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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing:_The_Story_of_Alphabets_and_Scripts | Writing: The Story of Alphabets and Scripts | ["1 Synopsis","2 Contents","2.1 Body text","2.2 Documents","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | 1987 book by Georges Jean
Writing:The Story of Alphabets and Scripts First French edition. Centre: traditional Chinese character for "brush" by Ru Xiaofan , 20th century; counterclockwise from bottom left: The Book Peddler, 16th-century wood engraving, Musée Carnavalet, Paris; detail of a plate entitled L'Art d'écrire, from the Encyclopédie, 1763; cover of a Kufic Koran from the Maghreb, photograph; hieroglyphic cartouche in Voyage en Égypte, Jean-François Champollion.AuthorGeorges JeanOriginal titleL'écriture, mémoire des hommesTranslatorJenny OatesLanguageFrenchSeriesDécouvertes Gallimard●Archéologie (FR)Abrams Discoveries (US)New Horizons (UK)Release number24th in collectionSubjectHistory of the alphabet and writingGenreNonfiction monographPublisherFR: Éditions GallimardUS: Harry N. AbramsUK: Thames & HudsonPublication date4 December 198721 June 2007 (new ed.)Publication placeFrancePublished in English1992Media typePrint (paperback)Pages224 (first edition)160 (new edition in 2007)208 (UK & US editions)ISBN978-2-0705-3040-3 (first edition)Preceded byMontaigne : « Que sais-je ? » Followed byVers l'Ouest : Un nouveau monde
Writing: The Story of Alphabets and Scripts (French: L'écriture, mémoire des hommes, lit. 'Writing: Memory of Humans') is a 1987 illustrated monograph on the history of the alphabet and writing. Written by French linguist Georges Jean, and published by Éditions Gallimard as the 24th volume in their "Découvertes" collection. The book is one of the five bestsellers in the collection, together with The Search for Ancient Egypt.
Synopsis
Title page illustration: illuminated capital from a 15th-century French manuscript. Bibl. Nat., Paris.Back cover illustration: Jean Gerson writing. 15th-century French manuscript. Bibl. Nat., Paris.
Drawing on unearthed artefacts and historical documents, Georges Jean illustrates the history of writing from an archaeological perspective and with a diachronic approach. The author chose to organise Writing chronologically, stretching it from the cuneiform of Mesopotamia in 3200 BC, through the Phoenician alphabet around 1000 BC, to modern typographical techniques, with descriptions of how writing appeared almost simultaneously in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. The author focuses on the introduction of Near Eastern and Western scripts, but also covers the characteristics and differences of some Far Eastern writing systems, Chinese, Indian and Tibetan, for instance.
The book details a variety of writing tools and media, such as clay tablets used by the Sumerians, reed pen and papyrus of the ancient Egyptians, Roman writing awls, quill and parchment of those medieval Irish monks, as well as brush, fountain pen, stone, paper, printing press, etc. It also discusses how these different writing methods and printing tools affect the development of written content, whether it can be circulated in large quantities, and the ways and channels for circulation.
Contents
Body text
"In the Middle Ages a form of sacred writing became established in the monasteries. Beautifully designed and executed, it reflected the serenity of both those who created it and the setting in which they worked." Illuminated capital from a bible dating to the 12th or early 13th century. Coimbra, Portugal (G. Jean, Writing, p. 73)."The four stages in the making of a book: the delivery of the parchment to a monk; the marking of the lines by the scribe; the painting of a portrait; and the trimming of the sheets of vellum." Illuminated miniatures from German manuscripts, dating to the middle of the 13th century. Kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen (G. Jean, Writing, p. 86).
"Trailer" (pré-générique, pp. 1–7): a succession of miniatures from the Chronicles of Jean Froissart, reproduced as full-page illustrations accompanied by captions.
Chapter I: "Humble Beginnings" (Une humble naissance, pp. 11–23) deals with the emergence of writing, with cuneiforms, which occurred due to accounting needs.
Chapter II: "Invention of the Gods" (Une invention des Dieux, pp. 25–49) deals with other ancient writing systems, such as those of Egypt and China, and highlights the fact that writing was considered by many peoples as a gift from the gods.
Chapter III: "The Alphabet Revolution" (La révolution de l'alphabet, pp. 51–71) deals with Semitic writings, and how the creation of Greek, Latin and Etruscan scripts being inspired by the Phoenician alphabet.
Chapter IV: "From Copyists to Printers" (Des copistes aux imprimeurs, pp. 73–95) deals with historical aspects outside the writing system itself in the Western world. With regard to the manuscripts, it deals with the importance of monks, scrolls, abbeys and monasteries. It discusses the role of calligraphers, illuminators, miniaturists, and bookbinders in the history of books. And it points out the gradual secularisation of writing.
Chapter V: "The Bookmakers" (Les hommes du livre, pp. 97–115) deals with the history of the reproduction of written text, from copyists to the printing. The rise of the art of binding and pocket-sized books during the Renaissance era. The expansion of newspapers in the 18th century, thanks to the progress of printing technology, the first periodicals had appeared at the beginning of the 17th century in the Netherlands and in Germany.
Chapter VI: "The Decipherers" (Les déchiffreurs, pp. 117–127) chronicles the deciphering of hieroglyphs, cuneiforms, and Linear B. The chapter ends with a discussion of "still undeciphered signs", such as Linear A and Phaistos Disc from Crete, and the mysterious Rongorongo of Easter Island.
Documents
The second part of this book is made up of an anthology of "Documents", which delves into more specialised texts and relevant authors on aspects of writing already covered in the body matter — the art of typography, digits and images, the tools for writing, calligraphy, the world's different writing systems, etc.
The Letter and the City (pp. 130–133)
The Implications of Writing (pp. 134–135)
The Typographer's Art (pp. 136–143)
Early Printing in Europe (pp. 144–145)
From Pen to Print (pp. 146–151)
Writing Music (pp. 152–157)
The Influence of Technique (pp. 158–161)
Calligraphy and Games with Letters (pp. 162–173)
The Art of Writing in China (pp. 174–187)
Alpha, Beta, and Others (pp. 188–198)
Further Reading (p. 199)
List of Illustrations (pp. 200–203)
Index (pp. 204–207)
Acknowledgments/Photograph Credits (p. 207)
References
^ "Collection Découvertes Gallimard — Informations commerciales". gallimard.fr (in French). 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^ "A maravilha da escrita a que todos temos acesso (ou deveríamos ter)". folha.uol.com.br (in Portuguese). 1 July 2002. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^ Wan, Yu (2003). "书写者的永恒形象——读《文字与书写：思想的符号》" . 出版广角 (in Chinese). Guilin: Guangxi Normal University. ISSN 1006-7000. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^ "Het schrift beschreven (Georges Jean)". De Voorpost (in Dutch). Aalst. 19 July 1991. p. 9. De geschiedenis van het schrift heeft altijd velen weten te boeien. Die geschiedenis is meer dan 6000 jaar oud. Denken we maar aan het schrift van de Soemeriërs die kleitafels gebruiken en aan het papyrus en de rietpen van Egyptenaren. De Romeinen gebruikten de priem en later kwam het perkament de pen van ganzeveren zoals die door de Ierse monniken werden gebruikt. Het boek is mooi geïllustreerd met foto's in zwartwit en vierkleuren.
^ De Souza, Paulo Chagas (2018). "Jean, Georges (2002). A Escrita: Memória dos Homens. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva" (PDF). fflch.usp.br (in Portuguese). p. 6. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^ Quevedo, Marina (2003). "O mundo real e o mundo da mídia: o homem desalojado" (PDF). Ghrebh- (in Portuguese) (4). São Paulo: Centro Interdisciplinar de Semiótica da Cultura e da Mídia: 105–106. ISSN 1679-9100. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^ González Vázquez, Juan Manuel. "Georges Jean. La escritura, memoria de la humanidad". santiagoapostol.net (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 November 2021.
Further reading
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (1983). The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27735-3.
Innis, Harold A. (1950). Empire and Communications. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Jean, Georges (1999). Signs, Symbols and Ciphers: Decoding the Message. "New Horizons" series. Translated by Hawkes, Sophie. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-5003-0087-9.
Man, John (2001). Alpha Beta: How Our Alphabet Shaped the Western World. London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7472-6447-7.
Martin, Henri-Jean (1994). The History and Power of Writing. Translated by Cochrane, Lydia G. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-50836-8.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to L'écriture, mémoire des hommes.
Official website (in French)
Writing : the story of alphabets and scripts at the Internet Archive
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Portals: Writing Literature France | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_d%27art"},{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"history of the alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet"},{"link_name":"writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_writing"},{"link_name":"Georges Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Jean"},{"link_name":"Éditions Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"Découvertes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"The Search for Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Search_for_Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Writing: The Story of Alphabets and Scripts (French: L'écriture, mémoire des hommes, lit. 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Bibl. Nat., Paris.Back cover illustration: Jean Gerson writing. 15th-century French manuscript. Bibl. Nat., Paris.Drawing on unearthed artefacts and historical documents, Georges Jean illustrates the history of writing from an archaeological perspective and with a diachronic approach. The author chose to organise Writing chronologically, stretching it from the cuneiform of Mesopotamia in 3200 BC, through the Phoenician alphabet around 1000 BC, to modern typographical techniques, with descriptions of how writing appeared almost simultaneously in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China.[2] The author focuses on the introduction of Near Eastern and Western scripts, but also covers the characteristics and differences of some Far Eastern writing systems, Chinese, Indian and Tibetan, for instance.[3]The book details a variety of writing tools and media, such as clay tablets used by the Sumerians, reed pen and papyrus of the ancient Egyptians, Roman writing awls, quill and parchment of those medieval Irish monks, as well as brush, fountain pen, stone, paper, printing press, etc.[4] It also discusses how these different writing methods and printing tools affect the development of written content, whether it can be circulated in large quantities, and the ways and channels for circulation.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%27%C3%A9criture,_p._73.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%27%C3%A9criture,_p._86.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kongelige Bibliotek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Library,_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"miniatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)"},{"link_name":"Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Jean Froissart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Froissart"},{"link_name":"Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Phoenician alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet"},{"link_name":"calligraphers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy"},{"link_name":"illuminators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limner"},{"link_name":"miniaturists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)"},{"link_name":"bookbinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookbinding"},{"link_name":"history of books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_books"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pocket-sized books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_edition"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"deciphering of hieroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decipherment_of_ancient_Egyptian_scripts"},{"link_name":"cuneiforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform#Decipherment"},{"link_name":"Linear B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_B#Discovery_and_decipherment"},{"link_name":"Linear A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_A"},{"link_name":"Phaistos Disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaistos_Disc"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Rongorongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo"},{"link_name":"Easter Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island"}],"sub_title":"Body text","text":"\"In the Middle Ages a form of sacred writing became established in the monasteries. Beautifully designed and executed, it reflected the serenity of both those who created it and the setting in which they worked.\" Illuminated capital from a bible dating to the 12th or early 13th century. Coimbra, Portugal (G. Jean, Writing, p. 73).\"The four stages in the making of a book: the delivery of the parchment to a monk; the marking of the lines by the scribe; the painting of a portrait; and the trimming of the sheets of vellum.\" Illuminated miniatures from German manuscripts, dating to the middle of the 13th century. Kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen (G. Jean, Writing, p. 86).\"Trailer\" (pré-générique, pp. 1–7): a succession of miniatures from the Chronicles of Jean Froissart, reproduced as full-page illustrations accompanied by captions.\nChapter I: \"Humble Beginnings\" (Une humble naissance, pp. 11–23) deals with the emergence of writing, with cuneiforms, which occurred due to accounting needs.\nChapter II: \"Invention of the Gods\" (Une invention des Dieux, pp. 25–49) deals with other ancient writing systems, such as those of Egypt and China, and highlights the fact that writing was considered by many peoples as a gift from the gods.\nChapter III: \"The Alphabet Revolution\" (La révolution de l'alphabet, pp. 51–71) deals with Semitic writings, and how the creation of Greek, Latin and Etruscan scripts being inspired by the Phoenician alphabet.\nChapter IV: \"From Copyists to Printers\" (Des copistes aux imprimeurs, pp. 73–95) deals with historical aspects outside the writing system itself in the Western world. With regard to the manuscripts, it deals with the importance of monks, scrolls, abbeys and monasteries. It discusses the role of calligraphers, illuminators, miniaturists, and bookbinders in the history of books. And it points out the gradual secularisation of writing.[5]\nChapter V: \"The Bookmakers\" (Les hommes du livre, pp. 97–115) deals with the history of the reproduction of written text, from copyists to the printing. The rise of the art of binding and pocket-sized books during the Renaissance era. The expansion of newspapers in the 18th century, thanks to the progress of printing technology, the first periodicals had appeared at the beginning of the 17th century in the Netherlands and in Germany.[6]\nChapter VI: \"The Decipherers\" (Les déchiffreurs, pp. 117–127) chronicles the deciphering of hieroglyphs, cuneiforms, and Linear B. The chapter ends with a discussion of \"still undeciphered signs\", such as Linear A and Phaistos Disc from Crete, and the mysterious Rongorongo of Easter Island.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Documents","text":"The second part of this book is made up of an anthology of \"Documents\", which delves into more specialised texts and relevant authors on aspects of writing already covered in the body matter — the art of typography, digits and images, the tools for writing, calligraphy, the world's different writing systems, etc.[7]The Letter and the City (pp. 130–133)\nThe Implications of Writing (pp. 134–135)\nThe Typographer's Art (pp. 136–143)\nEarly Printing in Europe (pp. 144–145)\nFrom Pen to Print (pp. 146–151)\nWriting Music (pp. 152–157)\nThe Influence of Technique (pp. 158–161)\nCalligraphy and Games with Letters (pp. 162–173)\nThe Art of Writing in China (pp. 174–187)\nAlpha, Beta, and Others (pp. 188–198)\nFurther Reading (p. 199)\nList of Illustrations (pp. 200–203)\nIndex (pp. 204–207)\nAcknowledgments/Photograph Credits (p. 207)","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eisenstein, Elizabeth L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-27735-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-27735-3"},{"link_name":"Innis, Harold A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Innis"},{"link_name":"Empire and Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_and_Communications"},{"link_name":"Jean, Georges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Jean"},{"link_name":"\"New Horizons\" series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-5003-0087-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5003-0087-9"},{"link_name":"Man, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Man_(author)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7472-6447-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-6447-7"},{"link_name":"Martin, Henri-Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Jean_Martin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-50836-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50836-8"}],"text":"Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (1983). The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27735-3.\nInnis, Harold A. (1950). Empire and Communications. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nJean, Georges (1999). Signs, Symbols and Ciphers: Decoding the Message. \"New Horizons\" series. Translated by Hawkes, Sophie. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-5003-0087-9.\nMan, John (2001). Alpha Beta: How Our Alphabet Shaped the Western World. London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7472-6447-7.\nMartin, Henri-Jean (1994). The History and Power of Writing. Translated by Cochrane, Lydia G. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-50836-8.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Collection Découvertes Gallimard — Informations commerciales\". gallimard.fr (in French). 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gallimard.fr/Divers/Plus-sur-la-collection/Decouvertes-Gallimard/(sourcenode)/116085","url_text":"\"Collection Découvertes Gallimard — Informations commerciales\""}]},{"reference":"\"A maravilha da escrita a que todos temos acesso (ou deveríamos ter)\". folha.uol.com.br (in Portuguese). 1 July 2002. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/folhatee/fm0107200223.htm","url_text":"\"A maravilha da escrita a que todos temos acesso (ou deveríamos ter)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo","url_text":"folha.uol.com.br"}]},{"reference":"Wan, Yu (2003). \"书写者的永恒形象——读《文字与书写：思想的符号》\" [The Eternal Image of the Scribe: Reflections on Writing: The Story of Alphabets and Scripts]. 出版广角 [View on Publishing] (in Chinese). Guilin: Guangxi Normal University. ISSN 1006-7000. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ewen.com.cn/cache/books/107/bkview-107423-308345.htm","url_text":"\"书写者的永恒形象——读《文字与书写：思想的符号》\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1006-7000","url_text":"1006-7000"}]},{"reference":"\"Het schrift beschreven (Georges Jean)\". De Voorpost (in Dutch). Aalst. 19 July 1991. p. 9. De geschiedenis van het schrift heeft altijd velen weten te boeien. Die geschiedenis is meer dan 6000 jaar oud. Denken we maar aan het schrift van de Soemeriërs die kleitafels gebruiken en aan het papyrus en de rietpen van Egyptenaren. De Romeinen gebruikten de priem en later kwam het perkament de pen van ganzeveren zoals die door de Ierse monniken werden gebruikt. Het boek is mooi geïllustreerd met foto's in zwartwit en vierkleuren.","urls":[]},{"reference":"De Souza, Paulo Chagas (2018). \"Jean, Georges (2002). A Escrita: Memória dos Homens. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva\" (PDF). fflch.usp.br (in Portuguese). p. 6. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fflch.usp.br/sites/fflch.usp.br/files/2018-02/Sistemas%20de%20Escrita.pdf","url_text":"\"Jean, Georges (2002). A Escrita: Memória dos Homens. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Philosophy,_Languages_and_Human_Sciences,_University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo","url_text":"fflch.usp.br"}]},{"reference":"Quevedo, Marina (2003). \"O mundo real e o mundo da mídia: o homem desalojado\" (PDF). Ghrebh- (in Portuguese) (4). São Paulo: Centro Interdisciplinar de Semiótica da Cultura e da Mídia: 105–106. ISSN 1679-9100. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cisc.org.br/portal/jdownloads/Ghrebh/Ghrebh-%204/08_quevedo.pdf","url_text":"\"O mundo real e o mundo da mídia: o homem desalojado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1679-9100","url_text":"1679-9100"}]},{"reference":"González Vázquez, Juan Manuel. \"Georges Jean. La escritura, memoria de la humanidad\". santiagoapostol.net (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santiagoapostol.net/Revista/escritura.htm","url_text":"\"Georges Jean. La escritura, memoria de la humanidad\""}]},{"reference":"Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (1983). The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27735-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein","url_text":"Eisenstein, Elizabeth L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-27735-3","url_text":"0-521-27735-3"}]},{"reference":"Innis, Harold A. (1950). Empire and Communications. Oxford: Clarendon Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Innis","url_text":"Innis, Harold A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_and_Communications","url_text":"Empire and Communications"}]},{"reference":"Jean, Georges (1999). Signs, Symbols and Ciphers: Decoding the Message. \"New Horizons\" series. Translated by Hawkes, Sophie. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-5003-0087-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Jean","url_text":"Jean, Georges"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard","url_text":"\"New Horizons\" series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5003-0087-9","url_text":"978-0-5003-0087-9"}]},{"reference":"Man, John (2001). Alpha Beta: How Our Alphabet Shaped the Western World. London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7472-6447-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Man_(author)","url_text":"Man, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-6447-7","url_text":"978-0-7472-6447-7"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Henri-Jean (1994). The History and Power of Writing. Translated by Cochrane, Lydia G. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-50836-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Jean_Martin","url_text":"Martin, Henri-Jean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50836-8","url_text":"978-0-226-50836-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.gallimard.fr/Divers/Plus-sur-la-collection/Decouvertes-Gallimard/(sourcenode)/116085","external_links_name":"\"Collection Découvertes Gallimard — Informations commerciales\""},{"Link":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/folhatee/fm0107200223.htm","external_links_name":"\"A maravilha da escrita a que todos temos acesso (ou deveríamos ter)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ewen.com.cn/cache/books/107/bkview-107423-308345.htm","external_links_name":"\"书写者的永恒形象——读《文字与书写：思想的符号》\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1006-7000","external_links_name":"1006-7000"},{"Link":"https://www.fflch.usp.br/sites/fflch.usp.br/files/2018-02/Sistemas%20de%20Escrita.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Jean, Georges (2002). A Escrita: Memória dos Homens. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva\""},{"Link":"http://www.cisc.org.br/portal/jdownloads/Ghrebh/Ghrebh-%204/08_quevedo.pdf","external_links_name":"\"O mundo real e o mundo da mídia: o homem desalojado\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1679-9100","external_links_name":"1679-9100"},{"Link":"http://www.santiagoapostol.net/Revista/escritura.htm","external_links_name":"\"Georges Jean. La escritura, memoria de la humanidad\""},{"Link":"http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Decouvertes-Gallimard/Archeologie/L-ecriture-memoire-des-hommes","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/writingstoryofal00jean","external_links_name":"Writing : the story of alphabets and scripts"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb349759269","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb349759269","external_links_name":"BnF data"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corendon_Airlines_Europe | Corendon Airlines Europe | ["1 History","2 Fleet","3 Destinations","4 Accidents and incidents","5 References","6 External links"] | Maltese charter airline
Corendon Airlines Europe
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
XR
CXI
TOURISTIC
Founded2017AOC #MT-48Operating basesDüsseldorfFleet size14Parent companyCorendon Tourism GroupHeadquartersLuqa, MaltaKey peopleYildiray Karaer (CEO)Websitecorendonairlines.com
Corendon Airlines Europe, legally incorporated as Touristic Aviation Services Ltd., is a European charter airline headquartered in Luqa and based at Malta International Airport. It carries a Maltese air operators certificate and is a sister company of Corendon Airlines and Corendon Dutch Airlines.
History
Corendon Airlines Europe was established in February 2017 as a subsidiary of the Corendon Group in Birkirkara. On May 26, 2017, it conducted its inaugural flight from Malta to Naples. The sole owner of the company is AY Malta Holding Ltd., with its shareholders being E. Uslu Holding B.V. and Y. Karaer Holding B.V.. Erol (also known as Atılay) Uslu and Yildiray Karaer are the co-founders of the Corendon Group. In 2017, Corendon Airlines Europe appeared in publications related to the Paradise Papers. In June 2020, the company's headquarters were relocated to Luqa Airport.
In April 2023, it became publicly known that Corendon Airlines is facing financial difficulties. Among other issues, the airline owes the German state approximately 6 million euros because it had not paid air traffic taxes for an extended period.
Fleet
Corendon Airlines Europe Boeing 737-800
The Corendon Airlines Europe fleet consists of the following aircraft as of October 2023:
Aircraft
In Service
Passengers
Boeing 737-800
14
189
Total
14
Destinations
Corendon Airlines Europe based its aircraft at several airports in Germany, including Düsseldorf, Nuremberg, Cologne/Bonn, and Hanover, as well as one in Basel/Mulhouse in France.
Apart from the base airports, Corendon Airlines Europe serves mostly holiday destinations such as Turkey, Greek Islands, Canary and Balearic Islands (both in Spain), Egypt and Tel Aviv (Israel).
Accidents and incidents
On October 1, 2021, several medical emergencies occurred on flight XR1050 from Cologne Bonn Airport to the island of Rhodes, when passengers passed out. Helpers present on board and crew members came for help. According to witnesses, panic broke out, but the flight was not interrupted, as a doctor on board says, it was safe to continue. The incident is being investigated by the Maltese Aviation Safety Authority.
References
^ "Touristic Aviation Services Ltd. dba Corendon Airlines Europe" (PDF). transport.gov.mt. Retrieved 2019-03-24.
^ "Corendon announces Düsseldorf + Basel bases; 15 routes added at DUS". anna.aero. 2020-09-07.
^ "CORENDON AIRLINES EUROPE". corendonairlines.com.mt. Archived from the original on 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2019-03-24.
^ "Touristic Aviation Services Ltd. t/a Corendon Airlines Europe". avcodes.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-03-24.
^ "Corporate". corendonairlines.com. Retrieved 2019-03-24.
^ "Corendon Airlines | Antalya, Germany, Netherlands | Cheap Flight Tickets". 2017-11-15. Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
^ "AY MALTA HOLDING LIMITED (Level 5 Skyparks Business Centre, Malta International Airport,) - Phone - Address | mlt.databasesets.com 💿". mlt.databasesets.com. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
^ ODATV (2023-05-01). "Almanya'dan Türk hava şirketine haciz... Türk Bakan Günay Uslu bu işin neresinde" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-10-16.
^ "TOURISTIC AVIATION SERVICES LIMITED | ICIJ Offshore Leaks Database". offshoreleaks.icij.org. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
^ "Rund sechs Millionen Euro Luftverkehrsabgabe nicht bezahlt: Deutschland pfändet Corendon". Aviation.Direct (in German). 2023-04-27. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
^ "Corendon Airlines Europe Fleet Details & History". Planespotters.net. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Accident: Corendon Europe B738 enroute on Oct 1st 2021, multiple passengers collapsed in flight". avherald.com. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
External links
Media related to Corendon Airlines Europe at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
Portals: Malta Aviation
vteAirlines of MaltaScheduled
Eurowings Europe
KM Malta Airlines
Lauda Europe
Malta Air
Universal Air
Wizz Air Malta
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AirX Charter
Corendon Airlines Europe
Freebird Airlines Europe
Hi Fly Malta
Malta MedAir
Medavia
VistaJet
Defunct
Air Malta
BAS (Malta)
BritishJET
Efly
European 2000 Airlines
Hermes Aviation
Malta Air Charter
Malta Airlines
The Malta Instone Airline | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"charter airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_airline"},{"link_name":"Luqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqa"},{"link_name":"Malta International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Corendon Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corendon_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Corendon Dutch Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corendon_Dutch_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Corendon Airlines Europe, legally incorporated as Touristic Aviation Services Ltd.,[4] is a European charter airline headquartered in Luqa and based at Malta International Airport. 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On May 26, 2017, it conducted its inaugural flight from Malta to Naples.[6] The sole owner of the company is AY Malta Holding Ltd., with its shareholders being E. Uslu Holding B.V. and Y. Karaer Holding B.V..[7] Erol (also known as Atılay) Uslu and Yildiray Karaer are the co-founders of the Corendon Group.[8] In 2017, Corendon Airlines Europe appeared in publications related to the Paradise Papers.[9] In June 2020, the company's headquarters were relocated to Luqa Airport.In April 2023, it became publicly known that Corendon Airlines is facing financial difficulties. Among other issues, the airline owes the German state approximately 6 million euros because it had not paid air traffic taxes for an extended period.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:9H-TJB_LLBG_02-08-2019d.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Corendon Airlines Europe Boeing 737-800The Corendon Airlines Europe fleet consists of the following aircraft as of October 2023:[11]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Airport"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Airport"},{"link_name":"Cologne/Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Bonn_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover_Airport"},{"link_name":"Basel/Mulhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroAirport_Basel_Mulhouse_Freiburg"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Greek Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Islands"},{"link_name":"Canary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"Balearic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"}],"text":"Corendon Airlines Europe based its aircraft at several airports in Germany, including Düsseldorf, Nuremberg, Cologne/Bonn, and Hanover, as well as one in Basel/Mulhouse in France.Apart from the base airports, Corendon Airlines Europe serves mostly holiday destinations such as Turkey, Greek Islands, Canary and Balearic Islands (both in Spain), Egypt and Tel Aviv (Israel).","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cologne Bonn Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Bonn_Airport"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"On October 1, 2021, several medical emergencies occurred on flight XR1050 from Cologne Bonn Airport to the island of Rhodes, when passengers passed out. Helpers present on board and crew members came for help. According to witnesses, panic broke out, but the flight was not interrupted, as a doctor on board says, it was safe to continue. The incident is being investigated by the Maltese Aviation Safety Authority.[12]","title":"Accidents and incidents"}] | [{"image_text":"Corendon Airlines Europe Boeing 737-800","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/9H-TJB_LLBG_02-08-2019d.jpg/220px-9H-TJB_LLBG_02-08-2019d.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Touristic Aviation Services Ltd. dba Corendon Airlines Europe\" (PDF). transport.gov.mt. 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Retrieved 2023-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.odatv4.com/siyaset/almanyadan-turk-hava-sirketine-haciz-3822858","url_text":"\"Almanya'dan Türk hava şirketine haciz... Türk Bakan Günay Uslu bu işin neresinde\""}]},{"reference":"\"TOURISTIC AVIATION SERVICES LIMITED | ICIJ Offshore Leaks Database\". offshoreleaks.icij.org. Retrieved 2023-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/nodes/55077596","url_text":"\"TOURISTIC AVIATION SERVICES LIMITED | ICIJ Offshore Leaks Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rund sechs Millionen Euro Luftverkehrsabgabe nicht bezahlt: Deutschland pfändet Corendon\". Aviation.Direct (in German). 2023-04-27. Retrieved 2023-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation.direct/rund-sechs-millionen-euro-luftverkehrsabgabe-nicht-bezahlt-deutschland-pfaendet-corendon","url_text":"\"Rund sechs Millionen Euro Luftverkehrsabgabe nicht bezahlt: Deutschland pfändet Corendon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corendon Airlines Europe Fleet Details & History\". Planespotters.net. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planespotters.net/airline/Corendon-Airlines-Europe","url_text":"\"Corendon Airlines Europe Fleet Details & History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accident: Corendon Europe B738 enroute on Oct 1st 2021, multiple passengers collapsed in flight\". avherald.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly%27s_Reach | Molly's Reach | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 49°24′06″N 123°30′20″W / 49.40158°N 123.50546°W / 49.40158; -123.50546Former fictional restaurant in The Beachcombers
Molly's Reach in 2012
Molly's Reach was a fictional restaurant in the real community of Gibson's Landing, British Columbia, during the nineteen years the Canadian television series The Beachcombers was set there. The building is now a real restaurant.
The show's fictional restaurant was named after the character who owned it, who served as a mother-figure for other characters. A reach is a geographical term for a section of a river. As the town cafe and natural meeting point, where Nick also rented a room as office space for his salvage company, much of the drama happened in and immediately around Molly's Reach.
The original structure was built in 1931, and served a variety of purposes, including a second hand store, a general store, a hardware store and a liquor store, prior to serving as a set for the television show. After the show ended it was turned into an actual restaurant.
The Beachcombers was the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's longest running series, one which was re-sold in fifty foreign markets, and fans of the show, both foreign and domestic, seek out the restaurant. The restaurant's walls bear many photos featuring the show's cast and crew. In 2016 the Vancouver Sun called the restaurant Gibsons' "most prominent landmark". It is located in the middle of town on the main highway, just up the street from the government dock.
A made-for-TV movie, The New Beachcombers, to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the original series first episode, revolved around a fictional fight to prevent the restaurant being torn down and replaced by condominiums.
The building was put up for sale on September 22, 2019.
References
^
Tristin Hopper (2015-04-13). "Ryan Reynolds hit by a car in Vancouver, won't talk to CBC about it unless they bring Beachcombers back". National Post. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Retrieved 2019-02-20. 'There's quite a few people that ask why they can't get a box set — it's in high demand,' said a staffer at Molly's Reach, the Gibsons, B.C.-based café that figured heavily in the series and is now a pilgrimage site for Beachcombers fans.
^ a b
"Forty years later: The Beachcombers premiered Oct. 1, 1972". City News 1130. Gibsons Landing, BC. 2002-10-06. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-20. The Beachcombers premiered October 1st, 1972 and the final episode aired December 12, 1990, making it the longest-running dramatic series ever made for English-language Canadian television.
^
Sophie Woodrooffe (2018-11-23). "Beachcombers' Colonel Spranklin remembered at Molly's Reach". Coast Reporter. Archived from the original on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2019-02-20. Gibsons restaurant Molly's Reach is a living museum dedicated to The Beachcombers, the hit CBC television series that aired for nearly two decades starting in the 1970s. A new photograph of one of its minor characters has been added to the collection.
^
"Gibsons split over proposed hotel and condo development". CBC News. 2015-10-02. Archived from the original on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-02-20. Move over Molly's Reach, George wants in at Gibsons Landing as development proposal leaves locals divided.
^
Joanne Blain (2016-07-29). "New Gibsons project speaks to town's roots". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2019-02-20. The town named after him, now home to more than 4,000 of the 30,000 or so people who live on the Sunshine Coast, is no doubt best known as the setting for the iconic Canadian television show The Beachcombers. Molly's Reach, the café featured in the series, is still the most prominent landmark in town.
^
"The New Beachcombers". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2019-02-20. The New Beachcombers breathes new life into a beloved Canadian icon as new characters Scott, Donna and Katt unexpectedly reunite after a ten-year absence from Gibsons', only to find themselves still enmeshed in a romantic triangle and on opposite sides in the battle to save Molly's Reach.
