N 60.44583°W / 46.68194; -60.44583 (Camerons Lakes)\nCanns Lake 46°40′21″N 60°25′55″W / 46.67250°N 60.43194°W / 46.67250; -60.43194 (Camerons Lakes)\nCaribou Lakes 46°37′17″N 60°36′12″W / 46.62139°N 60.60333°W / 46.62139; -60.60333 (Caribou Lakes)\nChéticamp Flowage 46°39′5″N 60°38′16″W / 46.65139°N 60.63778°W / 46.65139; -60.63778 (Chéticamp Flowage)\nClyburn Lake 46°39′58″N 60°34′46″W / 46.66611°N 60.57944°W / 46.66611; -60.57944 (Clyburn Lake)\n\n\nDauphiney Lake 46°41′57″N 60°31′58″W / 46.69917°N 60.53278°W / 46.69917; -60.53278 (Dauphiney Lake)\nDundas Lakes 46°42′39″N 60°32′24″W / 46.71083°N 60.54000°W / 46.71083; -60.54000 (Dundas Lakes)\nFenton Lake 46°40′24″N 60°35′50″W / 46.67333°N 60.59722°W / 46.67333; -60.59722 (Fenton Lake)\nFlint Lake 46°39′5″N 60°36′3″W / 46.65139°N 60.60083°W / 46.65139; -60.60083 (Flint Lake)\nFrench River Lakes 46°30′52″N 60°32′43″W / 46.51444°N 60.54528°W / 46.51444; -60.54528 (French River Lakes)\nFreshwater Lake 46°38′43″N 60°23′48″W / 46.64528°N 60.39667°W / 46.64528; -60.39667 (Freshwater Lake)\nGisborne Flowage 46°33′46″N 60°33′28″W / 46.56278°N 60.55778°W / 46.56278; -60.55778 (Gisborne Flowage)\nMcMillan Flowage 46°31′14″N 60°39′2″W / 46.52056°N 60.65056°W / 46.52056; -60.65056 (McMillan Flowage)\nSouth Lake 46°32′31″N 60°30′0″W / 46.54194°N 60.50000°W / 46.54194; -60.50000 (South Lake)\nThree Mile Lake 46°50′11″N 60°29′56″W / 46.83639°N 60.49889°W / 46.83639; -60.49889\nTwo Island Lake 46°39′32″N 60°35′11″W / 46.65889°N 60.58639°W / 46.65889; -60.58639 (Three Mile Lake)\nWreck Cove Flowage 46°33′29″N 60°30′29″W / 46.55806°N 60.50806°W / 46.55806; -60.50806 (Wreck Cove Flowage)","title":"Cape Breton Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°49′26.9″N 63°38′2.9″W / 44.824139°N 63.634139°W / 44.824139; -63.634139 (A Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_49_26.9_N_63_38_2.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=A+Lake"},{"link_name":"Acadia Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°50′21″N 62°52′12″W / 44.83917°N 62.87000°W / 44.83917; -62.87000 (Acadia Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_50_21_N_62_52_12_W_type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:CA-NS&title=Acadia+Lake"},{"link_name":"Albro Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albro_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°41′19.9″N 63°34′35.9″W / 44.688861°N 63.576639°W / 44.688861; -63.576639 (Albro Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_41_19.9_N_63_34_35.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Albro+Lake"},{"link_name":"Anderson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"44°43′35.9″N 63°37′10.9″W / 44.726639°N 63.619694°W / 44.726639; -63.619694 (Anderson Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_43_35.9_N_63_37_10.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Anderson+Lake"},{"link_name":"Anderson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"Hammond Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammonds_Plains,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"44°44′2.5″N 63°51′51.8″W / 44.734028°N 63.864389°W / 44.734028; -63.864389 (Anderson Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_44_2.5_N_63_51_51.8_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Anderson+Lake"},{"link_name":"Ash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Lake,_Wellington"},{"link_name":"44°54′2.9″N 63°38′46.9″W / 44.900806°N 63.646361°W / 44.900806; -63.646361 (Ash Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_54_2.9_N_63_38_46.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Lake"},{"link_name":"Ash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Lake,_Upper_Tantallon"},{"link_name":"44°44′4.9″N 63°51′44″W / 44.734694°N 63.86222°W / 44.734694; -63.86222 (Ash Lake, Upper Tantallon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_44_4.9_N_63_51_44_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Lake%2C+Upper+Tantallon"},{"link_name":"Ash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Lake,_Timberlea"},{"link_name":"44°40′45.9″N 63°42′52.9″W / 44.679417°N 63.714694°W / 44.679417; -63.714694 (Ash Lake, Timberlea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_40_45.9_N_63_42_52.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Lake%2C+Timberlea"},{"link_name":"Ash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Lake,_Hubley"},{"link_name":"44°40′5.9″N 63°51′8.9″W / 44.668306°N 63.852472°W / 44.668306; -63.852472 (Ash Lake, Hubley)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_40_5.9_N_63_51_8.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Lake%2C+Hubley"},{"link_name":"Ash Hill Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Hill_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°56′0″N 63°0′55″W / 44.93333°N 63.01528°W / 44.93333; -63.01528 (Ash Hill Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_56_0_N_63_0_55_W_type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Hill+Lake"},{"link_name":"Back Rocky Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Rocky_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°50′35″N 62°47′21″W / 44.84306°N 62.78917°W / 44.84306; -62.78917 (Back Rocky Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_50_35_N_62_47_21_W_type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:CA-NS&title=Back+Rocky+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Banook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Banook"},{"link_name":"44°40′51.2″N 63°33′24.9″W / 44.680889°N 63.556917°W / 44.680889; -63.556917 (Lake Banook)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_40_51.2_N_63_33_24.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+Banook"},{"link_name":"Baptizing Lake, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptizing_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"44°43′26.9″N 63°46′1.9″W / 44.724139°N 63.767194°W / 44.724139; -63.767194 (Baptizing Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_43_26.9_N_63_46_1.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Baptizing+Lake"},{"link_name":"Bare Rock Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare_Rock_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°48′2″N 62°47′3″W / 44.80056°N 62.78417°W / 44.80056; -62.78417 (Bare Rock Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_48_2_N_62_47_3_W_type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:CA-NS&title=Bare+Rock+Lake"},{"link_name":"Barrett Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"44°48′51.9″N 63°41′13.9″W / 44.814417°N 63.687194°W / 44.814417; 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-65.486611 (Little Grand Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_39_1.6_N_65_29_11.8_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Little+Grand+Lake"},{"link_name":"Springfield Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Lake_(Annapolis)"},{"link_name":"44°38′9″N 64°51′29″W / 44.63583°N 64.85806°W / 44.63583; -64.85806 (Springfield Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_38_9_N_64_51_29_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Springfield+Lake"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lake_(Annapolis)"},{"link_name":"44°35′39″N 65°22′17″W / 44.59417°N 65.37139°W / 44.59417; -65.37139 (Thomas Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_35_39_N_65_22_17_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Thomas+Lake"},{"link_name":"Antigonish County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonish_County,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Big Loch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Loch"},{"link_name":"45°47′33″N 61°58′50″W / 45.79250°N 61.98056°W / 45.79250; -61.98056 (Big Loch)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_47_33_N_61_58_50_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Big+Loch"},{"link_name":"Greendale Loch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greendale_Loch"},{"link_name":"45°47′14″N 62°0′47″W / 45.78722°N 62.01306°W / 45.78722; -62.01306 (Greendale Loch)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_47_14_N_62_0_47_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Greendale+Loch"},{"link_name":"Malignant Cove Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_Cove_Pond"},{"link_name":"45°47′14″N 62°4′55″W / 45.78722°N 62.08194°W / 45.78722; -62.08194 (Malignant Cove Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_47_14_N_62_4_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Malignant+Cove+Pond"},{"link_name":"Monks Head Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monks_Head_Pond"},{"link_name":"45°40′12″N 61°50′37″W / 45.67000°N 61.84361°W / 45.67000; -61.84361 (Monks Head Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_40_12_N_61_50_37_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Monks+Head+Pond"},{"link_name":"North Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°46′49″N 61°55′1″W / 45.78028°N 61.91694°W / 45.78028; -61.91694 (North Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_46_49_N_61_55_1_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=North+Lake"},{"link_name":"Pomquet Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomquet_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°37′23″N 61°50′21″W / 45.62306°N 61.83917°W / 45.62306; -61.83917 (Pomquet Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_37_23_N_61_50_21_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Pomquet+Lake"},{"link_name":"South Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lake,_Antigonish"},{"link_name":"45°45′56″N 61°55′0″W / 45.76556°N 61.91667°W / 45.76556; -61.91667 (South Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_45_56_N_61_55_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=South+Lake"},{"link_name":"Vincents Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincents_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°42′41″N 62°9′19″W / 45.71139°N 62.15528°W / 45.71139; -62.15528 (Vincents Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_42_41_N_62_9_19_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Vincents+Lake"},{"link_name":"Colchester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester_County,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"Bear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Blakeney Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakeney_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°31′29.9″N 63°24′48.9″W / 45.524972°N 63.413583°W / 45.524972; -63.413583 (Blakeney Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_31_29.9_N_63_24_48.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Blakeney+Lake"},{"link_name":"Carter Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"45°31′51″N 63°34′53″W / 45.53083°N 63.58139°W / 45.53083; -63.58139 (Carter Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_31_51_N_63_34_53_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Carter+Lake"},{"link_name":"Dean Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Lake_Colchester"},{"link_name":"45°16′1″N 62°45′31″W / 45.26694°N 62.75861°W / 45.26694; -62.75861 (Dean Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_16_1_N_62_45_31_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Dean+Lake"},{"link_name":"Folly Lake (Colchester)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly_Lake_(Colchester)"},{"link_name":"45°32′15″N 63°32′42″W / 45.53750°N 63.54500°W / 45.53750; -63.54500 (Folly Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_32_15_N_63_32_42_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Folly+Lake"},{"link_name":"Frog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_Lake_(Colchester)"},{"link_name":"45°30′48.9″N 63°23′26.1″W / 45.513583°N 63.390583°W / 45.513583; -63.390583 (Frog Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_30_48.9_N_63_23_26.1_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Frog+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hattie Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattie_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°17′2″N 62°44′0″W / 45.28389°N 62.73333°W / 45.28389; -62.73333 (Hattie Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_17_2_N_62_44_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hattie+Lake"},{"link_name":"Nelson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Lake_Colchester"},{"link_name":"45°16′34″N 62°43′33″W / 45.27611°N 62.72583°W / 45.27611; -62.72583 (Nelson Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_16_34_N_62_43_33_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Nelson+Lake"},{"link_name":"Pictou Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictou_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°16′31″N 62°45′1″W / 45.27528°N 62.75028°W / 45.27528; -62.75028 (Pictou Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_16_31_N_62_45_1_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Pictou+Lake"},{"link_name":"Slack Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°30′42″N 63°33′8″W / 45.51167°N 63.55222°W / 45.51167; -63.55222 (Slack Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_30_42_N_63_33_8_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Slack+Lake"},{"link_name":"Stevens Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_of_Nova_Scotia#Colchester_County"},{"link_name":"45°32′6″N 63°31′1″W / 45.53500°N 63.51694°W / 45.53500; -63.51694 (Stevens Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_32_6_N_63_31_1_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Stevens+Lake"},{"link_name":"Cumberland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"Black Lake (Nova Scotia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°28′17″N 64°16′24″W / 45.47139°N 64.27333°W / 45.47139; -64.27333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45.47139_N_64.27333_W_type:waterbody_region:CA"},{"link_name":"Black Lake (Nova Scotia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°42′12″N 63°55′47″W / 45.703422°N 63.929793°W / 45.703422; -63.929793","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45.703422_N_63.929793_W_type:waterbody_region:CA"},{"link_name":"Barber Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°33′0″N 63°33′0″W / 45.55000°N 63.55000°W / 45.55000; -63.55000 (Barber Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_33_0_N_63_33_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Barber+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_(Cumberland)"},{"link_name":"45°57′0″N 64°7′55″W / 45.95000°N 64.13194°W / 45.95000; -64.13194 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_57_0_N_64_7_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hart Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Lake_(Cumberland)"},{"link_name":"45°34′32″N 63°31′5″W / 45.57556°N 63.51806°W / 45.57556; -63.51806 (Hart Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_34_32_N_63_31_5_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hart+Lake"},{"link_name":"Newville Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newville_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°31′16″N 64°20′18″W / 45.52111°N 64.33833°W / 45.52111; -64.33833 (Newville Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_31_16_N_64_20_18_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Newville+Lake"},{"link_name":"Taylor Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Lake_(Cumberland)"},{"link_name":"45°31′18″N 64°42′4″W / 45.52167°N 64.70111°W / 45.52167; -64.70111 (Taylor Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_31_18_N_64_42_4_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Taylor+Lake"},{"link_name":"Williams Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Lake,_Cumberland"},{"link_name":"45°46′16.9″N 63°40′7.9″W / 45.771361°N 63.668861°W / 45.771361; -63.668861 (Williams Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_46_16.9_N_63_40_7.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Williams+Lake"}],"text":"A Lake 44°49′26.9″N 63°38′2.9″W / 44.824139°N 63.634139°W / 44.824139; -63.634139 (A Lake)\nAcadia Lake 44°50′21″N 62°52′12″W / 44.83917°N 62.87000°W / 44.83917; -62.87000 (Acadia Lake)\nAlbro Lake 44°41′19.9″N 63°34′35.9″W / 44.688861°N 63.576639°W / 44.688861; -63.576639 (Albro Lake)\nAnderson Lake- Bedford 44°43′35.9″N 63°37′10.9″W / 44.726639°N 63.619694°W / 44.726639; -63.619694 (Anderson Lake)\nAnderson Lake -Hammond Plains 44°44′2.5″N 63°51′51.8″W / 44.734028°N 63.864389°W / 44.734028; -63.864389 (Anderson Lake)\nAsh Lake 44°54′2.9″N 63°38′46.9″W / 44.900806°N 63.646361°W / 44.900806; -63.646361 (Ash Lake)\nAsh Lake 44°44′4.9″N 63°51′44″W / 44.734694°N 63.86222°W / 44.734694; -63.86222 (Ash Lake, Upper Tantallon)\nAsh Lake 44°40′45.9″N 63°42′52.9″W / 44.679417°N 63.714694°W / 44.679417; -63.714694 (Ash Lake, Timberlea)\nAsh Lake 44°40′5.9″N 63°51′8.9″W / 44.668306°N 63.852472°W / 44.668306; -63.852472 (Ash Lake, Hubley)\nAsh Hill Lake 44°56′0″N 63°0′55″W / 44.93333°N 63.01528°W / 44.93333; -63.01528 (Ash Hill Lake)\nBack Rocky Lake 44°50′35″N 62°47′21″W / 44.84306°N 62.78917°W / 44.84306; -62.78917 (Back Rocky Lake)\nLake Banook 44°40′51.2″N 63°33′24.9″W / 44.680889°N 63.556917°W / 44.680889; -63.556917 (Lake Banook)\nBaptizing Lake, Nova Scotia 44°43′26.9″N 63°46′1.9″W / 44.724139°N 63.767194°W / 44.724139; -63.767194 (Baptizing Lake)\nBare Rock Lake 44°48′2″N 62°47′3″W / 44.80056°N 62.78417°W / 44.80056; -62.78417 (Bare Rock Lake)\nBarrett Lake 44°48′51.9″N 63°41′13.9″W / 44.814417°N 63.687194°W / 44.814417; -63.687194 (Barrett Lake)\nBayers Lake 44°38′31.9″N 63°40′13.9″W / 44.642194°N 63.670528°W / 44.642194; -63.670528 (Bayers Lake)\nBear Lake 44°51′52″N 62°51′28″W / 44.86444°N 62.85778°W / 44.86444; -62.85778 (Bear Lake)\nBeaverbank Lake 44°51′24.9″N 63°40′3.9″W / 44.856917°N 63.667750°W / 44.856917; -63.667750 (Beaverbank Lake)\nBeckwith Lake 44°49′21″N 63°28′38″W / 44.82250°N 63.47722°W / 44.82250; -63.47722 (Beckwith Lake)\nBeckwood Lake 44°51′4″N 63°27′21″W / 44.85111°N 63.45583°W / 44.85111; -63.45583 (Beckwood Lake)\nBell Lake 44°40′29.3″N 63°30′34.1″W / 44.674806°N 63.509472°W / 44.674806; -63.509472 (Bell Lake)\nBell Lake 44°52′19″N 63°28′32″W / 44.87194°N 63.47556°W / 44.87194; -63.47556 (Bell Lake)\nBig Horseshoe Lake 44°39′54.9″N 63°43′18.9″W / 44.665250°N 63.721917°W / 44.665250; -63.721917 (Big Horseshoe Lake)\nBirch Lake 44°48′38″N 63°30′50″W / 44.81056°N 63.51389°W / 44.81056; -63.51389 (Birch Lake)\nBirch Cove Lake 44°40′5.9″N 63°41′46.1″W / 44.668306°N 63.696139°W / 44.668306; -63.696139 (Birch Cove Lake)\nBissett Lake 44°39′20.9″N 63°28′15.4″W / 44.655806°N 63.470944°W / 44.655806; -63.470944 (Bissett Lake)\nBlack Lake - 1 of 5 total 44°42′37″N 63°35′33″W / 44.71028°N 63.59250°W / 44.71028; -63.59250 (Black Lake)\nBlack Lake - 2 of 5 44°42′37″N 63°35′34″W / 44.7103°N 63.5927°W / 44.7103; -63.5927\nBlack Lake - 3 of 5 44°31′00″N 63°39′00″W / 44.51667°N 63.65000°W / 44.51667; -63.65000\nBlack Lake - 4 of 5 45°00′59″N 62°28′09″W / 45.016389°N 62.4691666°W / 45.016389; -62.4691666\nBlack Lake - 5 of 5 44°47′57″N 63°32′45″W / 44.799167°N 63.5458333°W / 44.799167; -63.5458333\nBlakeney Lake 44°50′4.1″N 62°53′46.8″W / 44.834472°N 62.896333°W / 44.834472; -62.896333 (Blakeney Lake)\nBlueberry Lake 44°37′18.9″N 63°41′43.9″W / 44.621917°N 63.695528°W / 44.621917; -63.695528 (Blueberry Lake)\nBoot Lake 44°51′7″N 62°52′1″W / 44.85194°N 62.86694°W / 44.85194; -62.86694 (Boot Lake)\nBottle Lake 44°43′18.9″N 63°25′16.9″W / 44.721917°N 63.421361°W / 44.721917; -63.421361 (Bottle Lake)\nBrandy Lake 44°48′27″N 62°47′20″W / 44.80750°N 62.78889°W / 44.80750; -62.78889 (Brandy Lake)\nBug Lake 44°49′18″N 63°33′4″W / 44.82167°N 63.55111°W / 44.82167; -63.55111 (Bug Lake)\nCampbell Lake 44°41′50.9″N 63°48′49″W / 44.697472°N 63.81361°W / 44.697472; -63.81361 (Camphill Lake)\nCamphill Lake 44°51′16.9″N 63°29′37.9″W / 44.854694°N 63.493861°W / 44.854694; -63.493861 (Camphill Lake)\nCaribou Lake 44°49′37″N 62°52′18″W / 44.82694°N 62.87167°W / 44.82694; -62.87167 (Caribou Lake)\nCarter Lake 44°44′56″N 63°25′9″W / 44.74889°N 63.41917°W / 44.74889; -63.41917 (Carter Lake)\nCatcha Lake 44°44′09″N 63°11′40″W / 44.73583°N 63.19444°W / 44.73583; -63.19444\nCrotched Lake 44°52′14.9″N 63°39′41″W / 44.870806°N 63.66139°W / 44.870806; -63.66139 (Crotched Lake)\nLake Charles 44°43′11.5″N 63°32′59.9″W / 44.719861°N 63.549972°W / 44.719861; -63.549972 (Lake Charles Dartmouth)\nLake Charlotte 44°46′03″N 62°57′05″W / 44.76750°N 62.95139°W / 44.76750; -62.95139 (Lake Charlotte)\nChapman Lake 44°49′15″N 63°31′44″W / 44.82083°N 63.52889°W / 44.82083; -63.52889 (Chapman Lake)\nChocolate Lake- Armdale 44°38′19.1″N 63°37′21.1″W / 44.638639°N 63.622528°W / 44.638639; -63.622528 (Chocolate Lake)\nChocolate Lake -Moser River 44°58′55.3″N 62°19′30.7″W / 44.982028°N 62.325194°W / 44.982028; -62.325194 (Chocolate Lake)\nColpitt Lake 44°36′35.9″N 63°35′52″W / 44.609972°N 63.59778°W / 44.609972; -63.59778 (Colpitt Lake)\nCow Bay Lake 44°36′54″N 63°26′42″W / 44.61500°N 63.44500°W / 44.61500; -63.44500 (Cow Bay Lake)\nCox Lake 45°14′34″N 62°45′4″W / 45.24278°N 62.75111°W / 45.24278; -62.75111 (Cox Lake)\nCoxs Lake 44°42′53.9″N 63°48′50.9″W / 44.714972°N 63.814139°W / 44.714972; -63.814139 (Coxs Lake)\nDark Lake- Enfield 44°52′34.9″N 63°33′15.9″W / 44.876361°N 63.554417°W / 44.876361; -63.554417 (Dark Lake)\nDark Lake -Devon 44°52′25.4″N 63°22′33.2″W / 44.873722°N 63.375889°W / 44.873722; -63.375889 (Dark Lake)\nDe Said Lake 44°38′3″N 63°28′59″W / 44.63417°N 63.48306°W / 44.63417; -63.48306 (Governor Lake)\nDoctors Lake 44°49′48″N 62°45′38″W / 44.83000°N 62.76056°W / 44.83000; -62.76056 (Doctors Lake)\nEast Little Paul Lake 44°51′44″N 62°47′37″W / 44.86222°N 62.79361°W / 44.86222; -62.79361 (East Little Paul Lake)\nLake Echo 44°43′9″N 63°23′5″W / 44.71917°N 63.38472°W / 44.71917; -63.38472 (Lake Echo)\nEgg Lake 44°49′50″N 63°30′44″W / 44.83056°N 63.51222°W / 44.83056; -63.51222 (Enchanted Lake)\nEnchanted Lake 44°43′8″N 63°35′33″W / 44.71889°N 63.59250°W / 44.71889; -63.59250 (Enchanted Lake)\nFeely Lake 44°47′59.9″N 63°41′48.9″W / 44.799972°N 63.696917°W / 44.799972; -63.696917 (Governor Lake)\nFenerty Lake 44°49′50.9″N 63°43′8.9″W / 44.830806°N 63.719139°W / 44.830806; -63.719139 (Governor Lake)\nLake Fletcher 44°50′49.9″N 63°36′40.9″W / 44.847194°N 63.611361°W / 44.847194; -63.611361 (Lake Fletcher)\nFirst Chain Lake 44°38′18″N 63°38′46″W / 44.63833°N 63.64611°W / 44.63833; -63.64611 (First Chain Lake)\nFox Lake 44°50′56.9″N 63°19′42.9″W / 44.849139°N 63.328583°W / 44.849139; -63.328583 (Fox Lake)\nFox Lake 44°48′24.7″N 63°30′12.9″W / 44.806861°N 63.503583°W / 44.806861; -63.503583 (Fox Lake)\nFox Lake 44°40′45.8″N 63°42′18.9″W / 44.679389°N 63.705250°W / 44.679389; -63.705250 (Fox Lake)\nFrenchman Lake 44°41′55.6″N 63°34′35.5″W / 44.698778°N 63.576528°W / 44.698778; -63.576528 (Frenchman Lake)\nFrog Lake 44°37′34.5″N 63°36′13.5″W / 44.626250°N 63.603750°W / 44.626250; -63.603750 (Frog Lake)\nFrog Lake 44°43′7.9″N 63°24′38.9″W / 44.718861°N 63.410806°W / 44.718861; -63.410806 (Frog Lake)\nFrying Pan Hole 44°49′16″N 63°30′48″W / 44.82111°N 63.51333°W / 44.82111; -63.51333 (Frying Pan Hole)\nGolden Lake 44°52′44.9″N 63°38′29″W / 44.879139°N 63.64139°W / 44.879139; -63.64139 (Golden Lake)\nGovernor Lake 45°12′47.9″N 62°39′55.9″W / 45.213306°N 62.665528°W / 45.213306; -62.665528 (Governor Lake)\nGovernor Lake Lakeside 44°38′31.9″N 63°42′0″W / 44.642194°N 63.70000°W / 44.642194; -63.70000 (Governor Lake)\nGreen Lake 44°51′31″N 62°49′49″W / 44.85861°N 62.83028°W / 44.85861; -62.83028 (Green Lake)\nGoose Lakes\nHalfway Lake 44°44′42.9″N 63°47′3.9″W / 44.745250°N 63.784417°W / 44.745250; -63.784417 (Halfway Lake)\nHamilton Lake 45°11′36″N 62°51′34″W / 45.19333°N 62.85944°W / 45.19333; -62.85944 (Hamilton Lake)\nHamilton Lake 44°51′47″N 62°36′35″W / 44.86306°N 62.60972°W / 44.86306; -62.60972 (Hamilton Lake)\nHamilton Lake 44°50′24″N 63°42′22″W / 44.84000°N 63.70611°W / 44.84000; -63.70611 (Hamilton Lake)\nHatchet Lake 44°34′8″N 63°43′30″W / 44.56889°N 63.72500°W / 44.56889; -63.72500 (Hatchet Lake)\nHaunted Lake 44°53′11″N 63°39′2″W / 44.88639°N 63.65056°W / 44.88639; -63.65056 (Haunted Lake)\nHawkin Hall Lake 44°52′29″N 63°43′22″W / 44.87472°N 63.72278°W / 44.87472; -63.72278 (Hawkin Hall Lake)\nHenry Lake 44°34′7″N 63°37′42″W / 44.56861°N 63.62833°W / 44.56861; -63.62833 (Henry Lake)\nHobsons Lake 44°41′33″N 63°42′42″W / 44.69250°N 63.71167°W / 44.69250; -63.71167 (Hobsons Lake)\nHill Lake 45°14′8″N 62°41′26″W / 45.23556°N 62.69056°W / 45.23556; -62.69056 (Hill Lake)\nHolland Marsh Lake 44°40′10″N 63°49′08″W / 44.6695°N 63.8189°W / 44.6695; -63.8189 (Holland Marsh Lake)\nHolman Marsh Lake 44°34′06″N 63°46′34″W / 44.5684°N 63.7761°W / 44.5684; -63.7761 (Holman Marsh Lake)\nHurley Lake 44°51′35″N 62°49′29″W / 44.85972°N 62.82472°W / 44.85972; -62.82472 (Hurley Lake)\nJack Lake 44°44′16″N 63°40′43″W / 44.73778°N 63.67861°W / 44.73778; -63.67861 (Jack Lake)\nKearney Lake 44°41′44″N 63°41′51″W / 44.69556°N 63.69750°W / 44.69556; -63.69750 (Kearney Lake)\nKelly Lake 45°3′6″N 62°19′40″W / 45.05167°N 62.32778°W / 45.05167; -62.32778 (Kelly Lake)\nKelly Lake 44°52′24″N 63°35′7″W / 44.87333°N 63.58528°W / 44.87333; -63.58528 (Kelly Lake)\nKelly Long Lake 44°52′15″N 63°34′2″W / 44.87083°N 63.56722°W / 44.87083; -63.56722 (Kelly Long Lake)\nKidston Lake 44°35′45″N 63°37′12″W / 44.59583°N 63.62000°W / 44.59583; -63.62000 (Kidston Lake)\nKing Lake 44°50′59″N 63°31′8″W / 44.84972°N 63.51889°W / 44.84972; -63.51889 (King Lake)\nKinsac Lake 44°49′40″N 63°39′15″W / 44.82778°N 63.65417°W / 44.82778; -63.65417 (Kinsac Lake)\nLemont Lake 44°41′21″N 63°31′15″W / 44.68917°N 63.52083°W / 44.68917; -63.52083 (Lemont Lake)\n\n\nLittle Albro Lake 44°41′3″N 63°34′35″W / 44.68417°N 63.57639°W / 44.68417; -63.57639 (Little Albro Lake)\nLittle Cranberry Lake 44°39′33″N 63°42′49″W / 44.65917°N 63.71361°W / 44.65917; -63.71361 (Little Cranberry Lake, Halifax)\nLittle Cranberry Lake 44°32′24″N 63°40′36″W / 44.54000°N 63.67667°W / 44.54000; -63.67667 (Little Cranberry Lake, Halifax)\nLittle Cranberry Lake 44°50′12″N 62°41′41″W / 44.83667°N 62.69472°W / 44.83667; -62.69472 (Little Cranberry Lake, Halifax)\nLittle Pockwock Lake 44°46′10″N 63°51′35″W / 44.76944°N 63.85972°W / 44.76944; -63.85972 (Little Pockwock Lake)\nLittle Red Trout Lake 44°48′51″N 63°32′37″W / 44.81417°N 63.54361°W / 44.81417; -63.54361 (Little Red Trout Lake)\nLizard Lake near Hammonds Plains 44°45′39″N 63°50′37″W / 44.76083°N 63.84361°W / 44.76083; -63.84361 (Lizard Lake)[1]\nLizard Lake on the Chebucto Peninsula 44°32′38″N 63°40′0″W / 44.54389°N 63.66667°W / 44.54389; -63.66667 (Lizard Lake)[2]\nLizard Lake in Wellington at 44°53′46″N 63°38′15″W / 44.89611°N 63.63750°W / 44.89611; -63.63750 (Lizard Lake)[3]\nLizard Lake in Fletchers Lake 44°50′7″N 63°37′13″W / 44.83528°N 63.62028°W / 44.83528; -63.62028 (Lizard Lake)[4]\nLizard Lake in Timberlea 44°39′54″N 63°47′30″W / 44.66500°N 63.79167°W / 44.66500; -63.79167 (Lizard Lake)[5]\nLovett Lake 44°38′16″N 63°40′59″W / 44.63778°N 63.68306°W / 44.63778; -63.68306 (Major Lake)\nLookout Lake 44°48′26″N 63°30′30″W / 44.80722°N 63.50833°W / 44.80722; -63.50833 (Lookout Lake)\nLower Marsh Lake 44°38′0″N 63°45′55″W / 44.63333°N 63.76528°W / 44.63333; -63.76528 (ower Marsh Lake)\nMajor Lake 44°44′38″N 63°29′47″W / 44.74389°N 63.49639°W / 44.74389; -63.49639 (Major Lake)\nMaple Lake 44°41′18″N 63°47′8″W / 44.68833°N 63.78556°W / 44.68833; -63.78556 (Maple Lake)\nMarsh Lake 44°45′0″N 63°41′55″W / 44.75000°N 63.69861°W / 44.75000; -63.69861 (Marsh Lake)\nMarsh Lake 44°39′54.2″N 64°03′32.8″W / 44.665056°N 64.059111°W / 44.665056; -64.059111 (Marsh Lake)\nMartin Lake 44°41′31″N 63°34′22″W / 44.69194°N 63.57278°W / 44.69194; -63.57278 (Martin Lake)\nMaynard Lake 44°40′16.8″N 63°33′11.8″W / 44.671333°N 63.553278°W / 44.671333; -63.553278 (Maynard Lake)\nMcCabe Lake 44°46′33″N 63°45′4″W / 44.77583°N 63.75111°W / 44.77583; -63.75111 (McCabe Lake)\nLake Mic Mac 44°41′35.4″N 63°33′12.1″W / 44.693167°N 63.553361°W / 44.693167; -63.553361 (Lake Mic Mac)\nMiller Lake in Fall River 44°48′52″N 63°35′35″W / 44.81444°N 63.59306°W / 44.81444; -63.59306 (Miller Lake)\nMiller Lake 44°58′24″N 62°50′10″W / 44.97333°N 62.83611°W / 44.97333; -62.83611 (Miller Lake)\nMoon Lake 44°46′1″N 63°32′50″W / 44.76694°N 63.54722°W / 44.76694; -63.54722 (Moon Lake)\nMorris Lake 44°38′58″N 63°29′40″W / 44.64944°N 63.49444°W / 44.64944; -63.49444 (Morris Lake)\nMountain Lake 44°44′7″N 63°30′44″W / 44.73528°N 63.51222°W / 44.73528; -63.51222 (Mountain Lake)\nMurphys Black Duck Lake 44°49′36″N 62°47′42″W / 44.82667°N 62.79500°W / 44.82667; -62.79500 (Murphys Black Duck Lake)\nNiagara Lake 44°50′25″N 62°48′28″W / 44.84028°N 62.80778°W / 44.84028; -62.80778 (Niagara Lake)\nNelson Lake 44°43′24″N 63°25′38″W / 44.72333°N 63.42722°W / 44.72333; -63.42722 (Nelson Lake)\nNewcombe Lake 44°48′32″N 62°48′6″W / 44.80889°N 62.80167°W / 44.80889; -62.80167 (Newcombe Lake)\nOak Lake 44°47′51″N 63°1′55″W / 44.79750°N 63.03194°W / 44.79750; -63.03194 (Oak Lake)\nOak Lake 44°54′0″N 63°38′34″W / 44.90000°N 63.64278°W / 44.90000; -63.64278 (Oak Lake)\nOak Hill Lake 44°53′29″N 62°41′8″W / 44.89139°N 62.68556°W / 44.89139; -62.68556 (Oak Hill Lake)\nOak Hill Lake 44°35′0″N 63°52′4″W / 44.58333°N 63.86778°W / 44.58333; -63.86778 (Oak Hill Lake)\nOak Hill Lake 44°53′28″N 62°33′48″W / 44.89111°N 62.56333°W / 44.89111; -62.56333 (Oak Hill Lake)\nOat Hill Lake 44°40′26″N 63°32′59″W / 44.67389°N 63.54972°W / 44.67389; -63.54972 (Oak Hill Lake)\nObrien Lake 44°52′6″N 62°46′24″W / 44.86833°N 62.77333°W / 44.86833; -62.77333 (Obrien Lake)\nObrien Lake 44°51′52″N 63°28′39″W / 44.86444°N 63.47750°W / 44.86444; -63.47750 (Obrien Lake)\nPorters Lake 44°42′5″N 63°17′23″W / 44.70139°N 63.28972°W / 44.70139; -63.28972 (Porters Lake)\nPorcupine Lake\nQuarry Lake Halifax 44°40′16″N 63°41′29″W / 44.67111°N 63.69139°W / 44.67111; -63.69139 (Quarry Lake Halifax)\nQuarry Lake Chebucto Peninsula 44°29′10″N 63°42′53″W / 44.48611°N 63.71472°W / 44.48611; -63.71472 (Quarry Lake Chebucto Peninsula)\nQueen Lake 44°51′1″N 63°30′55″W / 44.85028°N 63.51528°W / 44.85028; -63.51528 (Queen Lake)\nPaul Lake (Nova Scotia) 44°51′42″N 62°48′6″W / 44.86167°N 62.80167°W / 44.86167; -62.80167 (Paul Lake)\nPerry Lake 44°47′46″N 63°37′15″W / 44.79611°N 63.62083°W / 44.79611; -63.62083 (Perry Lake)\nPhillips Boot Lake 44°49′40″N 62°48′51″W / 44.82778°N 62.81417°W / 44.82778; -62.81417 (Phillips Boot Lake)\nPockwock Lake 44°47′57″N 63°50′15″W / 44.79917°N 63.83750°W / 44.79917; -63.83750 (Pockwock Lake)\nPowder Mill Lake 44°46′29″N 63°36′38″W / 44.77472°N 63.61056°W / 44.77472; -63.61056 (Powder Mill Lake)\nRabbit Lake 44°51′33″N 62°51′36″W / 44.85917°N 62.86000°W / 44.85917; -62.86000 (Rabbit Lake)\nRagged Lake 44°29′55″N 63°39′39″W / 44.49861°N 63.66083°W / 44.49861; -63.66083 (Ragged Lake)\nRagged Lake 44°41′55″N 63°43′44″W / 44.69861°N 63.72889°W / 44.69861; -63.72889 (Ragged Lake)\nRagged Lake 44°37′27″N 63°40′30″W / 44.62417°N 63.67500°W / 44.62417; -63.67500 (Ragged Lake)\nRasley Lake 44°51′24″N 63°41′51″W / 44.85667°N 63.69750°W / 44.85667; -63.69750 (Rasley Lake)\nRed Bridge Pond 44°41′26″N 63°32′36″W / 44.69056°N 63.54333°W / 44.69056; -63.54333 (Red Bridge Pond)\nSecond Chain Lake 44°38′10″N 63°39′8″W / 44.63611°N 63.65222°W / 44.63611; -63.65222 (Second Chain Lake)\nSeal Cove Lake 44°49′12″N 62°51′7″W / 44.82000°N 62.85194°W / 44.82000; -62.85194 (Seal Cove Lake)\nSettle Lake 44°40′44.9″N 63°30′15.9″W / 44.679139°N 63.504417°W / 44.679139; -63.504417 (Settle Lake)\nSchmidt Lake 44°43′13″N 63°45′27″W / 44.72028°N 63.75750°W / 44.72028; -63.75750 (Schmidt Lake)\nShingle Lake 44°49′8″N 62°46′20″W / 44.81889°N 62.77222°W / 44.81889; -62.77222 (Shingle Lake)\nShubenacadie Grand Lake 44°55′5.7″N 63°35′40″W / 44.918250°N 63.59444°W / 44.918250; -63.59444 (Shubenacadie Grand Lake)\nSix Mile Lake 44°39′5″N 63°42′43″W / 44.65139°N 63.71194°W / 44.65139; -63.71194 (Six Mile Lake)\nSoldier Lake 44°48′57″N 63°34′11″W / 44.81583°N 63.56972°W / 44.81583; -63.56972 (Soldier Lake)\nSouth Lake 45°14′19″N 62°42′23″W / 45.23861°N 62.70639°W / 45.23861; -62.70639 (South Lake)\nSpectacle Lake\nSpringfield Lake 44°48′44″N 63°44′18″W / 44.81222°N 63.73833°W / 44.81222; -63.73833 (Springfield Lake)\nSquare Lake\nSquirrel Lake 44°50′54″N 62°51′11″W / 44.84833°N 62.85306°W / 44.84833; -62.85306 (Squirrel Lake)\nStillwater Lake 44°42′44″N 63°50′50″W / 44.71222°N 63.84722°W / 44.71222; -63.84722 (Stillwater Lake)\nSullivan Lake 44°52′55″N 63°34′33″W / 44.88194°N 63.57583°W / 44.88194; -63.57583 (Sullivan Lake)\nSullivans Pond 44°40′22″N 63°33′47″W / 44.67278°N 63.56306°W / 44.67278; -63.56306 (Sullivans Pond)\nTangier Grand Lake 44°53′29″N 62°50′28″W / 44.89139°N 62.84111°W / 44.89139; -62.84111 (Tangier Grand Lake)\nTangier Island Pond 44°45′40″N 62°39′35″W / 44.76111°N 62.65972°W / 44.76111; -62.65972 (Tangier Island Pond)\nTangier Lake 44°49′56″N 62°43′57″W / 44.83222°N 62.73250°W / 44.83222; -62.73250 (Tangier Lake)\nTaylor Lake 44°44′46″N 63°49′27″W / 44.74611°N 63.82417°W / 44.74611; -63.82417 (Taylor Lake)\nTen Mile Lake 45°8′36″N 62°42′11″W / 45.14333°N 62.70306°W / 45.14333; -62.70306 (Ten Mile Lake)\nThree Mile Lake 44°46′54″N 63°37′31″W / 44.78167°N 63.62528°W / 44.78167; -63.62528 (Three Mile Lake)\nThree Mile Lake 44°49′3″N 63°30′18″W / 44.81750°N 63.50500°W / 44.81750; -63.50500 (Three Mile Lake)\nTimber Lake 44°49′33″N 62°45′26″W / 44.82583°N 62.75722°W / 44.82583; -62.75722 (Timber Lake)\nThomas Lake 44°48′7″N 63°36′29″W / 44.80194°N 63.60806°W / 44.80194; -63.60806 (Thomas Lake)\nThird Lake\nThree Finger Lake 44°40′7″N 63°43′12″W / 44.66861°N 63.72000°W / 44.66861; -63.72000 (Three Finger Lake)\nTomahawk Lake 44°46′45″N 63°48′13″W / 44.77917°N 63.80361°W / 44.77917; -63.80361 (Tomahawk Lake)\nTopsail Lake 44°41′39″N 63°31′0″W / 44.69417°N 63.51667°W / 44.69417; -63.51667 (Topsail Lake)\nTrout Lake 44°49′31″N 62°50′15″W / 44.82528°N 62.83750°W / 44.82528; -62.83750 (Trout Lake)\nTucker Lake 44°50′28″N 63°41′10″W / 44.84111°N 63.68611°W / 44.84111; -63.68611 (Tucker Lake)\nTurf Lake 44°53′48″N 63°28′56″W / 44.89667°N 63.48222°W / 44.89667; -63.48222 (Turf Lake)\nTwin Lakes 44°50′11″N 62°48′21″W / 44.83639°N 62.80583°W / 44.83639; -62.80583 (Twin Lakes)\nUpper Holman Marsh Lake 44°34′50.9″N 63°46′11.5″W / 44.580806°N 63.769861°W / 44.580806; -63.769861 (Upper Holman Marsh Lake)\nUpper Marsh Lake 44°38′0″N 63°45′55″W / 44.63333°N 63.76528°W / 44.63333; -63.76528 (Upper Marsh Lake)\nWallace Lake Sable Island 43°55′50.6″N 59°59′9.2″W / 43.930722°N 59.985889°W / 43.930722; -59.985889 (Wallace Lake)\nWashmill Lake 44°40′47″N 63°41′5″W / 44.67972°N 63.68472°W / 44.67972; -63.68472 (Wallace Lake Sable Island)\nWebber Lake 44°46′30″N 63°43′35″W / 44.77500°N 63.72639°W / 44.77500; -63.72639 (Webber Lake)\nWebber Lake 44°49′49″N 63°0′18″W / 44.83028°N 63.00500°W / 44.83028; -63.00500 (Webber Lake)\nWest Little Paul Lake 44°51′37″N 62°48′17″W / 44.86028°N 62.80472°W / 44.86028; -62.80472 (West Little Paul Lake)\nWilliams Lake 44°37′11.9″N 63°35′43″W / 44.619972°N 63.59528°W / 44.619972; -63.59528 (Williams Lake)\nWilliams Lake 44°48′50.9″N 63°26′57″W / 44.814139°N 63.44917°W / 44.814139; -63.44917 (Williams Lake)\nWilliams Lake 44°43′2″N 63°3′1″W / 44.71722°N 63.05028°W / 44.71722; -63.05028 (Williams Lake)\nWillis Lake 44°47′38″N 63°35′27.5″W / 44.79389°N 63.590972°W / 44.79389; -63.590972 (Willis Lake)\nWilson Lake 44°48′47″N 63°42′4″W / 44.81306°N 63.70111°W / 44.81306; -63.70111 (Wilson Lake)Annapolis County[edit]\nBeaver Lakes 44°35′12″N 65°3′44″W / 44.58667°N 65.06222°W / 44.58667; -65.06222 (Beaver Lake)\nBig Molly Upsim Lake44°37′12″N 65°6′36″W / 44.62000°N 65.11000°W / 44.62000; -65.11000 (Big Molly Upsim Lake)\nCarter Lake 44°43′51″N 65°5′28″W / 44.73083°N 65.09111°W / 44.73083; -65.09111 (Carter Lake)\nDean Lake 44°26′50″N 65°3′39″W / 44.44722°N 65.06083°W / 44.44722; -65.06083 (Dean Lake)\nFolly Lake 44°43′47″N 64°50′53″W / 44.72972°N 64.84806°W / 44.72972; -64.84806 (Folly Lake)\nFrog Lake 44°33′1.9″N 65°12′57″W / 44.550528°N 65.21583°W / 44.550528; -65.21583 (Frog Lake)\nHill Lake 44°30′36″N 65°34′30″W / 44.51000°N 65.57500°W / 44.51000; -65.57500 (Hill Lake)\nKelly Lake 44°37′41″N 65°5′17″W / 44.62806°N 65.08806°W / 44.62806; -65.08806 (Kelly Lake)\nKejimikujik Lake 44°21′40.7″N 65°13′49.2″W / 44.361306°N 65.230333°W / 44.361306; -65.230333 (Kejimikujik Lake)\nLittle Cranberry Lake 44°38′16″N 65°2′4″W / 44.63778°N 65.03444°W / 44.63778; -65.03444 (Little Cranberry Lake, Annapolis)\nLittle Grand Lake 44°39′1.6″N 65°29′11.8″W / 44.650444°N 65.486611°W / 44.650444; -65.486611 (Little Grand Lake)\nSpringfield Lake 44°38′9″N 64°51′29″W / 44.63583°N 64.85806°W / 44.63583; -64.85806 (Springfield Lake)\nThomas Lake 44°35′39″N 65°22′17″W / 44.59417°N 65.37139°W / 44.59417; -65.37139 (Thomas Lake)\n\n\nAntigonish County[edit]\nBig Loch 45°47′33″N 61°58′50″W / 45.79250°N 61.98056°W / 45.79250; -61.98056 (Big Loch)\nGreendale Loch 45°47′14″N 62°0′47″W / 45.78722°N 62.01306°W / 45.78722; -62.01306 (Greendale Loch)\nMalignant Cove Pond 45°47′14″N 62°4′55″W / 45.78722°N 62.08194°W / 45.78722; -62.08194 (Malignant Cove Pond)\nMonks Head Pond 45°40′12″N 61°50′37″W / 45.67000°N 61.84361°W / 45.67000; -61.84361 (Monks Head Pond)\nNorth Lake 45°46′49″N 61°55′1″W / 45.78028°N 61.91694°W / 45.78028; -61.91694 (North Lake)\nPomquet Lake 45°37′23″N 61°50′21″W / 45.62306°N 61.83917°W / 45.62306; -61.83917 (Pomquet Lake)\nSouth Lake 45°45′56″N 61°55′0″W / 45.76556°N 61.91667°W / 45.76556; -61.91667 (South Lake)\nVincents Lake 45°42′41″N 62°9′19″W / 45.71139°N 62.15528°W / 45.71139; -62.15528 (Vincents Lake)Colchester County[edit]\nBear Lake\nBlakeney Lake 45°31′29.9″N 63°24′48.9″W / 45.524972°N 63.413583°W / 45.524972; -63.413583 (Blakeney Lake)\nCarter Lake 45°31′51″N 63°34′53″W / 45.53083°N 63.58139°W / 45.53083; -63.58139 (Carter Lake)\nDean Lake 45°16′1″N 62°45′31″W / 45.26694°N 62.75861°W / 45.26694; -62.75861 (Dean Lake)\nFolly Lake (Colchester) 45°32′15″N 63°32′42″W / 45.53750°N 63.54500°W / 45.53750; -63.54500 (Folly Lake)\nFrog Lake 45°30′48.9″N 63°23′26.1″W / 45.513583°N 63.390583°W / 45.513583; -63.390583 (Frog Lake)\nHattie Lake 45°17′2″N 62°44′0″W / 45.28389°N 62.73333°W / 45.28389; -62.73333 (Hattie Lake)\nNelson Lake 45°16′34″N 62°43′33″W / 45.27611°N 62.72583°W / 45.27611; -62.72583 (Nelson Lake)\nPictou Lake 45°16′31″N 62°45′1″W / 45.27528°N 62.75028°W / 45.27528; -62.75028 (Pictou Lake)\nSlack Lake 45°30′42″N 63°33′8″W / 45.51167°N 63.55222°W / 45.51167; -63.55222 (Slack Lake)\nStevens Lake 45°32′6″N 63°31′1″W / 45.53500°N 63.51694°W / 45.53500; -63.51694 (Stevens Lake)\n\n\nCumberland County[edit]\nBlack Lake (Nova Scotia) 45°28′17″N 64°16′24″W / 45.47139°N 64.27333°W / 45.47139; -64.27333\nBlack Lake (Nova Scotia) 45°42′12″N 63°55′47″W / 45.703422°N 63.929793°W / 45.703422; -63.929793\nBarber Lake 45°33′0″N 63°33′0″W / 45.55000°N 63.55000°W / 45.55000; -63.55000 (Barber Lake)\nGoose Lake 45°57′0″N 64°7′55″W / 45.95000°N 64.13194°W / 45.95000; -64.13194 (Goose Lake)\nHart Lake 45°34′32″N 63°31′5″W / 45.57556°N 63.51806°W / 45.57556; -63.51806 (Hart Lake)\nNewville Lake 45°31′16″N 64°20′18″W / 45.52111°N 64.33833°W / 45.52111; -64.33833 (Newville Lake)\nTaylor Lake 45°31′18″N 64°42′4″W / 45.52167°N 64.70111°W / 45.52167; -64.70111 (Taylor Lake)\nWilliams Lake 45°46′16.9″N 63°40′7.9″W / 45.771361°N 63.668861°W / 45.771361; -63.668861 (Williams Lake)","title":"Halifax Regional Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"Ash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Lake,_Clare"},{"link_name":"44°9′37.9″N 66°6′26.9″W / 44.160528°N 66.107472°W / 44.160528; -66.107472 (Ash Lake(Clare))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_9_37.9_N_66_6_26.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Lake%28Clare%29"},{"link_name":"Briar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briar_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°7′49.06″N 65°57′22.81″W / 44.1302944°N 65.9563361°W / 44.1302944; -65.9563361 (Briar Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_7_49.06_N_65_57_22.81_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Briar+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Briar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Briar_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°8′0″N 65°56′55″W / 44.13333°N 65.94861°W / 44.13333; -65.94861 (Second Briar Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_8_0_N_65_56_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Briar+Lake"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Digby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digby,_Nova_Scotia_(municipal_district)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"Little Cranberry Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Cranberry_Lake,_Digby"},{"link_name":"44°19′16″N 65°44′9″W / 44.32111°N 65.73583°W / 44.32111; -65.73583 (Little Cranberry Lake, Digby)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_19_16_N_65_44_9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Little+Cranberry+Lake%2C+Digby"},{"link_name":"Ninth Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°26′43″N 65°33′40″W / 44.44528°N 65.56111°W / 44.44528; -65.56111 (Ninth Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_26_43_N_65_33_40_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ninth+Lake"},{"link_name":"Obrien Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrien_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°30′58″N 65°40′34″W / 44.51611°N 65.67611°W / 44.51611; -65.67611 (Obrien Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_30_58_N_65_40_34_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Obrien+Lake"},{"link_name":"Porters Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porters_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°29′52″N 65°48′18″W / 44.49778°N 65.80500°W / 44.49778; -65.80500 (Porters Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_29_52_N_65_48_18_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Porters+Lake"}],"text":"Municipality of Clare[edit]\nAsh Lake 44°9′37.9″N 66°6′26.9″W / 44.160528°N 66.107472°W / 44.160528; -66.107472 (Ash Lake(Clare))\nBriar Lake 44°7′49.06″N 65°57′22.81″W / 44.1302944°N 65.9563361°W / 44.1302944; -65.9563361 (Briar Lake)\nSecond Briar Lake 44°8′0″N 65°56′55″W / 44.13333°N 65.94861°W / 44.13333; -65.94861 (Second Briar Lake)\n\n\nMunicipality of the District of Digby[edit]\nLittle Cranberry Lake 44°19′16″N 65°44′9″W / 44.32111°N 65.73583°W / 44.32111; -65.73583 (Little Cranberry Lake, Digby)\nNinth Lake 44°26′43″N 65°33′40″W / 44.44528°N 65.56111°W / 44.44528; -65.56111 (Ninth Lake)\nObrien Lake 44°30′58″N 65°40′34″W / 44.51611°N 65.67611°W / 44.51611; -65.67611 (Obrien Lake)\nPorters Lake 44°29′52″N 65°48′18″W / 44.49778°N 65.80500°W / 44.49778; -65.80500 (Porters Lake)","title":"Digby County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Guysborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guysborough,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=16"},{"link_name":"Frog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°17′25.9″N 61°54′31.9″W / 45.290528°N 61.908861°W / 45.290528; -61.908861 (Frog Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_17_25.9_N_61_54_31.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Frog+Lake"},{"link_name":"Boggy Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggy_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°0′10″N 62°11′55″W / 45.00278°N 62.19861°W / 45.00278; -62.19861 (Boggy Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_0_10_N_62_11_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Boggy+Lake"},{"link_name":"Boggy Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggy_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°6′1″N 62°18′49″W / 45.10028°N 62.31361°W / 45.10028; -62.31361 (Boggy Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_6_1_N_62_18_49_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Boggy+Lake"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°18′8″N 61°27′36″W / 45.30222°N 61.46000°W / 45.30222; -61.46000 (Greenwood Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_18_8_N_61_27_36_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Greenwood+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°11′0″N 61°23′54″W / 45.18333°N 61.39833°W / 45.18333; -61.39833 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_11_0_N_61_23_54_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Harbour Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Harbour_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°33′0″N 61°24′54″W / 45.55000°N 61.41500°W / 45.55000; -61.41500 (Goose Harbour Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_33_0_N_61_24_54_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Harbour+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hart Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°24′33″N 61°34′32″W / 45.40917°N 61.57556°W / 45.40917; -61.57556 (Hart Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_24_33_N_61_34_32_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hart+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hart Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°26′18″N 61°27′54″W / 45.43833°N 61.46500°W / 45.43833; -61.46500 (Hart Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_26_18_N_61_27_54_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hart+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hattie Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattie_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°15′45″N 62°28′35″W / 45.26250°N 62.47639°W / 45.26250; -62.47639 (Hattie Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_15_45_N_62_28_35_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hattie+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Hattie Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattie_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°21′47″N 62°1′31″W / 45.36306°N 62.02528°W / 45.36306; -62.02528 (Hattie Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_21_47_N_62_1_31_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hattie+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Hattie Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattie_Lakes"},{"link_name":"45°18′52″N 62°17′29″W / 45.31444°N 62.29139°W / 45.31444; -62.29139 (Hattie Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_18_52_N_62_17_29_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hattie+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Kelly Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°14′33″N 62°19′24″W / 45.24250°N 62.32333°W / 45.24250; -62.32333 (Kelly Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_14_33_N_62_19_24_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Kelly+Lake"},{"link_name":"King Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Lake_(Guysborough,_Nova_Scotia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"45°18′8″N 61°27′36″W / 45.30222°N 61.46000°W / 45.30222; -61.46000 (King Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_18_8_N_61_27_36_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=King+Lake"},{"link_name":"45°19′11.9″N 61°3′13.9″W / 45.319972°N 61.053861°W / 45.319972; -61.053861 (Lake Charles)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_19_11.9_N_61_3_13.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+Charles"},{"link_name":"Indian Harbour Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Harbour_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"45°8′1.34″N 61°52′38.38″W / 45.1337056°N 61.8773278°W / 45.1337056; -61.8773278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_8_1.34_N_61_52_38.38_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS"},{"link_name":"Jordan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Lake,_Guysborough"},{"link_name":"45°11′56.9″N 62°25′2″W / 45.199139°N 62.41722°W / 45.199139; -62.41722 (Jordan Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_11_56.9_N_62_25_2_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Jordan+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hay Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_Marsh_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°21′0″N 61°12′54″W / 45.35000°N 61.21500°W / 45.35000; -61.21500 (Hay Marsh Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_21_0_N_61_12_54_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hay+Marsh+Lake"},{"link_name":"Miller Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Lake_Guysborough"},{"link_name":"45°2′26″N 62°9′12″W / 45.04056°N 62.15333°W / 45.04056; -62.15333 (Miller Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_2_26_N_62_9_12_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Miller+Lake"},{"link_name":"Miller Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Lake_Guysborough"},{"link_name":"45°1′0″N 62°8′57″W / 45.01667°N 62.14917°W / 45.01667; -62.14917 (Miller Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_1_0_N_62_8_57_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Miller+Lake"},{"link_name":"Morris Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Lake_Guysborough"},{"link_name":"45°4′30″N 62°18′31″W / 45.07500°N 62.30861°W / 45.07500; -62.30861 (Morris Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_4_30_N_62_18_31_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Morris+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Cow Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cow_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°16′38.3″N 61°16′11.9″W / 45.277306°N 61.269972°W / 45.277306; -61.269972 (Second Cow Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_16_38.3_N_61_16_11.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Cow+Lake"},{"link_name":"Stevens Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_of_Nova_Scotia#Colchester_County"},{"link_name":"45°16′13″N 61°11′55″W / 45.27028°N 61.19861°W / 45.27028; -61.19861 (Stevens Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_16_13_N_61_11_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Stevens+Lake"},{"link_name":"Oak Hill Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°14′1″N 61°38′20″W / 45.23361°N 61.63889°W / 45.23361; -61.63889 (Oak Hill Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_14_1_N_61_38_20_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Oak+Hill+Lake"},{"link_name":"Oak Hill Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°7′14″N 62°23′24″W / 45.12056°N 62.39000°W / 45.12056; -62.39000 (Oak Hill Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_7_14_N_62_23_24_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Oak+Hill+Lake"},{"link_name":"Taylor Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Lake_(Guysborough)"},{"link_name":"45°22′50″N 62°0′0″W / 45.38056°N 62.00000°W / 45.38056; -62.00000 (Taylor Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_22_50_N_62_0_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Taylor+Lake"},{"link_name":"Sherbrooke Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbrooke_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°8′27.9″N 61°58′0.9″W / 45.141083°N 61.966917°W / 45.141083; -61.966917 (Sherbrooke Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_8_27.9_N_61_58_0.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Sherbrooke+Lake"},{"link_name":"Three Mile Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°20′9″N 61°4′42″W / 45.33583°N 61.07833°W / 45.33583; -61.07833 (Three Mile Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_20_9_N_61_4_42_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Three+Mile+Lake"},{"link_name":"Wallace Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Lake_(Guysborough)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"45°18′55.9″N 62°3′21.9″W / 45.315528°N 62.056083°W / 45.315528; -62.056083 (Wallace Lake(Guysborough))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_18_55.9_N_62_3_21.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Wallace+Lake%28Guysborough%29"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Saint Mary's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=17"},{"link_name":"Ash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Lake,_St._Mary%27s"},{"link_name":"45°7′16.9″N 62°12′46.9″W / 45.121361°N 62.213028°W / 45.121361; -62.213028 (Ash Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_7_16.9_N_62_12_46.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ash+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Henry_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"45°18′20″N 62°17′14″W / 45.30556°N 62.28722°W / 45.30556; -62.28722 (Lake Henry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_18_20_N_62_17_14_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA&title=Lake+Henry"},{"link_name":"Long Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Marsh_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°0′0″N 62°6′55″W / 45.00000°N 62.11528°W / 45.00000; -62.11528 (Long Marsh Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_0_0_N_62_6_55_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA&title=Long+Marsh+Lake"},{"link_name":"Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°59′0″N 62°5′54″W / 44.98333°N 62.09833°W / 44.98333; -62.09833 (Marsh Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_59_0_N_62_5_54_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA&title=Marsh+Lake"}],"text":"Municipality of the District of Guysborough[edit]\nFrog Lake 45°17′25.9″N 61°54′31.9″W / 45.290528°N 61.908861°W / 45.290528; -61.908861 (Frog Lake)\nBoggy Lake 45°0′10″N 62°11′55″W / 45.00278°N 62.19861°W / 45.00278; -62.19861 (Boggy Lake)\nBoggy Lake 45°6′1″N 62°18′49″W / 45.10028°N 62.31361°W / 45.10028; -62.31361 (Boggy Lake)\nGreenwood Lake 45°18′8″N 61°27′36″W / 45.30222°N 61.46000°W / 45.30222; -61.46000 (Greenwood Lake)\nGoose Lake 45°11′0″N 61°23′54″W / 45.18333°N 61.39833°W / 45.18333; -61.39833 (Goose Lake)\nGoose Harbour Lake 45°33′0″N 61°24′54″W / 45.55000°N 61.41500°W / 45.55000; -61.41500 (Goose Harbour Lake)\nHart Lake 45°24′33″N 61°34′32″W / 45.40917°N 61.57556°W / 45.40917; -61.57556 (Hart Lake)\nHart Lake 45°26′18″N 61°27′54″W / 45.43833°N 61.46500°W / 45.43833; -61.46500 (Hart Lake)\nHattie Lake 45°15′45″N 62°28′35″W / 45.26250°N 62.47639°W / 45.26250; -62.47639 (Hattie Lakes)\nHattie Lake 45°21′47″N 62°1′31″W / 45.36306°N 62.02528°W / 45.36306; -62.02528 (Hattie Lakes)\nHattie Lakes 45°18′52″N 62°17′29″W / 45.31444°N 62.29139°W / 45.31444; -62.29139 (Hattie Lakes)\nKelly Lake 45°14′33″N 62°19′24″W / 45.24250°N 62.32333°W / 45.24250; -62.32333 (Kelly Lake)\nKing Lake 45°18′8″N 61°27′36″W / 45.30222°N 61.46000°W / 45.30222; -61.46000 (King Lake)\nLake Charles 45°19′11.9″N 61°3′13.9″W / 45.319972°N 61.053861°W / 45.319972; -61.053861 (Lake Charles)\nIndian Harbour Lake 45°8′1.34″N 61°52′38.38″W / 45.1337056°N 61.8773278°W / 45.1337056; -61.8773278\n\n\nJordan Lake 45°11′56.9″N 62°25′2″W / 45.199139°N 62.41722°W / 45.199139; -62.41722 (Jordan Lake)\nHay Marsh Lake 45°21′0″N 61°12′54″W / 45.35000°N 61.21500°W / 45.35000; -61.21500 (Hay Marsh Lake)\nMiller Lake 45°2′26″N 62°9′12″W / 45.04056°N 62.15333°W / 45.04056; -62.15333 (Miller Lake)\nMiller Lake 45°1′0″N 62°8′57″W / 45.01667°N 62.14917°W / 45.01667; -62.14917 (Miller Lake)\nMorris Lake 45°4′30″N 62°18′31″W / 45.07500°N 62.30861°W / 45.07500; -62.30861 (Morris Lake)\nSecond Cow Lake 45°16′38.3″N 61°16′11.9″W / 45.277306°N 61.269972°W / 45.277306; -61.269972 (Second Cow Lake)\nStevens Lake 45°16′13″N 61°11′55″W / 45.27028°N 61.19861°W / 45.27028; -61.19861 (Stevens Lake)\nOak Hill Lake 45°14′1″N 61°38′20″W / 45.23361°N 61.63889°W / 45.23361; -61.63889 (Oak Hill Lake)\nOak Hill Lake 45°7′14″N 62°23′24″W / 45.12056°N 62.39000°W / 45.12056; -62.39000 (Oak Hill Lake)\nTaylor Lake 45°22′50″N 62°0′0″W / 45.38056°N 62.00000°W / 45.38056; -62.00000 (Taylor Lake)\nSherbrooke Lake 45°8′27.9″N 61°58′0.9″W / 45.141083°N 61.966917°W / 45.141083; -61.966917 (Sherbrooke Lake)\nThree Mile Lake 45°20′9″N 61°4′42″W / 45.33583°N 61.07833°W / 45.33583; -61.07833 (Three Mile Lake)\nWallace Lake 45°18′55.9″N 62°3′21.9″W / 45.315528°N 62.056083°W / 45.315528; -62.056083 (Wallace Lake(Guysborough))\nMunicipality of the District of Saint Mary's[edit]\nAsh Lake 45°7′16.9″N 62°12′46.9″W / 45.121361°N 62.213028°W / 45.121361; -62.213028 (Ash Lake)\nLake Henry 45°18′20″N 62°17′14″W / 45.30556°N 62.28722°W / 45.30556; -62.28722 (Lake Henry)\nLong Marsh Lake 45°0′0″N 62°6′55″W / 45.00000°N 62.11528°W / 45.00000; -62.11528 (Long Marsh Lake)\nMarsh Lake 44°59′0″N 62°5′54″W / 44.98333°N 62.09833°W / 44.98333; -62.09833 (Marsh Lake)","title":"Guysborough County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of East Hants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hants,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=19"},{"link_name":"Little Grand Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Grand_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°57′43.9″N 63°34′30″W / 44.962194°N 63.57500°W / 44.962194; -63.57500 (Little Grand Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_57_43.9_N_63_34_30_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Little+Grand+Lake"},{"link_name":"Nelson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Lake_Hants"},{"link_name":"44°58′10″N 63°42′2″W / 44.96944°N 63.70056°W / 44.96944; -63.70056 (Nelson Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_58_10_N_63_42_2_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Nelson+Lake"},{"link_name":"Soldier Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°54′5″N 63°52′49″W / 44.90139°N 63.88028°W / 44.90139; -63.88028 (Soldier Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_54_5_N_63_52_49_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Soldier+Lake"},{"link_name":"Wallace Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Lake_(East_Hants)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"45°1′39.9″N 63°43′18.9″W / 45.027750°N 63.721917°W / 45.027750; -63.721917 (Wallace Lake (Hants))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_1_39.9_N_63_43_18.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Wallace+Lake+%28Hants%29"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of West Hants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hants,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=20"},{"link_name":"King Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°54′22″N 63°58′44″W / 44.90611°N 63.97889°W / 44.90611; -63.97889 (King Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_54_22_N_63_58_44_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=King+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lizard Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard_Lake_(Hants)"},{"link_name":"44°49′41.7″N 64°08′15.6″W / 44.828250°N 64.137667°W / 44.828250; -64.137667 (Lizard Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_49_41.7_N_64_08_15.6_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lizard+Lake"},{"link_name":"Miller Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Lake_Hants"},{"link_name":"44°55′57″N 64°8′20″W / 44.93250°N 64.13889°W / 44.93250; -64.13889 (Miller Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_55_57_N_64_8_20_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Miller+Lake"},{"link_name":"Panuke Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panuke_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°47′33.9″N 64°6′46.9″W / 44.792750°N 64.113028°W / 44.792750; -64.113028 (Panuke Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_47_33.9_N_64_6_46.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Panuke+Lake"},{"link_name":"South Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lake,_Hants"},{"link_name":"44°46′22″N 64°1′59″W / 44.77278°N 64.03306°W / 44.77278; -64.03306 (South Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_46_22_N_64_1_59_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=South+Lake"},{"link_name":"Taylor Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Lake_(Hants)"},{"link_name":"44°56′0″N 64°1′7″W / 44.93333°N 64.01861°W / 44.93333; -64.01861 (Taylor Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_56_0_N_64_1_7_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Taylor+Lake"}],"text":"Municipality of East Hants[edit]\nLittle Grand Lake 44°57′43.9″N 63°34′30″W / 44.962194°N 63.57500°W / 44.962194; -63.57500 (Little Grand Lake)\nNelson Lake 44°58′10″N 63°42′2″W / 44.96944°N 63.70056°W / 44.96944; -63.70056 (Nelson Lake)\nSoldier Lake 44°54′5″N 63°52′49″W / 44.90139°N 63.88028°W / 44.90139; -63.88028 (Soldier Lake)\nWallace Lake 45°1′39.9″N 63°43′18.9″W / 45.027750°N 63.721917°W / 45.027750; -63.721917 (Wallace Lake (Hants))\n\n\nMunicipality of the District of West Hants[edit]\nKing Lake 44°54′22″N 63°58′44″W / 44.90611°N 63.97889°W / 44.90611; -63.97889 (King Lake)\nLizard Lake 44°49′41.7″N 64°08′15.6″W / 44.828250°N 64.137667°W / 44.828250; -64.137667 (Lizard Lake)\nMiller Lake 44°55′57″N 64°8′20″W / 44.93250°N 64.13889°W / 44.93250; -64.13889 (Miller Lake)\nPanuke Lake 44°47′33.9″N 64°6′46.9″W / 44.792750°N 64.113028°W / 44.792750; -64.113028 (Panuke Lake)\nSouth Lake 44°46′22″N 64°1′59″W / 44.77278°N 64.03306°W / 44.77278; -64.03306 (South Lake)\nTaylor Lake 44°56′0″N 64°1′7″W / 44.93333°N 64.01861°W / 44.93333; -64.01861 (Taylor Lake)","title":"Hants County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Lunenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia_(municipal_district)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=22"},{"link_name":"Big Mushamush Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mushamush_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°30′5.9″N 64°33′48″W / 44.501639°N 64.56333°W / 44.501639; -64.56333 (Big Mushamush Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_30_5.9_N_64_33_48_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Big+Mushamush+Lake"},{"link_name":"Fox Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Lake_(Lunenburg)"},{"link_name":"44°25′45.9″N 64°47′55″W / 44.429417°N 64.79861°W / 44.429417; -64.79861 (Fox Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_25_45.9_N_64_47_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Fox+Lake"},{"link_name":"Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Lake_(Lunenburg)"},{"link_name":"44°17′0″N 64°32′55″W / 44.28333°N 64.54861°W / 44.28333; -64.54861 (Marsh Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_17_0_N_64_32_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Marsh+Lake"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Municipal_District,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=23"},{"link_name":"Anderson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°44′0.9″N 64°13′33.9″W / 44.733583°N 64.226083°W / 44.733583; -64.226083 (Anderson Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_44_0.9_N_64_13_33.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Anderson+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_(District_of_Chester)"},{"link_name":"44°41′0″N 64°21′55″W / 44.68333°N 64.36528°W / 44.68333; -64.36528 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_41_0_N_64_21_55_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Henry Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lake_(District_of_Chester)"},{"link_name":"44°36′0″N 64°20′59″W / 44.60000°N 64.34972°W / 44.60000; -64.34972 (Henry Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_36_0_N_64_20_59_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Henry+Lake"},{"link_name":"Maple Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Lake_(Lunenburg)"},{"link_name":"44°38′16″N 64°4′56″W / 44.63778°N 64.08222°W / 44.63778; -64.08222 (Maple Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_38_16_N_64_4_56_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Maple+Lake"},{"link_name":"Bear Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Marsh_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°40′0″N 64°30′55″W / 44.66667°N 64.51528°W / 44.66667; -64.51528 (Bear Marsh Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_40_0_N_64_30_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Bear+Marsh+Lake"},{"link_name":"Nine Mile Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Mile_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°41′54″N 64°17′55″W / 44.69833°N 64.29861°W / 44.69833; -64.29861 (Nine Mile Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_41_54_N_64_17_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Nine+Mile+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Bog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bog_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°42′0″N 64°11′55″W / 44.70000°N 64.19861°W / 44.70000; -64.19861 (Second Bog Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_42_0_N_64_11_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Bog+Lake"},{"link_name":"Sherbrooke Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbrooke_Lake_Lundenburg"},{"link_name":"44°39′27.9″N 64°36′8″W / 44.657750°N 64.60222°W / 44.657750; -64.60222 (Sherbrooke Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_39_27.9_N_64_36_8_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Sherbrooke+Lake"},{"link_name":"Yellow Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Marsh_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°35′0″N 64°6′55″W / 44.58333°N 64.11528°W / 44.58333; -64.11528 (Sherbrooke Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_35_0_N_64_6_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Sherbrooke+Lake"},{"link_name":"Kings County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_County,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=24"},{"link_name":"Aylesford Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesford_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°56′28″N 64°39′50″W / 44.941°N 64.664°W / 44.941; -64.664 (Aylesford Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44.941_N_64.664_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Aylesford+Lake"},{"link_name":"Fox Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Lake_(Kings_County)"},{"link_name":"44°51′49″N 64°49′5″W / 44.86361°N 64.81806°W / 44.86361; -64.81806 (Fox Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_51_49_N_64_49_5_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Fox+Lake"},{"link_name":"Gaspereau Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspereau_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°59′N 64°32′W / 44.983°N 64.533°W / 44.983; -64.533 (Gaspereau Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_59_N_64_32_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Gaspereau+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°49′45″N 64°45′54″W / 44.82917°N 64.76500°W / 44.82917; -64.76500 (Hamilton Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_49_45_N_64_45_54_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hamilton+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_George_(Kings_County,_Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°55′26.9″N 64°41′21.9″W / 44.924139°N 64.689417°W / 44.924139; -64.689417 (Lake George)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_55_26.9_N_64_41_21.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+George"},{"link_name":"Tomahawk Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_Lake_(Kings)"},{"link_name":"44°52′55″N 64°45′0″W / 44.88194°N 64.75000°W / 44.88194; -64.75000 (Tomahawk Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_52_55_N_64_45_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Tomahawk+Lake"},{"link_name":"Pictou County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictou_County"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=25"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Pictou"},{"link_name":"45°23′39″N 62°22′50″W / 45.39417°N 62.38056°W / 45.39417; -62.38056 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_23_39_N_62_22_50_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Pictou"},{"link_name":"45°21′6″N 62°30′1″W / 45.35167°N 62.50028°W / 45.35167; -62.50028 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_21_6_N_62_30_1_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Black Lake 1 of 4 named","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°24′0″N 62°19′0″W / 45.40000°N 62.31667°W / 45.40000; -62.31667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_24_0_N_62_19_0_W_type:waterbody_region:CA"},{"link_name":"Black Lake 2 of 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°22′58″N 62°40′44″W / 45.382778°N 62.6788888°W / 45.382778; -62.6788888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45.382778_N_62.6788888_W_"},{"link_name":"Black Lake 3 of 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°23′54″N 62°19′06″W / 45.398333°N 62.3183333°W / 45.398333; -62.3183333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45.398333_N_62.3183333_W_"},{"link_name":"Black Lake 4 of 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°26′57″N 62°24′48″W / 45.449167°N 62.4133333°W / 45.449167; -62.4133333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45.449167_N_62.4133333_W_"},{"link_name":"Dryden Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryden_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"45°23′29″N 62°46′39″W / 45.39139°N 62.77750°W / 45.39139; -62.77750 (Dryden Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_23_29_N_62_46_39_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Dryden+Lake"},{"link_name":"Ellen Brown Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Brown_Lake"},{"link_name":"45°18′0″N 62°43′16″W / 45.30000°N 62.72111°W / 45.30000; -62.72111 (Ellen Brown Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_18_0_N_62_43_16_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ellen+Brown+Lake"},{"link_name":"Forbes Lake (Pictou County)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Lake_(Pictou_County)"},{"link_name":"45°29′50″N 62°38′16″W / 45.497201°N 62.637773°W / 45.497201; -62.637773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45.497201_N_62.637773_W_"},{"link_name":"Maple Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Lake_(Pictou)"},{"link_name":"45°22′59″N 62°36′29″W / 45.38306°N 62.60806°W / 45.38306; -62.60806 (Maple Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_22_59_N_62_36_29_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Maple+Lake"},{"link_name":"Robertsons Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertsons_Lake,_Pictou_County"},{"link_name":"45°32′10″N 62°13′42″W / 45.53611°N 62.22833°W / 45.53611; -62.22833 (Robertsons Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_32_10_N_62_13_42_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Robertsons+Lake"},{"link_name":"Taylor Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Lake_(Cumberland)"},{"link_name":"45°21′46″N 62°26′0″W / 45.36278°N 62.43333°W / 45.36278; -62.43333 (Taylor Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=45_21_46_N_62_26_0_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Taylor+Lake"}],"text":"Municipality of the District of Lunenburg[edit]\nBig Mushamush Lake 44°30′5.9″N 64°33′48″W / 44.501639°N 64.56333°W / 44.501639; -64.56333 (Big Mushamush Lake)\nFox Lake 44°25′45.9″N 64°47′55″W / 44.429417°N 64.79861°W / 44.429417; -64.79861 (Fox Lake)\nMarsh Lake 44°17′0″N 64°32′55″W / 44.28333°N 64.54861°W / 44.28333; -64.54861 (Marsh Lake)\n\n\nMunicipality of the District of Chester[edit]\nAnderson Lake 44°44′0.9″N 64°13′33.9″W / 44.733583°N 64.226083°W / 44.733583; -64.226083 (Anderson Lake)\nGoose Lake 44°41′0″N 64°21′55″W / 44.68333°N 64.36528°W / 44.68333; -64.36528 (Goose Lake)\nHenry Lake 44°36′0″N 64°20′59″W / 44.60000°N 64.34972°W / 44.60000; -64.34972 (Henry Lake)\nMaple Lake 44°38′16″N 64°4′56″W / 44.63778°N 64.08222°W / 44.63778; -64.08222 (Maple Lake)\nBear Marsh Lake 44°40′0″N 64°30′55″W / 44.66667°N 64.51528°W / 44.66667; -64.51528 (Bear Marsh Lake)\nNine Mile Lake 44°41′54″N 64°17′55″W / 44.69833°N 64.29861°W / 44.69833; -64.29861 (Nine Mile Lake)\nSecond Bog Lake 44°42′0″N 64°11′55″W / 44.70000°N 64.19861°W / 44.70000; -64.19861 (Second Bog Lake)\nSherbrooke Lake 44°39′27.9″N 64°36′8″W / 44.657750°N 64.60222°W / 44.657750; -64.60222 (Sherbrooke Lake)\nYellow Marsh Lake 44°35′0″N 64°6′55″W / 44.58333°N 64.11528°W / 44.58333; -64.11528 (Sherbrooke Lake)Kings County[edit]\nAylesford Lake 44°56′28″N 64°39′50″W / 44.941°N 64.664°W / 44.941; -64.664 (Aylesford Lake)\nFox Lake 44°51′49″N 64°49′5″W / 44.86361°N 64.81806°W / 44.86361; -64.81806 (Fox Lake)\nGaspereau Lake 44°59′N 64°32′W / 44.983°N 64.533°W / 44.983; -64.533 (Gaspereau Lake)\nHamilton Lake 44°49′45″N 64°45′54″W / 44.82917°N 64.76500°W / 44.82917; -64.76500 (Hamilton Lake)\nLake George 44°55′26.9″N 64°41′21.9″W / 44.924139°N 64.689417°W / 44.924139; -64.689417 (Lake George)\nTomahawk Lake 44°52′55″N 64°45′0″W / 44.88194°N 64.75000°W / 44.88194; -64.75000 (Tomahawk Lake)\n\n\nPictou County[edit]\nBeaver Lake 45°23′39″N 62°22′50″W / 45.39417°N 62.38056°W / 45.39417; -62.38056 (Beaver Lake)\nBeaver Lake 45°21′6″N 62°30′1″W / 45.35167°N 62.50028°W / 45.35167; -62.50028 (Beaver Lake)\nBlack Lake 1 of 4 named 45°24′0″N 62°19′0″W / 45.40000°N 62.31667°W / 45.40000; -62.31667,\nBlack Lake 2 of 4 45°22′58″N 62°40′44″W / 45.382778°N 62.6788888°W / 45.382778; -62.6788888\nBlack Lake 3 of 4 45°23′54″N 62°19′06″W / 45.398333°N 62.3183333°W / 45.398333; -62.3183333\nBlack Lake 4 of 4 45°26′57″N 62°24′48″W / 45.449167°N 62.4133333°W / 45.449167; -62.4133333\nDryden Lake 45°23′29″N 62°46′39″W / 45.39139°N 62.77750°W / 45.39139; -62.77750 (Dryden Lake)\nEllen Brown Lake 45°18′0″N 62°43′16″W / 45.30000°N 62.72111°W / 45.30000; -62.72111 (Ellen Brown Lake)\nForbes Lake (Pictou County) 45°29′50″N 62°38′16″W / 45.497201°N 62.637773°W / 45.497201; -62.637773\nMaple Lake 45°22′59″N 62°36′29″W / 45.38306°N 62.60806°W / 45.38306; -62.60806 (Maple Lake)\nRobertsons Lake 45°32′10″N 62°13′42″W / 45.53611°N 62.22833°W / 45.53611; -62.22833 (Robertsons Lake)\nTaylor Lake 45°21′46″N 62°26′0″W / 45.36278°N 62.43333°W / 45.36278; -62.43333 (Taylor Lake)","title":"Lunenburg County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Queens"},{"link_name":"44°29′57″N 64°55′14″W / 44.49917°N 64.92056°W / 44.49917; -64.92056 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_29_57_N_64_55_14_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Queens"},{"link_name":"44°15′35″N 65°14′23″W / 44.25972°N 65.23972°W / 44.25972; -65.23972 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_15_35_N_65_14_23_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Black Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°12′10″N 64°58′59″W / 44.202835°N 64.983018°W / 44.202835; -64.983018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44.202835_N_64.983018_W_"},{"link_name":"Hog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_of_Queens_Municipality,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"44°22′43.9″N 64°54′53″W / 44.378861°N 64.91472°W / 44.378861; -64.91472 (Hog Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_22_43.9_N_64_54_53_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hog+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Rossignol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Rossignol"},{"link_name":"44°13′3.4″N 65°8′43.2″W / 44.217611°N 65.145333°W / 44.217611; -65.145333 (Lake Rossignol)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_13_3.4_N_65_8_43.2_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+Rossignol"},{"link_name":"McGowan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McGowan_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"44°25′46″N 65°03′13″W / 44.42944°N 65.05361°W / 44.42944; -65.05361 (McGowan Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_25_46_N_65_03_13_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=McGowan+Lake"},{"link_name":"Robertsons Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertsons_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°52′51″N 64°53′43″W / 43.88083°N 64.89528°W / 43.88083; -64.89528 (Robertsons Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_52_51_N_64_53_43_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Robertsons+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Beaverdam Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Beaverdam_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°06′09.8″N 64°45′18.6″W / 44.102722°N 64.755167°W / 44.102722; -64.755167 (Second Beaverdam Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_06_09.8_N_64_45_18.6_W_scale:100000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Beaverdam+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Beaver_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°12′37.8″N 65°19′19.3″W / 44.210500°N 65.322028°W / 44.210500; -65.322028 (Second Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_12_37.8_N_65_19_19.3_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Christopher Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Christopher_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°19′0″N 64°58′55″W / 44.31667°N 64.98194°W / 44.31667; -64.98194 (Second Christopher Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_19_0_N_64_58_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Christopher+Lake"},{"link_name":"Ten Mile Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Mile_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"44°10′7″N 64°50′36″W / 44.16861°N 64.84333°W / 44.16861; -64.84333 (Ten Mile Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_10_7_N_64_50_36_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Ten+Mile+Lake"},{"link_name":"Tobeatic Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobeatic_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°11′39.9″N 65°17′2.9″W / 44.194417°N 65.284139°W / 44.194417; -65.284139 (Tobeatic Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_11_39.9_N_65_17_2.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Tobeatic+Lake"},{"link_name":"Willis Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Lake_Queens"},{"link_name":"43°53′47″N 64°49′10.9″W / 43.89639°N 64.819694°W / 43.89639; -64.819694 (Willis Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_53_47_N_64_49_10.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Willis+Lake"}],"text":"Beaver Lake 44°29′57″N 64°55′14″W / 44.49917°N 64.92056°W / 44.49917; -64.92056 (Beaver Lake)\nBeaver Lake 44°15′35″N 65°14′23″W / 44.25972°N 65.23972°W / 44.25972; -65.23972 (Beaver Lake)\nBlack Lake 44°12′10″N 64°58′59″W / 44.202835°N 64.983018°W / 44.202835; -64.983018\nHog Lake 44°22′43.9″N 64°54′53″W / 44.378861°N 64.91472°W / 44.378861; -64.91472 (Hog Lake)\nLake Rossignol 44°13′3.4″N 65°8′43.2″W / 44.217611°N 65.145333°W / 44.217611; -65.145333 (Lake Rossignol)\nMcGowan Lake 44°25′46″N 65°03′13″W / 44.42944°N 65.05361°W / 44.42944; -65.05361 (McGowan Lake)\nRobertsons Lake 43°52′51″N 64°53′43″W / 43.88083°N 64.89528°W / 43.88083; -64.89528 (Robertsons Lake)\nSecond Beaverdam Lake 44°06′09.8″N 64°45′18.6″W / 44.102722°N 64.755167°W / 44.102722; -64.755167 (Second Beaverdam Lake)\nSecond Beaver Lake 44°12′37.8″N 65°19′19.3″W / 44.210500°N 65.322028°W / 44.210500; -65.322028 (Second Beaver Lake)\nSecond Christopher Lake 44°19′0″N 64°58′55″W / 44.31667°N 64.98194°W / 44.31667; -64.98194 (Second Christopher Lake)\nTen Mile Lake 44°10′7″N 64°50′36″W / 44.16861°N 64.84333°W / 44.16861; -64.84333 (Ten Mile Lake)\nTobeatic Lake 44°11′39.9″N 65°17′2.9″W / 44.194417°N 65.284139°W / 44.194417; -65.284139 (Tobeatic Lake)\nWillis Lake 43°53′47″N 64°49′10.9″W / 43.89639°N 64.819694°W / 43.89639; -64.819694 (Willis Lake)","title":"Region of Queens Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of Barrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_the_District_of_Barrington"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=28"},{"link_name":"Barrington Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°36′44.9″N 65°34′24.9″W / 43.612472°N 65.573583°W / 43.612472; -65.573583 (Barrington Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_36_44.9_N_65_34_24.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Barrington+Lake"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Shelburne"},{"link_name":"43°49′9″N 65°32′23″W / 43.81917°N 65.53972°W / 43.81917; -65.53972 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_49_9_N_65_32_23_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_(Barrington)"},{"link_name":"43°36′14″N 65°31′36″W / 43.60389°N 65.52667°W / 43.60389; -65.52667 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_36_14_N_65_31_36_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Musquash Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musquash_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°40′34″N 65°33′58″W / 43.67611°N 65.56611°W / 43.67611; -65.56611 (Musquash Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_40_34_N_65_33_58_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Musquash+Lake"},{"link_name":"Oak Park Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Park_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°36′15″N 65°39′43″W / 43.60417°N 65.66194°W / 43.60417; -65.66194 (Oak Park Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_36_15_N_65_39_43_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA&title=Oak+Park+Lake"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Shelburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelburne,_Nova_Scotia_(municipal_district)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=29"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"43°35′53″N 65°25′39″W / 43.59806°N 65.42750°W / 43.59806; -65.42750 (Greenwood Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_35_53_N_65_25_39_W_type:waterbody_scale:50000_region:CA-NS&title=Greenwood+Lake"},{"link_name":"Jordan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"44°4′45.7″N 65°14′14.9″W / 44.079361°N 65.237472°W / 44.079361; -65.237472 (Jordan Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_4_45.7_N_65_14_14.9_W_scale:100000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Jordan+Lake"},{"link_name":"43°44′9.9″N 65°3′8.9″W / 43.736083°N 65.052472°W / 43.736083; -65.052472 (Lily Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_44_9.9_N_65_3_8.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lily+Pond"},{"link_name":"Little Harbour Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Harbour_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°42′30.1″N 65°3′14.2″W / 43.708361°N 65.053944°W / 43.708361; -65.053944 (Little Harbour Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_42_30.1_N_65_3_14.2_W_scale:50000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Little+Harbour+Lake"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Pond"},{"link_name":"43°44′2.9″N 65°0′41.9″W / 43.734139°N 65.011639°W / 43.734139; -65.011639 (Long Beach Pond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_44_2.9_N_65_0_41.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Long+Beach+Pond"},{"link_name":"Little Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"43°46′11.9″N 64°59′16″W / 43.769972°N 64.98778°W / 43.769972; -64.98778 (Little Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_46_11.9_N_64_59_16_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Little+Lake"},{"link_name":"Porterfield Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porterfield_Lakes"},{"link_name":"43°46′37.6″N 65°2′19.5″W / 43.777111°N 65.038750°W / 43.777111; -65.038750 (Porterfield Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_46_37.6_N_65_2_19.5_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Porterfield+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Sodom Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°45′30.9″N 64°57′30.9″W / 43.758583°N 64.958583°W / 43.758583; -64.958583 (Sodom Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_45_30.9_N_64_57_30.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Sodom+Lake"},{"link_name":"Swims Iceponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swims_Iceponds"},{"link_name":"43°43′9.7″N 65°7′3.9″W / 43.719361°N 65.117750°W / 43.719361; -65.117750 (Swims Iceponds)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_43_9.7_N_65_7_3.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Swims+Iceponds"},{"link_name":"Robs Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robs_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°45′29″N 65°5′42″W / 43.75806°N 65.09500°W / 43.75806; -65.09500 (Robs Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_45_29_N_65_5_42_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Robs+Lake"},{"link_name":"Walls Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°46′29″N 65°4′4″W / 43.77472°N 65.06778°W / 43.77472; -65.06778 (Walls Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_46_29_N_65_4_4_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Walls+Lake"},{"link_name":"Wallace Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Lake_(Shelburne)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"44°6′9.9″N 65°21′49″W / 44.102750°N 65.36361°W / 44.102750; -65.36361 (Wallace Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_6_9.9_N_65_21_49_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Wallace+Lake"}],"text":"Municipality of Barrington[edit]\nBarrington Lake 43°36′44.9″N 65°34′24.9″W / 43.612472°N 65.573583°W / 43.612472; -65.573583 (Barrington Lake)\nBeaver Lake 43°49′9″N 65°32′23″W / 43.81917°N 65.53972°W / 43.81917; -65.53972 (Beaver Lake)\nGoose Lake 43°36′14″N 65°31′36″W / 43.60389°N 65.52667°W / 43.60389; -65.52667 (Goose Lake)\nMusquash Lake 43°40′34″N 65°33′58″W / 43.67611°N 65.56611°W / 43.67611; -65.56611 (Musquash Lake)\nOak Park Lake 43°36′15″N 65°39′43″W / 43.60417°N 65.66194°W / 43.60417; -65.66194 (Oak Park Lake)\n\n\nMunicipality of the District of Shelburne[edit]\nGreenwood Lake 43°35′53″N 65°25′39″W / 43.59806°N 65.42750°W / 43.59806; -65.42750 (Greenwood Lake)\nJordan Lake 44°4′45.7″N 65°14′14.9″W / 44.079361°N 65.237472°W / 44.079361; -65.237472 (Jordan Lake)\nLily Pond 43°44′9.9″N 65°3′8.9″W / 43.736083°N 65.052472°W / 43.736083; -65.052472 (Lily Pond)\nLittle Harbour Lake 43°42′30.1″N 65°3′14.2″W / 43.708361°N 65.053944°W / 43.708361; -65.053944 (Little Harbour Lake)\nLong Beach Pond 43°44′2.9″N 65°0′41.9″W / 43.734139°N 65.011639°W / 43.734139; -65.011639 (Long Beach Pond)\nLittle Lake 43°46′11.9″N 64°59′16″W / 43.769972°N 64.98778°W / 43.769972; -64.98778 (Little Lake)\nPorterfield Lakes 43°46′37.6″N 65°2′19.5″W / 43.777111°N 65.038750°W / 43.777111; -65.038750 (Porterfield Lakes)\nSodom Lake 43°45′30.9″N 64°57′30.9″W / 43.758583°N 64.958583°W / 43.758583; -64.958583 (Sodom Lake)\nSwims Iceponds 43°43′9.7″N 65°7′3.9″W / 43.719361°N 65.117750°W / 43.719361; -65.117750 (Swims Iceponds)\nRobs Lake 43°45′29″N 65°5′42″W / 43.75806°N 65.09500°W / 43.75806; -65.09500 (Robs Lake)\nWalls Lake 43°46′29″N 65°4′4″W / 43.77472°N 65.06778°W / 43.77472; -65.06778 (Walls Lake)\nWallace Lake 44°6′9.9″N 65°21′49″W / 44.102750°N 65.36361°W / 44.102750; -65.36361 (Wallace Lake)","title":"Shelburne County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipalite Argyle Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyle,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=31"},{"link_name":"East Goose Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Goose_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°45′0″N 65°48′56″W / 43.75000°N 65.81556°W / 43.75000; -65.81556 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_45_0_N_65_48_56_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Gavels Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavels_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"43°54′07.5″N 65°56′08.9″W / 43.902083°N 65.935806°W / 43.902083; -65.935806 (Gavels Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_54_07.5_N_65_56_08.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Gavels+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Lake (Argyle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_(Argyle)"},{"link_name":"43°46′0″N 66°0′56″W / 43.76667°N 66.01556°W / 43.76667; -66.01556 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_46_0_N_66_0_56_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Great Barren Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barren_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°50′33.9″N 65°44′13.9″W / 43.842750°N 65.737194°W / 43.842750; -65.737194 (Great Barren Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_50_33.9_N_65_44_13.9_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Great+Barren+Lake"},{"link_name":"Great Pubnico Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pubnico_Lake"},{"link_name":"43°43′5.9″N 65°40′47″W / 43.718306°N 65.67972°W / 43.718306; -65.67972 (Great Pubnico Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_43_5.9_N_65_40_47_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Great+Pubnico+Lake"},{"link_name":"Hog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyle,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"43°53′33.9″N 65°53′22″W / 43.892750°N 65.88944°W / 43.892750; -65.88944 (Hog Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_53_33.9_N_65_53_22_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Hog+Lake"},{"link_name":"Kings Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kings_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"43°54′12.3″N 65°54′53.7″W / 43.903417°N 65.914917°W / 43.903417; -65.914917 (Kings Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_54_12.3_N_65_54_53.7_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Kings+Lake"},{"link_name":"Middle Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Lakes"},{"link_name":"43°39′4″N 65°37′31″W / 43.65111°N 65.62528°W / 43.65111; -65.62528 (Middle Lakes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_39_4_N_65_37_31_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Middle+Lakes"},{"link_name":"Second Bear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bear_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°6′0″N 65°37′55″W / 44.10000°N 65.63194°W / 44.10000; -65.63194 (Second Bear Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_6_0_N_65_37_55_W_type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Bear+Lake"},{"link_name":"Municipality of the District of Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia_(municipal_district)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&section=32"},{"link_name":"Lake Annis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Annis"},{"link_name":"44°3′10.98″N 66°0′58.17″W / 44.0530500°N 66.0161583°W / 44.0530500; -66.0161583 (Lake Annis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_3_10.98_N_66_0_58.17_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+Annis"},{"link_name":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Yarmouth"},{"link_name":"43°59′55″N 66°8′33″W / 43.99861°N 66.14250°W / 43.99861; -66.14250 (Beaver Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_59_55_N_66_8_33_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Beaver+Lake"},{"link_name":"Doctors Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"43°53′8″N 66°5′58″W / 43.88556°N 66.09944°W / 43.88556; -66.09944 (Doctors Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_53_8_N_66_5_58_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Doctors+Lake"},{"link_name":"Goose Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_(Yarmouth)"},{"link_name":"43°36′0″N 65°31′55″W / 43.60000°N 65.53194°W / 43.60000; -65.53194 (Goose Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_36_0_N_65_31_55_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Goose+Lake"},{"link_name":"Halfway Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfway_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"43°59′56.9″N 65°51′25″W / 43.999139°N 65.85694°W / 43.999139; -65.85694 (Halfway Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_59_56.9_N_65_51_25_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Halfway+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Milo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Milo_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"43°51′40.4″N 66°6′43.4″W / 43.861222°N 66.112056°W / 43.861222; -66.112056 (Lake Milo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_51_40.4_N_66_6_43.4_W_scale:10000_type:waterbody_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+Milo"},{"link_name":"Raynards Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynards_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"43°57′41.3″N 65°54′54.7″W / 43.961472°N 65.915194°W / 43.961472; -65.915194 (Raynards Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_57_41.3_N_65_54_54.7_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Raynards+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Chub Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chub_Lake"},{"link_name":"44°26′0″N 65°37′55″W / 44.43333°N 65.63194°W / 44.43333; -65.63194 (Second Chub Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=44_26_0_N_65_37_55_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Chub+Lake"},{"link_name":"Second Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"43°52′14″N 66°6′33″W / 43.87056°N 66.10917°W / 43.87056; -66.10917 (Second Lake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_52_14_N_66_6_33_W_type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:CA-NS&title=Second+Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"43°54′29.9″N 65°57′46.0″W / 43.908306°N 65.962778°W / 43.908306; -65.962778 (Lake Vaughan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_lakes_of_Nova_Scotia&params=43_54_29.9_N_65_57_46.0_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000_region:CA-NS&title=Lake+Vaughan"}],"text":"Municipalite Argyle Municipality[edit]\nEast Goose Lake 43°45′0″N 65°48′56″W / 43.75000°N 65.81556°W / 43.75000; -65.81556 (Goose Lake)\nGavels Lake 43°54′07.5″N 65°56′08.9″W / 43.902083°N 65.935806°W / 43.902083; -65.935806 (Gavels Lake)\nGoose Lake (Argyle) 43°46′0″N 66°0′56″W / 43.76667°N 66.01556°W / 43.76667; -66.01556 (Goose Lake)\nGreat Barren Lake 43°50′33.9″N 65°44′13.9″W / 43.842750°N 65.737194°W / 43.842750; -65.737194 (Great Barren Lake)\nGreat Pubnico Lake 43°43′5.9″N 65°40′47″W / 43.718306°N 65.67972°W / 43.718306; -65.67972 (Great Pubnico Lake)\nHog Lake 43°53′33.9″N 65°53′22″W / 43.892750°N 65.88944°W / 43.892750; -65.88944 (Hog Lake)\nKings Lake 43°54′12.3″N 65°54′53.7″W / 43.903417°N 65.914917°W / 43.903417; -65.914917 (Kings Lake)\nMiddle Lakes 43°39′4″N 65°37′31″W / 43.65111°N 65.62528°W / 43.65111; -65.62528 (Middle Lakes)\nSecond Bear Lake 44°6′0″N 65°37′55″W / 44.10000°N 65.63194°W / 44.10000; -65.63194 (Second Bear Lake)\n\n\nMunicipality of the District of Yarmouth[edit]\nLake Annis 44°3′10.98″N 66°0′58.17″W / 44.0530500°N 66.0161583°W / 44.0530500; -66.0161583 (Lake Annis)\nBeaver Lake 43°59′55″N 66°8′33″W / 43.99861°N 66.14250°W / 43.99861; -66.14250 (Beaver Lake)\nDoctors Lake 43°53′8″N 66°5′58″W / 43.88556°N 66.09944°W / 43.88556; -66.09944 (Doctors Lake)\nGoose Lake 43°36′0″N 65°31′55″W / 43.60000°N 65.53194°W / 43.60000; -65.53194 (Goose Lake)\nHalfway Lake 43°59′56.9″N 65°51′25″W / 43.999139°N 65.85694°W / 43.999139; -65.85694 (Halfway Lake)\nLake Milo 43°51′40.4″N 66°6′43.4″W / 43.861222°N 66.112056°W / 43.861222; -66.112056 (Lake Milo)\nRaynards Lake 43°57′41.3″N 65°54′54.7″W / 43.961472°N 65.915194°W / 43.961472; -65.915194 (Raynards Lake)\nSecond Chub Lake 44°26′0″N 65°37′55″W / 44.43333°N 65.63194°W / 44.43333; -65.63194 (Second Chub Lake)\nSecond Lake 43°52′14″N 66°6′33″W / 43.87056°N 66.10917°W / 43.87056; -66.10917 (Second Lake)\nLake Vaughan 43°54′29.9″N 65°57′46.0″W / 43.908306°N 65.962778°W / 43.908306; -65.962778 (Lake Vaughan)","title":"Yarmouth County"}]	[]	[{"title":"Beaver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Lake_(Halifax)"},{"title":"Crooked Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Cranberry Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_Lake,(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Duck Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Flat Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Fourth Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Grand Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Hatchet Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hatchet_Lake,_Nova_Scotia_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Juniper Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Lewis Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Little Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Long Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Molega Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molega_Lake,_(Nova_Scotia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Oak Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Otter Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"River Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Rocky Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Russell Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russell_Lake_in_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Sandy Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Second Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Spectacle Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacle_Lake_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"title":"Third Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Lake,_Nova_Scotia"},{"title":"Whites Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whites_Lake"}]	[{"reference":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXS\". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/CAUXS","url_text":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXO\". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/CAUXO","url_text":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXP\". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/CAUXP","url_text":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXQ\". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/CAUXQ","url_text":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXQ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Lizard Lake - CAUXT\". Geographical Names Board of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayakawa_Takakage	Kobayakawa Takakage	["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Conflict against Ōtomo clan","1.3 Conflict with Nobunaga","1.4 Service under Hideyoshi","2 Death","3 Family","4 Retainers","5 Popular culture","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Bibliography","8 Further reading"]	Samurai In this Japanese name, the surname is Kobayakawa. Kobayakawa Takakage小早川隆景Head of Kobayakawa clanIn office1574–1597Preceded byKobayakawa ShigehiraSucceeded byKobayakawa Hideaki Personal detailsBorn1533Yoshida, Aki ProvinceDiedJuly 26, 1597(1597-07-26) (aged 63–64)Mihara Domain, Bingo ProvinceSpouseLady ToidaParentsMōri Motonari (father)Lady Myōkyū (mother)Nickname(s)Tokujumaru (徳寿丸)“Mōri Ryōsen", or “Mōri's Two Rivers" (毛利両川).Military serviceAllegiance Mōri clan Toyotomi clanRankDaimyō, ChūnagonUnit Kobayakawa clanCommandsMihara CastleBattles/warsBattle of Miyajima (1555)Siege of Moji (1561)Battle of Torisaka (1568)Battle of Tatarahama (1569)Siege of Takamatsu (1582)Invasion of Shikoku (1585)Kyūshū Campaign (1586)Siege of Odawara (1590)Korean Campaign (1592) Kobayakawa Takakage (小早川隆景, 1533 – July 26, 1597) was a samurai and daimyō (feudal lord) during the Sengoku period and Azuchi–Momoyama period. He was the third son of Mōri Motonari who was adopted by the Kobayakawa clan and became its 14th clan head. He merged the two branches of the Kobayakawa, the Takehara-Kobayakawa clan (竹原小早川氏) and Numata-Kobayakawa clan (沼田小早川氏). He became an active commander of the Mōri army and he with his brother Kikkawa Motoharu became known as the “Mōri Ryōsen", or “Mōri's Two Rivers" (毛利両川). As head of the Kobayakawa clan, he expanded the clan's territory in the Chūgoku region (western Honshū), and fought for the Mōri clan in all their campaigns At first he opposed Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi but later swore loyalty and became a retainer of Hideyoshi who awarded him domains in Iyo Province on Shikoku and Chikuzen Province on Kyūshū, totalling 350,000 koku. Hideyoshi gave him the title Chûnagon also appointed him to the Council of Five Elders but died before Hideyoshi himself. Biography Early life He was born in 1533 with the childhood name Tokujumaru (徳寿丸) as the third son of Mōri Motonari and his main wife Myōkyū. In 1541 the 13th head of the Takehara branch of the Kobayakawa clan, Kobayakawa Okikage (小早川興景), got ill and died while attacking Sato-Kanayama Castle (佐東銀山城). In November, 1543 since he had no heir Tokujumaru was declared successor because he was a cousin of Okikage's wife. So at twelve years of age he had become the 14th head of the Takehara-Kobayakawa clan (竹原小早川氏) and received the name Kobayakawa Takakage (小早川隆景). In 1547, when Ōuchi Yoshitaka attacked Kannabe castle (神辺城) in Bingo Province, Takakage served as one of his commanders and was highly commended for capturing Kannabe castle's support castle (支城), the Ryuoyama Fort (龍王山砦) with the Kobayakawa army alone. The other branch of the Kobayakawa clan was the Numata-Kobayakawa clan (沼田小早川氏). The head of the family, Kobayakawa Shigehira (小早川繁平) was young and blind due to an eye disease so in 1550 it was decided that Takakage would become heir of the Numata branch and finally merge the two rival branches of the clan. The Takehara-Kobayakawa branch ceased to exist and Takakage moved into Takayama Castle (高山城), the main base of the Numata branch. In 1552 Takakage decided to build a new main castle across the Numata River (沼田川) and called it is Niitakayama Castle (新高山城). He married Lady Toida, daughter of Kobayakawa Masahira and sister of the blind Kobayakawa Shigehira in order to cement his succession. They would never have children for unknown reasons but they would later adopt to keep the clan alive. Japan in 1570 showing the extent of the Mōri clan. After this the Kobayakawa clan was incorporated into the clans following the powerful Mōri clan of his father, Mōri Motonari. The Kobayakawa would become an important naval force under the direct control of his father. His older brother, the second son of Motonari was adopted into the Kikkawa clan and became Kikkawa Motoharu. They were both together pillars of the Mōri forces and were known as "Mōri's Two Rivers" (Mōri Ryōsen, 毛利両川). In 1555 at the Battle of Miyajima, Takakage led his naval forces under control of the Mōri clan and broke the naval blockade of the Ōuchi clan forces under the command of Sue Harukata. He sailed straight toward Miyao Castle in a feint, then retreated so he could be in a position to return the following day, his attack synchronized with the overland assault. At dawn, Takakage and his 1,500 troops landed before the small fortress, and the sound of shell trumpets signalled that all units were in position and the attack commenced. As Takakage's force rushed the front gate of Miyao Castle, Mōri and his troops hit the Ōuchi position from behind. Caught completely by surprise, many of the Ōuchi troops scattered in disarray. Hundreds tried to swim to the mainland and drowned in the attempt. Many more saw that defeat was inevitable and committed seppuku. By 18 October 1555, resistance had ended at a cost of about 4,700 dead among the Ōuchi army. Sue Harukata escaped from the confines of Miyao Castle, but when he saw that escape from the island was not possible, he also committed suicide by seppuku. In 1557 Takakage took part of the Conquest of Bōcho (防長経略) and the Mōri forces took both Suō Province and Nagato Province of the Ōuchi clan and Ōuchi Yoshinaga committed suicide. They took Yoshinaga's Moji Castle in 1558 but in September, 1559 it was retaken by Ōtomo Yoshishige. Then in 1561 Kobayakawa again led the Mōri navy in the recapture of the castle in the Siege of Moji. During the same year his father, Mōri Motonari retired in favor of his first son (Takakage's eldest brother), Mōri Takamoto. Under Takamoto, Takakage continued to be a main force of the Mōri along with his second older brother Kikkawa Motoharu. In 1561 In 1563 Mōri Takamoto suddenly died of illness and his son (Takakage's nephew) Mōri Terumoto became head of the Mōri clan. While the 2nd brother Kikkawa Motoharu was in charge of military affairs, Takakage took responsibility of political affairs. He worked on diplomacy, taking advantage of the information gathering capabilities of the military. In the Siege of Toda Castle (1562–1566) they destroyed their enemy, the Amako clan (尼子氏). During the following year of 1567 he was dispatched to help the Kôno clan (河野氏) of Iyo Province and at the Battle of Torisaka captured Ozu Castle (大洲城) forcing Utsunomiya Toyotsuna (宇都宮豊綱) to surrender. Takakage was then also dispatched to fight the Ōtomo clan (大友氏) in Kyūshū. When Murakami Michiyasu (村上通康) died that year Takakage sent his widow who was a daughter of Kôno Michinao to marry Shishido Takaie. In 1568 Kobayakawa Takakage fought in the Battle of Torisaka and the 1568 Battle of Tatarahama. In 1570 he fought in the Battle of Nunobeyama. In 1571, Takakage was sent to help the Mimura clan (三村氏) of Kojima (児島), Bizen Province against Urakami Munekage (浦上宗景) but the Murakami and Awa Pirates helped and Takakage was forced to withdraw to Aki Province. After the death of Mōri Motonari in 1571, "Mōri's Two Rivers" (Kobayakawa Takakage and Kikkawa Motoharu) became more important as assistants to Mōri Terumoto against the remnants of their enemies, the Ōtomo clan (大友氏), Amako clan (尼子氏), and Ōuchi clan (大内氏). Conflict against Ōtomo clan In 1556 at May 19, Dōsetsu's forces finally manage to quell the rebellions incited by Akimoto, and he later sent recommendation letters of his subordinates who gave outstanding performance during this operation, such as Korenobu Yufu, Takano Daizen, Adachi Sakyō, and Ando Iesada. In 1557, the Akizuki clan rebelled due to their collaboration with Mōri Motonari, to which Sorin responded by sending Tachibana Dōsetsu and Usuki Akisumi with 2,000 soldiers to quell their rebellion. Dōsetsu besieged the Akizuki clan which was led by Akizuki Kiyotane in Mount Kosho castle . In the end, Kiyotane and his son committed seppuku inside their castle.: 564 The site of the ruined Moji castle In the next year of 1558, Dōsetsu fought Mōri clan sent Takakage in the first siege of Moji castle. In this battle, Dōsetsu had 800 of his archers shower Kobayakama's army with arrows. As the Dōsetsu continues his siege until 1562, Dōsetsu entered the last phase of this Siege of Moji, where he enlisted the help of traders from Portuguese Empire In this battle, the Portuguese merchants assisted Dōsetsu with three ships weighted between 500-600 tons, The bombardment from the ships allowed the Ōtomo troops to establish themselves around Moji castle. However, the castle defenders manage to break the siege after the Portuguese has spent all their ammunitions and withdrew from this operation. Despite the Ōtomo forces under Dōsetsu launching another attempt at besieging the castle in 10 October 1561, they failed to subdue the castle. In 1562 of July 13, Dōsetsu and his subordinate Korenobu Yufu, has defeated the Mōri clan army in the battle in Yanagigaura in Buzen Province. Later, Dōsetsu stormed Moji castle on October 13 and they managed to subdue the castle which was defended by Reizei Mototoyo, a former Ouchi clan vassal who was 25 years old. On November 26, there was a battle all day long near Moji Castle, leaving hundreds injured and dead with an unclear result. In 1563, on the New Year's Day of 6th year of Eiroku, a large army led by Mōri Takamoto and Kobayakawa Takakage arrived to relieve Moji castle. The army of Dōsetsu and Mōri Takamoto entered a standoff until an intermediary envoy from Kyoto arrived sending a message from the Ashikaga shogunate to both Dōsetsu and Takamoto to stop their conflict. In the same year, Dōsetsu changed his name from Akitsura into Dōsetsu. In 1564 July 25, the mediator from the Shogunate secured an agreement of temporary peace treaty between the Mōri clan and the Ōtomo clan. However, this truce did not last long as on March 25, Dōsetsu once again fought the Mōri clan army which was led by Koremaki Yufu in The Fourth Battle of Yanagigaura. In 1569, Dōsetsu was involved in the failed defense of the Siege of Tachibana castle, where the army under Mōri Motonari beat Dosetsu forces with the extensive use of cannons. Later in the same year, Dōsetsu personally led the Otomo forces against the Mōri clan in Tatara area (located in modern day Higashi-ku, Fukuoka), where they engaged in at least four battles which ended in deadlocks. Hakata Bay, where Dōsetsu fought the Mōri clan army at the Battle of Tatarahama In May 18, after several engagements at the Battle of Tatarahama, the Ōtomo army led by Dōsetsu, Usuki Akisumi, and Yoshihiro Akimasa clashed against 40,000 soldiers under Kikkawa Motoharu and Kobayakawa Takakage. During the fierce battle between the two sides, Dōsetsu lead the charge into the enemy formation and killed more than ten enemies and manage to beat the vanguard of Motoharu which was led by Yoshikawa Motoharu's vanguard led by Nobuki Narazaki. Then, Yoshikawa Motoharu used iron cannons to counterattack. The situation was described as dire for the Ōtomo side before Dōsetsu charged towards a gap in the formation of Takakage's army, allowing other Dōsetsu generals to reorganize themselves and rearrange their artillery. Dōsetsu rode his horse and charged forward unto the enemy camp while drawing his sword.The army of Motoharu and Takakage was unable to resist and was pushed back. Following the battle of Tatatahama, there are about 18 more clashes in the area from 21–26 May, between Dōsetsu army against Takakage and other Mōri generals with undetermined results. However, in the end Takakage forced to relinquish the castle of Tachibana again to Dōsetsu, since the Mōri and Ōtomo clan sign truce peace negotiation with the result that Mōri clan should give back the Tachibana castle to Ōtomo. Conflict with Nobunaga Siege of Takamatsu Castle The 15th shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate, Ashikaga Yoshiaki had a falling out with Oda Nobunaga in 1576 and invited Mōri Terumoto to join the 2nd Oda Encirclement Plan (第2次信長包囲網). The alliance consisted of Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Mōri Terumoto, Uesugi Kenshin, Takeda Katsuyori and the Ishiyama Hongan-ji monks. The allies really didn't have too much success against the powerful Oda armies. The significant event here is the formation of all these powerful men, who were oftentimes not the best of friends. That same year (1576) at the First Battle of Kizugawaguchi, Kobayakawa Takakage led the Mōri naval forces with Murakami Takeyoshi. The Mōri navy successfully thwarted an Oda blockade of the Ishiyama Honganji led by Kuki Yoshitaka. Two years later in 1578 at the Second Battle of Kizugawaguchi, Takakage was leading the naval forces again. The Ishiyama Hongan-ji was still under siege, and Oda's fleet, commanded once again by Kuki Yoshitaka, made another attempt to break the Mōri supply lines. Going against convention, Yoshitaka fought with six very large ō-adakebune ships, rather than a combination of small (kobaya), medium (sekibune), and large (adakebune) craft. Normally, adakebune were essentially wooden floating fortresses, covered in gun and bow emplacements. According to some accounts, it may be believed that these six were the first ironclads, and were built such that guns could not penetrate them. However, rather than true ironclads, made primarily or entirely of metal, these craft probably simply had limited iron plating in key locations. Several Mōri vessels were burned and sunk, and Oda's fleet ultimately achieved victory. The supply lines were broken, and the Hongan-ji fell soon afterwards. However, during this battle an interesting flaw was discovered in the ō-adakebune design. As Mōri samurai rushed to board the large ship, all the defending warriors ran to that side of the deck, to defend themselves, and the ship capsized as its center of gravity shifted. Also in 1578 the "2nd Oda Encirclement Plan" falls apart when Uesugi Kenshin suddenly dies and the Ishiyama Hongan-ji monks made peace with Oda Nobunaga. Hashiba Hideyoshi (羽柴秀吉) who is later known as Toyotomi Hideyoshi was a general under Oda Nobunaga in charge of the push into the Chūgoku region. He had increasingly intense tactics and the Mōri forces continued to be pushed backwards. In 1579, Ukita Naoie of Bizen Province believed the fight against Nobunaga was hopeless and claimed illness, only sending a small token force to aid the Mōri. In 1580, Miki Castle (三木城) of Harima Province which had held off the Oda forces for two years falls. In addition in 1581, Tottori Castle (鳥取城) of Inaba Province falls after falling prey to starvation and the castle master, Kikkawa Tsuneie (吉川経家) commits suicide. In 1582 the Siege of Takamatsu on Takamatsu Castle of Bitchū Province begins. Takakage led the main force of the Mōri along with Mōri Terumoto and Kikkawa Motoharu leading 30,000 men. However, Hashiba Hideyoshi, who also had 30,000 men was faring well and Oda Nobunaga's main army who had just finished defeating the Takeda clan were marching towards the Chūgoku region. Takekage began secret negotiations with Hideyoshi using his diplomats Hayashi Narinaga and Ankokuji Ekei. In June of that year Hideyoshi hears about Oda Nobunaga's demise at the Honnō-ji incident by the hands of Akechi Mitsuhide and hurries back to Kyoto to get revenge for his master. Akechi Mitsuhide had sent a secret letter to Mōri Terumoto promising him great things but Hideyoshi's men intercepted the messenger. Hideyoshi then sent for Mōri diplomats Hayashi Narinaga and Ankokuji Ekei not telling them that Nobunaga had been assassinated. He proposed peace if the Mōri would cede to him the provinces of Hoki, Mimasaka and Bitchu. The diplomats thought that Mimasaka had already basically fallen, and Hoki was just a matter of time. Also Shimizu Muneharu, the defender of Takamatsu Castle must commit suicide. Mōri Terumoto had found out about the Honnō-ji incident and wanted to attack Hideyoshi but was stopped by the advice of Kobayakawa Takakage and the two diplomats who were well respected in the Mōri clan. Takakage is said to have said, "It is a shame for the samurai to make peace before the blood of our friends has dried on their swords." That year in 1582, Takakage had moved his main castle of Niitakayama Castle (新高山城) to Mihara Castle facing the Seto Inland Sea. Service under Hideyoshi Statue of Takakage in Mihara City. In 1583 when Hideyoshi defeated Shibata Katsuie at the Battle of Shizugatake the Mōri had retained neutrality but they abandoned the opportunistic line and reached out to become subordinates of Hideyoshi. At this time Kobayakawa Takakage offers up his adopted son, Kobayakawa Hidekane, who is really his younger brother as hostage to Hideyoshi. After this Takakage cooperates positively with Hideyoshi and in 1585 during Hideyoshi's Invasion of Shikoku he defeats Kaneko Motoie (金子元宅) of Iyo Province. For his service he was given Iyo Province as his fief and that year he moved into Yuzuki Castle (湯築城) and Ōzu Castle (大洲城) but keeps Mihara Castle as his main base. He also took the former secretary of the Kaneko clan, Saionji Kinmochi (西園寺公広) as a vassal. In addition, the control of Iyo by Takakage is excellent and the Portuguese missionary, Luís Fróis, praises that "Takakage governs the country quietly with a deep thought and it is unusual in Japan that there is no terror or rebellion in the country of Iyo". Starting in 1586 Takakage took part in Hideyoshi's Kyūshū Campaign and after the campaign Hideyoshi awarded him with Chikuzen Province, Chikugo Province and Hizen Province of Kyūshū totalling 371,300 koku. However, Takakage tried to object saying that it was impossible for the three clans of Mōri, Kikkawa and Kobayakawa to administer these provinces adequately since they already had seven to eight provinces in the Chugoku region and now on top of that the three in Kyūshū. On the contrary, Hideyoshi tried to make him administer the provinces by making two of them public but Takakage repeatedly decline and said that his nephew Mōri Terumoto was still too young and his brother Kikkawa Motoharu had already died. He proposed to install substitute officers in Chikuzen and Chikugo and also would alternate with Sassa Narimasa (佐々成政) every half a year or year. Hideyoshi refused his resignation of the provinces and this was an opportunity for Takakage to become an independent lord under the Toyotomi administration. In 1587, his retainer Kōno Michinao (河野通直) who he had transferred to Takehara died. This left Takakage with the problem of taking care of the provinces in Kyūshū without help and by the suspicious nature of his death he may have been assassinated by Hideyoshi himself. Since Saionji Kinmochi (西園寺公広) was also killed at the same time, during Takakage's transportation of men to Kyūshū it seems Hideyoshi was trying to take power away from the Kobayakawa clan by eliminating his best supporters. Hideyoshi was known to do this on separate other occasions. The Toyotomi uji was simultaneously granted to a number of Hideyoshi's chosen allies, who adopted the new uji "豊臣朝臣" (Toyotomi no asomi, courtier of Toyotomi). In July, 1588, he gave this to Takakage. Two years later he participated in the Siege of Odawara (1590) when he took Tokugawa Ieyasu's Okazaki Castle. In 1592 when Hideyoshi orders the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98), Takakage mobilizes 10,000 soldiers as captain of the 6th division and attacks Jeolla Province but he is met with resistance and unable to capture the province completely. He was then relocated in 1593 to Gyeonggi Province where he fought in the Battle of Byeokjegwan with Tachibana Muneshige where they repelled the reinforcement forces of the Ming dynasty. In 1594 there is a letter sent to the commanders of the Mōri forces in Korea. It was addressed to Kobayakawa Takakage from Katō Kiyomasa saying that Hideyoshi wanted to give his nephew Hashiba Hideaki (羽柴秀俊) as an adopted son to the Mōri clan for adoption. Mōri Terumoto was already 40 years old and had no heir. Fearing that this would make the heir to the Mōri clan someone without Mōri blood he adopted Hideaki himself and he became known as Kobayakawa Hideaki. Death In 1595 Takakage was appointed to the Council of Five Elders by Hideyoshi along with Ukita Hideie, Maeda Toshiie, Uesugi Kagekatsu, and the famous Tokugawa Ieyasu. Then he handed over his estate to his adopted son Kobayakawa Hideaki and retired to Mihara Castle. Hideyoshi gave him a retirement fief of 50,150 koku. He also built Najima Castle (名島城) in Fukuoka. Takakage died two years later at Mihara Castle on July 26, 1597, and was buried at Beisan Temple (Beisan-ji, 米山寺) in Nuta, Numata. After the death of Takakage the role of the "Mōri's Two Rivers" went to his nephews Kikkawa Hiroie (吉川広家) and Mōri Hidemoto (毛利秀元). On hearing the news of Takakage's death, Kuroda Kanbei lamented and said: "The last wise man in Japan has gone." Family Mon of Kobayakawa clan (Hidari mitsudomoe). Father: Mōri Motonari (毛利元就, 1497–1571) Mother: Myōkyū (妙玖, 1499–1546) – daughter of Kikkawa Kunitsune (吉川国経). Adoptive father: Kobayakawa Okikage (小早川興景, 1519–1541) Siblings: Sister: name unknown - died young, taken hostage by the Takahashi clan (高橋氏) and later killed. Brother: Mōri Takamoto (毛利隆元, 1523–1563) Sister: Goryū no Tsubone (五龍局, d. 1574) – wife of Shishido Takaie (宍戸隆家). Brother: Kikkawa Motoharu (吉川元春, 1530–1586) Half-brother: Ninomiya Naritoki (二宮就辰, 1546–1607) Half-brother: Hoida Motokiyo (穂井田元清, 1551–1597) Half-brother: Suginomori Motoaki (椙杜元秋, 1552–1585) Half-brother: Izuha Mototomo (出羽元倶, 1555–1571) Half-brother: Amano Motomasa (天野元政, 1559–1609) Half-brother: Suetsugu Motoyasu (末次元康, 1560–1601) Half-brother: Kobayakawa Hidekane (小早川秀包, 1567–1601) Wife: Lady Toida, daughter of Kobayakawa Masahira (d. 1619) Adopted Children: Kobayakawa Hidekane (1567–1601) (also Takakage's half-brother) Kobayakawa Hideaki (小早川秀秋, 1567–1601)(The nephew of Toyotomi Hideyoshi) Retainers depicts Kobayakawa Takakage debating the tengu of Mount Hiko. Hayashi Nagayoshi (林長由, c.1560–?), son of Hayashi Narinaga who served Mōri Motonari. He also served Takakage's adopted sons. Jirōuemon (郎右エ門), Tamba-no-kami (丹波守). Saionji Kinmochi (西園寺公広, 1537–1588), possibly assassinated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Kono Michinao (河野通直, 1564–1587), possibly assassinated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Iyo-no-kami (伊予守). Murakami Kagechika (村上景親, 1558–1610) Murakami Kagehiro (村上景広, 1554–1627) Awaya Kagekatsu (粟屋景雄, ?–?) Ikuchi Kagemori (生口景守, ?–?) Isokane Kagemichi (磯兼景道, ?–?) Oka Kagetada (岡景忠, ?–1630) Katsura Kagenobu (桂景信, ?–?) Kanehisa Kagekatsu (包久景勝, ?–?) Kunishige Kageuji (國貞景氏, ?–?) Shimizu Kageharu (清水景治, 1571–1649) Mokake Kagetoshi (裳懸景利, ?–?) Masuda Kageyoshi (益田景祥, 1577–1630) Teshima Kageshige (手嶋景繁, ?–?) Shirai Kagetane (白井景胤, ?–?) Jinzai Kagemichi (神西景通, ?–?) Popular culture Portrayed by Toshiaki Megumi in the 1997 NHK Taiga drama TV series Mōri Motonari. He also appeared in Gunshi Kanbei as virtually head of the Mōri clan. He appears as a playable character in the video game series Samurai Warriors and its crossover game Warriors Orochi. See also Media related to Kobayakawa Takakage at Wikimedia Commons Kobayakawa Hideaki Mōri Motonari Mōri Terumoto Kikkawa Motoharu Mihara Castle Mihara Domain Hayashi Narinaga References ^ Hall, John Whitney (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 831. ISBN 0521223555. ^ a b c d "小早川隆景（読み）こばやかわたかかげ日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)「小早川隆景」の解説". kotobank. Retrieved 15 October 2021. ^ Wilson, William Scott (2015). The Pocket Samurai. ^ Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. pp. 234–235. ISBN 0804705259. ^ a b Turnbull 1998, p. 218, 220–221, 266–269. ^ West, C.E. (2005). Seal, F.W. (ed.). Battle of Miyajima. ^ Turnbull, Stephen R. (1977). The Samurai: A Military History. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. pp. 131–134. ^ Turnbull 1998, p. 213. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (2013). The Samurai: A Military History. Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 978-1134243693. ^ a b >『柳川市史』史料編Ｖ近世文書（後編）118由布文書 (5) 戸次鑑連(道雪) . ^ "『柳川市史』史料編Ｖ近世文書（後編）118 由布文書 (5) 戸次鑑連(道雪)感状写於今度古所山最前攻登、小者一人被疵候、粉骨之次第感悅候、必以時分可顕志候、恐々謹言、七月十九日、由布源五左衛門尉殿雪下事 338頁". Retrieved 16 April 2024. ^ "柳川市史史料編5『近世文書(前編・後編)』" (in Japanese). Yanagawa: Yanagawa city Government. 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2024. ^ 川口 2006, p. 47-48. ^ 川口 2009, p. 203. ^ Spencer C. Tucker (2017). The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions Conflicts That Changed World History. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 77. ISBN 9781440842948. Retrieved 17 April 2024. ^ a b c Turnbull 1998, p. 218. ^ Stephen Turnbull (2003, pp. 104–5) ^ Muneaki Tachibana. "戸次道雪譲状写立花文書". Muneshige (in Japanese). Muneaki Tachibana. Retrieved 17 April 2024. ^ 刀無銘兼光 ^ a b c "『豊津町史』第四編中世(鎌倉・室町・安土桃山時代)" . adeac.jp (in Japanese). Miyako Town History and Folklore Museum/WEB Museum “Miyako Town Heritage”. p. 586. Retrieved 13 May 2024. Chapter 4: Buzen Province during the Sengoku Period (2) Conflict between the Otomo clan and the Mori clan, the attack and defense of Matsuyama Castle (``Ura Bunshi, ``Hagi Clan Sect Record) ^ 『豊津町史』第四編中世(鎌倉・室町・安土桃山時代) 第四章戦国時代の豊前国二大友氏と毛利氏の衝突松山城の攻防(『浦文書』・『萩藩閥閲録』) ^ 『井樓纂聞梅岳公遺事』 p.26～27 ^ 戸次鑑連剃髪之事 ^ a b Kuwata Kazuaki (2016, p. 71) ^ Yano Kazusada (1927). "Chikugo National History/Chikugo Shogun Military Stories" Family history of Yufu Daisuke Koretki (Koremaki) Munakata clan of Chikuzen Province during the Sengoku period; Volume 2 (in Japanese). Chikugo Legacy Publication Society. p. 27. Retrieved 13 May 2024. ^ 貞著. 筑後国史 : 原名・筑後将士軍談上巻 (in Japanese). 筑後遺籍刊行会. pp. 252~255. Retrieved 16 April 2024. ^ 『福岡県史資料. 第4輯』立花文書 Archived 2020-10-17 at the Wayback Machine ^ 『柳河戦死者名譽錄』（一二）筑前多々良濱永禄十二年五月十八日 P.8~9 ^ 多々良川の戦い戸次鑑連の奮戦 ^ 『柳川市史』史料編Ｖ近世文書（前編）61 立花文書三二大友宗麟軍忠一見状永禄十二年五月十八日、立花表於敵陣、長尾岸渥防戦之砌、戸次伯耆守鑑連親類・与力・被官、或分捕高名被疵、或戦死之着到、銘々加披見訖、 P.346~348。 ^ 吉永正春 (2002). 筑前戦国争乱 (in Japanese). 海鳥社. p. 152. ISBN 9784874153376. Retrieved 17 April 2024. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (2000). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & C0. pp. 87, 223–224, 228. ISBN 1854095234. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (2013). Samurai Armies 1467–1649: Battle Orders. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1472800039. ^ Rava, Giuseppe (2011). Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1780961361. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co. p. 236. ISBN 9781854095237. Bibliography Frédéric, Louis (2002). "Japan Encyclopedia". Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Stephen Turnbull (2003). Samurai: The World of the Warrior. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1841767406. Kuwata Kazuaki (2016). 戦国時代の筑前国宗像氏 . 図書出版花乱社. ISBN 978-4-905327-60-8. Retrieved 17 April 2024. 川口, 素生 (2006). 戦国名軍師列伝 . PHP文庫. PHP研究所. 川口, 素生 (2009). 戦国軍師人名事典 . 学研M文庫. 学習研究社. Further reading vteProminent people of the Sengoku and Azuchi–Momoyama periodsThree major daimyō Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiharu Ashikaga Yoshiteru Ashikaga Yoshihide Ashikaga Yoshiaki Tokugawa Hidetada Emperor Go-Kashiwabara Go-Nara Ōgimachi Go-Yōzei Other daimyō Amago Tsunehisa Amago Haruhisa Asakura Yoshikage Ashina Moriuji Akechi Mitsuhide Azai Nagamasa Chōsokabe Motochika Date Terumune Date Masamune Hatakeyama Yoshitaka Honda Tadakatsu Hōjō Sōun Hōjō Ujimasa Hōjō Ujiyasu Ii Naomasa Imagawa Yoshimoto Imagawa Ujizane Isshiki Yoshimichi Itō Yoshisuke Kitabatake Tomonori Kuroda Nagamasa Matsunaga Hisahide Miyoshi Nagayoshi Mogami Yoshiaki Mōri Motonari Ōuchi Yoshitaka Ōuchi Yoshinaga Ōtomo Sōrin Rokkaku Yoshikata Ryūzōji Takanobu Saitō Dōsan Saitō Yoshitatsu Sakai Tadatsugu Sakakibara Yasumasa Satomi Yoshitaka Sanada Yukitaka Sanada Masayuki Sanada Nobuyuki Satake Yoshishige Sagara Yoshihi Shimazu Yoshihisa Shimazu Yoshihiro Tachibana Dōsetsu Takeda Nobutora Takeda Shingen Tōdō Takatora Uesugi Kagekatsu Uesugi Kenshin Uesugi Norimasa Ukita Naoie Uragami Munekage Yamana Toyokuni Yamana Suketoyo Swordsmen Marume Nagayoshi Hikita Bungorō Kamiizumi Nobutsuna Miyamoto Musashi Mizuno Katsushige Sasaki Kojirō Tadashima Akiyama Tsukahara Bokuden Tsutsumi Hōzan Yagyū Munenori Yagyū Munetoshi Shinmen Munisai Itō Ittōsai Advisers and strategists Kobayakawa Takakage Kuroda Yoshitaka Naoe Kanetsugu Takenaka Shigeharu Usami Sadamitsu Yamamoto Kansuke Ninja, rogues andmercenaries Mochizuki Chiyome Fūma Kotarō Hatsume no Tsubone Hattori Hanzō Ishikawa Goemon Katō Danzō Kirigakure Shikaemon Kōzuki Sasuke Nakamura Chōbei Ohama Kagetaka Sugitani Zenjūbō Saika Magoichi Suzuki Sadayu Suzuki Shigehide Suzuki Shigetomo Suzuki Magoroku Igasaki Dōshun Umemura Sawano Monks and otherreligious figures Ankokuji Ekei Hongan-ji Kennyo Hon'inbō Sansa Ishin Sūden Jion Koji Kashin Nankōbō Tenkai Rennyo Sessai Chōrō Shimozuma Chūkō Shimotsuma Rairen Shimozuma Rairyū Takuan Sōhō Female castellans Akai Teruko Ashikaga Ujihime Chacha Jukei-ni Miyohime Munakata Saikaku Nene Onamihime Otazu no Kata Otsuya no Kata Seishin-ni Tachibana Ginchiyo Tōshōin Female warriors Fujishiro Gozen Ichikawa no Tsubone Ikeda Sen Kaihime Kamehime Katakura Kita Katō Tsune Komatsuhime Kushihashi Teru Maeda Matsu Myōki Myōrin Numata Jakō Ōhōri Tsuruhime Okaji no Kata Okyō no Kata Omasa Oni Gozen Shigashi Shirai no Tsubone Ueno Tsuruhime Yuki no Kata Other women Lady Acha Akohime Asahihime Lady Chaa Chikurin-in Gōhime Lady Goryū Dota Gozen Gotokuhime Tsumaki Hiroko Lady Hayakawa Hosokawa Gracia Irohahime Izumo no Okuni Shimazu Kameju Lady Kasuga Keigin-ni Kitsuno Konoe Sakiko Kōzōsu Kyōgoku Maria Kyōgoku Tatsuko Kyōun'in Matsuhime Megohime Lady Myōkyū Naitō Julia Nōhime Odai no Kata Oeyo Oichi Oinu Ohatsu Lady Ōkurakyo Ōmandokoro Ono Otsū Ōtomo-Nata Jezebel Rikei Lady Saigō Lady Sanjō Seien-in Seikōin Senhime Sentōin Tobai-in Toyotomi Sadako Tomo Lady Toida Tokuhime Lady Tsukiyama Yamauchi Chiyo Yoshihime Yoshihiro Kikuhime Foreign people in Japan Alessandro Valignano Francis Xavier Gaspar Coelho Jacob Quaeckernaeck Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn Julia Ota Luís Fróis Rodrigo de Vivero Soga Seikan Wakita Naokata Wang Zhi William Adams Yasuke See also List of samurai from the Sengoku period Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Japan Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"daimyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Sengoku period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Azuchi–Momoyama period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period"},{"link_name":"Mōri Motonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Motonari"},{"link_name":"Kobayakawa clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayakawa_clan"},{"link_name":"Kobayakawa clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayakawa_clan"},{"link_name":"Kikkawa Motoharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkawa_Motoharu"},{"link_name":"Chūgoku region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_region"},{"link_name":"Honshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"Mōri clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_clan"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"retainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retainer_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"Iyo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyo_Province"},{"link_name":"Shikoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku"},{"link_name":"Chikuzen Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikuzen_Province"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"},{"link_name":"koku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koku"},{"link_name":"Council of Five Elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Kobayakawa.Kobayakawa Takakage (小早川隆景, 1533 – July 26, 1597) was a samurai and daimyō (feudal lord) during the Sengoku period and Azuchi–Momoyama period. He was the third son of Mōri Motonari who was adopted by the Kobayakawa clan and became its 14th clan head. He merged the two branches of the Kobayakawa, the Takehara-Kobayakawa clan (竹原小早川氏) and Numata-Kobayakawa clan (沼田小早川氏). He became an active commander of the Mōri army and he with his brother Kikkawa Motoharu became known as the “Mōri Ryōsen\", or “Mōri's Two Rivers\" (毛利両川). As head of the Kobayakawa clan, he expanded the clan's territory in the Chūgoku region (western Honshū), and fought for the Mōri clan in all their campaignsAt first he opposed Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi but later swore loyalty and became a retainer of Hideyoshi who awarded him domains in Iyo Province on Shikoku and Chikuzen Province on Kyūshū, totalling 350,000 koku. Hideyoshi gave him the title Chûnagon also appointed him to the Council of Five Elders but died before Hideyoshi himself.[1]","title":"Kobayakawa Takakage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mōri Motonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Motonari"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotobank-2"},{"link_name":"Kobayakawa clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayakawa_clan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ōuchi Yoshitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Yoshitaka"},{"link_name":"Bingo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingo_Province"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotobank-2"},{"link_name":"Niitakayama Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niitakayama_Castle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull1998218,_220%E2%80%93221,_266%E2%80%93269-5"},{"link_name":"Lady Toida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Toida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Kobayakawa clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayakawa_clan"},{"link_name":"Mōri clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_clan"},{"link_name":"Mōri Motonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Motonari"},{"link_name":"Kikkawa clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkawa_clan"},{"link_name":"Kikkawa Motoharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkawa_Motoharu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotobank-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Miyajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Miyajima"},{"link_name":"Mōri clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_clan"},{"link_name":"Ōuchi clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_clan"},{"link_name":"Sue Harukata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Harukata"},{"link_name":"feint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feint"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"shell trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horagai#Military"},{"link_name":"seppuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku"},{"link_name":"Sue Harukata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Harukata"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull1998213-8"},{"link_name":"Suō Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%8D_Province"},{"link_name":"Nagato Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagato_Province"},{"link_name":"Ōuchi clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_clan"},{"link_name":"Ōuchi Yoshinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Yoshinaga"},{"link_name":"Moji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moji-ku,_Kitaky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Ōtomo Yoshishige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_Yoshishige"},{"link_name":"Siege of Moji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Moji"},{"link_name":"Mōri Motonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Motonari"},{"link_name":"Mōri Takamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Takamoto"},{"link_name":"Kikkawa Motoharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkawa_Motoharu"},{"link_name":"Mōri Takamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Takamoto"},{"link_name":"Mōri Terumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Terumoto"},{"link_name":"Mōri clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_clan"},{"link_name":"Kikkawa Motoharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkawa_Motoharu"},{"link_name":"Siege of Toda Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gassantoda_Castle"},{"link_name":"Amako clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amako_clan"},{"link_name":"Iyo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyo_Province"},{"link_name":"Battle of Torisaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Torisaka"},{"link_name":"Ōtomo clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_clan"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Battle of Torisaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Torisaka"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tatarahama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tatarahama_(1569)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull1998218,_220%E2%80%93221,_266%E2%80%93269-5"},{"link_name":"Bizen Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizen_Province"},{"link_name":"Aki Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aki_Province"},{"link_name":"Kikkawa Motoharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkawa_Motoharu"},{"link_name":"Mōri Terumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Terumoto"},{"link_name":"Ōtomo clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_clan"},{"link_name":"Amako clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amako_clan"},{"link_name":"Ōuchi clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_clan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"He was born in 1533 with the childhood name Tokujumaru (徳寿丸) as the third son of Mōri Motonari and his main wife Myōkyū.[2] In 1541 the 13th head of the Takehara branch of the Kobayakawa clan, Kobayakawa Okikage (小早川興景), got ill and died while attacking Sato-Kanayama Castle (佐東銀山城). In November, 1543 since he had no heir Tokujumaru was declared successor because he was a cousin of Okikage's wife. So at twelve years of age he had become the 14th head of the Takehara-Kobayakawa clan (竹原小早川氏) and received the name Kobayakawa Takakage (小早川隆景).[3][4]In 1547, when Ōuchi Yoshitaka attacked Kannabe castle (神辺城) in Bingo Province, Takakage served as one of his commanders and was highly commended for capturing Kannabe castle's support castle (支城), the Ryuoyama Fort (龍王山砦) with the Kobayakawa army alone.The other branch of the Kobayakawa clan was the Numata-Kobayakawa clan (沼田小早川氏). The head of the family, Kobayakawa Shigehira (小早川繁平) was young and blind due to an eye disease so in 1550 it was decided that Takakage would become heir of the Numata branch and finally merge the two rival branches of the clan.[2] The Takehara-Kobayakawa branch ceased to exist and Takakage moved into Takayama Castle (高山城), the main base of the Numata branch. In 1552 Takakage decided to build a new main castle across the Numata River (沼田川) and called it is Niitakayama Castle (新高山城).[5] He married Lady Toida, daughter of Kobayakawa Masahira and sister of the blind Kobayakawa Shigehira in order to cement his succession. They would never have children for unknown reasons but they would later adopt to keep the clan alive.Japan in 1570 showing the extent of the Mōri clan.After this the Kobayakawa clan was incorporated into the clans following the powerful Mōri clan of his father, Mōri Motonari. The Kobayakawa would become an important naval force under the direct control of his father. His older brother, the second son of Motonari was adopted into the Kikkawa clan and became Kikkawa Motoharu. They were both together pillars of the Mōri forces and were known as \"Mōri's Two Rivers\" (Mōri Ryōsen, 毛利両川).[2]In 1555 at the Battle of Miyajima, Takakage led his naval forces under control of the Mōri clan and broke the naval blockade of the Ōuchi clan forces under the command of Sue Harukata. He sailed straight toward Miyao Castle in a feint,[6] then retreated so he could be in a position to return the following day, his attack synchronized with the overland assault.[7] At dawn, Takakage and his 1,500 troops landed before the small fortress, and the sound of shell trumpets signalled that all units were in position and the attack commenced. As Takakage's force rushed the front gate of Miyao Castle, Mōri and his troops hit the Ōuchi position from behind. Caught completely by surprise, many of the Ōuchi troops scattered in disarray. Hundreds tried to swim to the mainland and drowned in the attempt. Many more saw that defeat was inevitable and committed seppuku. By 18 October 1555, resistance had ended at a cost of about 4,700 dead among the Ōuchi army. Sue Harukata escaped from the confines of Miyao Castle, but when he saw that escape from the island was not possible, he also committed suicide by seppuku.[8]In 1557 Takakage took part of the Conquest of Bōcho (防長経略) and the Mōri forces took both Suō Province and Nagato Province of the Ōuchi clan and Ōuchi Yoshinaga committed suicide. They took Yoshinaga's Moji Castle in 1558 but in September, 1559 it was retaken by Ōtomo Yoshishige. Then in 1561 Kobayakawa again led the Mōri navy in the recapture of the castle in the Siege of Moji. During the same year his father, Mōri Motonari retired in favor of his first son (Takakage's eldest brother), Mōri Takamoto. Under Takamoto, Takakage continued to be a main force of the Mōri along with his second older brother Kikkawa Motoharu. In 1561In 1563 Mōri Takamoto suddenly died of illness and his son (Takakage's nephew) Mōri Terumoto became head of the Mōri clan. While the 2nd brother Kikkawa Motoharu was in charge of military affairs, Takakage took responsibility of political affairs. He worked on diplomacy, taking advantage of the information gathering capabilities of the military. In the Siege of Toda Castle (1562–1566) they destroyed their enemy, the Amako clan (尼子氏). During the following year of 1567 he was dispatched to help the Kôno clan (河野氏) of Iyo Province and at the Battle of Torisaka captured Ozu Castle (大洲城) forcing Utsunomiya Toyotsuna (宇都宮豊綱) to surrender. Takakage was then also dispatched to fight the Ōtomo clan (大友氏) in Kyūshū. When Murakami Michiyasu (村上通康) died that year Takakage sent his widow who was a daughter of Kôno Michinao to marry Shishido Takaie.In 1568 Kobayakawa Takakage fought in the Battle of Torisaka and the 1568 Battle of Tatarahama. In 1570 he fought in the Battle of Nunobeyama.[5] In 1571, Takakage was sent to help the Mimura clan (三村氏) of Kojima (児島), Bizen Province against Urakami Munekage (浦上宗景) but the Murakami and Awa Pirates helped and Takakage was forced to withdraw to Aki Province.After the death of Mōri Motonari in 1571, \"Mōri's Two Rivers\" (Kobayakawa Takakage and Kikkawa Motoharu) became more important as assistants to Mōri Terumoto against the remnants of their enemies, the Ōtomo clan (大友氏), Amako clan (尼子氏), and Ōuchi clan (大内氏).[9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yanagawa_history_Yufu-10"},{"link_name":"Akizuki clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akizuki_clan"},{"link_name":"Mōri Motonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Motonari"},{"link_name":"Tachibana Dōsetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachibana_D%C5%8Dsetsu"},{"link_name":"Mount Kosho castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kosho_castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"jp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%87%A6%E5%B1%B1%E5%9F%8E"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E6%9F%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%B8%82%E5%8F%B2-11"},{"link_name":"seppuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E6%9F%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%B8%82%E5%8F%B2_%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E7%B7%A85%E3%80%8E%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8(%E5%89%8D%E7%B7%A8%E3%83%BB%E5%BE%8C%E7%B7%A8)%E3%80%8F-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mozi_castle.JPG"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B7%9D%E5%8F%A3200647-48-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B7%9D%E5%8F%A32009203-14"},{"link_name":"Siege of Moji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Moji"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Roots_and_Consequences_of_Civil_Wars_and_Revolutions_Conflicts_That_Changed_World_History;_Spencer_C._Tucker-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull1998218-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samurai:_The_World_of_the_Warrior-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yanagawa_history_Yufu-10"},{"link_name":"Buzen Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzen_Province"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E6%88%B8%E6%AC%A1%E9%81%93%E9%9B%AA%E8%AD%B2%E7%8A%B6%E5%86%99_%E7%AB%8B%E8%8A%B1%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8;_Muneaki_Tachibana-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E5%88%80_%E7%84%A1%E9%8A%98_%E5%85%BC%E5%85%89-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toyotsu_Town_History-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toyotsu_Town_History-20"},{"link_name":"Eiroku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiroku"},{"link_name":"Mōri Takamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Takamoto"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toyotsu_Town_History-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E6%88%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E7%AD%91%E5%89%8D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E5%83%8F%E6%B0%8F71-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Chikugo,_Volume_2;_Dosetsu-25"},{"link_name":"Siege of Tachibana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tachibana"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull1998218-16"},{"link_name":"Mōri clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_clan"},{"link_name":"Higashi-ku, Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashi-ku,_Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E7%AD%91%E5%BE%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2_:_%E5%8E%9F%E5%90%8D%E3%83%BB%E7%AD%91%E5%BE%8C%E5%B0%86%E5%A3%AB%E8%BB%8D%E8%AB%87_%E4%B8%8A%E5%B7%BB_2-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hakata_Bay_and_beach_of_Seaside_Momochi_Seaside_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mōri clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_clan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tatarahama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tatarahama_(1569)"},{"link_name":"Kikkawa Motoharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkawa_Motoharu"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull1998218-16"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E7%AD%91%E5%89%8D%E6%88%A6%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%89%E4%B9%B1;_Dosetsu-31"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E6%88%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E7%AD%91%E5%89%8D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E5%83%8F%E6%B0%8F71-24"}],"sub_title":"Conflict against Ōtomo clan","text":"In 1556 at May 19, Dōsetsu's forces finally manage to quell the rebellions incited by Akimoto, and he later sent recommendation letters of his subordinates who gave outstanding performance during this operation, such as Korenobu Yufu, Takano Daizen, Adachi Sakyō, and Ando Iesada.[10]In 1557, the Akizuki clan rebelled due to their collaboration with Mōri Motonari, to which Sorin responded by sending Tachibana Dōsetsu and Usuki Akisumi with 2,000 soldiers to quell their rebellion. Dōsetsu besieged the Akizuki clan which was led by Akizuki Kiyotane in Mount Kosho castle [jp].[11] In the end, Kiyotane and his son committed seppuku inside their castle.[12]: 564The site of the ruined Moji castleIn the next year of 1558, Dōsetsu fought Mōri clan sent Takakage in the first siege of Moji castle. In this battle, Dōsetsu had 800 of his archers shower Kobayakama's army with arrows.[13][14] As the Dōsetsu continues his siege until 1562, Dōsetsu entered the last phase of this Siege of Moji, where he enlisted the help of traders from Portuguese Empire[15][16] In this battle, the Portuguese merchants assisted Dōsetsu with three ships weighted between 500-600 tons, The bombardment from the ships allowed the Ōtomo troops to establish themselves around Moji castle. However, the castle defenders manage to break the siege after the Portuguese has spent all their ammunitions and withdrew from this operation. Despite the Ōtomo forces under Dōsetsu launching another attempt at besieging the castle in 10 October 1561, they failed to subdue the castle.[17]In 1562 of July 13, Dōsetsu and his subordinate Korenobu Yufu,[10] has defeated the Mōri clan army in the battle in Yanagigaura in Buzen Province.[18][19] Later, Dōsetsu stormed Moji castle on October 13 and they managed to subdue the castle which was defended by Reizei Mototoyo, a former Ouchi clan vassal who was 25 years old.[20] On November 26, there was a battle all day long near Moji Castle, leaving hundreds injured and dead with an unclear result.[20] In 1563, on the New Year's Day of 6th year of Eiroku, a large army led by Mōri Takamoto and Kobayakawa Takakage arrived to relieve Moji castle. The army of Dōsetsu and Mōri Takamoto entered a standoff until an intermediary envoy from Kyoto arrived sending a message from the Ashikaga shogunate to both Dōsetsu and Takamoto to stop their conflict.[20] In the same year, Dōsetsu changed his name from Akitsura into Dōsetsu.[21][22][23] In 1564 July 25, the mediator from the Shogunate secured an agreement of temporary peace treaty between the Mōri clan and the Ōtomo clan.[24] However, this truce did not last long as on March 25, Dōsetsu once again fought the Mōri clan army which was led by Koremaki Yufu in The Fourth Battle of Yanagigaura.[25]In 1569, Dōsetsu was involved in the failed defense of the Siege of Tachibana castle, where the army under Mōri Motonari beat Dosetsu forces with the extensive use of cannons.[16] Later in the same year, Dōsetsu personally led the Otomo forces against the Mōri clan in Tatara area (located in modern day Higashi-ku, Fukuoka), where they engaged in at least four battles which ended in deadlocks.[26]Hakata Bay, where Dōsetsu fought the Mōri clan army at the Battle of TatarahamaIn May 18, after several engagements at the Battle of Tatarahama, the Ōtomo army led by Dōsetsu, Usuki Akisumi, and Yoshihiro Akimasa clashed against 40,000 soldiers under Kikkawa Motoharu and Kobayakawa Takakage.[16][27][28][29][30] During the fierce battle between the two sides, Dōsetsu lead the charge into the enemy formation and killed more than ten enemies and manage to beat the vanguard of Motoharu which was led by Yoshikawa Motoharu's vanguard led by Nobuki Narazaki. Then, Yoshikawa Motoharu used iron cannons to counterattack. The situation was described as dire for the Ōtomo side before Dōsetsu charged towards a gap in the formation of Takakage's army, allowing other Dōsetsu generals to reorganize themselves and rearrange their artillery. Dōsetsu rode his horse and charged forward unto the enemy camp while drawing his sword.The army of Motoharu and Takakage was unable to resist and was pushed back.[31]Following the battle of Tatatahama, there are about 18 more clashes in the area from 21–26 May, between Dōsetsu army against Takakage and other Mōri generals with undetermined results. However, in the end Takakage forced to relinquish the castle of Tachibana again to Dōsetsu, since the Mōri and Ōtomo clan sign truce peace negotiation with the result that Mōri clan should give back the Tachibana castle to Ōtomo.[24]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takamatsumizuseme.jpg"},{"link_name":"Takamatsu Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takamatsu_Castle_(Bitch%C5%AB)"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Yoshiaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshiaki"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Yoshiaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshiaki"},{"link_name":"Mōri Terumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Terumoto"},{"link_name":"Uesugi Kenshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uesugi_Kenshin"},{"link_name":"Takeda Katsuyori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Katsuyori"},{"link_name":"Ishiyama Hongan-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishiyama_Hongan-ji"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Kizugawaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Kizugawaguchi"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Kizugawaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Kizugawaguchi"},{"link_name":"Ishiyama Hongan-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishiyama_Hongan-ji"},{"link_name":"siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ishiyama_Hongan-ji"},{"link_name":"Kuki Yoshitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_Yoshitaka"},{"link_name":"ironclads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell-32"},{"link_name":"Uesugi Kenshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uesugi_Kenshin"},{"link_name":"Ishiyama Hongan-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishiyama_Hongan-ji"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga"},{"link_name":"Chūgoku region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_region"},{"link_name":"Ukita Naoie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukita_Naoie"},{"link_name":"Bizen Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizen_Province"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Harima Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harima_Province"},{"link_name":"Inaba Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaba_Province"},{"link_name":"Siege of Takamatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Takamatsu"},{"link_name":"Takamatsu Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takamatsu_Castle_(Bitch%C5%AB)"},{"link_name":"Bitchū Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitch%C5%AB_Province"},{"link_name":"Mōri Terumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Terumoto"},{"link_name":"Kikkawa Motoharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkawa_Motoharu"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga"},{"link_name":"Takeda clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_clan"},{"link_name":"Chūgoku region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_region"},{"link_name":"Hayashi Narinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_Narinaga"},{"link_name":"Ankokuji Ekei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankokuji_Ekei"},{"link_name":"Honnō-ji incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honn%C5%8D-ji_incident"},{"link_name":"Akechi Mitsuhide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akechi_Mitsuhide"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Akechi Mitsuhide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akechi_Mitsuhide"},{"link_name":"Mōri Terumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Terumoto"},{"link_name":"Hayashi Narinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_Narinaga"},{"link_name":"Ankokuji Ekei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankokuji_Ekei"},{"link_name":"Mōri Terumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Terumoto"},{"link_name":"Honnō-ji incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honn%C5%8D-ji_incident"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Niitakayama Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niitakayama_Castle"},{"link_name":"Mihara Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihara_Castle"},{"link_name":"Seto Inland Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea"}],"sub_title":"Conflict with Nobunaga","text":"Siege of Takamatsu CastleThe 15th shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate, Ashikaga Yoshiaki had a falling out with Oda Nobunaga in 1576 and invited Mōri Terumoto to join the 2nd Oda Encirclement Plan (第2次信長包囲網). The alliance consisted of Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Mōri Terumoto, Uesugi Kenshin, Takeda Katsuyori and the Ishiyama Hongan-ji monks. The allies really didn't have too much success against the powerful Oda armies. The significant event here is the formation of all these powerful men, who were oftentimes not the best of friends. That same year (1576) at the First Battle of Kizugawaguchi, Kobayakawa Takakage led the Mōri naval forces with Murakami Takeyoshi. The Mōri navy successfully thwarted an Oda blockade of the Ishiyama Honganji led by Kuki Yoshitaka.Two years later in 1578 at the Second Battle of Kizugawaguchi, Takakage was leading the naval forces again. The Ishiyama Hongan-ji was still under siege, and Oda's fleet, commanded once again by Kuki Yoshitaka, made another attempt to break the Mōri supply lines. Going against convention, Yoshitaka fought with six very large ō-adakebune ships, rather than a combination of small (kobaya), medium (sekibune), and large (adakebune) craft. Normally, adakebune were essentially wooden floating fortresses, covered in gun and bow emplacements. According to some accounts, it may be believed that these six were the first ironclads, and were built such that guns could not penetrate them. However, rather than true ironclads, made primarily or entirely of metal, these craft probably simply had limited iron plating in key locations. Several Mōri vessels were burned and sunk, and Oda's fleet ultimately achieved victory.[32] The supply lines were broken, and the Hongan-ji fell soon afterwards. However, during this battle an interesting flaw was discovered in the ō-adakebune design. As Mōri samurai rushed to board the large ship, all the defending warriors ran to that side of the deck, to defend themselves, and the ship capsized as its center of gravity shifted. Also in 1578 the \"2nd Oda Encirclement Plan\" falls apart when Uesugi Kenshin suddenly dies and the Ishiyama Hongan-ji monks made peace with Oda Nobunaga.Hashiba Hideyoshi (羽柴秀吉) who is later known as Toyotomi Hideyoshi was a general under Oda Nobunaga in charge of the push into the Chūgoku region. He had increasingly intense tactics and the Mōri forces continued to be pushed backwards. In 1579, Ukita Naoie of Bizen Province believed the fight against Nobunaga was hopeless and claimed illness, only sending a small token force to aid the Mōri.[33] In 1580, Miki Castle (三木城) of Harima Province which had held off the Oda forces for two years falls. In addition in 1581, Tottori Castle (鳥取城) of Inaba Province falls after falling prey to starvation and the castle master, Kikkawa Tsuneie (吉川経家) commits suicide.In 1582 the Siege of Takamatsu on Takamatsu Castle of Bitchū Province begins. Takakage led the main force of the Mōri along with Mōri Terumoto and Kikkawa Motoharu leading 30,000 men. However, Hashiba Hideyoshi, who also had 30,000 men was faring well and Oda Nobunaga's main army who had just finished defeating the Takeda clan were marching towards the Chūgoku region. Takekage began secret negotiations with Hideyoshi using his diplomats Hayashi Narinaga and Ankokuji Ekei. In June of that year Hideyoshi hears about Oda Nobunaga's demise at the Honnō-ji incident by the hands of Akechi Mitsuhide and hurries back to Kyoto to get revenge for his master. Akechi Mitsuhide had sent a secret letter to Mōri Terumoto promising him great things but Hideyoshi's men intercepted the messenger. Hideyoshi then sent for Mōri diplomats Hayashi Narinaga and Ankokuji Ekei not telling them that Nobunaga had been assassinated. He proposed peace if the Mōri would cede to him the provinces of Hoki, Mimasaka and Bitchu. The diplomats thought that Mimasaka had already basically fallen, and Hoki was just a matter of time. Also Shimizu Muneharu, the defender of Takamatsu Castle must commit suicide. Mōri Terumoto had found out about the Honnō-ji incident and wanted to attack Hideyoshi but was stopped by the advice of Kobayakawa Takakage and the two diplomats who were well respected in the Mōri clan.[34] Takakage is said to have said, \"It is a shame for the samurai to make peace before the blood of our friends has dried on their swords.\"That year in 1582, Takakage had moved his main castle of Niitakayama Castle (新高山城) to Mihara Castle facing the Seto Inland Sea.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Kobayakawa_Takakage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mihara City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihara,_Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Shibata Katsuie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibata_Katsuie"},{"link_name":"Battle of Shizugatake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shizugatake"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Shikoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Shikoku"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turnbull-35"},{"link_name":"Iyo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyo_Province"},{"link_name":"Yuzuki Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzuki_Castle"},{"link_name":"Ōzu Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Czu_Castle"},{"link_name":"Mihara Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihara_Castle"},{"link_name":"Luís Fróis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Fr%C3%B3is"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Chikuzen Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikuzen_Province"},{"link_name":"Chikugo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikugo_Province"},{"link_name":"Hizen Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizen_Province"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"koku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koku"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Mōri Terumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Terumoto"},{"link_name":"Sassa Narimasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassa_Narimasa"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Siege of Odawara (1590)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Odawara_(1590)"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu"},{"link_name":"Okazaki Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki_Castle"},{"link_name":"Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%9398)"},{"link_name":"Jeolla Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeolla_Province"},{"link_name":"Gyeonggi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province"},{"link_name":"Battle of Byeokjegwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Byeokjegwan"},{"link_name":"Tachibana Muneshige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachibana_Muneshige"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Katō Kiyomasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Kiyomasa"},{"link_name":"Mōri Terumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Terumoto"},{"link_name":"Kobayakawa Hideaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayakawa_Hideaki"}],"sub_title":"Service under Hideyoshi","text":"Statue of Takakage in Mihara City.In 1583 when Hideyoshi defeated Shibata Katsuie at the Battle of Shizugatake the Mōri had retained neutrality but they abandoned the opportunistic line and reached out to become subordinates of Hideyoshi. At this time Kobayakawa Takakage offers up his adopted son, Kobayakawa Hidekane, who is really his younger brother as hostage to Hideyoshi.After this Takakage cooperates positively with Hideyoshi and in 1585 during Hideyoshi's Invasion of Shikoku[35] he defeats Kaneko Motoie (金子元宅) of Iyo Province. For his service he was given Iyo Province as his fief and that year he moved into Yuzuki Castle (湯築城) and Ōzu Castle (大洲城) but keeps Mihara Castle as his main base. He also took the former secretary of the Kaneko clan, Saionji Kinmochi (西園寺公広) as a vassal. In addition, the control of Iyo by Takakage is excellent and the Portuguese missionary, Luís Fróis, praises that \"Takakage governs the country quietly with a deep thought and it is unusual in Japan that there is no terror or rebellion in the country of Iyo\".Starting in 1586 Takakage took part in Hideyoshi's Kyūshū Campaign and after the campaign Hideyoshi awarded him with Chikuzen Province, Chikugo Province and Hizen Province of Kyūshū totalling 371,300 koku. However, Takakage tried to object saying that it was impossible for the three clans of Mōri, Kikkawa and Kobayakawa to administer these provinces adequately since they already had seven to eight provinces in the Chugoku region and now on top of that the three in Kyūshū. On the contrary, Hideyoshi tried to make him administer the provinces by making two of them public but Takakage repeatedly decline and said that his nephew Mōri Terumoto was still too young and his brother Kikkawa Motoharu had already died. He proposed to install substitute officers in Chikuzen and Chikugo and also would alternate with Sassa Narimasa (佐々成政) every half a year or year. Hideyoshi refused his resignation of the provinces and this was an opportunity for Takakage to become an independent lord under the Toyotomi administration.In 1587, his retainer Kōno Michinao (河野通直) who he had transferred to Takehara died. This left Takakage with the problem of taking care of the provinces in Kyūshū without help and by the suspicious nature of his death he may have been assassinated by Hideyoshi himself. Since Saionji Kinmochi (西園寺公広) was also killed at the same time, during Takakage's transportation of men to Kyūshū it seems Hideyoshi was trying to take power away from the Kobayakawa clan by eliminating his best supporters. Hideyoshi was known to do this on separate other occasions.The Toyotomi uji was simultaneously granted to a number of Hideyoshi's chosen allies, who adopted the new uji \"豊臣朝臣\" (Toyotomi no asomi, courtier of Toyotomi). In July, 1588, he gave this to Takakage. Two years later he participated in the Siege of Odawara (1590) when he took Tokugawa Ieyasu's Okazaki Castle.In 1592 when Hideyoshi orders the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98), Takakage mobilizes 10,000 soldiers as captain of the 6th division and attacks Jeolla Province but he is met with resistance and unable to capture the province completely. He was then relocated in 1593 to Gyeonggi Province where he fought in the Battle of Byeokjegwan with Tachibana Muneshige where they repelled the reinforcement forces of the Ming dynasty.In 1594 there is a letter sent to the commanders of the Mōri forces in Korea. It was addressed to Kobayakawa Takakage from Katō Kiyomasa saying that Hideyoshi wanted to give his nephew Hashiba Hideaki (羽柴秀俊) as an adopted son to the Mōri clan for adoption. Mōri Terumoto was already 40 years old and had no heir. Fearing that this would make the heir to the Mōri clan someone without Mōri blood he adopted Hideaki himself and he became known as Kobayakawa Hideaki.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Council of Five Elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders"},{"link_name":"Ukita Hideie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukita_Hideie"},{"link_name":"Maeda Toshiie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeda_Toshiie"},{"link_name":"Uesugi Kagekatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uesugi_Kagekatsu"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu"},{"link_name":"Kobayakawa Hideaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayakawa_Hideaki"},{"link_name":"Mihara Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihara_Castle"},{"link_name":"koku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koku"},{"link_name":"Najima Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najima_Castle"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"Mihara Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihara_Castle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotobank-2"},{"link_name":"Kikkawa Hiroie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkawa_Hiroie"},{"link_name":"Mōri Hidemoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Hidemoto"},{"link_name":"Kuroda Kanbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroda_Yoshitaka"}],"text":"In 1595 Takakage was appointed to the Council of Five Elders by Hideyoshi along with Ukita Hideie, Maeda Toshiie, Uesugi Kagekatsu, and the famous Tokugawa Ieyasu. Then he handed over his estate to his adopted son Kobayakawa Hideaki and retired to Mihara Castle. Hideyoshi gave him a retirement fief of 50,150 koku. He also built Najima Castle (名島城) in Fukuoka. Takakage died two years later at Mihara Castle on July 26, 1597,[2] and was buried at Beisan Temple (Beisan-ji, 米山寺) in Nuta, Numata.After the death of Takakage the role of the \"Mōri's Two Rivers\" went to his nephews Kikkawa Hiroie (吉川広家) and Mōri Hidemoto (毛利秀元).On hearing the news of Takakage's death, Kuroda Kanbei lamented and said: \"The last wise man in Japan has gone.\"","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hidari_mitsudomoe.svg"},{"link_name":"Kobayakawa clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayakawa_clan"},{"link_name":"Mōri Motonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Motonari"},{"link_name":"Mōri Takamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Takamoto"},{"link_name":"Kikkawa Motoharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkawa_Motoharu"},{"link_name":"Kobayakawa Hidekane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayakawa_Hidekane"},{"link_name":"Lady Toida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Toida"},{"link_name":"Kobayakawa Hidekane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayakawa_Hidekane"},{"link_name":"Kobayakawa Hideaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayakawa_Hideaki"}],"text":"Mon of Kobayakawa clan (Hidari mitsudomoe).Father: Mōri Motonari (毛利元就, 1497–1571)\nMother: Myōkyū (妙玖, 1499–1546) – daughter of Kikkawa Kunitsune (吉川国経).\nAdoptive father: Kobayakawa Okikage (小早川興景, 1519–1541)\nSiblings:\nSister: name unknown - died young, taken hostage by the Takahashi clan (高橋氏) and later killed.\nBrother: Mōri Takamoto (毛利隆元, 1523–1563)\nSister: Goryū no Tsubone (五龍局, d. 1574) – wife of Shishido Takaie (宍戸隆家).\nBrother: Kikkawa Motoharu (吉川元春, 1530–1586)\nHalf-brother: Ninomiya Naritoki (二宮就辰, 1546–1607)\nHalf-brother: Hoida Motokiyo (穂井田元清, 1551–1597)\nHalf-brother: Suginomori Motoaki (椙杜元秋, 1552–1585)\nHalf-brother: Izuha Mototomo (出羽元倶, 1555–1571)\nHalf-brother: Amano Motomasa (天野元政, 1559–1609)\nHalf-brother: Suetsugu Motoyasu (末次元康, 1560–1601)\nHalf-brother: Kobayakawa Hidekane (小早川秀包, 1567–1601)\nWife: Lady Toida, daughter of Kobayakawa Masahira (d. 1619)\nAdopted Children:\nKobayakawa Hidekane (1567–1601) (also Takakage's half-brother)\nKobayakawa Hideaki (小早川秀秋, 1567–1601)(The nephew of Toyotomi Hideyoshi)","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoshitoshi_Kobayakawa_Takakage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hayashi Narinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_Narinaga"},{"link_name":"Mōri Motonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Motonari"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"}],"text":"depicts Kobayakawa Takakage debating the tengu of Mount Hiko.Hayashi Nagayoshi (林長由, c.1560–?), son of Hayashi Narinaga who served Mōri Motonari. He also served Takakage's adopted sons. Jirōuemon (郎右エ門), Tamba-no-kami (丹波守).\nSaionji Kinmochi (西園寺公広, 1537–1588), possibly assassinated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.\nKono Michinao (河野通直, 1564–1587), possibly assassinated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Iyo-no-kami (伊予守).\nMurakami Kagechika (村上景親, 1558–1610)\nMurakami Kagehiro (村上景広, 1554–1627)\nAwaya Kagekatsu (粟屋景雄, ?–?)\nIkuchi Kagemori (生口景守, ?–?)\nIsokane Kagemichi (磯兼景道, ?–?)\nOka Kagetada (岡景忠, ?–1630)\nKatsura Kagenobu (桂景信, ?–?)\nKanehisa Kagekatsu (包久景勝, ?–?)\nKunishige Kageuji (國貞景氏, ?–?)\nShimizu Kageharu (清水景治, 1571–1649)\nMokake Kagetoshi (裳懸景利, ?–?)\nMasuda Kageyoshi (益田景祥, 1577–1630)\nTeshima Kageshige (手嶋景繁, ?–?)\nShirai Kagetane (白井景胤, ?–?)\nJinzai Kagemichi (神西景通, ?–?)","title":"Retainers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toshiaki Megumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiaki_Megumi"},{"link_name":"NHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"Taiga drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga_drama"},{"link_name":"Mōri Motonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Motonari"},{"link_name":"Gunshi Kanbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunshi_Kanbei"},{"link_name":"Samurai Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Warriors Orochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warriors_Orochi"}],"text":"Portrayed by Toshiaki Megumi in the 1997 NHK Taiga drama TV series Mōri Motonari.\nHe also appeared in Gunshi Kanbei as virtually head of the Mōri clan.