^ Little, Simon (September 22, 2019). "Molly's Reach, iconic restaurant of 'Beachcombers' fame, up for sale". Global News. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
49°24′06″N 123°30′20″W / 49.40158°N 123.50546°W / 49.40158; -123.50546
This Canada-based restaurant or restaurant chain article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Molly%27s_Reach(7714239258).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gibson's Landing, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson%27s_Landing,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"The Beachcombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beachcombers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationalpost2015-04-13-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citynews1130-2002-10-06-2"},{"link_name":"section of a river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach_(geography)"},{"link_name":"second hand store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_hand_store"},{"link_name":"general store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_store"},{"link_name":"hardware store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_store"},{"link_name":"liquor store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_store"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citynews1130-2002-10-06-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vancouverisawesome2018-11-23-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cbc2015-10-02-4"},{"link_name":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Sun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vancouversun2016-07-29-5"},{"link_name":"The New Beachcombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Beachcombers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CbcNewBeachcombers2002-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Former fictional restaurant in The BeachcombersMolly's Reach in 2012Molly's Reach was a fictional restaurant in the real community of Gibson's Landing, British Columbia, during the nineteen years the Canadian television series The Beachcombers was set there.[1] The building is now a real restaurant.The show's fictional restaurant was named after the character who owned it, who served as a mother-figure for other characters.[2] A reach is a geographical term for a section of a river. As the town cafe and natural meeting point, where Nick also rented a room as office space for his salvage company, much of the drama happened in and immediately around Molly's Reach.The original structure was built in 1931, and served a variety of purposes, including a second hand store, a general store, a hardware store and a liquor store, prior to serving as a set for the television show.[2] After the show ended it was turned into an actual restaurant.[3][4]The Beachcombers was the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's longest running series, one which was re-sold in fifty foreign markets, and fans of the show, both foreign and domestic, seek out the restaurant. The restaurant's walls bear many photos featuring the show's cast and crew. In 2016 the Vancouver Sun called the restaurant Gibsons' \"most prominent landmark\".[5] It is located in the middle of town on the main highway, just up the street from the government dock.A made-for-TV movie, The New Beachcombers, to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the original series first episode, revolved around a fictional fight to prevent the restaurant being torn down and replaced by condominiums.[6]The building was put up for sale on September 22, 2019.[7]","title":"Molly's Reach"}] | [{"image_text":"Molly's Reach in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Molly%27s_Reach%287714239258%29.jpg/220px-Molly%27s_Reach%287714239258%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Tristin Hopper (2015-04-13). \"Ryan Reynolds hit by a car in Vancouver, won't talk to CBC about it unless they bring Beachcombers back\". National Post. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Retrieved 2019-02-20. 'There's quite a few people that ask why they can't get a box set — it's in high demand,' said a staffer at Molly's Reach, the Gibsons, B.C.-based café that figured heavily in the series and is now a pilgrimage site for Beachcombers fans.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/ryan-reynolds-hit-by-a-car-in-vancouver-wont-to-talk-to-cbc-about-it-unless-they-bring-beachcombers-back","url_text":"\"Ryan Reynolds hit by a car in Vancouver, won't talk to CBC about it unless they bring Beachcombers back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post","url_text":"National Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver","url_text":"Vancouver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia","url_text":"British Columbia"}]},{"reference":"\"Forty years later: The Beachcombers premiered Oct. 1, 1972\". City News 1130. Gibsons Landing, BC. 2002-10-06. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-20. The Beachcombers premiered October 1st, 1972 and the final episode aired December 12, 1990, making it the longest-running dramatic series ever made for English-language Canadian television.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citynews1130.com/2012/10/06/forty-years-later-the-beachcombers-premiered-oct-1-1972/","url_text":"\"Forty years later: The Beachcombers premiered Oct. 1, 1972\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_News_1130&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"City News 1130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibsons_Landing,_BC","url_text":"Gibsons Landing, BC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190221054752/https://www.citynews1130.com/2012/10/06/forty-years-later-the-beachcombers-premiered-oct-1-1972/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sophie Woodrooffe (2018-11-23). \"Beachcombers' Colonel Spranklin remembered at Molly's Reach\". Coast Reporter. Archived from the original on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2019-02-20. Gibsons restaurant Molly's Reach is a living museum dedicated to The Beachcombers, the hit CBC television series that aired for nearly two decades starting in the 1970s. A new photograph of one of its minor characters has been added to the collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/2018/11/23/beachcombers-colonel-spranklin-mollys-reach/","url_text":"\"Beachcombers' Colonel Spranklin remembered at Molly's Reach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Reporter","url_text":"Coast Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190221111938/https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/2018/11/23/beachcombers-colonel-spranklin-mollys-reach/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gibsons split over proposed hotel and condo development\". CBC News. 2015-10-02. Archived from the original on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-02-20. Move over Molly's Reach, George wants in at Gibsons Landing as development proposal leaves locals divided.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/gibsons-split-over-proposed-hotel-and-condo-development-1.3254287","url_text":"\"Gibsons split over proposed hotel and condo development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190117173617/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/gibsons-split-over-proposed-hotel-and-condo-development-1.3254287","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Joanne Blain (2016-07-29). \"New Gibsons project speaks to town's roots\". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2019-02-20. The town named after him, now home to more than 4,000 of the 30,000 or so people who live on the Sunshine Coast, is no doubt best known as the setting for the iconic Canadian television show The Beachcombers. Molly's Reach, the café featured in the series, is still the most prominent landmark in town.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/homes/new-gibsons-project-speaks-to-towns-roots","url_text":"\"New Gibsons project speaks to town's roots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Sun","url_text":"Vancouver Sun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112001/https://vancouversun.com/homes/new-gibsons-project-speaks-to-towns-roots","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The New Beachcombers\". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2019-02-20. The New Beachcombers breathes new life into a beloved Canadian icon as new characters Scott, Donna and Katt unexpectedly reunite after a ten-year absence from Gibsons', only to find themselves still enmeshed in a romantic triangle and on opposite sides in the battle to save Molly's Reach.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/programguide/program/the_new_beachcombers/?t=1536278426251","url_text":"\"The New Beachcombers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Little, Simon (September 22, 2019). \"Molly's Reach, iconic restaurant of 'Beachcombers' fame, up for sale\". Global News. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/5937259/beachcombers-mollys-reach-for-sale/","url_text":"\"Molly's Reach, iconic restaurant of 'Beachcombers' fame, up for sale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_News","url_text":"Global News"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Molly%27s_Reach¶ms=49.40158_N_123.50546_W_type:landmark_region:CA-BC","external_links_name":"49°24′06″N 123°30′20″W / 49.40158°N 123.50546°W / 49.40158; -123.50546"},{"Link":"https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/ryan-reynolds-hit-by-a-car-in-vancouver-wont-to-talk-to-cbc-about-it-unless-they-bring-beachcombers-back","external_links_name":"\"Ryan Reynolds hit by a car in Vancouver, won't talk to CBC about it unless they bring Beachcombers back\""},{"Link":"https://www.citynews1130.com/2012/10/06/forty-years-later-the-beachcombers-premiered-oct-1-1972/","external_links_name":"\"Forty years later: The Beachcombers premiered Oct. 1, 1972\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190221054752/https://www.citynews1130.com/2012/10/06/forty-years-later-the-beachcombers-premiered-oct-1-1972/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/2018/11/23/beachcombers-colonel-spranklin-mollys-reach/","external_links_name":"\"Beachcombers' Colonel Spranklin remembered at Molly's Reach\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190221111938/https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/2018/11/23/beachcombers-colonel-spranklin-mollys-reach/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/gibsons-split-over-proposed-hotel-and-condo-development-1.3254287","external_links_name":"\"Gibsons split over proposed hotel and condo development\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190117173617/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/gibsons-split-over-proposed-hotel-and-condo-development-1.3254287","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://vancouversun.com/homes/new-gibsons-project-speaks-to-towns-roots","external_links_name":"\"New Gibsons project speaks to town's roots\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112001/https://vancouversun.com/homes/new-gibsons-project-speaks-to-towns-roots","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/programguide/program/the_new_beachcombers/?t=1536278426251","external_links_name":"\"The New Beachcombers\""},{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/news/5937259/beachcombers-mollys-reach-for-sale/","external_links_name":"\"Molly's Reach, iconic restaurant of 'Beachcombers' fame, up for sale\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Molly%27s_Reach¶ms=49.40158_N_123.50546_W_type:landmark_region:CA-BC","external_links_name":"49°24′06″N 123°30′20″W / 49.40158°N 123.50546°W / 49.40158; -123.50546"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molly%27s_Reach&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu%C3%A1n_q%C3%AC | Yuanqi | ["1 Usage in Japanese","2 See also","3 References"] | Concept in traditional Chinese medicine
In traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese culture, yuán qì (元氣) or vital qi, innate or prenatal qi. Inborn qi (Jing 精) is differentiated from acquired qi that a person may develop or replenished over their lifetime. Further more traditionally it is said that the Kidneys are the root of qi, Left being Yuan yin and the right being Yuan yang. The transportation of Yuan qi is done via the triple warmer (San Jiao 三膲) in Chinese medicine, and is associated with the adrenal glands as in western medicine.
Porkert describes the concept as "the metaphorical designation of the inborn constitution, the vital potential that is gradually used up in the course of life. It may be conserved but never replenished."
The term has been used since at least the Han Dynasty, where it is found in the chapter 'Lu Li Zhi Shang/律历志上' of the History Book, 'Han Shu.'
Usage in Japanese
In modern times it has come to be used in a colloquial manner in Japanese (where it is pronounced genki (元気)) to mean "healthy" or "energetic", a usage that has more recently been borrowed back into Chinese. This colloquial usage of the term forms the basis of a variety of Japanese expressions, including the standard casual greeting, genki desu ka (元気ですか), which translates to "are you well?". As the equivalent of "How are you doing?" in English, it is a rhetorical question and generally answered in the affirmative.
See also
Jing
Neijia
Glossary of alternative medicine
References
^ Rosen, Ross (2018). Heart Shock,Diagnosis and Treatment of Trauma with Shen-Hammer and Classical Chinese Medicine. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 328. ISBN 9780857013309.
^ Gudai hanyu cidian bianxie zubian 2006 : Gudai Hanyi Cidian (Classical Chinese Dictionary). 2006. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.
^ "元気の英訳". eow.alc.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-06-12.
Porkert, The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine MIT Press (1974) ISBN 0-262-16058-7
This China-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about alternative medicine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traditional Chinese medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine"},{"link_name":"Chinese culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture"},{"link_name":"qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi"},{"link_name":"yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang"},{"link_name":"San Jiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jiao"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese culture, yuán qì (元氣) or vital qi, innate or prenatal qi. Inborn qi (Jing 精) is differentiated from acquired qi that a person may develop or replenished over their lifetime. Further more traditionally it is said that the Kidneys are the root of qi, Left being Yuan yin and the right being Yuan yang. The transportation of Yuan qi is done via the triple warmer (San Jiao 三膲) in Chinese medicine, and is associated with the adrenal glands as in western medicine.[1]Porkert describes the concept as \"the metaphorical designation of the inborn constitution, the vital potential that is gradually used up in the course of life. It may be conserved but never replenished.\"The term has been used since at least the Han Dynasty, where it is found in the chapter 'Lu Li Zhi Shang/律历志上' of the History Book, 'Han Shu.'[2]","title":"Yuanqi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In modern times it has come to be used in a colloquial manner in Japanese (where it is pronounced genki (元気)) to mean \"healthy\" or \"energetic\", a usage that has more recently been borrowed back into Chinese. This colloquial usage of the term forms the basis of a variety of Japanese expressions, including the standard casual greeting, genki desu ka (元気ですか), which translates to \"are you well?\".[3] As the equivalent of \"How are you doing?\" in English, it is a rhetorical question and generally answered in the affirmative.","title":"Usage in Japanese"}] | [] | [{"title":"Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing_(Chinese_medicine)"},{"title":"Neijia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neijia"},{"title":"Glossary of alternative medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_alternative_medicine"}] | [{"reference":"Rosen, Ross (2018). Heart Shock,Diagnosis and Treatment of Trauma with Shen-Hammer and Classical Chinese Medicine. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 328. ISBN 9780857013309.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857013309","url_text":"9780857013309"}]},{"reference":"\"元気の英訳\". eow.alc.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%e5%85%83%e6%b0%97&ref=sa","url_text":"\"元気の英訳\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%e5%85%83%e6%b0%97&ref=sa","external_links_name":"\"元気の英訳\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuanqi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuanqi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Redder | Volker Redder | ["1 Politics","2 References"] | German politician
Volker Redder (born 7 June 1959) is a German politician for the FDP and since 2021 a member of the Bundestag, the federal diet.
Politics
Redder was born 1959 in the federal city state of Bremen and studied biology and computer science. Redder also holds a PhD degree from the University of Bremen in computer science. He founded twelve companies.
Redder was a member of two committees of the Bremian state diet from 2015 to 2021 without being a member of the diet. In Bremen some committees are called "Deputationen" and regular citizens can be a member of them if they are appointed by their respective parliament group. Since 2021 he is member of the Bundestag.
References
^ "Volker Redder - Profil bei abgeordnetenwatch.de".
^ "Gewählte in Landeslisten der Parteien in Bremen - der Bundeswahlleiter".
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This biography article about a member of the German Free Democratic Party (FDP) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bundestag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"}],"text":"Volker Redder (born 7 June 1959) is a German politician for the FDP and since 2021 a member of the Bundestag, the federal diet.","title":"Volker Redder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"University of Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bremen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee"},{"link_name":"Bremian state diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerschaft_of_Bremen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Redder was born 1959 in the federal city state of Bremen and studied biology and computer science. Redder also holds a PhD degree from the University of Bremen in computer science. He founded twelve companies.[1]Redder was a member of two committees of the Bremian state diet from 2015 to 2021 without being a member of the diet. In Bremen some committees are called \"Deputationen\" and regular citizens can be a member of them if they are appointed by their respective parliament group. Since 2021 he is member of the Bundestag.[2]","title":"Politics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Volker Redder - Profil bei abgeordnetenwatch.de\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/profile/volker-redder","url_text":"\"Volker Redder - Profil bei abgeordnetenwatch.de\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gewählte in Landeslisten der Parteien in Bremen - der Bundeswahlleiter\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/bundestagswahlen/2021/gewaehlte/bund-99/land-4.html#bc8a04ea-d660-41e5-a4d2-0ae893922b45","url_text":"\"Gewählte in Landeslisten der Parteien in Bremen - der Bundeswahlleiter\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/profile/volker-redder","external_links_name":"\"Volker Redder - Profil bei abgeordnetenwatch.de\""},{"Link":"https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/bundestagswahlen/2021/gewaehlte/bund-99/land-4.html#bc8a04ea-d660-41e5-a4d2-0ae893922b45","external_links_name":"\"Gewählte in Landeslisten der Parteien in Bremen - der Bundeswahlleiter\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4118167202640067930005","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1276234775","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volker_Redder&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_capture | Gravitational capture | ["1 Ejection","2 See also","3 References"] | Gravitational capture occurs when one object enters a stable orbit around another (typically referring to natural orbits rather than orbit insertion of a spacecraft with an orbital maneuvers).
Asteroid capture turns a star-orbiting asteroid into an irregular moon if captured permanently, or a temporary satellite. Capture events explain how satellites can end up with retrograde orbits or rotation.
Planetary capture of a rogue planet by a star or other planet is also theoretically possible, but as of 2012, none has yet been directly observed. Because the angle of encounter is somewhat random, such an event would likely leave the captured planet in an orbit outside the orbital plane of other planets in the solar system, possibly in a retrograde orbit.
Planetary capture has been proposed one mechanism that could explain the unusual orbit of the hypothesized Planet Nine in the Earth's solar system. (Planetary migration is a competing explanation.) Planetary capture (possibly planet swapping with neighboring stars) has been proposed as one explanation for why an unusually high fraction of hot Jupiter exoplanets orbits are misaligned with their stars and a few even in the retrograde direction.
Ejection
The opposite process, ejection from orbit, can occur through orbital instability or one or more encounters with another passing object (perturbations), eventually putting the object on a hyperbolic trajectory. Rogue planets can theoretically be formed in this way, and planets could lose their moons this way. Tidally detached exomoons have been proposed to explain some astronomical observations, but as of 2023 none have been observed. Severe stellar mass loss could also cause planets to escape orbit and go rogue.
See also
Exoplanet
References
^ Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (April 17, 2012). "Rogue Planets Captured by Stars". Sci Tech Daily.
^ Andrew Coates (June 3, 2016). "A stolen exoplanet that will kill us all? Here's what we do know about 'Planet Nine'".
^ Paul M. Sutter (December 9, 2022). "Trading spaces: How swapping stars create hot Jupiters". Universe Today.
^ "NAM2010 at the University of Glasgow". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-04-15. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asteroid capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_capture"},{"link_name":"irregular moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_moon"},{"link_name":"temporary satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_satellite"},{"link_name":"retrograde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion"},{"link_name":"rogue planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_planet"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_capture&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"orbital plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_plane"},{"link_name":"Planet Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Nine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Planetary migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_migration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hot Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Jupiter"},{"link_name":"exoplanets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet"},{"link_name":"retrograde direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion#Exoplanets"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010question-4"}],"text":"Asteroid capture turns a star-orbiting asteroid into an irregular moon if captured permanently, or a temporary satellite. Capture events explain how satellites can end up with retrograde orbits or rotation.Planetary capture of a rogue planet by a star or other planet is also theoretically possible, but as of 2012[update], none has yet been directly observed.[1] Because the angle of encounter is somewhat random, such an event would likely leave the captured planet in an orbit outside the orbital plane of other planets in the solar system, possibly in a retrograde orbit.Planetary capture has been proposed one mechanism that could explain the unusual orbit of the hypothesized Planet Nine in the Earth's solar system.[2] (Planetary migration is a competing explanation.) Planetary capture (possibly planet swapping with neighboring stars) has been proposed as one explanation for why[3] an unusually high fraction of hot Jupiter exoplanets orbits are misaligned with their stars and a few even in the retrograde direction.[4]","title":"Gravitational capture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"perturbations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"hyperbolic trajectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_trajectory"},{"link_name":"Rogue planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_planet"},{"link_name":"Tidally detached exomoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidally_detached_exomoon"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_capture&action=edit"},{"link_name":"stellar mass loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_mass_loss"}],"text":"The opposite process, ejection from orbit, can occur through orbital instability or one or more encounters with another passing object (perturbations), eventually putting the object on a hyperbolic trajectory. Rogue planets can theoretically be formed in this way, and planets could lose their moons this way. Tidally detached exomoons have been proposed to explain some astronomical observations, but as of 2023[update] none have been observed. Severe stellar mass loss could also cause planets to escape orbit and go rogue.","title":"Ejection"}] | [] | [{"title":"Exoplanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet"}] | [{"reference":"Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (April 17, 2012). \"Rogue Planets Captured by Stars\". Sci Tech Daily.","urls":[{"url":"https://scitechdaily.com/rogue-planets-captured-by-stars/","url_text":"\"Rogue Planets Captured by Stars\""}]},{"reference":"Andrew Coates (June 3, 2016). \"A stolen exoplanet that will kill us all? Here's what we do know about 'Planet Nine'\".","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/a-stolen-exoplanet-that-will-kill-us-all-heres-what-we-do-know-about-planet-nine-60407","url_text":"\"A stolen exoplanet that will kill us all? Here's what we do know about 'Planet Nine'\""}]},{"reference":"Paul M. Sutter (December 9, 2022). \"Trading spaces: How swapping stars create hot Jupiters\". Universe Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://phys.org/news/2022-12-spaces-swapping-stars-hot-jupiters.html","url_text":"\"Trading spaces: How swapping stars create hot Jupiters\""}]},{"reference":"\"NAM2010 at the University of Glasgow\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716051715/http://www.astro.gla.ac.uk/nam2010/pr10.php","url_text":"\"NAM2010 at the University of Glasgow\""},{"url":"http://www.astro.gla.ac.uk/nam2010/pr10.php","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_capture&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_capture&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://scitechdaily.com/rogue-planets-captured-by-stars/","external_links_name":"\"Rogue Planets Captured by Stars\""},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/a-stolen-exoplanet-that-will-kill-us-all-heres-what-we-do-know-about-planet-nine-60407","external_links_name":"\"A stolen exoplanet that will kill us all? Here's what we do know about 'Planet Nine'\""},{"Link":"https://phys.org/news/2022-12-spaces-swapping-stars-hot-jupiters.html","external_links_name":"\"Trading spaces: How swapping stars create hot Jupiters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716051715/http://www.astro.gla.ac.uk/nam2010/pr10.php","external_links_name":"\"NAM2010 at the University of Glasgow\""},{"Link":"http://www.astro.gla.ac.uk/nam2010/pr10.php","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby_Dick_(2010_film) | Moby Dick (2010 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"] | 2010 film by Trey Stokes
Moby DickDVD coverDirected byTrey StokesScreenplay byPaul BalesBased onMoby-Dickby Herman MelvilleProduced byDavid Michael LattDavid RimawiPaul BalesStarringBarry BostwickRenee O'ConnorMichael B. TehAdam GrimesCinematographyAlexander YellenEdited byAlex EvansMusic byChris RidenhourDistributed byThe AsylumRelease date
November 23, 2010 (2010-11-23)
Running time87 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$500,000
Moby Dick (alternatively titled 2010: Moby Dick or Moby Dick: 2010) is a 2010 film adaptation of Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick. The film is an Asylum production, and stars Barry Bostwick as Captain Ahab. It also stars Renee O'Connor, Michael B. Teh, and Adam Grimes and is directed by Trey Stokes.
Plot
On November 20, 1969, 50 miles off Soviet waters, the USS Acushnet dives under the ice. A young Ahab listens to sonar for enemy submarines when suddenly he detects an unknown target. When the captain listens, he hears nothing, but Ahab insists on a presence in the emptiness. The target dives into a trench, but the captain abandons his search in favor of photographing the target. The target attacks the submarine and brings the vessel up to the icy surface, revealing to be an enormous white whale. Ahab survives, but loses his left leg to the beast when it hauls the other half of the submarine back underwater.
In the present day, Dr. Michelle Herman (O'Connor) and her assistant Pip (Derrick Scott) test a whale-song generator when the USS Pequod surfaces behind them and Lieutenant Commander Starbuck (Grimes), the executive officer, persuades them to come aboard. In the submarine, Starbuck tells them about several attacks in which eyewitnesses all report seeing an enormous whale, recorded to be about 500 feet in length. Michelle theorizes that it could be a surviving species from prehistoric times, as the largest recorded size for a Sperm Whale is far too small. After she explains that the whale-song generator needs a recorded whale's vocalization, Captain Ahab (Bostwick) comes to the deck and gives her the recording he took of the creature back in 1969, identifying the creature to be Moby Dick, a legendary sea creature of evil and immortality. Although Michelle disagrees on joining a Navy submarine with the intent of killing an animal, she has no choice and Ahab claims to want to stop the attacks.
In San Diego, Captain Boomer (another survivor of the attack of '69) is told by his superiors of suspicious activity revolving around the Pequod. He is assigned to investigate, and thanks to a survivor from a recent attack by the White Whale, he comes to the conclusion that Ahab is on the hunt for Moby Dick.
Meanwhile, the USS Essex is searching for the Pequod off Hawaii. When they go to active sonar, it attracts the attention of the wandering Moby Dick. The Essex engages what appears to be the submarine they were searching for, but realizes too late that their adversary is biological just before the submarine is destroyed by a torpedo it shot. Later the Pequod comes to their location with no sign of the whale, but encounter the corpses of the Essex's crew. Rousing his crew with a speech, Ahab moves on to search for the beast.
A helicopter in search of the Pequod encounters it while the submarine is following a 500-foot target. As the helicopter engages them, the submarine fires a nuke at the unknown target, but the confused helicopter crew tell them they shot a school of giant squid just before they are swallowed alive by Moby Dick.
The whale then attacks the S.S. Rachel, a cruise liner, when the Pequod intervenes with Michelle's whale-song generator. This, however, causes the whale to attack them, subsequently destroying a fin on the Pequod. The submarine fires a harpoon made from the Acushnet's hull on top of Moby Dick's eye, which forces him to dive deeper, dragging the Pequod with it. As the water pressure begins to damage the hull, the line snaps and Starbuck forces the ship to surface.
Moby Dick surfaces too, and the Pequod, along with the help of Boomer in a helicopter, forces the whale into an atoll. The submarine gets trapped in shallow water, and three boats are sent out to face the whale with guns and Ahab's harpoon. Moby Dick destroys two of the boats and forces the survivors onto the island's shores. The whale attacks them again, resulting in the death of Queequeg (Michael Teh). Ahab takes the last boat and fires his harpoon at the whale's other eye. Moby Dick destroys the boat, killing Ahab. The remaining crew of the Pequod, including Starbuck, and Pip, follow Ahab's orders and fire nukes at the island. Moby Dick dodges the nukes and crushes the Pequod just as the island explodes. The White Whale survives to wreak havoc another day; Michelle swims to the surface just as a rescue helicopter arrives.
Cast
Barry Bostwick as Captain Jonah Ahab
Renee O'Connor as Dr. Michelle Herman
Jay Gillespie as Young Ahab
Michael B. Teh as Queequeg
Adam Grimes as Starbuck
Cindi Arrata as Lt. Vanessa
Carlos Antonio as Captain Macey
Matt Lagan as Capt. John "Boomer" Enderby
Jay Beyers as Young Boomer
Dean Kreyling as Admiral De Deer
Carlos Javier Castillo as Cabaco
Oliver Rayon as Bulkington
Durant Fowler as Doughby
Michael Gaglio as XO / Millard Davis
Bart Baggett as Lt. Flask
Derrick Scott as Pip
Carl Watts as Captain Pollard
Kevin Sumethasorn as Archy
Kevin Allen as Pilot
Jett Turner as Essex Sonar
Jeff Jones as Seaman #1
Production
Writer Paul Bales
The film's script was written by Paul Bales, who was tasked with updating the story so that it would take place in 1975. The decision was also made to give the titular whale abilities that Melville's whale did not, such as the capability to travel on land. In an interview with Media Mikes, Bostwick described the production as "one of those ten day jobs where I did it just to see if I could do it" and that he created the harpoon gun used in the end of the film after being handed a spear gun purchased at a yard sale. Of this choice, Bostwick stated that "I didn’t want to be embarrassed by the fact that they only had a dollar and a quarter, you know, to make that movie. I still have that gun mounted in my workshop. I felt the gun had to be something reflective of the character...much larger than life."
Release
2010: Moby Dick was released direct to video in the United States on November 23, 2010.
Reception
Dread Central rated the film at 2 1/2 out of 5, criticizing the choice to add 2010 into the film's title and stating that some viewers could find some "schlock value" but warned that they may "mash the fast forward button between the first and last fifteen minutes". Kevin Carr of 7M Pictures was more favorable, as they felt that it was "silly and it's fun, and it actually plays better than most of the Asylum knock-offs." Paul Constant of The Stranger also wrote a favorable review, noting that "It's perfect distracted holiday viewing. Watch it while you're drunkenly wrapping presents."
In an article for the Journal of Film and Video David Dowling wrote that "The crass spectacle the film makes of the whale’s animality and agency is not uniformly sophomoric, however. One scene in particular, shot with tongue in cheek, is simultaneously selfreferential and critical, calling attention to its own place within the trappings of a campy third-rate action monster movie, while also mocking the well-meaning piety of whale watchers as embodying yet another equally blind androcentric understanding of the whale."
References
^ "The Asylum | MOBY DICK". Archived from the original on 2010-08-02. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
^ "Film Review: 2010: Moby Dick (2010)". Horror News.net. 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
^ FLEISCHER, MATTHEW (October 26, 2010). "'2010: Moby Dick' Starring Barry Bostwick--Pure Awesomeness". Ad Week. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
^ "Herman Melville book 'Moby-Dick' on screen stretches from Gregory Peck to 'Futurama'". Christian Science Monitor. 2012-10-18. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
^ Gencarelli, Mike (2012-02-09). "Interview with Barry Bostwick". MediaMikes. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
^ "2010 Moby Dick Trailer Not Your Grandfather's Melville". Dread Central. 2010-10-26. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
^ "2010: Moby Dick (2010)". Dread Central. 2010-11-26. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
^ Carr, Kevin. "Moby Dick (review)". 7M Pictures (archived). Archived from the original on 2013-12-09.
^ Constant, Paul (December 23, 2010). "Starring Barry Bostwick as Captain Ahab". The Stranger.
^ Dowling, David (2014). ""Revenge upon a Dumb Brute": Casting the Whale in Film Adaptations of Moby-Dick". Journal of Film and Video. 66 (4): 59–60. doi:10.5406/jfilmvideo.66.4.0050. JSTOR 10.5406/jfilmvideo.66.4.0050. S2CID 192207041.
External links
Official website
Moby Dick at IMDb
vteHerman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851)Characters
Moby Dick
Captain Ahab
Ishmael
Queequeg
Father Mapple
Bulkington
Pip
Ships
Pequod
Chapters andspecial subjects
Cetology
Fast-Fish and Loose-Fish
AdaptationsFilm
The Sea Beast (1926)
Moby Dick (1930)
Moby Dick (1956)
Moby Dick (1971; unfinished)
Moby Dick (1978)
Moby Dick (2010)
Television
Moby Dick (1954)
Moby Dick - Rehearsed (1965)
Hakugei: Legend of the Moby Dick (1997)
Moby Dick (1998)
Moby Dick (2011)
Stage
Moby Dick—Rehearsed (1955)
Moby Dick (1990 musical)
Moby-Dick (2010 opera)
Moby-Dick (2019 musical)
Other
Age of the Dragons
The Call of the Wretched Sea
Capitaine Achab
Dopey Dick the Pink Whale
Dicky Moe
Leviathan
"Möbius Dick"
Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor
Railsea
Related
Moby Dick Coin
Mocha Dick
Essex (whaleship)
Green Shadows, White Whale
The Whale (TV film)
In the Heart of the Sea (book)
In the Heart of the Sea (film)
Authority control databases: National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptations_of_Moby-Dick#Film"},{"link_name":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"link_name":"Moby-Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby-Dick"},{"link_name":"Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asylum"},{"link_name":"Barry Bostwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bostwick"},{"link_name":"Captain Ahab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Ahab"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Renee O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Trey Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Stokes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Moby Dick (alternatively titled 2010: Moby Dick or Moby Dick: 2010) is a 2010 film adaptation of Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick. The film is an Asylum production, and stars Barry Bostwick as Captain Ahab.[1] It also stars Renee O'Connor, Michael B. Teh, and Adam Grimes and is directed by Trey Stokes.[2][3]","title":"Moby Dick (2010 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar"},{"link_name":"trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench"},{"link_name":"whale-song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_vocalization"},{"link_name":"Pequod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequod_(Moby-Dick)"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Commander"},{"link_name":"Starbuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Moby-Dick_characters#Crewmates"},{"link_name":"executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Sperm Whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_Whale"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_(1799_whaleship)"},{"link_name":"nuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"}],"text":"On November 20, 1969, 50 miles off Soviet waters, the USS Acushnet dives under the ice. A young Ahab listens to sonar for enemy submarines when suddenly he detects an unknown target. When the captain listens, he hears nothing, but Ahab insists on a presence in the emptiness. The target dives into a trench, but the captain abandons his search in favor of photographing the target. The target attacks the submarine and brings the vessel up to the icy surface, revealing to be an enormous white whale. Ahab survives, but loses his left leg to the beast when it hauls the other half of the submarine back underwater.In the present day, Dr. Michelle Herman (O'Connor) and her assistant Pip (Derrick Scott) test a whale-song generator when the USS Pequod surfaces behind them and Lieutenant Commander Starbuck (Grimes), the executive officer, persuades them to come aboard. In the submarine, Starbuck tells them about several attacks in which eyewitnesses all report seeing an enormous whale, recorded to be about 500 feet in length. Michelle theorizes that it could be a surviving species from prehistoric times, as the largest recorded size for a Sperm Whale is far too small. After she explains that the whale-song generator needs a recorded whale's vocalization, Captain Ahab (Bostwick) comes to the deck and gives her the recording he took of the creature back in 1969, identifying the creature to be Moby Dick, a legendary sea creature of evil and immortality. Although Michelle disagrees on joining a Navy submarine with the intent of killing an animal, she has no choice and Ahab claims to want to stop the attacks.In San Diego, Captain Boomer (another survivor of the attack of '69) is told by his superiors of suspicious activity revolving around the Pequod. He is assigned to investigate, and thanks to a survivor from a recent attack by the White Whale, he comes to the conclusion that Ahab is on the hunt for Moby Dick.Meanwhile, the USS Essex is searching for the Pequod off Hawaii. When they go to active sonar, it attracts the attention of the wandering Moby Dick. The Essex engages what appears to be the submarine they were searching for, but realizes too late that their adversary is biological just before the submarine is destroyed by a torpedo it shot. Later the Pequod comes to their location with no sign of the whale, but encounter the corpses of the Essex's crew. Rousing his crew with a speech, Ahab moves on to search for the beast.A helicopter in search of the Pequod encounters it while the submarine is following a 500-foot target. As the helicopter engages them, the submarine fires a nuke at the unknown target, but the confused helicopter crew tell them they shot a school of giant squid just before they are swallowed alive by Moby Dick.The whale then attacks the S.S. Rachel, a cruise liner, when the Pequod intervenes with Michelle's whale-song generator. This, however, causes the whale to attack them, subsequently destroying a fin on the Pequod. The submarine fires a harpoon made from the Acushnet's hull on top of Moby Dick's eye, which forces him to dive deeper, dragging the Pequod with it. As the water pressure begins to damage the hull, the line snaps and Starbuck forces the ship to surface.Moby Dick surfaces too, and the Pequod, along with the help of Boomer in a helicopter, forces the whale into an atoll. The submarine gets trapped in shallow water, and three boats are sent out to face the whale with guns and Ahab's harpoon. Moby Dick destroys two of the boats and forces the survivors onto the island's shores. The whale attacks them again, resulting in the death of Queequeg (Michael Teh). Ahab takes the last boat and fires his harpoon at the whale's other eye. Moby Dick destroys the boat, killing Ahab. The remaining crew of the Pequod, including Starbuck, and Pip, follow Ahab's orders and fire nukes at the island. Moby Dick dodges the nukes and crushes the Pequod just as the island explodes. The White Whale survives to wreak havoc another day; Michelle swims to the surface just as a rescue helicopter arrives.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry Bostwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bostwick"},{"link_name":"Captain Jonah Ahab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Ahab"},{"link_name":"Renee O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Dr. Michelle Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael_(Moby-Dick)"},{"link_name":"Queequeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queequeg"},{"link_name":"Starbuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Moby-Dick_characters#Crewmates"},{"link_name":"Bulkington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkington_(character_Moby-Dick)"},{"link_name":"Pip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Moby-Dick_characters#Pip_(The_cabin_boy)"}],"text":"Barry Bostwick as Captain Jonah Ahab\nRenee O'Connor as Dr. Michelle Herman\nJay Gillespie as Young Ahab\nMichael B. Teh as Queequeg\nAdam Grimes as Starbuck\nCindi Arrata as Lt. Vanessa\nCarlos Antonio as Captain Macey\nMatt Lagan as Capt. John \"Boomer\" Enderby\nJay Beyers as Young Boomer\nDean Kreyling as Admiral De Deer\nCarlos Javier Castillo as Cabaco\nOliver Rayon as Bulkington\nDurant Fowler as Doughby\nMichael Gaglio as XO / Millard Davis\nBart Baggett as Lt. Flask\nDerrick Scott as Pip\nCarl Watts as Captain Pollard\nKevin Sumethasorn as Archy\nKevin Allen as Pilot\nJett Turner as Essex Sonar\nJeff Jones as Seaman #1","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Bales_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Writer Paul BalesThe film's script was written by Paul Bales, who was tasked with updating the story so that it would take place in 1975. The decision was also made to give the titular whale abilities that Melville's whale did not, such as the capability to travel on land.[4] In an interview with Media Mikes, Bostwick described the production as \"one of those ten day jobs where I did it just to see if I could do it\" and that he created the harpoon gun used in the end of the film after being handed a spear gun purchased at a yard sale. Of this choice, Bostwick stated that \"I didn’t want to be embarrassed by the fact that they only had a dollar and a quarter, you know, to make that movie. I still have that gun mounted in my workshop. I felt the gun had to be something reflective of the character...much larger than life.\"[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"direct to video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-video"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"2010: Moby Dick was released direct to video in the United States on November 23, 2010.[6]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dread Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dread_Central"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Stranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stranger_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Journal of Film and Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Film_and_Video"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Dread Central rated the film at 2 1/2 out of 5, criticizing the choice to add 2010 into the film's title and stating that some viewers could find some \"schlock value\" but warned that they may \"mash the fast forward button between the first and last fifteen minutes\".[7] Kevin Carr of 7M Pictures was more favorable, as they felt that it was \"silly and it's fun, and it actually plays better than most of the Asylum knock-offs.\"[8] Paul Constant of The Stranger also wrote a favorable review, noting that \"It's perfect distracted holiday viewing. Watch it while you're drunkenly wrapping presents.\"[9]In an article for the Journal of Film and Video David Dowling wrote that \"The crass spectacle the film makes of the whale’s animality and agency is not uniformly sophomoric, however. One scene in particular, shot with tongue in cheek, is simultaneously selfreferential and critical, calling attention to its own place within the trappings of a campy third-rate action monster movie, while also mocking the well-meaning piety of whale watchers as embodying yet another equally blind androcentric understanding of the whale.\"[10]","title":"Reception"}] | [{"image_text":"Writer Paul Bales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paul_Bales_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Paul_Bales_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Asylum | MOBY DICK\". Archived from the original on 2010-08-02. 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Retrieved 2020-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/20367/2010-moby-dick-trailer-not-your-grandfather-s-melville/","url_text":"\"2010 Moby Dick Trailer Not Your Grandfather's Melville\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010: Moby Dick (2010)\". Dread Central. 2010-11-26. Retrieved 2020-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/20934/2010-moby-dick-2010/","url_text":"\"2010: Moby Dick (2010)\""}]},{"reference":"Carr, Kevin. \"Moby Dick (review)\". 7M Pictures (archived). Archived from the original on 2013-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.7mpictures.com/2010-moby-dick-dvd-review/","url_text":"\"Moby Dick (review)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131209143746/http://www.7mpictures.com/2010-moby-dick-dvd-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Constant, Paul (December 23, 2010). \"Starring Barry Bostwick as Captain Ahab\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhati | Bhati | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References"] | Rajput clan
This article is about the tribe. For other uses, see Bhati (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Bhatti.