\nHe appears as a playable character in the video game series Samurai Warriors and its crossover game Warriors Orochi.","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:People_of_the_Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:People_of_the_Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_of_the_Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Sengoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Azuchi–Momoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period"},{"link_name":"daimyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu"},{"link_name":"Shōgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Yoshiharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshiharu"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Yoshiteru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshiteru"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Yoshihide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshihide"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Yoshiaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshiaki"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Hidetada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Hidetada"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Go-Kashiwabara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Kashiwabara"},{"link_name":"Go-Nara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara"},{"link_name":"Ōgimachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cgimachi"},{"link_name":"Go-Yōzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Y%C5%8Dzei"},{"link_name":"daimyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_daimy%C5%8Ds_from_the_Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Amago Tsunehisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amago_Tsunehisa"},{"link_name":"Amago Haruhisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amago_Haruhisa"},{"link_name":"Asakura Yoshikage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asakura_Yoshikage"},{"link_name":"Ashina Moriuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashina_Moriuji"},{"link_name":"Akechi Mitsuhide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akechi_Mitsuhide"},{"link_name":"Azai Nagamasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azai_Nagamasa"},{"link_name":"Chōsokabe Motochika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsokabe_Motochika"},{"link_name":"Date Terumune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Terumune"},{"link_name":"Date Masamune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Masamune"},{"link_name":"Hatakeyama Yoshitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatakeyama_Yoshitaka"},{"link_name":"Honda Tadakatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Tadakatsu"},{"link_name":"Hōjō Sōun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_S%C5%8Dun"},{"link_name":"Hōjō Ujimasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Ujimasa"},{"link_name":"Hōjō Ujiyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Ujiyasu"},{"link_name":"Ii Naomasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii_Naomasa"},{"link_name":"Imagawa Yoshimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagawa_Yoshimoto"},{"link_name":"Imagawa Ujizane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagawa_Ujizane"},{"link_name":"Isshiki Yoshimichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isshiki_Yoshimichi"},{"link_name":"Itō Yoshisuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_Yoshisuke"},{"link_name":"Kitabatake Tomonori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabatake_Tomonori"},{"link_name":"Kuroda Nagamasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroda_Nagamasa"},{"link_name":"Matsunaga Hisahide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsunaga_Hisahide"},{"link_name":"Miyoshi Nagayoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyoshi_Nagayoshi"},{"link_name":"Mogami Yoshiaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogami_Yoshiaki"},{"link_name":"Mōri Motonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Motonari"},{"link_name":"Ōuchi Yoshitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Yoshitaka"},{"link_name":"Ōuchi Yoshinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Yoshinaga"},{"link_name":"Ōtomo Sōrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_S%C5%8Drin"},{"link_name":"Rokkaku Yoshikata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokkaku_Yoshikata"},{"link_name":"Ryūzōji Takanobu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABz%C5%8Dji_Takanobu"},{"link_name":"Saitō Dōsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_D%C5%8Dsan"},{"link_name":"Saitō Yoshitatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Yoshitatsu"},{"link_name":"Sakai Tadatsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakai_Tadatsugu"},{"link_name":"Sakakibara Yasumasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakakibara_Yasumasa"},{"link_name":"Satomi Yoshitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satomi_Yoshitaka"},{"link_name":"Sanada Yukitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanada_Yukitaka"},{"link_name":"Sanada Masayuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanada_Masayuki"},{"link_name":"Sanada Nobuyuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanada_Nobuyuki"},{"link_name":"Satake Yoshishige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satake_Yoshishige"},{"link_name":"Sagara Yoshihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara_Yoshihi"},{"link_name":"Shimazu Yoshihisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimazu_Yoshihisa"},{"link_name":"Shimazu Yoshihiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimazu_Yoshihiro"},{"link_name":"Tachibana Dōsetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachibana_D%C5%8Dsetsu"},{"link_name":"Takeda Nobutora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Nobutora"},{"link_name":"Takeda Shingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Shingen"},{"link_name":"Tōdō Takatora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Takatora"},{"link_name":"Uesugi Kagekatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uesugi_Kagekatsu"},{"link_name":"Uesugi Kenshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uesugi_Kenshin"},{"link_name":"Uesugi Norimasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uesugi_Norimasa"},{"link_name":"Ukita Naoie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukita_Naoie"},{"link_name":"Uragami Munekage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragami_Munekage"},{"link_name":"Yamana Toyokuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamana_Toyokuni"},{"link_name":"Yamana Suketoyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamana_Suketoyo"},{"link_name":"Swordsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenjutsu"},{"link_name":"Marume Nagayoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marume_Nagayoshi"},{"link_name":"Hikita Bungorō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikita_Bungor%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kamiizumi Nobutsuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamiizumi_Nobutsuna"},{"link_name":"Miyamoto Musashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi"},{"link_name":"Mizuno Katsushige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuno_Katsushige"},{"link_name":"Sasaki Kojirō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasaki_Kojir%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Tadashima Akiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadashima_Akiyama"},{"link_name":"Tsukahara Bokuden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukahara_Bokuden"},{"link_name":"Tsutsumi Hōzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsutsumi_H%C5%8Dzan"},{"link_name":"Yagyū Munenori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagy%C5%AB_Munenori"},{"link_name":"Yagyū Munetoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagy%C5%AB_Munetoshi"},{"link_name":"Shinmen Munisai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinmen_Munisai"},{"link_name":"Itō Ittōsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_Itt%C5%8Dsai"},{"link_name":"Advisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adviser"},{"link_name":"strategists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategist"},{"link_name":"Kobayakawa Takakage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kuroda Yoshitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroda_Yoshitaka"},{"link_name":"Naoe Kanetsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoe_Kanetsugu"},{"link_name":"Takenaka Shigeharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takenaka_Shigeharu"},{"link_name":"Usami Sadamitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usami_Sadamitsu"},{"link_name":"Yamamoto Kansuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamamoto_Kansuke_(general)"},{"link_name":"Ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja"},{"link_name":"Mochizuki Chiyome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochizuki_Chiyome"},{"link_name":"Fūma Kotarō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Hatsume no Tsubone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatsume_no_Tsubone"},{"link_name":"Hattori Hanzō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattori_Hanz%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ishikawa Goemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa_Goemon"},{"link_name":"Katō Danzō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Danz%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kirigakure Shikaemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirigakure_Saiz%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kōzuki Sasuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarutobi_Sasuke"},{"link_name":"Nakamura Chōbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakamura_(bandit)"},{"link_name":"Ohama Kagetaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohama_Kagetaka"},{"link_name":"Sugitani Zenjūbō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugitani_Zenj%C5%ABb%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Saika Magoichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Magoichi"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Sadayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Shigeoki"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Shigehide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Shigehide"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Shigetomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Magoichi"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Magoroku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Magoroku"},{"link_name":"Igasaki Dōshun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tateoka_Doshun"},{"link_name":"Umemura Sawano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umemura_Sawano"},{"link_name":"Monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Ankokuji Ekei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankokuji_Ekei"},{"link_name":"Hongan-ji Kennyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dsa"},{"link_name":"Hon'inbō Sansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon%27inb%C5%8D_Sansa"},{"link_name":"Ishin Sūden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishin_S%C5%ABden"},{"link_name":"Jion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jion_(monk)"},{"link_name":"Koji Kashin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koji_Kashin"},{"link_name":"Nankōbō Tenkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenkai"},{"link_name":"Rennyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennyo"},{"link_name":"Sessai Chōrō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessai_Ch%C5%8Dr%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Shimozuma Chūkō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimozuma_Ch%C5%ABk%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Shimotsuma Rairen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimotsuma_Rairen"},{"link_name":"Shimozuma Rairyū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimozuma_Rairy%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Takuan Sōhō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Female castellans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_castellans_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Akai Teruko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akai_Teruko"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Ujihime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Ujinohime"},{"link_name":"Chacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodo-dono"},{"link_name":"Jukei-ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukei-ni"},{"link_name":"Miyohime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyohime"},{"link_name":"Munakata Saikaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munakata_Saikaku"},{"link_name":"Nene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nene_(aristocrat)"},{"link_name":"Onamihime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onamihime"},{"link_name":"Otazu no Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otazu_no_kata"},{"link_name":"Otsuya no Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Otsuya"},{"link_name":"Seishin-ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seishin-ni"},{"link_name":"Tachibana Ginchiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachibana_Ginchiyo"},{"link_name":"Tōshōin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8Din"},{"link_name":"Female warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onna-musha"},{"link_name":"Fujishiro Gozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujishiro_Gozen"},{"link_name":"Ichikawa no Tsubone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Ichikawa"},{"link_name":"Ikeda Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikeda_Sen"},{"link_name":"Kaihime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaihime"},{"link_name":"Kamehime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehime"},{"link_name":"Katakura Kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakura_Kita"},{"link_name":"Katō Tsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Tsune"},{"link_name":"Komatsuhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komatsuhime"},{"link_name":"Kushihashi Teru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushihashi_Teru"},{"link_name":"Maeda Matsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeda_Matsu"},{"link_name":"Myōki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C5%8Dki"},{"link_name":"Myōrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myorin"},{"link_name":"Numata Jakō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numata_Jak%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ōhōri Tsuruhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuruhime"},{"link_name":"Okaji no Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okaji_no_Kata"},{"link_name":"Okyō no Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oky%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Omasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omasa"},{"link_name":"Oni Gozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni_Gozen"},{"link_name":"Shigashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigashi"},{"link_name":"Shirai no Tsubone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Shirai"},{"link_name":"Ueno Tsuruhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueno_Tsuruhime"},{"link_name":"Yuki no Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki_no_Kata"},{"link_name":"Lady Acha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Acha"},{"link_name":"Akohime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akohime"},{"link_name":"Asahihime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_no_kata"},{"link_name":"Lady Chaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Chaa"},{"link_name":"Chikurin-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikurin-in"},{"link_name":"Gōhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Dhime"},{"link_name":"Lady Goryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gory%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Dota Gozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuchida_Gozen"},{"link_name":"Gotokuhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokuhime_(1559%E2%80%931636)"},{"link_name":"Tsumaki Hiroko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsumaki_Hiroko"},{"link_name":"Lady Hayakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Hayakawa"},{"link_name":"Hosokawa Gracia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosokawa_Gracia"},{"link_name":"Irohahime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irohahime"},{"link_name":"Izumo no Okuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumo_no_Okuni"},{"link_name":"Shimazu Kameju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimazu_Kameju"},{"link_name":"Lady Kasuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Kasuga"},{"link_name":"Keigin-ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keigin-ni"},{"link_name":"Kitsuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsuno"},{"link_name":"Konoe Sakiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Sakiko"},{"link_name":"Kōzōsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dz%C5%8Dsu"},{"link_name":"Kyōgoku Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgoku_Maria"},{"link_name":"Kyōgoku Tatsuko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgoku_Tatsuko"},{"link_name":"Kyōun'in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dun%27in"},{"link_name":"Matsuhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuhime"},{"link_name":"Megohime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megohime"},{"link_name":"Lady Myōkyū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_My%C5%8Dky%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Naitō Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nait%C5%8D_Julia"},{"link_name":"Nōhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%8Dhime"},{"link_name":"Odai no Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odai_no_Kata"},{"link_name":"Oeyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeyo"},{"link_name":"Oichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oichi"},{"link_name":"Oinu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oinu"},{"link_name":"Ohatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohatsu"},{"link_name":"Lady Ōkurakyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ckuraky%C5%8D_no_Tsubone"},{"link_name":"Ōmandokoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cmandokoro"},{"link_name":"Ono Otsū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ono_Ots%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Ōtomo-Nata Jezebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo-Nata_Jezebel"},{"link_name":"Rikei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikei"},{"link_name":"Lady Saigō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Saig%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Lady Sanjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Sanj%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Seien-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seien-in"},{"link_name":"Seikōin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seik%C5%8Din"},{"link_name":"Senhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senhime"},{"link_name":"Sentōin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya-Gozen"},{"link_name":"Tobai-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobai-in"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Sadako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Sadako"},{"link_name":"Tomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomo_(Toyotomi)"},{"link_name":"Lady Toida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Toida"},{"link_name":"Tokuhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokuhime_(1565%E2%80%931615)"},{"link_name":"Lady Tsukiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Tsukiyama"},{"link_name":"Yamauchi Chiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamauchi_Chiyo"},{"link_name":"Yoshihime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihime"},{"link_name":"Yoshihiro Kikuhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiro_Kikuhime"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Valignano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Valignano"},{"link_name":"Francis Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Coelho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Coelho"},{"link_name":"Jacob Quaeckernaeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Quaeckernaeck"},{"link_name":"Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Joosten_van_Lodensteijn"},{"link_name":"Julia Ota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Ota"},{"link_name":"Luís Fróis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Fr%C3%B3is"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo de Vivero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Vivero,_1st_Count_of_Valle_de_Orizaba"},{"link_name":"Wakita Naokata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakita_Naokata"},{"link_name":"Wang Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)"},{"link_name":"William Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Adams_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"Yasuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuke"},{"link_name":"List of samurai from the Sengoku period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_samurai_from_the_Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143508#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/186408/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000025682774"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/72875918"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrrBYFBhcCkMWft6cHXBP"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n86097880"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00624015"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/24507516X"}],"text":"vteProminent people of the Sengoku and Azuchi–Momoyama periodsThree major daimyō\nOda Nobunaga\nToyotomi Hideyoshi\nTokugawa Ieyasu\nShōgun\nAshikaga Yoshiharu\nAshikaga Yoshiteru\nAshikaga Yoshihide\nAshikaga Yoshiaki\nTokugawa Hidetada\nEmperor\nGo-Kashiwabara\nGo-Nara\nŌgimachi\nGo-Yōzei\nOther daimyō\nAmago Tsunehisa\nAmago Haruhisa\nAsakura Yoshikage\nAshina Moriuji\nAkechi Mitsuhide\nAzai Nagamasa\nChōsokabe Motochika\nDate Terumune\nDate Masamune\nHatakeyama Yoshitaka\nHonda Tadakatsu\nHōjō Sōun\nHōjō Ujimasa\nHōjō Ujiyasu\nIi Naomasa\nImagawa Yoshimoto\nImagawa Ujizane\nIsshiki Yoshimichi\nItō Yoshisuke\nKitabatake Tomonori\nKuroda Nagamasa\nMatsunaga Hisahide\nMiyoshi Nagayoshi\nMogami Yoshiaki\nMōri Motonari\nŌuchi Yoshitaka\nŌuchi Yoshinaga\nŌtomo Sōrin\nRokkaku Yoshikata\nRyūzōji Takanobu\nSaitō Dōsan\nSaitō Yoshitatsu\nSakai Tadatsugu\nSakakibara Yasumasa\nSatomi Yoshitaka\nSanada Yukitaka\nSanada Masayuki\nSanada Nobuyuki\nSatake Yoshishige\nSagara Yoshihi\nShimazu Yoshihisa\nShimazu Yoshihiro\nTachibana Dōsetsu\nTakeda Nobutora\nTakeda Shingen\nTōdō Takatora\nUesugi Kagekatsu\nUesugi Kenshin\nUesugi Norimasa\nUkita Naoie\nUragami Munekage\nYamana Toyokuni\nYamana Suketoyo\nSwordsmen\nMarume Nagayoshi\nHikita Bungorō\nKamiizumi Nobutsuna\nMiyamoto Musashi\nMizuno Katsushige\nSasaki Kojirō\nTadashima Akiyama\nTsukahara Bokuden\nTsutsumi Hōzan\nYagyū Munenori\nYagyū Munetoshi\nShinmen Munisai\nItō Ittōsai\nAdvisers and strategists\nKobayakawa Takakage\nKuroda Yoshitaka\nNaoe Kanetsugu\nTakenaka Shigeharu\nUsami Sadamitsu\nYamamoto Kansuke\nNinja, rogues andmercenaries\nMochizuki Chiyome\nFūma Kotarō\nHatsume no Tsubone\nHattori Hanzō\nIshikawa Goemon\nKatō Danzō\nKirigakure Shikaemon\nKōzuki Sasuke\nNakamura Chōbei\nOhama Kagetaka\nSugitani Zenjūbō\nSaika Magoichi\nSuzuki Sadayu\nSuzuki Shigehide\nSuzuki Shigetomo\nSuzuki Magoroku\nIgasaki Dōshun\nUmemura Sawano\nMonks and otherreligious figures\nAnkokuji Ekei\nHongan-ji Kennyo\nHon'inbō Sansa\nIshin Sūden\nJion\nKoji Kashin\nNankōbō Tenkai\nRennyo\nSessai Chōrō\nShimozuma Chūkō\nShimotsuma Rairen\nShimozuma Rairyū\nTakuan Sōhō\nFemale castellans\nAkai Teruko\nAshikaga Ujihime\nChacha\nJukei-ni\nMiyohime\nMunakata Saikaku\nNene\nOnamihime\nOtazu no Kata\nOtsuya no Kata\nSeishin-ni\nTachibana Ginchiyo\nTōshōin\nFemale warriors\nFujishiro Gozen\nIchikawa no Tsubone\nIkeda Sen\nKaihime\nKamehime\nKatakura Kita\nKatō Tsune\nKomatsuhime\nKushihashi Teru\nMaeda Matsu\nMyōki\nMyōrin\nNumata Jakō\nŌhōri Tsuruhime\nOkaji no Kata\nOkyō no Kata\nOmasa\nOni Gozen\nShigashi\nShirai no Tsubone\nUeno Tsuruhime\nYuki no Kata\nOther women\nLady Acha\nAkohime\nAsahihime\nLady Chaa\nChikurin-in\nGōhime\nLady Goryū\nDota Gozen\nGotokuhime\nTsumaki Hiroko\nLady Hayakawa\nHosokawa Gracia\nIrohahime\nIzumo no Okuni\nShimazu Kameju\nLady Kasuga\nKeigin-ni\nKitsuno\nKonoe Sakiko\nKōzōsu\nKyōgoku Maria\nKyōgoku Tatsuko\nKyōun'in\nMatsuhime\nMegohime\nLady Myōkyū\nNaitō Julia\nNōhime\nOdai no Kata\nOeyo\nOichi\nOinu\nOhatsu\nLady Ōkurakyo\nŌmandokoro\nOno Otsū\nŌtomo-Nata Jezebel\nRikei\nLady Saigō\nLady Sanjō\nSeien-in\nSeikōin\nSenhime\nSentōin\nTobai-in\nToyotomi Sadako\nTomo\nLady Toida\nTokuhime\nLady Tsukiyama\nYamauchi Chiyo\nYoshihime\nYoshihiro Kikuhime\nForeign people in Japan\nAlessandro Valignano\nFrancis Xavier\nGaspar Coelho\nJacob Quaeckernaeck\nJan Joosten van Lodensteijn\nJulia Ota\nLuís Fróis\nRodrigo de Vivero\nSoga Seikan\nWakita Naokata\nWang Zhi\nWilliam Adams\nYasuke\nSee also\nList of samurai from the Sengoku periodAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nJapan\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Japan in 1570 showing the extent of the Mōri clan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg/330px-Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The site of the ruined Moji castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mozi_castle.JPG/220px-Mozi_castle.JPG"},{"image_text":"Hakata Bay, where Dōsetsu fought the Mōri clan army at the Battle of Tatarahama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hakata_Bay_and_beach_of_Seaside_Momochi_Seaside_Park.jpg/240px-Hakata_Bay_and_beach_of_Seaside_Momochi_Seaside_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"Siege of Takamatsu Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Takamatsumizuseme.jpg/330px-Takamatsumizuseme.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Takakage in Mihara City.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Statue_of_Kobayakawa_Takakage.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Kobayakawa_Takakage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mon of Kobayakawa clan (Hidari mitsudomoe).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hidari_mitsudomoe.svg/170px-Hidari_mitsudomoe.svg.png"},{"image_text":"depicts Kobayakawa Takakage debating the tengu of Mount Hiko.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Yoshitoshi_Kobayakawa_Takakage.jpg/150px-Yoshitoshi_Kobayakawa_Takakage.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"title":"Kobayakawa Takakage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kobayakawa_Takakage"},{"title":"Kobayakawa Hideaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayakawa_Hideaki"},{"title":"Mōri Motonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Motonari"},{"title":"Mōri Terumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Terumoto"},{"title":"Kikkawa Motoharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkawa_Motoharu"},{"title":"Mihara Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihara_Castle"},{"title":"Mihara Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihara_Domain"},{"title":"Hayashi Narinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_Narinaga"}]	[{"reference":"Hall, John Whitney (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 831. ISBN 0521223555.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521223555","url_text":"0521223555"}]},{"reference":"\"小早川隆景（読み）こばやかわたかかげ日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)「小早川隆景」の解説\". kotobank. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%A9%E5%B7%9D%E9%9A%86%E6%99%AF-16258","url_text":"\"小早川隆景（読み）こばやかわたかかげ日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)「小早川隆景」の解説\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, William Scott (2015). The Pocket Samurai.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. pp. 234–235. ISBN 0804705259.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofjapan00sans","url_text":"A History of Japan, 1334–1615"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofjapan00sans/page/234","url_text":"234–235"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804705259","url_text":"0804705259"}]},{"reference":"West, C.E. (2005). Seal, F.W. (ed.). Battle of Miyajima.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Stephen R. (1977). The Samurai: A Military History. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. pp. 131–134.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Stephen (2013). The Samurai: A Military History. Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 978-1134243693.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134243693","url_text":"978-1134243693"}]},{"reference":">『柳川市史』史料編Ｖ近世文書（後編）118由布文書 (5) 戸次鑑連(道雪) [Yanagawa City History” Historical Materials Volume V Early Modern Documents (Part 2) 118 Yufu Documents (5) Bekki Akitsura (Dōsetsu)].","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"『柳川市史』史料編Ｖ近世文書（後編）118 由布文書 (5) 戸次鑑連(道雪)感状写於今度古所山最前攻登、小者一人被疵候、粉骨之次第感悅候、必以時分可顕志候、恐々謹言、七月十九日、由布源五左衛門尉殿雪下事 338頁\". Retrieved 16 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city.yanagawa.fukuoka.jp/rekishibunka/shishihensan/book/book_siryou5.html","url_text":"\"『柳川市史』史料編Ｖ近世文書（後編）118 由布文書 (5) 戸次鑑連(道雪)感状写於今度古所山最前攻登、小者一人被疵候、粉骨之次第感悅候、必以時分可顕志候、恐々謹言、七月十九日、由布源五左衛門尉殿雪下事 338頁\""}]},{"reference":"\"柳川市史史料編5『近世文書(前編・後編)』\" (in Japanese). Yanagawa: Yanagawa city Government. 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city.yanagawa.fukuoka.jp/rekishibunka/shishihensan/book/book_siryou5.html","url_text":"\"柳川市史史料編5『近世文書(前編・後編)』\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanagawa,_Fukuoka","url_text":"Yanagawa"}]},{"reference":"Spencer C. Tucker (2017). The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions Conflicts That Changed World History. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 77. ISBN 9781440842948. Retrieved 17 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker","url_text":"Spencer C. Tucker"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zBjHEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions Conflicts That Changed World History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440842948","url_text":"9781440842948"}]},{"reference":"Muneaki Tachibana. \"戸次道雪譲状写立花文書\". Muneshige (in Japanese). Muneaki Tachibana. Retrieved 17 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muneshige.com/art/doc04.html","url_text":"\"戸次道雪譲状写立花文書\""}]},{"reference":"\"『豊津町史』第四編中世(鎌倉・室町・安土桃山時代)\" [“Toyotsu Town History” Part 4: Medieval Period (Kamakura, Muromachi, Azuchi-Momoyama period)]. adeac.jp (in Japanese). Miyako Town History and Folklore Museum/WEB Museum “Miyako Town Heritage”. p. 586. Retrieved 13 May 2024. Chapter 4: Buzen Province during the Sengoku Period (2) Conflict between the Otomo clan and the Mori clan, the attack and defense of Matsuyama Castle (``Ura Bunshi, ``Hagi Clan Sect Record)","urls":[{"url":"https://adeac.jp/miyako-hf-mus/text-list/d200040/ht041160","url_text":"\"『豊津町史』第四編中世(鎌倉・室町・安土桃山時代)\""}]},{"reference":"Yano Kazusada (1927). \"Chikugo National History/Chikugo Shogun Military Stories\" Family history of Yufu Daisuke Koretki (Koremaki) Munakata clan of Chikuzen Province during the Sengoku period; Volume 2 (in Japanese). Chikugo Legacy Publication Society. p. 27. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1175327/1/27","url_text":"\"Chikugo National History/Chikugo Shogun Military Stories\" Family history of Yufu Daisuke Koretki (Koremaki) Munakata clan of Chikuzen Province during the Sengoku period; Volume 2"}]},{"reference":"貞著. 筑後国史 : 原名・筑後将士軍談上巻 (in Japanese). 筑後遺籍刊行会. pp. 252~255. Retrieved 16 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1020196/175","url_text":"筑後国史 : 原名・筑後将士軍談上巻"}]},{"reference":"吉永正春 (2002). 筑前戦国争乱 (in Japanese). 海鳥社. p. 152. ISBN 9784874153376. Retrieved 17 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2cIxAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"筑前戦国争乱"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784874153376","url_text":"9784874153376"}]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Stephen (2000). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & C0. pp. 87, 223–224, 228. ISBN 1854095234.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1854095234","url_text":"1854095234"}]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Stephen (2013). Samurai Armies 1467–1649: Battle Orders. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1472800039.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472800039","url_text":"978-1472800039"}]},{"reference":"Rava, Giuseppe (2011). Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1780961361.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780961361","url_text":"978-1780961361"}]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co. p. 236. ISBN 9781854095237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781854095237","url_text":"9781854095237"}]},{"reference":"Stephen Turnbull (2003). Samurai: The World of the Warrior. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1841767406.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Turnbull_(historian)","url_text":"Stephen Turnbull"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841767406","url_text":"978-1841767406"}]},{"reference":"Kuwata Kazuaki (2016). 戦国時代の筑前国宗像氏 [Munakata clan of Chikuzen Province during the Sengoku period]. 図書出版花乱社. ISBN 978-4-905327-60-8. Retrieved 17 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://karansha.com/munakatasi.html","url_text":"戦国時代の筑前国宗像氏"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-905327-60-8","url_text":"978-4-905327-60-8"}]},{"reference":"川口, 素生 (2006). 戦国名軍師列伝 [Legends of Sengoku tacticians]. PHP文庫. PHP研究所.","urls":[]},{"reference":"川口, 素生 (2009). 戦国軍師人名事典 [Encyclopedia of Sengoku military tacticians]. 学研M文庫. 学習研究社.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%A9%E5%B7%9D%E9%9A%86%E6%99%AF-16258","external_links_name":"\"小早川隆景（読み）こばやかわたかかげ日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)「小早川隆景」の解説\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofjapan00sans","external_links_name":"A History of Japan, 1334–1615"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofjapan00sans/page/234","external_links_name":"234–235"},{"Link":"https://www.city.yanagawa.fukuoka.jp/rekishibunka/shishihensan/book/book_siryou5.html","external_links_name":"\"『柳川市史』史料編Ｖ近世文書（後編）118 由布文書 (5) 戸次鑑連(道雪)感状写於今度古所山最前攻登、小者一人被疵候、粉骨之次第感悅候、必以時分可顕志候、恐々謹言、七月十九日、由布源五左衛門尉殿雪下事 338頁\""},{"Link":"https://www.city.yanagawa.fukuoka.jp/rekishibunka/shishihensan/book/book_siryou5.html","external_links_name":"\"柳川市史史料編5『近世文書(前編・後編)』\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zBjHEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions Conflicts That Changed World History"},{"Link":"http://www.muneshige.com/art/doc04.html","external_links_name":"\"戸次道雪譲状写立花文書\""},{"Link":"https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/%E5%88%80-%E7%84%A1%E9%8A%98-%E5%85%BC%E5%85%89-%E5%85%BC%E5%85%89/dgH-uAwNNUtQNg?hl=ja","external_links_name":"刀無銘兼光"},{"Link":"https://adeac.jp/miyako-hf-mus/text-list/d200040/ht041160","external_links_name":"\"『豊津町史』第四編中世(鎌倉・室町・安土桃山時代)\""},{"Link":"https://adeac.jp/miyako-hf-mus/text-list/d200040/ht041160","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://kotenseki.nijl.ac.jp/biblio/100164361/viewer/25","external_links_name":"『井樓纂聞梅岳公遺事』 p.26～27"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161207204531/http://www1.bbiq.jp/hukobekki/teihatsu/teihatsu.html","external_links_name":"戸次鑑連剃髪之事"},{"Link":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1175327/1/27","external_links_name":"\"Chikugo National History/Chikugo Shogun Military Stories\" Family history of Yufu Daisuke Koretki (Koremaki) Munakata clan of Chikuzen Province during the Sengoku period; Volume 2"},{"Link":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1020196/175","external_links_name":"筑後国史 : 原名・筑後将士軍談上巻"},{"Link":"http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1213894/92","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017041858/http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1213894/92","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161207215651/http://www1.bbiq.jp/hukobekki/tataragawa/tataragawa.html","external_links_name":"多々良川の戦い戸次鑑連の奮戦"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2cIxAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"筑前戦国争乱"},{"Link":"http://karansha.com/munakatasi.html","external_links_name":"戦国時代の筑前国宗像氏"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/186408/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000025682774","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/72875918","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrrBYFBhcCkMWft6cHXBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86097880","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00624015","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/24507516X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salminus_hilarii	Salminus	["1 Species","2 References"]	Genus of freshwater fish SalminusTemporal range: Miocene to present Salminus hilarii Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Characiformes Family: Characidae Subfamily: Salmininae Genus: SalminusAgassiz, 1829 Species 4, see text Salminus, popularly known as dorado or dourado, is a genus of relatively large (up to 1.3–1.4 m or 4.3–4.6 ft long), predatory freshwater fish from the family Characidae. They are native to large tropical and subtropical rivers in South America, and undertake migrations during the rainy season to spawn. They are very popular among recreational anglers and also support important commercial fisheries. Species Significant taxonomic confusion has surrounded this genus, and until a review in 1990, several additional species were recognised (most of these are junior synonyms of S. brasiliensis). Although known for more than 150 years, S. franciscanus was only scientifically described in 2007. Today, four extant (living) species are recognised: Salminus affinis Steindachner, 1880 – Santiago and Magdalena basins in Ecuador and Colombia Salminus brasiliensis (G. Cuvier, 1816) (dorado/golden dorado) – Paraguay, Uruguay, Chapare and Mamoré basins, and drainage of the Lagoa dos Patos Salminus franciscanus F. C. T. Lima & Britski, 2007 – São Francisco basin Salminus hilarii Valenciennes, 1850 – upper Paraná, Amazon and Orinoco basins A fifth extinct species is only known from Miocene fossil remains: †Salminus noriegai – Argentina References ^ Fishing World-records: Salminus brasiliensis. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ Fishing World-records: Salminus franciscanus. Retrieved 13 March 2017. ^ a b c Lima, F. C. T., and H. A. Britski (2007). Salminus franciscanus, a new species from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) Neotrop. Ichthyol. 5(3). ^ Géry, J. and L. Lauzanne (1990). Les types des espèces du genre Salminus Agassiz, 1829 (Ostariophysi, Characidae) du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Cybium 14(2): 113-124. ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2011). Species of Salminus in FishBase. October 2011 version. Taxon identifiersSalminus Wikidata: Q2214804 Wikispecies: Salminus ADW: Salminus BOLD: 246524 EoL: 26475 GBIF: 2354767 iNaturalist: 91847 IRMNG: 1444278 ITIS: 639346 NCBI: 42583 Open Tree of Life: 280774 WoRMS: 270793 This Characiformes-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"predatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory"},{"link_name":"Characidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characidae"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"spawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LimaBritski-3"},{"link_name":"recreational anglers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_fishing"},{"link_name":"commercial fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_fisheries"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LimaBritski-3"}],"text":"Salminus, popularly known as dorado or dourado, is a genus of relatively large (up to 1.3–1.4 m or 4.3–4.6 ft long[1][2]), predatory freshwater fish from the family Characidae. They are native to large tropical and subtropical rivers in South America, and undertake migrations during the rainy season to spawn.[3] They are very popular among recreational anglers and also support important commercial fisheries.[3]","title":"Salminus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"junior synonyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_synonym"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"scientifically described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LimaBritski-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-5"},{"link_name":"Salminus affinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salminus_affinis"},{"link_name":"Steindachner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Steindachner"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_River_(Ecuador)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Magdalena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_River"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Salminus brasiliensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salminus_brasiliensis"},{"link_name":"G. Cuvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_River"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_River"},{"link_name":"Chapare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapare_River"},{"link_name":"Mamoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"Lagoa dos Patos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoa_dos_Patos"},{"link_name":"Salminus franciscanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salminus_franciscanus"},{"link_name":"F. C. T. Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fl%C3%A1vio_C%C3%A9sar_Thadeo_de_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Britski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heraldo_Antonio_Britski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"São Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_River"},{"link_name":"Salminus hilarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salminus_hilarii"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"Paraná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basin"},{"link_name":"Orinoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"Salminus noriegai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salminus_noriegai"}],"text":"Significant taxonomic confusion has surrounded this genus, and until a review in 1990, several additional species were recognised (most of these are junior synonyms of S. brasiliensis).[4] Although known for more than 150 years, S. franciscanus was only scientifically described in 2007.[3] Today, four extant (living) species are recognised:[5]Salminus affinis Steindachner, 1880 – Santiago and Magdalena basins in Ecuador and Colombia\nSalminus brasiliensis (G. Cuvier, 1816) (dorado/golden dorado) – Paraguay, Uruguay, Chapare and Mamoré basins, and drainage of the Lagoa dos Patos\nSalminus franciscanus F. C. T. Lima & Britski, 2007 – São Francisco basin\nSalminus hilarii Valenciennes, 1850 – upper Paraná, Amazon and Orinoco basinsA fifth extinct species is only known from Miocene fossil remains:†Salminus noriegai – Argentina","title":"Species"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Salminus%20brasiliensis/show","external_links_name":"Salminus brasiliensis."},{"Link":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Salminus%20franciscanus/show","external_links_name":"Salminus franciscanus."},{"Link":"http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252007000300001","external_links_name":"Salminus franciscanus, a new species from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Salminus","external_links_name":"Species of Salminus"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Salminus/","external_links_name":"Salminus"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=246524","external_links_name":"246524"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/26475","external_links_name":"26475"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2354767","external_links_name":"2354767"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/91847","external_links_name":"91847"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1444278","external_links_name":"1444278"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=639346","external_links_name":"639346"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=42583","external_links_name":"42583"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=280774","external_links_name":"280774"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=270793","external_links_name":"270793"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salminus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uduk_language	Uduk language	["1 Phonology","1.1 Consonants","1.2 Vowels","2 References"]	Koman language spoken in Sudan UdukTʼwampaNative toSudan, South SudanEthnicityUduk peopleNative speakers22,000 in the Sudans (undated; presumably after 2005)Language familyNilo-Saharan? Komuz?KomanCentral KomanKomo–UdukUdukWriting systemLatinLanguage codesISO 639-3uduGlottologuduk1239 Uduk, also known as Twʼampa (Tʼwampa), is a Koman language spoken in Sudan near the border with Ethiopia. Nearly the entire population fled to a refugee camp in Ethiopia during the Second Sudanese Civil War, but returned to Sudan once fighting stopped. The resurgence of hostilities in the Blue Nile province after 2011 once more resulted in the Uduk community to enter refugee camps in Ethiopia and South Sudan. Phonology Consonants Bilabial Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Unaspirated p pʷ t̪ t c cʷ k kʷ ʔ Aspirated pʰ pʰʷ t̪ʰ tʰ cʰ cʰʷ kʰ kʰʷ Ejective pʼ t̪ʼ tʼ tʼʷ cʼ cʼʷ kʼ kʼʷ Voiced b bʷ d̪ d dʷ ɟ ɟʷ ɡ ɡʷ Implosive ɓ ɓʷ ɗ ɗʷ Fricatives (ɸ) s ʃ ʃʷ (x) h Nasals m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ Lateral l Trill r Approximants j w Consonants in parentheses are allophones. Consonants in brackets are rare or marginal. Vowels Front Central Back Close i u Mid ɛ ɔ Open a References ^ Uduk at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) ^ Killian 2015, pp. 4f Don Killian (2015) "Topics in Uduk Phonology and Morphosyntax" Ph.D. thesis. University of Helsinki. Don Killian and Harald Hammarström (2010) "Notes on the morphosyntax of Uduk" Bender, M. L. 1983. Proto-Koman phonology and lexicon. Afrika und Übersee 66, 259–297. vteKoman languages Dana Komo Kwama Opuo Uduk Gule ? vteLanguages of EthiopiaOfficial languages Afar Amharic Oromo Somali Tigrinya RegionallanguagesEthiosemitic Amharic Argobba Geʽez Gurage Harari Inor Mesqan Muher Sebat Bet Gurage Siltʼe Soddo Tigrinya Zay Cushitic Afar Alaba Ale Arbore Awngi Baiso Bussa Burji Daasanach Dirasha Gedeo Hadiyya Kambaata Konso Libido Oromo Qimant Saho Sidamo Somali Tsamai Xamtanga Omotic Aari Anfillo Bambassi Basketo Bench Boro Chara Dime Dizi Dorze Gamo-Gofa-Dawro Ganza Gayil Hamer-Banna Hozo Kachama-Ganjule Kafa Karo Koorete Maale Melo Nayi Oyda Seze Shekkacho Sheko Wolaitta Yemsa Zayse-Zergulla Nilo-Saharan Anuak Berta Daatsʼiin Gumuz Kacipo-Balesi Komo Kwama Kwegu Majang Meʼen Murle Mursi Nuer Nyangatom Opuuo Shabo Suri Uduk Foreign languages English Arabic Sign languages Ethiopian sign languages	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koman_languages"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"border with Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Sudan_border"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Second Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Uduk, also known as Twʼampa (Tʼwampa), is a Koman language spoken in Sudan near the border with Ethiopia. Nearly the entire population fled to a refugee camp in Ethiopia during the Second Sudanese Civil War, but returned to Sudan once fighting stopped. The resurgence of hostilities in the Blue Nile province after 2011 once more resulted in the Uduk community to enter refugee camps in Ethiopia and South Sudan.[2]","title":"Uduk language"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"Consonants in parentheses are allophones.\nConsonants in brackets are rare or marginal.","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vowels","title":"Phonology"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/uduk1239","external_links_name":"uduk1239"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/17/language/udu/","external_links_name":"Uduk"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39331393/download_file?st=MTQ0NjE4NDc0MCwyMTMuNTUuMTA3LjcxLDIwOTQ0MTg%3D&s=swp-toolbar","external_links_name":"\"Topics in Uduk Phonology and Morphosyntax\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Insane	So Insane	["1 Chart performance","2 References"]	2006 single by Smash Mouth"So Insane"Single by Smash Mouthfrom the album Summer Girl Released2006GenreAlternative rock, pop punkLength2:55LabelBeautiful Bomb RecordsSongwriter(s)Greg Camp, Paul De LisleSmash Mouth singles chronology "Story of My Life" (2006) "So Insane" (2006) "Magic" (2012) "So Insane" is the second promo single from Smash Mouth's 2006 album, Summer Girl. The promo single contains a radio edit of the song (for US radio) and the album version. Without a music video, or promotion, the single never charted on Billboard's Top 100; however, it did reach position No. 25 on the US Adult Top 40 chart. It was made for the film Zoom. Chart performance Chart (2006) Peakposition US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 25 References ^ a b "Smash Mouth Album & Song Chart History: Adult Pop Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2010-12-05. vteSmash Mouth Paul De Lisle Michael Klooster Randy Cooke Sean Hurwitz Zach Goode Steve Harwell Greg Camp Michael Urbano Jason Sutter Leroy Miller Studio albums Fush Yu Mang Astro Lounge Smash Mouth Get the Picture? The Gift of Rock Summer Girl Magic Missile Toes Compilations All Star Smash Hits Singles "Walkin' on the Sun" "Why Can't We Be Friends?" "Can't Get Enough of You Baby" "All Star" "Then the Morning Comes" "I'm a Believer" "Story of My Life" "So Insane" Other songs "Come On, Come On" "I Wan'na Be Like You" Related articles Discography Old Habits Mouth Albums This 2000s pop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smash Mouth's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Mouth"},{"link_name":"Summer Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Girl"},{"link_name":"US Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billbooard-1"},{"link_name":"Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_(2006_film)"}],"text":"\"So Insane\" is the second promo single from Smash Mouth's 2006 album, Summer Girl. The promo single contains a radio edit of the song (for US radio) and the album version. Without a music video, or promotion, the single never charted on Billboard's Top 100; however, it did reach position No. 25 on the US Adult Top 40 chart.[1] It was made for the film Zoom.","title":"So Insane"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Smash Mouth Album & Song Chart History: Adult Pop Songs\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2010-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/smash-mouth/chart-history/adult-pop-songs","url_text":"\"Smash Mouth Album & Song Chart History: Adult Pop Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/smash-mouth/chart-history/adult-pop-songs","external_links_name":"\"Smash Mouth Album & Song Chart History: Adult Pop Songs\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_Insane&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waller	Tom Waller	["1 References","2 External links"]	This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Tom Waller" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tom Waller Tom Waller (born 4 April 1974 in Bangkok, Thailand) is a film director, screenwriter, and producer. Waller founded the production company De Warrenne Pictures Ltd and secured funding for the film Monk Dawson (1998), his directorial debut, a story based on an award-winning novel by Piers Paul Read. He went on to produce the films Eviction (1999), Butterfly Man (2002), Ghost of Mae Nak (2005), The Elephant King (2006) and Soi Cowboy, (2008) which was selected in Un Certain Regard at the Cannes Film Festival. His second directorial feature was Mindfulness and Murder (2010), a Thai language murder mystery based on the novel of the same name by Nick Wilgus. In 2006, he directed the music video El Nin-YO! for Thai singer Tata Young. Waller has also served as producer on three feature titles for American studio Millennium Films; The Prince and Me 4: The Elephant Adventure (2010), Elephant White (2011) and Ninja 2 (2013). In 2016, he won the best director award in Dhaka International Film Festival. In 2018, Waller directed an independent film about the Tham Luang cave rescue. Titled The Cave (original Thai title: Nang Non), the film played at the 2019 Busan International Film Festival and the 2019 Vancouver International Film Festival. A reedited version of the film, titled Cave Rescue, was released by Lionsgate in 2022. In 2024, he directed Kiss of the Con Queen, starring Ravi Patel. References ^ "Soi Cowboy". Festival de Cannes. Retrieved 13 October 2016. ^ Edwards, Russell (14 May 2011). "Review: 'Mindfulness and Murder'". Variety. Retrieved 13 October 2016. ^ "Thai Cave Rescue Movie 'The Cave' to be Directed by Tom Waller". slashfilm.com. 9 September 2018. ^ "Diving into the cave". bangkokpost.com. 12 January 2019. ^ "The Cave ". Vancouver International Film Festival. 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019. ^ Elizabeth Kerr (7 October 2019). "'The Cave' ('Nang Non'): Film Review, Busan 2019". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 8 October 2019. ^ Asaree Thaitrakulpanich (4 September 2019). "'The Cave' to Spelunk Thai Theaters Nov. 28". Khaosod English. Retrieved 8 October 2019. ^ Frater, Patrick (27 July 2022). "Netflix 'Thai Cave Rescue' Series Sets September Release, Claims Maximum Authenticity Amid Similar Projects". Variety. Retrieved 4 August 2022. ^ Vlessing, Etan (2 November 2022). "Ravi Patel Boards 'Kiss of the Con Queen' True Crime Thriller". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2 May 2024. External links Tom Waller at IMDb De Warrenne Pictures Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany United States Poland People Deutsche Biographie This article about a Thai film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Monk Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Piers Paul Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Paul_Read"},{"link_name":"Butterfly Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_Man"},{"link_name":"Ghost of Mae Nak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_of_Mae_Nak"},{"link_name":"The Elephant King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elephant_King"},{"link_name":"Soi Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soi_Cowboy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Un Certain Regard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tata Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Young"},{"link_name":"Millennium Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Films"},{"link_name":"The Prince and Me 4: The Elephant Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_and_Me_4:_The_Elephant_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Elephant White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_White"},{"link_name":"Ninja 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ninja_2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dhaka International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"independent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_film"},{"link_name":"Tham Luang cave rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cave_(2019_Thai_film)"},{"link_name":"Busan International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Vancouver International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kiss of the Con Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_of_the_Con_Queen"},{"link_name":"Ravi Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Patel_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Tom Waller (born 4 April 1974 in Bangkok, Thailand) is a film director, screenwriter, and producer.Waller founded the production company De Warrenne Pictures Ltd and secured funding for the film Monk Dawson (1998), his directorial debut, a story based on an award-winning novel by Piers Paul Read. He went on to produce the films Eviction (1999), Butterfly Man (2002), Ghost of Mae Nak (2005), The Elephant King (2006) and Soi Cowboy, (2008) which was selected in Un Certain Regard at the Cannes Film Festival.[1] His second directorial feature was Mindfulness and Murder[2] (2010), a Thai language murder mystery based on the novel of the same name by Nick Wilgus.In 2006, he directed the music video El Nin-YO! for Thai singer Tata Young. Waller has also served as producer on three feature titles for American studio Millennium Films; The Prince and Me 4: The Elephant Adventure (2010), Elephant White (2011) and Ninja 2 (2013).In 2016, he won the best director award in Dhaka International Film Festival. In 2018, Waller directed an independent film about the Tham Luang cave rescue.[3] [4] Titled The Cave (original Thai title: Nang Non), the film played at the 2019 Busan International Film Festival and the 2019 Vancouver International Film Festival.[5][6][7] A reedited version of the film, titled Cave Rescue, was released by Lionsgate in 2022.[8]In 2024, he directed Kiss of the Con Queen, starring Ravi Patel.[9]","title":"Tom Waller"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Soi Cowboy\". Festival de Cannes. Retrieved 13 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://org-www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/0e7bcbd8-6f00-48d0-820e-5cb925b3fa79/year/2008.html","url_text":"\"Soi Cowboy\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Russell (14 May 2011). \"Review: 'Mindfulness and Murder'\". Variety. Retrieved 13 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/mindfulness-and-murder-1117945223/","url_text":"\"Review: 'Mindfulness and Murder'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thai Cave Rescue Movie 'The Cave' to be Directed by Tom Waller\". slashfilm.com. 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashfilm.com/the-cave-tom-waller-thai-rescue/","url_text":"\"Thai Cave Rescue Movie 'The Cave' to be Directed by Tom Waller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diving into the cave\". bangkokpost.com. 12 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/learning-entertainment/1609450/diving-into-the-cave","url_text":"\"Diving into the cave\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cave [programme note]\". Vancouver International Film Festival. 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://viff.org/Online/f37379-the-cave","url_text":"\"The Cave [programme note]\""}]},{"reference":"Elizabeth Kerr (7 October 2019). \"'The Cave' ('Nang Non'): Film Review, Busan 2019\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 8 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/cave-nang-review-1245710","url_text":"\"'The Cave' ('Nang Non'): Film Review, Busan 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Asaree Thaitrakulpanich (4 September 2019). \"'The Cave' to Spelunk Thai Theaters Nov. 28\". Khaosod English. Retrieved 8 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.khaosodenglish.com/life/entertainment/2019/09/04/the-cave-to-spelunk-thai-theaters-nov-28/","url_text":"\"'The Cave' to Spelunk Thai Theaters Nov. 28\""}]},{"reference":"Frater, Patrick (27 July 2022). \"Netflix 'Thai Cave Rescue' Series Sets September Release, Claims Maximum Authenticity Amid Similar Projects\". Variety. Retrieved 4 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/netflix-thai-cave-rescue-series-1235326823/","url_text":"\"Netflix 'Thai Cave Rescue' Series Sets September Release, Claims Maximum Authenticity Amid Similar Projects\""}]},{"reference":"Vlessing, Etan (2 November 2022). \"Ravi Patel Boards 'Kiss of the Con Queen' True Crime Thriller\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ravi-patel-kiss-of-the-con-queen-1235254171/","url_text":"\"Ravi Patel Boards 'Kiss of the Con Queen' True Crime Thriller\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tom+Waller%22","external_links_name":"\"Tom Waller\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tom+Waller%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tom+Waller%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tom+Waller%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tom+Waller%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tom+Waller%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://org-www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/0e7bcbd8-6f00-48d0-820e-5cb925b3fa79/year/2008.html","external_links_name":"\"Soi Cowboy\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/mindfulness-and-murder-1117945223/","external_links_name":"\"Review: 'Mindfulness and Murder'\""},{"Link":"https://www.slashfilm.com/the-cave-tom-waller-thai-rescue/","external_links_name":"\"Thai Cave Rescue Movie 'The Cave' to be Directed by Tom Waller\""},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/learning-entertainment/1609450/diving-into-the-cave","external_links_name":"\"Diving into the cave\""},{"Link":"https://viff.org/Online/f37379-the-cave","external_links_name":"\"The Cave [programme note]\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/cave-nang-review-1245710","external_links_name":"\"'The Cave' ('Nang Non'): Film Review, Busan 2019\""},{"Link":"http://www.khaosodenglish.com/life/entertainment/2019/09/04/the-cave-to-spelunk-thai-theaters-nov-28/","external_links_name":"\"'The Cave' to Spelunk Thai Theaters Nov. 28\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/netflix-thai-cave-rescue-series-1235326823/","external_links_name":"\"Netflix 'Thai Cave Rescue' Series Sets September Release, Claims Maximum Authenticity Amid Similar Projects\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ravi-patel-kiss-of-the-con-queen-1235254171/","external_links_name":"\"Ravi Patel Boards 'Kiss of the Con Queen' True Crime Thriller\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0909084/","external_links_name":"Tom Waller"},{"Link":"http://www.dewarrenne.com/","external_links_name":"De Warrenne Pictures"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120362955","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/169086386","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfcTBvmMgw889YgVkkdQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4608624","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1062178416","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011093025","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810662252505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1062178416.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Waller&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Varul	Paul Varul	["1 References","2 External links"]	Estonian lawyer and politician This biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Paul Varul" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Paul VarulMinister of JusticeIn office17 April 1995 – 25 March 1999Prime MinisterTiit VähiMart SiimannPreceded byJüri AdamsSucceeded byMärt Rask Personal detailsBorn (1952-12-10) 10 December 1952 (age 71)Valga, Estonia Paul Varul (born 10 December 1952 in Valga) is an Estonian lawyer and politician. He was the Minister of Justice of Estonia 1995–1999. He was involved in drafting all the major legal acts of private law in Estonia (examples include: Law of Property Act, General Part of the Civil Code Act, Family Law Act, Law of Succession Act, Commercial Code, Law of Obligations Act, Bankruptcy Act, Reorganisation Act, Electronic Communications Act etc.). He has also been an expert contributor to the drafting of the National Central Bank Act (Eesti Pank Act) and the legislation regulating the pursuit of business of a credit institution (including the Credit Institutions Act). Currently Varul is a senior partner of the law firm TGS Baltic. He is one of the Founding Members of the European Law Institute, a non-profit organisation that conducts research, makes recommendations and provides practical guidance in the field of European legal development with a goal of enhancing the European legal integration. References External links TGS Baltic European Law Institute Political offices Preceded byJüri Adams Minister of Justice 1995–1999 Succeeded byMärt Rask Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Finland United States Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valga,_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"TGS Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TGS_Baltic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Law Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Law_Institute"}],"text":"Paul Varul (born 10 December 1952 in Valga) is an Estonian lawyer and politician. He was the Minister of Justice of Estonia 1995–1999. He was involved in drafting all the major legal acts of private law in Estonia (examples include: Law of Property Act, General Part of the Civil Code Act, Family Law Act, Law of Succession Act, Commercial Code, Law of Obligations Act, Bankruptcy Act, Reorganisation Act, Electronic Communications Act etc.). He has also been an expert contributor to the drafting of the National Central Bank Act (Eesti Pank Act) and the legislation regulating the pursuit of business of a credit institution (including the Credit Institutions Act).Currently Varul is a senior partner of the law firm TGS Baltic. He is one of the Founding Members of the European Law Institute, a non-profit organisation that conducts research, makes recommendations and provides practical guidance in the field of European legal development with a goal of enhancing the European legal integration.","title":"Paul Varul"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Paul+Varul%22","external_links_name":"\"Paul Varul\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Paul+Varul%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Paul+Varul%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Paul+Varul%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Paul+Varul%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Paul+Varul%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://tgsbaltic.com/","external_links_name":"TGS Baltic"},{"Link":"http://www.europeanlawinstitute.eu/","external_links_name":"European Law Institute"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120227323","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/26143938","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfx9gMhQY3TTXjvGqT4MP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1012427420","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000073798","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88036181","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073276340","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitromorphidae	Mitromorphidae	["1 Description","2 Genera","3 References","4 External links"]	Family of gastropods Mitromorphidae Shell of Anarithma sublachryma Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Neogastropoda Superfamily: Conoidea Family: MitromorphidaeT. L. Casey, 1904 Genera See text Synonyms Diptychomitrinae L. Bellardi, 1888 Mitrolumnidae Sacco, 1904 Mitromorphinae Casey, 1904 (new rank) Mitromorphidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bouchet, Kantor et al. elevated in 2011 the subfamily Mitromorphinae (which at that point had been placed in the family Conidae) to the rank of family. This was based on a cladistic analysis of shell morphology, radular characteristics, anatomical characters, and a dataset of molecular sequences of three gene fragments. Description The Mitromorphidae have small to medium-sized shells with a high biconic mitriform shape, a paucispiral or multispiral protoconch up to 4.5 whorls, a short or indistinct siphonal canal, narrow aperture with up to 3 columellar pleats, indistinct anal sinus on a weakly pronounced subsutural ramp, fairly smooth surface with spiral sculptural elements. There is no operculum, and the radula is relatively short, hypodermic in character with awl-shaped teeth, a swollen solid basal region, and may have a weak barb at the terminal end of the radular tooth. Genera This is a list of the accepted names of genera in the family Mitromorphidae (the main reference for recent species is the World Register of Marine Species). Anarithma Iredale, 1916 Arielia Shasky, 1961 Cymakra Gardner, 1937 † Itia Marwick, 1931 Lovellona Iredale, 1917 Maorimorpha Powell, 1939 † Mitrellatoma Powell, 1942 Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865 Scrinium Hedley, 1922 Genera brought into synonymy Ariella Shasky, 1961: synonym of Arielia Shasky, 1961 Citharopsis Pease, 1868: synonym of Anarithma Iredale, 1916 † Clinomitra Bellardi, 1889 : synonym of Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865 † Diptychomitra Bellardi, 1889 : synonym of Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865 Helenella Casey, 1904: synonym of Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865 Mitramorpha : synonym of Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865 (variant spelling) Mitrithara Hedley, 1922: synonym of Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865 Mitrolumna Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883: synonym of Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865 Vexiariella Shuto, 1983: synonym of Arielia Shasky, 1961 References ^ a b Bouchet, P. (2011). Mitromorphidae Casey, 1904. In: MolluscaBase (2018). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=153871 on 2018-02-05 ^ Bouchet P. & Rocroi J. P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia 47(1–2). ISBN 3-925919-72-4. 397 pp. ^ WoRMS : Mitromorphidae Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mitromorphidae. Casey T.L. (1904) Notes on the Pleurotomidae with description of some new genera and species. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, 14, 123–170 Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295. Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base: Mangeliidae Taxon identifiersMitromorphidae Wikidata: Q6882930 Wikispecies: Mitromorphidae ADW: Mitromorphidae AFD: Mitromorphidae BOLD: 532507 CoL: 7NJZS GBIF: 5856992 iNaturalist: 519226 IRMNG: 119830 NBN: NHMSYS0021191396 Paleobiology Database: 360250 WoRMS: 153871	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"sea snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"Conoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conoidea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bouchet-2"},{"link_name":"Bouchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Bouchet"},{"link_name":"Conidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conidae"},{"link_name":"cladistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistic"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"radular characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radula"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"}],"text":"Mitromorphidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.[1][2]Bouchet, Kantor et al. elevated in 2011 the subfamily Mitromorphinae (which at that point had been placed in the family Conidae) to the rank of family. This was based on a cladistic analysis of shell morphology, radular characteristics, anatomical characters, and a dataset of molecular sequences of three gene fragments.","title":"Mitromorphidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protoconch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoconch"},{"link_name":"operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"radula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radula"},{"link_name":"radular tooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radula"}],"text":"The Mitromorphidae have small to medium-sized shells with a high biconic mitriform shape, a paucispiral or multispiral protoconch up to 4.5 whorls, a short or indistinct siphonal canal, narrow aperture with up to 3 columellar pleats, indistinct anal sinus on a weakly pronounced subsutural ramp, fairly smooth surface with spiral sculptural elements. There is no operculum, and the radula is relatively short, hypodermic in character with awl-shaped teeth, a swollen solid basal region, and may have a weak barb at the terminal end of the radular tooth.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Register of Marine Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Anarithma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarithma"},{"link_name":"Arielia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arielia"},{"link_name":"Cymakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymakra"},{"link_name":"Itia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itia"},{"link_name":"Lovellona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovellona"},{"link_name":"Maorimorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maorimorpha"},{"link_name":"Mitrellatoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitrellatoma"},{"link_name":"Mitromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitromorpha"},{"link_name":"Scrinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrinium"},{"link_name":"Arielia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arielia"},{"link_name":"Anarithma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarithma"},{"link_name":"Mitromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitromorpha"},{"link_name":"Mitromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitromorpha"},{"link_name":"Mitromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitromorpha"},{"link_name":"Mitromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitromorpha"},{"link_name":"Mitromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitromorpha"},{"link_name":"Dollfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Dollfus"},{"link_name":"Mitromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitromorpha"},{"link_name":"Arielia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arielia"}],"text":"This is a list of the accepted names of genera in the family Mitromorphidae (the main reference for recent species is the World Register of Marine Species).[3]Anarithma Iredale, 1916\nArielia Shasky, 1961\nCymakra Gardner, 1937\n† Itia Marwick, 1931\nLovellona Iredale, 1917\nMaorimorpha Powell, 1939\n† Mitrellatoma Powell, 1942\nMitromorpha Carpenter, 1865\nScrinium Hedley, 1922Genera brought into synonymyAriella Shasky, 1961: synonym of Arielia Shasky, 1961\nCitharopsis Pease, 1868: synonym of Anarithma Iredale, 1916\n† Clinomitra Bellardi, 1889 : synonym of Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865\n† Diptychomitra Bellardi, 1889 : synonym of Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865\nHelenella Casey, 1904: synonym of Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865\nMitramorpha : synonym of Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865 (variant spelling)\nMitrithara Hedley, 1922: synonym of Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865\nMitrolumna Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883: synonym of Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865\nVexiariella Shuto, 1983: synonym of Arielia Shasky, 1961","title":"Genera"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Tucker, J.K. (2004). \"Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)\" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00682f.pdf","url_text":"\"Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=153871","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=153871"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=153871","external_links_name":"WoRMS : Mitromorphidae"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2927060","external_links_name":"Casey T.L. (1904) Notes on the Pleurotomidae with description of some new genera and species. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, 14, 123–170"},{"Link":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00682f.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bagniliggia.it/WMSD/HtmFamily/MANGELIIDAEL.htm","external_links_name":"Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base: Mangeliidae"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Mitromorphidae/","external_links_name":"Mitromorphidae"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Mitromorphidae","external_links_name":"Mitromorphidae"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=532507","external_links_name":"532507"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NJZS","external_links_name":"7NJZS"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5856992","external_links_name":"5856992"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/519226","external_links_name":"519226"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=119830","external_links_name":"119830"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021191396","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0021191396"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=360250","external_links_name":"360250"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=153871","external_links_name":"153871"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Sallies	Springfield Sallies	["1 History","2 All-time roster","3 Sources"]	Defunct women's professional baseball team 1948 Springfield Sallies Front row, L-R: Zonia Vialat, Virginia Bell, Margaret Murray, Doris Neal, Ruby Stephens. Second row, L-R: Shirley Stovroff, Jane Stoll, Patricia Scott, Carson Bigbee (manager), Margaret Wenzell, Evelyn Wawryshyn, Julie Gutz. Back row, L-R: Mildred Meacham, June Schofield, Esther Hershey, Erma Bergmann, Doris Barr, Barbara Barbaze, Jean Marlowe, Mary Rudis (chaperone). The Springfield Sallies were a women's professional baseball team who were members of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in the 1948 season and became a development team. The Sallies were based in Springfield, Illinois and played home games at Jim Fitzpatrick Memorial Stadium. History The hapless Sallies were the worst in the league, getting roughed up as a last–place expansion club with a 41–84 record, ending 35.5 games behind the 1st place Racine Belles in the Western Division. The club was managed by former bigleaguer Carson Bigbee, but had no All–Stars, and the only players to have a significant year were second sacker Evelyn Wawryshyn, who tied for sixth place with a .266 batting average, and pitcher Doris Barr, who posted a 2.68 ERA with a career-high 116 strikeouts despite her 7–19 record. From 1949 through 1951 the Sallies joined the Chicago Colleens as touring player development teams. Their tours included exhibition contests at Griffith Stadium and Yankee Stadium, then dissolved entirely by 1951. AAGPBL executive Mitch Skupien, who later managed in the league, served as the general manager for both touring teams. All-time roster Gertrude Alderfer Agnes Allen Norene Arnold Barbara Barbaze Doris Barr Fern Battaglia Mary Baumgartner Betty Bays Virginia Bell Lois Bellman Norma Berger Erma Bergmann Shirley Burkovich Ann Cindric Doris Cook Betty Jane Cornett Mildred Deegan Audrey Deemer Betty Degner Beverly Dustrude June Emerson Anita Foss Betty Fountain Luisa Gallegos Beulah Anne Georges Eileen Gascon Julie Gutz Esther Ann Hershey Frances Janssen Daisy Junor Mary Louise Kolanko Barbara Liebrich Kay Lionikas Joanne McComb Lenora Mandella Jean Marlowe Jacqueline Mattson Mildred Meacham Ruth Middleton Jane Moffet Mary Moore Nancy Mudge Margaret Murray Doris Neal Dolly Niemiec Anna Mae O'Dowd Toni Palermo Barbara Payne Migdalia Pérez Earlene Risinger Martha Rommelaere Terry Rukavina Audrey Schenck June Schofield Pat Scott Lillian Shadic Ruby Stephens Jane Stoll Shirley Stovroff Zonia Vialat Helen Walulik Evelyn Wawryshyn Margaret Wenzell Renae Youngberg Managers * Carson Bigbee 1948 * Len Zintac 1949 Manager–Chaperone * Barbara Liebrich 1950 Chaperone * Mary Rudis 19481949 Sources All-American Girls Professional Baseball League history All-American Girls Professional Baseball League official website – Springfield Sallies seasons All-American Girls Professional Baseball League official website – Manager/Player profile search results All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Record Book – W. C. Madden. Publisher: McFarland & Company, 2000. Format: Hardcover, 294pp. Language: English. ISBN 0-7864-0597-X The Women of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League: A Biographical Dictionary – W. C. Madden. Publisher: McFarland & Company, 2005. Format: Softcover, 295 pp. Language: English. ISBN 978-0-7864-2263-0 Golden Age Era Sports vteAll-American Girls Professional Baseball LeagueTeams Battle Creek Belles Chicago Colleens Fort Wayne Daisies Grand Rapids Chicks Kalamazoo Lassies Kenosha Comets Milwaukee Chicks Minneapolis Millerettes Muskegon Belles Muskegon Lassies Peoria Redwings Racine Belles Rockford Peaches South Bend Blue Sox Springfield Sallies Seasons 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 Awards and recognition All-Star Team Player of the Year Batting records Fielding records Pitching records Related articles List of managers List of players Rules of play A League of Their Own (film) A League of Their Own (1993 TV series) A League of Their Own (2022 TV series) Bill Allington Arthur Meyerhoff Philip K. Wrigley	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1948_Springfield_Sallies.jpeg"},{"link_name":"All-American Girls Professional Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"1948 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Jim Fitzpatrick Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Fitzpatrick_Memorial_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1948 Springfield Sallies Front row, L-R: Zonia Vialat, Virginia Bell, Margaret Murray, Doris Neal, Ruby Stephens. Second row, L-R: Shirley Stovroff, Jane Stoll, Patricia Scott, Carson Bigbee (manager), Margaret Wenzell, Evelyn Wawryshyn, Julie Gutz. Back row, L-R: Mildred Meacham, June Schofield, Esther Hershey, Erma Bergmann, Doris Barr, Barbara Barbaze, Jean Marlowe, Mary Rudis (chaperone).The Springfield Sallies were a women's professional baseball team who were members of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in the 1948 season and became a development team. The Sallies were based in Springfield, Illinois and played home games at Jim Fitzpatrick Memorial Stadium.","title":"Springfield Sallies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Racine Belles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racine_Belles"},{"link_name":"Carson Bigbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Bigbee"},{"link_name":"second sacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_base"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Wawryshyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Wawryshyn"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Doris Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Barr"},{"link_name":"ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"strikeouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"Chicago Colleens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Colleens"},{"link_name":"Griffith Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Yankee Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Mitch Skupien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Skupien"},{"link_name":"general manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager_(baseball)"}],"text":"The hapless Sallies were the worst in the league, getting roughed up as a last–place expansion club with a 41–84 record, ending 35.5 games behind the 1st place Racine Belles in the Western Division.The club was managed by former bigleaguer Carson Bigbee, but had no All–Stars, and the only players to have a significant year were second sacker Evelyn Wawryshyn, who tied for sixth place with a .266 batting average, and pitcher Doris Barr, who posted a 2.68 ERA with a career-high 116 strikeouts despite her 7–19 record.From 1949 through 1951 the Sallies joined the Chicago Colleens as touring player development teams. Their tours included exhibition contests at Griffith Stadium and Yankee Stadium, then dissolved entirely by 1951.AAGPBL executive Mitch Skupien, who later managed in the league, served as the general manager for both touring teams.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gertrude Alderfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Alderfer"},{"link_name":"Agnes Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Allen"},{"link_name":"Norene Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norene_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Barbara Barbaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Barbaze"},{"link_name":"Doris Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Barr"},{"link_name":"Fern Battaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern_Battaglia"},{"link_name":"Mary Baumgartner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Baumgartner"},{"link_name":"Betty Bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Bays"},{"link_name":"Virginia Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Bell_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Lois Bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Bellman"},{"link_name":"Norma Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Berger"},{"link_name":"Erma Bergmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erma_Bergmann"},{"link_name":"Shirley Burkovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Burkovich"},{"link_name":"Ann Cindric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Cindric"},{"link_name":"Doris Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Cook"},{"link_name":"Betty Jane Cornett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Jane_Cornett"},{"link_name":"Mildred Deegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Deegan"},{"link_name":"Audrey Deemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Deemer"},{"link_name":"Betty Degner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Degner"},{"link_name":"Beverly Dustrude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Dustrude"},{"link_name":"June Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Emerson"},{"link_name":"Anita Foss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Foss"},{"link_name":"Betty Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Fountain"},{"link_name":"Luisa Gallegos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Gallegos"},{"link_name":"Beulah Anne Georges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beulah_Anne_Georges"},{"link_name":"Eileen Gascon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Gascon"},{"link_name":"Julie Gutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Gutz"},{"link_name":"Esther Ann Hershey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Ann_Hershey"},{"link_name":"Frances Janssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Janssen"},{"link_name":"Daisy Junor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Junor"},{"link_name":"Mary Louise Kolanko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Louise_Kolanko"},{"link_name":"Barbara Liebrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Liebrich"},{"link_name":"Kay Lionikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Lionikas"},{"link_name":"Joanne McComb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_McComb"},{"link_name":"Lenora Mandella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenora_Mandella"},{"link_name":"Jean Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Mattson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Mattson"},{"link_name":"Mildred Meacham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Meacham"},{"link_name":"Ruth Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Middleton"},{"link_name":"Jane Moffet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Moffet"},{"link_name":"Mary Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Moore_(infielder)"},{"link_name":"Nancy Mudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Mudge"},{"link_name":"Margaret Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Murray_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Doris Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Neal"},{"link_name":"Dolly Niemiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Niemiec"},{"link_name":"Anna Mae O'Dowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Mae_O%27Dowd"},{"link_name":"Toni Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Palermo"},{"link_name":"Barbara Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Payne"},{"link_name":"Migdalia Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migdalia_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Earlene Risinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlene_Risinger"},{"link_name":"Martha Rommelaere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Rommelaere"},{"link_name":"Terry Rukavina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Rukavina"},{"link_name":"Audrey Schenck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_players_(S%E2%80%93Z)#S"},{"link_name":"June Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Schofield"},{"link_name":"Pat Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Scott"},{"link_name":"Lillian Shadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Shadic"},{"link_name":"Ruby Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Stephens"},{"link_name":"Jane Stoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Stoll"},{"link_name":"Shirley Stovroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Stovroff"},{"link_name":"Zonia Vialat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonia_Vialat"},{"link_name":"Helen Walulik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Walulik"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Wawryshyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Wawryshyn"},{"link_name":"Margaret Wenzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Wenzell"},{"link_name":"Renae Youngberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renae_Youngberg"}],"text":"Gertrude Alderfer\nAgnes Allen\nNorene Arnold\nBarbara Barbaze\nDoris Barr\nFern Battaglia\nMary Baumgartner\nBetty Bays\nVirginia Bell\nLois Bellman\nNorma Berger\nErma Bergmann\nShirley Burkovich\nAnn Cindric\nDoris Cook\nBetty Jane Cornett\nMildred Deegan\nAudrey Deemer\nBetty Degner\nBeverly Dustrude\nJune Emerson\nAnita Foss\nBetty Fountain\nLuisa Gallegos\nBeulah Anne Georges\nEileen Gascon\nJulie Gutz\nEsther Ann Hershey\nFrances Janssen\nDaisy Junor\nMary Louise Kolanko\nBarbara Liebrich\nKay Lionikas\nJoanne McComb\nLenora Mandella\nJean Marlowe\nJacqueline Mattson\nMildred Meacham\nRuth Middleton\nJane Moffet\nMary Moore\nNancy Mudge\nMargaret Murray\nDoris Neal\nDolly Niemiec\nAnna Mae O'Dowd\nToni Palermo\nBarbara Payne\nMigdalia Pérez\nEarlene Risinger\nMartha Rommelaere\nTerry Rukavina\nAudrey Schenck\nJune Schofield\nPat Scott\nLillian Shadic\nRuby Stephens\nJane Stoll\nShirley Stovroff\nZonia Vialat\nHelen Walulik\nEvelyn Wawryshyn\nMargaret Wenzell\nRenae YoungbergManagersManager–ChaperoneChaperone","title":"All-time roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-American Girls Professional Baseball League history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/12/league-history"},{"link_name":"All-American Girls Professional Baseball League official website – Springfield Sallies seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/teams/by-name/springfield-sallies/17"},{"link_name":"All-American Girls Professional Baseball League official website – Manager/Player profile search results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/profiles/search"},{"link_name":"W. C. Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._C._Madden"},{"link_name":"McFarland & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Hardcover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcover"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7864-0597-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0597-X"},{"link_name":"W. C. Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._C._Madden"},{"link_name":"McFarland & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Softcover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperback"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-2263-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2263-0"},{"link_name":"Golden Age Era Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.digitaldeliftp.com/Recommendations/retro10.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"All-American Girls Professional Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"Battle Creek Belles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Creek_Belles"},{"link_name":"Chicago Colleens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Colleens"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne Daisies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Daisies"},{"link_name":"Grand Rapids Chicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Chicks"},{"link_name":"Kalamazoo Lassies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo_Lassies"},{"link_name":"Kenosha Comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha_Comets"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Chicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Chicks"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis Millerettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Millerettes"},{"link_name":"Muskegon Belles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon_Belles"},{"link_name":"Muskegon Lassies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon_Lassies"},{"link_name":"Peoria Redwings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria_Redwings"},{"link_name":"Racine Belles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racine_Belles"},{"link_name":"Rockford Peaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford_Peaches"},{"link_name":"South Bend Blue Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_Blue_Sox"},{"link_name":"Springfield Sallies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season"},{"link_name":"All-Star Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_All-Star_Team"},{"link_name":"Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_Player_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"Batting records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_batting_records"},{"link_name":"Fielding records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_fielding_records"},{"link_name":"Pitching records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_pitching_records"},{"link_name":"List of managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_managers"},{"link_name":"List of players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_players"},{"link_name":"Rules of play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_rules_of_play"},{"link_name":"A League of Their Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own"},{"link_name":"A League of Their Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own_(1993_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"A League of Their Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own_(2022_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bill Allington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Allington"},{"link_name":"Arthur Meyerhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Meyerhoff"},{"link_name":"Philip K. Wrigley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Wrigley"}],"text":"All-American Girls Professional Baseball League history\nAll-American Girls Professional Baseball League official website – Springfield Sallies seasons\nAll-American Girls Professional Baseball League official website – Manager/Player profile search results\nAll-American Girls Professional Baseball League Record Book – W. C. Madden. Publisher: McFarland & Company, 2000. Format: Hardcover, 294pp. Language: English. ISBN 0-7864-0597-X\nThe Women of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League: A Biographical Dictionary – W. C. Madden. Publisher: McFarland & Company, 2005. Format: Softcover, 295 pp. Language: English. ISBN 978-0-7864-2263-0\nGolden Age Era SportsvteAll-American Girls Professional Baseball LeagueTeams\nBattle Creek Belles\nChicago Colleens\nFort Wayne Daisies\nGrand Rapids Chicks\nKalamazoo Lassies\nKenosha Comets\nMilwaukee Chicks\nMinneapolis Millerettes\nMuskegon Belles\nMuskegon Lassies\nPeoria Redwings\nRacine Belles\nRockford Peaches\nSouth Bend Blue Sox\nSpringfield Sallies\nSeasons\n1943\n1944\n1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\nAwards and recognition\nAll-Star Team\nPlayer of the Year\nBatting records\nFielding records\nPitching records\nRelated articles\nList of managers\nList of players\nRules of play\nA League of Their Own (film)\nA League of Their Own (1993 TV series)\nA League of Their Own (2022 TV series)\nBill Allington\nArthur Meyerhoff\nPhilip K. Wrigley","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":" 1948 Springfield Sallies Front row, L-R: Zonia Vialat, Virginia Bell, Margaret Murray, Doris Neal, Ruby Stephens. Second row, L-R: Shirley Stovroff, Jane Stoll, Patricia Scott, Carson Bigbee (manager), Margaret Wenzell, Evelyn Wawryshyn, Julie Gutz. Back row, L-R: Mildred Meacham, June Schofield, Esther Hershey, Erma Bergmann, Doris Barr, Barbara Barbaze, Jean Marlowe, Mary Rudis (chaperone).