The Royal Flag of Bhati Rajputs of Jaisalmer State
Maharawal Jaisal Singh, The notable Bhati Rajput Ruler
Jaisalmer Fort of the Bhati Rajputs Bhati (Hindi: भाटी, romanized: Bhātī) is a clan of Rajputs. The Bhati dynasty historically ruled over Jaisalmer, India.
History
The Bhatis of Jaisalmer belonged to the Yadava clan of Rajputs. They reportedly originated in Mathura through a common ancestor named Bhati, who was a descendant of Pradyumn. According to the seventeenth-century Nainsi ri Khyat, the Bhatis after losing Mathura moved to Bhatner in Lakhi Jungle, and from there to other locations in western and northwestern India including Punjab. Jaisalmer had a dynasty with a successful line of rulers and this became their center. Bhatner, Pugal, Bikrampur, Barsalpur, Deravar, Maroth, Kehror, Aasnikot, Tanot, Lodhruva and Mamanvahan were some of the fortified settlements that were historically ruled by the Bhati clan or subclans. The Bhati ruler Vijayrao was known as the 'uttara disi bhad kivaad' (the sentinel of the north direction), due to his control over forts and settlements that extended from Ghazni to Gujarat, leading to several conflicts with the invading Muslim tribes. The Phulkian dynasty claimed descent from Rawal Jaisal, the Bhati Rajput founder of Jaisalmer.
See also
Rajputs
Bhatti
Sidhu
References
^ a b Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian. Cambridgre University Press. pp. 18, 55–60, 70. ISBN 9781107080317. the various Hindu Rajput Bhati sub-clans, like Saran, Moodna, Seora as well as Muslim groups like Bhatti, Bhutto...and the trading community of Bhatiya, all link their origins to the Bhatis
^ Bhatnagar, Rashmi Dube; Dube, Reena (2005). Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History. SUNY Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-7914-6327-7.
^ Mohammad Habib, Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (1970). A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF INDIA VOL.5. PEOPLE’S PUBLISHING HOUSE,NEW DELHI. p. 838. Like the Bhatis of Jaisalmer, the chiefs of Karauli also belonged to the Yadava clan of Rajputs.
^ Barbara N. Ramusack (2007). The Indian Princes and their States. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 9780521039895. The Phulkian clan traced their ancestry remotely to Jaisal, the Jadon Bhati Rajput founder of Jaisalmer State
vteClans of the Rajput peopleSuryavanshi
Bais Rajputs
Gautam
Rathore
Bersal
Bargujar
Kachwaha
Gaur
Sisodia
Guhila
Pundir
Gohil
Chandravanshi
Banaphar
Bhati
Benvanshi
Chudasama
Chandel
Jadaun
Guleria
Jadeja
Katoch
Tomar
Agnivanshi
Chauhan
Parmar
Solanki
Parihar
Rishivanshi
Sengar
Subclans
Gandhavariya
Hada Chauhan
Naruka
Shekhawat
Taoni
Shaktawat
Chundawat
Dogra
Subdivision Clans
Bundela
Harihobans
Jaitawat
Jasrotia
Karadiya Rajput
Kinwar
Lohtamia
Mian
Minhas
Nanwag
Panwar (Pawar)
Sagar Rajputs
Langah
Langrial
Jhala
Janjua
Domaal
Samma
Sodha
Bhadauria
Khokhar
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhati (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhati_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Bhatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaisalmer_Flag.svg"},{"link_name":"Jaisalmer State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer_State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaisalmer_founder.JPG"},{"link_name":"Maharawal Jaisal Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawal_Jaisal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaisalmer_forteresse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jaisalmer Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer_Fort"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hindi"},{"link_name":"Rajputs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"},{"link_name":"Jaisalmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TK-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BhatnagarDube254-2"}],"text":"Rajput clanThis article is about the tribe. 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According to the seventeenth-century Nainsi ri Khyat, the Bhatis after losing Mathura moved to Bhatner in Lakhi Jungle, and from there to other locations in western and northwestern India including Punjab. Jaisalmer had a dynasty with a successful line of rulers and this became their center. Bhatner, Pugal, Bikrampur, Barsalpur, Deravar, Maroth, Kehror, Aasnikot, Tanot, Lodhruva and Mamanvahan were some of the fortified settlements that were historically ruled by the Bhati clan or subclans. The Bhati ruler Vijayrao was known as the 'uttara disi bhad kivaad' (the sentinel of the north direction), due to his control over forts and settlements that extended from Ghazni to Gujarat, leading to several conflicts with the invading Muslim tribes.[1] The Phulkian dynasty claimed descent from Rawal Jaisal, the Bhati Rajput founder of Jaisalmer.[4]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"The Royal Flag of Bhati Rajputs of Jaisalmer State","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jaisalmer_Flag.svg/220px-Jaisalmer_Flag.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Maharawal Jaisal Singh, The notable Bhati Rajput Ruler","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jaisalmer_founder.JPG/160px-Jaisalmer_founder.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jaisalmer Fort of the Bhati Rajputs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jaisalmer_forteresse.jpg/250px-Jaisalmer_forteresse.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Rajputs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"},{"title":"Bhatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatti"},{"title":"Sidhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidhu"}] | [{"reference":"Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Begic | Mirza Begić | ["1 Professional career","1.1 Early years","1.2 Union Olimpija","1.3 Real Madrid","1.4 2013–2020","2 Career statistics","2.1 Euroleague","3 Slovenian national team","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"] | Slovenian basketball player
Mirza BegićBegić during EuroBasket 2013Personal informationBorn (1985-07-09) 9 July 1985 (age 38)Bijeljina, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina,SFR YugoslaviaNationalitySlovenianListed height2.16 m (7 ft 1 in)Listed weight120 kg (265 lb)Career informationNBA draft2007: undraftedPlaying career2003–2020PositionCenterNumber14, 15, 16, 25Career history2003–2004Triglav Kranj2004–2006Virtus Bologna2004–2005→ Huy Basket2006–2007Geoplin Slovan2007–2009Union Olimpija2009–2010Žalgiris2011–2013Real Madrid2013–2014Olympiacos2014Union Olimpija2014–2015Laboral Kutxa2015–2016Bilbao Basket2016–2017Cedevita2017–2018Petrochimi Bandar Imam2018–2019Petrol Olimpija2019–2020Mornar
Career highlights and awards
FIBA Intercontinental Cup champion (2013)
Baltic League champion (2010)
3× Slovenian League champion (2008, 2009, 2018)
Spanish League champion (2013)
Croatian League champion (2017)
2× Slovenian Cup winner (2008, 2009)
Spanish Cup winner (2012)
Croatian Cup winner (2017)
EuroBasket blocked shots leader (2011)
Spanish Supercup winner (2012)
2005 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship blocked shots leader
2× Slovenian League All-Star (2007, 2009)
Lithuanian League All-Star (2010)
Euroleague blocked shots Leader (2011)
FIBA EuroBasket 2011 blocked shots leader
Stats at Basketball-Reference.com
Mirza Begić (born 9 July 1985) is a retired Bosnian-born Slovenian professional basketball player. The 2.16 m (7 ft 1 in) center, he represented the Slovenian national team in the international competitions.
Professional career
Early years
Begić began his career playing with Sloboda Dita Tuzla in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He made his professional debut with Sloboda in the Bosnia and Herzegovina League during the 2001–02 season.
He then arrived to Slovenia in 2002, and stayed in KK Koper for 2 months. In the 2002–03 season, he played for Union Olimpija's junior team. Then he moved to Triglav Kranj in the Slovenian League. Begić averaged 7 points, 5 rebounds, and 1.7 blocks, in 16.9 minutes in his first season in the Slovenian League in 2003–04.
In 2004, Begić signed with the Italian League club Virtus Bologna. In his first season with the club he was loaned to Huy Basket in Belgium's First Division. He averaged 6.3 points and 4.2 rebounds per game. In the 2005-06 season, he was released by Virtus Bologna.
In the 2006–07 season, Begić moved back to Slovenia. He signed with Geoplin Slovan. He averaged 9.8 points, 6.0 rebounds, and 1.9 blocks in 22.2 minutes per game in the Adriatic League, and 9.3 points, 5.7 rebounds, and 1.5 blocks per game in the Slovenian League.
Union Olimpija
On 30 July 2007 Begić signed a 2-year contract with Union Olimpija. He made his Euroleague debut on 24 October 2007 versus the Italian League club Montepaschi Siena. Begić averaged 3.6 points and 2.8 rebounds per game in his first season of the Euroleague play. In his second season in Euroleague, he averaged career-high 11.1 points and 6.1 rebounds per game.
In his second season in the Adriatic League, he averaged 3.9 points and 3.5 rebounds per game. He played in the 2008 Adriatic League Final Four in Ljubljana, where his team, Union Olimpija, lost in the semifinals against Partizan Belgrade. In his third season in the Adriatic League, he finished with averages of 8.9 points and 4.5 rebounds per game. He won the Slovenian National Championship and Slovenian Cup with Union Olimpija in 2008 and 2009. On 24 November 2008 he renewed his contract through the end of the 2010–11 season.
Real Madrid
On 18 January 2011 Begić reached an agreement with the Spanish League club Real Madrid to play for the club until the end of the 2012–13 season. The 2012–13 season was successful for Begić in Real Madrid, reaching the Euroleague final and winning the Spanish League.
2013–2020
On 20 July 2013 Begić signed a two year-contract with the back-to-back defending Euroleague champions Olympiacos of the Greek League. He left Olympiacos after one season.
On 20 September 2014 Begić signed a one-year deal with his former team Union Olimpija. On 19 November 2014 he left Olimpija and signed a one-month deal with Laboral Kutxa Baskonia. On 24 December 2014 he extended his contract with Laboral Kutxa Baskonia for the rest of the season.
On 14 October 2015 Begić signed with the New Orleans Pelicans, only to be waived by the team two days later. On 7 December 2015 Begić signed with Spanish club Dominion Bilbao Basket for the rest of the season.
On 27 July 2016 Begić signed with Croatian club Cedevita Zagreb for the 2016–17 season.
On 13 August 2017 Begić signed with Petrochimi Bandar Imam of the Iranian Basketball Super League. On 17 January 2018 he returned to Olimpija.
On 15 July 2019 he signed with Mornar Bar. On 8 February 2020 he parted ways with Mornar averaging 3.6 points and 1.6 rebounds in 14 games of ABA League.
On 21 September 2020 he decided to retire from professional basketball.
Career statistics
Legend
GP
Games played
GS
Games started
MPG
Minutes per game
FG%
Field-goal percentage
3P%
3-point field-goal percentage
FT%
Free-throw percentage
RPG
Rebounds per game
APG
Assists per game
SPG
Steals per game
BPG
Blocks per game
PPG
Points per game
PIR
Performance Index Rating
Bold
Career high
Led the league
Euroleague
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
PIR
2007–08
Union Olimpija
9
7
12.0
.542
.000
.375
2.8
.2
.7
1.0
3.6
3.3
2008–09
Union Olimpija
10
9
22.1
.525
.000
.692
6.1
.3
.6
1.7
11.1
14.6
2009–10
Žalgiris
16
12
19.8
.592
.000
.718
4.0
.5
.5
1.3
7.4
8.8
2010–11
Real Madrid
16
3
15.5
.595
.000
.714
3.3
.3
.4
1.5
7.4
8.3
2011–12
Real Madrid
15
4
14.2
.545
.000
.643
4.7
.4
.1
1.7
4.6
7.5
2012–13
Real Madrid
29
23
12.8
.614
.000
.614
3.4
.3
.2
.9
5.0
5.5
2013–14
Olympiacos
12
3
8.4
.543
.000
.625
2.0
.2
.1
.8
3.6
4.3
2014–15
Baskonia
18
3
17.3
.556
.000
.705
4.3
.4
.4
1.7
6.8
10.2
Career
125
66
15.1
.554
.000
.665
3.8
.3
.3
1.3
6.1
7.6
Slovenian national team
Begić was a member of the Slovenian under-20 national team. He competed at the 2005 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship in Russia, which he led in blocked shots per game. He has also been a member of the senior men's Slovenian national basketball team. He played at the EuroBasket 2011, which he also led in blocked shots per game.
Personal life
Begić was born in Bijeljina, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia. He lived in his native Bosnia and Herzegovina until 2002, when he moved to Slovenia and subsequently took Slovenian citizenship. He is a Muslim.
References
^ "REAL MADRID reels in Begic at center". Euroleague.net. 18 January 2011. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "OLYMPIACOS adds center Begic". Euroleague.net. 20 July 2013. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Olympiakos officially sign Mirza Begic". Sportando.com. 20 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
^ "Mirza Begić joined Union Olimpija". abaliga.com. 20 September 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Laboral Kutxa Baskonia refuerza su juego interior con Mirza Begic". acb.com (in Spanish). 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ "Baskonia extends Mirza Begic. Lamont Hamilton set to leave". Sportando.com. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
^ "Pelicans Sign Mirza Begic". NBA.com. October 14, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
^ "Pelicans Waive Mirza Begic". NBA.com. October 16, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
^ "Mirza Begic, nuevo techo del Dominion Bilbao Basket". ACB.com (in Spanish). December 7, 2015. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
^ "Cedevita have their Two Towers - Mirza Begić joins Miro Bilan". aba-liga.com. 27 July 2016. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
^ "Mirza Begic and Willie Warren ink in Iran with Petrochimi". Sportando.com. August 13, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
^ "Mirza Begić is back at Petrol Olimpija". aba-liga.com. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
^ "KK Mornar Bar, Mirza Begic part ways". Sportando.com. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
^ Skerletic, Dario (September 21, 2020). "Mirza Begic retires at 35". Sportando. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^ "FIBA.com 2005 U20 European Championship Men : DIVISION A BLOCKS : ALL ROUNDS". FIBA.com. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
^ "FIBA.com 2011 EuroBasket BLOCKS : ALL ROUNDS". FIBA.com. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mirza Begić.
Mirza Begić at aba-liga.com
Mirza Begić at acb.com
Mirza Begić at draftexpress.com
Mirza Begić at eurobasket.com
Mirza Begić at euroleague.net
Mirza Begić at FIBA.com
Mirza Begić on X
Links to related articles
vteABA League season blocks leaders
2002: Skelin
2003: Arnold
2004: Smith
2005: Vraneš
2006: Gečevski
2007: Begić
2008: Vraneš
2009: Begić
2010: Žorić
2011: Žorić
2012: Simon
2013: Kraljević
2014: Akindele
2015: Kraljević
2016: Luković
2017: Luković
2018: Luković
2019: Bitadze
2020: not awarded
2021: Smith
2022: Reuvers
vteOlympiacos B.C. 2013 FIBA Intercontinental Cup champions
4 Petway
6 Dunston
7 Spanoulis (C) (MVP)
8 Perperoglou
10 Sloukas
12 Simmons
14 Begić
15 Printezis
16 Agravanis
17 Mantzaris
19 Katsivelis
20 Christodoulou
24 Lojeski
Head coach: Bartzokas
Assistant coaches: Tomić
Pappas
Marmarinos | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Slovenian national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_basketball_team"}],"text":"Mirza Begić (born 9 July 1985) is a retired Bosnian-born Slovenian professional basketball player. The 2.16 m (7 ft 1 in) center, he represented the Slovenian national team in the international competitions.","title":"Mirza Begić"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sloboda Dita Tuzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Sloboda_Tuzla"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Championship_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Union Olimpija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Union_Olimpija"},{"link_name":"Slovenian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPC_Telemach_League"},{"link_name":"Italian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Virtus Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtus_Bologna"},{"link_name":"loaned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Belgium's First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_League_Belgium_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Geoplin Slovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KD_Slovan"},{"link_name":"Adriatic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLB_League"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Begić began his career playing with Sloboda Dita Tuzla in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He made his professional debut with Sloboda in the Bosnia and Herzegovina League during the 2001–02 season.He then arrived to Slovenia in 2002, and stayed in KK Koper for 2 months. In the 2002–03 season, he played for Union Olimpija's junior team. Then he moved to Triglav Kranj in the Slovenian League. Begić averaged 7 points, 5 rebounds, and 1.7 blocks, in 16.9 minutes in his first season in the Slovenian League in 2003–04.In 2004, Begić signed with the Italian League club Virtus Bologna. In his first season with the club he was loaned to Huy Basket in Belgium's First Division. He averaged 6.3 points and 4.2 rebounds per game. In the 2005-06 season, he was released by Virtus Bologna.In the 2006–07 season, Begić moved back to Slovenia. He signed with Geoplin Slovan. He averaged 9.8 points, 6.0 rebounds, and 1.9 blocks in 22.2 minutes per game in the Adriatic League, and 9.3 points, 5.7 rebounds, and 1.5 blocks per game in the Slovenian League.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Olimpija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Union_Olimpija"},{"link_name":"Euroleague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroleague_Basketball"},{"link_name":"Italian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Montepaschi Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montepaschi_Siena"},{"link_name":"Adriatic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_League"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Partizan Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"Slovenian National Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPC_Telemach_League"},{"link_name":"Slovenian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Basketball_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Union Olimpija","text":"On 30 July 2007 Begić signed a 2-year contract with Union Olimpija. He made his Euroleague debut on 24 October 2007 versus the Italian League club Montepaschi Siena. Begić averaged 3.6 points and 2.8 rebounds per game in his first season of the Euroleague play. In his second season in Euroleague, he averaged career-high 11.1 points and 6.1 rebounds per game.In his second season in the Adriatic League, he averaged 3.9 points and 3.5 rebounds per game. He played in the 2008 Adriatic League Final Four in Ljubljana, where his team, Union Olimpija, lost in the semifinals against Partizan Belgrade. In his third season in the Adriatic League, he finished with averages of 8.9 points and 4.5 rebounds per game. He won the Slovenian National Championship and Slovenian Cup with Union Olimpija in 2008 and 2009. On 24 November 2008 he renewed his contract through the end of the 2010–11 season.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_ACB"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Spanish League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_ACB"}],"sub_title":"Real Madrid","text":"On 18 January 2011 Begić reached an agreement with the Spanish League club Real Madrid to play for the club until the end of the 2012–13 season.[1] The 2012–13 season was successful for Begić in Real Madrid, reaching the Euroleague final and winning the Spanish League.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euroleague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroleague_Basketball"},{"link_name":"Olympiacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_B.C."},{"link_name":"Greek League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Union Olimpija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Union_Olimpija"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Laboral Kutxa Baskonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saski_Baskonia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Laboral Kutxa Baskonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saski_Baskonia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dominion Bilbao Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Basket"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cedevita Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Cedevita"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Petrochimi Bandar Imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochimi_Bandar_Imam_BC"},{"link_name":"Iranian Basketball Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Basketball_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mornar Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Mornar_Bar"},{"link_name":"Mornar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Mornar_Bar"},{"link_name":"ABA League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABA_League"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"2013–2020","text":"On 20 July 2013 Begić signed a two year-contract with the back-to-back defending Euroleague champions Olympiacos of the Greek League.[2][3] He left Olympiacos after one season.On 20 September 2014 Begić signed a one-year deal with his former team Union Olimpija.[4] On 19 November 2014 he left Olimpija and signed a one-month deal with Laboral Kutxa Baskonia.[5] On 24 December 2014 he extended his contract with Laboral Kutxa Baskonia for the rest of the season.[6]On 14 October 2015 Begić signed with the New Orleans Pelicans,[7] only to be waived by the team two days later.[8] On 7 December 2015 Begić signed with Spanish club Dominion Bilbao Basket for the rest of the season.[9]On 27 July 2016 Begić signed with Croatian club Cedevita Zagreb for the 2016–17 season.[10]On 13 August 2017 Begić signed with Petrochimi Bandar Imam of the Iranian Basketball Super League.[11] On 17 January 2018 he returned to Olimpija.[12]On 15 July 2019 he signed with Mornar Bar. On 8 February 2020 he parted ways with Mornar averaging 3.6 points and 1.6 rebounds in 14 games of ABA League.[13]On 21 September 2020 he decided to retire from professional basketball.[14]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Euroleague","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"blocked shots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocked_shots"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Slovenian national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"EuroBasket 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_2011"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Begić was a member of the Slovenian under-20 national team. He competed at the 2005 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship in Russia, which he led in blocked shots per game.[15] He has also been a member of the senior men's Slovenian national basketball team. He played at the EuroBasket 2011, which he also led in blocked shots per game.[16]","title":"Slovenian national team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bijeljina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijeljina"},{"link_name":"SR Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"}],"text":"Begić was born in Bijeljina, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia. He lived in his native Bosnia and Herzegovina until 2002, when he moved to Slovenia and subsequently took Slovenian citizenship. He is a Muslim.","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"REAL MADRID reels in Begic at center\". Euroleague.net. 18 January 2011. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110616040349/http://www.euroleague.net/euroleaguenews/transactions/2010-11-signings/i/81440/4465/real-madrid-reels-in-begic","url_text":"\"REAL MADRID reels in Begic at center\""}]},{"reference":"\"OLYMPIACOS adds center Begic\". Euroleague.net. 20 July 2013. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131014135233/http://www.euroleague.net/euroleaguenews/transactions/2013-14-signings/i/114652/8177","url_text":"\"OLYMPIACOS adds center Begic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympiakos officially sign Mirza Begic\". Sportando.com. 20 July 2013. 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Retrieved 28 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819042614/http://www.aba-liga.com/news/tabid/86/id/36711/cedevita-have-their-two-towers---mirza-begi-joins-miro-bilan.aspx","url_text":"\"Cedevita have their Two Towers - Mirza Begić joins Miro Bilan\""},{"url":"http://www.aba-liga.com/news/tabid/86/id/36711/cedevita-have-their-two-towers---mirza-begi-joins-miro-bilan.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mirza Begic and Willie Warren ink in Iran with Petrochimi\". Sportando.com. August 13, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportando.com/en/world/asia/244218/mirza-begic-and-willie-warren-ink-in-iran-with-petrochimi.html","url_text":"\"Mirza Begic and Willie Warren ink in Iran with Petrochimi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mirza Begić is back at Petrol Olimpija\". aba-liga.com. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aba-liga.com/news.php?id=39674","url_text":"\"Mirza Begić is back at Petrol Olimpija\""}]},{"reference":"\"KK Mornar Bar, Mirza Begic part ways\". Sportando.com. Retrieved August 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportando.basketball/en/kk-mornar-bar-mirza-begic-part-ways/","url_text":"\"KK Mornar Bar, Mirza Begic part ways\""}]},{"reference":"Skerletic, Dario (September 21, 2020). \"Mirza Begic retires at 35\". Sportando. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportando.basketball/en/mirza-begic-retires-at-35/","url_text":"\"Mirza Begic retires at 35\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIBA.com 2005 U20 European Championship Men : DIVISION A BLOCKS : ALL ROUNDS\". FIBA.com. Retrieved October 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/statistics/p/rpp//tid/2154/sid/3794/sp/ALL/ss/BL/srid/ALL/_/2005_U20_European_Championship_Men_DIVISION_A/player-leaders.html","url_text":"\"FIBA.com 2005 U20 European Championship Men : DIVISION A BLOCKS : ALL ROUNDS\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIBA.com 2011 EuroBasket BLOCKS : ALL ROUNDS\". FIBA.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Waters_(1928_film) | Stormy Waters (1928 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | 1928 film
Stormy WatersFilm still from the productionDirected byEdgar LewisWritten byJack London (story)Harry DittmarLeslie MasonProduced byJohn M. StahlStarringEve SouthernMalcolm McGregorRoy StewartCinematographyErnest MillerEdited byMartin G. CohnProductioncompanyTiffany PicturesDistributed byTiffany PicturesRelease date
June 1, 1928 (1928-06-01)
Running time60 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguagesSilentEnglish intertitles
Stormy Waters is a 1928 American silent drama film directed by Edgar Lewis and starring Eve Southern, Malcolm McGregor and Roy Stewart. It is based on the story Yellow Handkerchief by Jack London.
Plot
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cast
Eve Southern as Lola
Malcolm McGregor as Davis Steele
Roy Stewart as Captain Angus Steele
Shirley Palmer as Mary
Olin Francis as Bos'n
Norbert A. Myles as 1st Mate
Bert Appling as 2nd Mate
References
^ Goble p.967
Bibliography
Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
External links
Stormy Waters at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Edgar Lewis
The Thief (1914)
The Plunderer (1915)
The Great Divide (1915)
Samson (1915)
The Bondman (1916)
Souls in Bondage (1916)
The Light at Dusk (1916)
The Flames of Johannis (1916)
The Bar Sinister (1917)
The Barrier (1917)
Calibre 38 (1919)
Other Men's Shoes (1920)
Lahoma (1920)
The Sage Hen (1921)
Strength of the Pines (1922)
You Are Guilty (1923)
The Right of the Strongest (1924)
Red Love 1925)
One Glorious Scrap (1927)
Put 'Em Up (1928)
The Fearless Rider (1928)
Stormy Waters (1928)
Life's Crossroads (1928)
The Gun Runner (1928)
The Arizona Cyclone (1928)
Love at First Sight (1929)
Unmasked (1929)
Ladies in Love (1930)
This article about a silent drama film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Edgar Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Lewis_(director)"},{"link_name":"Eve Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Southern"},{"link_name":"Malcolm McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Roy Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Stewart_(silent_film_actor)"},{"link_name":"Jack London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Stormy Waters is a 1928 American silent drama film directed by Edgar Lewis and starring Eve Southern, Malcolm McGregor and Roy Stewart. It is based on the story Yellow Handkerchief by Jack London.[1]","title":"Stormy Waters (1928 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eve Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Southern"},{"link_name":"Malcolm McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Roy Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Stewart_(silent_film_actor)"},{"link_name":"Shirley Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Palmer_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Olin Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_Francis"},{"link_name":"Norbert A. Myles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_A._Myles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bert Appling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bert_Appling&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Eve Southern as Lola\nMalcolm McGregor as Davis Steele\nRoy Stewart as Captain Angus Steele\nShirley Palmer as Mary\nOlin Francis as Bos'n\nNorbert A. Myles as 1st Mate\nBert Appling as 2nd Mate","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stormy_Waters_(1928_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0019428/","external_links_name":"Stormy Waters"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stormy_Waters_(1928_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forc%C3%A9 | Forcé | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 48°02′03″N 0°41′55″W / 48.0342°N 0.6986°W / 48.0342; -0.6986
For other uses, see Force (disambiguation).
Commune in Pays de la Loire, FranceForcéCommuneThe Church of Sainte Marie-Madeleine, in ForcéLocation of Forcé
ForcéShow map of FranceForcéShow map of Pays de la LoireCoordinates: 48°02′03″N 0°41′55″W / 48.0342°N 0.6986°W / 48.0342; -0.6986CountryFranceRegionPays de la LoireDepartmentMayenneArrondissementLavalCantonL'HuisserieIntercommunalityLaval AgglomérationGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Annette ChesnelArea14.94 km2 (1.91 sq mi)Population (2021)1,092 • Density220/km2 (570/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code53099 /53260Elevation43–103 m (141–338 ft) (avg. 70 m or 230 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Forcé (French pronunciation: ⓘ) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Mayenne department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Forcé.
vte Communes of the Mayenne department
Ahuillé
Alexain
Ambrières-les-Vallées
Andouillé
Argentré
Aron
Arquenay
Assé-le-Bérenger
Astillé
Athée
Averton
La Baconnière
Bais
Ballots
Bannes
La Bazoge-Montpinçon
La Bazouge-de-Chemeré
La Bazouge-des-Alleux
Bazougers
Beaulieu-sur-Oudon
Beaumont-Pied-de-Bœuf
Belgeard
Bierné-les-Villages
Le Bignon-du-Maine
La Bigottière
Blandouet-Saint Jean
La Boissière
Bonchamp-lès-Laval
Bouchamps-lès-Craon
Bouère
Bouessay
Boulay-les-Ifs
Le Bourgneuf-la-Forêt
Bourgon
Brains-sur-les-Marches
Brecé
Brée
La Brûlatte
Le Buret
Carelles
Chailland
Châlons-du-Maine
Champéon
Champfrémont
Champgenéteux
Changé
Chantrigné
La Chapelle-Anthenaise
La Chapelle-au-Riboul
La Chapelle-Craonnaise
La Chapelle-Rainsouin
Charchigné
Château-Gontier-sur-Mayennesubpr
Châtelain
Châtillon-sur-Colmont
Chemazé
Chémeré-le-Roi
Chérancé
Chevaigné-du-Maine
Colombiers-du-Plessis
Commer
Congrier
Contest
Cosmes
Cossé-en-Champagne
Cossé-le-Vivien
Coudray
Couesmes-Vaucé
Couptrain
Courbeveille
Courcité
Craon
Crennes-sur-Fraubée
La Croixille
La Cropte
Cuillé
Daon
Denazé
Désertines
La Dorée
Entrammes
Ernée
Évron
Fontaine-Couverte
Forcé
Fougerolles-du-Plessis
Fromentières
Gastines
Le Genest-Saint-Isle
Gennes-Longuefuye
Gesnes
Gesvres
Gorron
La Gravelle
Grazay
Grez-en-Bouère
La Haie-Traversaine
Le Ham
Hambers
Hardanges
Hercé
Le Horps
Houssay
Le Housseau-Brétignolles
L'Huisserie
Izé
Javron-les-Chapelles
Jublains
Juvigné
Landivy
Larchamp
Lassay-les-Châteaux
Laubrières
Launay-Villiers
Lavalpref
Lesbois
Levaré
Lignières-Orgères
Livet
Livré-la-Touche
Loiron-Ruillé
Loupfougères
Louverné
Louvigné
Madré
Maisoncelles-du-Maine
Marcillé-la-Ville
Marigné-Peuton
Martigné-sur-Mayenne
Mayennesubpr
Mée
Ménil
Méral
Meslay-du-Maine
Mézangers
Montaudin
Montenay
Montflours
Montigné-le-Brillant
Montjean
Montreuil-Poulay
Montsûrs
Moulay
Neau
Neuilly-le-Vendin
Niafles
Nuillé-sur-Vicoin
Oisseau
Olivet
Origné
La Pallu
Parigné-sur-Braye
Parné-sur-Roc
Le Pas
La Pellerine
Peuton
Placé
Pommerieux
Pontmain
Port-Brillet
Préaux
Prée-d'Anjou
Pré-en-Pail-Saint-Samson
Quelaines-Saint-Gault
Ravigny
Renazé
Rennes-en-Grenouilles
Le Ribay
La Roche-Neuville
La Roë
La Rouaudière
Ruillé-Froid-Fonds
Sacé
Saint-Aignan-de-Couptrain
Saint-Aignan-sur-Roë
Saint-Aubin-du-Désert
Saint-Aubin-Fosse-Louvain
Saint-Baudelle
Saint-Berthevin
Saint-Berthevin-la-Tannière
Saint-Brice
Saint-Calais-du-Désert
Saint-Charles-la-Forêt
Saint-Cyr-en-Pail
Saint-Cyr-le-Gravelais
Saint-Denis-d'Anjou
Saint-Denis-de-Gastines
Saint-Denis-du-Maine
Sainte-Gemmes-le-Robert
Saint-Ellier-du-Maine
Sainte-Marie-du-Bois
Saint-Erblon
Sainte-Suzanne-et-Chammes
Saint-Fraimbault-de-Prières
Saint-Georges-Buttavent
Saint-Georges-le-Fléchard
Saint-Georges-sur-Erve
Saint-Germain-d'Anxure
Saint-Germain-de-Coulamer
Saint-Germain-le-Fouilloux
Saint-Germain-le-Guillaume
Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine
Saint-Jean-sur-Mayenne
Saint-Julien-du-Terroux
Saint-Léger
Saint-Loup-du-Dorat
Saint-Loup-du-Gast
Saint-Mars-du-Désert
Saint-Mars-sur-Colmont
Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie
Saint-Martin-du-Limet
Saint-Michel-de-la-Roë
Saint-Ouën-des-Toits
Saint-Pierre-des-Landes
Saint-Pierre-des-Nids
Saint-Pierre-la-Cour
Saint-Pierre-sur-Erve
Saint-Poix
Saint-Quentin-les-Anges
Saint-Saturnin-du-Limet
Saint-Thomas-de-Courceriers
Saulges
La Selle-Craonnaise
Senonnes
Simplé
Soucé
Soulgé-sur-Ouette
Thorigné-en-Charnie
Thubœuf
Torcé-Viviers-en-Charnie
Trans
Vaiges
Val-du-Maine
Vautorte
Vieuvy
Villaines-la-Juhel
Villepail
Villiers-Charlemagne
Vimartin-sur-Orthe
Voutré
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases
VIAF
This Mayenne geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Force (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[fɔʁse]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-forc%C3%A9.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-forc%C3%A9.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-WikiLucas00-forc%C3%A9.wav"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Mayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayenne"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"For other uses, see Force (disambiguation).Commune in Pays de la Loire, FranceForcé (French pronunciation: [fɔʁse] ⓘ) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.","title":"Forcé"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Mayenne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Mayenne_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-53099","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Forc%C3%A9¶ms=48.0342_N_0.6986_W_type:city(1092)_region:FR-PDL","external_links_name":"48°02′03″N 0°41′55″W / 48.0342°N 0.6986°W / 48.0342; -0.6986"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Forc%C3%A9¶ms=48.0342_N_0.6986_W_type:city(1092)_region:FR-PDL","external_links_name":"48°02′03″N 0°41′55″W / 48.0342°N 0.6986°W / 48.0342; -0.6986"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-53099","external_links_name":"53099"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-53099","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305232684","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forc%C3%A9&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_the_Stylite | Daniel the Stylite | ["1 History","1.1 Early life","1.2 Stylite","2 Associated prayers","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | Christian saint (c. 409 – 493)
SaintDaniel the Stylite14th-century fresco of Daniel by Theophanes the GreekBornMaratha(near modern-day Samsat, Adıyaman, Turkey)Venerated inEastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Catholic Church
Roman Catholic ChurchFeastDecember 11
Daniel the Stylite (Greek: Δανιὴλ ὁ στυλίτης, c. 409 – 493) is a saint and stylite of the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic Churches. He is commemorated on 11 December according to the liturgical calendars of these churches.
History
Daniel the Stylite, as depicted in the 11th century Menologion of Basil II.
Early life
Daniel was born in Maratha, a village in Upper Mesopotamia near Samosata in present-day Turkey. He entered a monastery at the age of 12 and lived there until he was thirty-eight. During a voyage he made with his abbot to Antioch, he passed by the city of Telanissos (today Deir Semaan) and received the benediction and encouragement of Simeon the Stylite. Then he visited various holy places, stayed in various convents, and retired in 451 A.D. into the ruins of a pagan temple.
Stylite
Daniel established his pillar north of Constantinople. The owner of the land where he placed his pillars had not been consulted, hence he appealed to the Byzantine emperor Leo I and patriarch Gennadius of Constantinople. The emperor proposed to dislodge him, but was deterred through unknown means. Gennadius ordained Daniel as a priest. When the ceremony was over, the patriarch administered the Eucharist by means of a ladder, which Daniel had ordered to be brought. Gennadius then received the Eucharist from Daniel. People from all over came to see him and touch his pillar, which healed the faithful. Daniel stood through rain, snow, and the freezing cold.
Daniel lived on the pillar for 33 years. Due to continuous standing, his feet were reportedly covered with sores, cuts, and ulcers, and the winds of Thrace sometimes stripped him of his scanty clothing.
He was visited by both Emperor Leo I the Thracian—accompanied by King Gubazes I of Lazica—and Emperor Zeno. As a theologian, he came out against monophysitism.
Associated prayers
The following is his prayer before he began his life on the pillar:I yield Thee glory, Jesus Christ my God, for all the blessings which Thou hast heaped upon me, and for the grace which Thou hast given me that I should embrace this manner of life. But Thou knowest that in ascending this pillar, I lean on Thee alone, and that to Thee alone I look for the happy issue of mine undertaking. Accept, then, my object: strengthen me that I finish this painful course: give me grace to end it in holiness. The following is the advice he gave to his disciples just before his death:Hold fast humility, practice obedience, exercise hospitality, keep the fasts, observe the vigils, love poverty, and above all maintain charity, which is the first and great commandment; keep closely bound to all that regards piety, avoid the tares of the heretics. Separate never from the Church your Mother; if you do these things your righteousness shall be perfect.
See also
Saints portal
Simeon Stylites
Pole-sitting
Hermit
Ascetic
Notes
^ "St. Daniel the Stylite - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online". Catholic Online. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
^ Vita S. Daniel, ap. Surium, ad diem ii. decemb. cap. xli., xlii., xliii.
^ Dawes & Baynes (1948), p. 79.
^ Cellier, x. 344, 403, 485
^ Robertson, Christian History ii. 41-3, 274
References
Dawes, Elizabeth & Baynes, Norman H. (1948), Three Byzantine Saints: Contemporary Biographies of St. Daniel the Stylite, St. Theodore of Sykeon and St. John the Almsgiver. London: B. Blackwell. Online version Archived 2014-11-14 at the Wayback Machine from Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
External links
St Daniel the Stylite Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion (December 11)
Orthodox Church in America - Lives of the Saints
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Germany
Israel
United States
Australia
Greece
Netherlands
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"stylite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylite"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"liturgical calendars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_calendar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Daniel the Stylite (Greek: Δανιὴλ ὁ στυλίτης, c. 409 – 493) is a saint and stylite of the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic Churches. He is commemorated on 11 December according to the liturgical calendars of these churches.[1]","title":"Daniel the Stylite"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menologion_of_Basil_054.jpg"},{"link_name":"Menologion of Basil II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menologion_of_Basil_II"}],"text":"Daniel the Stylite, as depicted in the 11th century Menologion of Basil II.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upper Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Samosata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samosata"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"Deir Semaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites"},{"link_name":"Simeon the Stylite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Stylites"},{"link_name":"convents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Daniel was born in Maratha, a village in Upper Mesopotamia near Samosata in present-day Turkey. He entered a monastery at the age of 12 and lived there until he was thirty-eight. During a voyage he made with his abbot to Antioch, he passed by the city of Telanissos (today Deir Semaan) and received the benediction and encouragement of Simeon the Stylite. Then he visited various holy places, stayed in various convents, and retired in 451 A.D. into the ruins of a pagan temple.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Leo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian"},{"link_name":"Gennadius of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surium-2"},{"link_name":"Leo I the Thracian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian"},{"link_name":"Gubazes I of Lazica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubazes_I_of_Lazica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Zeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"came out against monophysitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophysite_controversy"}],"sub_title":"Stylite","text":"Daniel established his pillar north of Constantinople. The owner of the land where he placed his pillars had not been consulted, hence he appealed to the Byzantine emperor Leo I and patriarch Gennadius of Constantinople. The emperor proposed to dislodge him, but was deterred through unknown means. Gennadius ordained Daniel as a priest. When the ceremony was over, the patriarch administered the Eucharist by means of a ladder, which Daniel had ordered to be brought. Gennadius then received the Eucharist from Daniel. People from all over came to see him and touch his pillar, which healed the faithful. Daniel stood through rain, snow, and the freezing cold.Daniel lived on the pillar for 33 years. Due to continuous standing, his feet were reportedly covered with sores, cuts, and ulcers, and the winds of Thrace sometimes stripped him of his scanty clothing.[2]He was visited by both Emperor Leo I the Thracian—accompanied by King Gubazes I of Lazica[3]—and Emperor Zeno. As a theologian, he came out against monophysitism.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceillier-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robertson-5"}],"text":"The following is his prayer before he began his life on the pillar:I yield Thee glory, Jesus Christ my God, for all the blessings which Thou hast heaped upon me, and for the grace which Thou hast given me that I should embrace this manner of life. But Thou knowest that in ascending this pillar, I lean on Thee alone, and that to Thee alone I look for the happy issue of mine undertaking. Accept, then, my object: strengthen me that I finish this painful course: give me grace to end it in holiness. [4]The following is the advice he gave to his disciples just before his death:Hold fast humility, practice obedience, exercise hospitality, keep the fasts, observe the vigils, love poverty, and above all maintain charity, which is the first and great commandment; keep closely bound to all that regards piety, avoid the tares of the heretics. Separate never from the Church your Mother; if you do these things your righteousness shall be perfect.[5]","title":"Associated prayers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"St. Daniel the Stylite - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=219"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Surium_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ceillier_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Robertson_5-0"}],"text":"^ \"St. Daniel the Stylite - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online\". Catholic Online. Retrieved 2016-08-19.\n\n^ Vita S. Daniel, ap. Surium, ad diem ii. decemb. cap. xli., xlii., xliii.\n\n^ Dawes & Baynes (1948), p. 79.\n\n^ Cellier, x. 344, 403, 485\n\n^ Robertson, Christian History ii. 41-3, 274","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Daniel the Stylite, as depicted in the 11th century Menologion of Basil II.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Menologion_of_Basil_054.jpg/220px-Menologion_of_Basil_054.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Saints portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Saints"},{"title":"Simeon Stylites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Stylites"},{"title":"Pole-sitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole-sitting"},{"title":"Hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit"},{"title":"Ascetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascetic"}] | [{"reference":"\"St. Daniel the Stylite - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online\". Catholic Online. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_(disambiguation) | Per | ["1 Places","2 Math and statistics","3 Science","4 Media and entertainment","5 Transport","6 Other","7 See also"] | Look up PER, Per, per, or per- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Per is a Latin preposition which means "through" or "for each", as in per capita.
Per or PER may also refer to:
Places
IOC country code for Peru
Pér, a village in Hungary
Chapman code for Perthshire, historic county in Scotland
Math and statistics
Rate (mathematics), ratio between quantities in different units, described with the word "per"
Price–earnings ratio, in finance, a measure of growth in earnings
Player efficiency rating, a measure of basketball player performance
Partial equivalence relation, class of relations that are symmetric and transitive
Physics education research
Science
Perseus (constellation), standard astronomical abbreviation
Period (gene) or per that regulates the biological clock and its corresponding protein PER
Protein efficiency ratio, of food
PER or peregrinibacteria, a candidate bacterial phylum
Media and entertainment
PeR (band), a Latvian pop band
Per (film), a 1975 Danish film
Transport
IATA code for Perth Airport in Western Australia
National Rail station code for Penrhiwceiber railway station, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales
Other
Per (given name), a Scandinavian form of Peter
Per (storm), a storm in Sweden, in January 2007
Packed Encoding Rules, in computing, an ASN.1 wire format
Per sign
See also
All pages with titles beginning with Per
All pages with titles containing Per
Perr (disambiguation)
Pers (disambiguation)
Purr (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Per.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/PER"},{"link_name":"Per","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Per"},{"link_name":"per","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per"},{"link_name":"per-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per-"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"preposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition"},{"link_name":"per capita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita"}],"text":"Look up PER, Per, per, or per- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Per is a Latin preposition which means \"through\" or \"for each\", as in per capita.Per or PER may also refer 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phylum","title":"Science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PeR (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeR_(band)"},{"link_name":"Per (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_(film)"}],"text":"PeR (band), a Latvian pop band\nPer (film), a 1975 Danish film","title":"Media and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perth Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Airport"},{"link_name":"Penrhiwceiber railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrhiwceiber_railway_station"}],"text":"IATA code for Perth Airport in Western Australia\nNational Rail station code for Penrhiwceiber railway station, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Per (given name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"Per (storm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_(storm)"},{"link_name":"Packed Encoding Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packed_Encoding_Rules"},{"link_name":"Per 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_D._Hall | Granville D. Hall | ["1 Early and family life","2 Career","3 Death and legacy","4 References"] | American politician
Granville D. Hall2nd Secretary of State of West VirginiaIn office1865–1867GovernorArthur I. BoremanPreceded byJacob BoyersSucceeded byJohn Witcher
Personal detailsBornGranville Davisson Hall(1837-09-17)September 17, 1837Shinnston, Harrison County, VirginiaDiedJune 24, 1934(1934-06-24) (aged 96)Glencoe, Cook County, Illinois, U.S.Resting placeMemorial Gardens, Skokie, IllinoisPolitical partyRepublicanOccupationJournalist
Granville Davisson Hall (September 17, 1837 – June 24, 1934) was an American journalist, businessman and politician who helped found the state of West Virginia during the American Civil War. He served as the Secretary of State of West Virginia and as the private secretary of the first governor, Arthur Boreman, and eventually wrote seven books, including The Rending of Virginia to counteract the growing Lost Cause myth. After the Civil War, Hall became involved in the railroad industry in Kentucky, eventually becoming President of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, but later moved to Glencoe, Illinois where he continued writing and served as the village clerk.
Early and family life
Born in Harrison County, Virginia, he received a private education, then at the age of 17, began teaching school.
Career
In 1859, Hall moved to Wheeling on the Ohio River, then Virginia's second largest city. He knew stenography and took at job with the Wheeling Intelligencer. However, he returned home to Harrison County, only to return to Wheeling as Virginians were asked to vote on secession, as recommended by the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861. His published articles about the Wheeling Convention, later republished as "The Rending of Virginia" are now the only available accounts of those deliberations, as the minutes taken by the three official reporters were lost in a subsequent flood of the Ohio River. In 1863, Hall became the first official clerk of the West Virginia House of Delegates, and in 1865 he became the first Secretary of State of West Virginia, as well as working as secretary to governor Arthur Boreman.
After accepting a job with a railroad company, Hall left West Virginia for Kentucky, and eventually became President of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, which was consolidated by Chicago financiers and had lines from Ohio to Florida. However, by the early 20th century it was acquired by financiers led by J.P. Morgan and merged into the Atlantic Coast Line.
By this time, Hall had moved to Glencoe, Illinois and begun raising a family, as well as served as the village clerk for decades. He also published articles in Chicago newspapers and wrote books. He published Daughter of the Elm: A tale of Western Virginia before the War (1899), then The Rending of Virginia (1902), Lee's Invasion of Northwest Virginia (1911) and Two Virginias: genesis of old and new (1915).
Death and legacy
Hall died at his Glencoe home and was buried at Memorial Gardens in nearby Skokie, Illinois. Some of his papers, including those relating to the Wheeling Convention, are held by the West Virginia Regional History Center.
References
^ Stealey III, John Edmund (29 November 2012). "The Rending of Virginia". e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
^ Venham, Christy (29 November 2012). "Granville Davisson Hall". e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia.
^ "loc catalog".
^ worldcat. OCLC 1194950330.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State of West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Arthur Boreman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Boreman"},{"link_name":"Lost Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Cause"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Louisville and Nashville Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Glencoe, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glencoe,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Granville Davisson Hall (September 17, 1837 – June 24, 1934) was an American journalist, businessman and politician who helped found the state of West Virginia during the American Civil War. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huling_Ulan_sa_Tag-Araw | Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw | ["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 References"] | 2021 Filipino filmHuling Ulan sa Tag-ArawTheatrical release posterDirected byLouie IgnacioStarring
Ken Chan
Rita Daniela
ProductioncompanyHeaven's Best EntertainmentRelease date
December 25, 2021 (2021-12-25)
CountryPhilippinesLanguageFilipino
Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw (lit. 'Last Rain in Summer') is a 2021 Philippine romantic comedy drama film directed by Louie Ignacio under Heaven's Best Entertainment. It stars Rita Daniela and Ken Chan.
Synopsis
Luis (Ken Chan), a seminarian, was given a leave to give him time to ponder whether he wants to become a priest. In his first night out, he encounters Luisa (Rita Daniela), a singer and sex worker, and unintentionally disrupted her transaction with a client. To compensate, Luis pays her money in exchange of going with him to his parents' house in Pagsanjan. There, the two develop feelings for each other.
Cast
Ken Chan as Luis
Rita Daniela as Luisa
Lotlot de Leon as Luis' mother
Richard Yap as Luis' father
Production
Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw was produced under Heaven's Best Entertainment with Louie Ignacio as director. Filming took around eight to nine days in Pagsanjan, Laguna. Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw marks the film debut for Rita Daniela and Ken Chan as a love team.
Release
Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw will premiere on December 25, 2021, in the Philippines as one of the official entries of the 2021 Metro Manila Film Festival.
References
^ "Ken Chan, Rita Daniela star in 'Huling Ulan sa Tag-araw'". CNN Philippines. December 15, 2021. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^ a b Ranoa-Bismark, Maridol (December 15, 2021). "Rita Daniela not expecting a best actress award for her MMFF movie 'Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw'". The Philippine Star. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^ Policarpio, Allan (December 18, 2021). "'Sarap!': Rita Daniela describes bed scene with Ken Chan". Philippine Daily Inquirer (in English and Filipino). Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^ "Ken Chan and Rita Daniela's 'Huling Ulan Sa Tag-Araw' unveils emotional trailer". GMA News. November 26, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Louie Ignacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Ignacio"},{"link_name":"Rita Daniela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Daniela"},{"link_name":"Ken Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Chan_(Filipino_actor)"}],"text":"2021 Filipino filmHuling Ulan sa Tag-Araw (lit. 'Last Rain in Summer') is a 2021 Philippine romantic comedy drama film[1] directed by Louie Ignacio under Heaven's Best Entertainment. 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There, the two develop feelings for each other.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Chan_(Filipino_actor)"},{"link_name":"Rita Daniela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Daniela"},{"link_name":"Lotlot de Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotlot_de_Leon"},{"link_name":"Richard Yap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Yap"}],"text":"Ken Chan as Luis\nRita Daniela as Luisa\nLotlot de Leon as Luis' mother\nRichard Yap as Luis' father","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louie Ignacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Ignacio"},{"link_name":"Pagsanjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsanjan"},{"link_name":"Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philstar1-2"},{"link_name":"Rita Daniela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Daniela"},{"link_name":"Ken Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Chan_(Filipino_actor)"},{"link_name":"love team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philstar1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw was produced under Heaven's Best Entertainment with Louie Ignacio as director. Filming took around eight to nine days in Pagsanjan, Laguna.[2] Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw marks the film debut for Rita Daniela and Ken Chan as a love team.[2][3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Metro Manila Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Metro_Manila_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw will premiere on December 25, 2021, in the Philippines as one of the official entries of the 2021 Metro Manila Film Festival.[4]","title":"Release"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ken Chan, Rita Daniela star in 'Huling Ulan sa Tag-araw'\". CNN Philippines. December 15, 2021. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211218064713/https://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2021/12/15/Ken-Chan--Rita-Daniela-star-in--Huling-Ulan-sa-Tag-araw-.html","url_text":"\"Ken Chan, Rita Daniela star in 'Huling Ulan sa Tag-araw'\""},{"url":"https://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2021/12/15/Ken-Chan--Rita-Daniela-star-in--Huling-Ulan-sa-Tag-araw-.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ranoa-Bismark, Maridol (December 15, 2021). \"Rita Daniela not expecting a best actress award for her MMFF movie 'Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw'\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2021/12/15/2148164/rita-daniela-not-expecting-best-actress-award-her-mmff-movie-huling-ulan-sa-tag-araw","url_text":"\"Rita Daniela not expecting a best actress award for her MMFF movie 'Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw'\""}]},{"reference":"Policarpio, Allan (December 18, 2021). \"'Sarap!': Rita Daniela describes bed scene with Ken Chan\". Philippine Daily Inquirer (in English and Filipino). Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertainment.inquirer.net/430219/sarap-rita-daniela-describes-bed-scene-with-ken-chan","url_text":"\"'Sarap!': Rita Daniela describes bed scene with Ken Chan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ken Chan and Rita Daniela's 'Huling Ulan Sa Tag-Araw' unveils emotional trailer\". GMA News. November 26, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/hobbiesandactivities/812322/ken-chan-and-rita-daniela-s-huling-ulan-sa-tag-araw-unveils-emotional-trailer/story/","url_text":"\"Ken Chan and Rita Daniela's 'Huling Ulan Sa Tag-Araw' unveils emotional trailer\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211218064713/https://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2021/12/15/Ken-Chan--Rita-Daniela-star-in--Huling-Ulan-sa-Tag-araw-.html","external_links_name":"\"Ken Chan, Rita Daniela star in 'Huling Ulan sa Tag-araw'\""},{"Link":"https://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2021/12/15/Ken-Chan--Rita-Daniela-star-in--Huling-Ulan-sa-Tag-araw-.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2021/12/15/2148164/rita-daniela-not-expecting-best-actress-award-her-mmff-movie-huling-ulan-sa-tag-araw","external_links_name":"\"Rita Daniela not expecting a best actress award for her MMFF movie 'Huling Ulan sa Tag-Araw'\""},{"Link":"https://entertainment.inquirer.net/430219/sarap-rita-daniela-describes-bed-scene-with-ken-chan","external_links_name":"\"'Sarap!': Rita Daniela describes bed scene with Ken Chan\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/hobbiesandactivities/812322/ken-chan-and-rita-daniela-s-huling-ulan-sa-tag-araw-unveils-emotional-trailer/story/","external_links_name":"\"Ken Chan and Rita Daniela's 'Huling Ulan Sa Tag-Araw' unveils emotional trailer\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Black_Preceptory | Royal Black Institution | ["1 History","2 Organisation and events","3 2012 apology","4 Degrees","5 Sovereign Grand Masters","6 See also","7 Notes and references","8 External links"] | Protestant fraternal organization
This article is about the society. For the CPU register, see RBP register.
Royal Black InstitutionRoyal Black Institution parade, Bangor, County DownFormation1797; 227 years ago (1797)HeadquartersLoughall, County Armagh Areas found: United Kingdom (based mainly in Northern Ireland and Scotland),Republic of Ireland (almost exclusively in County Donegal),United States,Canada,Australia,New Zealandother Commonwealth countriesSovereign Grand MasterWilliam AndersonImperial Grand RegistrarRobert DaneWebsiteroyalblack.org
Members of the Royal Black Preceptory 241, photographed in 1948
Token from a Canadian lodge of the RBI, with various symbols pertaining to the society
Symbol of the Institution, and logo — In Hoc Signo Vinces
The Royal Black Institution, the Imperial Grand Black Chapter of the British Commonwealth, or simply the Black Institution, is a Protestant fraternal society.
In 2016, a theological working group set up by the Church of Ireland was informed by the organisation's leadership that it had a membership of around 17,000, of whom around 16,000 lived in the British Isles.
History
The Royal Black Institution was formed in Ireland in 1797, two years after the formation of the Orange Order in Daniel Winter's cottage, Loughgall, County Armagh, Ireland.
The society is formed from Orangemen and can be seen as a progression of that Order although they are separate institutions. Anyone wishing to be admitted to the Royal Black Institution must first become a member of an Orange Order Lodge, and many are members of both. Membership is usually by invitation. Members are expected to accept the doctrine of the Trinity and confess a personal faith in Christ.
The Royal Black is often referred to as "the senior of the loyal orders".
Members wear a sash or collarette of which the predominant colour is black.
The word "Royal" in the title is allegedly a reference to 1 Peter 2:9 ‘You are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's own people...’, not to politics or the British monarchy. The word "Black" allegedly refers to mortality, and is a symbol of mourning.
Organisation and events
Its headquarters are in Loughgall, County Armagh. Members refer to each other as "Sir Knight", whereas in the Orange Order members are referred to as "Brother" or "Brethren". The RBI claim that their basis is the promotion of scripture and the principles of the Protestant Reformation. It has preceptories throughout the world, mainly in the major English-speaking countries, and is particularly strong in Newfoundland.
In 1931, on the day before a planned demonstration by members of the Royal Black Institution, crossing the border from Northern Ireland and into the then Irish Free State, the IRA occupied Cootehill in County Cavan, as a counter protest.
In Northern Ireland it holds an annual parade in the village of Scarva, County Down, on 13 July (the day after the Orange Order's 12 July celebrations). It is commonly referred to as "The Sham Fight" as it involves a mock fight between actors reenacting the Battle of the Boyne. The other major parade of the year is "Black Saturday", also known as "Last Saturday", held on the last Saturday in August at several locations throughout Ulster (including a major parade in Raphoe in the Laggan district of East Donegal, Ireland).: 480
The society is also popular in Scotland, where 60 preceptories exist organised into 11 districts across the country. Twenty-six marches by the Black Institution have taken place in Glasgow alone between 2009 and 2010.
2012 apology
The Royal Black Institution has adopted a more conciliatory attitude to contentious parades than the Orange Order, and is less overtly political, though not without political influence.
After loyalist bands defied a Parades Commission ruling on Black Saturday by playing music outside St Patrick's Catholic Church on Donegall Street, Belfast, the Royal Black Institution issued an apology to the clergy and parishioners of the church for any offence caused. The parish priest, Father Michael Sheehan, welcomed the apology and "the sincere Christian spirit behind it".
Degrees
The society's members are assigned one of eleven degrees, as follows, in descending order:
Royal Black Degree
Royal Scarlet Degree
Royal Mark Degree
Apron and Royal Blue Degree
Royal White Degree
Royal Green Degree
Gold Degree
Star and Garter Degree
Crimson Arrow Degree
Link and Chain Degree
Red Cross Degree
The Institution also possesses a final retrospective overview degree, which is essentially an overview of the eleven.
Sovereign Grand Masters
A chronological list of Sovereign Grand Masters of the Royal Black Preceptory:
1846: Thomas Irwin
1849: Morris Knox
1850: Thomas Johnston
1857: William Johnston
1902: H. W. Chambers
1914: William Henry Holmes Lyons
1924: Sir William James Allen
1948: Sir Norman Stronge, 8th Baronet
1971: Jim Molyneaux
1995: William J Logan
2008: Millar Farr
2018: William Anderson
See also
Orange Order
Royal Arch Purple
Notes and references
^ a b "Orange Parades to be limited in Glasgow City Centre", BBC News, 9 December 2010
^ a b c "A Theological Report to the Bishop of Down and Dromore" (PDF). Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ Beattie, Jilly (26 August 2017). "Royal Black's Last Saturday parades in pictures". BelfastLive.
^ a b c Haddick-Flynn, Kevin (2019). Orangeism, a Historical Profile. Troubador Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781838592004.
^ "Southern Orange commemorations, past and present". History Ireland. 6 March 2013.
^ "Locations of The Royal Black Institution". The Royal Black Institution. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010 – via web.archive.org.
^ "Royal Black Institution apology to St Patrick's Church over march". BBC News. 6 September 2012.