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/1948_Springfield_Sallies.jpeg/300px-1948_Springfield_Sallies.jpeg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/profiles/bestudik-mary-rudis/650","external_links_name":"Mary Rudis"},{"Link":"http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/12/league-history","external_links_name":"All-American Girls Professional Baseball League history"},{"Link":"http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/teams/by-name/springfield-sallies/17","external_links_name":"All-American Girls Professional Baseball League official website – Springfield Sallies seasons"},{"Link":"http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/profiles/search","external_links_name":"All-American Girls Professional Baseball League official website – Manager/Player profile search results"},{"Link":"http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/Recommendations/retro10.html","external_links_name":"Golden Age Era Sports"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruli_Kanchan	Uruli Kanchan	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Local Government","6 Transport","7 Educational facilities","8 Naturopathy Ashram","9 References"]	Coordinates: 18°28′N 74°07′E / 18.467°N 74.117°E / 18.467; 74.117Village in Maharashtra Village in Maharashtra, IndiaUruli KanchanvillageUruli KanchanLocation in Maharashtra, IndiaShow map of MaharashtraUruli KanchanUruli Kanchan (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 18°28′N 74°07′E / 18.467°N 74.117°E / 18.467; 74.117Country IndiaStateMaharashtraDistrictPuneGovernment • TypeGram PanchayatLanguages • OfficialMarathiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN412202Telephone code02026926230/98Nearest cityPune Uruli Kanchan is a village 33 km east from the city of Pune in the district of Pune, Maharashtra, India. The village has been famous for the last sixty years for the Naturopathy Center (Nisarg Upchar Ashram) started by Mahatma Gandhi and his disciple Manibhai Desai. The village is also the location of the BAIF Development Research Foundation, an NGO started by Manibhai Desai in the 1960s. BAIF is well known throughout India for its program of breeding high yielding livestock and promoting sustainable rural development. Dr. Manibhai Desai in December 1990 History Uruli was first mentioned in a copper plate issued by Shilahara king Aparajita in 993 AD. The plate refers to Pune region as Punaka vishaya and included Theur, Uruli, Chorachi Alandi, Bhosari etc. According to Sankhelia, Uruli was called Araluva in these plates but he calls the inscription to be from the Rashtrakuta era rather than the later Shilahara. Under British colonial rule, Great Indian Peninsula Railway started train services between Mumbai and Solapur in December 1858 with Uruli Kanchan as one of the Stations on the route. The Train Station at that time served as a transit point for pilgrims traveling to Jejuri from Uruli using a dirt road. The train was also used for transporting Pomegranate to the markets of Poona and Bombay. The annual Sant Tukaram Maharaj Palkhi procession has been taking a halt for lunch in Uruli en route to Pandharpur in the Hindu Shaka month of Jeshtha for centuries. The British colonial government set up a relief camp for people affected by the great famine of 1897 in Uruli. The work mainly involved cutting stone from a local quarry. A Grampanchayat or Village Council was established in 1936 with Mr, Pranlal Shah as the first Sarpanch or leader of the council. Mahatma Gandhi came to Uruli Kanchan on 22 March 1946, & stayed here for 7 days with his young disciple, Manibhai Desai. Manibhai, as has been mentioned before, was instrumental in totally transforming the village over many decades. His first major activity here was to open a Nature cure Ashram which continues to this day and is well known throughout India. This was followed by opening of Schools in Uruli. In 1967, he founded the Bharatiya Agro-Industries Foundation (BAIF). BAIF has been a pioneer in introducing the Indo-European hybrid cattle breed to India. Geography Uruli Kanchan lies 33 km east of the City of Pune. A few kilometers north of the village flows the Mula-Mutha River. A few kilometers south of the village is the Sinhagad - Bhuleshwar mountain range. A road going South connects Uruli with the pilgrim Center of Jejuri on the other side of the mountain range. The area around Uruli receives on average 600 mm of rain per annum. The medium black soil around Uruli is very fertile and irrigation from the mutha canal allows for growing of cash crops. Demographics According to the census of India of 2011, the population of the village was 30,305 with 15,687 males and 14,618 females. The number of households in the village was 6,693. The village is dominated by a number of Maratha clans on political and economic level. The village also has a significant population of Marwadi and Sindhi people. Both communities dominate trade in the village. The Sindhi families settled into Uruli when they migrated to India from Sindh after Indian independence in 1947. Due to the excellent transport links to Pune, the village also has a sizeable population that commutes to work in Pune Metropolitan Region. The presence of the school, college and BAIF means there is a high proportion of professionals such as teachers, veterinary doctors, and agricultural scientists residing in the area. With constant expansion of the Pune Metropolitan Area and the consequent demand for more housing, Uruli Kanchan and surrounding villages are slowly turning into outer suburbs of Pune. A number of Gated communities of High end Apartment blocks are getting built. Economy The area around Uruli is irrigated by the Mutha canal and therefore the land is used for growing cash crops like sugarcane and grapes. The sugarcane is supplied mainly to the sugar mill at Anurag Sugar Factory near Yawat, a 15 km from Uruli. The village holds a weekly open air market on Sunday. The Naturopathy Ashram attracts wealthy patrons from all over India. The cattle breeding program at BAIF attracts professionals from all across India. In recent years, the village has attracted a number of Household furniture and windows manufacturers, and distributors. Some of these include Shree Krishna Furniture, Netra Furniture, Akash Furniture. & Aluminium supplier as Pro Aluminium Pvt.Ltd. {Retail businesses are a prominent feature of Uruli Kanchan,including a range of clothing shops like Vaparimal Savaldas(Main Branch),Rahukar Creations it also has multi storey shopping complexes like Rohit Selection and Vishnu Cloth stores}. As Uruli Kanchan is slowly becoming a commuter town for professional people working in Pune, restaurants like Kubera Restaurant & Beer Bar, Sonaee Pure Veg, Elite Food Corner have opened up to cater for this population and the increasingly affluent local people. Local Government A Grampanchayat or Village Council was established in 1936 with Mr, Pranlal Shah as the first Sarpanch or leader of the council. Later Manibhai Desai served as the Sarpanch for a long period. The council has six wards (Constituencies) that elect a total of 17 members. Transport Urali railway station is served by Central Railway's the main Mumbai - Secunderabad line and the Pune -Solapur National highway. There are also Local PMPML bus services 7 / 7A and 9 that go to and from Pune and Hadapsar respectively. Educational facilities Mahatma Gandhi Vidyalaya School Hall The oldest school in the village is a Primary School (Elementary School) which was established in 1881. The school is run by the Pune District Council (Zilla Parishad). The medium of instruction is Marathi. The school occupied the same building as the village Panchayat or the council but recently moved into a new building. The local high school, Mahatma Gandhi Vidyalaya is recognized as a rural center of excellence. The medium of instruction in this school is Marathi. The school is co-educational and has around 3000 students. The school has offered a choice of vocational courses for high school grade students (year 8-10) in Technology and Agriculture for decades. The school also runs a hostel called Kumar Chhatralaya for around 200 male students from outside the area. There are also schools in the area where the medium of instruction is English. These include Amar Education Institute, Angel High School & Dr. Cyrus Poonawala English Medium School. The High School shares it campus with Padmashri Manibhai Desai Mahavidyalaya or College. The College is affiliated to Pune University and offers Bachelor level courses in Arts, Commerce and Sciences. Naturopathy Ashram Mahatma Gandhi came to Uruli Kanchan on 22 March 1946 and stayed for up to 30 March 1946. He treated hundreds of patients with the help of Dr. Mehta, Balkoba Bhave, Manibhai Desai, Dr. Sushila Nair and other disciples. On 30 March 1946, Mahatma Gandhi departed for Delhi for the final negotiations with British Government regarding Independent India. Gandhiji founded Nisargopchar Gramsudhar Trust on 1 April 1946, with the help of kind donations in the form of Land by local people like late shri Mahadev Tatyaba Kanchan. The team under the management of Manibhai preached sound health and hygienic practices and also studied various problems in rural areas and identified suitable solutions to uplift the rural poor. The Nature cure therapy at the ashram followed guidelines issued by Gandhiji. They included regulation of diet, fast, sun-bath, fomentations, steam-bath, mud- bandage, massage and non-injurious indigenous herbs Over last fifty years the Ashram has made remarkable progress. The institute has set up the unique example in the field of Naturopathy i.e. "The way of Life". People from every corner of India and abroad come here and experience the unique drugless holistic approach for management of chronic diseases. Treatment is offered to patients suffering from Arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, bronchitis, skin diseases, asthma. Digestive, gynaecological problems, and neuro muscular disorders. Day in the Ashram begins with prayer & yoga and ends with prayer. Thus along with other physical treatments, psychological and spiritual counseling completes the treatment plan. References ^ Kantak, M.R. (1991–92). "Urbanization of Pune : How ITS Ground Was Prepared". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute. 51/52: 489–495. JSTOR 42930432. ^ Sankalia., Hasmukh D. (1949). Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat. Poona: Deccan College. p. 177. Retrieved 25 February 2022. ^ Gazetteer of The Bombay Presidency: Poona (Part 2). Government Central press. 1885. p. 156. ^ Nash, Vaughan (1900). The Great Famine and its causes. London, New York, Bombay: Longman, Greens and Co. pp. 17. urali . ^ a b c Biography at Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation ^ Howard, Connie (2000). In Gandhi's Footsteps: The Manibhai Desai & BAIF Story. New Age International Ltd. p. 114. ISBN 81-224-1221-1. ^ Geographical study of the Pune Division (PDF). ^ Mukherji-Edwards, I., 1988. Agricultural marketing: Economics of fruit marketing in the Poona District, 1977-1986 (Doctoral dissertation, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune (Ind ^ "Vaparimal Savaldas - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 24 April 2023. ^ Rahukar Creations 072489 29599 https://g.co/kgs/RcF8xm ^ ^ "Vishnu Cloth Stores Uruli Kanchan - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 24 April 2023. ^ Gandhi M. Nature cure. Kumarappa B, editor. Navajivan Publishing House; 1954. ^ "And Gandhi Came Alive". lifepositive.com. Retrieved 30 January 2014.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"district of Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_district"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Naturopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturopathy"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Manibhai Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manibhai_Desai"},{"link_name":"BAIF Development Research Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAIF_Development_Research_Foundation"},{"link_name":"NGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Manibhai_Desai_in_December_1990_at_Uruli_Kanchan.png"}],"text":"Village in MaharashtraVillage in Maharashtra, IndiaUruli Kanchan is a village 33 km east from the city of Pune in the district of Pune, Maharashtra, India.\nThe village has been famous for the last sixty years for the Naturopathy Center (Nisarg Upchar Ashram) started by Mahatma Gandhi and his disciple Manibhai Desai. The village is also the location of the BAIF Development Research Foundation, an NGO started by Manibhai Desai in the 1960s. BAIF is well known throughout India for its program of breeding high yielding livestock and promoting sustainable rural development.Dr. Manibhai Desai in December 1990","title":"Uruli Kanchan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shilahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilahara"},{"link_name":"Aparajita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparajita"},{"link_name":"vishaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishaya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rashtrakuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Great Indian Peninsula Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Solapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solapur"},{"link_name":"Jejuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejuri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&q=urali&pg=PA85"},{"link_name":"Pomegranate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate"},{"link_name":"Tukaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukaram"},{"link_name":"Palkhi procession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandharpur_Wari"},{"link_name":"Pandharpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandharpur_Wari"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uruli_during_the_great_famine_of_1897-4"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Manibhai Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manibhai_Desai"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmaf.org.ph-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmaf.org.ph-5"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Agro-Industries Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Agro-Industries_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmaf.org.ph-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Uruli was first mentioned in a copper plate issued by Shilahara king Aparajita in 993 AD. The plate refers to Pune region as Punaka vishaya and included Theur, Uruli, Chorachi Alandi, Bhosari etc.[1] According to Sankhelia, Uruli was called Araluva in these plates but he calls the inscription to be from the Rashtrakuta era rather than the later Shilahara.[2]Under British colonial rule, Great Indian Peninsula Railway started train services between Mumbai and Solapur in December 1858 with Uruli Kanchan as one of the Stations on the route. The Train Station at that time served as a transit point for pilgrims traveling to Jejuri from Uruli using a dirt road.[3] [2]\nThe train was also used for transporting Pomegranate to the markets of Poona and Bombay. The annual Sant Tukaram Maharaj Palkhi procession has been taking a halt for lunch in Uruli en route to Pandharpur in the Hindu Shaka month of Jeshtha for centuries.The British colonial government set up a relief camp for people affected by the great famine of 1897 in Uruli. The work mainly involved cutting stone from a local quarry.[4] A Grampanchayat or Village Council was established in 1936 with Mr, Pranlal Shah as the first Sarpanch or leader of the council.Mahatma Gandhi came to Uruli Kanchan on 22 March 1946, & stayed here for 7 days with his young disciple, Manibhai Desai. Manibhai, as has been mentioned before, was instrumental in totally transforming the village over many decades.[5] His first major activity here was to open a Nature cure Ashram which continues to this day and is well known throughout India. This was followed by opening of Schools in Uruli.[5] In 1967, he founded the Bharatiya Agro-Industries Foundation (BAIF). BAIF has been a pioneer in introducing the Indo-European hybrid cattle breed to India.[5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mula-Mutha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mula-Mutha_River"},{"link_name":"Sinhagad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhagad"},{"link_name":"Bhuleshwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuleshwar_Temple"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Uruli Kanchan lies 33 km east of the City of Pune. A few kilometers north of the village flows the Mula-Mutha River. A few kilometers south of the village is the Sinhagad - Bhuleshwar mountain range. A road going South connects Uruli with the pilgrim Center of Jejuri on the other side of the mountain range. The area around Uruli receives on average 600 mm of rain per annum. The medium black soil around Uruli is very fertile and irrigation from the mutha canal allows for growing of cash crops.[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maratha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha"},{"link_name":"Marwadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_people"},{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"Pune Metropolitan Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Metropolitan_Region"},{"link_name":"Pune Metropolitan Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Metropolitan_Area"},{"link_name":"Gated communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gated_communities"}],"text":"According to the census of India of 2011, the population of the village was 30,305 with 15,687 males and 14,618 females. The number of households in the village was 6,693.\nThe village is dominated by a number of Maratha clans on political and economic level. The village also has a significant population of Marwadi and Sindhi people. Both communities dominate trade in the village. The Sindhi families settled into Uruli when they migrated to India from Sindh after Indian independence in 1947. Due to the excellent transport links to Pune, the village also has a sizeable population that commutes to work in Pune Metropolitan Region. The presence of the school, college and BAIF means there is a high proportion of professionals such as teachers, veterinary doctors, and agricultural scientists residing in the area.With constant expansion of the Pune Metropolitan Area and the consequent demand for more housing, Uruli Kanchan and surrounding villages are slowly turning into outer suburbs of Pune. A number of Gated communities of High end Apartment blocks are getting built.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mutha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutha_River"},{"link_name":"canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"grapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The area around Uruli is irrigated by the Mutha canal and therefore the land is used for growing cash crops like sugarcane and grapes.[8] The sugarcane is supplied mainly to the sugar mill at Anurag Sugar Factory near Yawat, a 15 km from Uruli. The village holds a weekly open air market on Sunday. The Naturopathy Ashram attracts wealthy patrons from all over India. The cattle breeding program at BAIF attracts professionals from all across India.In recent years, the village has attracted a number of Household furniture and windows manufacturers, and distributors. Some of these include Shree Krishna Furniture, Netra Furniture, Akash Furniture. & Aluminium supplier as Pro Aluminium Pvt.Ltd. {Retail businesses are a prominent feature of Uruli Kanchan,including a range of clothing shops like Vaparimal Savaldas(Main Branch)[9],Rahukar Creations[10] it also has multi storey shopping complexes like Rohit Selection[11] and Vishnu Cloth stores[12]}. As Uruli Kanchan is slowly becoming a commuter town for professional people working in Pune, restaurants like Kubera Restaurant & Beer Bar, Sonaee Pure Veg, Elite Food Corner have opened up to cater for this population and the increasingly affluent local people.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A Grampanchayat or Village Council was established in 1936 with Mr, Pranlal Shah as the first Sarpanch or leader of the council. Later Manibhai Desai served as the Sarpanch for a long period. The council has six wards (Constituencies) that elect a total of 17 members.","title":"Local Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urali railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urali_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Central Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Railway_(India)"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Secunderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabad"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"Solapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solapur"},{"link_name":"PMPML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Mahanagar_Parivahan_Mahamandal_Limited"},{"link_name":"Hadapsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadapsar"}],"text":"Urali railway station is served by Central Railway's the main Mumbai - Secunderabad line and the Pune -Solapur National highway. There are also Local PMPML bus services 7 / 7A and 9 that go to and from Pune and Hadapsar respectively.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ravindra_Kala_Mandir_Uruli_Kanchan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Zilla Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_council_(India)"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"Angel High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//angelhighschooluruli.com/"},{"link_name":"Pune University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_University"}],"text":"Mahatma Gandhi Vidyalaya School HallThe oldest school in the village is a Primary School (Elementary School) which was established in 1881. The school is run by the Pune District Council (Zilla Parishad). The medium of instruction is Marathi. The school occupied the same building as the village Panchayat or the council but recently moved into a new building.The local high school, Mahatma Gandhi Vidyalaya is recognized as a rural center of excellence. The medium of instruction in this school is Marathi. The school is co-educational and has around 3000 students. The school has offered a choice of vocational courses for high school grade students (year 8-10) in Technology and Agriculture for decades. The school also runs a hostel called Kumar Chhatralaya for around 200 male students from outside the area. There are also schools in the area where the medium of instruction is English. These include Amar Education Institute, Angel High School & Dr. Cyrus Poonawala English Medium School.The High School shares it campus with Padmashri Manibhai Desai Mahavidyalaya or College. The College is affiliated to Pune University and offers Bachelor level courses in Arts, Commerce and Sciences.","title":"Educational facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Naturopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturopathy"},{"link_name":"holistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lifepositive-14"}],"text":"Mahatma Gandhi came to Uruli Kanchan on 22 March 1946 and stayed for up to 30 March 1946. He treated hundreds of patients with the help of Dr. Mehta, Balkoba Bhave, Manibhai Desai, Dr. Sushila Nair and other disciples. On 30 March 1946, Mahatma Gandhi departed for Delhi for the final negotiations with British Government regarding Independent India. Gandhiji founded Nisargopchar Gramsudhar Trust on 1 April 1946, with the help of kind donations in the form of Land by local people like late shri Mahadev Tatyaba Kanchan. The team under the management of Manibhai preached sound health and hygienic practices and also studied various problems in rural areas and identified suitable solutions to uplift the rural poor. The Nature cure therapy at the ashram followed guidelines issued by Gandhiji. They included regulation of diet, fast, sun-bath, fomentations, steam-bath, mud- bandage, massage and non-injurious indigenous herbs[13]Over last fifty years the Ashram has made remarkable progress. The institute has set up the unique example in the field of Naturopathy i.e. \"The way of Life\". People from every corner of India and abroad come here and experience the unique drugless holistic approach for management of chronic diseases. Treatment is offered to patients suffering from Arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, bronchitis, skin diseases, asthma. Digestive, gynaecological problems, and neuro muscular disorders. Day in the Ashram begins with prayer & yoga and ends with prayer. Thus along with other physical treatments, psychological and spiritual counseling completes the treatment plan.[14]","title":"Naturopathy Ashram"}]	[{"image_text":"Dr. Manibhai Desai in December 1990","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dr._Manibhai_Desai_in_December_1990_at_Uruli_Kanchan.png/220px-Dr._Manibhai_Desai_in_December_1990_at_Uruli_Kanchan.png"},{"image_text":"Mahatma Gandhi Vidyalaya School Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ravindra_Kala_Mandir_Uruli_Kanchan.JPG/220px-Ravindra_Kala_Mandir_Uruli_Kanchan.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kantak, M.R. (1991–92). \"Urbanization of Pune : How ITS Ground Was Prepared\". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute. 51/52: 489–495. JSTOR 42930432.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930432","url_text":"42930432"}]},{"reference":"Sankalia., Hasmukh D. (1949). Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat. Poona: Deccan College. p. 177. Retrieved 25 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104107/page/n157/mode/2up?q=bai","url_text":"Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat"}]},{"reference":"Gazetteer of The Bombay Presidency: Poona (Part 2). Government Central press. 1885. p. 156.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&q=urali&pg=PA85","url_text":"Gazetteer of The Bombay Presidency: Poona (Part 2)"}]},{"reference":"Nash, Vaughan (1900). The Great Famine and its causes. London, New York, Bombay: Longman, Greens and Co. pp. 17. urali .","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatfamineandi00nashgoog","url_text":"The Great Famine and its causes"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatfamineandi00nashgoog/page/n28","url_text":"17"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Connie (2000). In Gandhi's Footsteps: The Manibhai Desai & BAIF Story. New Age International Ltd. p. 114. ISBN 81-224-1221-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-224-1221-1","url_text":"81-224-1221-1"}]},{"reference":"Geographical study of the Pune Division (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9907/6/06_chapter%202.pdf","url_text":"Geographical study of the Pune Division"}]},{"reference":"\"Vaparimal Savaldas - Google Search\". www.google.com. Retrieved 24 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=APwXEdeob5zuIaGMqLoT9y4iTVUk3KFR_Q:1682320782323&q=Vaparimal+Savaldas&ludocid=15655677012837614325&gsas=1&client=ms-android-oneplus-rvo2&lsig=AB86z5XcDXRUr9g7fePE_eYXtxSo&kgs=bc0ff8373850ba05&shndl=-1&source=sh/x/kp/local/2","url_text":"\"Vaparimal Savaldas - Google Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vishnu Cloth Stores Uruli Kanchan - Google Search\". www.google.com. Retrieved 24 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=APwXEddlJwDXy7bxUbYsDbn_LmhdPibl5g:1682321205186&q=Vishnu+Cloth+Stores+Uruli+Kanchan&ludocid=5959450228276668208&gsas=1&client=ms-android-oneplus-rvo2&lsig=AB86z5V80uk_wo98UdD17TpTb4Et&kgs=53a848555cc48886&shndl=-1&source=sh/x/kp/local/2","url_text":"\"Vishnu Cloth Stores Uruli Kanchan - Google Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"And Gandhi Came Alive\". lifepositive.com. Retrieved 30 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lifepositive.com/spirit/Mahatma_Gandhi/And_Gandhi_Came_Alive12008.asp","url_text":"\"And Gandhi Came Alive\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uruli_Kanchan&params=18_28_N_74_07_E_type:city_region:IN-MH","external_links_name":"18°28′N 74°07′E / 18.467°N 74.117°E / 18.467; 74.117"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uruli_Kanchan&params=18_28_N_74_07_E_type:city_region:IN-MH","external_links_name":"18°28′N 74°07′E / 18.467°N 74.117°E / 18.467; 74.117"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&q=urali&pg=PA85","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://angelhighschooluruli.com/","external_links_name":"Angel High School"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930432","external_links_name":"42930432"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104107/page/n157/mode/2up?q=bai","external_links_name":"Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&q=urali&pg=PA85","external_links_name":"Gazetteer of The Bombay Presidency: Poona (Part 2)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/greatfamineandi00nashgoog","external_links_name":"The Great Famine and its causes"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/greatfamineandi00nashgoog/page/n28","external_links_name":"17"},{"Link":"https://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographyDesaiMan.htm","external_links_name":"Biography at Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation"},{"Link":"https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9907/6/06_chapter%202.pdf","external_links_name":"Geographical study of the Pune Division"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=APwXEdeob5zuIaGMqLoT9y4iTVUk3KFR_Q:1682320782323&q=Vaparimal+Savaldas&ludocid=15655677012837614325&gsas=1&client=ms-android-oneplus-rvo2&lsig=AB86z5XcDXRUr9g7fePE_eYXtxSo&kgs=bc0ff8373850ba05&shndl=-1&source=sh/x/kp/local/2","external_links_name":"\"Vaparimal Savaldas - Google Search\""},{"Link":"https://g.co/kgs/RcF8xm","external_links_name":"https://g.co/kgs/RcF8xm"},{"Link":"https://g.co/kgs/P411Vd","external_links_name":"https://g.co/kgs/P411Vd"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=APwXEddlJwDXy7bxUbYsDbn_LmhdPibl5g:1682321205186&q=Vishnu+Cloth+Stores+Uruli+Kanchan&ludocid=5959450228276668208&gsas=1&client=ms-android-oneplus-rvo2&lsig=AB86z5V80uk_wo98UdD17TpTb4Et&kgs=53a848555cc48886&shndl=-1&source=sh/x/kp/local/2","external_links_name":"\"Vishnu Cloth Stores Uruli Kanchan - Google Search\""},{"Link":"https://gandhiashramsevagram.org/pdf-books/nature-cure.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.lifepositive.com/spirit/Mahatma_Gandhi/And_Gandhi_Came_Alive12008.asp","external_links_name":"\"And Gandhi Came Alive\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Christian_Party	Christian Party (UK)	["1 History","2 Registration as a party","3 Elections","4 Policies","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	British political party Christian Party FounderGeorge HargreavesFounded2004Split fromChristian Peoples AllianceIdeology Christian right Social conservatism British unionism Euroscepticism Political positionRight-wingNational affiliationAlliance for DemocracyWebsitehttp://www.ukchristianparty.org/Politics of the United KingdomPolitical partiesElections The Christian Party (also known as the Scottish Christian Party and Welsh Christian Party (Welsh: Plaid Gristnogol)) is a minor Christian political party in Great Britain. History The party originated as Operation Christian Vote, founded by George Hargreaves, a Pentecostal minister and former songwriter, in May 2004. It was based in Stornoway, Scotland. It contested the 2004 European Elections in the Scotland constituency, gaining 1.8% of the popular vote. Hargreaves was a candidate for Operation Christian Vote in the Birmingham Hodge Hill by-election in 2004 where he received 90 votes, last place in a field of seven candidates, and lost his deposit. In the 2005 general election, Hargreaves stood in Na h-Eileanan an Iar, where he was placed fourth, ahead of the Conservatives, and retained his deposit with 1,048 votes or 7.6%. The party was involved in protests, such as at Glasgow. The party became known as the Christian Party. Registration as a party The party was registered by the Electoral Commission on 29 April 2004, with the name "Christian Party 'Proclaiming Christ's Lordship!'". In June 2012, legal action was taken against the Christian Party treasurer by the Electoral Commission for £2,750 for failure to supply accounts for two years as well as for failure to pay previous fines. The party de-registered the following month. Hargreaves was given a further six months to supply accounts, but failed to do so and was consequently fined a further £3,000 on top of a previous fine of £1,125 for failing to meet the deadline for provision of accounts. As a result, the party was de-registered in July 2012 and after the regulatory six months had elapsed, re-registered under a new party RPP under the leadership of Jeff Green. Sue Green is the party treasurer and Dr Donald Boyd is the nominating officer and leader of the Scottish Christian Party. The leader of the Welsh Christian Party and overall leader is Jeff Green. Elections The Rev Hargreaves (second from left in candidates line-up) and other candidates who contested the Glasgow Baillieston constituency in the 2007 Scottish Parliament election. Main article: Christian Party election results Candidates from the party stood in the Sedgefield and Ealing Southall by-elections in 2007. The party received 26,575 votes (0.7%) in the 2007 Scottish Parliament election and 8,693 votes (0.9%) in the 2007 Welsh Assembly Election; it did not come close to winning any seats. Hargreaves stood for the party at the 2008 Haltemprice and Howden by-election, and received 76 votes or 0.3% of the total votes cast. The party competed in the 2009 European elections. Its campaign was mainly focussed in London. The British Humanist Association had put up advertisements on London buses saying "there's probably no God, now stop worrying and enjoy your life". The party then produced similar adverts saying "there definitely is a God, so join the Christian Party and enjoy your life". The advert received over 1,000 complaints. On election day, the party retained one deposit in the London region, gaining 51,336 votes (2.9%). In the 2010 general election, the party stood 71 candidates, gaining 18,623 votes. The newly re-registered Christian Party contested the Eastleigh by-election in February 2013 with its candidate, Kevin Milburn, a retired former prison officer and health care worker, who stood against same-sex marriage. He received 163 votes (0.4%). The party fielded nine candidates in the 2015 general election who between them polled 3,205 votes. Only John Cormack in Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Western Isles) saved his deposit with 6.6%; the other eight each received less than 1% of the votes cast. At the 2016 Scottish Parliament election, in the Na h-Eileanan an Iar constituency Cormack received 8.8% of the vote, coming fourth ahead of the Liberal Democrats. In the 2017 general election, the party fielded two candidates in Scotland. In the 2019 general election, the party ran an alliance with the Christian Peoples Alliance. The party fielded 2 candidates in the 2024 general election. Policies The party's mission statement is "Christians working together to bring Christian concern, goodwill and action into the community, education, business and politics." The party's website includes a statement of its policies which include the following: Banking Promote personal and corporate financial responsibility Promote government creation of money to be managed by the Bank of England to avoid national indebtedness to commercial banks 'Law and order' manifesto Change the role of the Social Services to support parental authority Make contraception for minors illegal without parental approval Re-instate in loco parentis as a fundamental principle of school teaching Health Make private health insurance a visa requirement for migrants Oblige private medical insurers to inform the Home Office when a private medical insurance policy linked to a visa is allowed to lapse or expires Review and reduce Health and Safety legislation Social security Reform the benefit system to remove the risk associated with leaving the welfare system and entering work. This would be accomplished by suspending benefit claims for a period of 9 months rather than closing them when an unemployed person gains employment. Within the 9-month period an unemployed person will be able to audit three jobs before their claim is liable to closure. Immigration Negotiated agreement with the European Union to apply the immigration points system to migrants from the European Union, or in the event of non-agreement the declaration of a unilateral change in immigration policy Make private health insurance a visa requirement for immigrants Initiate a "No (private sector) Home – No Visa" policy Environment Challenge the increasing levels of consumption Have Sunday restored as a day of rest Seek a new global financial system which supports sustainable use of resources Government and democracy Support significant cuts in the public sector workforce in order to reduce the size of government and the size of the government spending Support a major re-employment and training programme to make it easier for public sector workers to transfer to the private sector Call for a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty within the first year of the new Parliament 'Respect for the human person' manifesto Oppose abortion Opposing the legal recognition of same-sex marriage Support funding for hospices which provide terminal or palliative care for adults, children and infants Defence Maintain a well resourced military with a nuclear deterrent Support the doctrine of a just war, but not military adventurism Withdraw British troops from Afghanistan In 2007, George Hargreaves campaigned to replace the Flag of Wales with the Flag of Saint David, claiming that the red dragon on the Welsh flag was "nothing less than the sign of Satan". See also Alliance for Democracy (UK) Christian Party election results ProLife Alliance (1997–2004) Christian Peoples Alliance References ^ "Scottish Christian Party "Proclaiming Christ's Lordship"". ^ a b c "Registration summary - Christian Party "Proclaiming Christ's Lordship"". The Electoral Commission. Retrieved 8 February 2024. ^ "King William the Lion, Robbie the Pict and Noggin the Nog". West Highland Free Press. 8 March 2007. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. ^ "2004 Election candidates". UK Office of the European Parliament. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2020. ^ "Vote 2004 \| Scotland European Election Result". BBC News. 14 June 2004. Retrieved 28 May 2024. ^ Bond, Paul (18 January 2005). "Christian right forces attack "blasphemous" British television comedy". World Socialist Web Site. ^ Electoral Commission press release, "Electoral Commission fines the Christian Party Proclaiming Christs Lordship treasurer and Ashfield and Mansfield Liberal Democrats" Archived 2 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 14 June 2012 ^ Electoral Commission press release, "Electoral Commission fines former treasurer of the Christian Party Proclaiming Christs Lordship", 14 February 2013 ^ Rebecca Smithers (11 March 2009). "Christian party advert draws more than 1,000 complaints". The Guardian. ^ See Christian Party election results article for details. ^ "Christian Party candidate standing in Eastleigh by-election". Christian Today. 16 February 2013. ^ "Election 2015". BBC News. ^ "2016 Election Results". Scottish Parliament. Retrieved 28 May 2024. ^ "Christian Party candidates general election 8th June 2017". The Christian Party. Retrieved 11 June 2017.- "Election 2017: Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch & Strathspey". BBC News. Retrieved 11 June 2017.- "Election 2017: Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Western Isles)". BBC News. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ "About". The Christian Party. ^ "Policies". The Christian Party. ^ "Banking". The Christian Party. ^ "Law and Order". The Christian Party. ^ "Health". The Christian Party. ^ "Social Security". The Christian Party. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014. ^ "Immigration". The Christian Party. ^ "Environment". The Christian Party. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014. ^ "Government & Democracy". The Christian Party. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2020. ^ "Respect for the human person". The Christian Party. Retrieved 27 September 2020. ^ "Defence". The Christian Party. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2020. ^ Molly Watson, "Christian group wants 'evil' Welsh flag changed" Western Mail, 3 March 2007 External links The Christian Party website Highlands and Islands Christian Party website "2007 Scottish Christian Party manifesto" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2007. vtePolitical parties in the United KingdomLegislatures of the United KingdomHouse of Commonsat dissolution May 2024 (650) Conservative (344) Labour (205, including 24 Labour Co-op) SNP (43) Liberal Democrats (15) DUP (7) Sinn Féin† (7) Plaid Cymru (3) SDLP (2) Alba (2) Alliance (1) Green (E&W) (1) Workers (1) Reform UK (1) Independents (17) Speaker (1) House of Lords (785) Conservative (275) Crossbenchers (181) Labour (171) Liberal Democrats (79) Democratic Unionist (6) Ulster Unionist (2) Green (E&W) (2) Plaid Cymru (2) Lord Speaker (1) Non-affiliated (39) Independents (2) Lords Spiritual (25) Scottish Parliament (129) Scottish National Party (63) Scottish Conservatives (31) Scottish Labour (22) Scottish Greens (7) Scottish Liberal Democrats (4) Alba (1) Presiding Officer (1) Senedd (60) Welsh Labour (30) Welsh Conservatives (16) Plaid Cymru (12) Welsh Liberal Democrats (1) Independent (1) Northern Ireland Assembly (90) Sinn Féin (27) DUP (24) Alliance (17) Ulster Unionist (9) SDLP (7) Independent Unionists (2) Traditional Unionist Voice (1) People Before Profit (1) Independent Nationalist (1) London Assembly (25) London Labour (11) London Conservatives (8) London Greens (3) London Liberal Democrats (2) Reform UK (1) Other parties Abolish the Welsh Assembly Animal Welfare Ashfield Independents Aspire Britain First Christian Peoples Alliance English Democrats Green (NI) Heritage Party Justice & Anti-Corruption Liberal Lincolnshire Independents Propel Reclaim Rejoin EU Social Democratic UKIP Women's Equality Yorkshire Co-operative Party candidates stand jointly with the Labour Party. †Sinn Féin have elected members and offices at Westminster, but as abstentionists do not take their seats. Portal:Politics List of political parties by representation Politics of the United Kingdom vte2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendumResultsReferendum question"At present, the UK uses the “first past the post” system to elect MPs to the House of Commons. Should the “alternative vote” system be used instead?"Legislation Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 PartiesFor a "Yes" vote Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Christian Party Christian Peoples Alliance English Democrats Green Party of England and Wales Liberal Democrats Liberal Party Mebyon Kernow Pirate Party UK Plaid Cymru Scottish Greens Scottish National Party SDLP Sinn Féin UKIP Libertarian Party Neutral/split Labour Party Socialist Party of Great Britain Official Monster Raving Loony Party For a "No" vote British National Party Communist Party Conservative Party Democratic Unionist Party England First Party Green Party Northern Ireland Respect Party Socialist Party Traditional Unionist Voice Ulster Unionist Party Advocacy groupsAdvocating a "Yes" vote YES! To Fairer Votes Advocating a "No" vote NOtoAV Print mediaFor a "Yes" vote The Guardian The Independent Financial Times Daily Mirror For a "No" vote The Sun Daily Mail The Times Daily Express The Daily Telegraph The Economist Evening Standard Politics Portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCP-1"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commission-2"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_politics"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"}],"text":"The Christian Party (also known as the Scottish Christian Party[1] and Welsh Christian Party (Welsh: Plaid Gristnogol))[2] is a minor Christian political party in Great Britain.","title":"Christian Party (UK)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Hargreaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hargreaves_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal"},{"link_name":"Stornoway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stornoway"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2004 European Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Scotland constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Hodge Hill by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Birmingham_Hodge_Hill_by-election"},{"link_name":"deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_(politics)#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"2005 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Na h-Eileanan an Iar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_h-Eileanan_an_Iar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The party originated as Operation Christian Vote, founded by George Hargreaves, a Pentecostal minister and former songwriter, in May 2004. It was based in Stornoway, Scotland.[3] It contested the 2004 European Elections in the Scotland constituency,[4] gaining 1.8% of the popular vote.[5]Hargreaves was a candidate for Operation Christian Vote in the Birmingham Hodge Hill by-election in 2004 where he received 90 votes, last place in a field of seven candidates, and lost his deposit. In the 2005 general election, Hargreaves stood in Na h-Eileanan an Iar, where he was placed fourth, ahead of the Conservatives, and retained his deposit with 1,048 votes or 7.6%. The party was involved in protests, such as at Glasgow.[6]The party became known as the Christian Party.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electoral Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commission-2"},{"link_name":"Electoral Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commission-2"}],"text":"The party was registered by the Electoral Commission on 29 April 2004, with the name \"Christian Party 'Proclaiming Christ's Lordship!'\".[2]In June 2012, legal action was taken against the Christian Party treasurer by the Electoral Commission for £2,750 for failure to supply accounts for two years as well as for failure to pay previous fines.[7] The party de-registered the following month. Hargreaves was given a further six months to supply accounts, but failed to do so and was consequently fined a further £3,000 on top of a previous fine of £1,125 for failing to meet the deadline for provision of accounts.[8]As a result, the party was de-registered in July 2012 and after the regulatory six months had elapsed, re-registered under a new party RPP under the leadership of Jeff Green. Sue Green is the party treasurer and Dr Donald Boyd is the nominating officer and leader of the Scottish Christian Party. The leader of the Welsh Christian Party and overall leader is Jeff Green.[2]","title":"Registration as a party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hargreaves_declaration.JPG"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Baillieston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Baillieston_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2007 Scottish Parliament election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"Sedgefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Sedgefield_by-election"},{"link_name":"Ealing Southall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Ealing_Southall_by-election"},{"link_name":"2007 Scottish Parliament election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"2007 Welsh Assembly Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election"},{"link_name":"2008 Haltemprice and Howden by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Haltemprice_and_Howden_by-election"},{"link_name":"2009 European elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"British Humanist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Humanist_Association"},{"link_name":"London buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_buses"},{"link_name":"there's probably no God, now stop worrying and enjoy your life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist_Bus_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"London region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eastleigh by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Eastleigh_by-election"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2015 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Western Isles)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_h-Eileanan_an_Iar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2016 Scottish Parliament election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2017 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2019 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Christian Peoples Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2024 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"text":"The Rev Hargreaves (second from left in candidates line-up) and other candidates who contested the Glasgow Baillieston constituency in the 2007 Scottish Parliament election.Candidates from the party stood in the Sedgefield and Ealing Southall by-elections in 2007. The party received 26,575 votes (0.7%) in the 2007 Scottish Parliament election and 8,693 votes (0.9%) in the 2007 Welsh Assembly Election; it did not come close to winning any seats.Hargreaves stood for the party at the 2008 Haltemprice and Howden by-election, and received 76 votes or 0.3% of the total votes cast.The party competed in the 2009 European elections. Its campaign was mainly focussed in London. The British Humanist Association had put up advertisements on London buses saying \"there's probably no God, now stop worrying and enjoy your life\". The party then produced similar adverts saying \"there definitely is a God, so join the Christian Party and enjoy your life\".[9] The advert received over 1,000 complaints. On election day, the party retained one deposit in the London region, gaining 51,336 votes (2.9%).In the 2010 general election, the party stood 71 candidates, gaining 18,623 votes.[10]The newly re-registered Christian Party contested the Eastleigh by-election in February 2013 with its candidate, Kevin Milburn, a retired former prison officer and health care worker, who stood against same-sex marriage.[11] He received 163 votes (0.4%).The party fielded nine candidates in the 2015 general election who between them polled 3,205 votes.[12] Only John Cormack in Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Western Isles) saved his deposit with 6.6%; the other eight each received less than 1% of the votes cast. At the 2016 Scottish Parliament election, in the Na h-Eileanan an Iar constituency Cormack received 8.8% of the vote, coming fourth ahead of the Liberal Democrats.[13]In the 2017 general election, the party fielded two candidates in Scotland.[14]In the 2019 general election, the party ran an alliance with the Christian Peoples Alliance.[citation needed]The party fielded 2 candidates in the 2024 general election.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-policies-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banking_manifesto-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law_and_order_manifesto-18"},{"link_name":"in loco parentis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_loco_parentis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-health_manifesto-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-social_security_manifesto-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immigration_manifesto-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"global financial system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_system"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"just war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_war"},{"link_name":"Flag of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Flag of Saint David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_David"},{"link_name":"red dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Satan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The party's mission statement is \"Christians working together to bring Christian concern, goodwill and action into the community, education, business and politics.\"[15]The party's website includes a statement of its policies[16] which include the following:Banking[17]Promote personal and corporate financial responsibility\nPromote government creation of money to be managed by the Bank of England to avoid national indebtedness to commercial banks'Law and order' manifesto[18]Change the role of the Social Services to support parental authority\nMake contraception for minors illegal without parental approval\nRe-instate in loco parentis as a fundamental principle of school teachingHealth[19]Make private health insurance a visa requirement for migrants\nOblige private medical insurers to inform the Home Office when a private medical insurance policy linked to a visa is allowed to lapse or expires\nReview and reduce Health and Safety legislationSocial security[20]Reform the benefit system to remove the risk associated with leaving the welfare system and entering work. This would be accomplished by suspending benefit claims for a period of 9 months rather than closing them when an unemployed person gains employment. Within the 9-month period an unemployed person will be able to audit three jobs before their claim is liable to closure.Immigration[21]Negotiated agreement with the European Union to apply the immigration points system to migrants from the European Union, or in the event of non-agreement the declaration of a unilateral change in immigration policy\nMake private health insurance a visa requirement for immigrants\nInitiate a \"No (private sector) Home – No Visa\" policyEnvironment[22]Challenge the increasing levels of consumption\nHave Sunday restored as a day of rest\nSeek a new global financial system which supports sustainable use of resourcesGovernment and democracy[23]Support significant cuts in the public sector workforce in order to reduce the size of government and the size of the government spending\nSupport a major re-employment and training programme to make it easier for public sector workers to transfer to the private sector\nCall for a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty within the first year of the new Parliament'Respect for the human person' manifesto[24]Oppose abortion\nOpposing the legal recognition of same-sex marriage\nSupport funding for hospices which provide terminal or palliative care for adults, children and infantsDefence[25]Maintain a well resourced military with a nuclear deterrent\nSupport the doctrine of a just war, but not military adventurism\nWithdraw British troops from AfghanistanIn 2007, George Hargreaves campaigned to replace the Flag of Wales with the Flag of Saint David, claiming that the red dragon on the Welsh flag was \"nothing less than the sign of Satan\".[26]","title":"Policies"}]	[{"image_text":"The Rev Hargreaves (second from left in candidates line-up) and other candidates who contested the Glasgow Baillieston constituency in the 2007 Scottish Parliament election.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hargreaves_declaration.JPG/300px-Hargreaves_declaration.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Alliance for Democracy (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_(UK)"},{"title":"Christian Party election results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Party_election_results"},{"title":"ProLife Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProLife_Alliance"},{"title":"Christian Peoples Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance"}]	[{"reference":"\"Scottish Christian Party \"Proclaiming Christ's Lordship\"\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottishchristianparty.org/","url_text":"\"Scottish Christian Party \"Proclaiming Christ's Lordship\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Registration summary - Christian Party \"Proclaiming Christ's Lordship\"\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memons_in_Sri_Lanka	Memons in Sri Lanka	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ethnic group Sri Lankan MemonTotal population7,000 - 10,000Regions with significant populations Sri LankaLanguagesMemoni, English language,ReligionIslamRelated ethnic groupsMemons, Bohras in Sri Lanka Kathiawari Memons, a sub-group of the Memons, arrived in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) from the Kathiawar region of Gujarat, India beginning in the 1870s. Sunni Hanafi Muslims by origin, the Memons are entrepreneurs and traders who settled in Sri Lanka for business opportunities during the colonial period. Some of these people came to the country as far back as the Portuguese period. They settled permanently in Sri Lanka after the partition of India in 1947. The majority of these Memons were from the historical village of Kutiyana, in Junagadh, Gujarat, India; among other villages in Kathiawar. They are variously known as Mir, Pinjara, Allahrakha, Khatri and Mulla. Sri Lankan Memons are strictly following the traditional and cultural values of the International Memon community. Memons in Sri Lanka are represented by the Memon Association of Sri Lanka. History Memon association of Ceylon - Place of gathering (Jamath Khana) for Memons in Colombo in the year 1956 Early 1900s, Kathiawar Memon merchants and traders; mainly from Kutiyana, Porbandar and Upleta traveled to Ceylon (in modern Sri Lanka) to trade and exploit business opportunities. Memon people started the trading route between India and Sri lanka in early 1930s. Memon merchants brought variety of Indian products to Ceylon (in modern Sri Lanka), it mainly consisted textiles and it was sold in the Colombo Pettah market. Reason for mass migration and settlement of Memon people around the world was due to the Gujarat's Hindu-Muslim riot in 1947, which was initiated due to the Partition of India. Many Memons in the Kathiawar region were attacked and were looted by the mobs, which resulted in great loss to the Memon community especially in the Junagadh District and surrounding villages in modern state of Gujarat in India. After the riots, extremely affected Memon people from the Kathiawar region were replaced in refugee camps in the bordering cities nearby the State of Gujarat, India. Lately, Memon people started migrating to other states within India, and large number of them migrated and settled in modern Pakistan. Memon merchants who were involved in the trading route between India and Sri Lanka, decided to migrate and settle in Ceylon (in modern Sri Lanka) along with their families. Memon people were firstly based in Colombo 12 in the early 1950s and gradually started to expand and move to other parts of the Colombo city. Memon association of Ceylon was formed in the year 1956 in Hullsdorf, Colombo by well known personalities of the Memon community in Sri Lanka. Lately it was changed to Memon association of Sri Lanka. See also Memon People Gujarati People Kathiawari Memon Saurashtra (region) Memon Day References ^ "LANKALIBRARY FORUM • View topic - The Memons of Sri Lanka". www.lankalibrary.com. Retrieved 2019-10-09. ^ "LANKALIBRARY FORUM • View topic - The Memons of Sri Lanka". www.lankalibrary.com. Retrieved 2019-10-09. Further reading Memons of Sri Lanka - Men Memoirs Milestones. Asiff Hussein and Hameed Karim Bhoja. (2006). Published by The Memon Association of Sri Lanka. ISBN 955-1408-00-4 External links Memon Association of Sri Lanka vte Sri Lankans Demographics of Sri Lanka Sri Lankan diaspora Indigenous Vedda Traditional Sinhalese Sri Lankan Tamils Chinese Indians Bharatha Chetty Tamil Telugu Jews Malays Javanese Moors Pathans Multiracial Burgher people Dutch Burghers Portuguese Burghers Kaffirs Immigrants Japanese Koreans Maldivians Memons vteGujarati diasporaWorldwide Fiji Malaysia South Africa (Memons) Sri Lanka (Memons) United Kingdom United States See also Indian diaspora	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathiawari Memons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memons_(Kathiawar)"},{"link_name":"Memons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memon_people"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Kathiawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiawar"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslim"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"colonial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Portuguese period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"Kutiyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutiyana"},{"link_name":"Junagadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junagadh"},{"link_name":"Memon Association of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//masl.lk/"}],"text":"Ethnic groupKathiawari Memons, a sub-group of the Memons, arrived in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) from the Kathiawar region of Gujarat, India beginning in the 1870s.Sunni Hanafi Muslims by origin, the Memons are entrepreneurs and traders who settled in Sri Lanka for business opportunities during the colonial period. Some of these people came to the country as far back as the Portuguese period. They settled permanently in Sri Lanka after the partition of India in 1947.The majority of these Memons were from the historical village of Kutiyana, in Junagadh, Gujarat, India; among other villages in Kathiawar. They are variously known as Mir, Pinjara, Allahrakha, Khatri and Mulla.Sri Lankan Memons are strictly following the traditional and cultural values of the International Memon community. Memons in Sri Lanka are represented by the Memon Association of Sri Lanka.","title":"Memons in Sri Lanka"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memon_Association_of_Ceylon_-_1956.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Jamath Khana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana"},{"link_name":"Memons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memon_people"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Kutiyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutiyana"},{"link_name":"Porbandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbandar"},{"link_name":"Upleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upleta"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Colombo Pettah market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"Junagadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junagadh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Colombo city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Memon association of Ceylon - Place of gathering (Jamath Khana) for Memons in Colombo in the year 1956Early 1900s, Kathiawar Memon merchants and traders; mainly from Kutiyana, Porbandar and Upleta traveled to Ceylon (in modern Sri Lanka) to trade and exploit business opportunities. Memon people started the trading route between India and Sri lanka in early 1930s. Memon merchants brought variety of Indian products to Ceylon (in modern Sri Lanka), it mainly consisted textiles and it was sold in the Colombo Pettah market.Reason for mass migration and settlement of Memon people around the world was due to the Gujarat's Hindu-Muslim riot in 1947, which was initiated due to the Partition of India. Many Memons in the Kathiawar region were attacked and were looted by the mobs, which resulted in great loss to the Memon community especially in the Junagadh District and surrounding villages in modern state of Gujarat in India. After the riots, extremely affected Memon people from the Kathiawar[1] region were replaced in refugee camps in the bordering cities nearby the State of Gujarat, India.Lately, Memon people started migrating to other states within India, and large number of them migrated and settled in modern Pakistan. Memon merchants who were involved in the trading route between India and Sri Lanka, decided to migrate and settle in Ceylon (in modern Sri Lanka) along with their families.Memon people were firstly based in Colombo 12 in the early 1950s and gradually started to expand and move to other parts of the Colombo city. Memon association of Ceylon was formed in the year 1956 in Hullsdorf, Colombo by well known personalities of the Memon community in Sri Lanka.[2] Lately it was changed to Memon association of Sri Lanka.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"955-1408-00-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-1408-00-4"}],"text":"Memons of Sri Lanka - Men Memoirs Milestones. Asiff Hussein and Hameed Karim Bhoja. (2006). Published by The Memon Association of Sri Lanka. ISBN 955-1408-00-4","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Memon association of Ceylon - Place of gathering (Jamath Khana) for Memons in Colombo in the year 1956","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Memon_Association_of_Ceylon_-_1956.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Memon People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memon_people"},{"title":"Gujarati People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_people"},{"title":"Kathiawari Memon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memons_(Kathiawar)"},{"title":"Saurashtra (region)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)"},{"title":"Memon Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memon_Day"}]	[{"reference":"\"LANKALIBRARY FORUM • View topic - The Memons of Sri Lanka\". www.lankalibrary.com. Retrieved 2019-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=2614","url_text":"\"LANKALIBRARY FORUM • View topic - The Memons of Sri Lanka\""}]},{"reference":"\"LANKALIBRARY FORUM • View topic - The Memons of Sri Lanka\". www.lankalibrary.com. Retrieved 2019-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=2614","url_text":"\"LANKALIBRARY FORUM • View topic - The Memons of Sri Lanka\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://masl.lk/","external_links_name":"Memon Association of Sri Lanka"},{"Link":"http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=2614","external_links_name":"\"LANKALIBRARY FORUM • View topic - The Memons of Sri Lanka\""},{"Link":"http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=2614","external_links_name":"\"LANKALIBRARY FORUM • View topic - The Memons of Sri Lanka\""},{"Link":"https://masl.lk/","external_links_name":"Memon Association of Sri Lanka"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianalund	Dianalund	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 55°31′38″N 11°29′53″E / 55.52722°N 11.49806°E / 55.52722; 11.49806This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dianalund" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Town in Region Zealand, DenmarkDianalundTownDianalund railway stationDianalundLocation in DenmarkShow map of DenmarkDianalundDianalund (Denmark Region Zealand)Show map of Denmark Region ZealandCoordinates: 55°31′38″N 11°29′53″E / 55.52722°N 11.49806°E / 55.52722; 11.49806CountryDenmarkRegionRegion ZealandMunicipalitySorø MunicipalityArea • Urban2.5 km2 (1.0 sq mi)Population (2023) • Urban4,057 • Urban density1,600/km2 (4,200/sq mi) • Gender 1,973 males and 2,084 femalesTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal codeDK-4293 Dianalund Dianalund is a railway town on the west central part of the island of Zealand, Denmark. It has a population of 4,057 (1 January 2023), making it the second largest town in Sorø Municipality. Dianalund was the municipal seat of the former Dianalund Municipality, until 1 January 2007. Filadelfia - the epilepsy hospital Kolonien Filadelfia, the only epilepsy hospital in Denmark, is located in the town. Dianalund is served by Dianalund railway station, located on the Tølløse railway line. References ^ a b BY3: Population 1. January by rural and urban areas, area and population density The Mobile Statbank from Statistics Denmark ^ Population 1. January by urban areas, age and sex The Mobile Statbank from Statistics Denmark ^ About Filadelfia External links Weather forecast Dianalund, Denmark weather-atlas.com This Danish location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_town"},{"link_name":"Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealand"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BY3-1"},{"link_name":"Sorø Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sor%C3%B8_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Dianalund Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianalund_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kolonien_Filadelfia_-_Epilepsihospitalet.JPG"},{"link_name":"epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dianalund railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianalund_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tølløse railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8ll%C3%B8se_railway_line"}],"text":"Town in Region Zealand, DenmarkDianalund is a railway town on the west central part of the island of Zealand, Denmark. It has a population of 4,057 (1 January 2023),[1] making it the second largest town in Sorø Municipality.Dianalund was the municipal seat of the former Dianalund Municipality, until 1 January 2007.Filadelfia - the epilepsy hospitalKolonien Filadelfia, the only epilepsy hospital in Denmark, is located in the town.[3]Dianalund is served by Dianalund railway station, located on the Tølløse railway line.","title":"Dianalund"}]	[{"image_text":"Filadelfia - the epilepsy hospital","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kolonien_Filadelfia_-_Epilepsihospitalet.JPG/220px-Kolonien_Filadelfia_-_Epilepsihospitalet.JPG"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dianalund&params=55_31_38_N_11_29_53_E_type:city_region:DK-85","external_links_name":"55°31′38″N 11°29′53″E / 55.52722°N 11.49806°E / 55.52722; 11.49806"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dianalund%22","external_links_name":"\"Dianalund\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dianalund%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dianalund%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dianalund%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dianalund%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dianalund%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dianalund&params=55_31_38_N_11_29_53_E_type:city_region:DK-85","external_links_name":"55°31′38″N 11°29′53″E / 55.52722°N 11.49806°E / 55.52722; 11.49806"},{"Link":"https://m.statbank.dk/TableInfo/BY3?lang=en","external_links_name":"BY3: Population 1. January by rural and urban areas, area and population density"},{"Link":"https://m.statbank.dk/TableInfo/BY1?lang=en","external_links_name":"Population 1. January by urban areas, age and sex"},{"Link":"http://www.filadelfia.dk/en/filadelfia","external_links_name":"About Filadelfia"},{"Link":"https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/denmark/dianalund","external_links_name":"Weather forecast Dianalund, Denmark"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dianalund&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apanteles	Apanteles	["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]	Genus of wasps Apanteles Apanteles melanoscelus A, adult, female; B-D, egg; E-I, larva; J-L, larval mandible Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Family: Braconidae Subfamily: Microgastrinae Genus: ApantelesFörster, 1862 Diversity at least 1200 species Apanteles is a very large genus of braconid wasps, containing more than 600 described species found worldwide. There are no native species in New Zealand, and none have been recorded in the high arctic. See also List of Apanteles species References ^ Fernandez-Triana, Jose; Shaw, Mark R.; Boudreault, Caroline; Beaudin, Melanie; et al. (2020). "Annotated and illustrated world checklist of Microgastrinae parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)". ZooKeys (920): 1–1089. doi:10.3897/zookeys.920.39128. PMC 7197271. PMID 32390740. ^ "Apanteles". GBIF. Retrieved 2020-03-25. ^ "Apanteles genus Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2020-03-25. Further reading Fernandez-Triana, J. (2010). "Eight new species and an annotated checklist of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Canada and Alaska". ZooKeys (63): 1–53. doi:10.3897/zookeys.63.565. PMC 3088399. PMID 21594019. Fernandez-Triana, J.; Buffam, J.; Beaudin, M.; Davis, H.; et al. (2017). "An annotated and illustrated checklist of Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland". ZooKeys (691): 49–101. doi:10.3897/zookeys.691.14491. PMC 5672697. PMID 29200923. Marsh, Paul M.; Shaw, Scott R.; Wharton, Robert A. (1987). "An identification manual for the North American genera of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera)". Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington. Taxon identifiersApanteles Wikidata: Q14414996 Wikispecies: Apanteles AFD: Apanteles BOLD: 7626 BugGuide: 899581 CoL: 62CWH EoL: 3770944 EPPO: 1APANG Fauna Europaea: 341193 Fauna Europaea (new): d44da657-35ef-449a-836b-156b73f3a629 GBIF: 8411933 iNaturalist: 173116 IRMNG: 1429018 ITIS: 1142050 NBN: NHMSYS0020704887 NCBI: 7403 NZOR: b577bed3-ed6e-431e-ace4-b74f1ca669fe Open Tree of Life: 678078 Paleobiology Database: 150210 Plazi: 714A87BB-B268-1217-7EC4-FC31FA43FA03 Authority control databases: National Israel This Ichneumonoidea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"braconid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braconidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fernandez-Triana2020-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbif-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugguide-3"}],"text":"Apanteles is a very large genus of braconid wasps, containing more than 600 described species found worldwide. There are no native species in New Zealand, and none have been recorded in the high arctic.[1][2][3]","title":"Apanteles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Eight new species and an annotated checklist of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Canada and Alaska\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3088399"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3897/zookeys.63.565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.63.565"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3088399","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3088399"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21594019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21594019"},{"link_name":"\"An annotated and illustrated checklist of Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera, 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Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"678078","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=678078"},{"link_name":"Paleobiology Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology_Database"},{"link_name":"150210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=150210"},{"link_name":"Plazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazi"},{"link_name":"714A87BB-B268-1217-7EC4-FC31FA43FA03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//treatment.plazi.org/id/714A87BB-B268-1217-7EC4-FC31FA43FA03"},{"link_name":"Authority control 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(2010). \"Eight new species and an annotated checklist of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Canada and Alaska\". ZooKeys (63): 1–53. doi:10.3897/zookeys.63.565. PMC 3088399. PMID 21594019.\nFernandez-Triana, J.; Buffam, J.; Beaudin, M.; Davis, H.; et al. (2017). \"An annotated and illustrated checklist of Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland\". ZooKeys (691): 49–101. doi:10.3897/zookeys.691.14491. PMC 5672697. PMID 29200923.\nMarsh, Paul M.; Shaw, Scott R.; Wharton, Robert A. (1987). \"An identification manual for the North American genera of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera)\". Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington.Taxon identifiersApanteles\nWikidata: Q14414996\nWikispecies: Apanteles\nAFD: Apanteles\nBOLD: 7626\nBugGuide: 899581\nCoL: 62CWH\nEoL: 3770944\nEPPO: 1APANG\nFauna Europaea: 341193\nFauna Europaea (new): d44da657-35ef-449a-836b-156b73f3a629\nGBIF: 8411933\niNaturalist: 173116\nIRMNG: 1429018\nITIS: 1142050\nNBN: NHMSYS0020704887\nNCBI: 7403\nNZOR: b577bed3-ed6e-431e-ace4-b74f1ca669fe\nOpen Tree of Life: 678078\nPaleobiology Database: 150210\nPlazi: 714A87BB-B268-1217-7EC4-FC31FA43FA03Authority control databases: National \nIsraelThis Ichneumonoidea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Apanteles species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apanteles_species"}]	[{"reference":"Fernandez-Triana, Jose; Shaw, Mark R.; Boudreault, Caroline; Beaudin, Melanie; et al. (2020). \"Annotated and illustrated world checklist of Microgastrinae parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)\". ZooKeys (920): 1–1089. doi:10.3897/zookeys.920.39128. PMC 7197271. PMID 32390740.","urls":[{"url":"https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/39128/","url_text":"\"Annotated and illustrated world checklist of Microgastrinae parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.920.39128","url_text":"10.3897/zookeys.920.39128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7197271","url_text":"7197271"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32390740","url_text":"32390740"}]},{"reference":"\"Apanteles\". GBIF. Retrieved 2020-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/8411933","url_text":"\"Apanteles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apanteles genus Information\". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2020-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/899581","url_text":"\"Apanteles genus Information\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandez-Triana, J. (2010). \"Eight new species and an annotated checklist of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Canada and Alaska\". ZooKeys (63): 1–53. doi:10.3897/zookeys.63.565. PMC 3088399. 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PMID 29200923.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5672697","url_text":"\"An annotated and illustrated checklist of Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.691.14491","url_text":"10.3897/zookeys.691.14491"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5672697","url_text":"5672697"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29200923","url_text":"29200923"}]},{"reference":"Marsh, Paul M.; Shaw, Scott R.; Wharton, Robert A. (1987). \"An identification manual for the North American genera of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_to_Die:_The_Paradise_Edition	Born to Die: The Paradise Edition	["1 Background and release","2 New material","3 Promotion","4 Commercial performance","5 Track listing","6 Personnel","6.1 Disc 1","6.2 Disc 2","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Certifications","9 Release history","10 References"]	2012 studio album (reissue) by Lana Del ReyBorn to Die: The Paradise EditionStudio album (reissue) by Lana Del ReyReleasedNovember 9, 2012 (2012-11-09)Recorded2010–2012Studio Sarm, The Square (London) Electric Lemon, Human Feel, Westlake (Los Angeles) Shangri-La (Malibu) The Green Building (Santa Monica, California) Genre Alternative pop orchestral pop baroque pop trip hop indie pop sadcore Length93:47Label Interscope Polydor Producer Patrik Berger Jeff Bhasker Chris Braide DK Emile Haynie Dan Heath Tim Larcombe Rick Nowels Justin Parker Robopop Al Shux Rick Rubin Lana Del Rey chronology Paradise(2012) Born to Die: The Paradise Edition(2012) Tropico(2013) Born to Die: The Paradise Edition is the reissue of American singer-songwriter Lana Del Rey's major-label debut studio album Born to Die (2012). It was released on November 9, 2012, by Interscope and Polydor Records. Released ten months after the original, The Paradise Edition features eight newly recorded tracks, which were simultaneously made available on the standalone extended play Paradise (2012). Although having worked with several producers for each record, Emile Haynie and Rick Nowels are the only producers whose contributions are featured on both discs. The Paradise Edition performed moderately on international record charts in Europe, where it charted separately from Born to Die and Paradise. While the project was not directly supported by singles of its own, the tracks "Ride" and "Burning Desire" were released from Paradise on September 25, 2012, and March 13, 2013, while "Dark Paradise" was serviced from Born to Die on March 1, 2013. A remix of the track "Summertime Sadness" from Born to Die, produced by Cedric Gervais, was released independently from either project on July 11, 2013; it was later included on select reissues of The Paradise Edition after experiencing success on record charts worldwide. Background and release "It's not a new album, it's more like an afterthought, it's the Paradise edition of Born to Die. It's like seven new songs that kind of put a period on the statement that I was making when I was making the record. It's beautiful." — Del Rey describing the conception and meaning of The Paradise Edition. Del Rey released her second studio album and major-label debut Born to Die in January 2012 by Interscope Records, Polydor Records, and Stranger Records. It debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 77,000 copies; in doing so, it became the highest opening week for a major-label debut by a female artist since Dream with Me (2011) by Jackie Evancho entered at number two in the United States. In July, Del Rey expressed her intentions release an expanded version of Born to Die subtitled The Paradise Edition, which was initially expected to contain seven newly recorded tracks to supplement the original record. Del Rey unveiled its cover in September, in which she is photographed in a beige-colored one-piece swimsuit standing before a tropical background, and elaborated that the reissue would contain the fifteen-track deluxe version of Born to Die and nine previously unreleased songs. The final product was first released on November 9 in Australia, and was later made available on November 13 in the United States. The Paradise Edition was packaged as a two-disc product in its physical variation, while a digital version was serviced to online music stores. The newly recorded material was simultaneously made available on the standalone extended play Paradise (2012). The Paradise Edition was released in vinyl record packaging on November 20; it came with the vinyl for Paradise, and designated a slipcase to hold a separately-purchased vinyl of Born to Die. A limited edition box set of the project was released on December 4, 2012; it contained the physical version of the record, an eight-track remix disc, a six-music video DVD, four printed photographs, and a two-track vinyl record with remixes of "Blue Velvet". New material See also: Paradise (Lana Del Rey EP) The eight tracks appended on The Paradise Edition exemplify a "cinematic" musical style first introduced through Born to Die, and incorporates frequent electric guitar and piano instrumentation like the preceding record. The newly recorded material employs more profane language than the original record, particularly with descriptions of sexual encounters. The second disc commences with the track "Ride", which Tom Breihan from Stereogum described as a "string-drenched ballad" that saw Del Rey exploring the "crossover-soul-pop" musical styles that British singer Adele is commonly associated with. The follow-up track "American" heavily integrates Americana references in its lyrics, and employs minimalist piano and string instrumentation that Sian Watson from Associated Press felt placed the "smoky, effortless vocals" at the forefront of the song. "Cola" begins with the lines "My pussy tastes like Pepsi-Cola / My eyes are wide like cherry pies", which PopMatters' Enio Chiola felt solidified the recurring concept of "a girl trying to find her father in her elder lovers" that unifies the additional tracks. The fourth track "Body Electric" was distinguished by Jesse Cataldo of Slant Magazine for its string instrumentation, which he described as a "pre-established atmospheric skeletion" given the frequency of their usage on the disc. "Blue Velvet" is a cover version of the 1950s track written by Bernie Wayne and Lee Moris, and was interpreted by Chiola as a "romantic tribute of lovelorn and loss." On the track "Gods & Monsters", Carl Williott from Idolator noted that Del Rey delivered the lyrics "I was an angel / Looking to get fucked hard" and "Fuck yeah, give it to me / This is heaven, what I truly want" with a "sultry numbness" that avoided coming across as a generic song about sex. "Yayo" first appeared on Del Rey's debut studio album Lana Del Ray (2010); David Edwards of Drowned in Sound described the track as "stammeringly beautiful", and directed his commentary towards the genuine emotions of "a heartbeat away from collapse." According to Williott, the eighth and final track "Bel Air" is a "melancholy waltz" that notably employs a "forest nymph chant" during its refrain. Promotion "Ride" was originally announced as the lead single from The Paradise Edition, although the track was later recognized as an offering from the standalone extended play Paradise; it was premiered and released through the iTunes Store on September 25, 2012. The song respectively peaked at numbers 21 and 26 on the U.S. Billboard Rock Songs and Adult Alternative Songs component charts, and performed sporadically across international singles charts. After The Paradise Edition was released, "Dark Paradise" was serviced as the sixth single from Born to Die on March 1, 2013, and reached the lower ends of select European singles charts. Commercial performance The Paradise Edition charted together with Born to Die on the U.S. Billboard 200, and consequently assisted its parent record in rising from number 79 to number 37 with release-week sales of 16,000 copies. Having charted separately from Born to Die and Paradise throughout much of Europe, the record performed moderately on international record charts. It charted at number four on the Polish Albums Chart, and respectively reached numbers 6 and 15 on the Belgian Ultratop charts in Flanders and Wallonia. The project peaked at number 15 on the Dutch MegaCharts, and appeared at number 22 on both The Official Finnish Charts and the Swedish Sverigetopplistan. Although a specific charting position was not released, The Paradise Edition was certified gold by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique in France. In Oceania, it reached number 17 on the Australian ARIA Charts, and was acknowledged with a platinum certification in the country. The project also reached number six on the Official New Zealand Music Chart, where it was eventually certified platinum. Track listing Credits adapted from the liner notes of Born to Die: The Paradise Edition. Disc 1 – Born to Die (Deluxe edition)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Born to Die" Lana Del Rey Justin Parker Emile Haynie Parker 4:462."Off to the Races" Del Rey Tim Larcombe Patrik Berger Haynie 5:003."Blue Jeans" Del Rey Haynie Dan Heath Haynie3:304."Video Games" Del Rey Parker Robopop4:425."Diet Mountain Dew" Del Rey Mike Daly Haynie Jeff Bhasker Daly 3:436."National Anthem" Del Rey Parker The Nexus Haynie Bhasker David Sneddon James Bauer-Mein 3:517."Dark Paradise" Del Rey Rick Nowels Haynie Nowels 4:038."Radio" Del Rey Parker Haynie Parker 3:349."Carmen" Del Rey Parker Haynie Bhasker Parker 4:0810."Million Dollar Man" Del Rey Chris Braide Haynie Braide 3:5111."Summertime Sadness" Del Rey Nowels Haynie Nowels 4:2512."This Is What Makes Us Girls" Del Rey Larcombe Jim Irvin Al Shux Haynie 3:5813."Without You" Del Rey Sacha Skarbek Haynie3:4914."Lolita" Del Rey Liam Howe Hannah Robinson Haynie Howe 3:4015."Lucky Ones" Del Rey Nowels Haynie Nowels 3:45Total length:60:40 Disc 1 – Born to Die (Japanese edition bonus track)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length16."Video Games" (Joy Orbison Remix) Del Rey Parker Robopop Orbison 4:59Total length:65:39 Disc 2 – ParadiseNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Ride" Del Rey Parker Rubin4:492."American" Del Rey Nowels Haynie Nowels Haynie 4:083."Cola" Del Rey Nowels Nowels DK 4:204."Body Electric" Del Rey Nowels Nowels Dan Heath 3:535."Blue Velvet" Lee Morris Bernie Wayne Haynie2:386."Gods & Monsters" Del Rey Tim Larcombe Larcombe Haynie 3:577."Yayo"Lana Del Rey Heath Haynie 5:218."Bel Air" Del Rey Heath Heath3:57Total length:33:07 Disc 2 – Paradise (Special edition bonus track)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length9."Burning Desire" Del Rey Parker Haynie3:51Total length:36:58 Disc 2 – Paradise (French edition bonus track)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length10."Summertime Sadness" (Lana Del Rey vs. Cedric Gervais) Del Rey Nowels Cedric Gervais6:52Total length:43:50 Disc 2 – Paradise (German Amazon edition bonus tracks)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length9."Blue Velvet" (Penguin Prison Remix) Wayne Morris Haynie5:0310."Summertime Sadness" (Todd Terry Remix) Del Rey Nowels De Jour Haynie Nowels 6:2611."National Anthem" (bretonLABS Remix) Del Rey Parker The Nexus Haynie Bhasker 4:0112."Blue Jeans" (RAC Mix) Del Rey Haynie Heath Haynie3:4213."Born to Die" (Kris Di Angelis 'Love Below' Remix) Del Rey Parker Haynie5:1014."Video Games" (Jakwob and Etherwood Remix) Del Rey Parker Robopop3:44Total length:81:49 Born to Die: The Paradise Edition – Box set edition (bonus CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Video Games" (Joy Orbison Remix) Del Rey Parker Robopop Sterling Fox Joy Orbison 5:032."Video Games" (Omid 16B Remix) Del Rey Parker Robopop Omid Nourizadeh 5:133."Born to Die" (Moodymann Remix) Del Rey Parker Haynie Parker Moody 6:144."Born to Die" (Gemini Remix) Del Rey Parker Haynie Parker Thomas Slinger PKA Gemini 4:515."Blue Jeans" (Gesaffelstein Remix) Del Rey Haynie Dan Heath Haynie Gesaffelstein 4:346."Blue Jeans" (Penguin Prison Remix) Del Rey Haynie Dan Heath Haynie Penguin Prison 5:407."National Anthem" (Fred Falke Remix Edit) Del Rey Parker The Nexus Haynie The Nexus Jeff Bhasker Fred Falke 3:498."National Anthem" (Tensnake Remix) Del Rey Parker The Nexus Haynie The Nexus Bhasker 3:46Total length:40:10 Born to Die: The Paradise Edition – Box set edition (bonus DVD)No.TitleDirector(s)Length1."Video Games" (music video)Del Rey4:472."Born to Die" (music video) Mourad Balkeddar Yoann Lemoine 4:473."Blue Jeans" (music video) Oualid Mouaness Lemoine 4:194."Blue Jeans" (Lana Del Rey version)Del Rey4:015."National Anthem" (music video) Heather Heller Anthony Mandler 7:496."Summertime Sadness" (music video) Spencer Susser Kyle Newman 4:43Total length:30:26 Born to Die: The Paradise Edition – Box set edition (bonus 7" vinyl record)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Blue Velvet" Wayne Morris Haynie2:382."Blue Velvet" (Penguin Prison Remix) Wayne Morris Haynie Penguin Prison 5:03Total length:7:41 Notes ^ signifies a co-producer ^ signifies a vocal producer ^ signifies an additional producer ^ signifies a remixer Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Born to Die: The Paradise Edition. Disc 1 Performance credits Lana Del Rey – vocals (all tracks) Emilie Bauer-Mein – backing vocals (track 6) James Bauer-Mein – backing vocals (track 6) Lenha Labelle – French vocals (track 9) David Sneddon – backing vocals (track 6) Hannah Robinson – backing vocals (track 14) Maria Vidal – additional vocals (tracks 7, 15) Instruments Patrik Berger – guitar, bass guitar, percussion, synthesizer, sampler, drum programming (track 2) Jeff Bhasker – guitar (tracks 1, 5, 6); keyboards (track 5); additional keyboards (track 6, 9); additional strings (track 9) Chris Braide – guitar, acoustic piano, strings, drum programming (track 10) Pelle Hansen – cello (track 2) Emile Haynie – drums (tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15); keyboards (tracks 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15); additional keyboards (tracks 2, 5, 10, 12); guitar (tracks 3, 8, 9, 13, 15) Dan Heath – flute (track 11), additional strings (track 13) Erik Holm – viola (track 2) Liam Howe – additional keyboards, programming (track 14) Devrim Karaoglu – additional synthesizer, orchestral drums (track 7); additional pads (track 11) Brent Kolatalo – additional drums (track 5) Ken Lewis – additional vocal noises (track 1); additional drums (track 5) Rick Nowels – guitar (track 7); additional strings (track 11); keyboards (track 15) Dean Reid – pads (track 7) Al Shux – guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, programming (track 12) Sacha Skarbek – omnichord (track 13) Fredrik Syberg – violin (track 2) Patrick Warren – chamberlain strings (track 7); additional strings (track 11); guitar, keyboards (tracks 11, 15); strings, secondary strings (track 15) Technical and production Carl Bagge – string arrangements (track 2) Patrik Berger – production (track 2) Jeff Bhasker – co-production (track 5), additional production (tracks 6, 9) Chris Braide – production (track 10) Lorenzo Cosi – engineering (track 13) Mike Daly – vocal production (track 5) John Davis – mastering (all tracks) Duncan Fuller – mixing assistant (tracks 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 13) Chris Galland – mixing assistant (tracks 5, 6, 7, 12, 15) Larry Gold – string arrangements, conductor (tracks 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15) Dan Grech-Marguerat – mixing (tracks 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14) Emile Haynie – production (tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15) Dan Heath – string arrangements, conductor (tracks 3, 6) Liam Howe – co-production (track 14) Brent Kolatalo – additional recording (track 1) Erik Madrid – mixing assistant (tracks 5, 6, 7, 12, 15) Manny Marroquin – mixing (tracks 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 15) Kieron Menzies – engineering (track 15) The Nexus – vocal production (track 6) Rick Nowels – co-production (tracks 7, 11, 15); vocal production (track 15) Justin Parker – vocal production (tracks 1, 9); additional production (track 8) Robopop – production, mixing (track 4) Al Shux – production, vocal production (track 12) Steve Tirpak – string assistant (tracks 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15) Disc 2 Performance credits Lana Del Rey – vocals (all tracks); backing vocals (track 7) Instruments James Gadson – drums (track 1) Emile Haynie – drums (track 2, 7); additional keyboards (track 7) Dan Heath – percussion (track 4); horns (track 6); keyboards (track 7); strings (tracks 7, 8); piano (track 8) Devrim Karaoglu – drums (track 3) Jason Lader – bass guitar (track 1) Tim Larcombe – keyboards, guitar, drums (track 6) The Larry Gold Orchestra – strings (track 5) Songa Lee – violin (tracks 1, 8) Kieron Menzies – drum programming (track 3) Rick Nowels – synthesizer (track 2); keyboards (tracks 2, 3); bass guitar, acoustic guitar, drums (track 3); piano, mellotron, strings (track 4) Tim Pierce – electric guitar (track 2); slide guitar (tracks 3, 4) Zac Rae – piano, keyboards (track 1) Kathleen Sloan – violin (tracks 1, 8) Patrick Warren – electric guitar, synthesizer, piano (tracks 2, 3, 4); strings, glockenspiel, brass (track 3); organ (tracks 3, 4); dulcitone, bells, Optigan, mellotron (track 4) Technical and production Graham Archer – vocal engineering (track 7) Ben Baptie – mixing assistant (track 5) Spencer Burgess Jr. – recording assistant (track 5) Nikki Calvert – engineering (track 8) Jeremy Cochise Ball – mixing (track 7) John Davis – mastering (tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) DK – co-production (track 3) Tom Elmhirst – mixing (track 5) Chris Garcia – additional recording (tracks 2, 3); recording (track 4) Larry Gold – string arrangements (track 5) Emile Haynie – co-production (track 2); production (tracks 5, 7); additional production (track 6) Dan Heath – string arrangements (tracks 1, 6); orchestral arrangements (tracks 2, 4); production (tracks 4, 7, 8); engineering (track 8) Jason Lader – recording (track 1) Tim Larcombe – production (track 6) Eric Lynn – recording assistant (track 1) Kieron Menzies – recording, mixing (tracks 2, 3, 4) Rick Nowels – production (tracks 2, 3, 4) Sean Oakley – recording assistant (track 1) Robert Orton – mixing (track 6) Tucker Robinson – string recording (track 1); engineering (track 8) Jeff Rothschild – mixing (track 8) Rick Rubin – production (track 1) Andrew Scheps – mixing (track 1) Peter Stanislaus – mixing (track 8) Jordan Stilwell – additional recording (tracks 2, 3) Charts Weekly charts Chart (2012–2013) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 17 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 6 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 15 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 15 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 20 Japanese Albums (Oricon) 35 Mexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico) 22 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 6 Polish Albums (ZPAV) 4 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 22 Year-end charts Chart (2013) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) 68 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 88 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 98 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 34 Chart (2014) Position Mexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico) 78 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Platinum 70,000^ France (SNEP) Gold 50,000* Mexico (AMPROFON) Platinum+Gold 90,000^ New Zealand (RMNZ) Platinum 15,000^ Spain (PROMUSICAE) Platinum 40,000^ Sweden (GLF) 2× Platinum 80,000‡ * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Region Date Format Label Ref. Australia November 9, 2012 CD digital download Universal Music United Kingdom Polydor United States November 13, 2012 Interscope November 20, 2012 LP December 4, 2012 Box set References ^ a b Daw, Robbie (July 25, 2012). "Lana Del Rey's 'Born To Die' Reportedly Being Repackaged As "Paradise Edition"". Idolator. Spin Media. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ "iTunes – Music – Born to Die (Deluxe Version) by Lana Del Rey". iTunes Store (US). Apple Inc. January 31, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ Caulfield, Keith (February 8, 2012). "Lana Del Rey Debuts at No. 2 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ Lansky, Sam (September 24, 2012). "Lana Del Rey Reveals 'Born To Die: Paradise Edition' Tracklist & Cover Art". Idolator. Spin Media. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ a b "iTunes – Music – Born to Die – The Paradise Edition by Lana Del Rey". iTunes Store (AU). Apple Inc. November 9, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ a b c d "iTunes – Music – Born To Die – The Paradise Edition by Lana Del Rey". iTunes Store (US). Apple Inc. November 13, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ a b "Born To Die – Paradise Edition". Amazon. November 13, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ "iTunes – Music – Paradise by Lana Del Rey". iTunes Store (US). Apple Inc. November 13, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ a b "Born to Die: The Paradise Edition ". Amazon. November 20, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ a b c d e "Born to Die Paradise Edition Box Set ". Amazon. December 4, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ Bush, John. "Paradise – Lana Del Rey". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved July 4, 2014. ^ Breihan, Tom (September 25, 2012). "Lana Del Rey – "Ride"". Stereogum. Retrieved July 6, 2014. ^ Watson, Sian (November 12, 2012). "Lana Del Rey's 'Paradise' Sees Singer Working Through Same Themes". The Huffington Post. AOL. Retrieved July 6, 2014. ^ a b Chiola, Enio (November 15, 2012). "Lana Del Rey: Born to Die (The Paradise Edition)". PopMatters. Retrieved July 6, 2014. ^ Cataldo, Jesse (November 12, 2012). "Lana Del Rey: Paradise". Slant Magazine. Retrieved July 6, 2014. ^ a b Williott, Carl (November 13, 2012). "Lana Del Rey's 'Paradise': Album Review". Idolator. Spin Media. Retrieved July 6, 2014. ^ Lana Del Ray (Media notes). Lana Del Ray. 5 Points Records. 2010.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Edwards, David (November 11, 2012). "Lana Del Rey – Born to Die – The Paradise Edition". Drowned In Sound. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2014. ^ a b Lansky, Sam (September 24, 2012). "Lana Del Rey Unveils "Ride" Single Artwork". Idolator. Spin Media. Retrieved June 23, 2014. ^ Clarke, Norm (September 13, 2012). "'High Roller' star loving limelight". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Stephens Media. Retrieved June 23, 2014. ^ "Lana Del Rey – Chart history". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2014. ^ "Lana Del Rey – Chart history". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2014. ^ "Lana Del Rey – Ride". Ultratop. Retrieved June 25, 2014. ^ "Lana Del Rey choisit "Dark Paradise" comme nouvel extrait de l'album "Born to Die"". French Charts. January 29, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2014. ^ "iTunes – Musik – Dark Paradise – Single von Lana Del Rey". iTunes Store (DE). Apple Inc. March 1, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2014. ^ "Lana Del Rey – Dark Paradise". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 27, 2014. ^ Caulfield, Keith (November 21, 2012). "One Direction Tops Billboard 200 Chart, 'Twilight' Debuts at No. 3". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 24, 2014. ^ a b "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved December 5, 2016. ^ a b "Ultratop.be – Lana Del Rey – Born To Die - The Paradise Edition" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ a b "Ultratop.be – Lana Del Rey – Born To Die - The Paradise Edition" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ a b "Dutchcharts.nl – Lana Del Rey – Born To Die - The Paradise Edition" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ a b "Lana Del Rey: Born to Die - The Paradise Edition" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ a b "Swedishcharts.com – Lana Del Rey – Born to Die - The Paradise Edition". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ a b "French album certifications – Lana Del Rey – Paradise" (PDF) (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. ^ a b "Australiancharts.com – Lana Del Rey – Born to Die - The Paradise Edition". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ a b "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2014 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved June 25, 2014. ^ a b "Charts.nz – Lana Del Rey – Born To Die - The Paradise Edition". Hung Medien. Retrieved July 4, 2014. ^ a b "New Zealand album certifications – Lana Del Rey – Born To Die". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved July 4, 2014. ^ a b Born to Die: The Paradise Edition (Media notes). Lana Del Rey. Polydor Records. Interscope Records. Stranger Records. 2012.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Born to Die – Deluxe Edition". Universal Music Japan. November 14, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ "iTunes – Music – Born To Die (The Paradise Edition) by Lana Del Rey". iTunes Store (FR). Apple Inc. September 30, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ "Born To Die – The Paradise Edition (inkl. 6 Bonustracks exklusiv bei Amazon.de)". Amazon Germany. January 31, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ ボーン・トゥ・ダイザ・パラダイス・エディション. Oricon (in Japanese). Retrieved November 14, 2012. ^ "Top 100 México – Semana 12 al 18 de Noviembre del 2012" (PDF) (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2016. ^ "ARIA Top 100 Albums for 2013". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved May 31, 2021. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2013". Ultratop. Retrieved April 25, 2021. ^ "Rapports Annuels 2013". Ultratop. Retrieved April 25, 2021. ^ "Top Selling Albums of 2013". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 5, 2016. ^ "Los Más Vendidos 2014" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2016. ^ "Certificaciones" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Retrieved January 23, 2017. Type Lana Del Rey in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and Born To Die: The Paradise Edition in the box under the TÍTULO column heading. ^ "Spanish album certifications – Lana Del Rey – Born To Die". El portal de Música. Productores de Música de España. Retrieved September 17, 2020. ^ "Årslista Album – År 2014". Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2015. ^ "Born To Die: Paradise Edition". Sanity. November 9, 2012. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ "Born To Die – The Paradise Edition ". Amazon.co.uk. November 12, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ "iTunes – Music – Born to Die – The Paradise Edition by Lana Del Rey". iTunes Store (GB). Apple Inc. November 9, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2014. vteLana Del Rey Discography Videography Live performances Songs Unreleased songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Lana Del Ray Born to Die The Paradise Edition Ultraviolence Honeymoon Lust for Life Norman Fucking Rockwell! Violet Bent Backwards over the Grass Chemtrails over the Country Club Blue Banisters Did You Know That There's a Tunnel Under Ocean Blvd Lasso Demo albums Sirens EPs Kill Kill Lana Del Rey Paradise Soundtrack albums Tropico soundtrack Concert tours Born to Die Tour Paradise Tour The Endless Summer Tour LA to the Moon Tour The Norman Fucking Rockwell! Tour 2023–2024 tour Films Ride Tropico Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston? Norman Fucking Rockwell Books Violet Bent Backwards over the Grass Related soundtracks The Great Gatsby Maleficent Big Eyes Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissue"},{"link_name":"Lana Del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Born to Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_to_Die"},{"link_name":"Interscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"Polydor Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_(Lana_Del_Rey_EP)"},{"link_name":"Emile Haynie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Haynie"},{"link_name":"Rick Nowels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Nowels"},{"link_name":"record charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)"},{"link_name":"Burning Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Desire_(song)"},{"link_name":"Dark Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Paradise"},{"link_name":"Summertime Sadness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summertime_Sadness"},{"link_name":"Cedric Gervais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Gervais"}],"text":"Born to Die: The Paradise Edition is the reissue of American singer-songwriter Lana Del Rey's major-label debut studio album Born to Die (2012). It was released on November 9, 2012, by Interscope and Polydor Records. Released ten months after the original, The Paradise Edition features eight newly recorded tracks, which were simultaneously made available on the standalone extended play Paradise (2012). Although having worked with several producers for each record, Emile Haynie and Rick Nowels are the only producers whose contributions are featured on both discs.The Paradise Edition performed moderately on international record charts in Europe, where it charted separately from Born to Die and Paradise. While the project was not directly supported by singles of its own, the tracks \"Ride\" and \"Burning Desire\" were released from Paradise on September 25, 2012, and March 13, 2013, while \"Dark Paradise\" was serviced from Born to Die on March 1, 2013. A remix of the track \"Summertime Sadness\" from Born to Die, produced by Cedric Gervais, was released independently from either project on July 11, 2013; it was later included on select reissues of The Paradise Edition after experiencing success on record charts worldwide.","title":"Born to Die: The Paradise Edition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Repackaged-1"},{"link_name":"Born to Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_to_Die_(Lana_Del_Rey_album)"},{"link_name":"Interscope Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"Polydor Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Dream with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_with_Me"},{"link_name":"Jackie Evancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Evancho"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Repackaged-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AustraliaRelease-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDigitalRelease-6"},{"link_name":"disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USPhysicalRelease-7"},{"link_name":"digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"online music stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_music_store"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDigitalRelease-6"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_(Lana_Del_Rey_EP)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"vinyl record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vinyl-9"},{"link_name":"box set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_set"},{"link_name":"Blue Velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Velvet_(song)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoxSet-10"}],"text":"\"It's not a new album, it's more like an afterthought, it's the Paradise edition of Born to Die. It's like seven new songs that kind of put a period on the statement that I was making when I was making the record. It's beautiful.\"\n\n\n— Del Rey describing the conception and meaning of The Paradise Edition.[1]Del Rey released her second studio album and major-label debut Born to Die in January 2012 by Interscope Records, Polydor Records, and Stranger Records.[2] It debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 77,000 copies; in doing so, it became the highest opening week for a major-label debut by a female artist since Dream with Me (2011) by Jackie Evancho entered at number two in the United States.[3] In July, Del Rey expressed her intentions release an expanded version of Born to Die subtitled The Paradise Edition, which was initially expected to contain seven newly recorded tracks to supplement the original record.[1] Del Rey unveiled its cover in September, in which she is photographed in a beige-colored one-piece swimsuit standing before a tropical background, and elaborated that the reissue would contain the fifteen-track deluxe version of Born to Die and nine previously unreleased songs.[4]The final product was first released on November 9 in Australia,[5] and was later made available on November 13 in the United States.[6] The Paradise Edition was packaged as a two-disc product in its physical variation,[7] while a digital version was serviced to online music stores.[6] The newly recorded material was simultaneously made available on the standalone extended play Paradise (2012).[8] The Paradise Edition was released in vinyl record packaging on November 20; it came with the vinyl for Paradise, and designated a slipcase to hold a separately-purchased vinyl of Born to Die.[9] A limited edition box set of the project was released on December 4, 2012; it contained the physical version of the record, an eight-track remix disc, a six-music video DVD, four printed photographs, and a two-track vinyl record with remixes of \"Blue Velvet\".[10]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paradise (Lana Del Rey EP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_(Lana_Del_Rey_EP)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)"},{"link_name":"Adele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)"},{"link_name":"Americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americana_(culture)"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopMatters-14"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"cover version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Bernie Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopMatters-14"},{"link_name":"Idolator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Idolator-16"},{"link_name":"Yayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayo_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)"},{"link_name":"Lana Del Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Del_Ray_(album)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Drowned in Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bel Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel_Air_(song)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Idolator-16"}],"text":"See also: Paradise (Lana Del Rey EP)The eight tracks appended on The Paradise Edition exemplify a \"cinematic\" musical style first introduced through Born to Die, and incorporates frequent electric guitar and piano instrumentation like the preceding record. The newly recorded material employs more profane language than the original record, particularly with descriptions of sexual encounters.[11] The second disc commences with the track \"Ride\", which Tom Breihan from Stereogum described as a \"string-drenched ballad\" that saw Del Rey exploring the \"crossover-soul-pop\" musical styles that British singer Adele is commonly associated with.[12] The follow-up track \"American\" heavily integrates Americana references in its lyrics, and employs minimalist piano and string instrumentation that Sian Watson from Associated Press felt placed the \"smoky, effortless vocals\" at the forefront of the song.[13] \"Cola\" begins with the lines \"My pussy tastes like Pepsi-Cola / My eyes are wide like cherry pies\", which PopMatters' Enio Chiola felt solidified the recurring concept of \"a girl trying to find her father in her elder lovers\" that unifies the additional tracks.[14]The fourth track \"Body Electric\" was distinguished by Jesse Cataldo of Slant Magazine for its string instrumentation, which he described as a \"pre-established atmospheric skeletion\" given the frequency of their usage on the disc.[15] \"Blue Velvet\" is a cover version of the 1950s track written by Bernie Wayne and Lee Moris, and was interpreted by Chiola as a \"romantic tribute of lovelorn and loss.\"[14] On the track \"Gods & Monsters\", Carl Williott from Idolator noted that Del Rey delivered the lyrics \"I was an angel / Looking to get fucked hard\" and \"Fuck yeah, give it to me / This is heaven, what I truly want\" with a \"sultry numbness\" that avoided coming across as a generic song about sex.[16] \"Yayo\" first appeared on Del Rey's debut studio album Lana Del Ray (2010);[17] David Edwards of Drowned in Sound described the track as \"stammeringly beautiful\", and directed his commentary towards the genuine emotions of \"a heartbeat away from collapse.\"[18] According to Williott, the eighth and final track \"Bel Air\" is a \"melancholy waltz\" that notably employs a \"forest nymph chant\" during its refrain.[16]","title":"New material"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ride-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ride-19"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Rock Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Songs"},{"link_name":"Adult Alternative Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Dark Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Paradise"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"\"Ride\" was originally announced as the lead single from The Paradise Edition,[19] although the track was later recognized as an offering from the standalone extended play Paradise;[20] it was premiered and released through the iTunes Store on September 25, 2012.[19] The song respectively peaked at numbers 21 and 26 on the U.S. Billboard Rock Songs and Adult Alternative Songs component charts,[21][22] and performed sporadically across international singles charts.[23] After The Paradise Edition was released, \"Dark Paradise\" was serviced as the sixth single from Born to Die on March 1, 2013,[24][25] and reached the lower ends of select European singles charts.[26]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"record charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"Polish Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poland-28"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flanders-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallonia-30"},{"link_name":"MegaCharts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaCharts"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Netherlands-31"},{"link_name":"The Official Finnish Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finland-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweden-33"},{"link_name":"Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNEP-34"},{"link_name":"ARIA Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australia-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARIA-36"},{"link_name":"Official New Zealand Music Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewZealand-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RMNZ-38"}],"text":"The Paradise Edition charted together with Born to Die on the U.S. Billboard 200, and consequently assisted its parent record in rising from number 79 to number 37 with release-week sales of 16,000 copies.[27] Having charted separately from Born to Die and Paradise throughout much of Europe, the record performed moderately on international record charts. It charted at number four on the Polish Albums Chart,[28] and respectively reached numbers 6 and 15 on the Belgian Ultratop charts in Flanders and Wallonia.[29][30] The project peaked at number 15 on the Dutch MegaCharts,[31] and appeared at number 22 on both The Official Finnish Charts and the Swedish Sverigetopplistan.[32][33] Although a specific charting position was not released, The Paradise Edition was certified gold by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique in France.[34] In Oceania, it reached number 17 on the Australian ARIA Charts,[35] and was acknowledged with a platinum certification in the country.[36] The project also reached number six on the Official New Zealand Music Chart,[37] where it was eventually certified platinum.[38]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LinerNotes-39"},{"link_name":"Born to Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_to_Die"},{"link_name":"Born to Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_to_Die_(song)"},{"link_name":"Lana Del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Justin Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Parker"},{"link_name":"Emile Haynie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Haynie"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Off to the Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_to_the_Races_(song)"},{"link_name":"Patrik Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrik_Berger"},{"link_name":"Blue Jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Jeans_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)"},{"link_name":"Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Games_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)"},{"link_name":"Mike Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Daly"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bhasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bhasker"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"National Anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anthem_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"David Sneddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sneddon"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Dark Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Paradise"},{"link_name":"Rick Nowels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Nowels"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Chris Braide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Braide"},{"link_name":"Summertime Sadness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summertime_Sadness"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Jim Irvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Irvin"},{"link_name":"Al Shux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Shux"},{"link_name":"Sacha Skarbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacha_Skarbek"},{"link_name":"Liam Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Howe"},{"link_name":"Hannah Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_d"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_(Lana_Del_Rey_EP)"},{"link_name":"Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Blue Velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Velvet_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)"},{"link_name":"Bernie Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Gods & Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods_%26_Monsters_(song)"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"Yayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayo_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)"},{"link_name":"Bel Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel_Air_(song)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDigitalRelease-6"},{"link_name":"Burning Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Desire_(song)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Cedric Gervais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Gervais"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Penguin Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Prison"},{"link_name":"Todd Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Terry"},{"link_name":"Kris Di Angelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDA_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Jakwob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakwob"},{"link_name":"Etherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etherwood"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoxSet-10"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_d"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_d"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_d"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_d"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_d"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoxSet-10"},{"link_name":"Yoann Lemoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoann_Lemoine"},{"link_name":"Anthony Mandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mandler"},{"link_name":"Spencer Susser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Susser"},{"link_name":"Kyle Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Newman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoxSet-10"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_d"},{"link_name":"^[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"^[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_b"},{"link_name":"^[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_c"},{"link_name":"^[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_d"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of Born to Die: The Paradise Edition.[39]Disc 1 – Born to Die (Deluxe edition)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Born to Die\"\nLana Del Rey\nJustin Parker\n\nEmile Haynie\nParker[b]\n4:462.\"Off to the Races\"\nDel Rey\nTim Larcombe\n\nPatrik Berger\nHaynie\n5:003.\"Blue Jeans\"\nDel Rey\nHaynie\nDan Heath\nHaynie3:304.\"Video Games\"\nDel Rey\nParker\nRobopop4:425.\"Diet Mountain Dew\"\nDel Rey\nMike Daly\n\nHaynie\nJeff Bhasker[a]\nDaly[b]\n3:436.\"National Anthem\"\nDel Rey\nParker\nThe Nexus\n\nHaynie\nBhasker[c]\nDavid Sneddon[b]\nJames Bauer-Mein[b]\n3:517.\"Dark Paradise\"\nDel Rey\nRick Nowels\n\nHaynie\nNowels[a]\n4:038.\"Radio\"\nDel Rey\nParker\n\nHaynie\nParker[c]\n3:349.\"Carmen\"\nDel Rey\nParker\n\nHaynie\nBhasker[c]\nParker[b]\n4:0810.\"Million Dollar Man\"\nDel Rey\nChris Braide\n\nHaynie\nBraide\n3:5111.\"Summertime Sadness\"\nDel Rey\nNowels\n\nHaynie\nNowels[a]\n4:2512.\"This Is What Makes Us Girls\"\nDel Rey\nLarcombe\nJim Irvin\n\nAl Shux\nHaynie\n3:5813.\"Without You\"\nDel Rey\nSacha Skarbek\nHaynie3:4914.\"Lolita\"\nDel Rey\nLiam Howe\nHannah Robinson\n\nHaynie\nHowe[a]\n3:4015.\"Lucky Ones\"\nDel Rey\nNowels\n\nHaynie\nNowels[a]\n3:45Total length:60:40Disc 1 – Born to Die (Japanese edition bonus track)[40]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length16.\"Video Games\" (Joy Orbison Remix)\nDel Rey\nParker\n\nRobopop\nOrbison[d]\n4:59Total length:65:39Disc 2 – ParadiseNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Ride\"\nDel Rey\nParker\nRubin4:492.\"American\"\nDel Rey\nNowels\nHaynie\n\nNowels\nHaynie[a]\n4:083.\"Cola\"\nDel Rey\nNowels\n\nNowels\nDK[a]\n4:204.\"Body Electric\"\nDel Rey\nNowels\n\nNowels\nDan Heath\n3:535.\"Blue Velvet\"\nLee Morris\nBernie Wayne\nHaynie2:386.\"Gods & Monsters\"\nDel Rey\nTim Larcombe\n\nLarcombe\nHaynie[c]\n3:577.\"Yayo\"Lana Del Rey\nHeath\nHaynie\n5:218.\"Bel Air\"\nDel Rey\nHeath\nHeath3:57Total length:33:07Disc 2 – Paradise (Special edition bonus track)[6]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length9.\"Burning Desire\"\nDel Rey\nParker\nHaynie3:51Total length:36:58Disc 2 – Paradise (French edition bonus track)[41]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length10.\"Summertime Sadness\" (Lana Del Rey vs. Cedric Gervais)\nDel Rey\nNowels\nCedric Gervais6:52Total length:43:50Disc 2 – Paradise (German Amazon edition bonus tracks)[42]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length9.\"Blue Velvet\" (Penguin Prison Remix)\nWayne\nMorris\nHaynie5:0310.\"Summertime Sadness\" (Todd Terry Remix)\nDel Rey\nNowels\nDe Jour\n\nHaynie\nNowels\n6:2611.\"National Anthem\" (bretonLABS Remix)\nDel Rey\nParker\nThe Nexus\n\nHaynie\nBhasker\n4:0112.\"Blue Jeans\" (RAC Mix)\nDel Rey\nHaynie\nHeath\nHaynie3:4213.\"Born to Die\" (Kris Di Angelis 'Love Below' Remix)\nDel Rey\nParker\nHaynie5:1014.\"Video Games\" (Jakwob and Etherwood Remix)\nDel Rey\nParker\nRobopop3:44Total length:81:49Born to Die: The Paradise Edition – Box set edition (bonus CD)[10]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Video Games\" (Joy Orbison Remix)\nDel Rey\nParker\n\nRobopop\nSterling Fox\nJoy Orbison[d]\n5:032.\"Video Games\" (Omid 16B Remix)\nDel Rey\nParker\n\nRobopop\nOmid Nourizadeh[d]\n5:133.\"Born to Die\" (Moodymann Remix)\nDel Rey\nParker\n\nHaynie\nParker\nMoody[d]\n6:144.\"Born to Die\" (Gemini Remix)\nDel Rey\nParker\n\nHaynie\nParker\nThomas Slinger PKA Gemini[d]\n4:515.\"Blue Jeans\" (Gesaffelstein Remix)\nDel Rey\nHaynie\nDan Heath\n\nHaynie\nGesaffelstein\n4:346.\"Blue Jeans\" (Penguin Prison Remix)\nDel Rey\nHaynie\nDan Heath\n\nHaynie\nPenguin Prison\n5:407.\"National Anthem\" (Fred Falke Remix Edit)\nDel Rey\nParker\nThe Nexus\n\nHaynie\nThe Nexus\nJeff Bhasker\nFred Falke[d]\n3:498.\"National Anthem\" (Tensnake Remix)\nDel Rey\nParker\nThe Nexus\n\nHaynie\nThe Nexus\nBhasker\n3:46Total length:40:10Born to Die: The Paradise Edition – Box set edition (bonus DVD)[10]No.TitleDirector(s)Length1.\"Video Games\" (music video)Del Rey4:472.\"Born to Die\" (music video)\nMourad Balkeddar\nYoann Lemoine\n4:473.\"Blue Jeans\" (music video)\nOualid Mouaness\nLemoine\n4:194.\"Blue Jeans\" (Lana Del Rey version)Del Rey4:015.\"National Anthem\" (music video)\nHeather Heller\nAnthony Mandler\n7:496.\"Summertime Sadness\" (music video)\nSpencer Susser\nKyle Newman\n4:43Total length:30:26Born to Die: The Paradise Edition – Box set edition (bonus 7\" vinyl record)[10]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Blue Velvet\"\nWayne\nMorris\nHaynie2:382.\"Blue Velvet\" (Penguin Prison Remix)\nWayne\nMorris\n\nHaynie\nPenguin Prison[d]\n5:03Total length:7:41Notes^[a] signifies a co-producer\n^[b] signifies a vocal producer\n^[c] signifies an additional producer\n^[d] signifies a remixer","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LinerNotes-39"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of Born to Die: The Paradise Edition.[39]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lana Del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocalist"},{"link_name":"David Sneddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sneddon"},{"link_name":"Hannah Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Maria Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Vidal"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"sampler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"drum programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bhasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bhasker"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"Chris Braide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Braide"},{"link_name":"acoustic piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrument"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"Emile Haynie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Haynie"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"Liam Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Howe"},{"link_name":"programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"Brent Kolatalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Kolatalo"},{"link_name":"Rick Nowels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Nowels"},{"link_name":"pads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer#Typical_roles#Synth_pad"},{"link_name":"Al Shux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Shux"},{"link_name":"programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"Sacha Skarbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacha_Skarbek"},{"link_name":"omnichord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnichord"},{"link_name":"string arrangements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"Mike Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Daly"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_engineer"},{"link_name":"conductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting"},{"link_name":"Dan Grech-Marguerat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Grech-Marguerat"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_engineer"},{"link_name":"Manny Marroquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Marroquin"},{"link_name":"Justin Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Parker"},{"link_name":"Robopop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robopop"},{"link_name":"Steve Tirpak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Tirpak"}],"sub_title":"Disc 1","text":"Performance creditsLana Del Rey – vocals (all tracks)\nEmilie Bauer-Mein – backing vocals (track 6)\nJames Bauer-Mein – backing vocals (track 6)\nLenha Labelle – French vocals (track 9)\nDavid Sneddon – backing vocals (track 6)\nHannah Robinson – backing vocals (track 14)\nMaria Vidal – additional vocals (tracks 7, 15)InstrumentsPatrik Berger – guitar, bass guitar, percussion, synthesizer, sampler, drum programming (track 2)\nJeff Bhasker – guitar (tracks 1, 5, 6); keyboards (track 5); additional keyboards (track 6, 9); additional strings (track 9)\nChris Braide – guitar, acoustic piano, strings, drum programming (track 10)\nPelle Hansen – cello (track 2)\nEmile Haynie – drums (tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15); keyboards (tracks 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15); additional keyboards (tracks 2, 5, 10, 12); guitar (tracks 3, 8, 9, 13, 15)\nDan Heath – flute (track 11), additional strings (track 13)\nErik Holm – viola (track 2)\nLiam Howe – additional keyboards, programming (track 14)\nDevrim Karaoglu – additional synthesizer, orchestral drums (track 7); additional pads (track 11)\nBrent Kolatalo – additional drums (track 5)\nKen Lewis – additional vocal noises (track 1); additional drums (track 5)\nRick Nowels – guitar (track 7); additional strings (track 11); keyboards (track 15)\nDean Reid – pads (track 7)\nAl Shux – guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, programming (track 12)\nSacha Skarbek – omnichord (track 13)\nFredrik Syberg – violin (track 2)\nPatrick Warren – chamberlain strings (track 7); additional strings (track 11); guitar, keyboards (tracks 11, 15); strings, secondary strings (track 15)Technical and productionCarl Bagge – string arrangements (track 2)\nPatrik Berger – production (track 2)\nJeff Bhasker – co-production (track 5), additional production (tracks 6, 9)\nChris Braide – production (track 10)\nLorenzo Cosi – engineering (track 13)\nMike Daly – vocal production (track 5)\nJohn Davis – mastering (all tracks)\nDuncan Fuller – mixing assistant (tracks 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 13)\nChris Galland – mixing assistant (tracks 5, 6, 7, 12, 15)\nLarry Gold – string arrangements, conductor (tracks 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15)\nDan Grech-Marguerat – mixing (tracks 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14)\nEmile Haynie – production (tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)\nDan Heath – string arrangements, conductor (tracks 3, 6)\nLiam Howe – co-production (track 14)\nBrent Kolatalo – additional recording (track 1)\nErik Madrid – mixing assistant (tracks 5, 6, 7, 12, 15)\nManny Marroquin – mixing (tracks 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 15)\nKieron Menzies – engineering (track 15)\nThe Nexus – vocal production (track 6)\nRick Nowels – co-production (tracks 7, 11, 15); vocal production (track 15)\nJustin Parker – vocal production (tracks 1, 9); additional production (track 8)\nRobopop – production, mixing (track 4)\nAl Shux – production, vocal production (track 12)\nSteve Tirpak – string assistant (tracks 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Gadson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gadson"},{"link_name":"Jason Lader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Lader"},{"link_name":"Tim Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Sloan"},{"link_name":"Tom Elmhirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Elmhirst"},{"link_name":"Robert Orton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Orton_(audio_engineer)"},{"link_name":"Rick Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Rubin"}],"sub_title":"Disc 2","text":"Performance creditsLana Del Rey – vocals (all tracks); backing vocals (track 7)InstrumentsJames Gadson – drums (track 1)\nEmile Haynie – drums (track 2, 7); additional keyboards (track 7)\nDan Heath – percussion (track 4); horns (track 6); keyboards (track 7); strings (tracks 7, 8); piano (track 8)\nDevrim Karaoglu – drums (track 3)\nJason Lader – bass guitar (track 1)\nTim Larcombe – keyboards, guitar, drums (track 6)\nThe Larry Gold Orchestra – strings (track 5)\nSonga Lee – violin (tracks 1, 8)\nKieron Menzies – drum programming (track 3)\nRick Nowels – synthesizer (track 2); keyboards (tracks 2, 3); bass guitar, acoustic guitar, drums (track 3); piano, mellotron, strings (track 4)\nTim Pierce – electric guitar (track 2); slide guitar (tracks 3, 4)\nZac Rae – piano, keyboards (track 1)\nKathleen Sloan – violin (tracks 1, 8)\nPatrick Warren – electric guitar, synthesizer, piano (tracks 2, 3, 4); strings, glockenspiel, brass (track 3); organ (tracks 3, 4); dulcitone, bells, Optigan, mellotron (track 4)Technical and productionGraham Archer – vocal engineering (track 7)\nBen Baptie – mixing assistant (track 5)\nSpencer Burgess Jr. – recording assistant (track 5)\nNikki Calvert – engineering (track 8)\nJeremy Cochise Ball – mixing (track 7)\nJohn Davis – mastering (tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)\nDK – co-production (track 3)\nTom Elmhirst – mixing (track 5)\nChris Garcia – additional recording (tracks 2, 3); recording (track 4)\nLarry Gold – string arrangements (track 5)\nEmile Haynie – co-production (track 2); production (tracks 5, 7); additional production (track 6)\nDan Heath – string arrangements (tracks 1, 6); orchestral arrangements (tracks 2, 4); production (tracks 4, 7, 8); engineering (track 8)\nJason Lader – recording (track 1)\nTim Larcombe – production (track 6)\nEric Lynn – recording assistant (track 1)\nKieron Menzies – recording, mixing (tracks 2, 3, 4)\nRick Nowels – production (tracks 2, 3, 4)\nSean Oakley – recording assistant (track 1)\nRobert Orton – mixing (track 6)\nTucker Robinson – string recording (track 1); engineering (track 8)\nJeff Rothschild – mixing (track 8)\nRick Rubin – production (track 1)\nAndrew Scheps – mixing (track 1)\nPeter Stanislaus – mixing (track 8)\nJordan Stilwell – additional recording (tracks 2, 3)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Born_to_Die:_The_Paradise_Edition&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australia-35"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flanders-29"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallonia-30"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Netherlands-31"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finland-32"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Top 100 Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_100_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewZealand-37"},{"link_name":"ZPAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poland-28"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweden-33"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Born_to_Die:_The_Paradise_Edition&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2012–2013)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[35]\n\n17\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[29]\n\n6\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[30]\n\n15\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[31]\n\n15\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[32]\n\n20\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[43]\n\n35\n\n\nMexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico)[44]\n\n22\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[37]\n\n6\n\n\nPolish Albums (ZPAV)[28]\n\n4\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[33]\n\n22\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2013)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[45]\n\n68\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[46]\n\n88\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[47]\n\n98\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[48]\n\n34\n\n\n\n\nChart (2014)\n\nPosition\n\n\nMexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico)[49]\n\n78","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Daw, Robbie (July 25, 2012). \"Lana Del Rey's 'Born To Die' Reportedly Being Repackaged As \"Paradise Edition\"\". Idolator. Spin Media. Retrieved June 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idolator.com/6753751/lana-del-rey-born-to-die-paradise-edition","url_text":"\"Lana Del Rey's 'Born To Die' Reportedly Being Repackaged As \"Paradise Edition\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes – Music – Born to Die (Deluxe Version) by Lana Del Rey\". iTunes Store (US). Apple Inc. January 31, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/born-to-die-deluxe-version/id493396277","url_text":"\"iTunes – Music – Born to Die (Deluxe Version) by Lana Del Rey\""}]},{"reference":"Caulfield, Keith (February 8, 2012). \"Lana Del Rey Debuts at No. 2 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 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Retrieved June 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/born-to-die-paradise-edition/id563964613","url_text":"\"iTunes – Music – Born to Die – The Paradise Edition by Lana Del Rey\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.idolator.com/6753751/lana-del-rey-born-to-die-paradise-edition","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey's 'Born To Die' Reportedly Being Repackaged As \"Paradise Edition\"\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/born-to-die-deluxe-version/id493396277","external_links_name":"\"iTunes – Music – Born to Die (Deluxe Version) by Lana Del Rey\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/506281/lana-del-rey-debuts-at-no-2-on-billboard-200-albums-chart","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey Debuts at No. 2 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart\""},{"Link":"http://www.idolator.com/6936192/lana-del-rey-born-to-die-paradise-edition-tracklist-cover-artwork","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey Reveals 'Born To Die: Paradise Edition' Tracklist & Cover Art\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/born-to-die-paradise-edition/id563964613","external_links_name":"\"iTunes – Music – Born to Die – The Paradise Edition by Lana Del Rey\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/born-to-die-paradise-edition/id566466310","external_links_name":"\"iTunes – Music – Born To Die – The Paradise Edition by Lana Del Rey\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Born-To-Die-Paradise-Edition/dp/B009KYXEY6/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1403466280&sr=8-1","external_links_name":"\"Born To Die – Paradise Edition\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/paradise/id566465601","external_links_name":"\"iTunes – Music – Paradise by Lana Del Rey\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Born-Die-The-Paradise-Edition/dp/B009POCIW0","external_links_name":"\"Born to Die: The Paradise Edition [Import]\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Born-Die-Paradise-Edition-Box/dp/B009H1S56O","external_links_name":"\"Born to Die Paradise Edition Box Set [Box Set, Limited Edition]\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/paradise-mw0002436180","external_links_name":"\"Paradise – Lana Del Rey\""},{"Link":"http://www.stereogum.com/1161002/lana-del-rey-ride/mp3s/","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey – \"Ride\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/12/review-lana-del-rey-paradise-review_n_2118735.html","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey's 'Paradise' Sees Singer Working Through Same Themes\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/review/165316-lana-del-rey-born-to-die-the-paradise-edition/","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey: Born to Die (The Paradise Edition)\""},{"Link":"http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/lana-del-rey-paradise","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey: Paradise\""},{"Link":"http://www.idolator.com/7264232/lana-del-rey-paradise-review","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey's 'Paradise': Album Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170307132814/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/17344/reviews/4145754","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey – Born to Die – The Paradise Edition\""},{"Link":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/17344/reviews/4145754","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.idolator.com/6935642/lana-del-rey-ride-single-artwork#more-6935642","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey Unveils \"Ride\" Single Artwork\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/norm-clarke/high-roller-star-loving-limelight","external_links_name":"\"'High Roller' star loving limelight\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160630171226/http://www.billboard.com/artist/306420/Lana%20Del%20Rey/chart?f=902","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey – Chart history\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/306420/lana+del+rey/chart?f=902","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160630173408/http://www.billboard.com/artist/306420/Lana+Del+Rey/chart?f=851","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey – Chart history\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/306420/lana+del+rey/chart?f=851","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/104e57/Lana-Del-Rey-Ride","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey – Ride\""},{"Link":"http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Lana-Del-Rey/news-84020.html","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey choisit \"Dark Paradise\" comme nouvel extrait de l'album \"Born to Die\"\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/de/album/dark-paradise-single/id601169291","external_links_name":"\"iTunes – Musik – Dark Paradise – Single von Lana Del Rey\""},{"Link":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/ec813/Lana-Del-Rey-Dark-Paradise","external_links_name":"\"Lana Del Rey – Dark Paradise\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/474052/one-direction-tops-billboard-200-chart-twilight-debuts-at-no-3","external_links_name":"\"One Direction Tops Billboard 200 Chart, 'Twilight' Debuts at No. 3\""},{"Link":"http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=780&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Awards_Punjabi	Filmfare Awards Punjabi	["1 History","2 Awards","2.1 Merit Awards","2.2 Critics Awards","2.3 Technical Awards","2.4 Special Awards","3 Records","4 References","5 External links"]	Award ceremony for Hindi language films This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Filmfare Awards Punjabi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Filmfare Awards PunjabiAwarded forExcellence in cinematic achievementsCountryIndiaPresented byFilmfareFirst awarded31 March 2017Last awarded23 January 2018Websitewww.filmfare.comTelevision/radio coverageNetworkMH1 Music (2017–present) Most recent Filmfare Award winners ← 2016 Best in films in 2017 2018 → Award Best Actor Best Actress Winner Amrinder Gill(Lahoriye) Sargun Mehta(Lahoriye) Award Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Winner Karamjit Anmol(Manje Bistre) Nirmal Rishi(Nikka Zaildar 2) Award Best Director Best Original Screenplay Winner Ksshitij Chaudhary(Vekh Baraatan Challiyan) Gippy Grewal(Manje Bistre) Previous Best Picture Ambarsariya Best Picture Lahoriye Filmfare Awards Punjabi are presented to the best films and performers in Punjabi cinema. The Awards were first presented in 2017. History The awards were first awarded in 2017 for Punjabi films of 2016. The ceremony was held on 31 March 2017 at the Multipurpose Sports Stadium in Mohali. It became the second film award for Punjabi films after PTC Punjabi Film Awards, which were introduced in 2011. Jitesh Pillai on Punjabi Cinema said, “It is a moment of utmost pride, as we witness Filmfare Awards expand its footprints across the nation. We, at Filmfare, have always rewarded creativity and diligence of the films across industries and promote more such wonderful cinematic experiences. The 1st Edition of Filmfare Awards Punjabi 2017 will be a night of grandeur and elegance and we are looking forward to meet and greet the whole of Punjabi film industry.” Awards Merit Awards Best Film Best Actor Best Actress Best Director Best Debut Director Best Actor in supporting role Best Actress in supporting role Best Male Debut Best Female Debut Best Music Director Best Lyricist Best playback Singer (male) Best Playback Singer (female) Critics Awards Critics Award Best Film Critics Award Best Actor Critics Award Best Actress Technical Awards Best Story Best Screenplay Best Dialogue Best Background Score Best Action Best Editing Best Cinematography Best Choreography Best Production Design Best Sound Design Special Awards Lifetime Achievement Award Living Legend Award Records Most Awards to a single film Lahoriye (2018) = 9 Bambukat (2017) = 8 Love Punjab (2017) = 7 Rabb Da Radio (2018) = 5 Ardaas (2017) = 4 Channa Mereya (2018) = 4 All the top three films are produced by Rhythm Boyz Entertainment. Best Director Ksshitij Chaudhary = 1 Pankaj Batra = 1 Best Actor Ammy Virk = 1 Diljit Dosanjh = 1 Best Actress Sargun Mehta = 2 References ^ "Netsurf produces 1st Jio Filmfare Awards Punjabi 2017, stage management by On Cue". Everything Experiential. Retrieved 2019-03-18. ^ Sameer (2017-03-15). "1st Jio Filmfare Awards Punjabi will be held on March 31". Punjabi Mania. Retrieved 2019-03-22. External links Official website Filmfare Awards Punjabi at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punjabi cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_cinema"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Filmfare Awards Punjabi are presented to the best films and performers in Punjabi cinema. The Awards were first presented in 2017.[citation needed]","title":"Filmfare Awards Punjabi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punjabi films of 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_films_of_2016"},{"link_name":"Mohali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"PTC Punjabi Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTC_Punjabi_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Jitesh Pillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitesh_Pillai"},{"link_name":"Punjabi Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The awards were first awarded in 2017 for Punjabi films of 2016. The ceremony was held on 31 March 2017 at the Multipurpose Sports Stadium in Mohali.[1] It became the second film award for Punjabi films after PTC Punjabi Film Awards, which were introduced in 2011.Jitesh Pillai on Punjabi Cinema said, “It is a moment of utmost pride, as we witness Filmfare Awards expand its footprints across the nation. We, at Filmfare, have always rewarded creativity and diligence of the films across industries and promote more such wonderful cinematic experiences. The 1st Edition of Filmfare Awards Punjabi 2017 will be a night of grandeur and elegance and we are looking forward to meet and greet the whole of Punjabi film industry.”[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Merit Awards","text":"Best Film\nBest Actor\nBest Actress\nBest Director\nBest Debut Director\nBest Actor in supporting role\nBest Actress in supporting role\nBest Male Debut\nBest Female Debut\nBest Music Director\nBest Lyricist\nBest playback Singer (male)\nBest Playback Singer (female)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Critics Awards","text":"Critics Award Best Film\nCritics Award Best Actor\nCritics Award Best Actress","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Technical Awards","text":"Best Story\nBest Screenplay\nBest Dialogue\nBest Background Score\nBest Action\nBest Editing\nBest Cinematography\nBest Choreography\nBest Production Design\nBest Sound Design","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special Awards","text":"Lifetime Achievement Award\nLiving Legend Award","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lahoriye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahoriye"},{"link_name":"Bambukat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambukat"},{"link_name":"Love Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Punjab"},{"link_name":"Rabb Da Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabb_Da_Radio"},{"link_name":"Ardaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardaas_(film)"},{"link_name":"Channa Mereya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channa_Mereya_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ksshitij Chaudhary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksshitij_Chaudhary"},{"link_name":"Pankaj Batra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankaj_Batra"},{"link_name":"Ammy Virk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammy_Virk"},{"link_name":"Diljit Dosanjh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diljit_Dosanjh"},{"link_name":"Sargun Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargun_Mehta"}],"text":"Most Awards to a single filmLahoriye (2018) = 9\nBambukat (2017) = 8\nLove Punjab (2017) = 7\nRabb Da Radio (2018) = 5\nArdaas (2017) = 4\nChanna Mereya (2018) = 4All the top three films are produced by Rhythm Boyz Entertainment.Best DirectorKsshitij Chaudhary = 1\nPankaj Batra = 1Best ActorAmmy Virk = 1\nDiljit Dosanjh = 1Best ActressSargun Mehta = 2","title":"Records"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Netsurf produces 1st Jio Filmfare Awards Punjabi 2017, stage management by On Cue\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boothe_Memorial_Park	Boothe Memorial Park and Museum	["1 Observatory","2 Putney chapel","3 Toll booth","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°14′07″N 73°06′42″W / 41.2354°N 73.1117°W / 41.2354; -73.1117For the park in Cheshire, England, see Booth Park. United States historic placeBoothe HomesteadU.S. National Register of Historic Places The Boothe HomesteadShow map of ConnecticutShow map of the United StatesLocation5774 Main St., Stratford, ConnecticutBuilt1914 (1914)ArchitectBoothe, David & StephenArchitectural styleGreek Revival, Queen Anne, Shingle StyleWebsiteboothememorialpark.orgNRHP reference No.85000951Added to NRHPMay 1, 1985 Boothe Memorial Park and Museum sits on a 32-acre (130,000 m2) site in the Putney section of Stratford, Connecticut. Built about 1840 and remodeled in 1914, it is said to be "The Oldest Homestead in America," since it sits on the foundations of a 1663 house, and has been continuously occupied. Circa 1914 two brothers, David Beach Boothe and Stephen Nichols Boothe, created the Boothe Memorial Museum which maintains a collection of twenty architecturally unique buildings. Some of the structures include a carriage house, Americana Museum, miniature lighthouse, windmill, a clock tower museum, trolley station, chapel, and a blacksmith shop. The property became a public park owned by the town of Stratford in 1949. Boothe Memorial Park and Museum was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 1, 1985. Observatory The BMAS (Boothe Memorial Astronomical Society) Observatory was built in 1957 on the grounds of the park, located near the cemetery. The observatory features two telescopes: a 16-inch Cassegrain (1960) and 4 inch Unitron refractor. Putney chapel Originally constructed in 1844 for Congregationalist services, the Putney Chapel was moved onto Boothe Park grounds in 1968 from a nearby location on Chapel Street. The chapel is officially non-denominational, handicapped accessible and can still be used as a place of worship or for events, being rentable by the day. Toll booth Other buildings in the park The park also contains the last remaining highway toll booth in Connecticut. It was removed from the Milford side of the Igor I. Sikorsky Memorial Bridge at the end of the Merritt Parkway, when state toll booths were abolished in June 1988. The booth is of wooden log architecture and is also on the list of National Register of Historic Places. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boothe Memorial Park and Museum. National Register of Historic Places listings in Fairfield County, Connecticut References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007. ^ "Boothe Memorial Park, Stratford – Damned Connecticut". ^ Liebenson, Bess (17 June 2001). "Friends Keep Watch over Grand Collection". The New York Times. ^ "Boothe Memorial Astronomical Society, Stratford, CT". Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2010-12-03. ^ "Boothe Memorial Astronomical Society, Stratford, CT". Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2010-12-03. ^ Calhoun, John D.; Knapp, Lewis G. (2004). Stratford. ISBN 9780738535791. ^ "Putney Chapel". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-12-03. ^ "Putney Chapel". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-12-03. ^ "Merritt Parkway Toll Booth Plaza Historical Marker". External links Boothe Memorial Park & Museum - official site State of CT listing Description from Online Highway Photos of the park from the town of Stratford's website Photographs and description of sights in the park from New England Site https://sites.google.com/view/bmas-ct/home - official site 41°14′07″N 73°06′42″W / 41.2354°N 73.1117°W / 41.2354; -73.1117 vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category Portals: Connecticut Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Education Science	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheshire, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire,_England"},{"link_name":"Booth Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booth_Park"},{"link_name":"Putney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_(buildings)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"text":"For the park in Cheshire, England, see Booth Park.United States historic placeBoothe Memorial Park and Museum sits on a 32-acre (130,000 m2) site in the Putney section of Stratford, Connecticut. Built about 1840 and remodeled in 1914, it is said to be \"The Oldest Homestead in America,\"[2] since it sits on the foundations of a 1663 house, and has been continuously occupied. Circa 1914 two brothers, David Beach Boothe and Stephen Nichols Boothe, created the Boothe Memorial Museum which maintains a collection of twenty architecturally unique buildings. Some of the structures include a carriage house, Americana Museum, miniature lighthouse, windmill, a clock tower museum, trolley station, chapel, and a blacksmith shop. The property became a public park owned by the town of Stratford in 1949.[3]Boothe Memorial Park and Museum was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 1, 1985.","title":"Boothe Memorial Park and Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BMAS (Boothe Memorial Astronomical Society)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sites.google.com/view/bmas-ct/home"},{"link_name":"Cassegrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassegrain_reflector"},{"link_name":"Unitron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitron"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The BMAS (Boothe Memorial Astronomical Society) Observatory was built in 1957 on the grounds of the park, located near the cemetery. The observatory features two telescopes: a 16-inch Cassegrain (1960) and 4 inch Unitron refractor.[4][5]","title":"Observatory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congregationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalist"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Originally constructed in 1844 for Congregationalist services,[6] the Putney Chapel was moved onto Boothe Park grounds in 1968 from a nearby location on Chapel Street.[7] The chapel is officially non-denominational, handicapped accessible and can still be used as a place of worship or for events, being rentable by the day.[8]","title":"Putney chapel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boothe_Memorial_Park,_Stratford,_CT.jpg"},{"link_name":"toll booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_house"},{"link_name":"Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Igor I. Sikorsky Memorial Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_I._Sikorsky_Memorial_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Merritt Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt_Parkway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Other buildings in the parkThe park also contains the last remaining highway toll booth in Connecticut. It was removed from the Milford side of the Igor I. Sikorsky Memorial Bridge at the end of the Merritt Parkway, when state toll booths were abolished in June 1988. The booth is of wooden log architecture and is also on the list of National Register of Historic Places.[9]","title":"Toll booth"}]	[{"image_text":"Other buildings in the park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Boothe_Memorial_Park%2C_Stratford%2C_CT.jpg/220px-Boothe_Memorial_Park%2C_Stratford%2C_CT.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Boothe Memorial Park and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boothe_Memorial_Park_and_Museum"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Fairfield County, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fairfield_County,_Connecticut"}]	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Boothe Memorial Park, Stratford – Damned Connecticut\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.damnedct.com/boothe-memorial-park-stratford/","url_text":"\"Boothe Memorial Park, Stratford – Damned Connecticut\""}]},{"reference":"Liebenson, Bess (17 June 2001). \"Friends Keep Watch over Grand Collection\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/17/nyregion/friends-keep-watch-over-grand-collection.html","url_text":"\"Friends Keep Watch over Grand Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boothe Memorial Astronomical Society, Stratford, CT\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2010-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725085316/http://www.bmas.org/index.html","url_text":"\"Boothe Memorial Astronomical Society, Stratford, CT\""},{"url":"http://www.bmas.org/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Boothe Memorial Astronomical Society, Stratford, CT\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2010-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725085543/http://www.bmas.org/history.html","url_text":"\"Boothe Memorial Astronomical Society, Stratford, CT\""},{"url":"http://www.bmas.org/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Calhoun, John D.; Knapp, Lewis G. (2004). Stratford. ISBN 9780738535791.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ScKfcrmyDdoC&q=%22putney+chapel%22+%2Bstratford&pg=PA121","url_text":"Stratford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738535791","url_text":"9780738535791"}]},{"reference":"\"Putney Chapel\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191511/http://www.putneychapel.org/history.html","url_text":"\"Putney Chapel\""},{"url":"http://www.putneychapel.org/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Putney Chapel\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191652/http://www.putneychapel.org/about.html","url_text":"\"Putney Chapel\""},{"url":"http://www.putneychapel.org/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Merritt Parkway Toll Booth Plaza Historical Marker\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=25903","url_text":"\"Merritt Parkway Toll Booth Plaza Historical Marker\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boothe_Memorial_Park_and_Museum&params=41.2354_N_73.1117_W_","external_links_name":"41°14′07″N 73°06′42″W / 41.2354°N 73.1117°W / 41.2354; -73.1117"},{"Link":"http://boothememorialpark.org/","external_links_name":"boothememorialpark.org"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85000951","external_links_name":"85000951"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/view/bmas-ct/home","external_links_name":"BMAS (Boothe Memorial Astronomical Society)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://www.damnedct.com/boothe-memorial-park-stratford/","external_links_name":"\"Boothe Memorial Park, Stratford – Damned Connecticut\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/17/nyregion/friends-keep-watch-over-grand-collection.html","external_links_name":"\"Friends Keep Watch over Grand Collection\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725085316/http://www.bmas.org/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Boothe Memorial Astronomical Society, Stratford, CT\""},{"Link":"http://www.bmas.org/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725085543/http://www.bmas.org/history.html","external_links_name":"\"Boothe Memorial Astronomical Society, Stratford, CT\""},{"Link":"http://www.bmas.org/history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ScKfcrmyDdoC&q=%22putney+chapel%22+%2Bstratford&pg=PA121","external_links_name":"Stratford"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191511/http://www.putneychapel.org/history.html","external_links_name":"\"Putney Chapel\""},{"Link":"http://www.putneychapel.org/history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191652/http://www.putneychapel.org/about.html","external_links_name":"\"Putney Chapel\""},{"Link":"http://www.putneychapel.org/about.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=25903","external_links_name":"\"Merritt Parkway Toll Booth Plaza Historical Marker\""},{"Link":"http://boothememorialpark.org/","external_links_name":"Boothe Memorial Park & Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060814054130/http://www.tourism.state.ct.us/Travel/detail.asp?id=701","external_links_name":"State of CT listing"},{"Link":"http://www.ohwy.com/ct/b/boomempm.htm","external_links_name":"Description from Online Highway"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080118073249/http://www.townofstratford.com/content/1302/402/625/1100/5066/5435.aspx","external_links_name":"Photos of the park from the town of Stratford's website"},{"Link":"http://www.newenglandsite.com/ct-stratfordboothepark.shtml","external_links_name":"Photographs and description of sights in the park from New England Site"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/view/bmas-ct/home","external_links_name":"https://sites.google.com/view/bmas-ct/home"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boothe_Memorial_Park_and_Museum&params=41.2354_N_73.1117_W_","external_links_name":"41°14′07″N 73°06′42″W / 41.2354°N 73.1117°W / 41.2354; -73.1117"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGR_0501%2B4516	SGR 0501+4516	["1 Discovery","2 References"]	Soft gamma repeater SGR 0501+4516 is a magnetar that is a soft gamma repeater (SGR). Currently, the phenomenons of SGRs and the related Anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXP) are explained as arising from magnetars. SGR 0501+4516 is located approximately 15,000 light years from Earth and has a magnetic field 100 trillion times stronger than the Earth's. SGR 0501+4516 is remarkable in that it has been the first SGR to have been discovered after ten years without SGR detections. It has been suggested that SGR 0501+4516, together with 1E 1547.0-5408, should be considered as tools for a final unification of SGRs, AXPs and the “transient AXPs (TAXPs)” into a single class of “magnetars candidates”. Discovery Its existence was reported on Aug. 22, 2008, by NASA's Swift satellite, which reported numerous blasts of radiation from the object. The eruptions were subsequently studied in-depth using the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton and International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) satellites. The object had been serendipitously observed before in 1992 by ROSAT. References ^ a b "NASA - European Satellites Probe a New Magnetar". ^ a b c N. Rea, G. L. Israel, R. Turoll et al., The first outburst of the new magnetar candidate SGR 0501+4516, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 396, Issue 4, pages 2419–2432, July 2009, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14920.x, arXiv:0904.2413 vteConstellation of Auriga Auriga in Chinese astronomy List of stars in Auriga StarsBayer α (Capella) β (Menkalinan) γ (Elnath) δ ε (Almaaz) ζ (Saclateni) η (Haedus) θ (Mahasim) ι (Hassaleh) κ λ (Alhurr) μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ1 ψ2 ψ3 ψ4 ψ5 ψ6 ψ7 ψ8 ψ9 ω Flamsteed 2 5 6 9 12 14 16 18 19 22 26 28 36 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 47 49 51 53 54 59 60 62 63 64 65 66 35 Cam Variable R T RT (48) RW SU UU WW AB AE AR (17) EO IQ IU LY MZ NO PU QZ V352 V361 V394 V420 V433 V538 HR 1558 1615 1738 1752 1794 1795 1822 1825 1866 1884 1938 1945 2028 2096 2137 HD 33203 33463 35619 43691 45350 (Lucilinburhuc) 49674 (Nervia) Other Gliese 268 HAT-P-9 (Tevel) KELT-2 MWC 480 SGR 0501+4516 UGPS J0521+3640 WASP-12 Exoplanets HAT-P-9b (Alef) HD 40979 b HD 43691 b HD 45350 b HD 49674 b KELT-2Ab WASP-12b StarclustersNGC 1664 1893 1907 1931 2240 2281 Other Messier 36 Messier 37 Messier 38 Palomar 2 NebulaeNGC 1985 2242 Other IC 405 IC 2149 Westbrook Nebula Galaxies 3C 147 Galaxy clusters MACS J0717.5+3745 Category This variable star–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magnetar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetar"},{"link_name":"soft gamma repeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater"},{"link_name":"Anomalous X-ray pulsars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_X-ray_pulsar"},{"link_name":"magnetars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa.gov-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAS-2"},{"link_name":"1E 1547.0-5408","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1E_1547.0-5408&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAS-2"}],"text":"SGR 0501+4516 is a magnetar that is a soft gamma repeater (SGR). Currently, the phenomenons of SGRs and the related Anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXP) are explained as arising from magnetars. SGR 0501+4516 is located approximately 15,000 light years from Earth and has a magnetic field 100 trillion times stronger than the Earth's.[1]SGR 0501+4516 is remarkable in that it has been the first SGR to have been discovered after ten years without SGR detections.[2]\nIt has been suggested that SGR 0501+4516, together with 1E 1547.0-5408, should be considered as tools for a final unification of SGRs, AXPs and the “transient AXPs (TAXPs)” into a single class of “magnetars candidates”.[2]","title":"SGR 0501+4516"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swift satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_Gamma-Ray_Burst_Mission"},{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"XMM-Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMM-Newton"},{"link_name":"International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTEGRAL"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa.gov-1"},{"link_name":"ROSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAS-2"}],"text":"Its existence was reported on Aug. 22, 2008, by NASA's Swift satellite, which reported numerous blasts of radiation from the object. The eruptions were subsequently studied in-depth using the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton and International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) satellites.[1] The object had been serendipitously observed before in 1992 by ROSAT.[2]","title":"Discovery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"NASA - European Satellites Probe a New Magnetar\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/swift/bursts/magnetar_europe.html","url_text":"\"NASA - European Satellites Probe a New Magnetar\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/swift/bursts/magnetar_europe.html","external_links_name":"\"NASA - European Satellites Probe a New Magnetar\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2009.14920.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14920.x"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0904.2413","external_links_name":"0904.2413"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SGR_0501%2B4516&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Pantry	VPS Convenience	["1 History","1.1 Village Pantry","1.2 Formation of VPS Convenience Store Group","2 Notes and references","3 External links"]	VPS Convenience Store GroupCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryConvenience storeFounded1966; 58 years ago (1966) in Muncie, Indiana as Village PantryFounderDon MarshDefunctJune 2015; 9 years ago (2015-06)FateAcquired by GPM InvestmentsSuccessorGPM InvestmentsHeadquartersWilmington, North CarolinaNumber of locations400 (in 2011)Area servedIndiana, Ohio, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, VirginiaProductsGrocery, GasolineBrandsVillage Pantry, Next Door, Scotchman, Young's, Li'L CricketOwnerSun Capital PartnersWebsiteArchived official website at the Wayback Machine (archive index) VPS Convenience Store Group was an American convenience store chain headquartered in Wilmington, North Carolina that could trace its roots to the founding of the first Village Pantry convenience store in 1966. VPS was sold in two parts in 2013 and 2015 to GPM Investments. History Village Pantry Village Pantry was founded as a convenience store chain division of Marsh Supermarkets, founded in Yorktown, Indiana. The first Village Pantry location opened in 1966 in Muncie, Indiana. In September 2006, Sun Capital Partners purchased Marsh and its divisions, including Village Pantry, $325 million. In May 2007, Sun announced that they were splitting Village Pantry from Marsh, making it its own company reporting directly to Sun Capital. In October 2007, Village Pantry acquired Imperial Company, Inc., which operated 33 Next Door Store locations in Michigan and Indiana. In March 2008, Village Pantry acquired nine AmeriStop Market convenience stores in central Ohio from Petro Acquisitions, Inc., and were rebranded Village Pantry. In two separate transactions that were completed in March 2008, Sun Capital acquired Li'L Cricket Food Stores Inc., which operated 88 convenience stores in South Carolina under the Li'L Cricket name, and Worsley Operating Companies, which operated 124 convenience stores in North and South Carolina under the Scotchman, Youngs' and S-E names. Worsley also owns its private gas label Carolina Petro, which Sun Capital inherited as well. Formation of VPS Convenience Store Group In Spring 2009, Village Pantry and three other Sun-owned convenience store chains—Young's, Li'l Cricket, and Scotchman—began reorganizing to consolidate accounting and administration with Young's and Scotchman parent company Worsley Operating Corporation. As part of the consolidation, VPS relocated its headquarters from Indianapolis, Indiana, to Wilmington, North Carolina. As of May 2013, the combined operation ran a total of 430 convenience stores as VPS Convenience Store Group. In January 2011, VPS Convenience Store Group acquired 22 former Appalachian Oil (Appco) c-stores in northeastern Tennessee and southwestern Virginia and were rebranded Scotchman. GPM Investments (operator of the Fas Mart and Shore Stop convenience stores) acquired the Southeast operations of VPS in August 2013 and the remaining Midwestern division in June 2015. Notes and references ^ "In Business Today". Anderson Herald Bulletin. November 27, 1966. p. 31. Marsh Supermarkets Inc., Yorktown, has move into the rapidly-growing "Convenience store" field with the announcement of a new Village Pantry Division... the first store will be built in Muncie. The stores are to be located in Indiana and Ohio in the general geographical area now served by its 63 supermarkets. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com. ^ "Sun Capital Partners Affiliate Completes Acquisition of Marsh Supermarkets" (Press release). Sun Capital Partners. PR Newswire. 2006-09-27. Marsh is a leading multi-format food retailer in Indianapolis and surrounding markets, operating 116 supermarkets, 154 convenience stores, and other catering and retail businesses under such well-recognized brands such as Marsh Supermarkets, LoBill Foods, Village Pantry, Crystal Food Service, and Enflora ^ Galer, Sara (2007-05-04). "Village Pantry breaks off from Marsh". WTHR. Sun Capital Partners, owner of Marsh Supermarkets Inc., will break off its Village Pantry subsidiary to create a separate business unit. Both businesses will continue to be owned by Florida-based Sun Capital Partners. The Village Pantry convenience store chain was a long-time a subsidiary of Marsh. Marsh operates 105 groceries, while Village Pantry runs 148 convenience stores. According to a company press release, Village Pantry offices will remain in Marsh's Fishers headquarters, but its managers will report directly to Sun. Sun also announced new leaders for Village Pantry. The CEO will be Mick Parker, a former regional vice president for the Circle K convenience store chain. ^ "Village Pantry Acquires Imperial Company, an Operator of 33 "Next Door Store" Convenience Stores in Michigan and Indiana". Business Wire (Press release). 2007-10-10. Village Pantry operates 146 convenience stores throughout Indiana and Ohio providing a broad selection of grocery, deli, and bakery items. ^ "Village Pantry Acquires Nine AmeriStop Market Convenience Stores in Central Ohio". Business Wire (Press release). 2008-03-03. ^ a b "Sun Capital Partners Affiliate Acquires Worsley, Li'L Cricket: The purchase includes 124 convenience stores in North and South Carolina from Worsley and 88 stores in South Carolina from Li'L Cricket". Convenience Store News. 2008-03-27. ^ "An Affiliate of Sun Capital Partners Acquires Worsley Operating Companies, an Operator of 124 Convenience Stores in North and South Carolina". Business Wire (Press release). 2008-03-27. ^ a b Holtz, Steve (2009-06-08). "Sun Capital Chains Regroup". CSP Daily News. CSP Information Group. Retrieved 2009-01-03. ^ Daily News, CSP (2015-09-05). "VPS CONVENIENCE STORE GROUP". CSP Daily News. Archived from the original on 2021-01-29. Retrieved 2021-01-03. ^ Abcede, Angel (2009-09-08). "Southeast Sun". CSP Daily News. CSP Information Group. Retrieved 2009-01-03. ^ Olson, Scott (2009-06-22). "Village Pantry moving HQ out of Indianapolis to North Carolina". Indianapolis Business Journal – via Indiana Economic Digest. Village Pantry's headquarters on the northeast side of Indianapolis is closing as a result of an office consolidation between the convenience store operator and another in North Carolina, both owned by Sun Capital Partners Inc. The merger of accounting and administrative functions will take Village Pantry CEO Mick Parker and at least nine other executives to Wilmington, N.C., where Worsley Cos. is headquartered. Worsley operates 210 Scotchman convenience stores in North Carolina and South Carolina. Village Pantry has 190 stores in Indiana and Ohio. ^ "Scotchman Hops Into Tenn., Va.: VPS picks up 22 Appco stores; rebranding to begin immediately". CSP Magazine. 2011-01-11. ^ "How Sun Capital Positioned VPS for Sale to GPM: Transition strategy involved "significant operational improvements"". CSP Magazine. 2015-06-10. As part of a deal announced earlier this week, Sun Capital Partners Inc., a leading private investment firm, said it has completed the sale of its investment in VPS Convenience Store Group, an operator of 161 convenience stores in four Midwest states, to GPM Investments LLC...The affiliate previously completed the sale of 263 southeastern stores in North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia to GPM in 2013. Based in Wilmington, N.C., VPS operates convenience stores throughout Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Illinois under the Village Pantry and Next Door Stores brands. These stores offer retail convenience items, including fuel, and many also offer franchise food offerings including Subway, Chester's Fried Chicken, Noble Romans and Hunt's Brothers Pizza. ^ "VPS Midwest Is Officially Part of GPM Investments: Retailer will carry on Village Pantry, Next Door Store banners". Convenience Store News. 2015-06-08. External links Archived official VPS Convenience website at the Wayback Machine (archive index) GPM Investments — successor company. Suneuropeanpartners.com: Village Pantry / Worsley vteConvenience storesvteMajor convenience stores in AfricaEastern National Oil Western Tangerina Northern Mini-Brahim On the Run Southern Circle K Pick n Pay Express Quick Shop Sasol Delight Shell Select Spar Spar Express Woolworths Foodstop vteMajor convenience stores in AsiaEastern 759 Store 7-Eleven apollostation Big C Circle K Cosmo Station CU Daily Yamazaki Dr.Drive emart24 FamilyMart GS25 Hi-Life Lawson Ministop OK Mart ParknShop Poplar Relay Spar Star Mart Storyway TTL VanGO WHSmith South-eastern 108 Shop 7-Eleven All Day Alfamart B's mart Big C Bright Ceriamart Choices Co.op Food Cheers Circle K CU emart24 FairPrice Xpress Fresh Mart Grab & Go GS25 Jiffy Lawson Lawson 108 FamilyMart Indomaret KK Super Mart Lotus's Ministop myNEWS Orange Mesra Shell Select Shop&Go Spar Star Mart Tops Daily Treats Uncle John's VanGO VinMart WHSmith Yomart Southern 7-Eleven Big Bazaar Reliance Fresh Spar Spencer's Swagat WHSmith Western 7-Eleven Aramco Buy the Way Circle K Relay Spar Star Mart WHSmith Zoom Former ampm BP Connect Circle K Sunkus Daily Stop On the Run Tesco Express vteMajor convenience stores in EuropeNorthern 10-11 7-Eleven Alepa Amazon Fresh BackWerk Bargain Booze Best-One BP Connect Budgens Centra Circle K Co-op Food Costcutter Deli de Luca Direkten Ditsch EG Group Extra Happy Shopper ICA Nära Jones Convenience Stores Kjörbúðin Krambúðin Kwik Save Londis (Ireland) Londis (United Kingdom) M-Market Mace McColl's MyWay Narvesen Neste K Nisa On the Run One Stop Pressbyrån R-kioski REWE To Go Sainsbury's Local Sale Scotmid Spar Tesco Express Time Out little Waitrose WHSmith Southern CiaoAgip Eni Shop Minipreço Express On the Run Repsol Sprint Slipop Spar Supercor Exprés Tangerina Eastern Aibė Billa Carrefour Express CBA Chorten Dixy Eurocash Freshmarket Groszek Lietuvos Spauda Livio Magnit miniM Nah & Frisch Narvesen Odido PKN Orlen Ruch O! Shop Orlen w ruchu Polomarket Pyaterochka R-kiosk Rosa Shop & Go Spar Społem Tesco Express Tisak TOPS! UNIBox Viva Żabka Western AH To Go avec. Carrefour City Chez Jean Coop Pronto Dufry Daily Monop' Franprix k kiosk Kiosk Marché Plus Migrolino Monop' On the Run Petit Casino Proxy Delhaize Relay Spar U Express Wizzl Former David Sands Jacksons Stores Local Plus Małpka Express Mills Morrisons M Local Opencor Piotr i Paweł Siwa Somerfield Ugo vteMajor convenience stores in North AmericaCanada 7-Eleven Alimentation Couche-Tard Becker's Circle K Couche-Tard / Dépanneur 7 jours / Provi-Soir Dépanexpress / Dépanneur du coin Food Mart Hudson News Irving Needs Neighbours On the Run Pioneer Quickie Shell Select WHSmith Honduras Circle K Mexico 7-Eleven Circle K Food Mart GOmart Kiosko OXXO Super City Tiendas Extra UnitedStates 7-Eleven / Speedway / Stripes A-Plus ABC Alimentation Couche-Tard Circle K Holiday Allsup's Amazon Go ampm Buc-ee's Byrne Dairy Casey's Cenex Chevron Citgo / Fueling Good Market Convenient Dairy Barn Dari Mart EddieWorld EG Group Cumberland Farms Kwik Shop Loaf 'N Jug Minit Mart Quik Stop Smith's Express Tom Thumb Turkey Hill Minit Markets Exxon / Mobil Mart / On the Run Food Mart GetGo Global GPM Investments Village Pantry Go-Mart High's Dairy Store Hudson News Jr. Food Mart Jr. Food Stores Kroger Convenience Stores Kum & Go Kwik Fill / Red Apple / Country Fair Kwik Trip / Kwik Star Lawson Love's MAPCO Express Murphy USA QuickChek On the Go Pilot Flying J Plaid Pantry Quality Dairy Company QuikTrip RaceTrac / RaceWay Road Ranger Roady's Truck Stops Royal Farms Rutter's Sheetz Shell Select Stewart's Shops Stuckey's Thorntons Inc. Tom's Town Pump TravelCenters of America United Dairy Farmers USA Gasoline Wally's Wawa Weigel's WHSmith Former BP Connect CST Getty Mac's Town & Country PDQ Food Stores Tedeschi Tesoro Giant SuperAmerica Uni-Mart UtoteM White Hen Wilco vteMajor convenience stores in OceaniaAustralia 7-Eleven BP Connect Coles Express EG EzyMart Foodary IGA Xpress NewsLink NightOwl Convenience Stores OTR Spar Express WHSmith New Zealand BP Connect Circle K Night 'n Day Woolworths @ Gull List of convenience stores vteSun Capital PartnersConsumerFood & beverage Fresh-Pak Flamingo Horticulture General consumer Famosa Parker New York Rebecca Taylor Scotch and Soda VINCE. Healthcare ClearChoice Simply Beautiful Smiles Restaurants Bar Louie Boston Market Franchise Restaurant Concepts Friendly's Johnny Rockets Restaurants Unlimited Smokey Bones Souplantation Retail Bonmarché BTX Group Dreams FFO Home Gem Shopping Network ScS Upholstery Sharps Bedrooms Windsor Fashions IndustrialAutomotive Flabeg Flexitech Building products Ames Taping Tools Arrow Tru-Line O&S Doors StonePoint Materials Trulite Glass & Aluminum Solutions Business services Horizon Services Spectralink Tier One Relocation Chemicals ESMI Chemicals General industrial BWGS C&K Stake Center Locating Unico Technologies Group Paper & packaging Coveris	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"GPM Investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPM_Investments"}],"text":"VPS Convenience Store Group was an American convenience store chain headquartered in Wilmington, North Carolina that could trace its roots to the founding of the first Village Pantry convenience store in 1966. VPS was sold in two parts in 2013 and 2015 to GPM Investments.","title":"VPS Convenience"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convenience store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_store"},{"link_name":"Marsh Supermarkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Supermarkets"},{"link_name":"Yorktown, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Muncie, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahb-1966nov27-1"},{"link_name":"Sun Capital Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Capital_Partners"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sun Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Capital_Partners"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wthr-2007may04-3"},{"link_name":"Next Door Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Door_Store"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bw-2007oct10-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bw-2008mar03-5"},{"link_name":"Li'L Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%27L_Cricket"},{"link_name":"Scotchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotchman_Stores"},{"link_name":"Youngs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngs%27_Food_Stores"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csn-2008mar27-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bw-2008mar27-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csn-2008mar27-6"}],"sub_title":"Village Pantry","text":"Village Pantry was founded as a convenience store chain division of Marsh Supermarkets, founded in Yorktown, Indiana. The first Village Pantry location opened in 1966 in Muncie, Indiana.[1]In September 2006, Sun Capital Partners purchased Marsh and its divisions, including Village Pantry, $325 million.[2]In May 2007, Sun announced that they were splitting Village Pantry from Marsh, making it its own company reporting directly to Sun Capital.[3]In October 2007, Village Pantry acquired Imperial Company, Inc., which operated 33 Next Door Store locations in Michigan and Indiana.[4]In March 2008, Village Pantry acquired nine AmeriStop Market convenience stores in central Ohio from Petro Acquisitions, Inc., and were rebranded Village Pantry.