External links
Royal Black Institution official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"RBP register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBP_register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Black_Preceptory_241_(7038928125).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Black_Preceptory_token_(reverse)_(3861315113).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_%26_Crown.png"},{"link_name":"In Hoc Signo Vinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Hoc_Signo_Vinces"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasgow-1"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"fraternal society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternal_organization"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theo-2"}],"text":"This article is about the society. For the CPU register, see RBP register.Members of the Royal Black Preceptory 241, photographed in 1948Token from a Canadian lodge of the RBI, with various symbols pertaining to the societySymbol of the Institution, and logo — In Hoc Signo VincesThe Royal Black Institution, the Imperial Grand Black Chapter of the British Commonwealth, or simply the Black Institution,[1] is a Protestant fraternal society.In 2016, a theological working group set up by the Church of Ireland was informed by the organisation's leadership that it had a membership of around 17,000, of whom around 16,000 lived in the British Isles.[2]","title":"Royal Black Institution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Orange Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Institution"},{"link_name":"Loughgall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughgall"},{"link_name":"County Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Armagh"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theo-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1 Peter 2:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Peter_2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theo-2"}],"text":"The Royal Black Institution was formed in Ireland in 1797, two years after the formation of the Orange Order in Daniel Winter's cottage, Loughgall, County Armagh, Ireland.The society is formed from Orangemen and can be seen as a progression of that Order although they are separate institutions. Anyone wishing to be admitted to the Royal Black Institution must first become a member of an Orange Order Lodge, and many are members of both. Membership is usually by invitation. Members are expected to accept the doctrine of the Trinity and confess a personal faith in Christ.[2]The Royal Black is often referred to as \"the senior of the loyal orders\".[3]Members wear a sash or collarette of which the predominant colour is black.The word \"Royal\" in the title is allegedly a reference to 1 Peter 2:9 ‘You are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's own people...’, not to politics or the British monarchy. The word \"Black\" allegedly refers to mortality, and is a symbol of mourning.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orangeism-4"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"English-speaking countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_countries"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Irish Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State"},{"link_name":"IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)"},{"link_name":"Cootehill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cootehill"},{"link_name":"County Cavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cavan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parades_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Scarva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarva"},{"link_name":"County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Down"},{"link_name":"12 July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelfth"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orangeism-4"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Raphoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphoe"},{"link_name":"Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Donegal"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orangeism-4"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasgow-1"}],"text":"Its headquarters are in Loughgall, County Armagh. Members refer to each other as \"Sir Knight\", whereas in the Orange Order members are referred to as \"Brother\" or \"Brethren\".[4] The RBI claim that their basis is the promotion of scripture and the principles of the Protestant Reformation.[citation needed] It has preceptories throughout the world, mainly in the major English-speaking countries, and is particularly strong in Newfoundland.[citation needed]In 1931, on the day before a planned demonstration by members of the Royal Black Institution, crossing the border from Northern Ireland and into the then Irish Free State, the IRA occupied Cootehill in County Cavan, as a counter protest.[5]In Northern Ireland it holds an annual parade in the village of Scarva, County Down, on 13 July (the day after the Orange Order's 12 July celebrations). It is commonly referred to as \"The Sham Fight\" as it involves a mock fight between actors reenacting the Battle of the Boyne.[4] The other major parade of the year is \"Black Saturday\", also known as \"Last Saturday\", held on the last Saturday in August at several locations throughout Ulster (including a major parade in Raphoe in the Laggan district of East Donegal, Ireland).[4]: 480The society is also popular in Scotland, where 60 preceptories exist organised into 11 districts across the country.[6] Twenty-six marches by the Black Institution have taken place in Glasgow alone between 2009 and 2010.[1]","title":"Organisation and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parades Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parades_Commission"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Royal Black Institution has adopted a more conciliatory attitude to contentious parades than the Orange Order, and is less overtly political, though not without political influence.After loyalist bands defied a Parades Commission ruling on Black Saturday by playing music outside St Patrick's Catholic Church on Donegall Street, Belfast, the Royal Black Institution issued an apology to the clergy and parishioners of the church for any offence caused. The parish priest, Father Michael Sheehan, welcomed the apology and \"the sincere Christian spirit behind it\".[7]","title":"2012 apology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The society's members are assigned one of eleven degrees, as follows, in descending order:Royal Black Degree\nRoyal Scarlet Degree\nRoyal Mark Degree\nApron and Royal Blue Degree\nRoyal White Degree\nRoyal Green Degree\nGold Degree\nStar and Garter Degree\nCrimson Arrow Degree\nLink and Chain Degree\nRed Cross DegreeThe Institution also possesses a final retrospective overview degree, which is essentially an overview of the eleven.","title":"Degrees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Johnston_of_Ballykilbeg"},{"link_name":"William Henry Holmes Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_H_H_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Sir William James Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_Allen"},{"link_name":"Sir Norman Stronge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Norman_Stronge"},{"link_name":"Jim Molyneaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Molyneaux,_Baron_Molyneaux_of_Killead"}],"text":"A chronological list of Sovereign Grand Masters of the Royal Black Preceptory:1846: Thomas Irwin\n1849: Morris Knox\n1850: Thomas Johnston\n1857: William Johnston\n1902: H. W. Chambers\n1914: William Henry Holmes Lyons\n1924: Sir William James Allen\n1948: Sir Norman Stronge, 8th Baronet\n1971: Jim Molyneaux\n1995: William J Logan\n2008: Millar Farr\n2018: William Anderson","title":"Sovereign Grand Masters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Glasgow_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Glasgow_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Orange Parades to be limited in Glasgow City Centre\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-11962403"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-theo_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-theo_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-theo_2-2"},{"link_name":"\"A Theological Report to the Bishop of Down and Dromore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//downanddromore.org/cmsfiles/moved/files/t/Theological-Report-2016---Web.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Royal Black's Last Saturday parades in pictures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/royal-blacks-last-saturday-parades-13534087"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orangeism_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orangeism_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orangeism_4-2"},{"link_name":"Orangeism, a Historical Profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sAu_DwAAQBAJ&dq=Royal+Black+Institution+loughgall&pg=PA481"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781838592004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781838592004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Southern Orange commemorations, past and present\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/southern-orange-commemorations-past-and-present/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Locations of The Royal Black Institution\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100928024617/http://www.royalblack.org/locations.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.royalblack.org/locations.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Royal Black Institution apology to St Patrick's Church over march\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-19499049"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"}],"text":"^ a b \"Orange Parades to be limited in Glasgow City Centre\", BBC News, 9 December 2010\n\n^ a b c \"A Theological Report to the Bishop of Down and Dromore\" (PDF). Retrieved 22 May 2023.\n\n^ Beattie, Jilly (26 August 2017). \"Royal Black's Last Saturday parades in pictures\". BelfastLive.\n\n^ a b c Haddick-Flynn, Kevin (2019). Orangeism, a Historical Profile. Troubador Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781838592004.\n\n^ \"Southern Orange commemorations, past and present\". History Ireland. 6 March 2013.\n\n^ \"Locations of The Royal Black Institution\". The Royal Black Institution. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010 – via web.archive.org.\n\n^ \"Royal Black Institution apology to St Patrick's Church over march\". BBC News. 6 September 2012.","title":"Notes and references"}] | [{"image_text":"Members of the Royal Black Preceptory 241, photographed in 1948","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Royal_Black_Preceptory_241_%287038928125%29.jpg/220px-Royal_Black_Preceptory_241_%287038928125%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Token from a Canadian lodge of the RBI, with various symbols pertaining to the society","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Royal_Black_Preceptory_token_%28reverse%29_%283861315113%29.jpg/220px-Royal_Black_Preceptory_token_%28reverse%29_%283861315113%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Symbol of the Institution, and logo — In Hoc Signo Vinces","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9b/Cross_%26_Crown.png"}] | [{"title":"Orange Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Institution"},{"title":"Royal Arch Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arch_Purple"}] | [{"reference":"\"A Theological Report to the Bishop of Down and Dromore\" (PDF). Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://downanddromore.org/cmsfiles/moved/files/t/Theological-Report-2016---Web.pdf","url_text":"\"A Theological Report to the Bishop of Down and Dromore\""}]},{"reference":"Beattie, Jilly (26 August 2017). \"Royal Black's Last Saturday parades in pictures\". BelfastLive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/royal-blacks-last-saturday-parades-13534087","url_text":"\"Royal Black's Last Saturday parades in pictures\""}]},{"reference":"Haddick-Flynn, Kevin (2019). Orangeism, a Historical Profile. Troubador Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781838592004.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sAu_DwAAQBAJ&dq=Royal+Black+Institution+loughgall&pg=PA481","url_text":"Orangeism, a Historical Profile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781838592004","url_text":"9781838592004"}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Orange commemorations, past and present\". History Ireland. 6 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/southern-orange-commemorations-past-and-present/","url_text":"\"Southern Orange commemorations, past and present\""}]},{"reference":"\"Locations of The Royal Black Institution\". The Royal Black Institution. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010 – via web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100928024617/http://www.royalblack.org/locations.html","url_text":"\"Locations of The Royal Black Institution\""},{"url":"http://www.royalblack.org/locations.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Black Institution apology to St Patrick's Church over march\". BBC News. 6 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-19499049","url_text":"\"Royal Black Institution apology to St Patrick's Church over march\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://royalblack.org/","external_links_name":"royalblack.org"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-11962403","external_links_name":"\"Orange Parades to be limited in Glasgow City Centre\""},{"Link":"https://downanddromore.org/cmsfiles/moved/files/t/Theological-Report-2016---Web.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Theological Report to the Bishop of Down and Dromore\""},{"Link":"http://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/royal-blacks-last-saturday-parades-13534087","external_links_name":"\"Royal Black's Last Saturday parades in pictures\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sAu_DwAAQBAJ&dq=Royal+Black+Institution+loughgall&pg=PA481","external_links_name":"Orangeism, a Historical Profile"},{"Link":"https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/southern-orange-commemorations-past-and-present/","external_links_name":"\"Southern Orange commemorations, past and present\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100928024617/http://www.royalblack.org/locations.html","external_links_name":"\"Locations of The Royal Black Institution\""},{"Link":"http://www.royalblack.org/locations.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-19499049","external_links_name":"\"Royal Black Institution apology to St Patrick's Church over march\""},{"Link":"http://www.royalblack.org/","external_links_name":"Royal Black Institution"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Campania_regional_election | 2000 Campania regional election | ["1 Results","2 References"] | 2000 Campania regional election
← 1995
16 April 2000
2005 →
All 47 seats to the Regional Council
Majority party
Minority party
Leader
Antonio Bassolino
Antonio Rastrelli
Party
DS
National Alliance
Alliance
The Olive Tree
Pole for Freedoms
Seats won
26
21
Seat change
6
3
Popular vote
1,654,777
1,350,621
Percentage
54.18%
44.22%
Swing
6.82%
3.64%
President before election
Andrea Losco
Italian People's Party
Subsequent President
Antonio Bassolino
Democrats of the Left
Politics of Campania
Statute
Regional Government
President: Vincenzo De Luca
Vice President: Fulvio Bonavitacola
Regional Council
President: Gennaro Oliviero
Elections
Political parties
Provinces
Regions of Italy
Politics of Italy
Politics of the European Union
Other countries
vte
The Campania regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.
Antonio Bassolino (Democrats of the Left) was elected President, defeating Antonio Rastrelli (National Alliance), who had been replaced in 1999 by a centre-left ribaltone led by Andrea Losco (People's Party).
Results
16 April 2000 Campania regional election results
Candidates
Votes
%
Seats
Parties
Votes
%
Seats
Antonio Bassolino
1,654,777
54.18
12
Democrats of the Left
407,032
14.19
7
Italian People's Party
301,927
10.53
5
Union of Democrats for Europe
201,593
7.03
3
The Democrats
152,287
5.31
3
Italian Democratic Socialists
127,173
4.43
2
Communist Refoundation Party
108,498
3.78
2
Italian Renewal
82,203
2.87
1
Federation of the Greens
80,208
2.80
1
Party of Italian Communists
45,827
1.60
1
Italian Republican Party
31,145
1.09
1
Total
1,537,893
53.64
23
Antonio Rastrelli
1,350,621
44.22
1
Forza Italia
600,180
20.93
10
National Alliance
319,338
11.14
5
Christian Democratic Centre
160,066
5.58
3
Christian Democratic Party
95,205
3.32
2
United Christian Democrats
82,929
2.89
1
Tricolour Flame
19,489
0.68
–
Socialist Party
18,034
0.63
–
Southern League Ausonia
2,219
0.08
–
Total
1,297,460
45.24
21
Marco Pannella
39,325
1.29
–
Bonino List
27,151
0.95
–
Vittorio Granillo
9,331
0.31
–
Cobas for Self-Organization
5,188
0.18
–
Total candidates
3,054,054
100.00
13
Total parties
2,867,692
100.00
47
Source: Ministry of the Interior
vte Regional elections in Campania
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
References
^ The swing comes from the combined result of The Olive Tree (35.9%) and Italian People's Party (8.1%) in the 1995 regional election. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio Bassolino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Bassolino"},{"link_name":"Democrats of the Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left"},{"link_name":"Antonio Rastrelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rastrelli_(politician)"},{"link_name":"National Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Andrea Losco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Losco"},{"link_name":"People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994)"}],"text":"The Campania regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.Antonio Bassolino (Democrats of the Left) was elected President, defeating Antonio Rastrelli (National Alliance), who had been replaced in 1999 by a centre-left ribaltone led by Andrea Losco (People's Party).","title":"2000 Campania regional election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Elections_in_Campania"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_Campania"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_Campania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Campania.svg"},{"link_name":"Regional elections in Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Campania"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Campania_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Campania_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Campania_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Campania_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Campania_regional_election"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Campania_regional_election"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Campania_regional_election"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Campania_regional_election"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Campania_regional_election"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Campania_regional_election"}],"text":"vte Regional elections in Campania\n1970\n1975\n1980\n1985\n1990\n1995\n2000\n2005\n2010\n2015\n2020","title":"Results"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Campania_Regional_Council_2000.svg/300px-Campania_Regional_Council_2000.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=R&dtel=16/04/2000&tpa=I&tpe=R&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=15&levsut1=1&ne1=15&es0=S&es1=S&ms=S","external_links_name":"Ministry of the Interior"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip | Gospel of Philip | ["1 Date of composition","2 History and context","2.1 Mary Magdalene","3 Problems concerning the text","4 Interpretation","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | Christian Gnostic gospel
Part of a series onNew Testament apocryphaFirst page of the Gospel of Judas(Page 33 of Codex Tchacos)
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The Gospel of Philip is a non-canonical Gnostic Gospel dated to around the 3rd century but lost in medieval times until rediscovered by accident, buried with other texts near Nag Hammadi in Egypt, in 1945.
The Gospel is not accepted as canonical by the Christian church. Although it may have some relationship to the beliefs expressed in the Gospel of Thomas, scholars are divided as to whether it should be read as a single discourse or as a collection of otherwise unrelated Valentinian sayings. Sacraments, in particular the sacrament of marriage, are a major theme. As in other texts often associated with what has been referred to as "Gnosticism," such as the Gospel of Thomas and Gospel of Mary, the Gospel of Philip defends a tradition that gives Mary Magdalene a special relationship and insight into Jesus's teaching. The text contains fifteen sayings of Jesus. Seven of these sayings are also found in the canonical gospels, and two are closely related to sayings in the Gospel of Thomas.
Date of composition
Part of a series onGnosticism
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Influenced by
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vte
The gospel's title appears at the end of the Coptic manuscript in a colophon; the only connection with Philip the Apostle within the text is that he is the only apostle mentioned (at 73,8). The text proper makes no claim to be from Philip, though the four New Testament gospels make no explicit internal claim of authorship either. Most scholars hold a 3rd-century date of composition.
History and context
A single manuscript of the Gospel of Philip, in Coptic (CG II), was found in the Nag Hammadi library, a cache of documents that was secreted in a jar and buried in the Egyptian desert at the end of the 4th century. The text was bound in the same codex that contained the better-known Gospel of Thomas.
From the mix of aphorisms, parables, brief polemics, narrative dialogue, biblical exegesis (especially of Genesis), and dogmatic propositions, Wesley W. Isenberg, the editor and translator of the text, has attributed seventeen sayings (logia) to Jesus, nine of which Isenberg 1996, pp. 139- characterizes as citations and interpretations of those found in the canonical gospels The new sayings, "identified by the formula introducing them ('he said', 'the Lord said', or 'the Saviour said') are brief and enigmatic and are best interpreted from a Gnostic perspective.
Much of the Gospel of Philip is concerned with Gnostic views of the origin and nature of mankind and the sacraments it refers to as baptism, unction and marriage. It is not always clear whether these are the same literal rituals known in other parts of the early Christian movement and since, or ideal and heavenly realities. The Gospel emphasizes the sacramental nature of the embrace between man and woman (or ideas represented by these as types) in the "nuptial chamber," which is an archetype of spiritual unity. Many of the sayings are identifiably related to other texts referred to by scholars as Gnostic, and often appear quite mysterious and enigmatic (these are from the translation by Isenberg 1996, pp. 139-):
The Lord said, "Blessed is he who is before he came into being. For he who is, has been and shall be."
He who has knowledge of the truth is a free man, but the free man does not sin, for "He who sins is the slave of sin" (John 8:34). Truth is the mother, knowledge the father.
Echamoth is one thing and Echmoth, another. Echamoth is Wisdom simply, but Echmoth is the Wisdom of death, which is the one who knows death, which is called "the little Wisdom".
Early in the text it says: "Those who say they will die first and then rise are in error. If they do not first receive the resurrection while they live, when they die they will receive nothing."
Later in the text it says: "Those who say that the Lord died first and then rose up are in error – for He rose up first and then died."
Jesus came to crucify the world.
Jesus took them all by stealth, for he did not appear as he was, but in the manner in which they would be able to see him. He appeared to them all. He appeared to the great as great. He appeared to the small as small. He appeared to the angels as an angel, and to men as a man.
It is not possible for anyone to see anything of the things that actually exist unless he becomes like them... You saw the Spirit, you became spirit. You saw Christ, you became Christ. You saw the Father, you shall become Father. So in this place you see everything and do not see yourself, but in that place you do see yourself - and what you see you shall become.
Adam came into being from two virgins, from the Spirit and from the virgin earth. Christ therefore, was born from a virgin to rectify the Fall which occurred in the beginning.
One saying in particular appears to identify the levels of initiation in Gnosticism, although what exactly the bridal chamber represented in gnostic thought is a matter of debate:
The Lord did everything in a mystery, a baptism and a chrism and a eucharist and a redemption and a bridal chamber.
One possibility is that the bridal chamber refers symbolically to the relationship of trust and singular devotion that should exist between God (bridegroom) and humankind or believer (bride) – just as the marriage relationship (bedchamber) implies a devotion of husband and wife to each other that is expected to exclude all other parties. This symbolic meaning is found for example in the Parable of the Ten Virgins – (Matthew 25:1–13), "Then shall the kingdom of heaven be likened unto ten virgins, which took their lamps, and went forth to meet the bridegroom".
Another interpretation of the Gospel of Philip supported by scholar Marvin W. Meyer, emphasizes Jesus as central focus of the text. Some quotations from the gospel could be inferred as placing Jesus in a central position:
Those who produce the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit... no longer a Christian but Christ. (Philip logion 72)
"My God, my God, why, O Lord, have you forsaken me?" (Mark 15:34). It was on the cross that he said these words, for he had departed from that place. (Philip logion 77)
We are born again through the Holy Spirit, and we are conceived through Christ in baptism with two elements. We are anointed through the spirit, and when we are conceived, we were united. (Philip logion 80)
Jesus appeared Jordan - the fullness of the Kingdom of Heaven. (Philip logion 88)
By perfecting the water of baptism, Jesus emptied it of death. Thus we do go down into the water, but we do not go down into death, in order that we may not be poured out into the spirit of the world. Philip logion 115)
According to Meyer, without Jesus, the rituals and mysteries mentioned in this gospel would have no context.
Furthermore, this text seems to be related to others connected with the Valentinian Christian sect, who worshipped a Christ interpreted through "Gnostic" ideas, and is often linked to what is sometimes thought to be Valentinius' own composition, the Gospel of Truth.
The Gospel of Philip ends with its promise:
If anyone becomes a 'son of the bridechamber' he will receive the Light. If anyone does not receive it while he is in these places, he cannot receive it in the other place. He who receives any Light will not be seen, nor can he be held fast. No one will be able to trouble him in this way, whether he lives in the world or leaves the world. He has already received the Truth in images, and the World has become the Aeon. For the Aeon already exists for him as Pleroma, and he exists in this way. It is revealed to him alone, since it is not hidden in darkness and night but is hidden in a perfect Day and a holy Night.
Mary Magdalene
Much of the Gospel of Philip is dedicated to a discussion of marriage as a sacred mystery, and two passages directly refer to Mary Magdalene and her close relationship with Jesus:
There were three who always walked with the Lord: Mary, his mother, and her sister, and Magdalene, the one who was called his companion. His sister and his mother and his companion were each a Mary.
In different places in the Gospel of Philip, Mary Magdalene is called Jesus's companion, partner or consort, using Coptic variants of the word koinōnos (κοινωνός), of Greek origin, or the word hōtre, of Egyptian origin. In this passage koinōnos is used. Koinōnos has a range of possible meanings: at root, it denotes a "person engaged in fellowship or sharing with someone or in something", but what exactly a koinōnos "can share with his or her partner can take many forms, ranging from a common enterprise or experience to a shared business". In the Bible, koinōnos is sometimes used to refer to a spouse (Malachi 2:14; cf. 3 Maccabees 4:6), but is also used to refer to a "companion" in faith (Philemon 17), a co-worker in proclaiming the Gospel (2 Corinthians 8:23), or a business associate (Luke 5:10). The Gospel of Philip uses cognates of koinōnos and Coptic equivalents to refer to the literal pairing of men and women in marriage and sexual intercourse, but also metaphorically, referring to a spiritual partnership, and the reunification of the Gnostic Christian with the divine realm. And importantly, there are occasions in the Gospel of Philip when the regular Coptic word for wife is used directly in reference to people who are clearly spouses, suggesting that the term koinōnos is "reserved for a more specific usage" in the Gospel of Philip.
That passage is also interesting for its mention of Jesus's sister (Jesus's unnamed sisters are mentioned in the New Testament at Mark 6:3), although the text is confusing on that point: she appears to be described first as the sister of Jesus's mother Mary (also mentioned in the Gospel of John, possibly the same person as Mary of Clopas), then as the sister of Jesus, although this may be a translation problem.
The other passage, purportedly referring to Jesus kissing Mary Magdalene, is incomplete because of damage to the original manuscript. Several words are missing. Guesses as to what they were are shown below in brackets. Most notably there is a hole in the manuscript after the phrase "and used to kiss her on her...." But the passage appears to describe Jesus kissing Magdalene, apparently described as "barren" and "the mother of the angels" at the beginning of the relevant paragraph and using a parable to explain to the disciples why he loved her more than he loved them:
As for Wisdom who is called "the barren", she is the mother angels. And the companion of the Mary Magdalene. her more than the disciples kiss her on her . The rest of They said to him, "Why do you love her more than all of us?" The Savior answered and said to them, "Why do I not love you like her? When a blind man and one who sees are both together in the darkness, they are no different from one another. When the light comes, then he who sees will see the light, and he who is blind will remain in darkness.
Some scholars speculate that "hand" is the word after "kiss her... on her". But it may have been cheek, forehead or feet to simply show respect. Isenberg 1996, pp. 139- translates it as "on her mouth".
Problems concerning the text
The Gospel of Philip is a text that reveals some connections with Early Christian writings of the Gnostic traditions. It is a series of logia or aphoristic utterances, most of them apparently quotations and excerpts of lost writings, without any attempt at a narrative context. The main theme concerns the value of sacraments. Scholars debate whether the original language was Syriac or Greek. Wesley W. Isenberg, the text's translator, places the date "perhaps as late as the 2nd half of the 3rd century" and places its probable origin in Syria due to its references to Syriac words and eastern baptismal practices as well as its ascetic outlook. The online Early Christian Writings site gives it a date c. 180–250. Meyer gives its date as "2nd or 3rd century".
Interpretation
The text has been interpreted by Isenberg 1996, p. 141 as a Christian Gnostic sacramental catechesis. Bentley Layton identified it as a Valentinian anthology of excerpts, and Elaine Pagels and Martha Lee Turner have seen it as possessing a consistent and Valentinian theology. It is dismissed by Catholic author Ian Wilson who argues that it "has no special claim to an early date, and seems to be merely a Mills and Boon-style fantasy of a type not uncommon among Christian apocryphal literature of the 3rd and 4th centuries".
Latter-day Saint scholar Richard O. Cowan sees a parallel between the "bridal chamber" that is a central theme in the Gospel and the Mormon doctrine of "the new and everlasting covenant of marriage", or "eternal marriage".
See also
List of Gospels
The Wedding of the Great Shishlam, a Mandaean wedding ritual text
Notes
^ Those in the canonical New Testament: 55,33–34; 57,3–5; 68,8–12; 68,26–27; 72,33–73,1; 77,18; 83,11–13; 84,7–9; 85,29–31.
^ The new sayings: 55,37–56,3; 58,10–14; 59,25–27; 63,29–30; 64,2–9; 64,10–12; 67,30–35; and 74,25–27.
^ The Old and New Testament and Gnostic contexts and the text are discussed by Grant 1961, pp. 129–140
^ Luke 16:26 is indicated
^ In the critical edition edited by Bentley Layton, the feet, a cheek and the forehead of Mary are raised as possibilities.
^ "Rivals of Jesus," National Geographic Channel (2006).
^ Perkins 1993, p. 184.
^ a b Meyer & De Boer 2009, pp. 36–37.
^ van den Broek, Roelof (2013). Gnostic Religion in Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
^ Ehrman 2003, pp. xi–xii.
^ a b Isenberg 1996, pp. 139-.
^ "The Gospel of Philip -- The Nag Hammadi Library". gnosis.org. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
^ Gospel of Philip p.127, as quoted in Grant 1961, p. 138
^ "Greek-Dictionary.net". Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
^ a b c d Marjanen 1996, pp. 151–160.
^ Perkins 2009, p. 278.
^ Evans 2008, p. 94.
^ "Gospel of Philip". www.earlychristianwritings.com. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
^ Meyer 1999, p. 235.
^ Layton 1995, p. 325.
^ Wilson 1985, p. 88.
^ Cowan 1999, pp. 99–120.
References
Cowan, Richard O. (1999). Parry, Donald W.; Ricks, Stephen D. (eds.). The Temple in Time and Eternity. Temples Through the Ages, No. 2. Provo, UT: Foundation of Ancient Research and Mormon Studies. ISBN 0934893500.
Ehrman, Bart D. (2003). Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972712-4.
Evans, Craig A. (2008). Fabricating Jesus: How Modern Scholars Distort the Gospels. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-3355-9.
Grant, Robert M. (1961). "The Mystery of Marriage in the Gospel of Philip". Vigiliae Christianae. 15 (3): 129–140. doi:10.1163/157007261X00137. JSTOR 1582682.
Isenberg, Wesley W. (1996). "The Gospel of Philip". In Robinson, James McConkey (ed.). The Nag Hammadi Library in English. Brill. ISBN 90-04-08856-3 – via Coptic Gnostic Library Project.
Layton, Bentley (1995). The Gnostic Scriptures: A New Translation with Annotations and Introductions. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-47843-4.
Leloup, Jean-Yves (2004). The Gospel of Philip: Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and the Gnosis of Sacred Union. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-59477-640-3.
Marjanen, Antti (1996). The Woman Jesus Loved: Mary Magdalene in the Nag Hammadi Library and Related Documents. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004106588.
Meyer, Marvin W. (1999). The Ancient Mysteries: A Sourcebook of Sacred Texts. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1692-X.
Meyer, Marvin W.; De Boer, Esther A. (2009). The Gospels of Mary: The Secret Tradition of Mary Magdalene, the Companion of Jesus. HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-196595-1.
Perkins, Pheme (1993). Gnosticism and the New Testament. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-1597-1.
Perkins, Pheme (2009). Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-6553-3.
Schaberg, Jane (31 August 2004). The Resurrection of Mary Magdalene: Legends, Apocrypha, and the Christian Testament. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-1645-2. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Segelberg, Eric (2015). "The Gospel of Philip and the New Testament". In Logan, Alastair; Wedderburn, Alexander J. M. (eds.). The New Testament and Gnosis. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 204–. ISBN 978-1-4742-3043-8.
Segelberg, Eric (1965). "The Antiochene Background of the Gospel of Philip". Bulletin de la Société d'Archéologie Copte. 18: 205–23.
Segelberg, Eric (1967–68). "The Antiochene Origin of the Gospel of Philip". Bulletin de la Société d'Archéologie Copte. 19.
Segelberg, Eric (1960). "The Coptic-Gnostic Gospel according to Philip and its sacramental System". Numen. 7 (2). Brill: 189–200. doi:10.2307/3269434. JSTOR 3269434.
The Gospel of Philip: Annotated & Explained. Translated by Smith, Andrew Phillip. SkyLight Paths. 2005. ISBN 978-1-59473-111-2.
Turner, Martha Lee (1997). "On the coherence of the Gospel according to Philip". In Turner, John Douglas; McGuire, Anne Marie (eds.). The Nag Hammadi Library After Fifty Years: Proceedings of the 1995 Society of Biblical Literature Commemoration . Brill. pp. 223–250. ISBN 90-04-10824-6.
Thomasson, Einar (1997). "How Valentinian is the Gospel of Philip?". In Turner, John Douglas; McGuire, Anne Marie (eds.). The Nag Hammadi Library After Fifty Years: Proceedings of the 1995 Society of Biblical Literature Commemoration . Brill. pp. 251–279. ISBN 90-04-10824-6.
Wilson, Ian (1985). Jesus: The Evidence. Pan. ISBN 978-0-330-28708-1.
Further reading
Turner, Martha (1996). The Gospel according to Philip: the sources and coherence of an early Christian collection. Leiden New York: E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-43967-2. OCLC 1035370738.
Lundhaug, Hugo (2010). Images of rebirth: cognitive poetics and transformational soteriology in the Gospel of Philip and the Exegesis on the Soul. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-21650-1. OCLC 741614143.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Gospel of Philip.
Wesley W. Isenberg, translator, Gospel of Philip
The Gospel of Philip at the Wayback Machine (archived February 10, 2005), with hyperlinear translation linked to Crum's Coptic Dictionary and Plumley's Coptic Grammar (which unfortunately consistently misspells "through"). Ecumenical Coptic Project online edition, 1998 ff.
Early Christian writings: Gospel of Philip brief introductions and e-texts
vteNag Hammadi libraryCodex I
Prayer of the Apostle Paul
Apocryphon of James
Gospel of Truth
Treatise on the Resurrection
Tripartite Tractate
Codex II
Apocryphon of John
Gospel of Thomas
Gospel of Philip
Hypostasis of the Archons
On the Origin of the World
Exegesis on the Soul
Book of Thomas the Contender
Codex III
Apocryphon of John (shorter version)
Gospel of the Egyptians
Eugnostos the Blessed
The Sophia of Jesus Christ
Dialogue of the Saviour
Codex IV
Apocryphon of John (longer version)
Gospel of the Egyptians
Codex V
Eugnostos the Blessed
Apocalypse of Paul
First Apocalypse of James
Second Apocalypse of James
Apocalypse of Adam
Codex VI
Acts of Peter and the Twelve
The Thunder, Perfect Mind
Authoritative Discourse
Concept of Our Great Power
Plato, The Republic 588A-589B
The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth
The Prayer of Thanksgiving
Asclepius 21-29
Codex VII
Paraphrase of Shem
Second Treatise of the Great Seth
Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter
Teachings of Silvanus
Three Steles of Seth
Codex VIII
Zostrianos
Letter of Peter to Philip
Codex IX
Melchizedek
Thought of Norea
Testimony of Truth
Codex X
Marsanes
Codex XI
Interpretation of Knowledge
Valentinian Exposition
Allogenes
Hypsiphrone
Codex XII
Sentences of Sextus
Gospel of Truth
Codex XIII
Trimorphic Protennoia
On the Origin of the World | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-canonical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrypha"},{"link_name":"Gnostic Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostic_Gospel"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Nag Hammadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag_Hammadi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Christian church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_church"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Valentinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinius"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1993184-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerDe_Boer200936%E2%80%9337-3"},{"link_name":"Sacraments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Mary Magdalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Gospel of Philip is a non-canonical Gnostic Gospel dated to around the 3rd century but lost in medieval times until rediscovered by accident, buried with other texts near Nag Hammadi in Egypt, in 1945.[1]The Gospel is not accepted as canonical by the Christian church. Although it may have some relationship to the beliefs expressed in the Gospel of Thomas, scholars are divided as to whether it should be read as a single discourse or as a collection of otherwise unrelated Valentinian sayings.[2][3] Sacraments, in particular the sacrament of marriage, are a major theme. As in other texts often associated with what has been referred to as \"Gnosticism,\" such as the Gospel of Thomas and Gospel of Mary, the Gospel of Philip defends a tradition that gives Mary Magdalene a special relationship and insight into Jesus's teaching. The text contains fifteen sayings of Jesus. Seven of these sayings are also found in the canonical gospels, and two are closely related to sayings in the Gospel of Thomas.[4]","title":"Gospel of Philip"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts"},{"link_name":"colophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"Philip the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003xi%E2%80%93xii-5"}],"text":"The gospel's title appears at the end of the Coptic manuscript in a colophon; the only connection with Philip the Apostle within the text is that he is the only apostle mentioned (at 73,8). The text proper makes no claim to be from Philip, though the four New Testament gospels make no explicit internal claim of authorship either. Most scholars hold a 3rd-century date of composition.[5]","title":"Date of composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Language"},{"link_name":"CG II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_Codex_II"},{"link_name":"Nag Hammadi library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library"},{"link_name":"codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas"},{"link_name":"parables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable"},{"link_name":"polemics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Isenberg 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIsenberg1996"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsenberg1996139--8"},{"link_name":"sacraments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament"},{"link_name":"baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"unction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unction"},{"link_name":"marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"archetype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostic"},{"link_name":"Isenberg 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIsenberg1996"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"Parable of the Ten Virgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_Ten_Virgins"},{"link_name":"(Matthew 25:1–13)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+25:1%E2%80%9313&version=nasb"},{"link_name":"Marvin W. Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_W._Meyer"},{"link_name":"Valentinian Christian sect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinius"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Truth"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Aeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeon"},{"link_name":"Pleroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"A single manuscript of the Gospel of Philip, in Coptic (CG II), was found in the Nag Hammadi library, a cache of documents that was secreted in a jar and buried in the Egyptian desert at the end of the 4th century. The text was bound in the same codex that contained the better-known Gospel of Thomas.From the mix of aphorisms, parables, brief polemics, narrative dialogue, biblical exegesis (especially of Genesis), and dogmatic propositions, Wesley W. Isenberg, the editor and translator of the text, has attributed seventeen sayings (logia) to Jesus, nine of which Isenberg 1996, pp. 139- characterizes as citations and interpretations of those found in the canonical gospels[a] The new sayings,[b] \"identified by the formula introducing them ('he said', 'the Lord said', or 'the Saviour said') are brief and enigmatic and are best interpreted from a Gnostic perspective.[6]Much of the Gospel of Philip is concerned with Gnostic views of the origin and nature of mankind and the sacraments it refers to as baptism, unction and marriage. It is not always clear whether these are the same literal rituals known in other parts of the early Christian movement and since, or ideal and heavenly realities. The Gospel emphasizes the sacramental nature of the embrace between man and woman (or ideas represented by these as types) in the \"nuptial chamber,\" which is an archetype of spiritual unity.[c] Many of the sayings are identifiably related to other texts referred to by scholars as Gnostic, and often appear quite mysterious and enigmatic (these are from the translation by Isenberg 1996, pp. 139-):The Lord said, \"Blessed is he who is before he came into being. For he who is, has been and shall be.\"He who has knowledge of the truth is a free man, but the free man does not sin, for \"He who sins is the slave of sin\" (John 8:34). Truth is the mother, knowledge the father.Echamoth is one thing and Echmoth, another. Echamoth is Wisdom simply, but Echmoth is the Wisdom of death, which is the one who knows death, which is called \"the little Wisdom\".Early in the text it says: \"Those who say they will die first and then rise are in error. If they do not first receive the resurrection while they live, when they die they will receive nothing.\"\nLater in the text it says: \"Those who say that the Lord died first and then rose up are in error – for He rose up first and then died.\"[7]Jesus came to crucify the world.Jesus took them all by stealth, for he did not appear as he was, but in the manner in which they would be able to see him. He appeared to them all. He appeared to the great as great. He appeared to the small as small. He appeared to the angels as an angel, and to men as a man.It is not possible for anyone to see anything of the things that actually exist unless he becomes like them... You saw the Spirit, you became spirit. You saw Christ, you became Christ. You saw the Father, you shall become Father. So in this place you see everything and do not see yourself, but in that place you do see yourself - and what you see you shall become.Adam came into being from two virgins, from the Spirit and from the virgin earth. Christ therefore, was born from a virgin to rectify the Fall which occurred in the beginning.One saying in particular appears to identify the levels of initiation in Gnosticism, although what exactly the bridal chamber represented in gnostic thought is a matter of debate:The Lord did everything in a mystery, a baptism and a chrism and a eucharist and a redemption and a bridal chamber.One possibility[original research?] is that the bridal chamber refers symbolically to the relationship of trust and singular devotion that should exist between God (bridegroom) and humankind or believer (bride) – just as the marriage relationship (bedchamber) implies a devotion of husband and wife to each other that is expected to exclude all other parties. This symbolic meaning is found for example in the Parable of the Ten Virgins – (Matthew 25:1–13), \"Then shall the kingdom of heaven be likened unto ten virgins, which took their lamps, and went forth to meet the bridegroom\".Another interpretation of the Gospel of Philip supported by scholar Marvin W. Meyer, emphasizes Jesus as central focus of the text. Some quotations from the gospel could be inferred as placing Jesus in a central position:Those who produce the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit...[are] no longer a Christian but [are] Christ. (Philip logion 72)\"My God, my God, why, O Lord, have you forsaken me?\" (Mark 15:34). It was on the cross that he said these words, for he had departed from that place. (Philip logion 77)We are born again through the Holy Spirit, and we are conceived through Christ in baptism with two elements. We are anointed through the spirit, and when we are conceived, we were united. (Philip logion 80)Jesus appeared [...] Jordan - the fullness of the Kingdom of Heaven. (Philip logion 88)By perfecting the water of baptism, Jesus emptied it of death. Thus we do go down into the water, but we do not go down into death, in order that we may not be poured out into the spirit of the world. Philip logion 115)According to Meyer, without Jesus, the rituals and mysteries mentioned in this gospel would have no context.Furthermore, this text seems to be related to others connected with the Valentinian Christian sect, who worshipped a Christ interpreted through \"Gnostic\" ideas, and is often linked to what is sometimes thought to be Valentinius' own composition, the Gospel of Truth.The Gospel of Philip ends with its promise:If anyone becomes a 'son of the bridechamber' he will receive the Light. If anyone does not receive it while he is in these places, he cannot receive it in the other place.[d] He who receives any Light will not be seen, nor can he be held fast. No one will be able to trouble him in this way, whether he lives in the world or leaves the world. He has already received the Truth in images, and the World has become the Aeon. For the Aeon already exists for him as Pleroma, and he exists in this way. It is revealed to him alone, since it is not hidden in darkness and night but is hidden in a perfect Day and a holy Night.[8]","title":"History and context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sacred mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_mysteries#Christian_mysteries"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsenberg1996139--8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerDe_Boer200936%E2%80%9337-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarjanen1996151%E2%80%93160-14"},{"link_name":"Malachi 2:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Malachi+2:14&version=nasb"},{"link_name":"3 Maccabees 4:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=3%20Maccabees%204:6&version=nrsvae"},{"link_name":"Philemon 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philemon+1:17&version=nasb"},{"link_name":"2 Corinthians 8:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Corinthians+8:23&version=nasb"},{"link_name":"Luke 5:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+5:10&version=nasb"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarjanen1996151%E2%80%93160-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarjanen1996151%E2%80%93160-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarjanen1996151%E2%80%93160-14"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Mark 6:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+6:3&version=nasb"},{"link_name":"Gospel of John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John"},{"link_name":"Mary of Clopas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins2009278-15"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200894-17"},{"link_name":"Isenberg 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIsenberg1996"}],"sub_title":"Mary Magdalene","text":"Much of the Gospel of Philip is dedicated to a discussion of marriage as a sacred mystery, and two passages directly refer to Mary Magdalene and her close relationship with Jesus:There were three who always walked with the Lord: Mary, his mother, and her sister, and Magdalene, the one who was called his companion. His sister and his mother and his companion were each a Mary.[6]In different places in the Gospel of Philip, Mary Magdalene is called Jesus's companion, partner or consort, using Coptic variants of the word koinōnos (κοινωνός),[9] of Greek origin, or the word hōtre, of Egyptian origin.[3] In this passage koinōnos is used. Koinōnos has a range of possible meanings: at root, it denotes a \"person engaged in fellowship or sharing with someone or in something\", but what exactly a koinōnos \"can share with his or her partner can take many forms, ranging from a common enterprise or experience to a shared business\".[10] In the Bible, koinōnos is sometimes used to refer to a spouse (Malachi 2:14; cf. 3 Maccabees 4:6), but is also used to refer to a \"companion\" in faith (Philemon 17), a co-worker in proclaiming the Gospel (2 Corinthians 8:23), or a business associate (Luke 5:10).[10] The Gospel of Philip uses cognates of koinōnos and Coptic equivalents to refer to the literal pairing of men and women in marriage and sexual intercourse, but also metaphorically, referring to a spiritual partnership, and the reunification of the Gnostic Christian with the divine realm.[10] And importantly, there are occasions in the Gospel of Philip when the regular Coptic word for wife is used directly in reference to people who are clearly spouses, suggesting that the term koinōnos is \"reserved for a more specific usage\" in the Gospel of Philip.[10]That passage is also interesting for its mention of Jesus's sister (Jesus's unnamed sisters are mentioned in the New Testament at Mark 6:3), although the text is confusing on that point: she appears to be described first as the sister of Jesus's mother Mary (also mentioned in the Gospel of John, possibly the same person as Mary of Clopas), then as the sister of Jesus, although this may be a translation problem.The other passage, purportedly referring to Jesus kissing Mary Magdalene, is incomplete because of damage to the original manuscript. Several words are missing. Guesses as to what they were are shown below in brackets. Most notably there is a hole in the manuscript after the phrase \"and used to kiss her [often] on her....\" But the passage appears to describe Jesus kissing Magdalene, apparently described as \"barren\" and \"the mother of the angels\" at the beginning of the relevant paragraph and using a parable to explain to the disciples why he loved her more than he loved them:As for Wisdom who is called \"the barren\", she is the mother [of the] angels. And the companion of the [...] Mary Magdalene. [... loved] her more than [all] the disciples [and used to] kiss her [often] on her [...]. The rest of [the disciples...] They said to him, \"Why do you love her more than all of us?\" The Savior answered and said to them, \"Why do I not love you like her? When a blind man and one who sees are both together in the darkness, they are no different from one another. When the light comes, then he who sees will see the light, and he who is blind will remain in darkness.[11]Some scholars speculate that \"hand\" is the word after \"kiss her... on her\". But it may have been cheek, forehead or feet to simply show respect.[e][12] Isenberg 1996, pp. 139- translates it as \"on her mouth\".","title":"History and context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Early Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian"},{"link_name":"Gnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism"},{"link_name":"aphoristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphorism"},{"link_name":"sacraments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_(language)"},{"link_name":"Wesley W. Isenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wesley_W._Isenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1999235-19"}],"text":"The Gospel of Philip is a text that reveals some connections with Early Christian writings of the Gnostic traditions. It is a series of logia or aphoristic utterances, most of them apparently quotations and excerpts of lost writings, without any attempt at a narrative context. The main theme concerns the value of sacraments. Scholars debate whether the original language was Syriac or Greek. Wesley W. Isenberg, the text's translator, places the date \"perhaps as late as the 2nd half of the 3rd century\" and places its probable origin in Syria due to its references to Syriac words and eastern baptismal practices as well as its ascetic outlook. The online Early Christian Writings site gives it a date c. 180–250.[13] Meyer gives its date as \"2nd or 3rd century\".[14]","title":"Problems concerning the text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isenberg 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIsenberg1996"},{"link_name":"catechesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism"},{"link_name":"Bentley Layton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_Layton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton1995325-20"},{"link_name":"Valentinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinius"},{"link_name":"Elaine Pagels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Pagels"},{"link_name":"Martha Lee Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martha_Lee_Turner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ian Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wilson_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198588-21"},{"link_name":"Mills and Boon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_and_Boon"},{"link_name":"Latter-day Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter-day_Saint"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan199999%E2%80%93120-22"}],"text":"The text has been interpreted by Isenberg 1996, p. 141 as a Christian Gnostic sacramental catechesis. Bentley Layton[15] identified it as a Valentinian anthology of excerpts, and Elaine Pagels and Martha Lee Turner have seen it as possessing a consistent and Valentinian theology. It is dismissed by Catholic author Ian Wilson[16] who argues that it \"has no special claim to an early date, and seems to be merely a Mills and Boon-style fantasy of a type not uncommon among Christian apocryphal literature of the 3rd and 4th centuries\".Latter-day Saint scholar Richard O. Cowan sees a parallel between the \"bridal chamber\" that is a central theme in the Gospel and the Mormon doctrine of \"the new and everlasting covenant of marriage\", or \"eternal marriage\".[17]","title":"Interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Grant 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrant1961"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Luke 16:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%2016:26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins1993184_2-0"},{"link_name":"Perkins 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPerkins1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerDe_Boer200936%E2%80%9337_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerDe_Boer200936%E2%80%9337_3-1"},{"link_name":"Meyer & De Boer 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMeyerDe_Boer2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003xi%E2%80%93xii_5-0"},{"link_name":"Ehrman 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEhrman2003"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsenberg1996139-_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsenberg1996139-_8-1"},{"link_name":"Isenberg 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIsenberg1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"The Gospel of Philip -- The Nag Hammadi Library\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gnosis.org/naghamm/gop.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Grant 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrant1961"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Greek-Dictionary.net\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120509032231/http://www.greek-dictionary.net/koin%C5%8Dnos"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.greek-dictionary.net/koin%C5%8Dnos"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarjanen1996151%E2%80%93160_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarjanen1996151%E2%80%93160_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarjanen1996151%E2%80%93160_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarjanen1996151%E2%80%93160_14-3"},{"link_name":"Marjanen 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMarjanen1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins2009278_15-0"},{"link_name":"Perkins 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPerkins2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200894_17-0"},{"link_name":"Evans 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEvans2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Gospel of Philip\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.earlychristianwritings.com/gospelphilip.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer1999235_19-0"},{"link_name":"Meyer 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMeyer1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELayton1995325_20-0"},{"link_name":"Layton 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLayton1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198588_21-0"},{"link_name":"Wilson 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilson1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan199999%E2%80%93120_22-0"},{"link_name":"Cowan 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCowan1999"}],"text":"^ Those in the canonical New Testament: 55,33–34; 57,3–5; 68,8–12; 68,26–27; 72,33–73,1; 77,18; 83,11–13; 84,7–9; 85,29–31.\n\n^ The new sayings: 55,37–56,3; 58,10–14; 59,25–27; 63,29–30; 64,2–9; 64,10–12; 67,30–35; and 74,25–27.\n\n^ The Old and New Testament and Gnostic contexts and the text are discussed by Grant 1961, pp. 129–140 \n\n^ Luke 16:26 is indicated\n\n^ In the critical edition edited by Bentley Layton,[citation needed] the feet, a cheek and the forehead of Mary are raised as possibilities.^ \"Rivals of Jesus,\" National Geographic Channel (2006).\n\n^ Perkins 1993, p. 184.\n\n^ a b Meyer & De Boer 2009, pp. 36–37.\n\n^ van den Broek, Roelof (2013). Gnostic Religion in Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. p. 43.\n\n^ Ehrman 2003, pp. xi–xii.\n\n^ a b Isenberg 1996, pp. 139-.\n\n^ \"The Gospel of Philip -- The Nag Hammadi Library\". gnosis.org. Retrieved 2021-10-18.\n\n^ Gospel of Philip p.127, as quoted in Grant 1961, p. 138\n\n^ \"Greek-Dictionary.net\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2011-12-28.\n\n^ a b c d Marjanen 1996, pp. 151–160.\n\n^ Perkins 2009, p. 278.\n\n^ Evans 2008, p. 94.\n\n^ \"Gospel of Philip\". www.earlychristianwritings.com. Retrieved 2018-03-14.\n\n^ Meyer 1999, p. 235.\n\n^ Layton 1995, p. 325.\n\n^ Wilson 1985, p. 88.\n\n^ Cowan 1999, pp. 99–120.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-43967-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43967-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1035370738","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035370738"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-21650-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21650-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"741614143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/741614143"}],"text":"Turner, Martha (1996). The Gospel according to Philip: the sources and coherence of an early Christian collection. Leiden New York: E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-43967-2. OCLC 1035370738.\nLundhaug, Hugo (2010). Images of rebirth: cognitive poetics and transformational soteriology in the Gospel of Philip and the Exegesis on the Soul. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-21650-1. OCLC 741614143.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gospels"},{"title":"The Wedding of the Great Shishlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_of_the_Great_Shishlam"}] | [{"reference":"van den Broek, Roelof (2013). Gnostic Religion in Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. p. 43.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Gospel of Philip -- The Nag Hammadi Library\". gnosis.org. Retrieved 2021-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://gnosis.org/naghamm/gop.html","url_text":"\"The Gospel of Philip -- The Nag Hammadi Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greek-Dictionary.net\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2011-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509032231/http://www.greek-dictionary.net/koin%C5%8Dnos","url_text":"\"Greek-Dictionary.net\""},{"url":"http://www.greek-dictionary.net/koin%C5%8Dnos","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gospel of Philip\". www.earlychristianwritings.com. Retrieved 2018-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gospelphilip.html","url_text":"\"Gospel of Philip\""}]},{"reference":"Cowan, Richard O. (1999). Parry, Donald W.; Ricks, Stephen D. (eds.). The Temple in Time and Eternity. Temples Through the Ages, No. 2. Provo, UT: Foundation of Ancient Research and Mormon Studies. ISBN 0934893500.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DIwCAAAACAAJ","url_text":"The Temple in Time and Eternity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0934893500","url_text":"0934893500"}]},{"reference":"Ehrman, Bart D. (2003). Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972712-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Ehrman","url_text":"Ehrman, Bart D."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lostchristianiti00ehrm","url_text":"Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972712-4","url_text":"978-0-19-972712-4"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Craig A. (2008). Fabricating Jesus: How Modern Scholars Distort the Gospels. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-3355-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F5lQxQEACAAJ","url_text":"Fabricating Jesus: How Modern Scholars Distort the Gospels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3355-9","url_text":"978-0-8308-3355-9"}]},{"reference":"Grant, Robert M. (1961). \"The Mystery of Marriage in the Gospel of Philip\". Vigiliae Christianae. 15 (3): 129–140. doi:10.1163/157007261X00137. JSTOR 1582682.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007261X00137","url_text":"10.1163/157007261X00137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1582682","url_text":"1582682"}]},{"reference":"Isenberg, Wesley W. (1996). \"The Gospel of Philip\". In Robinson, James McConkey (ed.). The Nag Hammadi Library in English. Brill. ISBN 90-04-08856-3 – via Coptic Gnostic Library Project.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UiSFUJ6al1IC&pg=PA139","url_text":"\"The Gospel of Philip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08856-3","url_text":"90-04-08856-3"}]},{"reference":"Layton, Bentley (1995). The Gnostic Scriptures: A New Translation with Annotations and Introductions. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-47843-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-pN1QgAACAAJ","url_text":"The Gnostic Scriptures: A New Translation with Annotations and Introductions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47843-4","url_text":"978-0-385-47843-4"}]},{"reference":"Leloup, Jean-Yves (2004). The Gospel of Philip: Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and the Gnosis of Sacred Union. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-59477-640-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mGIoDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Gospel of Philip: Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and the Gnosis of Sacred Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-640-3","url_text":"978-1-59477-640-3"}]},{"reference":"Marjanen, Antti (1996). The Woman Jesus Loved: Mary Magdalene in the Nag Hammadi Library and Related Documents. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004106588.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TalC9sUIgE0C","url_text":"The Woman Jesus Loved: Mary Magdalene in the Nag Hammadi Library and Related Documents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004106588","url_text":"9004106588"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Marvin W. (1999). The Ancient Mysteries: A Sourcebook of Sacred Texts. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1692-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N2URCb14ShQC&pg=PA235","url_text":"The Ancient Mysteries: A Sourcebook of Sacred Texts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1692-X","url_text":"0-8122-1692-X"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Marvin W.; De Boer, Esther A. (2009). The Gospels of Mary: The Secret Tradition of Mary Magdalene, the Companion of Jesus. HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-196595-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9mV0MccBWykC&pg=PA36","url_text":"The Gospels of Mary: The Secret Tradition of Mary Magdalene, the Companion of Jesus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-196595-1","url_text":"978-0-06-196595-1"}]},{"reference":"Perkins, Pheme (1993). Gnosticism and the New Testament. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-1597-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gnosticismnewte00perk","url_text":"Gnosticism and the New Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1597-1","url_text":"978-1-4514-1597-1"}]},{"reference":"Perkins, Pheme (2009). Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-6553-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUZhdgmOR8C","url_text":"Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6553-3","url_text":"978-0-8028-6553-3"}]},{"reference":"Schaberg, Jane (31 August 2004). The Resurrection of Mary Magdalene: Legends, Apocrypha, and the Christian Testament. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-1645-2. Retrieved 15 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mq1ckqdORUC&pg=PA152","url_text":"The Resurrection of Mary Magdalene: Legends, Apocrypha, and the Christian Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1645-2","url_text":"978-0-8264-1645-2"}]},{"reference":"Segelberg, Eric (2015). \"The Gospel of Philip and the New Testament\". In Logan, Alastair; Wedderburn, Alexander J. M. (eds.). The New Testament and Gnosis. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 204–. ISBN 978-1-4742-3043-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MSOdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA204","url_text":"\"The Gospel of Philip and the New Testament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3043-8","url_text":"978-1-4742-3043-8"}]},{"reference":"Segelberg, Eric (1965). \"The Antiochene Background of the Gospel of Philip\". Bulletin de la Société d'Archéologie Copte. 18: 205–23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Segelberg, Eric (1967–68). \"The Antiochene Origin of the Gospel of Philip\". Bulletin de la Société d'Archéologie Copte. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Segelberg, Eric (1960). \"The Coptic-Gnostic Gospel according to Philip and its sacramental System\". Numen. 7 (2). Brill: 189–200. doi:10.2307/3269434. JSTOR 3269434.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3269434","url_text":"10.2307/3269434"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269434","url_text":"3269434"}]},{"reference":"The Gospel of Philip: Annotated & Explained. Translated by Smith, Andrew Phillip. SkyLight Paths. 2005. ISBN 978-1-59473-111-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gospelofphilip00andr","url_text":"The Gospel of Philip: Annotated & Explained"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59473-111-2","url_text":"978-1-59473-111-2"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Martha Lee (1997). \"On the coherence of the Gospel according to Philip\". In Turner, John Douglas; McGuire, Anne Marie (eds.). The Nag Hammadi Library After Fifty Years: Proceedings of the 1995 Society of Biblical Literature Commemoration [in Philadelphia]. Brill. pp. 223–250. ISBN 90-04-10824-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JzncP8YGHDQC&pg=PA223","url_text":"\"On the coherence of the Gospel according to Philip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10824-6","url_text":"90-04-10824-6"}]},{"reference":"Thomasson, Einar (1997). \"How Valentinian is the Gospel of Philip?\". In Turner, John Douglas; McGuire, Anne Marie (eds.). The Nag Hammadi Library After Fifty Years: Proceedings of the 1995 Society of Biblical Literature Commemoration [in Philadelphia]. Brill. pp. 251–279. ISBN 90-04-10824-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JzncP8YGHDQC&pg=PA251","url_text":"\"How Valentinian is the Gospel of Philip?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10824-6","url_text":"90-04-10824-6"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Ian (1985). Jesus: The Evidence. Pan. ISBN 978-0-330-28708-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jesusevidence00wils","url_text":"Jesus: The Evidence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-28708-1","url_text":"978-0-330-28708-1"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Martha (1996). The Gospel according to Philip: the sources and coherence of an early Christian collection. Leiden New York: E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-43967-2. OCLC 1035370738.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43967-2","url_text":"978-90-04-43967-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035370738","url_text":"1035370738"}]},{"reference":"Lundhaug, Hugo (2010). Images of rebirth: cognitive poetics and transformational soteriology in the Gospel of Philip and the Exegesis on the Soul. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-21650-1. OCLC 741614143.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21650-1","url_text":"978-90-04-21650-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741614143","url_text":"741614143"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+25:1%E2%80%9313&version=nasb","external_links_name":"(Matthew 25:1–13)"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Malachi+2:14&version=nasb","external_links_name":"Malachi 2:14"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=3%20Maccabees%204:6&version=nrsvae","external_links_name":"3 Maccabees 4:6"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philemon+1:17&version=nasb","external_links_name":"Philemon 17"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Corinthians+8:23&version=nasb","external_links_name":"2 Corinthians 8:23"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+5:10&version=nasb","external_links_name":"Luke 5:10"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+6:3&version=nasb","external_links_name":"Mark 6:3"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%2016:26","external_links_name":"Luke 16:26"},{"Link":"http://gnosis.org/naghamm/gop.html","external_links_name":"\"The Gospel of Philip -- The Nag Hammadi Library\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509032231/http://www.greek-dictionary.net/koin%C5%8Dnos","external_links_name":"\"Greek-Dictionary.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.greek-dictionary.net/koin%C5%8Dnos","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gospelphilip.html","external_links_name":"\"Gospel of Philip\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DIwCAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Temple in Time and Eternity"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lostchristianiti00ehrm","external_links_name":"Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F5lQxQEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Fabricating Jesus: How Modern Scholars Distort the Gospels"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007261X00137","external_links_name":"10.1163/157007261X00137"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1582682","external_links_name":"1582682"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UiSFUJ6al1IC&pg=PA139","external_links_name":"\"The Gospel of Philip\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-pN1QgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Gnostic Scriptures: A New Translation with Annotations and Introductions"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mGIoDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Gospel of Philip: Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and the Gnosis of Sacred Union"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TalC9sUIgE0C","external_links_name":"The Woman Jesus Loved: Mary Magdalene in the Nag Hammadi Library and Related Documents"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N2URCb14ShQC&pg=PA235","external_links_name":"The Ancient Mysteries: A Sourcebook of Sacred Texts"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9mV0MccBWykC&pg=PA36","external_links_name":"The Gospels of Mary: The Secret Tradition of Mary Magdalene, the Companion of Jesus"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gnosticismnewte00perk","external_links_name":"Gnosticism and the New Testament"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUZhdgmOR8C","external_links_name":"Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mq1ckqdORUC&pg=PA152","external_links_name":"The Resurrection of Mary Magdalene: Legends, Apocrypha, and the Christian Testament"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MSOdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA204","external_links_name":"\"The Gospel of Philip and the New Testament\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3269434","external_links_name":"10.2307/3269434"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269434","external_links_name":"3269434"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gospelofphilip00andr","external_links_name":"The Gospel of Philip: Annotated & Explained"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JzncP8YGHDQC&pg=PA223","external_links_name":"\"On the coherence of the Gospel according to Philip\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JzncP8YGHDQC&pg=PA251","external_links_name":"\"How Valentinian is the Gospel of Philip?\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jesusevidence00wils","external_links_name":"Jesus: The Evidence"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035370738","external_links_name":"1035370738"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741614143","external_links_name":"741614143"},{"Link":"http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/gop.html","external_links_name":"Wesley W. Isenberg, translator, Gospel of Philip"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050210032405/http://www.metalog.org/files/philip.html","external_links_name":"The Gospel of Philip"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140423083522/http://www.metalog.org/files/crum.html","external_links_name":"Coptic Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140103025334/http://www.metalog.org/files/plum.html","external_links_name":"Coptic Grammar"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101227104649/http://www.metalog.org/","external_links_name":"Ecumenical Coptic Project"},{"Link":"http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gospelphilip.html","external_links_name":"Early Christian writings"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closer_than_Close_(Jean_Carne_song) | Closer than Close (Jean Carne song) | ["1 References"] | 1986 single by Jean Carne"Closer than Close"Single by Jean Carnefrom the album Closer than Close B-side"Lucky Charm"Released1986GenreSoul, R&BLength5:53 (album version)4:08 (7" version)LabelOmni RecordsSongwriter(s)Brandi Wells, Terry PriceProducer(s)Grover Washington Jr.
"Closer than Close" is a 1986 R&B ballad by former Norman Connors vocalist, Jean Carne. The single was a number-one hit on the U.S. R&B chart for two weeks. "Closer than Close" was written by Terry Price and Brandi Wells and produced by Grover Washington Jr.
References
^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 104.
^ White, Adam; Bronson, Fred (1993). The Billboard Book of Number One Rhythm & Blues Hits. Billboard Books:Watson-Guptill Publications, New York. p. 367.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Connors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Connors"},{"link_name":"Jean Carne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Carne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Grover Washington Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Washington_Jr."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Closer than Close\" is a 1986 R&B ballad by former Norman Connors vocalist, Jean Carne. The single was a number-one hit on the U.S. R&B chart for two weeks.[1] \"Closer than Close\" was written by Terry Price and Brandi Wells and produced by Grover Washington Jr.[2]","title":"Closer than Close (Jean Carne song)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 104.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"White, Adam; Bronson, Fred (1993). The Billboard Book of Number One Rhythm & Blues Hits. Billboard Books:Watson-Guptill Publications, New York. p. 367.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Bronson","url_text":"Bronson, Fred"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/52142545-2df2-4ba7-a348-b854169be38b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleicher_Rh%C3%B6nbussard | Schleicher Rhönbussard | ["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Aircraft on display","4 Specifications","5 References","6 External links"] | German training glider, 1933
Rhönbussard
A Rhönbussard getting ready for flight in Argentina
Role
Single seat competition and training gliderType of aircraft
National origin
Germany
Manufacturer
Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co
Designer
Hans Jacobs
First flight
1933
Number built
200+
The Schleicher Rhönbussard, otherwise known as the DFS Rhönbussard was intended as an intermediate glider trainer which could also fly competitively. It was designed by Hans Jacobs in Germany in the early 1930s. More than 200 were built.
Design and development
By the early 1930s a large performance, size and cost gap had been opened between the kind of glider in which people learned to soar and make cross country flights, like the Grunau Baby, and the best sailplanes like the Schleicher Rhönadler. In 1932 the glider manufacturer Alexander Schleicher went to Hans Jacobs, then at the RRG (Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft) on the Wasserkuppe, to seek a design for a glider more advanced than the Baby but smaller, cheaper and easier to fly than Jacobs' Rhönadler. The result was the Rhönbussard (in English, the Rhön Buzzard). Since it was later produced at the Schleicher works, it is often attributed to them but in 1933 the RRG was replaced by the state owned DFS (Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug) at Darmstadt, to which Jacobs moved and continued to refine the Rhönbussard, hence the alternative name.
The Rhönbussard is an all wood and fabric aircraft, with a span 1.43 m (4 ft 8 in) greater than the Grunau Baby 1, a wing loading 50% higher and considerably more refined aerodynamically, with a cantilever wing and a smooth, oval section fuselage. The wing, lacking dihedral, has a parallel chord centre section and straight tapered outer panels ending in semi-elliptical tips. It is built around a single spar with plywood covering forward to form a torsion resisting D-box. Behind the spar the wing is fabric covered. The whole span of the trailing edge of the outer panels carries ailerons. The earliest Rhönbussards had no lift losing or drag increasing surfaces but later examples followed the development of these at the DFS: first with spoilers deployed above the upper wing surface, then with DFS-type airbrakes rotating out of both surfaces on a common span-wise axis at about mid-chord and finally with parallel ruler action Schempp-Hirth brakes mounted just behind the spar.
The wing is mounted on a low pedestal, faired aft into the main fuselage. This is slightly shorter than that of the Baby and for centre of gravity reasons the Rhönbussard's open cockpit is under the leading edge of the wing, restricting the pilot's upward and rear view. The fuselage tapers to the rear and is ply covered all over apart from a metal nose cone, including the fin and tail bumper. The fin is narrow and straight edged but the fabric covered rudder, extending down to the keel, is full and more rounded. The fabric covered, straight tapered and square tipped horizontal tail is placed on top of the fuselage, with its trailing edge forward of the rudder hinge. The Rhönbussard took off on a jettisonable two wheeled dolly, leaving a long skid for landing.
The Rhönbussard first flew in 1933.
Operational history
As intended the Rhönbussard proved popular, providing good performance at a moderate cost, and more than two hundred were built by Schleicher. Sixteen of them competed at the 15th Rhön International meeting in 1934, where they were only outnumbered by Grunau Babys. Two years later at the same meeting Eugen Wagner managed a 325 km (202 mi) flight and many other flights of 200–300 km (124–186 mi) were made over the years. At competitions it regularly did well.
One Rhönbussard almost set a sailplane world altitude record in 1936. Piloted by Hermann Seeler, it reached more than 5,000 m (16,400 ft), but he lost control in cloud and the aircraft broke up. Seeler escaped by parachute but his sealed barometer was not so fortunate, leaving his feat unrecorded. Despite this failure, the Rhönbussard's structure was strong and the type was used by several pioneers of glider aerobatics in displays.
Three Rhönbussards remained on European civil aircraft registers in 2010, two in Germany and one in Belgium. One of the German aircraft had at one time served with the Royal Air Force under civil registration.
Aircraft on display
Deutsches Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug, Wasserkuppe: Rhönbussard.
Specifications
Data from Die Beruhmtesten SegelflugzeugeGeneral characteristics
Crew: One
Length: 5.80 m (19 ft 0 in)
Wingspan: 14.30 m (46 ft 11 in)
Wing area: 14.10 m2 (151.8 sq ft)
Aspect ratio: 14.50
Airfoil: Göttingen 535
Empty weight: 150 kg (331 lb)
Gross weight: 245 kg (540 lb)
Performance
Stall speed: 50 km/h (31 mph, 27 kn)
Never exceed speed: 130 km/h (81 mph, 70 kn)
Maximum glide ratio: 19.8:1
Rate of sink: 0.75 m/s (148 ft/min)
Wing loading: 17.4 kg/m2 (3.6 lb/sq ft)
References
^ a b c d e f Simons, Martin (2006). Sailplanes 1920-1945 (2nd revised ed.). Königswinter: EQIP Werbung & Verlag GmbH. pp. 110–112. ISBN 3-9806773-4-6.
^ a b Hardy, Michael (1982). Gliders & Sailplanes of the World. London: Ian Allan Ltd. pp. 97–8. ISBN 0-7110-1152-4.
^ Zuerl, Hubert (1941). Segelflug. Berlin: E. S. Mittler & Sohn. p. 28.
^ a b Brütting, Georg (1973). Die berümtesten Segelflugzeuge. Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. p. 46. ISBN 3-87943-171-X.
^ Partington, Dave (2010). European registers handbook 2010. Air Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85130-425-0.
^ Ogden, Bob (2011). Aviation Museums and Collections of North America (2nd ed.). Tonbridge, Kent: Air-Britain (Historians). p. 210. ISBN 0-85130-427-3.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhönbussard.