[5]In two separate transactions that were completed in March 2008, Sun Capital acquired Li'L Cricket Food Stores Inc., which operated 88 convenience stores in South Carolina under the Li'L Cricket name, and Worsley Operating Companies, which operated 124 convenience stores in North and South Carolina under the Scotchman, Youngs' and S-E names.[6][7] Worsley also owns its private gas label Carolina Petro, which Sun Capital inherited as well.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regroup-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-changes_1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-changes_2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBJ-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regroup-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cm-2011jan11-12"},{"link_name":"Fas Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas_Mart"},{"link_name":"Shore Stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_Stop"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csn-2015jun08-14"}],"sub_title":"Formation of VPS Convenience Store Group","text":"In Spring 2009, Village Pantry and three other Sun-owned convenience store chains—Young's, Li'l Cricket, and Scotchman—began reorganizing to consolidate accounting and administration with Young's and Scotchman parent company Worsley Operating Corporation. As part of the consolidation, VPS relocated its headquarters from Indianapolis, Indiana, to Wilmington, North Carolina.[8][9][10] As of May 2013, the combined operation ran a total of 430 convenience stores as VPS Convenience Store Group.[11][8]In January 2011, VPS Convenience Store Group acquired 22 former Appalachian Oil (Appco) c-stores in northeastern Tennessee and southwestern Virginia and were rebranded Scotchman.[12]GPM Investments (operator of the Fas Mart and Shore Stop convenience stores) acquired the Southeast operations of VPS in August 2013 and the remaining Midwestern division in June 2015.[13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ahb-1966nov27_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"In Business Today\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newspaperarchive.com/us/indiana/anderson/anderson-herald-bulletin/1966/11-27/page-31"},{"link_name":"Anderson Herald Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Herald_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"Alternate Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspaperarchive.com/us/indiana/anderson/anderson-herald-bulletin/1966/11-27/page-31"},{"link_name":"NewspaperArchive.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewspaperArchive.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Sun Capital Partners Affiliate Completes Acquisition of Marsh Supermarkets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sun-capital-partners-affiliate-completes-acquisition-of-marsh-supermarkets-57188012.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wthr-2007may04_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Village Pantry breaks off from Marsh\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wthr.com/article/village-pantry-breaks-marsh"},{"link_name":"WTHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTHR"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bw-2007oct10_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Village Pantry Acquires Imperial Company, an Operator of 33 \"Next Door Store\" Convenience Stores in Michigan and Indiana\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.businesswire.com/news/home/20071010005203/en/Village-Pantry-Acquires-Imperial-Company-Operator-33"},{"link_name":"Business Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bw-2008mar03_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Village Pantry Acquires Nine AmeriStop Market Convenience Stores in Central Ohio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080303005738/en/Village-Pantry-Acquires-AmeriStop-Market-Convenience-Stores"},{"link_name":"Business Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-csn-2008mar27_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-csn-2008mar27_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"Sun Capital Partners Affiliate Acquires Worsley, Li'L Cricket: The purchase includes 124 convenience stores in North and South Carolina from Worsley and 88 stores in South Carolina from Li'L Cricket\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csnews.com/sun-capital-partners-affiliate-acquires-worsley-lil-cricket"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bw-2008mar27_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"An Affiliate of Sun Capital Partners Acquires Worsley Operating Companies, an Operator of 124 Convenience Stores in North and South Carolina\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080327006015/en/Affiliate-Sun-Capital-Partners-Acquires-Worsley-Operating"},{"link_name":"Business Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-regroup_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-regroup_8-1"},{"link_name":"\"Sun Capital Chains Regroup\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cspdailynews.com/industry-news-analysis/corporate-news/articles/sun-capital-chains-regroup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-changes_1_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"VPS CONVENIENCE STORE GROUP\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210129174509/https://www.cspdailynews.com/top-202-convenience-stores-2015/vps-convenience-store-group"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cspdailynews.com/top-202-convenience-stores-2015/vps-convenience-store-group"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-changes_2_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Southeast Sun\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cspnet.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&tier=4&id=301A87487D9F49EFA32C6CE4D30F1566"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IBJ_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Village Pantry moving HQ out of Indianapolis to North Carolina\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.indianaeconomicdigest.net/main.asp?SectionID=31&SubSectionID=64&ArticleID=48451"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cm-2011jan11_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"Scotchman Hops Into Tenn., Va.: VPS picks up 22 Appco stores; rebranding to begin immediately\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cspdailynews.com/industry-news-analysis/corporate-news/articles/scotchman-hops-tenn-va"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"How Sun Capital Positioned VPS for Sale to GPM: Transition strategy involved \"significant operational improvements\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cspdailynews.com/mergers-acquisition-growth/mergers-acquisitions-news/articles/how-sun-capital-positioned-vps-sale"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-csn-2015jun08_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"VPS Midwest Is Officially Part of GPM Investments: Retailer will carry on Village Pantry, Next Door Store banners\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csnews.com/industry-news-and-trends/mergers-and-aquisitions/vps-midwest-officially-part-gpm-investments"}],"text":"^ \"In Business Today\". Anderson Herald Bulletin. November 27, 1966. p. 31. Marsh Supermarkets Inc., Yorktown, has move into the rapidly-growing \"Convenience store\" field with the announcement of a new Village Pantry Division... the first store will be built in Muncie. The stores are to be located in Indiana and Ohio in the general geographical area now served by its 63 supermarkets. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.\n\n^ \"Sun Capital Partners Affiliate Completes Acquisition of Marsh Supermarkets\" (Press release). Sun Capital Partners. PR Newswire. 2006-09-27. Marsh is a leading multi-format food retailer in Indianapolis and surrounding markets, operating 116 supermarkets, 154 convenience stores, and other catering and retail businesses under such well-recognized brands such as Marsh Supermarkets, LoBill Foods, Village Pantry, Crystal Food Service, and Enflora\n\n^ Galer, Sara (2007-05-04). \"Village Pantry breaks off from Marsh\". WTHR. Sun Capital Partners, owner of Marsh Supermarkets Inc., will break off its Village Pantry subsidiary to create a separate business unit. Both businesses will continue to be owned by Florida-based Sun Capital Partners. The Village Pantry convenience store chain was a long-time a subsidiary of Marsh. Marsh operates 105 groceries, while Village Pantry runs 148 convenience stores. According to a company press release, Village Pantry offices will remain in Marsh's Fishers headquarters, but its managers will report directly to Sun. Sun also announced new leaders for Village Pantry. The CEO will be Mick Parker, a former regional vice president for the Circle K convenience store chain.\n\n^ \"Village Pantry Acquires Imperial Company, an Operator of 33 \"Next Door Store\" Convenience Stores in Michigan and Indiana\". Business Wire (Press release). 2007-10-10. Village Pantry operates 146 convenience stores throughout Indiana and Ohio providing a broad selection of grocery, deli, and bakery items.\n\n^ \"Village Pantry Acquires Nine AmeriStop Market Convenience Stores in Central Ohio\". Business Wire (Press release). 2008-03-03.\n\n^ a b \"Sun Capital Partners Affiliate Acquires Worsley, Li'L Cricket: The purchase includes 124 convenience stores in North and South Carolina from Worsley and 88 stores in South Carolina from Li'L Cricket\". Convenience Store News. 2008-03-27.\n\n^ \"An Affiliate of Sun Capital Partners Acquires Worsley Operating Companies, an Operator of 124 Convenience Stores in North and South Carolina\". Business Wire (Press release). 2008-03-27.\n\n^ a b Holtz, Steve (2009-06-08). \"Sun Capital Chains Regroup\". CSP Daily News. CSP Information Group. Retrieved 2009-01-03.\n\n^ Daily News, CSP (2015-09-05). \"VPS CONVENIENCE STORE GROUP\". CSP Daily News. Archived from the original on 2021-01-29. Retrieved 2021-01-03.\n\n^ Abcede, Angel (2009-09-08). \"Southeast Sun\". CSP Daily News. CSP Information Group. Retrieved 2009-01-03.[dead link]\n\n^ Olson, Scott (2009-06-22). \"Village Pantry moving HQ out of Indianapolis to North Carolina\". Indianapolis Business Journal – via Indiana Economic Digest. Village Pantry's headquarters on the northeast side of Indianapolis is closing as a result of an office consolidation between the convenience store operator and another in North Carolina, both owned by Sun Capital Partners Inc. The merger of accounting and administrative functions will take Village Pantry CEO Mick Parker and at least nine other executives to Wilmington, N.C., where Worsley Cos. is headquartered. Worsley operates 210 Scotchman convenience stores in North Carolina and South Carolina. Village Pantry has 190 stores in Indiana and Ohio.\n\n^ \"Scotchman Hops Into Tenn., Va.: VPS picks up 22 Appco stores; rebranding to begin immediately\". CSP Magazine. 2011-01-11.\n\n^ \"How Sun Capital Positioned VPS for Sale to GPM: Transition strategy involved \"significant operational improvements\"\". CSP Magazine. 2015-06-10. As part of a deal announced earlier this week, Sun Capital Partners Inc., a leading private investment firm, said it has completed the sale of its investment in VPS Convenience Store Group, an operator of 161 convenience stores in four Midwest states, to GPM Investments LLC...The affiliate previously completed the sale of 263 southeastern stores in North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia to GPM in 2013. Based in Wilmington, N.C., VPS operates convenience stores throughout Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Illinois under the Village Pantry and Next Door Stores brands. These stores offer retail convenience items, including fuel, and many also offer franchise food offerings including Subway, Chester's Fried Chicken, Noble Romans and Hunt's Brothers Pizza.\n\n^ \"VPS Midwest Is Officially Part of GPM Investments: Retailer will carry on Village Pantry, Next Door Store banners\". Convenience Store News. 2015-06-08.","title":"Notes and references"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"In Business Today\". Anderson Herald Bulletin. November 27, 1966. p. 31. Marsh Supermarkets Inc., Yorktown, has move into the rapidly-growing \"Convenience store\" field with the announcement of a new Village Pantry Division... the first store will be built in Muncie. The stores are to be located in Indiana and Ohio in the general geographical area now served by its 63 supermarkets.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/us/indiana/anderson/anderson-herald-bulletin/1966/11-27/page-31","url_text":"\"In Business Today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Herald_Bulletin","url_text":"Anderson Herald Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"Sun Capital Partners Affiliate Completes Acquisition of Marsh Supermarkets\" (Press release). Sun Capital Partners. PR Newswire. 2006-09-27. Marsh is a leading multi-format food retailer in Indianapolis and surrounding markets, operating 116 supermarkets, 154 convenience stores, and other catering and retail businesses under such well-recognized brands such as Marsh Supermarkets, LoBill Foods, Village Pantry, Crystal Food Service, and Enflora","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sun-capital-partners-affiliate-completes-acquisition-of-marsh-supermarkets-57188012.html","url_text":"\"Sun Capital Partners Affiliate Completes Acquisition of Marsh Supermarkets\""}]},{"reference":"Galer, Sara (2007-05-04). \"Village Pantry breaks off from Marsh\". WTHR. Sun Capital Partners, owner of Marsh Supermarkets Inc., will break off its Village Pantry subsidiary to create a separate business unit. Both businesses will continue to be owned by Florida-based Sun Capital Partners. The Village Pantry convenience store chain was a long-time a subsidiary of Marsh. Marsh operates 105 groceries, while Village Pantry runs 148 convenience stores. According to a company press release, Village Pantry offices will remain in Marsh's Fishers headquarters, but its managers will report directly to Sun. Sun also announced new leaders for Village Pantry. The CEO will be Mick Parker, a former regional vice president for the Circle K convenience store chain.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wthr.com/article/village-pantry-breaks-marsh","url_text":"\"Village Pantry breaks off from Marsh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTHR","url_text":"WTHR"}]},{"reference":"\"Village Pantry Acquires Imperial Company, an Operator of 33 \"Next Door Store\" Convenience Stores in Michigan and Indiana\". Business Wire (Press release). 2007-10-10. Village Pantry operates 146 convenience stores throughout Indiana and Ohio providing a broad selection of grocery, deli, and bakery items.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20071010005203/en/Village-Pantry-Acquires-Imperial-Company-Operator-33","url_text":"\"Village Pantry Acquires Imperial Company, an Operator of 33 \"Next Door Store\" Convenience Stores in Michigan and Indiana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire","url_text":"Business Wire"}]},{"reference":"\"Village Pantry Acquires Nine AmeriStop Market Convenience Stores in Central Ohio\". Business Wire (Press release). 2008-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080303005738/en/Village-Pantry-Acquires-AmeriStop-Market-Convenience-Stores","url_text":"\"Village Pantry Acquires Nine AmeriStop Market Convenience Stores in Central Ohio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire","url_text":"Business Wire"}]},{"reference":"\"Sun Capital Partners Affiliate Acquires Worsley, Li'L Cricket: The purchase includes 124 convenience stores in North and South Carolina from Worsley and 88 stores in South Carolina from Li'L Cricket\". Convenience Store News. 2008-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csnews.com/sun-capital-partners-affiliate-acquires-worsley-lil-cricket","url_text":"\"Sun Capital Partners Affiliate Acquires Worsley, Li'L Cricket: The purchase includes 124 convenience stores in North and South Carolina from Worsley and 88 stores in South Carolina from Li'L Cricket\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Affiliate of Sun Capital Partners Acquires Worsley Operating Companies, an Operator of 124 Convenience Stores in North and South Carolina\". Business Wire (Press release). 2008-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080327006015/en/Affiliate-Sun-Capital-Partners-Acquires-Worsley-Operating","url_text":"\"An Affiliate of Sun Capital Partners Acquires Worsley Operating Companies, an Operator of 124 Convenience Stores in North and South Carolina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire","url_text":"Business Wire"}]},{"reference":"Holtz, Steve (2009-06-08). \"Sun Capital Chains Regroup\". CSP Daily News. CSP Information Group. Retrieved 2009-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cspdailynews.com/industry-news-analysis/corporate-news/articles/sun-capital-chains-regroup","url_text":"\"Sun Capital Chains Regroup\""}]},{"reference":"Daily News, CSP (2015-09-05). \"VPS CONVENIENCE STORE GROUP\". CSP Daily News. Archived from the original on 2021-01-29. Retrieved 2021-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210129174509/https://www.cspdailynews.com/top-202-convenience-stores-2015/vps-convenience-store-group","url_text":"\"VPS CONVENIENCE STORE GROUP\""},{"url":"https://www.cspdailynews.com/top-202-convenience-stores-2015/vps-convenience-store-group","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Abcede, Angel (2009-09-08). \"Southeast Sun\". CSP Daily News. CSP Information Group. Retrieved 2009-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://cspnet.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&tier=4&id=301A87487D9F49EFA32C6CE4D30F1566","url_text":"\"Southeast Sun\""}]},{"reference":"Olson, Scott (2009-06-22). \"Village Pantry moving HQ out of Indianapolis to North Carolina\". Indianapolis Business Journal – via Indiana Economic Digest. Village Pantry's headquarters on the northeast side of Indianapolis is closing as a result of an office consolidation between the convenience store operator and another in North Carolina, both owned by Sun Capital Partners Inc. The merger of accounting and administrative functions will take Village Pantry CEO Mick Parker and at least nine other executives to Wilmington, N.C., where Worsley Cos. is headquartered. Worsley operates 210 Scotchman convenience stores in North Carolina and South Carolina. Village Pantry has 190 stores in Indiana and Ohio.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indianaeconomicdigest.net/main.asp?SectionID=31&SubSectionID=64&ArticleID=48451","url_text":"\"Village Pantry moving HQ out of Indianapolis to North Carolina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scotchman Hops Into Tenn., Va.: VPS picks up 22 Appco stores; rebranding to begin immediately\". CSP Magazine. 2011-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cspdailynews.com/industry-news-analysis/corporate-news/articles/scotchman-hops-tenn-va","url_text":"\"Scotchman Hops Into Tenn., Va.: VPS picks up 22 Appco stores; rebranding to begin immediately\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Sun Capital Positioned VPS for Sale to GPM: Transition strategy involved \"significant operational improvements\"\". CSP Magazine. 2015-06-10. As part of a deal announced earlier this week, Sun Capital Partners Inc., a leading private investment firm, said it has completed the sale of its investment in VPS Convenience Store Group, an operator of 161 convenience stores in four Midwest states, to GPM Investments LLC...The affiliate previously completed the sale of 263 southeastern stores in North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia to GPM in 2013. Based in Wilmington, N.C., VPS operates convenience stores throughout Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Illinois under the Village Pantry and Next Door Stores brands. These stores offer retail convenience items, including fuel, and many also offer franchise food offerings including Subway, Chester's Fried Chicken, Noble Romans and Hunt's Brothers Pizza.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cspdailynews.com/mergers-acquisition-growth/mergers-acquisitions-news/articles/how-sun-capital-positioned-vps-sale","url_text":"\"How Sun Capital Positioned VPS for Sale to GPM: Transition strategy involved \"significant operational improvements\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"VPS Midwest Is Officially Part of GPM Investments: Retailer will carry on Village Pantry, Next Door Store banners\". Convenience Store News. 2015-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csnews.com/industry-news-and-trends/mergers-and-aquisitions/vps-midwest-officially-part-gpm-investments","url_text":"\"VPS Midwest Is Officially Part of GPM Investments: Retailer will carry on Village Pantry, Next Door Store banners\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web//http://www.vpsstores.com/","external_links_name":"Archived official website"},{"Link":"https://newspaperarchive.com/us/indiana/anderson/anderson-herald-bulletin/1966/11-27/page-31","external_links_name":"\"In Business Today\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/indiana/anderson/anderson-herald-bulletin/1966/11-27/page-31","external_links_name":"Alternate Link"},{"Link":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sun-capital-partners-affiliate-completes-acquisition-of-marsh-supermarkets-57188012.html","external_links_name":"\"Sun Capital Partners Affiliate Completes Acquisition of Marsh Supermarkets\""},{"Link":"http://www.wthr.com/article/village-pantry-breaks-marsh","external_links_name":"\"Village Pantry breaks off from Marsh\""},{"Link":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20071010005203/en/Village-Pantry-Acquires-Imperial-Company-Operator-33","external_links_name":"\"Village Pantry Acquires Imperial Company, an Operator of 33 \"Next Door Store\" Convenience Stores in Michigan and Indiana\""},{"Link":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080303005738/en/Village-Pantry-Acquires-AmeriStop-Market-Convenience-Stores","external_links_name":"\"Village Pantry Acquires Nine AmeriStop Market Convenience Stores in Central Ohio\""},{"Link":"http://www.csnews.com/sun-capital-partners-affiliate-acquires-worsley-lil-cricket","external_links_name":"\"Sun Capital Partners Affiliate Acquires Worsley, Li'L Cricket: The purchase includes 124 convenience stores in North and South Carolina from Worsley and 88 stores in South Carolina from Li'L Cricket\""},{"Link":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080327006015/en/Affiliate-Sun-Capital-Partners-Acquires-Worsley-Operating","external_links_name":"\"An Affiliate of Sun Capital Partners Acquires Worsley Operating Companies, an Operator of 124 Convenience Stores in North and South Carolina\""},{"Link":"http://www.cspdailynews.com/industry-news-analysis/corporate-news/articles/sun-capital-chains-regroup","external_links_name":"\"Sun Capital Chains Regroup\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210129174509/https://www.cspdailynews.com/top-202-convenience-stores-2015/vps-convenience-store-group","external_links_name":"\"VPS CONVENIENCE STORE GROUP\""},{"Link":"https://www.cspdailynews.com/top-202-convenience-stores-2015/vps-convenience-store-group","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://cspnet.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&tier=4&id=301A87487D9F49EFA32C6CE4D30F1566","external_links_name":"\"Southeast Sun\""},{"Link":"http://www.indianaeconomicdigest.net/main.asp?SectionID=31&SubSectionID=64&ArticleID=48451","external_links_name":"\"Village Pantry moving HQ out of Indianapolis to North Carolina\""},{"Link":"http://www.cspdailynews.com/industry-news-analysis/corporate-news/articles/scotchman-hops-tenn-va","external_links_name":"\"Scotchman Hops Into Tenn., Va.: VPS picks up 22 Appco stores; rebranding to begin immediately\""},{"Link":"http://www.cspdailynews.com/mergers-acquisition-growth/mergers-acquisitions-news/articles/how-sun-capital-positioned-vps-sale","external_links_name":"\"How Sun Capital Positioned VPS for Sale to GPM: Transition strategy involved \"significant operational improvements\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.csnews.com/industry-news-and-trends/mergers-and-aquisitions/vps-midwest-officially-part-gpm-investments","external_links_name":"\"VPS Midwest Is Officially Part of GPM Investments: Retailer will carry on Village Pantry, Next Door Store banners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web//http://www.vpsstores.com/","external_links_name":"Archived official VPS Convenience website"},{"Link":"http://gpminvestments.com/","external_links_name":"GPM Investments"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170313124702/http://suneuropeanpartners.com/?portfolio=village-pantry-worsley","external_links_name":"Suneuropeanpartners.com: Village Pantry / Worsley"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philmont_station	Philmont station	["1 Station layout","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°07′19″N 75°02′38″W / 40.1220°N 75.0438°W / 40.1220; -75.0438For the former station in New York state, see Philmont station (New York Central Railroad). PhilmontGeneral informationLocationTomlinson Road & Philmont AvenueHuntingdon Valley, PA 19006Coordinates40°07′19″N 75°02′38″W / 40.1220°N 75.0438°W / 40.1220; -75.0438Owned bySEPTALine(s)Neshaminy LinePlatforms2 side platformsTracks2ConstructionParking250 spaces (164 with Permit)AccessibleYesOther informationFare zone3HistoryRebuilt1913ElectrifiedJuly 26, 1931Key datesMarch 17, 1913Station depot burnsPassengers2017595 boardings614 alightings(weekday average)Rank39 of 146 Services Preceding station SEPTA Following station Bethayrestoward Penn Medicine West Trenton Line Forest Hillstoward West Trenton Former services Preceding station Reading Railroad Following station Bethayrestoward Philadelphia New York Branch Forest Hillstoward Bound Brook Location Philmont station is a station along the SEPTA West Trenton Line to Ewing, New Jersey. It is located at Tomlinson Road & Philmont Avenue in Lower Moreland Township, Pennsylvania. In FY 2013, Philmont station had a weekday average of 633 boardings and 574 alightings. The station has off-street parking and a ticket office. Philmont station was built in 1913 by the Reading Railroad after the previous depot caught fire on March 17 of that year. Station layout Philmont has two low-level side platforms with a mini high-level platform. References ^ "Reading Installs Electric Service". The Philadelphia Inquirer. July 26, 1931. p. 8. Retrieved August 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Philmont Station Burned". The Philadelphia Inquirer. March 18, 1913. p. 16. Retrieved July 3, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Fiscal Year 2021 Service Plan Update". SEPTA. June 2020. p. 24. Retrieved March 11, 2022. ^ "SEPTA (May 2014). Fiscal Year 2015 Annual Service Plan. p. 61" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-12. (539 KB) External links SEPTA – Philmont station Station from Pine Road from Google Maps Street View vteSEPTA Regional Rail stationsAirport Terminals E & F Terminals C & D Terminal B Terminal A Eastwick Penn Medicine 30th Street Suburban Jefferson Temple University Chestnut Hill East Chestnut Hill East Gravers Wyndmoor Mount Airy Sedgwick Stenton Washington Lane Germantown Wister Wayne Junction Temple University Jefferson Suburban 30th Street Chestnut Hill West Chestnut Hill West Highland St. Martins Richard Allen Lane Carpenter Upsal Tulpehocken Chelten Avenue Queen Lane North Philadelphia 30th Street Suburban Jefferson Temple University Cynwyd Cynwyd Bala Wynnefield Avenue 30th Street Suburban Fox Chase Fox Chase Cheltenham Lawndale Olney Wayne Junction Temple University Jefferson Suburban 30th Street Lansdale/Doylestown Doylestown Delaware Valley University New Britain Chalfont Link Belt Colmar Fortuna 9th Street Lansdale Pennbrook North Wales Gwynedd Valley Penllyn Ambler Fort Washington Oreland North Hills Glenside Jenkintown–Wyncote Elkins Park Melrose Park Fern Rock Wayne Junction North Broad Temple University Jefferson Suburban 30th Street Manayunk/Norristown Elm Street Main Street Norristown Conshohocken Spring Mill Miquon Ivy Ridge Manayunk Wissahickon East Falls Allegheny North Broad Temple University Jefferson Suburban 30th Street Penn Medicine Media/Wawa Wawa Elwyn Media Moylan–Rose Valley Wallingford Swarthmore Morton Secane Primos Clifton–Aldan Gladstone Lansdowne Fernwood–Yeadon Angora 49th Street Penn Medicine 30th Street Suburban Jefferson Temple University Paoli/Thorndale Thorndale Downingtown Whitford Exton Malvern Paoli Daylesford Berwyn Devon Strafford Wayne St. Davids Radnor Villanova Rosemont Bryn Mawr Haverford Ardmore Wynnewood Narberth Merion Overbrook 30th Street Suburban Jefferson Temple University Trenton Trenton Levittown Bristol Croydon Eddington Cornwells Heights Torresdale Holmesburg Junction Tacony Bridesburg North Philadelphia 30th Street Suburban Jefferson Temple University Warminster Warminster Hatboro Willow Grove Crestmont Roslyn Ardsley Glenside Jenkintown–Wyncote Elkins Park Melrose Park Fern Rock Wayne Junction North Broad Temple University Jefferson Suburban 30th Street Penn Medicine West Trenton West Trenton Yardley Woodbourne Langhorne Neshaminy Falls Trevose Somerton Forest Hills Philmont Bethayres Meadowbrook Rydal Noble Jenkintown–Wyncote Elkins Park Melrose Park Fern Rock Wayne Junction Temple University Jefferson Suburban 30th Street Penn Medicine Wilmington/Newark Newark Churchmans Crossing Wilmington Claymont Marcus Hook Highland Avenue Chester Eddystone Crum Lynne Ridley Park Prospect Park Norwood Glenolden Folcroft Sharon Hill Curtis Park Darby Penn Medicine 30th Street Suburban Jefferson Temple University Former stations 52nd Street Allentown Andalusia Auburn Baldwin Barmouth Belle Mead Bethlehem Birdsboro Bound Brook Bryn Athyn Center Valley Cheyney Churchville Coatesville Columbia Avenue County Line Crescentville Darlington DeKalb Street Fellwick Fishers Frankford Junction Franklin Street Fulmor George School Glen Mills Glen Riddle Hamburg Hellertown Holland Hopewell Huntingdon Valley Ivy Rock Lamokin Street Leesport Lenni Locksley Logan Manayunk West Mohrsville Mogees Newark Penn Newtown Nicetown Parkesburg Phoenixville Pottstown Pottsville Quakertown Reading Terminal Royersford Schuylkill Haven Shawmont Shoemakersville Southampton Spring Garden Street Tioga Valley Forge Walnut Hill West Chester West Chester University Westmoreland Westtown Williamson School Wissinoming This Pennsylvania train station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to SEPTA is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philmont station (New York Central Railroad)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philmont_station_(New_York_Central_Railroad)"},{"link_name":"SEPTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA"},{"link_name":"West Trenton Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Trenton_Line_(SEPTA)"},{"link_name":"Ewing, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Lower Moreland Township, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Moreland_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"FY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Reading Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inq1913-2"}],"text":"For the former station in New York state, see Philmont station (New York Central Railroad).Philmont station is a station along the SEPTA West Trenton Line to Ewing, New Jersey. It is located at Tomlinson Road & Philmont Avenue in Lower Moreland Township, Pennsylvania. In FY 2013, Philmont station had a weekday average of 633 boardings and 574 alightings.[4] The station has off-street parking and a ticket office. Philmont station was built in 1913 by the Reading Railroad after the previous depot caught fire on March 17 of that year.[2]","title":"Philmont station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"side platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"}],"text":"Philmont has two low-level side platforms with a mini high-level platform.","title":"Station layout"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Reading Installs Electric Service\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. July 26, 1931. p. 8. Retrieved August 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57809734/reading-electric-july-26-1931/","url_text":"\"Reading Installs Electric Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philmont Station Burned\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. March 18, 1913. p. 16. Retrieved July 3, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33501177/philmont_station_march_18_1913/","url_text":"\"Philmont Station Burned\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fiscal Year 2021 Service Plan Update\". SEPTA. June 2020. p. 24. Retrieved March 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://planning.septa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/FY-2021_Service_Plan_Update.docx","url_text":"\"Fiscal Year 2021 Service Plan Update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA","url_text":"SEPTA"}]},{"reference":"\"SEPTA (May 2014). Fiscal Year 2015 Annual Service Plan. p. 61\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812142611/http://www.septa.org/reports/pdf/asp15.pdf","url_text":"\"SEPTA (May 2014). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq	Central Bank of Iraq	["1 History","2 Governors","3 Architecture","4 Objectives","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°20′15″N 44°23′39″E / 33.3376°N 44.3941°E / 33.3376; 44.3941Central Bank of IraqCentral Bank of Iraqالبنك المركزي العراقيHeadquartersBaghdad, IraqEstablished16 November 1947 (1947-11-16)Ownership100% state ownershipGovernorAli Mohsen Al-AlaqCentral bank of IraqCurrencyIraqi dinarIQD (ISO 4217)ReservesUS$286.90 billion (2024)Reserve requirements7.1% (March 2023)Bank rate3.9% (August 2023)Websitecbi.iq The Central Bank of Iraq (CBI; Arabic: البنك المركزي العراقي) is the central bank of Iraq. It was established in 1947, the same year in which the British occupation of Iraq was ended. CBI's primary objectives are to ensure domestic price stability and foster a stable competitive market based financial system. History After World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq's monetary system was administered by the British Mandate of Mesopotamia until 1931, when the Iraq Currency Board was established in London to issue the new Iraqi dinar and maintain its reserves. The Iraq Currency Board pursued a "conservative monetary policy, maintaining very high reserves behind the dinar", which was "further strengthened by its link to the British pound". In 1949, the currency board was replaced by the National Bank of Iraq, which had been founded two years before on 16 November 1947. The National Bank of Iraq became the Central Bank of Iraq in 1956. Since switching over to its own central bank, the Iraqi monetary system was "replete with mismanagement, coercive stop-gap measures, and the production of an unstable, unreliable currency which ha not been tradable on the international market for years". Saddam Hussein wielded monetary and the dinar as "a powerful instrument of repression". Beginning on 18 March 2003 (the day before United States forces entered Baghdad as part of the 2003 invasion of Iraq), nearly US$1 billion was stolen from the Central Bank of Iraq. That month, a handwritten note signed by Saddam Hussein surfaced, ordering $920 million to be withdrawn and given to his son Qusay Hussein. Bank officials state that Qusay and another unidentified man oversaw the cash, boxes of $100 bills secured with stamped seals known as security money, being loaded into trucks and trailers during a five-hour operation. This was considered the largest bank heist in history until 2011. Qusay Hussein was later killed by the U.S. 101st Airborne Division in a battle. U.S. Department of the Treasury and Coalition Provisional Authority inspectors discovered the bank in ruins after the Battle of Baghdad and mass looting after the invasion. After the fall of Saddam Hussein's government, the Central Bank of Iraq was established as Iraq's independent central bank by the Central Bank of Iraq Law 2004, with authorised capital of 100 billion dinars. According to the law, 100% of the bank's capital stock would be held by the State and would not be transferable. The Constitution of Iraq states that the central bank is a financially and administratively independent institution, responsible before the Council of Representatives of Iraq. According to the Constitution, the Iraqi federal government has the "exclusive authority" of "establishing and administering a central bank". On 25 January 2011, the Supreme Court of Iraq ruled that the Central Bank of Iraq should be under supervision of the Council of Ministers of Iraq. Then Central Bank chief Sinan Al Shabibi warned that the ruling would threaten the institution's requisite independence. Currently, the acting Governor of the Central Bank of Iraq is Abdel Basset Turki, who also happens to be the head of the state-spending watchdog the Board of Supreme Audit. During the Battle of Mosul in June 2014, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militants looted the Central Bank in Mosul, absconding with over US$429 million. Governors Governors of the Central Bank of Iraq since its establishment: 12/6/1948 to 14/2/1949: Tawfiq al-Suwaidi 14/2/1949 to 23/3/1949: Saleh Haidar 24/3/1949 to 30/4/1959: Abdulellah Hafedh 1/5/1959 to 14/11/1960: Nadhim al-Zahawi 15/11/1960 to 31/12/1962: Abdullatif al-Shawaf 1/1/1963 to 18/1/1963: Ahmed Abdullbaqy 19/1/1963 to 14/8/1963: Abdulhassan Zalzalah 15/8/1963 to 28/11/1965: Khairuddin Haseeb 29/11/1965 to 20/1/1969: Saleh Kubba 17/12/1968 to 20/5/1973: Abdulhassan Zalzalah 12/5/1973 to 29/12/1975: Fawzi al-Qaisi 27/12/1975 to 13/5/1976: Ahmed Abdullbaqy 11/5/1976 to 1/7/1976: Salah al-Din al-Sheikhli 1/7/1976 to 29/4/1978: Fakhri Kadouri 3/5/1978 to 15/7/1979: Ezz al-Din Mohamed Saleem al-Bahrani 16/7/1979 to 10/10/1984: Hassan Tawfiq Al-Najafi 10/10/1984 to 23/10/1987: Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim al-Azzawi 3/6/1989 to 30/6/1991: Subhi Nadhem Frankool 12/12/1991 to 31/5/1994: Tariq Taleb al-Takmachi 1/6/1994 to 8/4/2003: Essam Rasheed Howaish 4/9/2003 to 17/10/2012: Sinan Al Shabibi 17/10/2012 to 9/9/2014: Abdel Basset Turki 9/9/2014 to 15/9/2020: Ali Mohsen al-Alaq 15/9/2020 to 23/1/2023: Mustafa Ghaleb 23/1/2023 to Present: Ali Mohsen al-Alaq Architecture The bank headquarters were designed by Danish architects Dissing+Weitling and was completed in 1985. It is a cubical building constructed of reinforced concrete clad in marble. It has few exterior openings, and is instead organised around an inner courtyard which cuts through the heart of the structure and rises to a height of 40m. The courtyard is surrounded on all sides by offices separated by an interior glass curtain wall. In August 2010, architect Zaha Hadid, born in Baghdad, was appointed to design a new headquarters for the Central Bank in Baghdad. Initial talks about the project were held in Istanbul, Turkey, on 14 August 2010, in the presence of the Central Bank Governor Sinan Al Shabibi. On 2 February 2012, Zaha Hadid joined Sinan Al Shabibi at a ceremony in London to sign the agreement between the Central Bank of Iraq and Zaha Hadid Architects for the design stages of the new CBI Headquarters building. Objectives As of at least 28 March 2011, the official website of the CBI states "the primary objectives of the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) are to ensure domestic price stability and to foster a stable competitive market-based financial system. The CBI shall also promote sustainable growth, employment and prosperity in Iraq". The CBI web site further states that the functions of the CBI in addition to the primary objectives mentioned above include: To implement the monetary policy and the exchange rate policy for Iraq. To hold gold and manage the state reserves of gold. To issue and manage the Iraq currency. To establish, oversee, and promote a sound and efficient payment system. To issue licenses or permits to banks and to regulate and supervise banks as further specified by the Banking Law. To carry out any related ancillary tasks or transactions within the framework of Iraqi law. The objectives of the Central Bank of the Iraq are as follows: Maintaining inflation stability Implementing monetary policy (including exchange rate policies) Managing the state's reserves Issuing and managing the Iraqi dinar Regulating private banks As of December 2009, the bank reported total assets valued at over 57 trillion dinars. The bank's head office is located in Baghdad with four branches in Basrah, Mosul, Sulaimaniyah, and Erbil. However, currently the bank does not control the financial and administrative affairs of Erbil and Sulaimaniyah branches, as these branches are technically reporting to the Baghdad headquarters and for all other issues they are reporting to Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) and they are financed by KRG. As of July 2010, steps and measures have taken place in order to integrate these branches with the headquarters in Baghdad. Foreign exchange reserves have increased to nearly US$67 billion (as of September 2012) due to a rise in oil revenues, indicating the improved ability since 2003 to deal with the repayment of foreign debt, the currency stabilization, and the coverage of average monthly imports. See also Banks portal Economy of Iraq British currency in the Middle East Iraqi dinar List of banks in Iraq List of central banks References ^ Weidner, Jan (2017). "The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks" (PDF). Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek. ^ "Iraq's central bank FX reserves rose to $113 bln, prime minister says". Reuters. Retrieved 15 Aug 2023. ^ Tang, Frank (17 March 2023). "Iraq releases US$72.6 billion of liquidity with cut to banks' reserve requirement ratio". CBI Iraq Post. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023. ^ Looney, Robert (September 2003). "A Monetary/Exchange-Rate Strategy for the Reconstruction of Iraq". Middle East Policy. 10 (3): 33–42. doi:10.1111/1475-4967.00115. S2CID 129814424. Archived from the original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2016-09-09. ^ Central Bank of Iraq. "History of the CBI". Retrieved 6 November 2012. ^ Hanke, Steve H. (Summer 2003). "An Iraq Currency Game Plan" (PDF). The International Economy: 81–83. ^ Papers show Saddam snatched $1bn from bank a day before invasion", The Telegraph. ^ Reals, Tucker (2011-06-14). "Report: $6B missing in Iraq may have been stolen - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2024-04-22. ^ Davies, Nick (2016-05-07). "The $10bn question: what happened to the Marcos millions?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-04-22. ^ Neil MacFarquhar (23 July 2003). "After the war: Hussein's 2 Sons Dead in Shootout, U.S. Says". New York Times. ^ Chandrasekaran, Rajiv (2007). Imperial life in the emerald city : inside Iraq's green zone. Internet Archive. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-27883-8. ^ Central Bank of Iraq Law, Section 2, Article 5.1 ^ Central Bank of Iraq Law, Section 2, Article 5.2 ^ Constitution of Iraq, Section 3, Chapter 4, Article 103 ^ Constitution of Iraq, Section 3, Chapter 4, Article 110 ^ Gamel, Kim (January 25, 2011). "Iraq central bank chief warns on Cabinet oversight". Bloomberg Businessweek. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2012. ^ "Mosul Bank Robbery Isn't The Only Thing Funding ISIS". IBT. 13 June 2014. ^ "المحافظين". البنك المركزي (in Arabic). ^ "Central Bank of Iraq". Archnet. Retrieved 2016-09-09. ^ "Zaha Hadid Architects and Central Bank of Iraq Sign Agreement for New Headquarters". 12 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-12-04. ^ Central Bank of Iraq, "Financial Statements" External links The Central Bank of Iraq official Website (in Arabic and English) Related topics - Iraq Business News Iraq central bank Attack, June 2010 Fire engulfs Iraqi central bank, January 2008Archived 2013-07-03 at the Wayback Machine Former Central Bank of Iraq Chiefs The Great Bank Robbery UK troops foil Iraq bank robbery Foreign banks sending money to Iraq Dmoz.org - Iraqi Dinar vte Iraq topicsHistoryChronology Ubaid period Hassuna culture Halaf culture Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period Samarra culture Uruk period Jemdet Nasr period Sumer Subartu Akkadian Empire Gutian dynasty Neo-Sumerian Empire Isin-Larsa period First Babylonian Empire Old Assyrian Period Middle Assyrian Empire Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire Simurrum culture Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Fall of Babylon Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Sassanid Asorestan 638–1958 Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Qara Qoyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq (incl. Mamluk dynasty) Mandate for Mesopotamia Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Kings Arab Federation Republic 1958–1968 1968–2003 2003–2011 2011–present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region (National Command) Saddam Hussein Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq Weapons of mass destruction Iran–Iraq War Operation Opera Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War 1991 uprisings Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency (2011–2013) War (2014–2017) Fall of Mosul Mosul liberation Insurgency 2019–2021 protests 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis Geography Faw peninsula Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Borders Euphrates river Hamrin Mountains Iraqi Kurdistan Lakes Islands Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Places Shatt al-Arab Syrian Desert Tigris river Umm Qasr Zagros Mountains Wildlife Sinjar Mountains Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Council of Representatives (legislative) Democracy Elections Foreign aid Foreign relations Government Council of Ministers Presidency Council President List Prime Minister List Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq in Saddam Hussein's Iraq in post-invasion Iraq in ISIL-controlled territory LGBT Freedom of religion Women Law Military Police Political parties Judiciary Wars and conflicts Economy Banks Central Bank Companies Corruption Dinar (currency) Infrastructure Foreign Investment Oil Industry Oil reserves Reconstruction Stock Exchange Telecommunications Transportation Airlines Railways Tourism SocietyDemographics Iraqis Languages Mesopotamian Arabic Aramaic Kurdish Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects Persian Minorities Armenians Assyrians Circassians Kurds Mandaeans Marsh Arabs Persians Solluba Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman Jews Religion Secularism Islam Christianity Mandaeism Yazidis Irreligion General Art Cinema Cuisine Culture Literature Education Health Media Television Music Smoking Sports Squatting Public holidays Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) Mandaean New Year Category Portal WikiProject Commons vteCentral banksGlobal Bank for International Settlements Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Financial Stability Board Policies Capital requirement Contractionary monetary policy Expansionary monetary policy Basel Accords Implementation Capital control Discount rate Interest rates Money creation Open market operation Sovereign wealth fund Bretton Woodssystem International Monetary Fund World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Development Association International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Lists List of central banks Central banks and currencies of Africa Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Central banks and currencies of Europe Central banks and currencies of the Americas 33°20′15″N 44°23′39″E / 33.3376°N 44.3941°E / 33.3376; 44.3941	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"central bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"British occupation of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_occupation_of_Iraq"}],"text":"Central Bank of IraqThe Central Bank of Iraq (CBI; Arabic: البنك المركزي العراقي) is the central bank of Iraq. It was established in 1947, the same year in which the British occupation of Iraq was ended. CBI's primary objectives are to ensure domestic price stability and foster a stable competitive market based financial system.","title":"Central Bank of Iraq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"British Mandate of Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Iraqi dinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_dinar"},{"link_name":"British pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-looney-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hanke-6"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"2003 invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Qusay Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qusay_Hussein"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"bank heist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_robbery"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"101st Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Coalition Provisional Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority"},{"link_name":"Battle of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"central bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"capital stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_stock"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Council of Representatives of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Iraqi federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Sinan Al Shabibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan_Al_Shabibi"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Abdel Basset Turki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Basset_Turki"},{"link_name":"Board of Supreme Audit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_of_Integrity_(Iraq)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2014)"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"After World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq's monetary system was administered by the British Mandate of Mesopotamia until 1931, when the Iraq Currency Board was established in London to issue the new Iraqi dinar and maintain its reserves. The Iraq Currency Board pursued a \"conservative monetary policy, maintaining very high reserves behind the dinar\", which was \"further strengthened by its link to the British pound\".[4]In 1949, the currency board was replaced by the National Bank of Iraq, which had been founded two years before on 16 November 1947. The National Bank of Iraq became the Central Bank of Iraq in 1956.[5] Since switching over to its own central bank, the Iraqi monetary system was \"replete with mismanagement, coercive stop-gap measures, and the production of an unstable, unreliable currency which ha[d] not been tradable on the international market for [many] years\". Saddam Hussein wielded monetary and the dinar as \"a powerful instrument of repression\".[6]Beginning on 18 March 2003 (the day before United States forces entered Baghdad as part of the 2003 invasion of Iraq), nearly US$1 billion was stolen from the Central Bank of Iraq. That month, a handwritten note signed by Saddam Hussein surfaced, ordering $920 million to be withdrawn and given to his son Qusay Hussein. Bank officials state that Qusay and another unidentified man oversaw the cash, boxes of $100 bills secured with stamped seals known as security money, being loaded into trucks and trailers during a five-hour operation.[7] This was considered the largest bank heist in history until 2011.[8][9] Qusay Hussein was later killed by the U.S. 101st Airborne Division in a battle.[10]U.S. Department of the Treasury and Coalition Provisional Authority inspectors discovered the bank in ruins after the Battle of Baghdad and mass looting after the invasion.[11] After the fall of Saddam Hussein's government, the Central Bank of Iraq was established as Iraq's independent central bank by the Central Bank of Iraq Law 2004, with authorised capital of 100 billion dinars.[12] According to the law, 100% of the bank's capital stock would be held by the State and would not be transferable.[13]The Constitution of Iraq states that the central bank is a financially and administratively independent institution, responsible before the Council of Representatives of Iraq.[14] According to the Constitution, the Iraqi federal government has the \"exclusive authority\" of \"establishing and administering a central bank\".[15]On 25 January 2011, the Supreme Court of Iraq ruled that the Central Bank of Iraq should be under supervision of the Council of Ministers of Iraq. Then Central Bank chief Sinan Al Shabibi warned that the ruling would threaten the institution's requisite independence.[16]Currently, the acting Governor of the Central Bank of Iraq is Abdel Basset Turki, who also happens to be the head of the state-spending watchdog the Board of Supreme Audit.During the Battle of Mosul in June 2014, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militants looted the Central Bank in Mosul, absconding with over US$429 million.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bankhistory-18"},{"link_name":"Tawfiq al-Suwaidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawfiq_al-Suwaidi"},{"link_name":"Nadhim al-Zahawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadhim_al-Zahawi"},{"link_name":"Khairuddin Haseeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khairuddin_Haseeb"},{"link_name":"Saleh Kubba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Kubba"},{"link_name":"Fawzi al-Qaisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawzi_Abdullah_al-Qaisi"},{"link_name":"Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim al-Azzawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikmat_Mizban_Ibrahim_al-Azzawi"},{"link_name":"Sinan Al Shabibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan_Al_Shabibi"},{"link_name":"Abdel Basset Turki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Basset_Turki"}],"text":"Governors of the Central Bank of Iraq since its establishment:[18]12/6/1948 to 14/2/1949: Tawfiq al-Suwaidi\n14/2/1949 to 23/3/1949: Saleh Haidar\n24/3/1949 to 30/4/1959: Abdulellah Hafedh\n1/5/1959 to 14/11/1960: Nadhim al-Zahawi\n15/11/1960 to 31/12/1962: Abdullatif al-Shawaf\n1/1/1963 to 18/1/1963: Ahmed Abdullbaqy\n19/1/1963 to 14/8/1963: Abdulhassan Zalzalah\n15/8/1963 to 28/11/1965: Khairuddin Haseeb\n29/11/1965 to 20/1/1969: Saleh Kubba\n17/12/1968 to 20/5/1973: Abdulhassan Zalzalah\n12/5/1973 to 29/12/1975: Fawzi al-Qaisi\n27/12/1975 to 13/5/1976: Ahmed Abdullbaqy\n11/5/1976 to 1/7/1976: Salah al-Din al-Sheikhli\n1/7/1976 to 29/4/1978: Fakhri Kadouri\n3/5/1978 to 15/7/1979: Ezz al-Din Mohamed Saleem al-Bahrani\n16/7/1979 to 10/10/1984: Hassan Tawfiq Al-Najafi\n10/10/1984 to 23/10/1987: Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim al-Azzawi\n3/6/1989 to 30/6/1991: Subhi Nadhem Frankool\n12/12/1991 to 31/5/1994: Tariq Taleb al-Takmachi\n1/6/1994 to 8/4/2003: Essam Rasheed Howaish\n4/9/2003 to 17/10/2012: Sinan Al Shabibi\n17/10/2012 to 9/9/2014: Abdel Basset Turki\n9/9/2014 to 15/9/2020: Ali Mohsen al-Alaq\n15/9/2020 to 23/1/2023: Mustafa Ghaleb\n23/1/2023 to Present: Ali Mohsen al-Alaq","title":"Governors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Dissing+Weitling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissing%2BWeitling"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Zaha Hadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaha_Hadid"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Sinan Al Shabibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan_Al_Shabibi"},{"link_name":"Sinan Al Shabibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan_Al_Shabibi"},{"link_name":"Zaha Hadid Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaha_Hadid_Architects"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The bank headquarters were designed by Danish architects Dissing+Weitling and was completed in 1985. It is a cubical building constructed of reinforced concrete clad in marble. It has few exterior openings, and is instead organised around an inner courtyard which cuts through the heart of the structure and rises to a height of 40m. The courtyard is surrounded on all sides by offices separated by an interior glass curtain wall.[19]In August 2010, architect Zaha Hadid, born in Baghdad, was appointed to design a new headquarters for the Central Bank in Baghdad. Initial talks about the project were held in Istanbul, Turkey, on 14 August 2010, in the presence of the Central Bank Governor Sinan Al Shabibi. On 2 February 2012, Zaha Hadid joined Sinan Al Shabibi at a ceremony in London to sign the agreement between the Central Bank of Iraq and Zaha Hadid Architects for the design stages of the new CBI Headquarters building.[20]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sustainable growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_growth"},{"link_name":"monetary policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy"},{"link_name":"exchange rate policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate_regime"},{"link_name":"state reserves of gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_reserve"},{"link_name":"Iraq currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_dinar"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"monetary policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy"},{"link_name":"exchange rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate"},{"link_name":"reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_reserve"},{"link_name":"Iraqi dinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_dinar"},{"link_name":"Regulating private banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Basrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basrah"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Sulaimaniyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaimaniyah"},{"link_name":"Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Regional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Foreign exchange reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserve"}],"text":"As of at least 28 March 2011, the official website of the CBI states \"the primary objectives of the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) are to ensure domestic price stability and to foster a stable competitive market-based financial system. The CBI shall also promote sustainable growth, employment and prosperity in Iraq\". The CBI web site further states that the functions of the CBI in addition to the primary objectives mentioned above include:To implement the monetary policy and the exchange rate policy for Iraq.\nTo hold gold and manage the state reserves of gold.\nTo issue and manage the Iraq currency.\nTo establish, oversee, and promote a sound and efficient payment system.\nTo issue licenses or permits to banks and to regulate and supervise banks as further specified by the Banking Law.\nTo carry out any related ancillary tasks or transactions within the framework of Iraqi law.The objectives of the Central Bank of the Iraq are as follows:Maintaining inflation stability\nImplementing monetary policy (including exchange rate policies)\nManaging the state's reserves\nIssuing and managing the Iraqi dinar\nRegulating private banksAs of December 2009, the bank reported total assets valued at over 57 trillion dinars.[21] The bank's head office is located in Baghdad with four branches in Basrah, Mosul, Sulaimaniyah, and Erbil. However, currently the bank does not control the financial and administrative affairs of Erbil and Sulaimaniyah branches, as these branches are technically reporting to the Baghdad headquarters and for all other issues they are reporting to Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) and they are financed by KRG.As of July 2010, steps and measures have taken place in order to integrate these branches with the headquarters in Baghdad.Foreign exchange reserves have increased to nearly US$67 billion (as of September 2012) due to a rise in oil revenues, indicating the improved ability since 2003 to deal with the repayment of foreign debt, the currency stabilization, and the coverage of average monthly imports.","title":"Objectives"}]	[]	[{"title":"Banks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Banks"},{"title":"Economy of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq"},{"title":"British currency in the Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_currency_in_the_Middle_East"},{"title":"Iraqi dinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_dinar"},{"title":"List of banks in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq"},{"title":"List of central banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_central_banks"}]	[{"reference":"Weidner, Jan (2017). \"The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks\" (PDF). Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek.","urls":[{"url":"https://d-nb.info/1138787981/34","url_text":"\"The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iraq's central bank FX reserves rose to $113 bln, prime minister says\". Reuters. Retrieved 15 Aug 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/iraqs-central-bank-fx-reserves-rose-111-bln-prime-minister-says-2023-6-8","url_text":"\"Iraq's central bank FX reserves rose to $113 bln, prime minister says\""}]},{"reference":"Tang, Frank (17 March 2023). \"Iraq releases US$72.6 billion of liquidity with cut to banks' reserve requirement ratio\". CBI Iraq Post. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3213918/Iraq-releases-us726-billion-liquidity-cut-banks-reserve-requirement-ratio","url_text":"\"Iraq releases US$72.6 billion of liquidity with cut to banks' reserve requirement ratio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CBI_Iraq_Post&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"CBI Iraq Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230620120501/https://www.scmp.com/economy/iraq-economy/article/3213918/china-releases-us726-billion-liquidity-cut-banks-reserve-requirement-ratio","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Looney, Robert (September 2003). \"A Monetary/Exchange-Rate Strategy for the Reconstruction of Iraq\". Middle East Policy. 10 (3): 33–42. doi:10.1111/1475-4967.00115. S2CID 129814424. Archived from the original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2016-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200811104322/http://www.cfmconcepts.com/central-bank-of-iraq/monetary-exchange-rate-strategy-for-reconstruction-of-iraq/","url_text":"\"A Monetary/Exchange-Rate Strategy for the Reconstruction of Iraq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1475-4967.00115","url_text":"10.1111/1475-4967.00115"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129814424","url_text":"129814424"},{"url":"http://www.cfmconcepts.com/central-bank-of-iraq/monetary-exchange-rate-strategy-for-reconstruction-of-iraq/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Central Bank of Iraq. \"History of the CBI\". Retrieved 6 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbi.iq/index.php?pid=History","url_text":"\"History of the CBI\""}]},{"reference":"Hanke, Steve H. (Summer 2003). \"An Iraq Currency Game Plan\" (PDF). The International Economy: 81–83.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/articles/hanke-summer2003.pdf","url_text":"\"An Iraq Currency Game Plan\""}]},{"reference":"Reals, Tucker (2011-06-14). \"Report: $6B missing in Iraq may have been stolen - CBS News\". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2024-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/report-6b-missing-in-iraq-may-have-been-stolen/","url_text":"\"Report: $6B missing in Iraq may have been stolen - CBS News\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Nick (2016-05-07). \"The $10bn question: what happened to the Marcos millions?\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/07/10bn-dollar-question-marcos-millions-nick-davies","url_text":"\"The $10bn question: what happened to the Marcos millions?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Neil MacFarquhar (23 July 2003). \"After the war: Hussein's 2 Sons Dead in Shootout, U.S. Says\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/23/world/after-the-war-iraq-hussein-s-2-sons-dead-in-shootout-us-says.html?ref=qusayhussein&pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"After the war: Hussein's 2 Sons Dead in Shootout, U.S. Says\""}]},{"reference":"Chandrasekaran, Rajiv (2007). Imperial life in the emerald city : inside Iraq's green zone. Internet Archive. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-27883-8.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/imperiallifeinem00chan","url_text":"Imperial life in the emerald city : inside Iraq's green zone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27883-8","url_text":"978-0-307-27883-8"}]},{"reference":"Gamel, Kim (January 25, 2011). \"Iraq central bank chief warns on Cabinet oversight\". Bloomberg Businessweek. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110129235049/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9KVK68G0.htm","url_text":"\"Iraq central bank chief warns on Cabinet oversight\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9KVK68G0.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mosul Bank Robbery Isn't The Only Thing Funding ISIS\". IBT. 13 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.com/mosul-bank-robbery-isnt-only-thing-funding-isis-1601124","url_text":"\"Mosul Bank Robbery Isn't The Only Thing Funding ISIS\""}]},{"reference":"\"المحافظين\". البنك المركزي (in Arabic).","urls":[{"url":"https://cbi.iq/page/49","url_text":"\"المحافظين\""}]},{"reference":"\"Central Bank of Iraq\". Archnet. Retrieved 2016-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://archnet.org/sites/626/media_contents/16206","url_text":"\"Central Bank of Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zaha Hadid Architects and Central Bank of Iraq Sign Agreement for New Headquarters\". 12 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131204192205/http://www.zaha-hadid.com/2012/02/zaha-hadid-architects-and-central-bank-of-iraq-sign-agreement-for-new-headquarters/","url_text":"\"Zaha Hadid Architects and Central Bank of Iraq Sign Agreement for New Headquarters\""},{"url":"http://www.zaha-hadid.com/2012/02/zaha-hadid-architects-and-central-bank-of-iraq-sign-agreement-for-new-headquarters/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Central_Bank_of_Iraq&params=33.3376_N_44.3941_E_type:landmark_region:IQ","external_links_name":"33°20′15″N 44°23′39″E / 33.3376°N 44.3941°E / 33.3376; 44.3941"},{"Link":"https://www.cbi.iq/","external_links_name":"cbi.iq"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/1138787981/34","external_links_name":"\"The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/iraqs-central-bank-fx-reserves-rose-111-bln-prime-minister-says-2023-6-8","external_links_name":"\"Iraq's central bank FX reserves rose to $113 bln, prime minister says\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3213918/Iraq-releases-us726-billion-liquidity-cut-banks-reserve-requirement-ratio","external_links_name":"\"Iraq releases US$72.6 billion of liquidity with cut to banks' reserve requirement ratio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230620120501/https://www.scmp.com/economy/iraq-economy/article/3213918/china-releases-us726-billion-liquidity-cut-banks-reserve-requirement-ratio","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200811104322/http://www.cfmconcepts.com/central-bank-of-iraq/monetary-exchange-rate-strategy-for-reconstruction-of-iraq/","external_links_name":"\"A Monetary/Exchange-Rate Strategy for the Reconstruction of Iraq\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1475-4967.00115","external_links_name":"10.1111/1475-4967.00115"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129814424","external_links_name":"129814424"},{"Link":"http://www.cfmconcepts.com/central-bank-of-iraq/monetary-exchange-rate-strategy-for-reconstruction-of-iraq/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cbi.iq/index.php?pid=History","external_links_name":"\"History of the CBI\""},{"Link":"http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/articles/hanke-summer2003.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An Iraq Currency Game Plan\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/1495589/Papers-show-Saddam-snatched-1bn-from-bank-a-day-before-invasion.html","external_links_name":"Papers show Saddam snatched $1bn from bank a day before invasion"},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/report-6b-missing-in-iraq-may-have-been-stolen/","external_links_name":"\"Report: $6B missing in Iraq may have been stolen - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/170th_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)	170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade	["1 Origin","2 Order of battle","3 Commanders","4 History","5 Second World War","6 Notes","7 References","8 External sources"]	170th (2/1st North Lancashire) BrigadeActiveNovember 1914–July 1919November 1943–April 1944Country United KingdomBranch British ArmyTypeInfantry BrigadeRoleInfantry and deceptionPart of57th (2nd West Lancashire) DivisionMilitary unit 170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade was a 2nd-Line infantry formation of the British Territorial Force raised during the First World War that served on the Western Front. The brigade's number was also used for deception purposes during the Second World War. Origin On 31 August 1914, the War Office authorised the formation of a reserve or 2nd-Line unit for each Territorial Force (TF) unit that was proceeding on overseas service. The 2nd/1st North Lancashire Brigade came into existence in November 1914, composed of 2nd-Line duplicates of the battalions of the peacetime North Lancashire Brigade that were due to be sent overseas. The brigade was part of 2nd West Lancashire Division. In August 1915 these formations were assigned numbers, becoming 170th (2nd/1st North Lancashire) Brigade and 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division respectively. Order of battle The following units served in the brigade during the war: 2/4th Battalion King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) – supplied drafts to 1/4th Bn and left brigade in October 1915 to become a reserve battalion 2/5th Battalion King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) 2/4th Battalion Loyal North Lancashire Regiment 2/5th Battalion Loyal North Lancashire Regiment – amalgamated with 1/5th Bn Loyals from 55th (West Lancashire) Division 4 February 1918 and was renumbered 1/5th Bn; left the brigade to become the divisional pioneer battalion 5 February 1918 4/5th Battalion Loyal North Lancashire Regiment – formed October 1915; amalgamated with 1/5th Bn Loyals 4 February 1918 170th Machine Gun Company – joined February 1917; transferred to 57th Bn Machine Gun Corps 1 March 1918 170th Trench Mortar Battery – joined February 1917 Commanders The following officers commanded the brigade during the war: Col. J.H. Campbell (from 4 November 1914) Col. S.H. Harrison (transferred from 2/1st Liverpool Brigade April 1915) Brig.-Gen. J.J.F. Hume (from 28 January 1916) Brig.-Gen. S.P. Rolt (from 28 August 1916) Brig.-Gen. A. Martyn (from 15 December 1916) Brig.-Gen. F.G. Guggisberg (from 12 May 1917) Brig.-Gen. G.F. Boyd (from 16 July 1918) Brig.-Gen. A.L. Ransome (from 5 September 1918) History The formations and units of 57th Division concentrated around Canterbury in early 1915 as part of Second Army, Central Force. Training was hampered by lack of equipment: the infantry trained on obsolete .256-inch Japanese rifles until .303-inch service rifles (many in poor condition) arrived in November 1915. In July 1916, 57th Division was transferred to the Emergency Reserves in the Aldershot area where it continued training. 170 Brigade moved to Blackdown Camp in October. On 5 January 1917 the division was ready for overseas service, and between 7 and 22 February its units and formations crossed to France and disembarked at Le Havre. On 25 February it took over a section of the Front Line under the command of II ANZAC Corps. 170 Brigade served on the Western Front for the rest of the war, taking part in the following operations: Second Battle of Passchendaele 26 October–7 November 1917 Second Battle of Arras: Battle of the Scarpe 28–30 August 1918 Battle of Drocourt-Queant Line 2–3 September 1918 Battles of the Hindenburg Line: Battle of the Canal du Nord 27 September–1 October 1918 Battle of Cambrai 8–9 October 1918 Capture of Cambrai 9 October 1918 Final Advance in Artois and Flanders 15 October–1 November 1918 Occupation of Lille 17 October 1918 On 1 November 1918 170 Bde went into billets at Lille, and was still resting when the Armistice with Germany was signed. For the rest of 1918 its units were involved in clearing and evacuating stores from the Arras area. Demobilisation began in January 1919 and units were steadily reduced to cadres. The last cadres of 57th Division left France in July 1919, completing the disbandment of 170 Bde. Second World War 170 Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during the Second World War. 30th Battalion, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, a line of communication unit serving in 42nd Brigade in North Africa and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated '170th Infantry Brigade' and acted as if it were a full brigade from November 1943 until April 1944. Notes ^ a b c d e f Becke, pp. 1–7. ^ a b c 57th Division at Long, Long Trail ^ a b "170 Bde at Regimental Warpath". Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2013. ^ a b King's Own at Regimental Warpath Archived February 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ Training Force battalions at Regimental Warpath Archived November 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d Loyals at Long, Long Trail ^ a b c "Loyals at Regimental Warpath". Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2013. ^ Joslen, pp. 287, 354. References Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-84734-739-8. Joslen, H. F. (2003) . Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1. External sources The Long, Long Trail The Regimental Warpath 1914–1918	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Territorial Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Force"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Military unit170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade was a 2nd-Line infantry formation of the British Territorial Force raised during the First World War that served on the Western Front. The brigade's number was also used for deception purposes during the Second World War.","title":"170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Office"},{"link_name":"North Lancashire Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/164th_(North_Lancashire)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"2nd West Lancashire Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_(2nd_West_Lancashire)_Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becke-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57Div-2"}],"text":"On 31 August 1914, the War Office authorised the formation of a reserve or 2nd-Line unit for each Territorial Force (TF) unit that was proceeding on overseas service. The 2nd/1st North Lancashire Brigade came into existence in November 1914, composed of 2nd-Line duplicates of the battalions of the peacetime North Lancashire Brigade that were due to be sent overseas. The brigade was part of 2nd West Lancashire Division. In August 1915 these formations were assigned numbers, becoming 170th (2nd/1st North Lancashire) Brigade and 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division respectively.[1][2]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becke-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57Div-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warpath-3"},{"link_name":"King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment_(Lancaster)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kings-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kings-4"},{"link_name":"2/4th Battalion Loyal North Lancashire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Rifles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loyals-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WarLoyal-7"},{"link_name":"2/5th Battalion Loyal North Lancashire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Rifles"},{"link_name":"55th (West Lancashire) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_(West_Lancashire)_Division"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loyals-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WarLoyal-7"},{"link_name":"4/5th Battalion Loyal North Lancashire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Rifles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warpath-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loyals-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WarLoyal-7"},{"link_name":"Machine Gun Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Gun_Corps"}],"text":"The following units served in the brigade during the war:[1][2][3]2/4th Battalion King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) – supplied drafts to 1/4th Bn and left brigade in October 1915 to become a reserve battalion[4][5]\n2/5th Battalion King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)[4]\n2/4th Battalion Loyal North Lancashire Regiment[6][7]\n2/5th Battalion Loyal North Lancashire Regiment – amalgamated with 1/5th Bn Loyals from 55th (West Lancashire) Division 4 February 1918 and was renumbered 1/5th Bn; left the brigade to become the divisional pioneer battalion 5 February 1918[6][7]\n4/5th Battalion Loyal North Lancashire Regiment – formed October 1915; amalgamated with 1/5th Bn Loyals 4 February 1918[3][6][7]\n170th Machine Gun Company – joined February 1917; transferred to 57th Bn Machine Gun Corps 1 March 1918\n170th Trench Mortar Battery – joined February 1917","title":"Order of battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becke-1"},{"link_name":"2/1st Liverpool Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/171st_(2/1st_Liverpool)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"S.P. Rolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Peter_Rolt"},{"link_name":"F.G. Guggisberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Guggisberg"},{"link_name":"G.F. Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Boyd_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"A.L. Ransome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Ransome"}],"text":"The following officers commanded the brigade during the war:[1]Col. J.H. Campbell (from 4 November 1914)\nCol. S.H. Harrison (transferred from 2/1st Liverpool Brigade April 1915)\nBrig.-Gen. J.J.F. Hume (from 28 January 1916)\nBrig.-Gen. S.P. Rolt (from 28 August 1916)\nBrig.-Gen. A. Martyn (from 15 December 1916)\nBrig.-Gen. F.G. Guggisberg (from 12 May 1917)\nBrig.-Gen. G.F. Boyd (from 16 July 1918)\nBrig.-Gen. A.L. Ransome (from 5 September 1918)","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Second Army, Central Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Army,_Central_Force"},{"link_name":".303-inch service rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee-Enfield"},{"link_name":"Aldershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot_Garrison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becke-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57Div-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loyals-6"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"II ANZAC Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_ANZAC_Corps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becke-1"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Scarpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Drocourt-Queant Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Drocourt-Queant_Line"},{"link_name":"Hindenburg Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_Line"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Canal du Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Canal_du_Nord"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai"},{"link_name":"Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artois"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"link_name":"Armistice with Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becke-1"}],"text":"The formations and units of 57th Division concentrated around Canterbury in early 1915 as part of Second Army, Central Force. Training was hampered by lack of equipment: the infantry trained on obsolete .256-inch Japanese rifles until .303-inch service rifles (many in poor condition) arrived in November 1915. In July 1916, 57th Division was transferred to the Emergency Reserves in the Aldershot area where it continued training.[1][2] 170 Brigade moved to Blackdown Camp in October.[6]On 5 January 1917 the division was ready for overseas service, and between 7 and 22 February its units and formations crossed to France and disembarked at Le Havre. On 25 February it took over a section of the Front Line under the command of II ANZAC Corps. 170 Brigade served on the Western Front for the rest of the war, taking part in the following operations:[1]Second Battle of Passchendaele 26 October–7 November 1917\nSecond Battle of Arras:\nBattle of the Scarpe 28–30 August 1918\nBattle of Drocourt-Queant Line 2–3 September 1918\nBattles of the Hindenburg Line:\nBattle of the Canal du Nord 27 September–1 October 1918\nBattle of Cambrai 8–9 October 1918\nCapture of Cambrai 9 October 1918\nFinal Advance in Artois and Flanders 15 October–1 November 1918\nOccupation of Lille 17 October 1918On 1 November 1918 170 Bde went into billets at Lille, and was still resting when the Armistice with Germany was signed. For the rest of 1918 its units were involved in clearing and evacuating stores from the Arras area. Demobilisation began in January 1919 and units were steadily reduced to cadres. The last cadres of 57th Division left France in July 1919, completing the disbandment of 170 Bde.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"30th Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Royal_Northumberland_Fusiliers_battalions_in_World_War_II#30"},{"link_name":"Royal Northumberland Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Northumberland_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"42nd Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"170 Brigade was never reformed, but the number was used for deception purposes during the Second World War. 30th Battalion, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, a line of communication unit serving in 42nd Brigade in North Africa and composed mainly of men below Medical Category 'A', was redesignated '170th Infantry Brigade' and acted as if it were a full brigade from November 1943 until April 1944.[8]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Becke_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Becke_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Becke_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Becke_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Becke_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Becke_1-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57Div_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57Div_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57Div_2-2"},{"link_name":"57th Division at Long, Long Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.1914-1918.net/57div.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Warpath_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Warpath_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"170 Bde at Regimental Warpath\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120717030240/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/divs/57_div.htm#170_bde"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.warpath.orbat.com/divs/57_div.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kings_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kings_4-1"},{"link_name":"King's Own at Regimental Warpath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.warpath.orbat.com/regts/kings_own.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100201194841/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/regts/kings_own.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Training Force battalions at Regimental Warpath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.warpath.orbat.com/misc_units/tr_bns_tf.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131104024432/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/misc_units/tr_bns_tf.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Loyals_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Loyals_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Loyals_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Loyals_6-3"},{"link_name":"Loyals at Long, Long Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.1914-1918.net/loyals.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WarLoyal_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WarLoyal_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WarLoyal_7-2"},{"link_name":"\"Loyals at Regimental Warpath\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120122043440/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/regts/loyals.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.warpath.orbat.com/regts/loyals.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f Becke, pp. 1–7.\n\n^ a b c 57th Division at Long, Long Trail\n\n^ a b \"170 Bde at Regimental Warpath\". Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2013.\n\n^ a b King's Own at Regimental Warpath Archived February 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Training Force battalions at Regimental Warpath Archived November 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ a b c d Loyals at Long, Long Trail\n\n^ a b c \"Loyals at Regimental Warpath\". Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2013.\n\n^ Joslen, pp. 287, 354.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Long, Long Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.1914-1918.net"},{"link_name":"The Regimental Warpath 1914–1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100118221541/http://warpath.orbat.com/index.htm"}],"text":"The Long, Long Trail\nThe Regimental Warpath 1914–1918","title":"External sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"170 Bde at Regimental Warpath\". Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120717030240/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/divs/57_div.htm#170_bde","url_text":"\"170 Bde at Regimental Warpath\""},{"url":"http://www.warpath.orbat.com/divs/57_div.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Loyals at Regimental Warpath\". Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120122043440/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/regts/loyals.htm","url_text":"\"Loyals at Regimental Warpath\""},{"url":"http://www.warpath.orbat.com/regts/loyals.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1960]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-474-1","url_text":"978-1-84342-474-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.1914-1918.net/57div.htm","external_links_name":"57th Division at Long, Long Trail"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120717030240/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/divs/57_div.htm#170_bde","external_links_name":"\"170 Bde at Regimental Warpath\""},{"Link":"http://www.warpath.orbat.com/divs/57_div.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.warpath.orbat.com/regts/kings_own.htm","external_links_name":"King's Own at Regimental Warpath"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100201194841/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/regts/kings_own.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.warpath.orbat.com/misc_units/tr_bns_tf.htm","external_links_name":"Training Force battalions at Regimental Warpath"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104024432/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/misc_units/tr_bns_tf.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.1914-1918.net/loyals.htm","external_links_name":"Loyals at Long, Long Trail"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120122043440/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/regts/loyals.htm","external_links_name":"\"Loyals at Regimental Warpath\""},{"Link":"http://www.warpath.orbat.com/regts/loyals.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.1914-1918.net/","external_links_name":"The Long, Long Trail"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100118221541/http://warpath.orbat.com/index.htm","external_links_name":"The Regimental Warpath 1914–1918"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinnat_Safin	Rinnat Safin	["1 Biathlon results","1.1 Olympic Games","1.2 World Championships","2 References"]	Soviet biathlete Rinnat SafinPersonal informationFull nameRinnat Ibragimovich SafinBorn(1940-08-29)29 August 1940Bolshiye Yaki, Zelenodolsky,Tatar ASSR, Soviet UnionDied22 October 2014(2014-10-22) (aged 74)Leningrad Oblast, RussiaHeight1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)Professional informationSportBiathlonClubDinamo LeningradOlympic GamesTeams1 (1972)Medals1 (1 gold)World ChampionshipsTeams5 (1967, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973)Medals6 (4 gold) Medal record Men's biathlon Representing Soviet Union Olympic Games 1972 Sapporo 4 × 7.5 km relay World Championships 1969 Zakopane 4 × 7.5 km relay 1970 Östersund 4 × 7.5 km relay 1971 Hämeenlinna 4 × 7.5 km relay 1973 Lake Placid 4 × 7.5 km relay 1967 Altenberg 4 × 7.5 km relay 1969 Zakopane 20 km individual Rinnat Ibragimovich Safin (Russian: Риннат Ибрагимович Сафин; 29 August 1940 – 22 October 2014) was a Soviet biathlete. At the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, he won a gold medal with the Soviet relay team. Biathlon results All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union. Olympic Games 1 medal (1 gold) Event Individual Relay 1972 Sapporo 19th Gold World Championships 6 medals (4 gold, 2 silver) Event Individual Relay 1967 Altenberg 4th Silver 1969 Zakopane Silver Gold 1970 Östersund 15th Gold 1971 Hämeenlinna 5th Gold 1973 Lake Placid — Gold *During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program. References ^ "Profile: Rinnat Safin". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2009. ^ "Search results". IBU Datacenter. International Biathlon Union. Retrieved 13 July 2015. vteOlympic champions in men's biathlon – 4 × 7.5 km relay 1968: Alexander Tikhonov, Nikolay Puzanov, Viktor Mamatov, Vladimir Gundartsev (URS) 1972: Alexander Tikhonov, Rinnat Safin, Ivan Biakov, Viktor Mamatov (URS) 1976: Aleksandr Elizarov, Ivan Biakov, Alexander Tikhonov, Nikolay Kruglov (URS) 1980: Vladimir Alikin, Alexander Tikhonov, Vladimir Barnashov, Anatoly Alyabyev (URS) 1984: Dmitry Vasilyev, Juri Kashkarov, Algimantas Šalna, Sergei Bulygin (URS) 1988: Dmitry Vasilyev, Sergei Tchepikov, Alexandr Popov, Valeriy Medvedtsev (URS) 1992: Ricco Groß, Jens Steinigen, Mark Kirchner, Fritz Fischer (GER) 1994: Ricco Groß, Frank Luck, Mark Kirchner, Sven Fischer (GER) 1998: Ricco Groß, Peter Sendel, Sven Fischer, Frank Luck (GER) 2002: Halvard Hanevold, Frode Andresen, Egil Gjelland, Ole Einar Bjørndalen (NOR) 2006: Ricco Groß, Michael Rösch, Sven Fischer, Michael Greis (GER) 2010: Halvard Hanevold, Tarjei Bø, Emil Hegle Svendsen, Ole Einar Bjørndalen (NOR) 2014: vacant 2018: Peppe Femling, Jesper Nelin, Sebastian Samuelsson, Fredrik Lindström (SWE) 2022: Sturla Holm Lægreid, Tarjei Bø, Johannes Thingnes Bø, Vetle Sjåstad Christiansen (NOR) vteWorld champions in men's biathlon – 4 × 7.5 km relay 1966: (Ivar Nordkild, Olav Jordet, Jon Istad, Ragnar Tveiten) 1967: (Ola Wærhaug, Olav Jordet, Jon Istad, Ragnar Tveiten) 1969: (Alexander Tikhonov, Viktor Mamatov, Vladimir Gundartsev, Rinnat Safin) 1970: (Alexander Tikhonov, Rinnat Safin, Alexander Ushakov, Viktor Mamatov) 1971: (Alexander Tikhonov, Nikolay Muzhytov, Rinnat Safin, Viktor Mamatov) 1973: (Gennady Kovalyev, Rinnat Safin, Juri Kolmakov, Alexander Tikhonov) 1974: (Alexander Ushakov, Alexander Tikhonov, Juri Kolmakov, Nikolay Kruglov) 1975: (Henrik Flöjt, Simo Halonen, Juhani Suutarinen, Heikki Ikola) 1977: (Aleksandr Elizarov, Alexander Ushakov, Nikolay Kruglov, Alexander Tikhonov) 1978: (Manfred Beer, Klaus Siebert, Frank Ullrich, Eberhard Rösch) 1979: (Manfred Beer, Klaus Siebert, Frank Ullrich, Eberhard Rösch) 1981: (Mathias Jung, Matthias Jacob, Frank Ullrich, Eberhard Rösch) 1982: (Mathias Jung, Matthias Jacob, Frank Ullrich, Bernd Hellmich) 1983: (Sergei Bulygin, Algimantas Šalna, Juri Kashkarov, Petr Miloradov) 1985: (Juri Kashkarov, Algimantas Šalna, Andrei Zenkov, Sergei Bulygin) 1986: (Dmitry Vasilyev, Juri Kashkarov, Valeriy Medvedtsev, Sergei Bulygin) 1987: (Jürgen Wirth, Frank-Peter Roetsch, Matthias Jacob, André Sehmisch) 1989: (Frank Luck, André Sehmisch, Frank-Peter Roetsch, Birk Anders) 1990: (Pieralberto Carrara, Wilfried Pallhuber, Johann Passler, Andreas Zingerle) 1991: (Ricco Groß, Frank Luck, Mark Kirchner, Fritz Fischer) 1993: (Wilfried Pallhuber, Johann Passler, Pieralberto Carrara, Andreas Zingerle) 1995: (Ricco Groß, Mark Kirchner, Frank Luck, Sven Fischer) 1996: (Viktor Maigourov, Vladimir Drachev, Sergei Tarasov, Aleksey Kobelev) 1997: (Ricco Groß, Peter Sendel, Sven Fischer, Frank Luck) 1999: (Alexei Aidarov, Petr Ivashko, Vadim Sashurin, Oleg Ryzhenkov) 2000: (Viktor Maigourov, Sergei Rozhkov, Vladimir Drachev, Pavel Rostovtsev) 2001: (Gilles Marguet, Vincent Defrasne, Julien Robert, Raphaël Poirée) 2003: (Peter Sendel, Sven Fischer, Ricco Groß, Frank Luck) 2004: (Frank Luck, Ricco Groß, Sven Fischer, Michael Greis) 2005: (Halvard Hanevold, Stian Eckhoff, Egil Gjelland, Ole Einar Bjørndalen) 2007: (Ivan Tcherezov, Maxim Chudov, Dmitri Yaroshenko, Nikolay Kruglov Jr.) 2008: (Ivan Tcherezov, Nikolay Kruglov Jr., Dmitri Yaroshenko, Maxim Chudov) 2009: (Emil Hegle Svendsen, Lars Berger, Halvard Hanevold, Ole Einar Bjørndalen) 2011: (Ole Einar Bjørndalen, Alexander Os, Emil Hegle Svendsen, Tarjei Bø) 2012: (Ole Einar Bjørndalen, Rune Brattsveen, Tarjei Bø, Emil Hegle Svendsen) 2013: (Ole Einar Bjørndalen, Henrik L'Abée-Lund, Tarjei Bø, Emil Hegle Svendsen) 2015: (Erik Lesser, Daniel Böhm, Arnd Peiffer, Simon Schempp) 2016: (Ole Einar Bjørndalen, Tarjei Bø, Johannes Thingnes Bø, Emil Hegle Svendsen) 2017: (Alexey Volkov, Maxim Tsvetkov, Anton Babikov, Anton Shipulin) 2019: (Lars Helge Birkeland, Vetle Sjåstad Christiansen, Tarjei Bø, Johannes Thingnes Bø) 2020: (Émilien Jacquelin, Martin Fourcade, Simon Desthieux, Quentin Fillon Maillet) 2021: (Sturla Holm Lægreid, Tarjei Bø, Johannes Thingnes Bø, Vetle Sjåstad Christiansen) 2023: (Antonin Guigonnat, Fabien Claude, Émilien Jacquelin, Quentin Fillon Maillet) 2024: (Viktor Brandt, Jesper Nelin, Martin Ponsiluoma, Sebastian Samuelsson) This article about a Soviet Winter Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Soviet biographical article relating to biathlon is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"biathlete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon"},{"link_name":"1972 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sapporo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-ref-1"}],"text":"Rinnat Ibragimovich Safin (Russian: Риннат Ибрагимович Сафин; 29 August 1940 – 22 October 2014) was a Soviet biathlete. At the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, he won a gold medal with the Soviet relay team.[1]","title":"Rinnat Safin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Biathlon Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Biathlon_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.[2]","title":"Biathlon results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","text":"1 medal (1 gold)","title":"Biathlon results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Championships","text":"6 medals (4 gold, 2 silver)*During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.","title":"Biathlon results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Profile: Rinnat Safin\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418085623/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/rinnat-safin-1.html","url_text":"\"Profile: Rinnat Safin\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/rinnat-safin-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search results\". IBU Datacenter. International Biathlon Union. Retrieved 13 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx","url_text":"\"Search results\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418085623/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/rinnat-safin-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Rinnat Safin\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/rinnat-safin-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Search results\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rinnat_Safin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rinnat_Safin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Holidays_from_Drive-Thru_Records	Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records	["1 Track listing"]	The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2004 compilation album by Various ArtistsHappy Holidays from Drive-Thru RecordsCompilation album by Various ArtistsReleasedDecember 14, 2004GenreRock, emo, pop punkLength26:04LabelDrive-Thru Records Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingEuropunk.net3.5/5 linkGamefoe.co.uk4/5 link Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records is a compilation album, released on December 14, 2004, of Christmas-themed songs by Drive-Thru Records and Rushmore Records artists. All the recordings were previously unreleased, though five of the eight songs were cover versions of famous Christmas tunes. In December 2004, the album was available exclusively at Drive-Thru Records' website for online purchase. The limited print run of 1,200 copies sold out before the end of the year. It was then sold digitally at online music stores, such as Sony Connect. Hidden in Plain View's "Christmas Song" (which both musically and lyrically pays homage to Jimmy Eat World's "Goodbye Sky Harbor") was on the original soundtrack to The Ice Harvest the following year. Track listing "Feliz Navidad" (Jose Feliciano) performed by Home Grown – 2:59 "Here Lies Our Holiday" (Day at the Fair) performed by Day at the Fair – 3:14 "Alone on Christmas" (Steven van Zandt) performed by Self Against City – 3:47 "Winter Wonderland" (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) performed by Hellogoodbye – 1:54 "War Is Over" (John Lennon) performed by An Angle – 3:51 "Christmas Song" (Hidden in Plain View) performed by Hidden in Plain View – 3:08 "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (Ralph Blane, Hugh Martin) performed by The Track Record – 2:55 "Rites of Winter" (Jenoah) performed by Jenoah – 4:11	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Drive-Thru Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-Thru_Records"},{"link_name":"Rushmore Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushmore_Records"},{"link_name":"cover versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"online music stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_music_store"},{"link_name":"Sony Connect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Connect"},{"link_name":"Hidden in Plain View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_in_Plain_View"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Eat World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Eat_World"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"The Ice Harvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ice_Harvest"}],"text":"2004 compilation album by Various ArtistsHappy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records is a compilation album, released on December 14, 2004, of Christmas-themed songs by Drive-Thru Records and Rushmore Records artists. All the recordings were previously unreleased, though five of the eight songs were cover versions of famous Christmas tunes. In December 2004, the album was available exclusively at Drive-Thru Records' website for online purchase. The limited print run of 1,200 copies sold out before the end of the year. It was then sold digitally at online music stores, such as Sony Connect.Hidden in Plain View's \"Christmas Song\" (which both musically and lyrically pays homage to Jimmy Eat World's \"Goodbye Sky Harbor\") was on the original soundtrack to The Ice Harvest the following year.","title":"Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feliz Navidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feliz_Navidad_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jose Feliciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Feliciano"},{"link_name":"Home Grown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Grown"},{"link_name":"Steven van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_van_Zandt"},{"link_name":"Self Against City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_Against_City"},{"link_name":"Winter Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Felix Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Bernard"},{"link_name":"Richard B. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bernhard_Smith"},{"link_name":"Hellogoodbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellogoodbye"},{"link_name":"War Is Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Xmas_(War_Is_Over)"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"An Angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Angle"},{"link_name":"Hidden in Plain View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_in_Plain_View"},{"link_name":"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_Yourself_a_Merry_Little_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Ralph Blane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Blane"},{"link_name":"Hugh Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Martin"},{"link_name":"The Track Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Track_Record"},{"link_name":"Jenoah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenoah"}],"text":"\"Feliz Navidad\" (Jose Feliciano) performed by Home Grown – 2:59\n\"Here Lies Our Holiday\" (Day at the Fair) performed by Day at the Fair – 3:14\n\"Alone on Christmas\" (Steven van Zandt) performed by Self Against City – 3:47\n\"Winter Wonderland\" (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) performed by Hellogoodbye – 1:54\n\"War Is Over\" (John Lennon) performed by An Angle – 3:51\n\"Christmas Song\" (Hidden in Plain View) performed by Hidden in Plain View – 3:08\n\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" (Ralph Blane, Hugh Martin) performed by The Track Record – 2:55\n\"Rites of Winter\" (Jenoah) performed by Jenoah – 4:11","title":"Track listing"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Happy+Holidays+from+Drive-Thru+Records%22","external_links_name":"\"Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Happy+Holidays+from+Drive-Thru+Records%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Happy+Holidays+from+Drive-Thru+Records%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Happy+Holidays+from+Drive-Thru+Records%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Happy+Holidays+from+Drive-Thru+Records%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Happy+Holidays+from+Drive-Thru+Records%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Happy+Holidays+from+Drive-Thru+Records%22","external_links_name":"\"Happy Holidays from Drive-Thru Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Happy+Holidays+from+Drive-Thru+Records%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Happy+Holidays+from+Drive-Thru+Records%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Happy+Holidays+from+Drive-Thru+Records%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Happy+Holidays+from+Drive-Thru+Records%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Happy+Holidays+from+Drive-Thru+Records%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.europunk.net/reviews.php?id=711","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"http://www.gamefoe.co.uk/view-review.php?id=193","external_links_name":"link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_M%C3%BCller	Stephan Müller	["1 Life","2 References"]	You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (December 2021) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|de\|Stephan Müller (Regisseur)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Stephan Müller (right) with Volker Hesse at the Theater Neumarkt, Zürich (1993) Stephan Müller (born 7 July 1951) is a Swiss theatre and opera director, dramaturge and a teacher of multimedia Aesthetics. Life Stephan Müller was born at Oberbuchsiten (SO). His theatre career began in 1972 at the Theater Basel, then under Werner Düggelin and Hermann Beil . Müller was employed as an extra and assistant production director, later becoming the chief dramaturge. In 1975 he relocated to the United States where he worked for several years. Those with whom he worked there included Robert Wilson, Meredith Monk, Lee Breuer and Richard Foreman: he also worked with the avant-garde Mabou Mines theatre company. He himself was a co-founder of the "Red Wing/Mixed" group which existed in New York City between 1976 and 1980. Returning to Switzerland, in 1978 he took a job at the Zürich Playhouse where he led the "Labor im Schauspielhaus" series. Between 1980 and 1988 he worked as a freelance play director in Cologne, Düsseldorf, Tübingen, Basel, Nuremberg, Frankfurt, Hamburg (Kampnagel), San Francisco and New York (Public Theatre). During this period he also worked regularly as a guest lecturer at the Berlin University of the Arts. In 1988 he returned to the Theater Basel where by now Frank Baumbauer had taken over. Between 1993 and 1999, jointly with Volker Hesse, Müller took charge at the Theater am Neumarkt ("New Market Theatre") in Zürich. During this period the theatre's productions were particularly well regarded in German-speaking parts of Europe. Between 1999 and 2004 he worked at the Burgtheater in Vienna as a drama director and dramaturge. More recently he has been heading up the Master of Arts theatre production degree course at the Zurich University of the Arts, while also working as a freelance drama director. References ^ a b "Stephan Müller". Theater der Zeit GmbH, Berlin. Retrieved 16 June 2016. ^ a b c d e f g Corinna Hirrle; et al. (2 September 2011). "Stephan Müller". Retrieved 16 June 2016. ^ "Premiere in der Spielzeit 2016/2017 ... Biografie ". Burgtheater GmbH, Wien. Retrieved 16 June 2016. ^ "Stephan Müller". Genossenschaft Konzert und Theater St.Gallen. Retrieved 16 June 2016. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People Deutsche Biographie Other Theaterlexikon	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volker-Hesse-Stephan-Mueller-Theater-Neumarkt-Zuerich-Copyright-Foto-Monica-Boirar-aka-Monica-Beurer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volker Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_director"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_director"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecraft"},{"link_name":"dramaturge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturge"},{"link_name":"Aesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMlautTdZ-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMlautCH-2"}],"text":"Stephan Müller (right) with Volker Hesse at the Theater Neumarkt, Zürich (1993)Stephan Müller (born 7 July 1951) is a Swiss theatre and opera director, dramaturge and a teacher of multimedia Aesthetics.[1][2]","title":"Stephan Müller"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oberbuchsiten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberbuchsiten"},{"link_name":"SO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMlautCH-2"},{"link_name":"Theater Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_Basel"},{"link_name":"Werner Düggelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_D%C3%BCggelin"},{"link_name":"Hermann Beil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Beil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Beil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMlautCH-2"},{"link_name":"chief dramaturge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMlautTdZ-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Meredith Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Monk"},{"link_name":"Lee Breuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Breuer"},{"link_name":"Richard Foreman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Foreman"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Mabou Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabou_Mines"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMlautCH-2"},{"link_name":"Zürich Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMlautBT-3"},{"link_name":"Kampnagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampnagel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMlautCH-2"},{"link_name":"Berlin University of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMlautSG-4"},{"link_name":"Theater Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_Basel"},{"link_name":"Frank Baumbauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Baumbauer"},{"link_name":"Volker Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Theater am Neumarkt (\"New Market Theatre\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_am_Neumarkt"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumarkt,_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMlautCH-2"},{"link_name":"Burgtheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgtheater"},{"link_name":"Zurich University of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_University_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMlautCH-2"}],"text":"Stephan Müller was born at Oberbuchsiten (SO).[2] His theatre career began in 1972 at the Theater Basel, then under Werner Düggelin and Hermann Beil [de].[2] Müller was employed as an extra and assistant production director, later becoming the chief dramaturge.[1] In 1975 he relocated to the United States where he worked for several years. Those with whom he worked there included Robert Wilson, Meredith Monk, Lee Breuer and Richard Foreman: he also worked with the avant-garde Mabou Mines theatre company. He himself was a co-founder of the \"Red Wing/Mixed\" group which existed in New York City between 1976 and 1980.[2]Returning to Switzerland, in 1978 he took a job at the Zürich Playhouse where he led the \"Labor im Schauspielhaus\" series.[3] Between 1980 and 1988 he worked as a freelance play director in Cologne, Düsseldorf, Tübingen, Basel, Nuremberg, Frankfurt, Hamburg (Kampnagel), San Francisco and New York (Public Theatre).[2] During this period he also worked regularly as a guest lecturer at the Berlin University of the Arts.[4]In 1988 he returned to the Theater Basel where by now Frank Baumbauer had taken over. Between 1993 and 1999, jointly with Volker Hesse, Müller took charge at the Theater am Neumarkt (\"New Market Theatre\") in Zürich. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzliya_Cinematheque	Herzliya Cinematheque	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Herzliya Cinematheque" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Herzliya Cinematheque is a movie theater in Herzliya located on Ben Gurion Street 22 (entry from Habaal Shem Tov garden). History Herzliya Cinematheque can seat up to 275 people. It is located in the former Star cinema, which was renovated in 2008. The Herzliya Cinematheque hosts Israeli and foreign filmmakers, and offers film screenings and lectures by film critics, actors and academics and filmmakers. It also hosts film festivals highlighting different cultures, such as festivals devoted to Indian Cinema (a collaboration between the Cinematheque and the Indian Embassy in Israel) and Japanese Cinema (a collaboration between the Cinematheque and the Israel-Japan Friendship Association). The Cinematheque is accessible to handicapped and disabled persons. The complex has an elevator for wheelchairs, special seating, special hearing devices for the hearing impaired and other special services. References External links Herzliya Cinematheque Official Website Article in Maariv: "A New Cinematheque in Herzliya" (Hebrew) Authority control databases VIAF This article related to a film organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herzliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzliya"}],"text":"The Herzliya Cinematheque is a movie theater in Herzliya located on Ben Gurion Street 22 (entry from Habaal Shem Tov garden).","title":"Herzliya Cinematheque"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_critics"},{"link_name":"actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actors"},{"link_name":"academics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_staff"},{"link_name":"film festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"Indian Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Japanese Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"wheelchairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchairs"}],"text":"Herzliya Cinematheque can seat up to 275 people. It is located in the former Star cinema, which was renovated in 2008.The Herzliya Cinematheque hosts Israeli and foreign filmmakers, and offers film screenings and lectures by film critics, actors and academics and filmmakers. It also hosts film festivals highlighting different cultures, such as festivals devoted to Indian Cinema (a collaboration between the Cinematheque and the Indian Embassy in Israel) and Japanese Cinema (a collaboration between the Cinematheque and the Israel-Japan Friendship Association).The Cinematheque is accessible to handicapped and disabled persons. The complex has an elevator for wheelchairs, special seating, special hearing devices for the hearing impaired and other special services.","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Herzliya+Cinematheque%22","external_links_name":"\"Herzliya Cinematheque\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Herzliya+Cinematheque%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Herzliya+Cinematheque%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Herzliya+Cinematheque%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Herzliya+Cinematheque%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Herzliya+Cinematheque%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.hcinema.org.il/","external_links_name":"Herzliya Cinematheque Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.nrg.co.il/online/47/ART1/779/181.html","external_links_name":"Article in Maariv:"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/299418310","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herzliya_Cinematheque&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Insam	Leo Insam	["1 References","2 External links"]	Italian ice hockey player (1975–2023) Ice hockey player Leo InsamBorn (1975-02-06)6 February 1975Bolzano, ItalyDied 25 June 2023(2023-06-25) (aged 48)Ortisei, ItalyHeight 6 ft 5 in (196 cm)Weight 212 lb (96 kg; 15 st 2 lb)Position DefenceShot LeftPlayed for HC Gherdëina EC KAC Düsseldorfer EG HC Asiago HC Milano HC BolzanoNational team ItalyPlaying career 1992–2011 Leo Giuseppe Insam (6 February 1975 – 25 June 2023) was an Italian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played the majority of his pro career in the Italian league with brief stops in Austria and Germany. Insam was a member of the Italian national team in the 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics. Additionally he played for the junior national team three times and the senior team six times in world championships. Insam died on 25 June 2023, at the age of 48. References ^ Hockey italiano in lutto, scomparso Leo Insam (in Italian) External links Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or The Internet Hockey Database This Italian biographical article relating to ice hockey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"defenceman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenceman"},{"link_name":"Italian national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1998 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerLeo Giuseppe Insam (6 February 1975 – 25 June 2023) was an Italian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played the majority of his pro career in the Italian league with brief stops in Austria and Germany. Insam was a member of the Italian national team in the 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics. Additionally he played for the junior national team three times and the senior team six times in world championships.Insam died on 25 June 2023, at the age of 48.[1]","title":"Leo Insam"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.hockeytime.net/2023/06/25/hockey-italiano-in-lutto-scomparso-leo-insam/","external_links_name":"Hockey italiano in lutto, scomparso Leo Insam"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=28515&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eurohockey.com/player/1032-.html","external_links_name":"Eurohockey.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=35582","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Insam&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_written_by_Taecyeon	List of songs written by Taecyeon	["1 Songs","2 References"]	Ok Taec-yeon, composing as Taecyeon a.k.a TY, is a South Korean actor, entrepreneur, singer, songwriter and the main rapper of the South Korean boy group 2PM. In 2012, Taecyeon teamed up with his fellow Dankook University alumni students to produce a digital album and then began writing and composing songs for his solo stage at 2 pm Japanese Concert, 'Six Beautiful Days' in Budokan. Taecyeon started actively participating in writing and composing songs for 2 pm the following year. Songs See also: 2PM discography Year Album Artist(s) Song Lyrics Music Ref. Credited With Credited With 2012 "Sharing"(나눔) Blue Bears and Taecyeon "Wing"(날개) Rap Yang Ji-hoon No Yang Ji-hoon "A Night Like This"(오늘 같은 밤) Rap Lee Jung-sun No Lee Jung-sun Taecyeon "Kiss" Yes Yes Taecyeon ft. Yeeun "After You Left Me" Yes Yes 2013 Legend of 2PM Taecyeon "Only You"(君だけに) Yes Yes Taecyeon and Gui Gui "I Love You" Yes Yes Taecyeon "I Love You, You Love Me" Yes Yes Grown Taecyeon ft. San E and Yubin "It's Time" Yes San E, Yu-bin Yes Taecyeon "Traición" Yes Yes 2PM "Call My Name" (내 이름을 불러줘) Yes Yes "A.D.T.O.Y"(하.니.뿐) Rap J.Y. Park "The Asiansoul" No J.Y. Park "The Asiansoul" "Comeback When You Hear This Song"(이 노래를 듣고 돌아와) Rap No "I’m Sorry" Rap Dokebi No Dokebi "One More Day"(오늘 하루만) Rap Shim Eunji No Shim Eunji "Coming Down" Rap Hwang Chan-sung No east4A "Go Back"(고백) Rap Hong Ji-sang, Lee Jun-ho No Hong Ji-sang, Lee Jun-ho Marriage Blue OST Taecyeon "Marriage Blue Opening" (결혼전야 Opening) Yes Yes "Okcat Song" (옥캣송) Yes Yes "Okcat Song" (옥캣송) Christmas Version Yes Yes 2014 Genesis of 2PM "It's Only You" Yes Yes Go Crazy! Taecyeon and Chansung ft. Baek Ayeon "Please Come Back"(돌아와줘) Yes Yes 2PM "Awesome!" Rap Laybacksound No Laybacksound "Rain Is Falling" (비가와) Rap Glory Face No Glory Face, Alto "Boyfriend" Rap Hwang Chan-sung No Hwang Chan-sung, Shim Eun-ji "Mine" Rap Chansung No Ilanguaq "ilang" Lumholt, Lasse Lindorff, Thor Norgaard, Mads Moller "Pull&Pull" Rap Ragoon IM, Ryan IM No Ragoon IM, Ryan IM Taecyeon and Chansung "The Word, Love" (사랑한단 말) Rap Hwang Chan-sung No Hwang Chan-sung JYP Nation Korea 2014 'One Mic' Taecyeon and Seoulong "U Don't Know" Yes Yes Taecyeon "Christmas With You" Yes Yes 2015 2PM of 2PM 2PM "Fight" Yes Raphael, Johyo Yes Raphael, Johyo "Slender Man" Yes Kim Seung-soo, Song Ji-wook Yes Kim Seung-soo, Song Ji-wook Taecyeon ft. Baek Ye-rin "Chocolate" (チョコレート) Yes Baek Ye-rin Yes Raphael No.5 2PM "About to Go Insane" (미칠 것 같아) Yes Raphael Yes Raphael "Magic" Yes Raphael Yes Raphael "Jump" Yes Raphael Yes Raphael "Hallucination" (환각) Rap e.one No e.one "Not The Only One (너만의 남자) Rap Jun. K No Kim Tae-sung, Frost, Secret Weapon, Jun.K "Red" Rap Kim Eun-su No Andreas Oberg, Chris Wahle, Jimmy Burney "Wanna Love You Again" Rap Hwang Chan-sung No Hwang Chan-sung "Good Man" Rap Hwang Chan-sung No Hwang Chan-sung, Ryan IM Taecyeon "Never Give Up" Yes Yes "It's Not Only You" (君だけじゃない) Yes Yes "Be My Merry Christmas" Yes Yes 2016 Galaxy of 2PM 2PM "Don't Forget"(忘れないで) Yes Raphael, Risa Horie Yes Raphael "Teaser" Yes Raphael, Kenko-p Yes Raphael Taecyeon and Jun. K "50 50 Taecyeon rap ver" Rap Jun. K, Michael Yano No Jun. K, Boytoy Taecyeon, Nichkhun, Tzuyu, Jeongyeon "Summer Together" Yes Raphael Yes Raphael Gentlemen's Game 2PM "Promise (I'll be)" Yes Lesley Chiang, Raphael Yes Lesley Chiang, Raphael "Make Love" Rap Hwang Chan-sung No Hwang Chan-sung, LEL "Perfume"(향수) Rap e.one No e.one "Can't Stop Feeling" Rap Hwang Chan-sung No Hwang Chan-sung, LEL Taecyeon "Merry Christmas to You" Yes Yes 2017 Taecyeon Special ～Winter Hitori～ Taecyeon "Winter Alone" (Winter 一人) Yes Raphael, Yu-ki Kokubo Yes Raphael "Don't Want to" (やりたくない) Yes Raphael, Yhanael Yes Raphael "Toc Toc Toc" Yes Raphael Yes Raphael "Move Your Body" Yes Raphael, Yhanael Yes Raphael T-WITH Kim Tae-woo ft. Jun. K & Taecyeon "Just Feeling" (느낌적인 느낌) Yes Geonjeongayoyeonhab, Jun. K No Geonjeongayoyeonhab, Jun. K 2019 Taecyeon “Anyway” “Give You All” 2021 MUST 2PM “Champagne” Yes Raphael Yes Raphael 2023 Taecyeon “ParTY Like TY” References ^ a b "Korea's First Ever Release of Digital Album as Student's Talent Donation". Dankook University. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ "Ok Taecyeon's twitter(@taeccool)". Twitter. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ Legend of 2PM (inlay cover). 2PM. Ariola Japan. 2013.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Grown (inlay cover). 2PM. JYP Entertainment. 2013.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Marriage Blue OST". JYP Publishing. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ "Lonely Okcat's Christmas". JYP Publishing. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ Genesis of 2PM (inlay cover). 2PM. Epic Records Japan. 2014.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Go Crazy! (inlay cover). 2PM. JYP Entertainment. 2014.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "JYP Nation Korea 2014 'One Mic'". JYP Publishing. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ "Lonely Okcat's Christmas 2014". JYP Publishing. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ 2PM of 2PM (inlay cover). 2PM. Epic Records Japan. 2015.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ No.5 (inlay cover). 2PM. JYP Entertainment. 2015.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Higher". JYP Publishing. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ "Lonely Okcat's Christmas 2015". JYP Publishing. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ Galaxy of 2PM (inlay cover). 2PM. Epic Records Japan. 2016.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Gentlemen's Game (inlay cover). 2PM. JYP Entertainment. 2016.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Lonely Okcat's Christmas 2016". JYP Publishing. Retrieved 16 December 2016. ^ Taecyeon Special ～Winter Hitori～ (inlay cover). Ok Taec-yeon. Epic Records Japan. 2017.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) vte2PM Jun. K Nichkhun Taecyeon Wooyoung Junho Chansung Jaebeom Studio albumsKorean 01:59PM Hands Up Grown Go Crazy No.5 Gentlemen's Game Must Japanese Republic of 2PM Legend of 2PM Genesis of 2PM 2PM of 2PM Galaxy of 2PM Compilations All About 2PM 2PM Best: 2008–2011 in Korea 2PM Member's Selection Extended plays Still 02:00PM SinglesKorean "10 Out of 10" "Heartbeat" "Don't Stop Can't Stop / Without U" Japanese "Take Off" "I'm Your Man" "Ultra Lover" "Beautiful" "One Day" "Masquerade" "Give Me Love" "Winter Games" "Guilty Love" Related topics Idol Show One Day 2AM JYP Entertainment Park Jin-young Category Discography Songs Videography Awards and nominations Concert tours	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ok Taec-yeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok_Taec-yeon"},{"link_name":"rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapper"},{"link_name":"2PM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2PM"},{"link_name":"Dankook University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dankook_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blue_Bears-1"}],"text":"Ok Taec-yeon, composing as Taecyeon a.k.a TY, is a South Korean actor, entrepreneur, singer, songwriter and the main rapper of the South Korean boy group 2PM. In 2012, Taecyeon teamed up with his fellow Dankook University alumni students to produce a digital album and then began writing and composing songs for his solo stage at 2 pm Japanese Concert, 'Six Beautiful Days' in Budokan.[1] Taecyeon started actively participating in writing and composing songs for 2 pm the following year.","title":"List of songs written by Taecyeon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2PM discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2PM_discography"}],"text":"See also: 2PM discography","title":"Songs"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Korea's First Ever Release of Digital Album as Student's Talent Donation\". Dankook University. 5 May 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Serie_A	2007–08 Serie A	["1 Events","1.1 Plusvalenze investigation","1.2 Lazio fan killed by police","1.3 Final week","2 Teams","2.1 Stadiums and locations","2.2 Personnels and Sponsoring","3 League table","4 Results","5 Top goalscorers","6 Coaches","6.1 2007–08 events","7 Footnotes"]	106th season of top-tier Italian football Football league seasonSerie ASeason2007–08Dates25 August 2007 – 18 May 2008ChampionsInternazionale 16th titleRelegatedEmpoliParmaLivornoChampions LeagueInternazionaleRomaJuventusFiorentinaUEFA CupMilanSampdoriaUdineseIntertoto CupNapoliMatches played380Goals scored970 (2.55 per match)Top goalscorerAlessandro Del Piero (21 goals)Highest scoringUdinese 3–5 GenoaRoma 4–4 NapoliTorino 4–4 ParmaAverage attendance23,887← 2006–07 2008–09 → The 2007–08 Serie A (known as the Serie A TIM for sponsorship reasons) was the 106th season of top-tier Italian football, the 76th in a round-robin tournament. It started on 25 August 2007 and ended on 18 May 2008. Internazionale successfully defended the championship on the final day of the season, finishing first with 85 points, three ahead of Roma. Events Plusvalenze investigation Inquiries are being conducted by the CO.VI.SOC. (Italian football's financial watchdogs) into the finances of four Serie A clubs (Internazionale, Milan, Sampdoria, and Reggina) who stand accused of falsely inflating player values — a practice known as plusvalenze in Italian — in order to qualify financially for the 2005–06 Serie A. If the allegations prove true, penalties could range from fines to point deductions, relegation to Serie B, and even the stripping of Internazionale's 2005-06 scudetto, which was stripped from Juventus as a result of the Calciopoli scandal before being awarded to Internazionale. Lazio fan killed by police On the morning of 11 November 2007 26-year-old Lazio fan Gabriele Sandri, a DJ from Rome, was killed by a shot in his neck while sitting inside a car, by a policeman, after some other fans of Lazio violently assaulted a group of Juventus ultras with stones on the A1 Motorway service station of Badia al Pino in Arezzo. Early reports suggested that a stray bullet from a gun, set to distract the group of ultras, hit the Lazio fan in the neck as he sat in a car and killed him. An emergency meeting set up between Lega Calcio president Antonio Matarrese and police chief Antonio Manganelli decided that the game between Inter and Lazio would be called off, but the rest of the fixtures would go ahead that day, starting at a slightly later time (about 10 minutes later). The Atalanta–Milan game was eventually suspended following unrest caused by local ultras attempting to break off the protection glass in order to invade the pitch and stop the match. Later in the afternoon, the Italian Football Federation chose to postpone also the game between AS Roma and Cagliari, whose kick off was scheduled for 8:30 pm at Stadio Olimpico, Rome. However, this did not prevent violent riots, as hundreds of armed hooligans attacked a police barracks and the CONI (Italian Olympic National Committee) headquarters in Rome. Though Sandri's death was later held by some to have been caused by a tragic error by a policeman who claimed his gun went off as he was running. Prosecutors then opted initially to open an inquiry into manslaughter against the policeman, nevertheless the initial hearing held that Sandri's death was culpable homicide, and the policeman involved (Luigi Spaccarotella) was condemned to 6 years imprisonment. On appeal, the higher court not only confirmed this judgment, but increased the punishment to 9 years and 4 months as an element of intentionality was found. Final week The championship was decided in the final week, as Inter, who managed to secure even an 11-point advantage to rivals Roma in mid-season, lost almost all of it in the final weeks, maintaining only a one-point advantage with only one match to play. In the final week, both Inter and Roma were scheduled to play away matches opposed to relegation-battling sides, respectively Parma and Catania. Both matches were successively forbidden to be attended by Inter and Roma fans. In the end, Inter secured the scudetto with a 2–0 win, with both goals being scored in the second half by Zlatan Ibrahimović, who recovered from a long-term injury in time to play the game, whereas Roma only managed to achieve a 1–1 draw at Stadio Angelo Massimino against Walter Zenga's Catania, a result which allowed the Sicilian side to escape relegation at the expense of Empoli and Parma. Teams Stadiums and locations AtalantaCagliariCataniaEmpoliFiorentinaGenoaInternazionaleJuventusLazioLivornoMilanNapoliPalermoParmaRegginaRomaSampdoriaSienaTorinoUdineseclass=notpageimage\| Locations of the 2007–08 Serie A teams Club City Stadium Capacity 2006-2007 season Atalanta Bergamo Stadio Atleti Azzurri d'Italia 26,378 8th in Serie A Cagliari Cagliari Stadio Sant'Elia 23,486 16th in Serie A Catania Catania Stadio Angelo Massimino 23,420 13th in Serie A Empoli Empoli Stadio Carlo Castellani 19,795 7th in Serie A Fiorentina Florence Stadio Artemio Franchi 47,282 6th in Serie A Genoa Genoa Stadio Luigi Ferraris 36,685 3rd in Serie B Internazionale Milan San Siro 82,955 Serie A Champions Juventus Turin Stadio delle Alpi 69,000 Serie B Champions Lazio Rome Stadio Olimpico 82,307 3rd in Serie A Livorno Livorno Stadio Armando Picchi 19,238 11th in Serie A Milan Milan San Siro 82,955 4th in Serie A Napoli Naples Stadio San Paolo 60,240 2nd in Serie B Palermo Palermo Stadio Renzo Barbera 37,242 5th in Serie A Parma Parma Stadio Ennio Tardini 27,906 12th in Serie A Reggina Reggio Calabria Stadio Oreste Granillo 27,454 16th in Serie A Roma Rome Stadio Olimpico 82,307 2nd in Serie A Sampdoria Genoa Stadio Luigi Ferraris 36,685 9th in Serie A Siena Siena Stadio Artemio Franchi – Montepaschi Arena 15,373 15th in Serie A Torino Turin Stadio Olimpico di Torino 27,168 17th in Serie A Udinese Udine Stadio Friuli 41,652 10th in Serie A Personnels and Sponsoring Team Head Coach Captain Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor Atalanta Luigi Delneri Antonino Bernardini Errea Sit In Sport, Daihatsu Cagliari Davide Ballardini Diego López Umbro Tiscali, Sky Catania Silvio Baldini Davide Baiocco Legea SP Energia Siciliana, Regione Sicilia/Cesame Empoli Alberto Malesani Ighli Vannucchi Asics Navigare, Computer Gross Fiorentina Cesare Prandelli Dario Dainelli Lotto Toyota Genoa Gian Piero Gasperini Marco Rossi Errea Eurobet Internazionale Roberto Mancini Javier Zanetti Nike Pirelli Juventus Claudio Ranieri Alessandro Del Piero Nike New Holland Lazio Delio Rossi Luciano Zauri Puma So.Spe/Edileuropa Livorno Giancarlo Camolese David Balleri Asics Gruppo Banca Carige, Mediaset Premium Milan Carlo Ancelotti Paolo Maldini Adidas Bwin Napoli Edoardo Reja Paolo Cannavaro Diadora Lete Palermo Francesco Guidolin Andrea Barzagli Lotto Pramac Parma Domenico Di Carlo Luca Bucci Errea Kome, Il Granchio Reggina Nevio Orlandi Francesco Cozza Onze Gicos, Regione Calabria Roma Luciano Spalletti Francesco Totti Kappa Wind Sampdoria Walter Mazzarri Sergio Volpi Kappa Erg Siena Mario Beretta Enrico Chiesa Umbro Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena Torino Walter Novellino Gianluca Comotto Asics Reale Mutua, Fratelli Beretta Udinese Pasquale Marino Giampiero Pinzi Lotto Gaudì Jeans League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Internazionale (C) 38 25 10 3 69 26 +43 85 Qualification to Champions League group stage 2 Roma 38 24 10 4 72 37 +35 82 3 Juventus 38 20 12 6 72 37 +35 72 Qualification to Champions League third qualifying round 4 Fiorentina 38 19 9 10 55 39 +16 66 5 Milan 38 18 10 10 66 38 +28 64 Qualification to UEFA Cup first round 6 Sampdoria 38 17 9 12 56 46 +10 60 7 Udinese 38 16 9 13 48 53 −5 57 8 Napoli 38 14 8 16 50 53 −3 50 Qualification to Intertoto Cup third round 9 Atalanta 38 12 12 14 52 56 −4 48 10 Genoa 38 13 9 16 44 52 −8 48 11 Palermo 38 12 11 15 47 57 −10 47 12 Lazio 38 11 13 14 47 51 −4 46 13 Siena 38 9 17 12 40 45 −5 44 14 Cagliari 38 11 9 18 40 56 −16 42 15 Torino 38 8 16 14 36 49 −13 40 16 Reggina 38 9 13 16 37 56 −19 40 17 Catania 38 8 13 17 33 45 −12 37 18 Empoli (R) 38 9 9 20 29 52 −23 36 Relegation to Serie B 19 Parma (R) 38 7 13 18 42 62 −20 34 20 Livorno (R) 38 6 12 20 35 60 −25 30 Source: Serie ARules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes: ^ The 7th-placed team qualified for the UEFA Cup due to both of the Coppa Italia finalists, Roma and Internazionale, finishing 6th or higher. ^ a b Atalanta finished ahead of Genoa on head-to-head points: Genoa 2-1 Atalanta, Atalanta 2-0 Genoa. ^ Cagliari was docked 3 points for filing an unauthorized lawsuit, but the penalty was later reversed. ^ a b Torino finished ahead of Reggina on head-to-head points: Torino 2-2 Reggina, Reggina 1–3 Torino. Results Home \ Away ATA CAG CTN EMP FIO GEN INT JUV LAZ LIV MIL NAP PAL PAR REG ROM SAM SIE TOR UDI Atalanta 2–2 0–0 4–1 2–2 2–0 0–2 0–4 2–1 3–2 2–1 5–1 1–3 2–0 2–2 1–2 4–1 2–2 2–2 0–0 Cagliari 1–0 1–1 2–0 2–1 2–1 0–2 2–3 1–0 0–0 1–2 2–1 0–1 1–1 2–2 1–1 0–3 1–0 3–0 0–1 Catania 1–2 2–1 1–0 0–1 0–0 0–2 1–1 1–0 1–0 1–1 3–0 3–1 0–0 1–2 1–1 2–0 0–0 1–2 2–0 Empoli 0–1 4–1 2–0 0–2 1–1 0–2 0–0 1–0 2–1 1–3 0–0 3–1 1–1 1–1 2–2 0–2 0–2 0–0 0–1 Fiorentina 2–2 5–1 2–1 3–1 3–1 0–2 1–1 1–0 1–0 0–1 1–0 1–0 3–1 2–0 2–2 2–2 3–0 2–1 1–2 Genoa 2–1 2–0 2–1 0–1 0–0 1–1 0–2 0–2 1–1 0–3 2–0 3–3 1–0 2–0 0–1 0–1 1–3 3–0 3–2 Internazionale 2–1 2–1 2–0 1–0 2–0 4–1 1–2 3–0 2–0 2–1 2–1 2–1 3–2 2–0 1–1 3–0 2–2 4–0 1–1 Juventus 1–0 1–1 1–1 3–0 2–3 1–0 1–1 5–2 5–1 3–2 1–0 5–0 3–0 4–0 1–0 0–0 2–0 0–0 0–1 Lazio 3–0 3–1 2–0 0–0 0–1 1–2 1–1 2–3 2–0 1–5 2–1 1–2 1–0 1–0 3–2 2–1 1–1 2–2 0–1 Livorno 1–1 1–2 1–0 1–0 0–3 1–1 2–2 1–3 0–1 1–4 1–2 2–4 1–1 1–1 1–1 3–1 0–0 0–1 0–0 Milan 1–2 3–1 1–1 0–1 1–1 2–0 2–1 0–0 1–1 1–1 5–2 2–1 1–1 5–1 0–1 1–2 1–0 0–0 4–1 Napoli 2–0 0–2 2–0 1–3 2–0 1–2 1–0 3–1 2–2 1–0 3–1 1–0 1–0 1–1 0–2 2–0 0–0 1–1 3–1 Palermo 0–0 2–1 1–0 2–0 2–0 2–3 0–0 3–2 2–2 1–0 2–1 2–1 1–1 1–1 0–2 0–2 2–3 1–1 1–1 Parma 2–3 1–1 2–2 1–0 1–2 1–0 0–2 2–2 2–2 3–2 0–0 1–2 2–1 3–0 0–3 1–2 2–2 2–0 2–0 Reggina 1–1 2–0 3–1 2–0 0–0 2–0 0–1 2–1 1–1 1–3 0–1 1–1 0–0 2–1 0–2 1–0 4–0 1–3 1–3 Roma 2–1 2–0 2–0 2–1 1–0 3–2 1–4 2–2 3–2 1–1 2–1 4–4 1–0 4–0 2–0 2–0 3–0 4–1 2–1 Sampdoria 3–0 1–1 3–1 3–0 2–2 0–0 1–1 3–3 0–0 2–0 0–5 2–0 3–0 3–0 3–0 0–3 1–0 2–2 3–0 Siena 1–1 1–0 1–1 3–0 1–0 0–1 2–3 1–0 1–1 2–3 1–1 1–1 2–2 2–0 0–0 3–0 1–2 0–0 1–1 Torino 1–0 2–0 1–1 0–1 0–1 1–1 0–1 0–1 0–0 1–2 0–1 2–1 3–1 4–4 2–2 0–0 1–0 1–1 0–1 Udinese 2–0 0–2 2–1 2–2 3–1 3–5 0–0 1–2 2–2 2–0 0–1 0–5 1–1 2–1 2–0 1–3 3–2 2–0 2–1 Source: lega-calcio.it (in Italian)Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Top goalscorers Rank Player Club Goals 1 Alessandro Del Piero Juventus 21 2 David Trezeguet Juventus 20 3 Marco Borriello Genoa 19 4 Antonio Di Natale Udinese 17 Zlatan Ibrahimović Internazionale Adrian Mutu Fiorentina 7 Amauri Palermo 15 Kaká Milan 9 Goran Pandev Lazio 14 Tommaso Rocchi Lazio Francesco Totti Roma Coaches Club Head coach From To Atalanta Luigi Delneri June 9, 2007 Cagliari Marco Giampaolo February 26, 2007 November 13, 2007 Nedo Sonetti November 13, 2007 December 27, 2007 Davide Ballardini December 27, 2007 Catania Silvio Baldini June 3, 2007 March 31, 2008 Walter Zenga April 1, 2008 Empoli Luigi Cagni January 19, 2006 November 26, 2007 Alberto Malesani November 26, 2007 March 31, 2008 Luigi Cagni March 31, 2008 Fiorentina Cesare Prandelli June 10, 2005 Genoa Gian Piero Gasperini June 29, 2006 Internazionale Roberto Mancini July 7, 2004 Juventus Claudio Ranieri June 4, 2007 Lazio Delio Rossi June 10, 2005 Livorno Fernando Orsi March 21, 2007 October 9, 2007 Giancarlo Camolese October 10, 2007 April 28, 2008 Fernando Orsi April 28, 2008 Milan Carlo Ancelotti November 5, 2001 Napoli Edoardo Reja January 18, 2005 Palermo Stefano Colantuono June 7, 2007 November 26, 2007 Francesco Guidolin November 26, 2007 March 24, 2008 Stefano Colantuono March 24, 2008 Parma Domenico Di Carlo June 12, 2007 March 10, 2008 Héctor Cúper March 11, 2008 May 12, 2008 Andrea Manzo May 12, 2008 Reggina Massimo Ficcadenti July 1, 2007 November 1, 2007 Renzo Ulivieri November 1, 2007 March 3, 2008 Nevio Orlandi March 3, 2008 Roma Luciano Spalletti June 17, 2005 Sampdoria Walter Mazzarri May 31, 2007 Siena Andrea Mandorlini June 12, 2007 November 12, 2007 Mario Beretta November 12, 2007 Torino Walter Novellino June 6, 2007 April 16, 2008 Gianni De Biasi April 16, 2008 Udinese Pasquale Marino June 5, 2007 2007–08 events Atalanta: on June 9, 2007 Luigi Delneri was announced as new head coach following Stefano Colantuono's departure to Palermo. Cagliari: on November 13 Cagliari chairman Massimo Cellino sacked Marco Giampaolo and replaced him with veteran coach Nedo Sonetti, who already served twice with the rossoblu before this new appointment. On December 19 Sonetti tendered his resignation, after he managed to achieve only one point in three matches in charge, and Cellino called Giampaolo to serve again as rossoblu head coach. However, Giampaolo, still linked to Cagliari by a contract, turned down the opportunity to return. The next day, the club announced that it had rejected Sonetti's resignation. Sonetti was ultimately sacked only a few days later, on December 27, following a crushing 5–1 loss to Fiorentina, and replaced by Davide Ballardini, who served as Cagliari head coach in the early weeks of the 2005–06 season. Catania: on June 3, 2007 Silvio Baldini was announced as new head coach. The team initially enjoyed a good shape, notably gaining a spot in the Coppa Italia semi-finals, but lost position with time, being in 16th place as of Week 31, only three points ahead of last-placed Empoli, convincing Baldini to leave the club with mutual consent on March 31, 2008. He was replaced the next day by Walter Zenga, former head coach of Red Star Belgrade and Steaua București, at his first coaching experience with a Serie A team. Empoli: on November 26, 2007 the Tuscan side chose to sack Luigi Cagni, who achieved only ten points in fourteen matches (18th place in the league table) and failed to win the 2007–08 UEFA Cup first round, replacing him with Alberto Malesani. On March 31, 2008, after a 2–0 home loss to Sampdoria which left Empoli alone in last place, the board decided to sack Malesani, reinstalling Cagni in charge. Juventus: on June 4, 2007 former Parma head coach Claudio Ranieri was unveiled as new boss. Livorno: on October 9, 2007 Fernando Orsi was sacked following a string of poor results that brought the team down to bottom place in the league with two points and no win after seven games. The position was then filled by Giancarlo Camolese the next day. Camolese initially managed to improve Livorno's performances; however in the final part of the season Livorno entered into a deep result crisis that led them down to the league bottom, with three matches remaining, and Camolese being ultimately sacked on April 28, 2008, with Orsi re-appointed back at the helm of the amaranto. Palermo: on June 7, 2007 Stefano Colantuono of Atalanta was announced to be the next rosanero boss for the 2007-08 season. However, on November 26 Colantuono was sacked following a 5–0 defeat to Juventus, and club chairman Maurizio Zamparini appointed Francesco Guidolin as his replacement, inaugurating a fourth spell with Palermo for the tactician. However, results did not improve under Guidolin, and three consecutive losses, followed by some controversial post-match comments in a 2–3 home loss to Genoa on March 22, 2008 led Zamparini to re-appoint Colantuono at the helm of the rosanero on March 24. Parma: on June 12, 2007 Domenico Di Carlo was announced as new boss following the departure of Claudio Ranieri. However, as Parma struggled to keep themselves off the relegation battle, Di Carlo was sacked on March 10, 2008 following a 1–2 home defeat to Sampdoria. The next day the club announced to have appointed Héctor Cúper as new head coach. The Argentine boss did not manage to improve results, with Parma finding themselves in 18th place with only one remaining match to be played at home against first-placed Internazionale, only two points behind the last Serie A spot. On May 12 Parma chairman Tommaso Ghirardi then surprisingly announced to have sacked Cúper, replacing him with youth team coach Andrea Manzo for the final league matchday in a desperate attempt to escape relegation. Reggina: on June 23, 2007 news reports announced Massimo Ficcadenti as new boss following the departure of Walter Mazzarri. However, on June 27 Verona announced they were not giving Ficcadenti permission to leave the club and move to Reggina. On July 1, Reggina finally announced on their website to have appointed Ficcadenti as coach, after he successfully rescinded his contract with Verona. Ficcadenti was however sacked on November 1, following a 3–1 home loss to last-placed Livorno and no wins in the first ten league days, and veteran coach Renzo Ulivieri was appointed to replace him. However, on March 3, 2008 the club management decided to dismiss Ulivieri from his post following a 0–0 home draw to Palermo, as Reggina was filling the 19th place with 22 points, and replaced him with team scout and former youth team coach Nevio Orlandi. Sampdoria: on May 31, 2007 Walter Mazzarri was named new Samp boss. Siena: on June 12, 2007 Andrea Mandorlini was confirmed new head coach following separation by mutual consent between the club and its boss Mario Beretta. However Mandorlini was sacked on November 12, after a 2–3 home loss to Livorno which left the team in last place, and Beretta accepted to return at Siena. Torino: on June 6, 2007 former Sampdoria boss Walter Novellino was announced head coach for the new season, replacing Gianni De Biasi. On April 16, 2008, following a string of disappointing results that left the granata only four points ahead the relegation zone, leading to heavy criticisms from the supporting fanbase, Torino president Urbano Cairo chose to sack Novellino and reappoint De Biasi, a fan favourite, as head coach. Udinese: on June 5, 2007 former Catania boss Pasquale Marino was officially unveiled as new head coach. Footnotes ^ Gazzetta dello Sport (2007-06-21). "Abete, ok "con rammarico". La serie A parte il 26 agosto" (in Italian). Retrieved 2007-06-22. ^ Football Italia (2007-06-20). "Could Inter be demoted?". Archived from the original on 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2007-06-22. ^ "Officer 'rues' killing Lazio fan". BBC News. 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2010-04-22. ^ a b Football Italia (2007-11-11). "Lazio fan killed - Serie A stopped?". Archived from the original on 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2007-11-11. ^ Football Italia (2007-11-11). "Inter-Lazio Off". Archived from the original on 2007-11-12. 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Retrieved 2007-06-07. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serie A 2007-2008. vteSerie A seasonsPrima Categoria 1897–98 1898–99 1899-1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 FIGC Prima Divisione 1921–22 CCI 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 Divisione Nazionale 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 Serie A 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 Divisione Nazionale 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 Serie A 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Wartime tournaments: 1916 Coppa Federale 1944 Alta Italia vte2007–08 in Italian football← 2006–072008–09 →Domestic leagues Serie A Serie B Serie C1 Serie C2 Serie D Eccellenza Domestic cups Coppa Italia Final Supercoppa Italiana Coppa Italia Serie C European competitions Champions League UEFA Cup Intertoto Cup Club seasonsSerie A Atalanta Cagliari Catania Empoli Fiorentina Genoa Internazionale Juventus Lazio Livorno Milan Napoli Palermo Parma Reggina Roma Sampdoria Siena Torino Udinese Serie B Cesena Lecce Piacenza Spezia Summer 2007 transfers (co-ownership) Winter 2007–08 transfers Summer 2008 transfers (July, August, co-ownership) vte2007–08 in European men's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia '07 '08 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus '07 '08 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia '07 '08 Faroe Islands '07 '08 Finland '07 '08 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '07 '08 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '07 '08 Latvia '07 '08 Lithuania '07 '08 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '07 '08 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '07 '08 Romania Russia '07 '08 San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden '07 '08 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands '07 '08 Finland '07 '08 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '07 '08 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '07 '08 Latvia '07 '08 Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '07 '08 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '07 '08 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden '07 '08 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Finland '07 '08 France Germany Hungary Iceland '07 '08 Israel Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland '07 '08 Scotland Wales UEFA competitions Champions League (Qualifying rounds, Group stage, Knockout stage, Final) UEFA Cup (Qualifying rounds, First round, Group stage, Knockout stage, Final) Intertoto Cup Super Cup Portals: Association football Italy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"TIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Italia_Mobile"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"round-robin tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Internazionale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Internazionale_Milano"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 2007–08 Serie A (known as the Serie A TIM for sponsorship reasons) was the 106th season of top-tier Italian football, the 76th in a round-robin tournament. It started on 25 August 2007 and ended on 18 May 2008.[1] Internazionale successfully defended the championship on the final day of the season, finishing first with 85 points, three ahead of Roma.","title":"2007–08 Serie A"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internazionale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"Sampdoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria"},{"link_name":"Reggina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggina_Calcio"},{"link_name":"2005–06 Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"scudetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scudetto"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"Calciopoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciopoli"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Plusvalenze investigation","text":"Inquiries are being conducted by the CO.VI.SOC. (Italian football's financial watchdogs) into the finances of four Serie A clubs (Internazionale, Milan, Sampdoria, and Reggina) who stand accused of falsely inflating player values — a practice known as plusvalenze in Italian — in order to qualify financially for the 2005–06 Serie A. If the allegations prove true, penalties could range from fines to point deductions, relegation to Serie B, and even the stripping of Internazionale's 2005-06 scudetto, which was stripped from Juventus as a result of the Calciopoli scandal before being awarded to Internazionale.[2]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Lazio"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"A1 Motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Motorway_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Arezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arezzo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fandeath-4"},{"link_name":"stray bullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet"},{"link_name":"ultras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fandeath-4"},{"link_name":"Lega Calcio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Nazionale_Professionisti"},{"link_name":"Antonio Matarrese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Matarrese"},{"link_name":"Inter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Internazionale_Milano"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sandrilazio-5"},{"link_name":"Stadio Olimpico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Lazio fan killed by police","text":"On the morning of 11 November 2007 26-year-old Lazio fan Gabriele Sandri, a DJ from Rome, was killed by a shot in his neck while sitting inside a car,[3] by a policeman, after some other fans of Lazio violently assaulted a group of Juventus ultras with stones on the A1 Motorway service station of Badia al Pino in Arezzo.[4] Early reports suggested that a stray bullet from a gun, set to distract the group of ultras, hit the Lazio fan in the neck as he sat in a car and killed him.[4] An emergency meeting set up between Lega Calcio president Antonio Matarrese and police chief Antonio Manganelli decided that the game between Inter and Lazio would be called off, but the rest of the fixtures would go ahead that day, starting at a slightly later time (about 10 minutes later).[5] The Atalanta–Milan game was eventually suspended following unrest caused by local ultras attempting to break off the protection glass in order to invade the pitch and stop the match. Later in the afternoon, the Italian Football Federation chose to postpone also the game between AS Roma and Cagliari, whose kick off was scheduled for 8:30 pm at Stadio Olimpico, Rome. However, this did not prevent violent riots, as hundreds of armed hooligans attacked a police barracks and the CONI (Italian Olympic National Committee) headquarters in Rome.[6]Though Sandri's death was later held by some to have been caused by a tragic error by a policeman who claimed his gun went off as he was running.[7] Prosecutors then opted initially to open an inquiry into manslaughter against the policeman,[8] nevertheless the initial hearing held that Sandri's death was culpable homicide, and the policeman involved (Luigi Spaccarotella) was condemned to 6 years imprisonment. On appeal, the higher court not only confirmed this judgment, but increased the punishment to 9 years and 4 months as an element of intentionality was found.[9]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_F.C."},{"link_name":"Catania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Catania"},{"link_name":"Zlatan Ibrahimović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stadio Angelo Massimino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Angelo_Massimino"},{"link_name":"Walter Zenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Zenga"},{"link_name":"Empoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empoli_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Final week","text":"The championship was decided in the final week, as Inter, who managed to secure even an 11-point advantage to rivals Roma in mid-season, lost almost all of it in the final weeks, maintaining only a one-point advantage with only one match to play. In the final week, both Inter and Roma were scheduled to play away matches opposed to relegation-battling sides, respectively Parma and Catania. Both matches were successively forbidden to be attended by Inter and Roma fans. In the end, Inter secured the scudetto with a 2–0 win, with both goals being scored in the second half by Zlatan Ibrahimović, who recovered from a long-term injury in time to play the game, whereas Roma only managed to achieve a 1–1 draw at Stadio Angelo Massimino against Walter Zenga's Catania, a result which allowed the Sicilian side to escape relegation at the expense of Empoli and Parma.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg"},{"link_name":"Atalanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalanta_B.C."},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Catania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Catania"},{"link_name":"Empoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empoli_F.C."},{"link_name":"Fiorentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C."},{"link_name":"Internazionale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Lazio"},{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Livorno_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Citt%C3%A0_di_Palermo"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913"},{"link_name":"Reggina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggina_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"Sampdoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Siena"},{"link_name":"Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_F.C."},{"link_name":"Udinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udinese_Calcio"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg"}],"sub_title":"Stadiums and locations","text":"AtalantaCagliariCataniaEmpoliFiorentinaGenoaInternazionaleJuventusLazioLivornoMilanNapoliPalermoParmaRegginaRomaSampdoriaSienaTorinoUdineseclass=notpageimage\| Locations of the 2007–08 Serie A teams","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Personnels and Sponsoring","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lega-calcio.it/ita/atim_classifica.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_UC10.69121569473819_11-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_ATA0.69121569473819_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_ATA0.69121569473819_12-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_CAG0.69121569473819_13-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_TOR0.69121569473819_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_TOR0.69121569473819_14-1"}],"text":"Source: Serie ARules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ The 7th-placed team qualified for the UEFA Cup due to both of the Coppa Italia finalists, Roma and Internazionale, finishing 6th or higher.\n\n^ a b Atalanta finished ahead of Genoa on head-to-head points: Genoa 2-1 Atalanta, Atalanta 2-0 Genoa.\n\n^ Cagliari was docked 3 points for filing an unauthorized lawsuit, but the penalty was later reversed.\n\n^ a b Torino finished ahead of Reggina on head-to-head points: Torino 2-2 Reggina, Reggina 1–3 Torino.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalanta_B.C."},{"link_name":"CAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio"},{"link_name":"CTN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Catania"},{"link_name":"EMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empoli_F.C."},{"link_name":"FIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina"},{"link_name":"GEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C."},{"link_name":"INT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"JUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"LAZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Lazio"},{"link_name":"LIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Livorno_Calcio"},{"link_name":"MIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"NAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli"},{"link_name":"PAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Citt%C3%A0_di_Palermo"},{"link_name":"PAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_F.C."},{"link_name":"REG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggina_Calcio"},{"link_name":"ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"SAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria"},{"link_name":"SIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Robur_Siena"},{"link_name":"TOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_F.C."},{"link_name":"UDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udinese_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Atalanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalanta_B.C."},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Catania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Catania"},{"link_name":"3–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_di_Sicilia"},{"link_name":"Empoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empoli_F.C."},{"link_name":"Fiorentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C."},{"link_name":"0–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_della_Lanterna"},{"link_name":"Internazionale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"1–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"2–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_della_Madonnina"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"1–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"0–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_della_Mole"},{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Lazio"},{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Livorno_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"2–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_della_Madonnina"},{"link_name":"Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Citt%C3%A0_di_Palermo"},{"link_name":"1–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_derby"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_F.C."},{"link_name":"Reggina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggina_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"3–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_della_Capitale"},{"link_name":"Sampdoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria"},{"link_name":"0–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_della_Lanterna"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Robur_Siena"},{"link_name":"Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_F.C."},{"link_name":"0–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_della_Mole"},{"link_name":"Udinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udinese_Calcio"},{"link_name":"lega-calcio.it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lega-calcio.it"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nATA\n\nCAG\n\nCTN\n\nEMP\n\nFIO\n\nGEN\n\nINT\n\nJUV\n\nLAZ\n\nLIV\n\nMIL\n\nNAP\n\nPAL\n\nPAR\n\nREG\n\nROM\n\nSAM\n\nSIE\n\nTOR\n\nUDI\n\n\nAtalanta\n\n\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n4–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–4\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n5–1\n\n1–3\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n4–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n\nCagliari\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n\nCatania\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n\nEmpoli\n\n0–1\n\n4–1\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–3\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–2\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n\nFiorentina\n\n2–2\n\n5–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n\nGenoa\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n2–0\n\n3–3\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n3–0\n\n3–2\n\n\nInternazionale\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n4–1\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–2\n\n4–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nJuventus\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n5–2\n\n5–1\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n5–0\n\n3–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n\nLazio\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–3\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n1–5\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n\nLivorno\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n1–4\n\n1–2\n\n2–4\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nMilan\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n5–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n5–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–1\n\n\nNapoli\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n\nPalermo\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–3\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–2\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nParma\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n0–3\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nReggina\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–3\n\n\nRoma\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–4\n\n2–2\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n4–4\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n\nSampdoria\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–3\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–5\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–3\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n3–0\n\n\nSiena\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nTorino\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n4–4\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n\nUdinese\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n3–5\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–5\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n\n\nSource: lega-calcio.it (in Italian)Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Top goalscorers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luigi Delneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Delneri"},{"link_name":"Stefano Colantuono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Colantuono"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delneri_atalanta-16"},{"link_name":"Massimo Cellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Cellino"},{"link_name":"Marco Giampaolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Giampaolo"},{"link_name":"Nedo Sonetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedo_Sonetti"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giampaolo_sacked-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sonetti_cagliari-19"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sonetti_resignation-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Davide Ballardini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davide_Ballardini"},{"link_name":"2005–06 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sonetti_sacked-20"},{"link_name":"Silvio Baldini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Baldini"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baldini_catania-21"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baldini_resignation-22"},{"link_name":"Walter Zenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Zenga"},{"link_name":"Red Star Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Steaua București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zenga_catania-23"},{"link_name":"Luigi Cagni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Cagni"},{"link_name":"2007–08 UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Alberto Malesani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Malesani"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cagni_sacked-25"},{"link_name":"Sampdoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malesani_sacked-26"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_F.C."},{"link_name":"Claudio Ranieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Ranieri"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ranieri_juve-30"},{"link_name":"Fernando Orsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Orsi"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orsi_sacked-32"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Camolese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Camolese"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camolese_livorno-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camolese_sacked-34"},{"link_name":"Stefano Colantuono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Colantuono"},{"link_name":"Atalanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalanta_B.C."},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colantuono_palermo-37"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Zamparini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Zamparini"},{"link_name":"Francesco Guidolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guidolin"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colantuono_sacked-38"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C."},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guidolin_sacked-39"},{"link_name":"Domenico Di Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Di_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Claudio Ranieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Ranieri"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dicarlo_parma-40"},{"link_name":"Sampdoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dicarlo_sacked-41"},{"link_name":"Héctor Cúper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_C%C3%BAper"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuper_parma-42"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Tommaso Ghirardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Ghirardi"},{"link_name":"Andrea Manzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Manzo"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuper_sacked-43"},{"link_name":"Massimo Ficcadenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Ficcadenti"},{"link_name":"Walter Mazzarri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mazzarri"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ficcadenti_reggina-44"},{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Livorno_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ficcadenti_sacked-45"},{"link_name":"Renzo Ulivieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Ulivieri"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ulivieri_reggina-46"},{"link_name":"Nevio Orlandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevio_Orlandi"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ulivieri_sacked-47"},{"link_name":"Walter Mazzarri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mazzarri"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mazzarri_samp-49"},{"link_name":"Andrea Mandorlini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Mandorlini"},{"link_name":"Mario Beretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Beretta"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mandorlini_siena-50"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Livorno_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mandorlini_sacked-51"},{"link_name":"Sampdoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria"},{"link_name":"Walter Novellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Novellino"},{"link_name":"Gianni De Biasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_De_Biasi"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-novellino_toro-52"},{"link_name":"Urbano Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbano_Cairo"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-novellino_sacked-53"},{"link_name":"Catania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Catania"},{"link_name":"Pasquale Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasquale_Marino"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marino_udinese-54"}],"sub_title":"2007–08 events","text":"Atalanta: on June 9, 2007 Luigi Delneri was announced as new head coach following Stefano Colantuono's departure to Palermo.[12]\nCagliari: on November 13 Cagliari chairman Massimo Cellino sacked Marco Giampaolo and replaced him with veteran coach Nedo Sonetti, who already served twice with the rossoblu before this new appointment.[14][15] On December 19 Sonetti tendered his resignation, after he managed to achieve only one point in three matches in charge, and Cellino called Giampaolo to serve again as rossoblu head coach.[51] However, Giampaolo, still linked to Cagliari by a contract, turned down the opportunity to return.[52] The next day, the club announced that it had rejected Sonetti's resignation.[53] Sonetti was ultimately sacked only a few days later, on December 27, following a crushing 5–1 loss to Fiorentina, and replaced by Davide Ballardini, who served as Cagliari head coach in the early weeks of the 2005–06 season.[16]\nCatania: on June 3, 2007 Silvio Baldini was announced as new head coach.[17] The team initially enjoyed a good shape, notably gaining a spot in the Coppa Italia semi-finals, but lost position with time, being in 16th place as of Week 31, only three points ahead of last-placed Empoli, convincing Baldini to leave the club with mutual consent on March 31, 2008.[18] He was replaced the next day by Walter Zenga, former head coach of Red Star Belgrade and Steaua București, at his first coaching experience with a Serie A team.[19]\nEmpoli: on November 26, 2007 the Tuscan side chose to sack Luigi Cagni, who achieved only ten points in fourteen matches (18th place in the league table) and failed to win the 2007–08 UEFA Cup first round, replacing him with Alberto Malesani.[21] On March 31, 2008, after a 2–0 home loss to Sampdoria which left Empoli alone in last place, the board decided to sack Malesani, reinstalling Cagni in charge.[22]\nJuventus: on June 4, 2007 former Parma head coach Claudio Ranieri was unveiled as new boss.[26]\nLivorno: on October 9, 2007 Fernando Orsi was sacked following a string of poor results that brought the team down to bottom place in the league with two points and no win after seven games.[28] The position was then filled by Giancarlo Camolese the next day.[29] Camolese initially managed to improve Livorno's performances; however in the final part of the season Livorno entered into a deep result crisis that led them down to the league bottom, with three matches remaining, and Camolese being ultimately sacked on April 28, 2008, with Orsi re-appointed back at the helm of the amaranto.[30]\nPalermo: on June 7, 2007 Stefano Colantuono of Atalanta was announced to be the next rosanero boss for the 2007-08 season.[33] However, on November 26 Colantuono was sacked following a 5–0 defeat to Juventus, and club chairman Maurizio Zamparini appointed Francesco Guidolin as his replacement, inaugurating a fourth spell with Palermo for the tactician.[34] However, results did not improve under Guidolin, and three consecutive losses, followed by some controversial post-match comments in a 2–3 home loss to Genoa on March 22, 2008 led Zamparini to re-appoint Colantuono at the helm of the rosanero on March 24.[35]\nParma: on June 12, 2007 Domenico Di Carlo was announced as new boss following the departure of Claudio Ranieri.[36] However, as Parma struggled to keep themselves off the relegation battle, Di Carlo was sacked on March 10, 2008 following a 1–2 home defeat to Sampdoria.[37] The next day the club announced to have appointed Héctor Cúper as new head coach.[38] The 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Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Czech_Cup"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Danish_Cup"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Estonian_Cup"},{"link_name":"'07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Faroe_Islands_Cup"},{"link_name":"'08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Faroe_Islands_Cup"},{"link_name":"'07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_Finnish_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"'08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Finnish_Cup"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Georgian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Greek_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Magyar_Kupa"},{"link_name":"'07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Icelandic_Cup"},{"link_name":"'08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Icelandic_Cup"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Israel_State_Cup"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Coppa_Italia"},{"link_name":"'07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_Kazakhstan_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"'08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kazakhstan_Cup"},{"link_name":"'07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_Latvian_Football_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"'08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Liechtenstein_Cup"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007%E2%80%9308_Lithuanian_Football_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007%E2%80%9308_Luxembourg_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Macedonian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Maltese_FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Moldovan_Cup"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Montenegrin_Cup"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_KNVB_Cup"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Irish_Cup"},{"link_name":"'07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Norwegian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"'08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Norwegian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Polish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"'07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_FAI_Cup"},{"link_name":"'08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_FAI_Cup"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Cupa_Rom%C3%A2niei"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Russian_Cup"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Coppa_Titano"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Serbian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Slovak_Cup"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Slovenian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"'07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Svenska_Cupen"},{"link_name":"'08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Svenska_Cupen"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Swiss_Cup"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Turkish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Ukrainian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Welsh_Cup"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"'07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_Finnish_League_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"'08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Finnish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_DFL-Ligapokal"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Ligakupa"},{"link_name":"'07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Deildabikar"},{"link_name":"'08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Deildabikar"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Toto_Cup_Al"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Irish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"'07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_League_of_Ireland_Cup"},{"link_name":"'08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_League_of_Ireland_Cup"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Welsh_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Qualifying rounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Champions_League_qualifying_rounds"},{"link_name":"Group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage"},{"link_name":"Knockout stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Champions_League_knockout_stage"},{"link_name":"Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_UEFA_Champions_League_final"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Qualifying rounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Cup_qualifying_rounds"},{"link_name":"First round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Cup_first_round"},{"link_name":"Group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Cup_group_stage"},{"link_name":"Knockout stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Cup_knockout_stage"},{"link_name":"Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_UEFA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Intertoto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_UEFA_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soccer_ball.svg"},{"link_name":"Association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Association_football"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Italy"}],"text":"^ Gazzetta dello Sport (2007-06-21). \"Abete, ok \"con rammarico\". 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Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-06-16.\n\n^ a b \"Mazzarri named Samp boss\". Football Italia. 2007-05-31. Archived from the original on 2007-06-02. Retrieved 2007-05-31.\n\n^ a b \"Mandorlini lands Siena post\". Football Italia. 2007-06-12. Archived from the original on 2007-06-15. Retrieved 2007-06-12.\n\n^ a b c \"Mandorlini out, Beretta in\". Football Italia. 2007-11-12. Archived from the original on 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2007-11-12.\n\n^ a b \"Novellino lands Toro job\". Football Italia. 2007-06-06. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-06-06.\n\n^ a b c \"Torino sack Novellino\". SKY Sports. 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2008-04-16.\n\n^ a b \"Udinese net Marino – official\". Football Italia. 2007-06-05. Archived from the original on 2007-06-24. Retrieved 2007-06-05.\n\n^ \"Sonetti si è dimesso\" (in Italian). Cagliari Calcio. 19 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2007.\n\n^ \"Giampaolo rejects Cagliari call\". Football Italia. 2007-12-19. Archived from the original on 2007-12-21. Retrieved 2007-12-19.\n\n^ \"Respinte le dimissioni di Sonetti\" (in Italian). Cagliari Calcio. 2007-12-20. Archived from the original on 2008-04-12. Retrieved 2007-12-20.\n\n^ \"Reggina appoint Ficcadenti\". Football Italia. 2007-06-23. Archived from the original on 2007-07-12. Retrieved 2007-06-24.\n\n^ \"Hellas Verona Football Club smentisce di essere alla ricerca di un nuovo allenatore\" (in Italian). Hellas Verona FC. 2007-06-27. Retrieved 2007-06-27.\n\n^ \"Reggina coach poached!\". Football Italia. 2007-06-27. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2007-06-27.\n\n^ \"Beretta ends Siena spell\". Football Italia. 2007-06-07. Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2007-06-07.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serie A 2007-2008.vteSerie A seasonsPrima Categoria\n1897–98\n1898–99\n1899-1900\n1900–01\n1901–02\n1902–03\n1903–04\n1904–05\n1905–06\n1906–07\n1907–08\n1908–09\n1909–10\n1910–11\n1911–12\n1912–13\n1913–14\n1914–15\n1915–16\n1916–17\n1917–18\n1918–19\n1919–20\n1920–21\n1921–22 FIGC\nPrima Divisione\n1921–22 CCI\n1922–23\n1923–24\n1924–25\n1925–26\nDivisione Nazionale\n1926–27\n1927–28\n1928–29\nSerie A\n1929–30\n1930–31\n1931–32\n1932–33\n1933–34\n1934–35\n1935–36\n1936–37\n1937–38\n1938–39\n1939–40\n1940–41\n1941–42\n1942–43\nDivisione Nazionale\n1943–44\n1944–45\n1945–46\nSerie A\n1946–47\n1947–48\n1948–49\n1949–50\n1950–51\n1951–52\n1952–53\n1953–54\n1954–55\n1955–56\n1956–57\n1957–58\n1958–59\n1959–60\n1960–61\n1961–62\n1962–63\n1963–64\n1964–65\n1965–66\n1966–67\n1967–68\n1968–69\n1969–70\n1970–71\n1971–72\n1972–73\n1973–74\n1974–75\n1975–76\n1976–77\n1977–78\n1978–79\n1979–80\n1980–81\n1981–82\n1982–83\n1983–84\n1984–85\n1985–86\n1986–87\n1987–88\n1988–89\n1989–90\n1990–91\n1991–92\n1992–93\n1993–94\n1994–95\n1995–96\n1996–97\n1997–98\n1998–99\n1999–2000\n2000–01\n2001–02\n2002–03\n2003–04\n2004–05\n2005–06\n2006–07\n2007–08\n2008–09\n2009–10\n2010–11\n2011–12\n2012–13\n2013–14\n2014–15\n2015–16\n2016–17\n2017–18\n2018–19\n2019–20\n2020–21\n2021–22\n2022–23\n2023–24\n2024–25\n\nWartime tournaments: 1916 Coppa Federale\n1944 Alta Italiavte2007–08 in Italian football← 2006–072008–09 →Domestic leagues\nSerie A\nSerie B\nSerie C1\nSerie C2\nSerie D\nEccellenza\nDomestic cups\nCoppa Italia\nFinal\nSupercoppa Italiana\nCoppa Italia Serie C\nEuropean competitions\nChampions League\nUEFA Cup\nIntertoto Cup\nClub seasonsSerie A\nAtalanta\nCagliari\nCatania\nEmpoli\nFiorentina\nGenoa\nInternazionale\nJuventus\nLazio\nLivorno\nMilan\nNapoli\nPalermo\nParma\nReggina\nRoma\nSampdoria\nSiena\nTorino\nUdinese\nSerie B\nCesena\nLecce\nPiacenza\nSpezia\n\nSummer 2007 transfers (co-ownership)\nWinter 2007–08 transfers\nSummer 2008 transfers (July, August, co-ownership)vte2007–08 in European men's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues\nAlbania\nAndorra\nArmenia '07 '08\nAustria\nAzerbaijan\nBelarus '07 '08\nBelgium\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCyprus\nCzech Republic\nDenmark\nEngland\nEstonia '07 '08\nFaroe Islands '07 '08\nFinland '07 '08\nFrance\nGeorgia\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland '07 '08\nIsrael\nItaly\nKazakhstan '07 '08\nLatvia '07 '08\nLithuania '07 '08\nLuxembourg\nMacedonia\nMalta\nMoldova\nMontenegro\nNetherlands\nNorthern Ireland\nNorway '07 '08\nPoland\nPortugal\nRepublic of Ireland '07 '08\nRomania\nRussia '07 '08\nSan Marino\nScotland\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nSlovenia\nSpain\nSweden '07 '08\nSwitzerland\nTurkey\nUkraine\nWales\nDomestic cups\nAlbania\nAndorra\nArmenia\nAustria\nAzerbaijan\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCyprus\nCzech Republic\nDenmark\nEngland\nEstonia\nFaroe Islands '07 '08\nFinland '07 '08\nFrance\nGeorgia\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland '07 '08\nIsrael\nItaly\nKazakhstan '07 '08\nLatvia '07 '08\nLiechtenstein\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMacedonia\nMalta\nMoldova\nMontenegro\nNetherlands\nNorthern Ireland\nNorway '07 '08\nPoland\nPortugal\nRepublic of Ireland '07 '08\nRomania\nRussia\nSan Marino\nScotland\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nSlovenia\nSpain\nSweden '07 '08\nSwitzerland\nTurkey\nUkraine\nWales\nLeague cups\nEngland\nFinland '07 '08\nFrance\nGermany\nHungary\nIceland '07 '08\nIsrael\nNorthern Ireland\nPortugal\nRepublic of Ireland '07 '08\nScotland\nWales\nUEFA competitions\nChampions League (Qualifying rounds, Group stage, Knockout stage, Final)\nUEFA Cup (Qualifying rounds, First round, Group stage, Knockout stage, Final)\nIntertoto Cup\nSuper CupPortals: Association football Italy","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gazzetta dello Sport (2007-06-21). \"Abete, ok \"con rammarico\". La serie A parte il 26 agosto\" (in Italian). Retrieved 2007-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"url":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Primo_Piano/2007/06_Giugno/21/campionato26.shtml","url_text":"\"Abete, ok \"con rammarico\". La serie A parte il 26 agosto\""}]},{"reference":"Football Italia (2007-06-20). \"Could Inter be demoted?