Göttingen 535 airfoil
vteSchleicher glidersWooden construction pre-World War II
Condor
Hols der Teufel
Poppenhausen
Rhönadler
Rhönbussard
Wooden construction (Rudolf Kaiser)
Ka 1 Rhönlaus
Ka 2 Rhönschwalbe
Ka 3
Ka 4 Rhönlerche II
Ka 6 Rhönsegler
K7
K7/13
K 8
Ka-9
K 10
ASK 13
ASK 14
ASK 16
ASK 18
GRP construction (Rudolf Kaiser)
ASK 21
ASK 23
GRP construction (Gerhard Waibel)
ASW 12
ASW 15
ASW 17
ASW 19
ASW 20
ASW 22
ASW 24
ASW 27
ASW 28
GRP construction (Martin Heide)
ASH 25
ASH 26
ASH 30
ASH 31
GRP construction (Michael Greiner)
ASG 29
ASG 32
GRP construction - unspecified designer
AS 33
AS 34
AS 35
vteHans Jacobs aircraft
Hols der Teufel
Poppenhausen
Rhönadler
Rhönbussard
Rhönsperber
Kranich
Sperber Senior
Sperber Junior
Habicht
Seeadler
Reiher
DFS 230
Weihe
Meise (Olympia)
DFS 331
Kranich 3
vteDeutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (DFS) aircraftDFS Names
B6
Condor
E 32
Eber
Einheitsschulflugzeug
Ente
Fafnir
Fafnir 2
Fliege IIa
Ha III
Habicht
Hangwind
Hol's der Teufel
Jacht 71
Kranich
Moazag'otl
Olympia Meise
Präsident
Professor
Rammer
Reiher
Rhönadler
Rhönbussard
Rhönsperber
São Paulo
Schulgleiter SG 38
Seeadler
Sperber Senior
Sperber Junior
Stanavo
Stamer-Lippisch Zögling 1
Weihe
Zögling 33
Zögling 35
RLM designations
DFS 6
DFS 39
DFS 40
DFS 54
DFS 193
DFS 194
DFS 228
DFS 230
DFS 331
DFS 332
DFS 346 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)"},{"link_name":"trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Hans Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"The Schleicher Rhönbussard, otherwise known as the DFS Rhönbussard was intended as an intermediate glider trainer which could also fly competitively. It was designed by Hans Jacobs in Germany in the early 1930s. 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In 1932 the glider manufacturer Alexander Schleicher went to Hans Jacobs, then at the RRG (Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft) on the Wasserkuppe, to seek a design for a glider more advanced than the Baby but smaller, cheaper and easier to fly than Jacobs' Rhönadler. The result was the Rhönbussard (in English, the Rhön Buzzard).[1] Since it was later produced at the Schleicher works, it is often attributed to them[2] but in 1933 the RRG was replaced by the state owned DFS (Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug) at Darmstadt, to which Jacobs moved and continued to refine the Rhönbussard, hence the alternative name.[3]The Rhönbussard is an all wood and fabric aircraft, with a span 1.43 m (4 ft 8 in) greater than the Grunau Baby 1, a wing loading 50% higher and considerably more refined aerodynamically, with a cantilever wing and a smooth, oval section fuselage. The wing, lacking dihedral, has a parallel chord centre section and straight tapered outer panels ending in semi-elliptical tips. It is built around a single spar with plywood covering forward to form a torsion resisting D-box. Behind the spar the wing is fabric covered. The whole span of the trailing edge of the outer panels carries ailerons. The earliest Rhönbussards had no lift losing or drag increasing surfaces but later examples followed the development of these at the DFS: first with spoilers deployed above the upper wing surface, then with DFS-type airbrakes rotating out of both surfaces on a common span-wise axis at about mid-chord and finally with parallel ruler action Schempp-Hirth brakes mounted just behind the spar.[1]The wing is mounted on a low pedestal, faired aft into the main fuselage. This is slightly shorter than that of the Baby and for centre of gravity reasons the Rhönbussard's open cockpit is under the leading edge of the wing, restricting the pilot's upward and rear view. The fuselage tapers to the rear and is ply covered all over apart from a metal nose cone, including the fin and tail bumper. The fin is narrow and straight edged but the fabric covered rudder, extending down to the keel, is full and more rounded. The fabric covered, straight tapered and square tipped horizontal tail is placed on top of the fuselage, with its trailing edge forward of the rudder hinge.[1] The Rhönbussard took off on a jettisonable two wheeled dolly, leaving a long skid for landing.[2]The Rhönbussard first flew in 1933.[1]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SimonsI-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Br%C3%BCtting-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SimonsI-1"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuReg-5"}],"text":"As intended the Rhönbussard proved popular, providing good performance at a moderate cost, and more than two hundred were built by Schleicher. Sixteen of them competed at the 15th Rhön International meeting in 1934, where they were only outnumbered by Grunau Babys.[1] Two years later at the same meeting Eugen Wagner managed a 325 km (202 mi) flight and many other flights of 200–300 km (124–186 mi) were made over the years. At competitions it regularly did well.[4]One Rhönbussard almost set a sailplane world altitude record in 1936. Piloted by Hermann Seeler, it reached more than 5,000 m (16,400 ft), but he lost control in cloud and the aircraft broke up. Seeler escaped by parachute but his sealed barometer was not so fortunate, leaving his feat unrecorded. Despite this failure, the Rhönbussard's structure was strong and the type was used by several pioneers of glider aerobatics in displays.[1]Three Rhönbussards remained on European civil aircraft registers in 2010, two in Germany and one in Belgium. One of the German aircraft had at one time served with the Royal Air Force under civil registration.[5]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wasserkuppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserkuppe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ogden-6"}],"text":"Deutsches Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug, Wasserkuppe: Rhönbussard.[6]","title":"Aircraft on display"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Br%C3%BCtting-4"},{"link_name":"Aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"Never exceed speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds#VNE"}],"text":"Data from Die Beruhmtesten Segelflugzeuge[4]General characteristicsCrew: One\nLength: 5.80 m (19 ft 0 in)\nWingspan: 14.30 m (46 ft 11 in)\nWing area: 14.10 m2 (151.8 sq ft)\nAspect ratio: 14.50\nAirfoil: Göttingen 535\nEmpty weight: 150 kg (331 lb)\nGross weight: 245 kg (540 lb)PerformanceStall speed: 50 km/h (31 mph, 27 kn)\nNever exceed speed: 130 km/h (81 mph, 70 kn)\nMaximum glide ratio: 19.8:1\nRate of sink: 0.75 m/s (148 ft/min)\nWing loading: 17.4 kg/m2 (3.6 lb/sq ft)","title":"Specifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Simons, Martin (2006). Sailplanes 1920-1945 (2nd revised ed.). Königswinter: EQIP Werbung & Verlag GmbH. pp. 110–112. ISBN 3-9806773-4-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9806773-4-6","url_text":"3-9806773-4-6"}]},{"reference":"Hardy, Michael (1982). Gliders & Sailplanes of the World. London: Ian Allan Ltd. pp. 97–8. ISBN 0-7110-1152-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1152-4","url_text":"0-7110-1152-4"}]},{"reference":"Zuerl, Hubert (1941). Segelflug. Berlin: E. S. Mittler & Sohn. p. 28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brütting, Georg (1973). Die berümtesten Segelflugzeuge. Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. p. 46. ISBN 3-87943-171-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87943-171-X","url_text":"3-87943-171-X"}]},{"reference":"Partington, Dave (2010). European registers handbook 2010. Air Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85130-425-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85130-425-0","url_text":"978-0-85130-425-0"}]},{"reference":"Ogden, Bob (2011). Aviation Museums and Collections of North America (2nd ed.). Tonbridge, Kent: Air-Britain (Historians). p. 210. ISBN 0-85130-427-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-427-3","url_text":"0-85130-427-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ae.illinois.edu/m-selig/ads/afplots/goe535.gif","external_links_name":"Göttingen 535 airfoil"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat_Lead:_the_Return_of_Matt_Hazard | Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard | ["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","4 Marketing and promotion","5 Parodies in Matt Hazard","6 Reception","7 Sequel","8 References","9 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2009 video gameEat Lead: The Return of Matt HazardDeveloper(s)Vicious Cycle SoftwarePublisher(s)D3 PublisherProducer(s)Bryan WestDesigner(s)David EllisProgrammer(s)Allan CampbellArtist(s)Alden FilionWriter(s)David EllisComposer(s)Rod AbernethyTony MoralesEngineVicious Engine 2Platform(s)PlayStation 3, Xbox 360ReleaseNA: March 3, 2009EU: March 6, 2009AU: March 26, 2009Genre(s)Third-person shooterMode(s)Single-player
Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard is a third-person shooter video game for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 video game consoles. The game was developed by Vicious Cycle Software and published by D3 Publisher.
Eat Lead puts players in the role of the title character, a "legendary" gaming hero who is "returning to glory" in a new video game, some 25 years after his debut game and 6 years after his last game. In reality, the Matt Hazard character is in his first video game, with a history made up by D3 Publisher to chronicle the character's rise and fall in popularity. The Return of Matt Hazard marks Hazard's fictitious "comeback" to the gaming scene. Hazard is voiced by Will Arnett, while Neil Patrick Harris voices his nemesis Wallace "Wally" Wellesley.
The game itself is a parody of action-gaming clichés. The October 2008 debut trailer was done as a Behind the Music spoof called Inside the Game complete with Jim Forbes narration. It chronicles Matt Hazard's successes and hardships, and mirrors the progression of the Duke Nukem series of games, from early 8-bit to modern consoles.
The cast of Eat Lead received a nomination in the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards, under the category for "Best Cast", and won the award for "Best Comedy Game".
Gameplay
Eat Lead is a third-person shooter where the player takes the role of satirical video game character Matt Hazard, implementing an over-the-shoulder camera perspective with combat emphasizing a duck-and-cover system using walls and other objects in the game's environment, in a similar fashion to Gears of War. Much of the scenery provides only temporary cover as after a certain amount of damage, it will glitch and be "edited out" of the game, leaving a tear in the level. While in cover, Matt can target and automatically run towards another piece of cover instead of moving manually.
Matt can only carry two weapons at once from a continually changing selection, due to the repeated manipulation of the game's environment and level switching. As the game progresses, weapon upgrades are made available that can be applied for temporary effects such as bullets that can freeze enemies. These upgrades can be used again after a meter is filled by defeating a number of enemies. If close enough to an enemy, a string of close combat strikes can be performed.
Some boss encounters will switch gameplay to an interactive cinematic where Matt must dodge and counter boss attacks through a quick time event system requiring certain buttons to be pressed or tapped when promoted on screen.
Plot
Matt Hazard, a legendary video game character with over 25 years of video games to his credit, is attempting a "comeback" of sorts in a new game on next-generation consoles. In the introduction, Matt explains the history of his games, revealing that he accidentally caused his own downfall by taking his name into other genres, resulting in him ruining his reputation by putting himself in kid-friendly games. The game that he is currently starring in has him as a private detective seeking to return money stolen by a mob boss.
The first level starts at a Japanese steakhouse where halfway through the level, he encounters Sonny Tang, who is promptly defeated. At one point of the level, the game is altered introducing Matt to Sting Sniperscope (a parody of Arnold Schwarzenegger), who attempts to kill a weaponless Matt. In mid shot the game literally pauses and a voice known as QA informs him that she hacked the code to pause the game due to Matt's saves being removed, Sniperscope intending to replace Matt in a Metal Gear Solid 2 style twist. She tells Matt to finish off Sniperscope and upon exiting the level and moving to a part of the server, QA restores Matt's saves and trademark clothing. QA informs Matt that he was originally supposed to die but with Sniperscope gone, Matt has to continue the game in his place.
The second level occurs in a dance club where characters from Matt's western game, A Fistfull of Hazard, and Russian terrorists from You'll Only Die Once are hacked into the game. Revealing one of Matt's friends as the owner who escapes from the level. The level turns into a Soviet Missile base where he defeats his Russian nemesis. In reality, the "comeback" game is being staged by Wallace Wellesley, the CEO of the game company, Marathon Megasoft, who grew to hate Matt Hazard through the difficulty of his games, who has complete control over the game world and manipulates the game world seemingly at will, similar to the classic Warner Bros. animated cartoon Duck Amuck. Wellesley also reveals that his father is the owner of a game store franchise, a parody of EB Games. The reason the game was made was due to Matt's contract with the game company where he cannot quit or be fired unless killed in a game.
The third level takes place in a warehouse where Matt has to rescue one of his friends, a level 75 RPG character named Bill the Wizard, via mounted sniper rifle. Enemies from one of his gaming flops called Soak'Em are hacked into the game equipped with waterguns now capable of damaging Matt. Upon rescuing Bill and defeating version 2 of Sniperscope, Wellesley is advised by his assistant to put Matt's friends into the game as bait to lure him. QA takes Matt to his game partner Dexter's (a little parody of Daxter from Jak and Daxter series) mansion where zombies are introduced. Matt reaches Dexter to warn him about Wellesley's plot only for Dexter to betray him, revealing to Matt that he is working for Wallace, who promised him his own starring role in a game. He sends a group of female androids to kill Hazard. Despite this, Matt saves Dexter from death when one of his androids turn on him. Matt proceeds to the beginning of the level, but QA is unable to create a level exit due to interference while dozens of zombies close into Matt's position. Suddenly QA saves Matt but acts differently than she normally does and takes Matt to the next level.
While on a cruise liner which serves as the current level, Matt is attacked by space marines while saving Master Chef. At the end of the level, there is an Evil Twin scene with two QAs. Matt is not fooled or confused when each claims the other is the impostor, knowing the red is the fake as she has provided no help, directed him into constant ambushes, and because she flirted with him. Matt then defeats the next boss, a giant tentacle beast.
Matt proceeds to the next level, a warehouse for items used in all videogames where he finds Altos Tratus, another game character. The boss is a parody of Japanese RPG protagonists (specifically Cloud Strife) who speaks entirely through textboxes that require Matt to press a button to continue. The enemies used by Wellesley stole most of the items in the warehouse that are used in the "final" level of the SniperScope Game which takes place on the docks where Matt and QA are confident that beating the level will end the game, which QA adds if Wellesley will let Matt get out of the game.
After making it through the docks and defeating (finishing) Sting Sniperscope for a third time the game employs a false ending, after which Matt suddenly gets transported to a virtual Marathon Megasoft company headquarters. After fighting his way through to the top floor, Matt encounters Wally and he kills QA. Despite this, Matt still defeats Wally (With the help of a remorseful Dexter) and the company is now run by Quentin A. Myers, the lead programmer for some of Matt's early games and the person who controlled QA, stating that he ensured that he would claim ownership after Wellesley was arrested. He continues by saying that because he is now head of Marathon Megasoft, he now has control over what games the company releases, and decides he will bring back the classics and the game ends with Matt's famous catchphrase.
The post credit scene shows Wellesley now reduced to a videogame shopkeeper of his father's company Zapp's Games still harboring a grudge against Matt Hazard, angered upon seeing the newest game release, which is the game that the player went through.
Development
In September 2008, a pair of websites appeared. The blog, "The Real Matt Hazard", as well as the website "Weapons of Matt Destruction", served as a viral marketing campaign to promote the game. Each would serve to establish Matt Hazard and his fictional video games as major influences that have shaped video gaming into what we see today. For example, a blog post identifies Matt's first arcade game, 1983's The Adventures of Matt in Hazard Land, as "the original 8-bit side-scroller", while other Hazard games are responsible for such gaming events and annoyances as "the Steamy Coffee Controversy", the ability to jump in a game, and longer development cycles. They also established the series' fictional developer, Marathon Software. Matt Hazard was "resurrected" by D3 Publisher when they announced the newest game in the Matt Hazard series, Eat Lead.
On October 3, 2008, Eat Lead was officially announced, alongside a third Matt Hazard website, "Matt Hazard :: The unofficially OFFICIAL guide to the world's greatest game hero ever created!!!". The site details the history of ten of Hazard's games, which all focus on a different gaming stereotype or parody other similar games of the era.
A trailer was released for Eat Lead alongside the announcement. In the trailer, a modern Hazard sits down for a Behind the Music-style interview (complete with voiceover from Behind the Music's Jim Forbes) in which Hazard and other characters (themselves clichés of the "old-school bad guy" and the "mandatory hot chick") reminisce about Hazard's rise in popularity as his polygon and pixel count grew, up until his fall when he was put into "kiddy games". The trailer concludes with Matt stating that he doesn't give up that easily and that he's making a comeback.
Game Informer notes that Will Arnett voices Matt Hazard, while Neil Patrick Harris portrays Marathon executive Wallace "Wally" Wellesley. The magazine adds further that "characters like Captain Carpenter and Master Chef are more overt references to specific franchises."
Marketing and promotion
The January 2009 issue of PlayStation: The Official Magazine features an "interview" with the titular character.
Parodies in Matt Hazard
The game includes many parodies in its dialogue, settings, and characters. This process of parodying action games and other genres is greatly assisted by the fact that Matt Hazard is capable of breaking the fourth wall. The parodies include references to long elevator waits as a mask for game loading, text scrolling RPGs, tutorials, various action games, Mario Bros., Duke Nukem, Dungeons & Dragons, Bugs Bunny, evil twins, Halo's Master Chief, Wolfenstein 3D, Red Steel, Mortal Kombat, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Resident Evil, and more.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings(X360) 54%(PS3) 55%Metacritic(X360) 53/100(PS3) 51/100Review scoresPublicationScoreGameSpot6/10IGN5.2/10
Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard has received mixed reviews and has an aggregate score of 52 on Metacritic. Most reviewers praised the game's humor, but panned its gameplay. IGN gave the game a 5.2/10, and said "you march into a room, take cover, shoot everything, a door opens, and you move to the next room to perform everything all over again." GameSpot gave the game a 6/10 praising the "clever video game parody" and "awesome music", but criticized the "derivative level design" and "cheap enemy placement".
Sequel
A sequel, entitled Matt Hazard: Blood Bath and Beyond, was released for the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade.
References
^ I. G. N. Staff (2009-03-03). "Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard Has Shipped". IGN. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
^ "Gametrailers World Exclusive Debut Trailer". Archived from the original on 2008-10-05. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
^ Ben, "Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard: Gob versus Doogie Howser," Game Informer 188 (December 2008): 82.
^ "Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard: A fireside chat with gaming's most fictional hero," PlayStation: The Official Magazine (January 2009): 54.
^ "Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard for Xbox 360". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 2009-08-28. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
^ "Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard for PlayStation 3". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 2009-08-04. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
^ "Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard (xbox360) reviews at". Metacritic.com. 2009-03-03. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
^ "Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard (ps3) reviews at". Metacritic.com. 2009-03-03. Archived from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
^ Shea, Tom Mc (2009-02-26). "Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard Review for Xbox 360". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
^ Miller, Greg (2 March 2009). "IGN: Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard Review". Xbox360.ign.com. Archived from the original on 2009-03-07. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
^ "Matt Hazard". Monster Vine. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
^ "Blood Bath and Beyond". Game Informer. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
External links
Official website
vteVicious Engine games
Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet (2005)
Curious George (2006)
Flushed Away (2006)
300: March to Glory (2007)
Marvel Trading Card Game (2007)
Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords (2007, PSP version)
Alien Syndrome (2007)
Dead Head Fred (2007)
Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard (2009)
Zombie Tycoon (2009)
Hilton Garden Inn: Ultimate Team Play (2009)
Freekscape: Escape From Hell (2010) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Vicious Cycle Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicious_Cycle_Software"},{"link_name":"D3 Publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D3_Publisher"},{"link_name":"popularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popularity"},{"link_name":"Will Arnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Arnett"},{"link_name":"Neil Patrick Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Patrick_Harris"},{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"clichés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clich%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Behind the Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_the_Music"},{"link_name":"Jim Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Forbes_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Duke Nukem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Nukem"},{"link_name":"8-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gametrailers.com_-_Eat_Lead_-_World_Exclusive_Debut_Trailer_HD-2"},{"link_name":"Spike Video Game Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Video_Game_Awards"}],"text":"2009 video gameEat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard is a third-person shooter video game for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 video game consoles. The game was developed by Vicious Cycle Software and published by D3 Publisher.Eat Lead puts players in the role of the title character, a \"legendary\" gaming hero who is \"returning to glory\" in a new video game, some 25 years after his debut game and 6 years after his last game. In reality, the Matt Hazard character is in his first video game, with a history made up by D3 Publisher to chronicle the character's rise and fall in popularity. The Return of Matt Hazard marks Hazard's fictitious \"comeback\" to the gaming scene. Hazard is voiced by Will Arnett, while Neil Patrick Harris voices his nemesis Wallace \"Wally\" Wellesley.The game itself is a parody of action-gaming clichés. The October 2008 debut trailer was done as a Behind the Music spoof called Inside the Game complete with Jim Forbes narration. It chronicles Matt Hazard's successes and hardships, and mirrors the progression of the Duke Nukem series of games, from early 8-bit to modern consoles.[2]The cast of Eat Lead received a nomination in the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards, under the category for \"Best Cast\", and won the award for \"Best Comedy Game\".","title":"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gears of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gears_of_War"},{"link_name":"quick time event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_time_event"}],"text":"Eat Lead is a third-person shooter where the player takes the role of satirical video game character Matt Hazard, implementing an over-the-shoulder camera perspective with combat emphasizing a duck-and-cover system using walls and other objects in the game's environment, in a similar fashion to Gears of War. Much of the scenery provides only temporary cover as after a certain amount of damage, it will glitch and be \"edited out\" of the game, leaving a tear in the level. While in cover, Matt can target and automatically run towards another piece of cover instead of moving manually.Matt can only carry two weapons at once from a continually changing selection, due to the repeated manipulation of the game's environment and level switching. As the game progresses, weapon upgrades are made available that can be applied for temporary effects such as bullets that can freeze enemies. These upgrades can be used again after a meter is filled by defeating a number of enemies. If close enough to an enemy, a string of close combat strikes can be performed.Some boss encounters will switch gameplay to an interactive cinematic where Matt must dodge and counter boss attacks through a quick time event system requiring certain buttons to be pressed or tapped when promoted on screen.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"next-generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(seventh_generation)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"Metal Gear Solid 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_2:_Sons_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"animated cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_cartoon"},{"link_name":"Duck Amuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Amuck"},{"link_name":"EB Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EB_Games"},{"link_name":"Daxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daxter"},{"link_name":"Jak and Daxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jak_and_Daxter"},{"link_name":"Cloud Strife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Strife"},{"link_name":"false ending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_ending"}],"text":"Matt Hazard, a legendary video game character with over 25 years of video games to his credit, is attempting a \"comeback\" of sorts in a new game on next-generation consoles. In the introduction, Matt explains the history of his games, revealing that he accidentally caused his own downfall by taking his name into other genres, resulting in him ruining his reputation by putting himself in kid-friendly games. The game that he is currently starring in has him as a private detective seeking to return money stolen by a mob boss.The first level starts at a Japanese steakhouse where halfway through the level, he encounters Sonny Tang, who is promptly defeated. At one point of the level, the game is altered introducing Matt to Sting Sniperscope (a parody of Arnold Schwarzenegger), who attempts to kill a weaponless Matt. In mid shot the game literally pauses and a voice known as QA informs him that she hacked the code to pause the game due to Matt's saves being removed, Sniperscope intending to replace Matt in a Metal Gear Solid 2 style twist. She tells Matt to finish off Sniperscope and upon exiting the level and moving to a part of the server, QA restores Matt's saves and trademark clothing. QA informs Matt that he was originally supposed to die but with Sniperscope gone, Matt has to continue the game in his place.The second level occurs in a dance club where characters from Matt's western game, A Fistfull of Hazard, and Russian terrorists from You'll Only Die Once are hacked into the game. Revealing one of Matt's friends as the owner who escapes from the level. The level turns into a Soviet Missile base where he defeats his Russian nemesis. In reality, the \"comeback\" game is being staged by Wallace Wellesley, the CEO of the game company, Marathon Megasoft, who grew to hate Matt Hazard through the difficulty of his games, who has complete control over the game world and manipulates the game world seemingly at will, similar to the classic Warner Bros. animated cartoon Duck Amuck. Wellesley also reveals that his father is the owner of a game store franchise, a parody of EB Games. The reason the game was made was due to Matt's contract with the game company where he cannot quit or be fired unless killed in a game.The third level takes place in a warehouse where Matt has to rescue one of his friends, a level 75 RPG character named Bill the Wizard, via mounted sniper rifle. Enemies from one of his gaming flops called Soak'Em are hacked into the game equipped with waterguns now capable of damaging Matt. Upon rescuing Bill and defeating version 2 of Sniperscope, Wellesley is advised by his assistant to put Matt's friends into the game as bait to lure him. QA takes Matt to his game partner Dexter's (a little parody of Daxter from Jak and Daxter series) mansion where zombies are introduced. Matt reaches Dexter to warn him about Wellesley's plot only for Dexter to betray him, revealing to Matt that he is working for Wallace, who promised him his own starring role in a game. He sends a group of female androids to kill Hazard. Despite this, Matt saves Dexter from death when one of his androids turn on him. Matt proceeds to the beginning of the level, but QA is unable to create a level exit due to interference while dozens of zombies close into Matt's position. Suddenly QA saves Matt but acts differently than she normally does and takes Matt to the next level.While on a cruise liner which serves as the current level, Matt is attacked by space marines while saving Master Chef. At the end of the level, there is an Evil Twin scene with two QAs. Matt is not fooled or confused when each claims the other is the impostor, knowing the red is the fake as she has provided no help, directed him into constant ambushes, and because she flirted with him. Matt then defeats the next boss, a giant tentacle beast.Matt proceeds to the next level, a warehouse for items used in all videogames where he finds Altos Tratus, another game character. The boss is a parody of Japanese RPG protagonists (specifically Cloud Strife) who speaks entirely through textboxes that require Matt to press a button to continue. The enemies used by Wellesley stole most of the items in the warehouse that are used in the \"final\" level of the SniperScope Game which takes place on the docks where Matt and QA are confident that beating the level will end the game, which QA adds if Wellesley will let Matt get out of the game.After making it through the docks and defeating (finishing) Sting Sniperscope for a third time the game employs a false ending, after which Matt suddenly gets transported to a virtual Marathon Megasoft company headquarters. After fighting his way through to the top floor, Matt encounters Wally and he kills QA. Despite this, Matt still defeats Wally (With the help of a remorseful Dexter) and the company is now run by Quentin A. Myers, the lead programmer for some of Matt's early games and the person who controlled QA, stating that he ensured that he would claim ownership after Wellesley was arrested. He continues by saying that because he is now head of Marathon Megasoft, he now has control over what games the company releases, and decides he will bring back the classics and the game ends with Matt's famous catchphrase.The post credit scene shows Wellesley now reduced to a videogame shopkeeper of his father's company Zapp's Games still harboring a grudge against Matt Hazard, angered upon seeing the newest game release, which is the game that the player went through.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viral marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing"},{"link_name":"arcade game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"8-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(third_generation)"},{"link_name":"side-scroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scroller"},{"link_name":"Steamy Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Coffee_controversy"},{"link_name":"Behind the Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_the_Music"},{"link_name":"Jim Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Forbes_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Will Arnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Arnett"},{"link_name":"Neil Patrick Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Patrick_Harris"},{"link_name":"Captain Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario"},{"link_name":"Master Chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Chief_(Halo)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In September 2008, a pair of websites appeared. The blog, \"The Real Matt Hazard\", as well as the website \"Weapons of Matt Destruction\", served as a viral marketing campaign to promote the game. Each would serve to establish Matt Hazard and his fictional video games as major influences that have shaped video gaming into what we see today. For example, a blog post identifies Matt's first arcade game, 1983's The Adventures of Matt in Hazard Land, as \"the original 8-bit side-scroller\", while other Hazard games are responsible for such gaming events and annoyances as \"the Steamy Coffee Controversy\", the ability to jump in a game, and longer development cycles. They also established the series' fictional developer, Marathon Software. Matt Hazard was \"resurrected\" by D3 Publisher when they announced the newest game in the Matt Hazard series, Eat Lead.On October 3, 2008, Eat Lead was officially announced, alongside a third Matt Hazard website, \"Matt Hazard :: The unofficially OFFICIAL guide to the world's greatest game hero ever created!!!\". The site details the history of ten of Hazard's games, which all focus on a different gaming stereotype or parody other similar games of the era.A trailer was released for Eat Lead alongside the announcement. In the trailer, a modern Hazard sits down for a Behind the Music-style interview (complete with voiceover from Behind the Music's Jim Forbes) in which Hazard and other characters (themselves clichés of the \"old-school bad guy\" and the \"mandatory hot chick\") reminisce about Hazard's rise in popularity as his polygon and pixel count grew, up until his fall when he was put into \"kiddy games\". The trailer concludes with Matt stating that he doesn't give up that easily and that he's making a comeback.Game Informer notes that Will Arnett voices Matt Hazard, while Neil Patrick Harris portrays Marathon executive Wallace \"Wally\" Wellesley. The magazine adds further that \"characters like Captain Carpenter and Master Chef are more overt references to specific franchises.\"[3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The January 2009 issue of PlayStation: The Official Magazine features an \"interview\" with the titular character.[4]","title":"Marketing and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mario Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros."},{"link_name":"Duke Nukem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Nukem"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"Bugs Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny"},{"link_name":"Halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_(series)"},{"link_name":"Master Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Chief_(Halo)"},{"link_name":"Wolfenstein 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D"},{"link_name":"Red Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Steel"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"Resident Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Evil"}],"text":"The game includes many parodies in its dialogue, settings, and characters. This process of parodying action games and other genres is greatly assisted by the fact that Matt Hazard is capable of breaking the fourth wall. The parodies include references to long elevator waits as a mask for game loading, text scrolling RPGs, tutorials, various action games, Mario Bros., Duke Nukem, Dungeons & Dragons, Bugs Bunny, evil twins, Halo's Master Chief, Wolfenstein 3D, Red Steel, Mortal Kombat, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Resident Evil, and more.","title":"Parodies in Matt Hazard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings(X360) 54%[5](PS3) 55%[6]Metacritic(X360) 53/100[7](PS3) 51/100[8]Review scoresPublicationScoreGameSpot6/10[9]IGN5.2/10[10]Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard has received mixed reviews and has an aggregate score of 52 on Metacritic. Most reviewers praised the game's humor, but panned its gameplay. IGN gave the game a 5.2/10, and said \"you march into a room, take cover, shoot everything, a door opens, and you move to the next room to perform everything all over again.\" GameSpot gave the game a 6/10 praising the \"clever video game parody\" and \"awesome music\", but criticized the \"derivative level design\" and \"cheap enemy placement\".","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Hazard: Blood Bath and Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hazard:_Blood_Bath_and_Beyond"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Network"},{"link_name":"Xbox Live Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"A sequel, entitled Matt Hazard: Blood Bath and Beyond, was released for the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade.[11][12]","title":"Sequel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"I. G. N. Staff (2009-03-03). \"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard Has Shipped\". IGN. Retrieved 2023-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/03/03/eat-lead-the-return-of-matt-hazard-has-shipped","url_text":"\"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard Has Shipped\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gametrailers World Exclusive Debut Trailer\". Archived from the original on 2008-10-05. Retrieved 2008-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gametrailers.com/player/40750.html","url_text":"\"Gametrailers World Exclusive Debut Trailer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005181905/http://www.gametrailers.com/player/40750.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard for Xbox 360\". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 2009-08-28. 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Retrieved 2009-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbox360/eatleadthereturnofmatthazard","url_text":"\"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard (xbox360) reviews at\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090304053755/http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbox360/eatleadthereturnofmatthazard","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard (ps3) reviews at\". Metacritic.com. 2009-03-03. Archived from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2009-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ps3/eatleadthereturnofmatthazard","url_text":"\"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard (ps3) reviews at\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090224210850/http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ps3/eatleadthereturnofmatthazard","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shea, Tom Mc (2009-02-26). \"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard Review for Xbox 360\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2009-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/eatleadthereturnofmatthazard/review.html","url_text":"\"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard Review for Xbox 360\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090414000305/http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/eatleadthereturnofmatthazard/review.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Greg (2 March 2009). \"IGN: Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard Review\". Xbox360.ign.com. Archived from the original on 2009-03-07. Retrieved 2009-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/958/958450p1.html","url_text":"\"IGN: Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090307185140/http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/958/958450p1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Hazard\". Monster Vine. Retrieved 30 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://monstervine.com/2010/01/matt-hazard-blood-bath-beyond-review/","url_text":"\"Matt Hazard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blood Bath and Beyond\". Game Informer. Retrieved 30 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/games/matt_hazard_blood_bath_and_beyond/b/xbox360/archive/2010/01/06/review.aspx","url_text":"\"Blood Bath and Beyond\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Eat+Lead%3A+The+Return+of+Matt+Hazard%22","external_links_name":"\"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Eat+Lead%3A+The+Return+of+Matt+Hazard%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Eat+Lead%3A+The+Return+of+Matt+Hazard%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Eat+Lead%3A+The+Return+of+Matt+Hazard%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Eat+Lead%3A+The+Return+of+Matt+Hazard%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Eat+Lead%3A+The+Return+of+Matt+Hazard%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/03/03/eat-lead-the-return-of-matt-hazard-has-shipped","external_links_name":"\"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard Has Shipped\""},{"Link":"http://www.gametrailers.com/player/40750.html","external_links_name":"\"Gametrailers World Exclusive Debut Trailer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005181905/http://www.gametrailers.com/player/40750.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamerankings.com/xbox360/954401-eat-lead-the-return-of-matt-hazard/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard for Xbox 360\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090828113455/http://www.gamerankings.com/xbox360/954401-eat-lead-the-return-of-matt-hazard/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamerankings.com/ps3/954400-eat-lead-the-return-of-matt-hazard/index.html/","external_links_name":"\"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard for PlayStation 3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090804130238/http://www.gamerankings.com/ps3/954400-eat-lead-the-return-of-matt-hazard/index.html/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbox360/eatleadthereturnofmatthazard","external_links_name":"\"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard (xbox360) reviews at\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090304053755/http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbox360/eatleadthereturnofmatthazard","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ps3/eatleadthereturnofmatthazard","external_links_name":"\"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard (ps3) reviews at\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090224210850/http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ps3/eatleadthereturnofmatthazard","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/eatleadthereturnofmatthazard/review.html","external_links_name":"\"Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard Review for Xbox 360\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090414000305/http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/eatleadthereturnofmatthazard/review.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/958/958450p1.html","external_links_name":"\"IGN: Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090307185140/http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/958/958450p1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://monstervine.com/2010/01/matt-hazard-blood-bath-beyond-review/","external_links_name":"\"Matt Hazard\""},{"Link":"https://www.gameinformer.com/games/matt_hazard_blood_bath_and_beyond/b/xbox360/archive/2010/01/06/review.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Blood Bath and Beyond\""},{"Link":"http://www.eatleadvideogame.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerista_karlschmidti | Lerista karlschmidti | ["1 References"] | Species of lizard
Lerista karlschmidti
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Squamata
Family:
Scincidae
Genus:
Lerista
Species:
L. karlschmidti
Binomial name
Lerista karlschmidti(Marx & Hosmer, 1959)
Synonyms
Rhodona karlschmidti Marx & Hosmer, 1959
The lesser robust fine-lined slider (Lerista karlschmidti) is a species of skink found in the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia. Its range is highly disjunct and it is likely that only the Queensland population (not seen after its original collection) represents Lerista karlschmidti, while the Northern Territory one is a distinct species. It is named after Karl Patterson Schmidt.