\". Archived from the original on 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2007-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Italia","url_text":"Football Italia"},{"url":"https://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/jun20x.html","url_text":"\"Could Inter be demoted?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070626112715/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/jun20x.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Officer 'rues' killing Lazio fan\". BBC News. 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2010-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7090170.stm","url_text":"\"Officer 'rues' killing Lazio fan\""}]},{"reference":"Football Italia (2007-11-11). \"Lazio fan killed - Serie A stopped?\". Archived from the original on 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2007-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Italia","url_text":"Football Italia"},{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/nov11g.html","url_text":"\"Lazio fan killed - Serie A stopped?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071113010039/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/nov11g.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Football Italia (2007-11-11). \"Inter-Lazio Off\". Archived from the original on 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2007-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Italia","url_text":"Football Italia"},{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/nov11i.html","url_text":"\"Inter-Lazio Off\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071112235250/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/nov11i.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Italy fans rampage after killing\". BBC News. 2007-11-12. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7090017.stm","url_text":"\"Italy fans rampage after killing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071113103923/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7090017.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Officer 'rues' killing Lazio fan\". BBC News. 2007-11-12. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7090170.stm","url_text":"\"Officer 'rues' killing Lazio fan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071114112237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7090170.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Probe starts on Italy fan death\". BBC News. 2007-11-12. Archived from the original on 15 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7091849.stm","url_text":"\"Probe starts on Italy fan death\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071115101959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7091849.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sandri- fu omicidio volontario\". La Repubblica in Italian. 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2010-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2010/12/01/news/sandri_appello-9743836/","url_text":"\"Sandri- fu omicidio volontario\""}]},{"reference":"\"SPORT - CALCIO - SERIE A - Marcatori\" (in Italian). La Repubblica. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repubblica.it/speciale/2007/calcio/dati/serie_a/classifica_marcatori.html","url_text":"\"SPORT - CALCIO - SERIE A - Marcatori\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071015042759/http://www.repubblica.it/speciale/2007/calcio/dati/serie_a/classifica_marcatori.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Atalanta appoint Del Neri\". Football Italia. 2007-06-09. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/jun9p.html","url_text":"\"Atalanta appoint Del Neri\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613134208/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/jun9p.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"De Biasi-Giampaolo, il ritorno\" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 2007-02-26. Retrieved 2007-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Torino/Primo_Piano/2007/02_Febbraio/26/allenatori.shtml","url_text":"\"De Biasi-Giampaolo, il ritorno\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cagliari sack Giampaolo - official\". Football Italia. 2007-11-13. Archived from the original on 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2007-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/nov13f.html","url_text":"\"Cagliari sack Giampaolo - official\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071114122640/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/nov13f.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cagliari: ufficiale, il nuovo tecnico e' Sonetti\" (in Italian). Datasport. 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2007-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.datasport.it/leggi.aspx?id=4697345","url_text":"\"Cagliari: ufficiale, il nuovo tecnico e' Sonetti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cagliari appoint new coach\". Football Italia. 2007-12-27. Archived from the original on 2007-12-30. Retrieved 2007-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/dec27g.html","url_text":"\"Cagliari appoint new coach\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071230101548/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/dec27g.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Baldini is new Catania coach\". Football Italia. 2007-06-03. Archived from the original on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2007-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/jun3l.html","url_text":"\"Baldini is new Catania coach\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080604114309/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/jun3l.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Catania, Baldini se ne va. Zenga sempre più vicino\" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 2008-03-31. Archived from the original on 3 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Squadre/Catania/Primo_Piano/2008/03_Marzo/31/baldini_3103.shtml","url_text":"\"Catania, Baldini se ne va. Zenga sempre più vicino\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072824/http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Squadre/Catania/Primo_Piano/2008/03_Marzo/31/baldini_3103.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Zenga riparte da Catania\" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 2008-04-01. Retrieved 2008-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Primo_Piano/2008/04_Aprile/01/zenga.shtml","url_text":"\"Zenga riparte da Catania\""}]},{"reference":"\"Somma addio, ecco Cagni\" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 2006-01-19. Retrieved 2007-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Empoli/Primo_Piano/2006/01_Gennaio/19/19.html","url_text":"\"Somma addio, ecco Cagni\""}]},{"reference":"\"Empoli axe Cagni\". Football Italia. 2007-11-26. Archived from the original on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2007-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/nov26p.html","url_text":"\"Empoli axe Cagni\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071128121509/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/nov26p.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"L'Empoli licenzia Malesani. In panchina torna Cagni\" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 2008-03-31. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Squadre/Empoli/Primo_Piano/2008/03_Marzo/31/malesani.shtml","url_text":"\"L'Empoli licenzia Malesani. In panchina torna Cagni\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080407010824/http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Squadre/Empoli/Primo_Piano/2008/03_Marzo/31/malesani.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rossi alla Lazio, Gregucci a Lecce. E Sensi prende Nonda dal Monaco\" (in Italian). La Repubblica. 2005-06-10. Retrieved 2007-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repubblica.it/2005/f/sezioni/sport/calcio/calciomercato2/calciomercato2/calciomercato2.html","url_text":"\"Rossi alla Lazio, Gregucci a Lecce. E Sensi prende Nonda dal Monaco\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gasperini nuovo allenatore Genoa\" (in Italian). RAI Sport. 2006-06-29. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071117102312/http://www.raisport.rai.it/sportarticolo/0%2C%2C40422%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Gasperini nuovo allenatore Genoa\""},{"url":"http://www.raisport.rai.it/sportarticolo/0,,40422,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mancini allenerà l'Inter, tre anni in nerazzurro\" (in Italian). La Repubblica. 2004-07-07. Retrieved 2007-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repubblica.it/2004/g/sezioni/sport/calcio/intermancini/intermancini/intermancini.html","url_text":"\"Mancini allenerà l'Inter, tre anni in nerazzurro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranieri appointed Juventus coach\". BBC News. 2007-06-04. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/6719901.stm","url_text":"\"Ranieri appointed Juventus coach\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070623042343/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/6719901.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sorpresa Livorno: arriva Orsi\" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 2007-03-21. Retrieved 2007-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Livorno/Primo_Piano/2007/03_Marzo/21/ORSI.shtml","url_text":"\"Sorpresa Livorno: arriva Orsi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Livorno sack Orsi\". Football Italian. 2007-10-09. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/oct9j.html","url_text":"\"Livorno sack Orsi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071117063607/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/oct9j.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Livorno turn to Camolese\". Football Italia. 2007-10-10. Archived from the original on 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2007-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/oct10d.html","url_text":"\"Livorno turn to Camolese\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071113103217/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/oct10d.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Spinelli caccia Camolese. Il Livorno torna ad Orsi\" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 2008-04-28. Archived from the original on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Squadre/Livorno/Primo_Piano/2008/04_Aprile/28/livornorsi.shtml","url_text":"\"Spinelli caccia Camolese. Il Livorno torna ad Orsi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080429211134/http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Squadre/Livorno/Primo_Piano/2008/04_Aprile/28/livornorsi.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Via Terim, arriva Ancelotti\" (in Italian). RAI Sport. 2001-11-05. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071117102257/http://www2.raisport.rai.it/news/sport/calcio/200111/05/3be6d35004c86/","url_text":"\"Via Terim, arriva Ancelotti\""},{"url":"http://www2.raisport.rai.it/news/sport/calcio/200111/05/3be6d35004c86/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Calcio. Napoli, ora e' ufficiale: Reja il nuovo tecnico\" (in Italian). RAI News 24. 2005-01-18. Retrieved 2007-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rainews24.rai.it/notizia.asp?NewsID=51630","url_text":"\"Calcio. Napoli, ora e' ufficiale: Reja il nuovo tecnico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palermo confirm Colantuono deal\". Football Italia. 2007-06-07. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/jun7h.html","url_text":"\"Palermo confirm Colantuono deal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613020625/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/jun7h.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Palermo sack Colantuono\". Football Italia. 2007-11-26. Archived from the original on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2007-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/nov26l.html","url_text":"\"Palermo sack Colantuono\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083918/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/nov26l.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Guidolin axed, Colantuono back\". Football Italia. 2008-03-24. Archived from the original on 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2008-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/mar24g.html","url_text":"\"Guidolin axed, Colantuono back\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080327123414/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/mar24g.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Di Carlo nets Parma job\". Football Italia. 2007-06-12. Archived from the original on 2007-06-15. Retrieved 2007-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/jun12f.html","url_text":"\"Di Carlo nets Parma job\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070615084758/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/jun12f.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Parma: via Di Carlo. Scala e Zac tra i candidati\" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 2008-03-10. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Squadre/Parma/Primo_Piano/2008/03_Marzo/10/dicarlo_1003.shtml","url_text":"\"Parma: via Di Carlo. Scala e Zac tra i candidati\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080311223031/http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Squadre/Parma/Primo_Piano/2008/03_Marzo/10/dicarlo_1003.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cuper-Parma: è ufficiale\" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 2008-03-11. Archived from the original on 13 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Squadre/Parma/Primo_Piano/2008/03_Marzo/11/cuper.shtml","url_text":"\"Cuper-Parma: è ufficiale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080313185013/http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Squadre/Parma/Primo_Piano/2008/03_Marzo/11/cuper.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Clamoroso ribaltone al Parma. Esonerato Cuper, in panchina Manzo\" (in Italian). Quotidiano Nazionale. 2008-05-12. Archived from the original on 2017-02-06. Retrieved 2008-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170206110347/http://qn.quotidiano.net/2008/05/12/87874-clamoroso_ribaltone_parma.shtml","url_text":"\"Clamoroso ribaltone al Parma. Esonerato Cuper, in panchina Manzo\""},{"url":"http://qn.quotidiano.net/2008/05/12/87874-clamoroso_ribaltone_parma.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ficcadenti free to lead Reggina\". Football Italia. 2007-07-01. Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. 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Retrieved 2007-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hellasverona.it/news.php?id=5422","url_text":"\"Hellas Verona Football Club smentisce di essere alla ricerca di un nuovo allenatore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reggina coach poached!\". Football Italia. 2007-06-27. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2007-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/jun27r.html","url_text":"\"Reggina coach poached!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070701175034/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_italia/jun27r.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Beretta ends Siena spell\". Football Italia. 2007-06-07. Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Houston_Astros_season	2020 Houston Astros season	["1 COVID-19 effects on season","2 Offseason","2.1 Sign-stealing controversy","2.2 Coaching staff changes","2.3 Releases and departures","2.4 Signings","3 Regular season","3.1 Game log","3.2 Season standings","3.3 Record vs. opponents","4 Roster","5 Player stats","5.1 Batting","5.2 Pitching","6 Postseason","6.1 Game log","6.2 Wild Card Series","6.3 American League Division Series","6.4 American League Championship Series","6.5 Postseason rosters","7 Farm system","8 Charitable efforts during Coronavirus pandemic","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	Major League Baseball team season 2020 Houston AstrosAmerican League West 2nd PlaceLeagueAmerican LeagueDivisionWestBallparkMinute Maid ParkCityHouston, TexasRecord29–31 (.483)Divisional place2ndOwnersJim CraneGeneral managersJames ClickManagersDusty BakerTelevisionAT&T SportsNet Southwest(Todd Kalas, Geoff Blum)RadioKTRH 740 Weekday Night Games Sportstalk 790Houston Astros Radio Network(Robert Ford, Steve Sparks, Geoff Blum)KLAT (Spanish)(Francisco Romero, Alex Treviño)StatsESPN.comBB-reference ← 2019 Seasons 2021 → The 2020 Houston Astros season was the 59th season for the Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise in Houston, Texas, their 56th as the Astros, eighth in the American League West, and 21st at Minute Maid Park. The team entered the season as both the defending champions of the American League and the American League West; and runner-ups of the World Series. The season was shortened to a 60-game schedule due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The 2020 All-Star Game was also canceled due to the delayed start to the season. On September 25, by virtue of a loss by the Los Angeles Angels, the Astros clinched a playoff berth, making it their fourth consecutive postseason appearance, as well as their fifth in the last six years. The Astros finished the regular season 29–31, becoming the second American League team to reach the playoffs with a losing record, the first being the 1981 Kansas City Royals. They received the No. 6 seed in the newly expanded playoffs. On September 30, the Astros became the first sub-.500 team to win a playoff series, eliminating the Minnesota Twins in a two-game sweep in the ALWCS, becoming the first sub-.500 team to win a playoff game the day before (as of 2023, they remain the only sub-.500 team to ever win a playoff game or series). The Astros advanced to the ALDS where they defeated the Oakland Athletics three games to one, batting in a historic 33 runs (and 12 home runs) across 35 innings. They then advanced to their fourth consecutive ALCS, where they lost to the Tampa Bay Rays in seven games despite nearly completing a dramatic comeback in forcing a Game 7 after trailing three games to none. After the season, pitcher Cristian Javier was named a finalist for the 2020 AL Rookie of the Year Award, finishing third in voting. COVID-19 effects on season On March 12, 2020, MLB announced that because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the start of the regular season would be delayed by at least two weeks in addition to the remainder of spring training being cancelled. Four days later, it was announced that the start of the season would be pushed back indefinitely due to the recommendation made by the CDC to restrict events of more than fifty people for eight weeks. On June 23, commissioner Rob Manfred unilaterally implemented a 60-game season. Players reported to training camps on July 1 in order to resume spring training and prepare for a July 24 Opening Day. Offseason Sign-stealing controversy For years, some individuals on other teams had suspected the Astros of stealing signs, but there was no public reporting on the subject until November 2019, when The Athletic reporters Ken Rosenthal and Evan Drellich at The Athletic published an article detailing the team's activities. Mike Fiers, a pitcher who played for the Astros in 2017, told The Athletic that the organization used a video camera in center field to film the opposing catcher's signals to the pitcher regarding the next pitch. Astros players or team staffers watching the live camera feed behind the dugout used various audio cues to signal to the batter what type of pitch was coming next. MLB opened an investigation into the allegations and confirmed in January 2020 that the Astros illegally used a camera system to steal signs during the 2017 regular season and postseason, during which they won the World Series, as well as in part of the 2018 regular season. MLB found no evidence of illicit sign stealing in the 2019 season, in which the Astros advanced to the World Series but lost. As a result, Astros general manager Jeff Luhnow and field manager A. J. Hinch were suspended for the entire 2020 season for failing to prevent the rules violations. The Astros were fined the maximum allowable $5 million and forfeited their first- and second-round picks in the 2020 and 2021 drafts. No players were punished because they had been given immunity by MLB in exchange for their cooperation. The Astros subsequently fired both Luhnow and Hinch on the day their suspensions were announced. MLB's investigation also determined that Boston Red Sox manager Alex Cora helped mastermind the Astros' sign stealing while serving as Hinch's bench coach in 2017; Boston and Cora mutually parted ways the following day, and MLB later suspended Cora through the 2020 postseason. Carlos Beltrán was the only Astros player from 2017 who was specifically named in the report; he had been hired to manage the New York Mets in November 2019 but parted ways with the team after the results of MLB's investigation were announced. Coaching staff changes On December 7, 2019, first base coach Don Kelly departed for the position of bench coach with the Pittsburgh Pirates, joining the coaching staff of newly hired manager Derek Shelton. The first base coach position went to Omar Lopez, a long-time manager in the Astros' minor league system. On January 13, Astros owner Jim Crane fired Jeff Luhnow and A. J. Hinch, after both were implicated in MLB's investigation into the Houston Astros' sign stealing scandal. Crane temporarily assumed control of baseball operations while a search was ongoing for new personnel. On January 29, the Astros hired Dusty Baker as the new manager for the 2020 season with an option for 2021. Releases and departures On December 18, 2019, the New York Yankees announced they had signed RHP Gerrit Cole to a 9-year contract, which was rumored to be worth $324 million, the fourth-richest contract in MLB history. Cole had elected free agency at the conclusion of the 2019 season, and had rejected a $17.8 million qualifying offer from the Astros to return for 2020. Signings Astros signed C Dustin Garneau to a 1-year contract Astros re-signed RHP Joe Smith to a 2-year contract Astros re-signed C Martín Maldonado to a 2-year contract Astros signed RHP Jared Hughes to a minor league contract Regular season Game log 2020 Game Log: 29–31 (Home: 20–8; Away: 9–23) July: 4–3 (Home: 3–3; Away: 1–0) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Stadium Record 1 July 24 Mariners 8–2 Verlander (1–0) Gonzales (0–1) — Minute Maid Park 1–0 2 July 25 Mariners 7–2 McCullers Jr. (1–0) Walker (0–1) — Minute Maid Park 2–0 3 July 26 Mariners 6–7 Altavilla (1–0) Devenski (0–1) Williams (1) Minute Maid Park 2–1 4 July 27 Mariners 8–5 Bielak (1–0) Graveman (0–1) Osuna (1) Minute Maid Park 3–1 5 July 28 Dodgers 2–5 Graterol (1–1) Valdez (0–1) Jansen (1) Minute Maid Park 3–2 6 July 29 Dodgers 2–4 (13) Santana (1–0) Sneed (0–1) — Minute Maid Park 3–3 7 July 31 @ Angels 9–6 Bielak (2–0) Andriese (0–1) Scrubb (1) Angel Stadium 4–3 August: 15–11 (Home: 11–2; Away: 4–9) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Stadium Record 8 August 1 @ Angels 4–5 (10) Buchter (2–0) Rodríguez (0–1) — Angel Stadium 4–4 9 August 2 @ Angels 6–5 (11) Taylor (1–0) Barnes (0–2) — Angel Stadium 5–4 10 August 4 @ Diamondbacks 8–2 Javier (1–0) Bumgarner (0–2) — Chase Field 6–4 11 August 5 @ Diamondbacks 7–14 Ray (1–2) McCullers Jr. (1–1) — Chase Field 6–5 12 August 6 @ Diamondbacks 4–5 Guerra (1–0) Pressly (0–1) — Chase Field 6–6 13 August 7 @ Athletics 2–3 (13) Wendelken (1–0) Sneed (0–2) — Oakland Coliseum 6–7 14 August 8 @ Athletics 1–3 Montas (2–1) Valdez (0–2) Hendriks (5) Oakland Coliseum 6–8 15 August 9 @ Athletics 2–7 Luzardo (1–0) Javier (1–1) Smith (1) Oakland Coliseum 6–9 16 August 10 Giants 6–4 McCullers Jr. (2–1) Webb (1–1) Pressly (1) Minute Maid Park 7–9 17 August 11 Giants 6–7 (10) Gott (1–0) Sneed (0–3) Rogers (1) Minute Maid Park 7–10 18 August 12 Giants 5–1 Greinke (1–0) Baragar (2–1) — Minute Maid Park 8–10 19 August 14 Mariners 11–1 Valdez (1–2) Cortés Jr. (0–1) — Minute Maid Park 9–10 20 August 15 Mariners 2–1 Javier (2–1) Margevicius (0–1) Pressly (2) Minute Maid Park 10–10 21 August 16 Mariners 3–2 Pressly (1–1) Swanson (0–2) — Minute Maid Park 11–10 22 August 17 Rockies 2–1 Bielak (3–0) Freeland (2–1) Taylor (1) Minute Maid Park 12–10 23 August 18 Rockies 2–1 (11) Scrubb (1–0) Díaz (0–1) — Minute Maid Park 13–10 24 August 19 @ Rockies 13–6 Valdez (2–2) Castellani (0–1) — Coors Field 14–10 25 August 20 @ Rockies 10–8 Raley (1–0) Márquez (2–4) Pressly (3) Coors Field 15–10 26 August 21 @ Padres 3–4 Guerra (1–0) McCullers Jr. (2–2) Pagán (1) Petco Park 15–11 27 August 22 @ Padres 2–13 Davies (4–2) Bielak (3–1) — Petco Park 15–12 28 August 23 @ Padres 3–5 Stammen (3–1) Paredes (0–1) Pagán (2) Petco Park 15–13 29 August 24 Angels 11–4 Valdez (3–2) Sandoval (0–4) — Minute Maid Park 16–13 30 August 25 (1) Angels 6–3 (7) Javier (3–1) Suárez (0–2) Pressly (4) Minute Maid Park 17–13 31 August 25 (2) Angels 5–12 (7) Peña (2–0) Bielak (3–2) — Minute Maid Park 17–14 — August 26 Angels Postponed (Hurricane Laura); Makeup: September 5 — August 28 Athletics Postponed (strikes due to shooting of Jacob Blake); Makeup: August 29 32 August 29 (1) Athletics 4–2 (7) McCullers Jr. (3–2) Bassitt (2–2) Pressly (5) Minute Maid Park 18–14 33 August 29 (2) Athletics 6–3 (7) Greinke (2–0) Montas (2–3) Pressly (6) Minute Maid Park 19–14 — August 30 Athletics Postponed (COVID-19); Makeup: September 8 September: 10–17 (Home: 6–5; Away: 4–12) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Stadium Record 34 September 1 Rangers 5–6 (10) Hernández (5–0) Taylor (1–1) Montero (7) Minute Maid Park 19–15 35 September 2 Rangers 2–1 Javier (4–1) Allard (0–4) Pressly (7) Minute Maid Park 20–15 36 September 3 Rangers 8–4 Greinke (3–0) Lynn (4–2) — Minute Maid Park 21–15 37 September 4 @ Angels 5–6 (11) Andriese (2–2) Raley (0–1) — Angel Stadium 21–16 38 September 5 (1) @ Angels 9–10 (7) Peña (3–0) Paredes (1–2) — Angel Stadium 21–17 39 September 5 (2) Angels 6–7 (7) Ramirez (1–0) Castellanos (0–1) Buttrey (5) Angel Stadium 21–18 40 September 6 @ Angels 5–9 Mayers (1–0) Valdez (3–3) — Angel Stadium 21–19 41 September 7 @ Athletics 0–6 Bassitt (3–2) Javier (4–2) — Oakland Coliseum 21–20 42 September 8 (1) Athletics 2–4 (7) Montas (3–3) Greinke (3–1) Hendriks (11) Oakland Coliseum 21–21 43 September 8 (2) @ Athletics 5–4 (7) Paredes (2–2) Wendelken (1–1) Pressly (8) Oakland Coliseum 22–21 44 September 9 @ Athletics 2–3 Hendriks (3–0) Pressly (1–2) — Oakland Coliseum 22–22 45 September 10 @ Athletics 1–3 Manaea (4–2) Urquidy (0–1) Hendriks (12) Oakland Coliseum 22–23 46 September 12 @ Dodgers 7–5 James (1–0) Jansen (3–1) Pressly (9) Dodger Stadium 23–23 47 September 13 @ Dodgers 1–8 González (3–0) Greinke (3–2) — Dodger Stadium 23–24 48 September 15 Rangers 4–1 Urquidy (1–1) Goody (0–1) Pressly (10) Minute Maid Park 24–24 49 September 16 Rangers 0–1 Gibson (2–5) Pressly (1–3) — Minute Maid Park 24–25 50 September 17 Rangers 2–1 Valdez (4–3) Lyles (1–5) Raley (1) Minute Maid Park 25–25 51 September 18 Diamondbacks 3–6 Gallen (2–2) García (0–1) Crichton (4) Minute Maid Park 25–26 52 September 19 Diamondbacks 3–2 Paredes (3–2) Weaver (1–8) Pressly (11) Minute Maid Park 26–26 53 September 20 Diamondbacks 3–2 Taylor (2–1) Guerra (1–2) Pressly (12) Minute Maid Park 27–26 54 September 21 @ Mariners 1–6 Gonzales (7–2) McCullers Jr. (3–3) — T-Mobile Park 27–27 55 September 22 @ Mariners 6–1 Valdez (5–3) Sadler (1–2) — T-Mobile Park 28–27 56 September 23 @ Mariners 2–3 Margevicius (2–3) Greinke (3–3) Hirano (4) T-Mobile Park 28–28 57 September 24 @ Rangers 12–4 Javier (5–2) Lynn (6–3) — Globe Life Field 29–28 58 September 25 @ Rangers 4–5 (10) Martin (1–1) Paredes (3–3) — Globe Life Field 29–29 59 September 26 @ Rangers 1–6 Herget (1–0) Bielak (3–3) — Globe Life Field 29–30 60 September 27 @ Rangers 4–8 Benjamin (2–1) De Jong (0–1) — Globe Life Field 29–31 Legend: = Win = Loss = PostponementBold = Astros team member Season standings vteAL West W L Pct. GB Home Road Oakland Athletics 36 24 0.600 — 22–10 14–14 Houston Astros 29 31 0.483 7 20–9 9–22 Seattle Mariners 27 33 0.450 9 14–10 13–23 Los Angeles Angels 26 34 0.433 10 16–15 10–19 Texas Rangers 22 38 0.367 14 16–14 6–24 vteDivision Leaders W L Pct. Tampa Bay Rays 40 20 0.667 Oakland Athletics 36 24 0.600 Minnesota Twins 36 24 0.600 vteDivision 2nd Place W L Pct. Cleveland Indians 35 25 0.583 New York Yankees 33 27 0.550 Houston Astros 29 31 0.483 vteWild Card teams(Top 2 teams qualify for postseason) W L Pct. GB Chicago White Sox 35 25 0.583 +3 Toronto Blue Jays 32 28 0.533 — Seattle Mariners 27 33 0.450 5 Los Angeles Angels 26 34 0.433 6 Kansas City Royals 26 34 0.433 6 Baltimore Orioles 25 35 0.417 7 Boston Red Sox 24 36 0.400 8 Detroit Tigers 23 35 0.397 8 Texas Rangers 22 38 0.367 10 Record vs. opponents 2020 American League recordvte Source: MLB Standings Grid – 2020 Team HOU LAA OAK SEA TEX NL Houston — 4–6 3–7 7–3 5–5 10–10 Los Angeles 6–4 — 4–6 5–5 4–6 7–13 Oakland 7–3 6–4 — 6–4 7–3 10–10 Seattle 3–7 5–5 4–6 — 8–2 7–13 Texas 5–5 6–4 3–7 2–8 — 6–14 Roster 2020 Houston Astros Roster Pitchers 66 Bryan Abreu 63 Brandon Bailey 29 Joe Biagini 64 Brandon Bielak 72 Humberto Castellanos 0,69 Chase De Jong 47 Chris Devenski 77 Luis Garcia 21 Zack Greinke 39 Josh James 53 Cristian Javier 43 Lance McCullers Jr. 54 Roberto Osuna 60 Enoli Paredes 41 Brad Peacock 52 Cionel Pérez 55 Ryan Pressly 58 Brooks Raley 68 Nivaldo Rodríguez 71 Carlos Sanabria 70 Andre Scrubb 67 Cy Sneed 62 Blake Taylor 65 José Urquidy 59 Framber Valdez 35 Justin Verlander Catchers 13 Dustin Garneau 15 Martín Maldonado 11 Garrett Stubbs Infielders 27 José Altuve 2 Alex Bregman 1 Carlos Correa 16 Aledmys Díaz 10 Yuli Gurriel 28 Taylor Jones 9 Jack Mayfield 31 Abraham Toro Outfielders 23 Michael Brantley 22 Josh Reddick 4 George Springer 3 Myles Straw 30 Kyle Tucker Other batters 44 Yordan Álvarez Manager 12 Dusty Baker Coaches 85 Javier Bracamonte (bullpen catcher) 37 Alex Cintrón (hitting) 17 Michael Collins (catching) 19 Joe Espada (bench) 18 Omar López (first base) 48 Josh Miller (bullpen) 8 Gary Pettis (third base) 46 Troy Snitker (hitting) 36 Chris Speier (quality control) 56 Brent Strom (pitching) Player stats Batting Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases; BB = Walks; AVG = Batting average; SLG = Slugging average Player G AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI SB BB AVG SLG Yuli Gurriel 57 211 27 49 12 1 6 22 0 12 .232 .384 Kyle Tucker 58 209 33 56 12 6 9 42 8 18 .268 .512 Carlos Correa 58 201 22 53 9 0 5 25 0 16 .264 .383 José Altuve 48 192 32 42 9 0 5 18 2 17 .219 .344 George Springer 51 189 37 50 6 2 14 32 1 24 .265 .540 Josh Reddick 56 188 22 46 11 1 4 23 1 20 .245 .378 Michael Brantley 46 170 24 51 15 0 5 22 2 17 .300 .476 Alex Bregman 42 153 19 37 12 1 6 22 0 24 .242 .451 Martín Maldonado 47 135 19 29 4 0 6 24 1 27 .215 .378 Abraham Toro 33 87 13 13 2 0 3 9 1 3 .149 .276 Myles Straw 33 82 8 17 4 0 0 8 6 4 .207 .256 Aledmys Díaz 17 58 8 14 5 0 3 6 0 1 .241 .483 Jack Mayfield 21 42 5 8 1 0 0 3 0 2 .190 .214 Dustin Garneau 17 38 4 6 0 1 1 4 0 6 .158 .289 Taylor Jones 7 21 3 4 1 0 1 3 0 1 .190 .381 Garrett Stubbs 14 8 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 .125 .125 Yordan Álvarez 2 8 2 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 .250 .625 Team Totals 60 1992 279 478 103 12 69 268 22 192 .240 .408 Source: Pitching Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; SO = Strikeouts Player W L ERA G GS SV IP H R ER BB SO Framber Valdez 5 3 3.57 11 10 0 70.2 63 32 28 16 76 Zach Greinke 3 3 4.03 12 12 0 67.0 67 30 30 9 67 Lance McCullers Jr. 3 3 3.93 11 11 0 55.0 44 29 24 20 56 Cristian Javier 5 2 3.48 12 10 0 54.1 36 21 21 18 54 Brandon Bielak 3 3 6.75 12 6 0 32.0 39 26 24 17 26 José Urquidy 1 1 2.73 5 5 0 29.2 22 9 9 8 17 Andre Scrubb 1 0 1.90 20 0 1 23.2 15 5 5 20 24 Ryan Pressly 1 3 3.43 23 0 12 21.0 21 10 8 7 29 Blake Taylor 2 1 2.18 22 0 1 20.2 13 7 5 12 17 Enoli Paredes 3 3 3.05 22 0 0 20.2 18 9 7 11 20 Cy Sneed 0 3 5.71 18 0 0 17.1 22 15 11 10 21 Josh James 1 0 7.27 13 2 0 17.1 15 14 14 17 21 Brooks Raley 0 1 3.94 17 0 1 16.0 8 8 7 4 21 Luis García 0 1 2.92 5 1 0 12.1 7 4 4 5 9 Humberto Castellanos 0 1 6.75 8 0 0 10.2 12 8 8 5 12 Nivaldo Rodríguez 0 1 6.23 5 0 0 8.2 15 7 6 6 8 Brandon Bailey 0 0 2.45 5 0 0 7.1 6 2 2 3 4 Chase De Jong 0 1 14.73 3 2 0 7.1 12 12 12 4 9 Cionel Pérez 0 0 2.84 7 0 0 6.1 7 2 2 6 8 Justin Verlander 1 0 3.00 1 1 0 6.0 3 2 2 1 7 Joe Biagini 0 0 20.77 4 0 0 4.1 10 10 10 4 4 Roberto Osuna 0 0 2.08 4 0 1 4.1 3 1 1 0 3 Chris Devenski 0 1 14.73 4 0 0 3.2 7 6 6 3 5 Bryan Abreu 0 0 2.70 4 0 0 3.1 1 2 1 7 3 Brad Peacock 0 0 7.71 3 0 0 2.1 3 2 2 1 3 Carlos Sanabria 0 0 9.00 2 0 0 2.0 3 2 2 3 2 Team Totals 29 31 4.31 60 60 16 524.0 472 275 251 217 526 Source: Postseason Game log 2020 Postseason Game Log: (8–5) ALWCS vs Twins: (2–0) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Stadium Record 1 September 29 @ Twins 4–1 Valdez (1–0) Romo (0–1) — Target Field 1–0 2 September 30 @ Twins 3–1 Javier (1–0) Stashak (0–1) Pressly (1) Target Field 2–0 ALDS vs Athletics: (3–1) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Stadium Record 1 October 5 @ Athletics 10–5 Taylor (1–0) Wendelken (0–1) — Dodger Stadium 1–0 2 October 6 @ Athletics 5–2 Valdez (1–0) Manaea (0–1) Pressly (1) Dodger Stadium 2–0 3 October 7 Athletics 7–9 Hendriks (1–0) Raley (0–1) — Dodger Stadium 2–1 4 October 8 Athletics 11–6 Javier (1–0) Montas (0–1) — Dodger Stadium 3–1 all games played at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, CA ALCS vs Rays: (3–4) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Stadium Record 1 October 11 @ Rays 1–2 Snell (1–0) Valdez (0–1) Castillo (1) Petco Park 0–1 2 October 12 @ Rays 2–4 Morton (1–0) McCullers Jr. (0–1) Anderson (1) Petco Park 0–2 3 October 13 Rays 2–5 Yarbrough (1–0) Urquidy (0–1) Castillo (2) Petco Park 0–3 4 October 14 Rays 4–3 Greinke (1–0) Glasnow (0–1) Pressly (1) Petco Park 1–3 5 October 15 Rays 4–3 Pressly (1–0) Anderson (0–1) — Petco Park 2–3 6 October 16 @ Rays 7–4 Valdez (1–1) Snell (1–1) Pressly (2) Petco Park 3–3 7 October 17 @ Rays 2–4 Morton (2–0) McCullers Jr. (0–2) Fairbanks (1) Petco Park 3–4 all games played at Petco Park in San Diego, CA ALWCS Wild Card Series Main article: 2020 American League Wild Card Series The Astros played the Twins in the Wild Card series at Target Field in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Game 1, September 29 at Target Field Zack Greinke got the ball for the Astros against Twins ace Kenta Maeda. Greinke pitched four innings, allowing 1 run. Framber Valdez relieved Greinke in the 5th inning, and pitched 5 scoreless innings. Meanwhile, George Springer tied the game with an RBI single, and the Astros scored 3 runs in the 9th off Sergio Romo & Caleb Thielbar. Game 2, September 30 at Target Field José Urquidy got the ball for the Astros against José Berríos. Urquidy pitched 4+1⁄3 innings, allowing 1 run, and was relieved by lefty Brooks Raley. Twins DH Nelson Cruz was the only source of offense for the Twins, as he drove in both runs for the Twins in the series. Cristian Javier pitched 3 scoreless innings, while Carlos Correa provided a go-ahead home run and the Astros got a 2 run single from breakout star Kyle Tucker. Pressly closed it out in the 9th inning to send the Astros to the ALDS. ALDS American League Division Series Main article: 2020 American League Division Series The Astros faced their division rivals, the Oakland Athletics, in the ALDS. Due to the continuing COVID-19 pandemic, all games of the series were played at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles. Game 1, October 5 at Dodger Stadium The Astros announced that Lance McCullers Jr. would get the ball for game one against A's ace Chris Bassitt. A's DH Khris Davis got the scoring started with a two-run home run in the second inning, followed by a Sean Murphy solo shot in the third. The Astros responded with a solo home run from Alex Bregman and a game-tying home run from Carlos Correa in the top of the fourth. The A's responded quickly with a solo shot from Matt Olson to put the A's back in front, 4–3. Both starters lasted four innings. A Mark Canha sacrifice fly extended the A's lead to 5–3 in the fifth. The Astros took the lead in the sixth, when Josh Reddick reached on a fielding error with two outs and Martín Maldonado singled. George Springer then doubled to score Reddick José Altuve followed it up with a double to drive in both Maldonado and Springer giving the Astros a 6–5 lead. Michael Brantley singled in Altuve to make it 7–5. Correa hit his second home run of the game in the seventh to make it 8–5. The Astros then broke it open in the ninth inning with a Correa RBI single and a Yuli Gurriel sacrifice fly. Ryan Pressly worked a 1–2–3 ninth inning to seal the Game 1 victory for the Astros 10–5. Game 2, October 6 at Dodger Stadium Left-handed pitcher Framber Valdez started game two of the series against A's left hander Sean Manaea. A's DH Khris Davis hit another home run to give the A's the lead in the second inning. The Astros fought back and took the lead when George Springer hit a two-run home run in the third. The Astros added another run on a Correa RBI groundout in the fourth moving the lead to 3–1. The A's countered with a Chad Pinder solo home run in the fourth to narrow the lead to 3–2. Martín Maldonado and Springer hit back-to-back home runs in the fifth inning to push the Astro's lead to 5–2. Ryan Pressly picked up the save for the Astros as they moved the A's to the edge of elimination with a 2–0 game lead in the series. Game 3, October 7 at Dodger Stadium José Urquidy started Game 3 for Houston, while the A's started Jesús Luzardo. A's second baseman Tommy La Stella got the scoring started with a solo home run in the first inning. The Astros responded with a solo home run from José Altuve and a Correa RBI groundout to take the lead in the bottom of the first. The A's responded again with a solo home run from left fielder Mark Canha to tie the game at two. The A's took the lead in the fourth inning on a Matt Olson solo home run.. The A's would pushed the lead to two with a Marcus Semien solo shot in the fifth. However, Houston tied it in the bottom of the fifth inning with an Aledmys Díaz two-run home run. The Astros retook the lead later in the inning with a Michael Brantley RBI single, an Alex Bregman RBI double, and a Kyle Tucker RBI single. Trailing 7–4, the A's tied it in the top of the seventh on a Chad Pinder three-run home run. The A's added two more runs in the eighth inning to cap the scoring. A's closer Liam Hendriks pitched three scoreless innings to save the A's season and send the series to a Game 4. Game 4, October 8 at Dodger Stadium The A's started Frankie Montas while the Astros started Zack Greinke. A's outfielder Ramón Laureano got the scoring started with a three-run home run in the second. The Astros responded in the fourth inning with a two-run home run from Michael Brantley and a three-run home run by Carlos Correa. Trailing 5–3, the A's pulled within one on another home run from Laureano that chased Greinke from the game. Lefty Blake Taylor came in and got the final out of the fifth inning. In the bottom of the fifth, Brantley hit his second home run of the game and Correa added an RBI single to make it 7–4. In the sixth, Kyle Tucker added an RBI single followed by another run-scoring single by Correa that to move the lead to 9–4. José Altuve added a two-run home run in the seventh to make it 11–4 Astros. The A's attempted to mount a comeback in the ninth when Marcus Semien drove in a run on a single and Tommy La Stella singled in Semien before Astros closer Ryan Pressly shut the door in the ninth to send the Astros to the ALCS. ALCS American League Championship Series Main article: 2020 American League Championship Series The Astros faced the No. 1-seeded Tampa Bay Rays in the ALCS. Due to the continuing COVID-19 pandemic, all games of the best-of-seven series were played at Petco Park in San Diego, California. Game 1, October 11 at Petco Park The Astros started left-hander Framber Valdez, while the Rays started to left-hander Blake Snell in game one of the series The Astros got the scoring started with a solo home run from José Altuve in the first inning. The Rays tied it on a solo home run from Randy Arozarena in the fourth inning and took the lead in the fifth inning on a Mike Zunino RBI single. Blake Snell pitched five innings and allowed only one run. Valdez pitched six innings, giving up two runs on four hits. The Rays' bullpen pitched four scoreless innings in relief as the Rays held on for the 2–1 victory. The win gave the Rays a 1–0 lead in the series. Game 2, October 12 at Petco Park The Astros started right hander Lance McCullers Jr., while the Rays started right hander Charlie Morton. The Rays got the scoring started with a 3-run home run from outfielder Manuel Margot. The Astros got on the board with a solo home run from shortstop Carlos Correa. The Rays added 1 more run from catcher Mike Zunino. The Astros started a rally in the 9th against Rays closer Nick Anderson, but only managed 1 run as the Astros fell into a 0–2 hole in the ALCS. Game 3, October 13 at Petco Park The Rays started left-hander Ryan Yarbrough, while the Astros started right-hander José Urquidy in Game 3 of the series with the Astros becoming the home team. The Astros took another early lead on a José Altuve home run in the first. Still leading by one in the sixth, the Rays pushed across six runs on a two-run scoring single by Joey Wendle. A hit batter drove in another run and a double with the bases loaded by Hunter Renfroe gave the Rays a 5–1 lead. A Michael Brantley home run in the sixth pulled the Astros within three, but they could must no further as they lost their third straight game. The loss moved the Astros to the edge of elimination in a 3–0 series hole. Game 4, October 14 at Petco Park The Rays started right hander Tyler Glasnow, while the Astros countered with Zack Greinke. The Astros took an early lead with another first inning home run from José Altuve and then added another run on an Altuve RBI double in the third. The Rays tied it at two in the fourth inning on an Randy Arozarena home run. George Springer hit a go-ahead two-run home run in the bottom of the fifth. The Rays drew within a run on a Willy Adames run-scoring double in the top of the ninth. Ryan Pressly was able to get the final out and move the series to Game 5 with the Astros trailing three-games-to-one. Game 5, October 15 at Petco Park The Rays started Game 5 with an opener in right-hander John Curtiss, while the Astros started rookie right-hander Luis García. The Astros, in their last game as the home team in the series, got the scoring started with a leadoff home run in the bottom of the first from George Springer. The Rays tied it on a Brandon Lowe solo homer in the third. However, the Astros answered and took the lead in the bottom of the third with a two-run single from Michael Brantley. The Rays narrowed the lead to one with another home run from Randy Arozarena in the fifth. With only six outs remaining in the game, the Rays tied it in the top of the eighth on a Ji-man Choi solo home run. With the game still tied in the bottom of the ninth inning, Carlos Correa homered to straight away center field to give the Astros the 4–3 win and extend the series to a Game 6. Game 6, October 16 at Petco Park Game 1 starter Framber Valdez started Game 6, while Blake Snell opposed him. The Rays got the scoring started with a Willy Adames RBI double. The Astros took the lead with a George Springer 2-run single, a José Altuve RBI double, and a Carlos Correa RBI single. Kyle Tucker added his first career postseason home run to make it a 5-1 Astros lead. The Astros took a 7–1 lead with a Michael Brantley RBI single & a Tucker sac fly. The Rays got back into the game with 2 home runs from Manuel Margot. Pressly shut the door in the 9th to force a Game 7 and make the Astros the 2nd team in MLB history to force a Game 7 after being down 3–0 in the series (The 2004 Red Sox are the other team). Game 7, October 17 at Petco Park The Astros started Game 2 starter Lance McCullers Jr., while the Rays started Game 2 starter Charlie Morton. The Rays struck first on a 2-run home run from Randy Arozarena in the 1st. Catcher Mike Zunino added a solo home run to make 3-0 Rays in the 2nd. Zunino then added a sac fly in the 6th to make it 4–0. The Astros got on the board with a 2-run single from Carlos Correa. Pete Fairbanks shut the door in the 9th to send the Rays to the World Series and eliminate the Astros. Postseason rosters Playoff rosters American League Wild Card Series Pitchers: 21 Zack Greinke 39 Josh James 43 Lance McCullers Jr. 53 Cristian Javier 55 Ryan Pressly 58 Brooks Raley 59 Framber Valdez 60 Enoli Paredes 62 Blake Taylor 65 José Urquidy 67 Cy Sneed 70 Andre Scrubb Catchers: 11 Garrett Stubbs 13 Dustin Garneau 15 Martín Maldonado Infielders: 1 Carlos Correa 2 Alex Bregman 9 Jack Mayfield 10 Yuli Gurriel 16 Aledmys Díaz 27 José Altuve 31 Abraham Toro Outfielders: 3 Myles Straw 4 George Springer 20 Chas McCormick 22 Josh Reddick 30 Kyle Tucker Designated hitters: 23 Michael Brantley American League Division Series Pitchers: 21 Zack Greinke 39 Josh James 43 Lance McCullers Jr. 53 Cristian Javier 55 Ryan Pressly 58 Brooks Raley 59 Framber Valdez 60 Enoli Paredes 62 Blake Taylor 65 José Urquidy 67 Cy Sneed 70 Andre Scrubb 77 Luis García Catchers: 11 Garrett Stubbs 13 Dustin Garneau 15 Martín Maldonado Infielders: 1 Carlos Correa 2 Alex Bregman 10 Yuli Gurriel 16 Aledmys Díaz 27 José Altuve 31 Abraham Toro Outfielders: 3 Myles Straw 4 George Springer 20 Chas McCormick 22 Josh Reddick 30 Kyle Tucker Designated hitters: 23 Michael Brantley American League Championship Series Pitchers: 21 Zack Greinke 39 Josh James 43 Lance McCullers Jr. 53 Cristian Javier 55 Ryan Pressly 58 Brooks Raley 59 Framber Valdez 60 Enoli Paredes 62 Blake Taylor 65 José Urquidy 67 Cy Sneed 69 Chase De Jong 70 Andre Scrubb 77 Luis García Catchers: 11 Garrett Stubbs 13 Dustin Garneau 15 Martín Maldonado Infielders: 1 Carlos Correa 2 Alex Bregman 10 Yuli Gurriel 16 Aledmys Díaz 27 José Altuve 31 Abraham Toro Outfielders: 3 Myles Straw 4 George Springer 22 Josh Reddick 30 Kyle Tucker Designated hitters: 23 Michael Brantley Farm system See also: Minor League Baseball Level Team League Manager AAA Round Rock Express Pacific Coast League AA Corpus Christi Hooks Texas League A-Advanced Fayetteville Woodpeckers Carolina League A Quad Cities River Bandits Midwest League A-Short Season Tri-City ValleyCats New York–Penn League Rookie GCL Astros Gulf Coast League Rookie DSL Astros Dominican Summer League Charitable efforts during Coronavirus pandemic As of mid-April 2020, Astro teammates Carlos Correa and Martin Maldonado, along with fellow Major Leaguers such as Francisco Lindor and Eddie Rosario, as well as musical stars, have already shipped 26 pallets of medical supplies to the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. Astros owner Jim Crane has waived all shipping and logistic charges through his company Crane Worldwide Logistics. See also Texas portalBaseball portal List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks References ^ Feinsand, Mark (June 24, 2020). "Play Ball: MLB announces 2020 regular season". MLB.com. Retrieved June 24, 2020. ^ Mark Feinsand (March 12, 2020). "Opening Day delayed at least 2 weeks; Spring Training games cancelled". MLB.com. Major League Baseball. Retrieved March 14, 2020. ^ "Opening of regular season to be pushed back". MLB.com. Major League Baseball. March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020. ^ Feinsand, Mark (June 24, 2020). "Play Ball: MLB announces 2020 regular season". MLB.com. Retrieved June 24, 2020. ^ Diamond, Jared (January 22, 2020). "Astros Players Cheated. Baseball Wanted Answers. So It Made a Deal". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2020. ^ Passan, Jeff (January 13, 2020). "Astros' Luhnow, Hinch fired after MLB gives ban". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ "Press release: Don Kelly Named Pirates Bench Coach". MLB.com. ^ "Astros: Meet Omar Lopez, Houston's new first base coach". December 24, 2019. ^ "Astros' Jeff Luhnow, AJ Hinch suspended for 2020". MLB.com. ^ "Statement of the Commissioner" (PDF). img.mlbstatic.com. ^ "Astros Fire AJ Hinch, Jeff Luhnow for Cheating; Joe Espada to be Interim Manager". Bleacher Report. ^ "Astros sign Baker, emphasize 'respect' factor". ESPN.com. January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020. ^ "Press release: Yankees sign Gerrit Cole to nine-year contract". MLB.com. ^ "Gerrit Cole signs with Yankees". MLB.com. ^ "Where Gerrit Cole's historic $324 million deal ranks among richest contracts in MLB history for a pitcher". ^ "Gerrit Cole rejects Astros' qualifying offer". MLB.com. ^ Carlos Correa, Martin Maldonado Helping Aid Puerto Rico, Real GM Wiretap, April 15, 2020. External links Houston Astros season official site Archived October 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine 2020 Houston Astros season at Baseball Reference vte2020 Major League Baseball postseasonWorld Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League Wild Card Series National League Wild Card Series American League teams Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Houston Astros Minnesota Twins New York Yankees Oakland Athletics Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays National League teams Atlanta Braves Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Los Angeles Dodgers Miami Marlins Milwaukee Brewers San Diego Padres St. Louis Cardinals vte2020 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Houston Los Angeles Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Miami New York Philadelphia Washington NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 2020 MLB draft 2020 World Series vteHouston Astros Established in 1962 Formerly the Houston Colt .45s Based in Houston, Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No-hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First-round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training: Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal's Hill Union Station Big Bamboo Lounge Continental League "Deep in the Heart of Texas" Houston Buffs Shriners College Classic Ball Four Brewster McCloud The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game "The Hot Tub" (Seinfeld episode) Boyhood Resurrection: The J.R. Richard Story "Holy Toledo!" Mattress Mack Sunshine Kids Darryl Kile Award Lore 1980 NL West tie-breaker game Killer B's Chris Burke's home run 24 straight curveballs Houston Strong Sign stealing scandal "Altuve!" 18 shutout innings "We Want Houston!" World Series no-hitter MLB Mexico City Series Rivalries Los Angeles Dodgers Texas Rangers Key personnel Owner: Jim Crane General Manager: Dana Brown Manager: Joe Espada World SeriesChampionships (2) 2017 2022 League pennants (5) NL: 2005 AL: 2017 2019 2021 2022 Division titles (13) NL West: 1980 1981 1986 NL Central: 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West: 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 Wild card titles (4) NL: 2004 2005 AL: 2015 2020 Minors Triple-A: Sugar Land Space Cowboys Double-A: Corpus Christi Hooks High-A: Asheville Tourists Single-A: Fayetteville Woodpeckers Rookie: FCL Astros DSL Astros Blue DSL Astros Orange Media TV Space City Home Network Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons (62)1960s 1960 · 1961 · 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"59th season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Houston_Astros_seasons"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"American League West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League_West"},{"link_name":"Minute Maid Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_League_pennant_winners"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Series"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"2020 All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Los_Angeles_Angels_season"},{"link_name":"1981 Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Kansas_City_Royals_season"},{"link_name":"playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Major_League_Baseball_season#Postseason"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Minnesota_Twins_season"},{"link_name":"ALWCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_American_League_Wild_Card_Series"},{"link_name":"ALDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_American_League_Division_Series"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Oakland_Athletics_season"},{"link_name":"ALCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_American_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tampa_Bay_Rays_season"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Cristian Javier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Javier"},{"link_name":"2020 AL Rookie of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award"}],"text":"Major League Baseball team seasonThe 2020 Houston Astros season was the 59th season for the Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise in Houston, Texas, their 56th as the Astros, eighth in the American League West, and 21st at Minute Maid Park. The team entered the season as both the defending champions of the American League and the American League West; and runner-ups of the World Series.The season was shortened to a 60-game schedule due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[1] The 2020 All-Star Game was also canceled due to the delayed start to the season.On September 25, by virtue of a loss by the Los Angeles Angels, the Astros clinched a playoff berth, making it their fourth consecutive postseason appearance, as well as their fifth in the last six years. The Astros finished the regular season 29–31, becoming the second American League team to reach the playoffs with a losing record, the first being the 1981 Kansas City Royals. They received the No. 6 seed in the newly expanded playoffs. On September 30, the Astros became the first sub-.500 team to win a playoff series, eliminating the Minnesota Twins in a two-game sweep in the ALWCS, becoming the first sub-.500 team to win a playoff game the day before (as of 2023, they remain the only sub-.500 team to ever win a playoff game or series). The Astros advanced to the ALDS where they defeated the Oakland Athletics three games to one, batting in a historic 33 runs (and 12 home runs) across 35 innings. They then advanced to their fourth consecutive ALCS, where they lost to the Tampa Bay Rays in seven games despite nearly completing a dramatic comeback in forcing a Game 7 after trailing three games to none.After the season, pitcher Cristian Javier was named a finalist for the 2020 AL Rookie of the Year Award, finishing third in voting.","title":"2020 Houston Astros season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"CDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rob Manfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Manfred"},{"link_name":"Opening Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_Day"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On March 12, 2020, MLB announced that because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the start of the regular season would be delayed by at least two weeks in addition to the remainder of spring training being cancelled.[2] Four days later, it was announced that the start of the season would be pushed back indefinitely due to the recommendation made by the CDC to restrict events of more than fifty people for eight weeks.[3] On June 23, commissioner Rob Manfred unilaterally implemented a 60-game season. Players reported to training camps on July 1 in order to resume spring training and prepare for a July 24 Opening Day.[4]","title":"COVID-19 effects on season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Athletic"},{"link_name":"Ken Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"The Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Athletic"},{"link_name":"Mike Fiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Fiers"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"center field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_field#outfield"},{"link_name":"catcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"dugout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugout_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"batter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Series"},{"link_name":"2019 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Houston_Astros_season"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Series"},{"link_name":"general manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Luhnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Luhnow"},{"link_name":"field manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"A. J. Hinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Hinch"},{"link_name":"2020 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_immunity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj12220-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Alex Cora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Cora"},{"link_name":"bench coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_coach"},{"link_name":"Carlos Beltrán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Beltr%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"}],"sub_title":"Sign-stealing controversy","text":"For years, some individuals on other teams had suspected the Astros of stealing signs, but there was no public reporting on the subject until November 2019, when The Athletic reporters Ken Rosenthal and Evan Drellich at The Athletic published an article detailing the team's activities. Mike Fiers, a pitcher who played for the Astros in 2017, told The Athletic that the organization used a video camera in center field to film the opposing catcher's signals to the pitcher regarding the next pitch. Astros players or team staffers watching the live camera feed behind the dugout used various audio cues to signal to the batter what type of pitch was coming next. MLB opened an investigation into the allegations and confirmed in January 2020 that the Astros illegally used a camera system to steal signs during the 2017 regular season and postseason, during which they won the World Series, as well as in part of the 2018 regular season. MLB found no evidence of illicit sign stealing in the 2019 season, in which the Astros advanced to the World Series but lost.As a result, Astros general manager Jeff Luhnow and field manager A. J. Hinch were suspended for the entire 2020 season for failing to prevent the rules violations. The Astros were fined the maximum allowable $5 million and forfeited their first- and second-round picks in the 2020 and 2021 drafts. No players were punished because they had been given immunity by MLB in exchange for their cooperation.[5] The Astros subsequently fired both Luhnow and Hinch on the day their suspensions were announced.[6] MLB's investigation also determined that Boston Red Sox manager Alex Cora helped mastermind the Astros' sign stealing while serving as Hinch's bench coach in 2017; Boston and Cora mutually parted ways the following day, and MLB later suspended Cora through the 2020 postseason. Carlos Beltrán was the only Astros player from 2017 who was specifically named in the report; he had been hired to manage the New York Mets in November 2019 but parted ways with the team after the results of MLB's investigation were announced.","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Kelly_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Derek Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Shelton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jim Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crane"},{"link_name":"Jeff Luhnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Luhnow"},{"link_name":"A. J. Hinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Hinch"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros' sign stealing scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros_sign_stealing_scandal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dusty Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Baker"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Coaching staff changes","text":"On December 7, 2019, first base coach Don Kelly departed for the position of bench coach with the Pittsburgh Pirates, joining the coaching staff of newly hired manager Derek Shelton.[7] The first base coach position went to Omar Lopez, a long-time manager in the Astros' minor league system.[8]\nOn January 13, Astros owner Jim Crane fired Jeff Luhnow and A. J. Hinch, after both were implicated in MLB's investigation into the Houston Astros' sign stealing scandal.[9][10] Crane temporarily assumed control of baseball operations while a search was ongoing for new personnel.[11]\nOn January 29, the Astros hired Dusty Baker as the new manager for the 2020 season with an option for 2021.[12]","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Gerrit Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Cole"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Releases and departures","text":"On December 18, 2019, the New York Yankees announced they had signed RHP Gerrit Cole to a 9-year contract, which was rumored to be worth $324 million, the fourth-richest contract in MLB history.[13][14][15] Cole had elected free agency at the conclusion of the 2019 season, and had rejected a $17.8 million qualifying offer from the Astros to return for 2020.[16]","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dustin Garneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Garneau"},{"link_name":"Joe Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Smith_(pitcher)"},{"link_name":"Martín Maldonado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Maldonado"},{"link_name":"Jared Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Hughes"}],"sub_title":"Signings","text":"Astros signed C Dustin Garneau to a 1-year contract\nAstros re-signed RHP Joe Smith to a 2-year contract\nAstros re-signed C Martín Maldonado to a 2-year contract\nAstros signed RHP Jared Hughes to a minor league contract","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Game log","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season standings","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Record vs. opponents","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Player stats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//baseball-reference.com/teams/HOU/2020-batting.shtml"}],"sub_title":"Batting","text":"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases; BB = Walks; AVG = Batting average; SLG = Slugging averageSource:[1]","title":"Player stats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//baseball-reference.com/teams/HOU/2020-pitching.shtml"}],"sub_title":"Pitching","text":"Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; SO = StrikeoutsSource:[2]","title":"Player stats"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Game log","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Postseason rosters","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"}],"text":"See also: Minor League Baseball","title":"Farm system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"As of mid-April 2020, Astro teammates Carlos Correa and Martin Maldonado, along with fellow Major Leaguers such as Francisco Lindor and Eddie Rosario, as well as musical stars, have already shipped 26 pallets of medical supplies to the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. Astros owner Jim Crane has waived all shipping and logistic charges through his company Crane Worldwide Logistics.[17]","title":"Charitable efforts during Coronavirus pandemic"}]	[]	[{"title":"Texas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas"},{"title":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_triples_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_franchise_postseason_streaks"}]	[{"reference":"Feinsand, Mark (June 24, 2020). \"Play Ball: MLB announces 2020 regular season\". MLB.com. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/tigers/news/mlb-announces-2020-regular-season","url_text":"\"Play Ball: MLB announces 2020 regular season\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Feinsand (March 12, 2020). \"Opening Day delayed at least 2 weeks; Spring Training games cancelled\". MLB.com. Major League Baseball. Retrieved March 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/mlb-2020-season-delayed","url_text":"\"Opening Day delayed at least 2 weeks; Spring Training games cancelled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opening of regular season to be pushed back\". MLB.com. Major League Baseball. March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/opening-of-regular-season-to-be-pushed-back","url_text":"\"Opening of regular season to be pushed back\""}]},{"reference":"Feinsand, Mark (June 24, 2020). \"Play Ball: MLB announces 2020 regular season\". MLB.com. 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ESPN.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/28476780/astros-jeff-luhnow-aj-hinch-fired-sign-stealing","url_text":"\"Astros' Luhnow, Hinch fired after MLB gives ban\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200523203513/https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/28476780/astros-jeff-luhnow-aj-hinch-fired-sign-stealing","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Press release: Don Kelly Named Pirates Bench Coach\". MLB.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/pirates/press-release/press-release-don-kelly-named-pirates-bench-coach?t=pirates-press-releases","url_text":"\"Press release: Don Kelly Named Pirates Bench Coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Astros: Meet Omar Lopez, Houston's new first base coach\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Burns_(EP)	Helen Burns (EP)	["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References","5 External links"]	2012 EP by FleaHelen BurnsEP by FleaReleasedJuly 19, 2012Recorded2007GenreExperimental rock, electronica, jazz fusion, chillout, avant-garde jazz, nu jazz, ambient popLength26:07LanguageEnglishLabelORG MusicProducerFlea, Chris Warren Helen Burns is the first EP by Flea, bassist from Red Hot Chili Peppers, which was released July 19, 2012 at a "name your own price" policy through the Silverlake Conservatory of Music website. The EP was also released to all major digital download outlets on August 9, 2012. The EP marks the first solo release by Flea who has previously only released solo work on soundtracks. The EP is almost all instrumental except for an appearance by Patti Smith on the title track and a choir on the final track. Additionally, there was a limited edition 180-gram vinyl that Flea personally signed and also includes an actual piece of a bass string that Flea used while touring. Only 900 copies were available. The vinyl can also be ordered on the Silverlake Conservatory website. Regular vinyl and CD release followed in February 2013. Background The EP was recorded in 2007 by Flea and Chris Warren, drum technician and touring keyboard player for the Red Hot Chili Peppers. Flea said he had no plans for the album to be anything but to just record it in the back room at his house following a long Chili Peppers tour and as a way for Warren to learn how to be a sound engineer. The title of the EP, according to Flea, comes from a character in the 1847 novel Jane Eyre. Flea said "the beauty of Helen Burns is a quality I look for in all human beings. Burns is always someone who is present with me and whose highest ideals resonate in the deepest experiences of my life". Flea commented on the release of the EP by saying “Hi people who like The Red Hot Chili Peppers! I love you a lot! Mucho! Just wanted to give you a heads up about this little record 'Helen Burns' I am putting out on the Silverlake Conservatory website. Warning! It is not a Chili Pepper record. It does not have songs that are like the Chili Peppers at all. It is a mostly instrumental, weird and arty record, the music is mostly just me creating soundscapes that are very emotional for me, but certainly not for everyone! Just me tripping out at home. I am putting it out to raise money for The Silverlake Conservatory of Music a community based non profit music school that I am an integral part of. There you have it. See you all soon I hope!" Track listing All songs were produced and written by Flea, except "Helen Burns" which was co-written with Patti Smith. No.TitleLength1."333"8:032."Pedestal of Infamy"3:123."A Little Bit of Sanity"1:294."Helen Burns"3:025."333 Revisited"7:326."Lovelovelove"3:32Total length:26:50 Personnel Flea - bass, piano, trumpet, double bass, synthesizers, drum machine, programming, organ, mellotron, melodica, percussion Jack Irons - snare roll (1), drums (6) Stella Mozgawa - drums (2,3) Chad Smith - drums (6) Patti Smith - vocals (4) Keith "Tree" Barry - harmonica (6) Silverlake Conservatory kids and adult choir directed by S.J. Hasman (6) Production Clara Balzary - album artwork Greg Fidelman - mixing (all tracks except 5) Ryan Hewitt - mixing (5) Sara Killion - mixing (5) Chris Warren - sound engineer References ^ "Helen Burns - Flea - RHCP News". Redhotchilipeppers.com. Retrieved 2012-08-22. External links silverlakeconservatory.com vteRed Hot Chili Peppers Anthony Kiedis Michael "Flea" Balzary Chad Smith John Frusciante Hillel Slovak Jack Irons Jack Sherman Cliff Martinez DeWayne McKnight D. H. Peligro Arik Marshall Jesse Tobias Dave Navarro Josh Klinghoffer Studio albums The Red Hot Chili Peppers Freaky Styley The Uplift Mofo Party Plan Mother's Milk Blood Sugar Sex Magik One Hot Minute Californication By the Way Stadium Arcadium I'm with You The Getaway Unlimited Love Return of the Dream Canteen EPs The Abbey Road E.P. 2011 Live EP Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Covers EP I'm with You World Tour Live in Paris Single series I'm with You Singles Collection Live releases Live in Hyde Park Official Bootlegs Cardiff, Wales: 6/23/04 Compilations Sock-Cess What Hits!? Live Rare Remix Box The Plasma Shaft Out in L.A. The Best of Red Hot Chili Peppers Under the Covers: Essential Red Hot Chili Peppers Greatest Hits Road Trippin' Through Time I'm with You Sessions Videos Red Hot Skate Rock Psychedelic Sexfunk Live from Heaven Positive Mental Octopus Funky Monks What Hits!? Off the Map Live at Slane Castle Greatest Hits and Videos iTunes Originals – Red Hot Chili Peppers Red Hot Chili Peppers Live: I'm with You Red Hot Chili Peppers: Live from the Basement Tours Freaky Styley Tour The Uplift Mofo Party Tour Mother's Milk Tour Blood Sugar Sex Magik Tour Tour de La Sensitive One Hot Minute Tour Californication Tour By the Way Tour Stadium Arcadium World Tour I'm with You World Tour 2013–2014 Tour The Getaway World Tour Global Stadium Tour Related articles Discography Videography Band members Songs Awards and nominations Scar Tissue Acid for the Children An Oral/Visual History by the Red Hot Chili Peppers Fandemonium Woodstock 1994 Unearthed Silverlake Conservatory of Music "Bedrock Anthem" "You Oughta Know" Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show Groups What Is This? Atoms for Peace Rocket Juice & the Moon Antemasque Chickenfoot Chad Smith's Bombastic Meatbats Ataxia Dot Hacker The Process Jane's Addiction Fear Eleven Pearl Jam The Weirdos Parliament-Funkadelic Dead Kennedys Thelonious Monster The Bicycle Thief The Latino Rockabilly War Aleka's Attic P The Mars Volta Gnarls Barkley Fishbone Circle Jerks Off! The Meters Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Flea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Chili Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Silverlake Conservatory of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverlake_Conservatory_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"}],"text":"Helen Burns is the first EP by Flea, bassist from Red Hot Chili Peppers, which was released July 19, 2012 at a \"name your own price\" policy through the Silverlake Conservatory of Music website. The EP was also released to all major digital download outlets on August 9, 2012. The EP marks the first solo release by Flea who has previously only released solo work on soundtracks.[1] The EP is almost all instrumental except for an appearance by Patti Smith on the title track and a choir on the final track.Additionally, there was a limited edition 180-gram vinyl that Flea personally signed and also includes an actual piece of a bass string that Flea used while touring. Only 900 copies were available. The vinyl can also be ordered on the Silverlake Conservatory website. Regular vinyl and CD release followed in February 2013.","title":"Helen Burns (EP)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Hot Chili Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"Jane Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Eyre"}],"text":"The EP was recorded in 2007 by Flea and Chris Warren, drum technician and touring keyboard player for the Red Hot Chili Peppers. Flea said he had no plans for the album to be anything but to just record it in the back room at his house following a long Chili Peppers tour and as a way for Warren to learn how to be a sound engineer. The title of the EP, according to Flea, comes from a character in the 1847 novel Jane Eyre. Flea said \"the beauty of Helen Burns is a quality I look for in all human beings. Burns is always someone who is present with me and whose highest ideals resonate in the deepest experiences of my life\".Flea commented on the release of the EP by saying “Hi people who like The Red Hot Chili Peppers! I love you a lot! Mucho! Just wanted to give you a heads up about this little record 'Helen Burns' I am putting out on the Silverlake Conservatory website. Warning! It is not a Chili Pepper record. It does not have songs that are like the Chili Peppers at all. It is a mostly instrumental, weird and arty record, the music is mostly just me creating soundscapes that are very emotional for me, but certainly not for everyone! Just me tripping out at home. I am putting it out to raise money for The Silverlake Conservatory of Music a community based non profit music school that I am an integral part of. There you have it. See you all soon I hope!\"","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patti Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"}],"text":"All songs were produced and written by Flea, except \"Helen Burns\" which was co-written with Patti Smith.No.TitleLength1.\"333\"8:032.\"Pedestal of Infamy\"3:123.\"A Little Bit of Sanity\"1:294.\"Helen Burns\"3:025.\"333 Revisited\"7:326.\"Lovelovelove\"3:32Total length:26:50","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jack Irons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Irons"},{"link_name":"Stella Mozgawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Mozgawa"},{"link_name":"Chad Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Smith"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"},{"link_name":"Keith \"Tree\" Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_%22Tree%22_Barry"},{"link_name":"Greg Fidelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Fidelman"}],"text":"Flea - bass, piano, trumpet, double bass, synthesizers, drum machine, programming, organ, mellotron, melodica, percussion\nJack Irons - snare roll (1), drums (6)\nStella Mozgawa - drums (2,3)\nChad Smith - drums (6)\nPatti Smith - vocals (4)\nKeith \"Tree\" Barry - harmonica (6)\nSilverlake Conservatory kids and adult choir directed by S.J. Hasman (6)ProductionClara Balzary - album artwork\nGreg Fidelman - mixing (all tracks except 5)\nRyan Hewitt - mixing (5)\nSara Killion - mixing (5)\nChris Warren - sound engineer","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Helen Burns - Flea - RHCP News\". Redhotchilipeppers.com. Retrieved 2012-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://redhotchilipeppers.com/news/367-helen-burns-flea","url_text":"\"Helen Burns - Flea - RHCP News\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://redhotchilipeppers.com/news/367-helen-burns-flea","external_links_name":"\"Helen Burns - Flea - RHCP News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120721195135/http://silverlakeconservatory.com/helen_burns/","external_links_name":"silverlakeconservatory.com"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/e09c8c67-9538-41e8-896f-a4837b8a51a7","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_Medal_(Mozarteum)	Mozart Medal (Mozarteum)	["1 Recipients","1.1 Golden","1.2 Silver","1.3 Unknown","2 See also","3 Notes","4 External links"]	Austrian music award The Mozart Medal (German: Mozart-Medaille) is an award administered by the Mozarteum International Foundation. It derives its name from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The medal is available in three metal types: gold, silver, bronze. Recipients Golden Lilli Lehmann, 1914 Max Ott, 1918 Hermann Abert, 1927 Friedrich Gehmacher, 1933 Hermann Zilcher, 1941 Ludwig Schiedermair, 1942 Alfred Einstein, 1949 Georges de Saint-Foix, 1949 Bernhard Paumgartner, 1951 Vienna Philharmonic, 1956 Bruno Walter, 1956 Karl Böhm, 1956 Christian Bösmüller, 1957 Friedrich Gehmacher, 1968 Richard Spängler, 1985 Sándor Végh, 1991 Takahide Sakurai, 1995 Norio Ohga, 1995 David Woodley Packard, 2002 Heinz Wiesmüller, 2003 Wolfgang Rehm, 2006 Friedrich Gehmacher jr., 2006 Nikolaus Harnoncourt, 2011 András Schiff, 2012 Miloš Forman, 2013 Alfred Brendel, 2014 Mitsuko Uchida, 2015 Mozarteum Orchestra Salzburg, 2015 Marc Minkowski, 2016 Silver Cecil Bernard Oldman, 1950 Maria Stader, 1956 Erich Valentin, 1956 Hans Sittner, 1971 Edith Mathis, 1976 Kurt Neumüller, 1981 Helmut Eder, 1986 Peter Schreier, 1975 Gerhard Wimberger, 1994 Riccardo Muti, 1998 Ulrich Konrad, 1999 Hans Landesmann, 2002 Peter Ruzicka, 2006 Unknown Julius Ebenstein, 1957 Albert Richard Mohr, 1981 Leopold Nowak, 1985 See also Mozart Medal (disambiguation) Notes ^ Hinterberger, Julia (December 2012). "Lilli Lehmann – Arbeitsschwerpunkt Salzburger Musikgeschichte" (PDF). Universität Mozarteum. Salzburg. Retrieved 26 August 2018. ^ "Verleihung der Goldenen Mozart-Medaille an Nikolaus Harnoncourt". harnoncourt.info. 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2018. ^ Kainberger, Hedwig (28 January 2014). "Alfred Brendel: "Verneige mich vor dem Wunder Mozart"". Salzburger Nachrichten. Retrieved 18 July 2018. ^ Kriechbaum, Reinhard (27 January 2016). "Der denkbar quirligste Lebens-Geist". Wiener Zeitung. Retrieved 17 July 2018. ^ "Dirigent Marc Minkowski mit Goldener Mozart-Medaille ausgezeichnet". klassik.com. Freiburg: eMusici GmbH. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2018. ^ "Edith Mathis". bach-cantatas.com. ^ "4 March 1957: Mozart-Medaille für Prof. Julius Ebenstein". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2010. External links Mozarteum International Foundation This music award-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This music event–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mozarteum International Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarteum_International_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"}],"text":"The Mozart Medal (German: Mozart-Medaille) is an award administered by the Mozarteum International Foundation. It derives its name from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The medal is available in three metal types: gold, silver, bronze.","title":"Mozart Medal (Mozarteum)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lilli Lehmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilli_Lehmann"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hermann Abert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Abert"},{"link_name":"Hermann Zilcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Zilcher"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Schiedermair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Schiedermair"},{"link_name":"Alfred Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Georges de Saint-Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_de_Saint-Foix"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Paumgartner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Paumgartner"},{"link_name":"Vienna Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Bruno Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Walter"},{"link_name":"Karl Böhm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm"},{"link_name":"Sándor Végh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_V%C3%A9gh"},{"link_name":"Norio Ohga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Ohga"},{"link_name":"David Woodley Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Woodley_Packard"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Rehm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Rehm"},{"link_name":"Nikolaus Harnoncourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"András Schiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff"},{"link_name":"Miloš Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman"},{"link_name":"Alfred Brendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Brendel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mitsuko Uchida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mozarteum Orchestra Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarteum_Orchestra_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Marc Minkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Minkowski"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Golden","text":"Lilli Lehmann, 1914[1]\nMax Ott, 1918\nHermann Abert, 1927\nFriedrich Gehmacher, 1933\nHermann Zilcher, 1941\nLudwig Schiedermair, 1942\nAlfred Einstein, 1949\nGeorges de Saint-Foix, 1949\nBernhard Paumgartner, 1951\nVienna Philharmonic, 1956\nBruno Walter, 1956\nKarl Böhm, 1956\nChristian Bösmüller, 1957\nFriedrich Gehmacher, 1968\nRichard Spängler, 1985\nSándor Végh, 1991\nTakahide Sakurai, 1995\nNorio Ohga, 1995\nDavid Woodley Packard, 2002\nHeinz Wiesmüller, 2003\nWolfgang Rehm, 2006\nFriedrich Gehmacher jr., 2006\nNikolaus Harnoncourt, 2011[2]\nAndrás Schiff, 2012\nMiloš Forman, 2013\nAlfred Brendel, 2014[3]\nMitsuko Uchida, 2015[4]\nMozarteum Orchestra Salzburg, 2015\nMarc Minkowski, 2016[5]","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cecil Bernard Oldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Bernard_Oldman"},{"link_name":"Maria Stader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stader"},{"link_name":"Erich Valentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Valentin"},{"link_name":"Hans Sittner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sittner"},{"link_name":"Edith Mathis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Mathis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Helmut Eder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Eder"},{"link_name":"Peter Schreier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schreier"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Wimberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Wimberger"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Muti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Muti"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Konrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Konrad"},{"link_name":"Hans Landesmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Landesmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Ruzicka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ruzicka"}],"sub_title":"Silver","text":"Cecil Bernard Oldman, 1950\nMaria Stader, 1956\nErich Valentin, 1956\nHans Sittner, 1971\nEdith Mathis, 1976[6]\nKurt Neumüller, 1981\nHelmut Eder, 1986\nPeter Schreier, 1975\nGerhard Wimberger, 1994\nRiccardo Muti, 1998\nUlrich Konrad, 1999\nHans Landesmann, 2002\nPeter Ruzicka, 2006","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julius Ebenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_Ebenstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Albert Richard Mohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Richard_Mohr"},{"link_name":"Leopold Nowak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Nowak"}],"sub_title":"Unknown","text":"Julius Ebenstein, 1957[7]\nAlbert Richard Mohr, 1981\nLeopold Nowak, 1985","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Lilli Lehmann – Arbeitsschwerpunkt Salzburger Musikgeschichte\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uni-mozarteum.at/apps/app_ck/ckuserfiles/18725/files/Lehmann%2C%20Lilli.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Verleihung der Goldenen Mozart-Medaille an Nikolaus Harnoncourt\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.harnoncourt.info/goldene-mozart-medaille-fuer-nikolaus-harnoncourt/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Alfred Brendel: \"Verneige mich vor dem Wunder Mozart\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sn.at/salzburg/kultur/alfred-brendel-verneige-mich-vor-dem-wunder-mozart-3997045"},{"link_name":"Salzburger Nachrichten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburger_Nachrichten"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Der denkbar quirligste Lebens-Geist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/musik/klassik_oper/797644_Der-denkbar-quirligste-Lebens-Geist.html"},{"link_name":"Wiener Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Dirigent Marc Minkowski mit Goldener Mozart-Medaille ausgezeichnet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//magazin.klassik.com/news/teaser.cfm?ID=13252&nachricht=Dirigent%20Marc%20Minkowski%20mit%20Goldener%20Mozart-Medaille%20ausgezeichnet"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Edith Mathis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Mathis-Edith.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"4 March 1957: Mozart-Medaille für Prof. Julius Ebenstein\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150518093237/http://www.wien.gv.at/rk/historisch/1957/maerz.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wien.gv.at/rk/historisch/1957/maerz.html"}],"text":"^ Hinterberger, Julia (December 2012). \"Lilli Lehmann – Arbeitsschwerpunkt Salzburger Musikgeschichte\" (PDF). Universität Mozarteum. Salzburg. Retrieved 26 August 2018.\n\n^ \"Verleihung der Goldenen Mozart-Medaille an Nikolaus Harnoncourt\". harnoncourt.info. 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2018.\n\n^ Kainberger, Hedwig (28 January 2014). \"Alfred Brendel: \"Verneige mich vor dem Wunder Mozart\"\". Salzburger Nachrichten. Retrieved 18 July 2018.\n\n^ Kriechbaum, Reinhard (27 January 2016). \"Der denkbar quirligste Lebens-Geist\". Wiener Zeitung. Retrieved 17 July 2018.\n\n^ \"Dirigent Marc Minkowski mit Goldener Mozart-Medaille ausgezeichnet\". klassik.com. Freiburg: eMusici GmbH. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2018.\n\n^ \"Edith Mathis\". bach-cantatas.com.\n\n^ \"4 March 1957: Mozart-Medaille für Prof. Julius Ebenstein\". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2010.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Mozart Medal (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_Medal_(disambiguation)"}]	[{"reference":"Hinterberger, Julia (December 2012). \"Lilli Lehmann – Arbeitsschwerpunkt Salzburger Musikgeschichte\" (PDF). Universität Mozarteum. Salzburg. Retrieved 26 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uni-mozarteum.at/apps/app_ck/ckuserfiles/18725/files/Lehmann%2C%20Lilli.pdf","url_text":"\"Lilli Lehmann – Arbeitsschwerpunkt Salzburger Musikgeschichte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Verleihung der Goldenen Mozart-Medaille an Nikolaus Harnoncourt\". harnoncourt.info. 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harnoncourt.info/goldene-mozart-medaille-fuer-nikolaus-harnoncourt/","url_text":"\"Verleihung der Goldenen Mozart-Medaille an Nikolaus Harnoncourt\""}]},{"reference":"Kainberger, Hedwig (28 January 2014). \"Alfred Brendel: \"Verneige mich vor dem Wunder Mozart\"\". Salzburger Nachrichten. 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Retrieved 18 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://magazin.klassik.com/news/teaser.cfm?ID=13252&nachricht=Dirigent%20Marc%20Minkowski%20mit%20Goldener%20Mozart-Medaille%20ausgezeichnet","url_text":"\"Dirigent Marc Minkowski mit Goldener Mozart-Medaille ausgezeichnet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edith Mathis\". bach-cantatas.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Mathis-Edith.htm","url_text":"\"Edith Mathis\""}]},{"reference":"\"4 March 1957: Mozart-Medaille für Prof. Julius Ebenstein\". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. 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