References
^ a b c Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Vanderduys, E.; Gillespie, G.; Amey, A.; McDonald, P. (2018). "Lerista karlschmidti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T109476540A109476552. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T109476540A109476552.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
^ a b c Lerista karlschmidti at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 7 January 2023.
Taxon identifiersLerista karlschmidti
Wikidata: Q3230186
Wikispecies: Lerista karlschmidti
ADW: Lerista_karlschmidti
AFD: Lerista_karlschmidti
CoL: 6PQ4C
GBIF: 2464718
iNaturalist: 38206
IRMNG: 10365507
IUCN: 109476540
NCBI: 470357
Observation.org: 100641
Open Tree of Life: 590967
RD: karlschmidti
uBio: 197131
This skink article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDB-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"Karl Patterson Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Patterson_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDB-2"}],"text":"The lesser robust fine-lined slider (Lerista karlschmidti) is a species of skink found in the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia.[1][2] Its range is highly disjunct and it is likely that only the Queensland population (not seen after its original collection) represents Lerista karlschmidti, while the Northern Territory one is a distinct species.[1] It is named after Karl Patterson Schmidt.[2]","title":"Lerista karlschmidti"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Vanderduys, E.; Gillespie, G.; Amey, A.; McDonald, P. (2018). \"Lerista karlschmidti\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T109476540A109476552. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T109476540A109476552.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/109476540/109476552","url_text":"\"Lerista karlschmidti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T109476540A109476552.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T109476540A109476552.en"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/109476540/109476552","external_links_name":"\"Lerista karlschmidti\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T109476540A109476552.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T109476540A109476552.en"},{"Link":"http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Lerista&species=karlschmidti","external_links_name":"Lerista karlschmidti"},{"Link":"http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/","external_links_name":"Reptarium.cz Reptile Database"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lerista_karlschmidti/","external_links_name":"Lerista_karlschmidti"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Lerista_karlschmidti","external_links_name":"Lerista_karlschmidti"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6PQ4C","external_links_name":"6PQ4C"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2464718","external_links_name":"2464718"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/38206","external_links_name":"38206"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10365507","external_links_name":"10365507"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/109476540","external_links_name":"109476540"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=470357","external_links_name":"470357"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/100641/","external_links_name":"100641"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=590967","external_links_name":"590967"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DLerista%26species%3Dkarlschmidti","external_links_name":"karlschmidti"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=197131","external_links_name":"197131"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lerista_karlschmidti&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_off_of_My_Cloud | Get Off of My Cloud | ["1 Composition","2 Personnel","3 Release","4 Chart history","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 References","5.1 Sources","6 External links"] | 1965 single by The Rolling Stones
"Get Off of My Cloud"US single picture sleeveSingle by the Rolling StonesB-side
"I'm Free" (US)
"The Singer Not the Song" (UK)
Released
24 September 1965 (1965-09-24) (US)
22 October 1965 (UK)
Recorded6–7 September 1965StudioRCA, Hollywood, CaliforniaGenreBlues rockLength2:55Label
London (US)
Decca (UK)
Songwriter(s)Jagger/RichardsProducer(s)Andrew Loog OldhamRolling Stones US singles chronology
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" (1965)
"Get Off of My Cloud" (1965)
"As Tears Go By" (1965)
Rolling Stones UK singles chronology
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"(1965)
"Get Off of My Cloud"(1965)
"19th Nervous Breakdown"(1966)
Alternative coverUK single
"Get Off of My Cloud" is a song by the English rock band the Rolling Stones. It was written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards for a single to follow the successful "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction". Recorded in Hollywood, California, in early September 1965, the song was released in September in the United States and October in the United Kingdom.
It topped the charts in the US, UK, Canada, and Germany and reached number two in several other countries.
Composition
The Stones have said that the song is a reaction to their suddenly greatly enhanced popularity and deals with their aversion to people's expectations of them after the success of "Satisfaction". Richards commented: "'Get Off of My Cloud' was basically a response to people knocking on our door asking us for the follow-up to 'Satisfaction' ... We thought 'At last. We can sit back and maybe think about events'. Suddenly there's the knock at the door and of course what came out of that was 'Get Off of My Cloud'". In 1971 he added:
I never dug it as a record. The chorus was a nice idea, but we rushed it as the follow-up. We were in L.A. , and it was time for another single. But how do you follow-up "Satisfaction"? Actually, what I wanted was to do it slow, like a Lee Dorsey thing. We rocked it up. I thought it was one of Andrew Loog Oldham's worst productions.
In a 1995 interview with Rolling Stone, Jagger said, "That was Keith's melody and my lyrics ... It's a stop-bugging-me, post-teenage-alienation song. The grown-up world was a very ordered society in the early '60s, and I was coming out of it. America was even more ordered than anywhere else. I found it was a very restrictive society in thought and behavior and dress."
I was sick and tired, fed up with this and decided to take a drive downtown
It was so very quiet and peaceful, there was nobody, not a soul around
I laid myself out, I was so tired and I started to dream
In the morning the parking tickets were just like flags stuck on my windscreen
The song opens with a drum intro by Charlie Watts and twin guitars by Brian Jones and Richards. Ultimate Classic Rock critic Michael Gallucci called this Watts' best drumming performance, saying that it has "one of the most unconventional drum structures ever employed in a Top 40 hit" in which Watts basically :plays the same 4/4-beat-fill-4/4-beat-fill pattern throughout the song" and does not break the beat even once.
Personnel
According to authors Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon, except where noted:
The Rolling Stones
Mick Jagger – vocals
Keith Richards – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Brian Jones – twelve-string electric guitar, lead guitar, acoustic guitar
Bill Wyman – bass, backing vocals
Charlie Watts – drums
Additional musicians
Ian Stewart – piano
Unidentified musician(s) – hand claps
Release
The 1965 single release was a major success for the Rolling Stones. In the US, the single reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on 6 November 1965, and remained there for two weeks. The song was included on the band's next American album, December's Children (And Everybody's), released in December 1965. The song stayed at number one in the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in November that year. Billboard described the song as a "wild, far out beat number which will have no trouble topping their 'Satisfaction' smash." Cash Box described it as a "rollicking, fast-moving blues-soaked thumper with an infectious danceable beat" that should be another success after "Satisfaction." Record World said that "The Rolling Stones dispense some more of their very thick and funky rock."
Appearances on later Stones releases include:
Got Live If You Want It! (live album, 1966)
Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass) (compilation album, 1966)
Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (compilation album, 1971)
30 Greatest Hits (compilation album, 1977)
Singles Collection: The London Years (compilation album, 1989)
Forty Licks (compilation album, 2002)
The Biggest Bang (live DVD-set, 2007)
GRRR! (compilation album, 2012)
Chart history
Weekly charts
Chart (1965–1966)
Peakposition
Australia (Kent Music Report)
2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
5
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
6
Canada Top Singles (RPM)
1
Finland (Soumen Virallinen)
2
Germany (Official German Charts)
1
Ireland (IRMA)
2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
2
New Zealand (Lever Hit Parade)
2
Norway (VG-lista)
2
South Africa (Springbok)
1
Sweden (Kvällstoppen)
2
Sweden (Tio i Topp)
2
UK Singles (OCC)
1
US Billboard Hot 100
1
US Cash Box Top 100
1
Year-end charts
Chart (1965)
Rank
US (Joel Whitburn's Pop Annual)
13
References
^ "Rolling Stones singles".
^ "1965 timeline".
^ a b Unterberger, Richie. "Rolling Stones: Get Off of My Cloud – Song Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
^ a b c
Rice, Jo (1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives. pp. 96–7. ISBN 0-85112-250-7.
^ a b Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 38 – The Rubberization of Soul: The great pop music renaissance. " (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.
^ According to the Rolling Stones (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2003)
^ Greenfield, Robert. "Keith Richards – Interview". Rolling Stone (magazine) 19 August 1971.
^ "Jagger Remembers". Rolling Stone. 14 December 1995. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
^ Gallucci, Michael (24 August 2021). "Top 10 Charlie Watts Rolling Stones Songs". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
^ Margotin & Guesdon 2016, p. 124.
^ Babiuk & Prevost 2013, pp. 186, 239.
^ a b Babiuk & Prevost 2013, p. 186.
^ Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits. New York City: Billboard Books. p. 186. ISBN 0823076776. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
^ December's Children (And Everybody's ) at AllMusic
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 184. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ "Spotlight Singles" (PDF). Billboard. 2 October 1965. p. 16. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "CashBox Record Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. 2 October 1965. p. 12. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
^ "Single Picks of the Week" (PDF). Record World. 2 October 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
^ "The Rolling Stones – Get Off of My Cloud" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ "The Rolling Stones – Get Off of My Cloud" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 5605." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. p. 240. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
^ "The Rolling Stones – Get Off of My Cloud" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Get Off of My Cloud". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
^ "The Rolling Stones – Get Off of My Cloud" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ "Flavour of New Zealand, 20 January 1966". Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ "The Rolling Stones – Get Off of My Cloud". VG-lista. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ "SA Charts 1965–March 1989". Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ Hallberg, Eric (1993). Eric Hallberg presenterar Kvällstoppen i P 3: Sveriges radios topplista över veckans 20 mest sålda skivor 10. 7. 1962 - 19. 8. 1975. Drift Musik. p. 243. ISBN 9163021404.
^ Hallberg, Eric; Henningsson, Ulf (1998). Eric Hallberg, Ulf Henningsson presenterar Tio i topp med de utslagna på försök: 1961 - 74. Premium Publishing. p. 313. ISBN 919727125X.
^ "Rolling Stones: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ "The Rolling Stones Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ "Cash Box Top 100 Singles, November 13, 1965". Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^ Whitburn, Joel (1999). Pop Annual. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. ISBN 0-89820-142-X.
Sources
Babiuk, Andy; Prevost, Greg (2013). Rolling Stones Gear: All the Stones' Instruments from Stage to Studio. Milwaukee: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-61713-092-2.
Margotin, Philippe; Guesdon, Jean-Michel (2016). The Rolling Stones All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-0-316-31774-0.
External links
Complete Official Lyrics
Rolling Stones - Get Off of My Cloud on YouTube
vteThe Rolling Stones
Mick Jagger
Keith Richards
Ronnie Wood
Brian Jones
Ian Stewart
Bill Wyman
Charlie Watts
Mick Taylor
Dick Taylor
Ricky Fenson
Tony Chapman
Carlo Little
Video releases
Let's Spend the Night Together (1983)
Video Rewind (1984)
Stones at the Max (1992)
Sympathy for the Devil (1994)
Voodoo Lounge Live (1995)
The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus (1996)
Bridges to Babylon Tour '97–98 (1998)
Four Flicks (2003)
Toronto Rocks (2004)
A Bigger Bang: Special Edition (2005)
The Biggest Bang (2007)
T.A.M.I. Show (2010)
Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (2010)
Some Girls: Live in Texas '78 (2011)
Muddy Waters & The Rolling Stones Live At The Checkerboard Lounge, Chicago 1981 (2012)
Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park (2013)
Hampton Coliseum (Live 1981) (2014)
L.A. Friday (2014)
Live at the Tokyo Dome (2015)
Live at Leeds (2015)
Totally Stripped (2016)
Havana Moon (2016)
Voodoo Lounge Uncut (2018)
Steel Wheels Live (2020)
Documentaries
Charlie Is My Darling (1966)
The Stones in the Park (1969)
Gimme Shelter (1970)
Cocksucker Blues (1972)
25×5: the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones (1989)
Stripped (1995)
Shine a Light (2008)
Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! (2009)
Stones in Exile (2010)
Crossfire Hurricane (2012)
Olé Olé Olé!: A Trip Across Latin America (2017)
Catching Fire: The Story of Anita Pallenberg
Tours
British Tour 1963
1964 tours
1965 tours
1966 tours
European Tour 1967
American Tour 1969
European Tour 1970
UK Tour 1971
American Tour 1972
Pacific Tour 1973
European Tour 1973
Tour of the Americas '75
Tour of Europe '76
US Tour 1978
American Tour 1981
Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour
Voodoo Lounge Tour
Bridges to Babylon Tour
No Security Tour
Licks Tour
A Bigger Bang Tour
50 & Counting
14 On Fire
Zip Code
América Latina Olé
No Filter Tour
Sixty
Hackney Diamonds Tour
Associated places
Redlands
Stargroves
Nellcôte
The Wick
Downe House
The Mick Jagger Centre
Stones Fan Museum
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Awards and nominations
Concert tours
Jagger–Richards
Nanker/Phelge
Rolling Stones Records
Promotone
Altamont Free Concert
The Rolling Stones' Redlands bust
Rolling Stones Mobile Studio
The Rolling Stones: An Illustrated Record
Andrew Loog Oldham
Eric Easton
Allen Klein
Nicky Hopkins
John Pasche
Instruments played
Stone Country: Country Artists Perform the Songs of the Rolling Stones
Tongue and lips logo
The Stone Age: Sixty Years of the Rolling Stones
Category
vteThe Rolling Stones singlesDecca (UK) andLondon (US) singles
"Come On"
"I Wanna Be Your Man" / "Stoned"
"Not Fade Away" / "Little by Little"
"It's All Over Now"
"Tell Me" / "I Just Want to Make Love to You"
"Time Is on My Side"
"Little Red Rooster"
"Heart of Stone"
"The Last Time" / "Play with Fire"
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" / "The Spider and the Fly"
"Get Off of My Cloud" / "I'm Free"
"As Tears Go By"
"19th Nervous Breakdown" / "As Tears Go By"
"Paint It Black" / "Stupid Girl"
"Mother's Little Helper" / "Lady Jane"
"Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?"
"Let's Spend the Night Together" / "Ruby Tuesday"
"We Love You" / "Dandelion"
"In Another Land" / "The Lantern"
"She's a Rainbow" / "2000 Light Years from Home"
"Jumpin' Jack Flash"
"Street Fighting Man" / "No Expectations"
"Honky Tonk Women" / "You Can't Always Get What You Want"
Rolling StonesRecords/Atlanticsingles
"Brown Sugar" / "Bitch" / "Let It Rock"
"Wild Horses" / "Sway"
"Tumbling Dice" / "Sweet Black Angel"
"Happy" / "All Down the Line"
"Angie" / "Silver Train"
"Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker)" / "Dancing with Mr. D."
"It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)"
"Ain't Too Proud to Beg" / "Dance Little Sister"
"Fool to Cry"
"Hot Stuff"
Rolling StonesRecords singles
"Miss You" / "Far Away Eyes"
"Beast of Burden" / "When the Whip Comes Down"
"Respectable" / "When the Whip Comes Down"
"Shattered"
"Emotional Rescue"
"She's So Cold" / "Send It to Me"
"Start Me Up"
"Waiting on a Friend" / "Little T&A"
"Hang Fire" / "Neighbours"
"Going to a Go-Go" (live) / "Beast of Burden" (live)
"Time Is on My Side" (live) / "Twenty Flight Rock" (live)
"Undercover of the Night"
"She Was Hot"
"Too Much Blood"
"Harlem Shuffle"
"One Hit (To the Body)"
"Mixed Emotions"
"Rock and a Hard Place"
"Almost Hear You Sigh"
"Highwire" / "2000 Light Years from Home" (live)
"Ruby Tuesday" (live) / "Play with Fire" (live)
"Jumpin' Jack Flash" (live) / "Tumbling Dice" (live)
Virgin singles
"Love Is Strong"
"You Got Me Rocking"
"Out of Tears"
"I Go Wild"
"Like a Rolling Stone" (live) / "Black Limousine" / "All Down the Line"
"Wild Horses" (live) / "Live with Me" (live) / "Tumbling Dice" (live)
"Anybody Seen My Baby?"
"Saint of Me" / "Gimme Shelter" (live)
"Out of Control"
"Don't Stop" / "Miss You" (remix)
"Streets of Love" / "Rough Justice"
"Rain Fall Down"
"Biggest Mistake" / "Before They Make Me Run" (live)
"Laugh, I Nearly Died"
Universal singles
"Plundered My Soul" / "All Down the Line"
"No Spare Parts" / "Before They Make Me Run"
"Doom and Gloom"
"One More Shot"
"Just Your Fool"
"Living in a Ghost Town"
"Scarlet"
ABKCO singles
"I Don't Know Why" / "Try a Little Harder"
"Out of Time" / "Jiving Sister Fanny"
Others
"Let It Bleed" / "You Got the Silver" (Japan)
"Rocks Off" / "Sweet Virginia" (Japan)
"Star Star" / "Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker)" (France, Germany)
"Angry"
"Sweet Sounds of Heaven"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
2
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc38-5"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(I_Can%27t_Get_No)_Satisfaction"}],"text":"\"Get Off of My Cloud\" is a song by the English rock band the Rolling Stones.[5] It was written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards for a single to follow the successful \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\". Recorded in Hollywood, California, in early September 1965, the song was released in September in the United States and October in the United Kingdom.\nIt topped the charts in the US, UK, Canada, and Germany and reached number two in several other countries.","title":"Get Off of My Cloud"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(I_Can%27t_Get_No)_Satisfaction"},{"link_name":"Lee Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"Andrew Loog Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Loog_Oldham"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc38-5"},{"link_name":"Charlie Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Watts"},{"link_name":"Brian Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Jones"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unterberger-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Stones have said that the song is a reaction to their suddenly greatly enhanced popularity and deals with their aversion to people's expectations of them after the success of \"Satisfaction\". Richards commented: \"'Get Off of My Cloud' was basically a response to people knocking on our door asking us for the follow-up to 'Satisfaction' ... We thought 'At last. We can sit back and maybe think about events'. Suddenly there's the knock at the door and of course what came out of that was 'Get Off of My Cloud'\".[6] In 1971 he added:I never dug it as a record. The chorus was a nice idea, but we rushed it as the follow-up. We were in L.A. [Los Angeles, where \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" was recorded], and it was time for another single. But how do you follow-up \"Satisfaction\"? Actually, what I wanted was to do it slow, like a Lee Dorsey thing. We rocked it up. I thought it was one of Andrew Loog Oldham's worst productions.[7]In a 1995 interview with Rolling Stone, Jagger said, \"That was Keith's melody and my lyrics ... It's a stop-bugging-me, post-teenage-alienation song. The grown-up world was a very ordered society in the early '60s, and I was coming out of it. America was even more ordered than anywhere else. I found it was a very restrictive society in thought and behavior and dress.\"[8]I was sick and tired, fed up with this and decided to take a drive downtown\nIt was so very quiet and peaceful, there was nobody, not a soul around\nI laid myself out, I was so tired and I started to dream\nIn the morning the parking tickets were just like flags stuck on my windscreen[5]The song opens with a drum intro by Charlie Watts and twin guitars by Brian Jones and Richards.[3] Ultimate Classic Rock critic Michael Gallucci called this Watts' best drumming performance, saying that it has \"one of the most unconventional drum structures ever employed in a Top 40 hit\" in which Watts basically :plays the same 4/4-beat-fill-4/4-beat-fill pattern throughout the song\" and does not break the beat even once.[9]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016124-10"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"Brian Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Jones"},{"link_name":"twelve-string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-string_guitar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabiukPrevost2013186,_239-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabiukPrevost2013186-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabiukPrevost2013186-12"},{"link_name":"Bill Wyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Wyman"},{"link_name":"Charlie Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Watts"},{"link_name":"Ian Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stewart_(musician)"}],"text":"According to authors Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon,[10] except where noted:The Rolling StonesMick Jagger – vocals\nKeith Richards – rhythm guitar, backing vocals\nBrian Jones – twelve-string electric guitar,[11] lead guitar,[12] acoustic guitar[12]\nBill Wyman – bass, backing vocals\nCharlie Watts – drumsAdditional musiciansIan Stewart – piano\nUnidentified musician(s) – hand claps","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bronson-13"},{"link_name":"December's Children (And Everybody's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%27s_Children_(And_Everybody%27s)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-14"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-15"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-16"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb-17"},{"link_name":"Record World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_World"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Got Live If You Want It!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got_Live_If_You_Want_It!_(album)"},{"link_name":"Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Hits_(High_Tide_and_Green_Grass)"},{"link_name":"Hot Rocks 1964–1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rocks_1964%E2%80%931971"},{"link_name":"Singles Collection: The London Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles_Collection:_The_London_Years"},{"link_name":"Forty Licks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Licks"},{"link_name":"The Biggest Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biggest_Bang"},{"link_name":"GRRR!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRRR!"}],"text":"The 1965 single release was a major success for the Rolling Stones. In the US, the single reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on 6 November 1965, and remained there for two weeks.[13] The song was included on the band's next American album, December's Children (And Everybody's), released in December 1965.[14] The song stayed at number one in the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in November that year.[15] Billboard described the song as a \"wild, far out beat number which will have no trouble topping their 'Satisfaction' smash.\"[16] Cash Box described it as a \"rollicking, fast-moving blues-soaked thumper with an infectious danceable beat\" that should be another success after \"Satisfaction.\"[17] Record World said that \"The Rolling Stones dispense some more of their very thick and funky rock.\"[18]Appearances on later Stones releases include:Got Live If You Want It! (live album, 1966)\nBig Hits (High Tide and Green Grass) (compilation album, 1966)\nHot Rocks 1964–1971 (compilation album, 1971)\n30 Greatest Hits (compilation album, 1977)\nSingles Collection: The London Years (compilation album, 1989)\nForty Licks (compilation album, 2002)\nThe Biggest Bang (live DVD-set, 2007)\nGRRR! (compilation album, 2012)","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Get_Off_of_My_Cloud&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_The_Rolling_Stones-19"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Belgium_(Flanders)_The_Rolling_Stones-20"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadatopsingles_The_Rolling_Stones-21"},{"link_name":"Soumen Virallinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_The_Rolling_Stones-23"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_The_Rolling_Stones-24"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_The_Rolling_Stones-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_The_Rolling_Stones-27"},{"link_name":"Springbok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok_Radio"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Kvällstoppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%A4llstoppen"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Tio i Topp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tio_i_Topp"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Rolling_Stones-31"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_The_Rolling_Stones-32"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Get_Off_of_My_Cloud&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"Joel Whitburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1965–1966)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)\n\n2\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[19]\n\n5\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[20]\n\n6\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[21]\n\n1\n\n\nFinland (Soumen Virallinen)[22]\n\n2\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[23]\n\n1\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[24]\n\n2\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[25]\n\n2\n\n\nNew Zealand (Lever Hit Parade)[26]\n\n2\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[27]\n\n2\n\n\nSouth Africa (Springbok)[28]\n\n1\n\n\nSweden (Kvällstoppen)[29]\n\n2\n\n\nSweden (Tio i Topp)[30]\n\n2\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[31]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[32]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[33]\n\n1\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1965)\n\nRank\n\n\nUS (Joel Whitburn's Pop Annual)[34]\n\n13","title":"Chart history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Rolling Stones singles\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Rolling+Stones&titel=Get+Off+Of+My+Cloud&cat=s","url_text":"\"Rolling Stones singles\""}]},{"reference":"\"1965 timeline\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeisonourside.com/chron1965.html","url_text":"\"1965 timeline\""}]},{"reference":"Unterberger, Richie. \"Rolling Stones: Get Off of My Cloud – Song Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Unterberger","url_text":"Unterberger, Richie"},{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/get-off-of-my-cloud-t2770679","url_text":"\"Rolling Stones: Get Off of My Cloud – Song Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Jo (1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives. pp. 96–7. ISBN 0-85112-250-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-250-7","url_text":"0-85112-250-7"}]},{"reference":"Gilliland, John (1969). \"Show 38 – The Rubberization of Soul: The great pop music renaissance. [Part 4]\" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilliland","url_text":"Gilliland, John"},{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19797/m1/","url_text":"\"Show 38 – The Rubberization of Soul: The great pop music renaissance. [Part 4]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Chronicles","url_text":"Pop Chronicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries","url_text":"University of North Texas Libraries"}]},{"reference":"\"Jagger Remembers\". Rolling Stone. 14 December 1995. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714055247/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/mick_jagger_remembers/page/3","url_text":"\"Jagger Remembers\""},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/mick_jagger_remembers/page/3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gallucci, Michael (24 August 2021). \"Top 10 Charlie Watts Rolling Stones Songs\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 2 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/charlie-watts-rolling-stones-songs/","url_text":"\"Top 10 Charlie Watts Rolling Stones Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits. New York City: Billboard Books. p. 186. ISBN 0823076776. Retrieved 8 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Bronson","url_text":"Bronson, Fred"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PgGqNrqfrsoC&pg=PT195","url_text":"The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0823076776","url_text":"0823076776"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 184. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hit_Singles_%26_Albums","url_text":"British Hit Singles & Albums"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Spotlight Singles\" (PDF). Billboard. 2 October 1965. p. 16. Retrieved 9 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/60s/1965/Billboard%201965-10-02.pdf","url_text":"\"Spotlight Singles\""}]},{"reference":"\"CashBox Record Reviews\" (PDF). Cash Box. 2 October 1965. p. 12. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/60s/1965/CB-1965-10-02.pdf","url_text":"\"CashBox Record Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Single Picks of the Week\" (PDF). Record World. 2 October 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 19 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/60s/65/RW-1965-10-02.pdf","url_text":"\"Single Picks of the Week\""}]},{"reference":"Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. p. 240. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-31-2503-3","url_text":"951-31-2503-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Flavour of New Zealand, 20 January 1966\". Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180205155055/http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=Lever%20hit%20parades&qyear=1966&qmonth=Jan&qweek=20-Jan-1966#n_view_location","url_text":"\"Flavour of New Zealand, 20 January 1966\""},{"url":"http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=Lever%20hit%20parades&qyear=1966&qmonth=Jan&qweek=20-Jan-1966#n_view_location","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SA Charts 1965–March 1989\". Retrieved 5 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rock.co.za/files/springbok_top_20_(R).html","url_text":"\"SA Charts 1965–March 1989\""}]},{"reference":"Hallberg, Eric (1993). Eric Hallberg presenterar Kvällstoppen i P 3: Sveriges radios topplista över veckans 20 mest sålda skivor 10. 7. 1962 - 19. 8. 1975. Drift Musik. p. 243. ISBN 9163021404.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9163021404","url_text":"9163021404"}]},{"reference":"Hallberg, Eric; Henningsson, Ulf (1998). Eric Hallberg, Ulf Henningsson presenterar Tio i topp med de utslagna på försök: 1961 - 74. Premium Publishing. p. 313. ISBN 919727125X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/919727125X","url_text":"919727125X"}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles, November 13, 1965\". Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150511005601/http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/19651113.html","url_text":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles, November 13, 1965\""},{"url":"http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/19651113.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (1999). Pop Annual. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. ISBN 0-89820-142-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89820-142-X","url_text":"0-89820-142-X"}]},{"reference":"Babiuk, Andy; Prevost, Greg (2013). Rolling Stones Gear: All the Stones' Instruments from Stage to Studio. Milwaukee: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-61713-092-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Babiuk","url_text":"Babiuk, Andy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61713-092-2","url_text":"978-1-61713-092-2"}]},{"reference":"Margotin, Philippe; Guesdon, Jean-Michel (2016). The Rolling Stones All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-0-316-31774-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g5eTCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Rolling Stones All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dog_%26_Leventhal_Publishers","url_text":"Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-31774-0","url_text":"978-0-316-31774-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Rolling+Stones&titel=Get+Off+Of+My+Cloud&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Rolling Stones singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeisonourside.com/chron1965.html","external_links_name":"\"1965 timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/get-off-of-my-cloud-t2770679","external_links_name":"\"Rolling Stones: Get Off of My Cloud – Song Review\""},{"Link":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19797/m1/","external_links_name":"\"Show 38 – The Rubberization of Soul: The great pop music renaissance. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantakunosato_Station | Kantakunosato Station | ["1 Lines","2 Adjacent stations","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 32°50′10.48″N 130°5′36.31″E / 32.8362444°N 130.0934194°E / 32.8362444; 130.0934194Railway station in Isahaya, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan
Kantakunosato Station干拓の里駅Kantakunosato StationGeneral informationLocationOno-machi, Isahaya, Nagasaki（長崎県諫早市小野町）JapanCoordinates32°50′10.48″N 130°5′36.31″E / 32.8362444°N 130.0934194°E / 32.8362444; 130.0934194Operated byShimabaailwayLine(s)■ Shimabara Railway LineDistance5.5 km from IsahayaPlatformsOne side platformTracksOne trackHistoryOpened20 April 1995Passengers201220,222 (Entraining)27,909 (Alighting)
Kantakunosato Station (干拓の里駅, Kantakunosato-eki) is a train station located in Ono-machi, Isahaya, Nagasaki Prefecture. The station is serviced by Shimabara Railway and is a part of the Shimabara Railway Line.
Lines
The train station is serving for the Shimabara Railway Line with the local trains and some express train stop at the station.
Adjacent stations
←
Service
→
Shimabara Railway
Shimabara Railway Line
Onohonmachi
Local
Moriyama
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
^ "【第121表】鉄道運輸" (XLS). Official Nagasaki prefectural website (in Japanese). 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
External links
Media related to Kantakunosato Station at Wikimedia Commons
vteStations of the Shimabara Railway
Isahaya
Hon-Isahaya
Saiwai
Ono
Kantakunosato
Moriyama
Kamanohana
Isahaya-higashi-kōkō
Aino
Abozaki
Azuma
Kobe
Taishō
Saigō
Kōjiro
Taira
Ariake-Yue
Ōmisaki
Matsuo
Mie
Shimabara
Reikyūkōen-Taiikukan
Shimabara-Funatsu
Shimabarakō
Closed on 1 April 2008
Shimabara-gaikō
Chichibugaura
Antoku
Seno-Fukae
Fukae
Futsu-shinden
Futsu
Dōzaki
Kamaga
Arie
Nishi-Arie
Tatsuishi
Kita-Arima
Jōkōjimae
Uratakannon
Harajō
Arima-Yoshigawa
Higashi-Ōya
Kuchinotsu
Shirahama-kaisuiyokujō-mae
Kazusa
This Nagasaki Prefecture railroad station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isahaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isahaya,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Shimabara Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimabara_Railway"},{"link_name":"Shimabara Railway Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimabara_Railway_Line"}],"text":"Railway station in Isahaya, Nagasaki Prefecture, JapanKantakunosato Station (干拓の里駅, Kantakunosato-eki) is a train station located in Ono-machi, Isahaya, Nagasaki Prefecture. The station is serviced by Shimabara Railway and is a part of the Shimabara Railway Line.","title":"Kantakunosato Station"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The train station is serving for the Shimabara Railway Line with the local trains and some express train stop at the station.","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adjacent stations"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of railway stations in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Japan"}] | [{"reference":"\"【第121表】鉄道運輸\" (XLS). Official Nagasaki prefectural website (in Japanese). 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pref.nagasaki.jp/shared/uploads/2015/04/1429521229.xls","url_text":"\"【第121表】鉄道運輸\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kantakunosato_Station¶ms=32_50_10.48_N_130_5_36.31_E_type:railwaystation_region:JP","external_links_name":"32°50′10.48″N 130°5′36.31″E / 32.8362444°N 130.0934194°E / 32.8362444; 130.0934194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kantakunosato_Station¶ms=32_50_10.48_N_130_5_36.31_E_type:railwaystation_region:JP","external_links_name":"32°50′10.48″N 130°5′36.31″E / 32.8362444°N 130.0934194°E / 32.8362444; 130.0934194"},{"Link":"https://www.pref.nagasaki.jp/shared/uploads/2015/04/1429521229.xls","external_links_name":"\"【第121表】鉄道運輸\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kantakunosato_Station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B1%B8 | Swedish Dialect Alphabet | ["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"] | Phonetic alphabet for Swedish diaphonemes
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Table of vowels (1928)
The Swedish Dialect Alphabet (Swedish: Landsmålsalfabetet) is a phonetic alphabet created in 1878 by Johan August Lundell and used for the narrow transcription of Swedish dialects. The initial version of the alphabet consisted of 89 letters, 42 of which came from the phonetic alphabet proposed by Carl Jakob Sundevall. It has since grown to over 200 letters. The alphabet supplemented Latin letters with symbols adapted from a range of alphabets, including modified forms of þ and ð from Germanic alphabets, γ and φ from the Greek alphabet and ы from the Cyrillic alphabet, and extended with systematic decorations. There are also a number of diacritics representing prosodic features.
The alphabet has been used extensively for the description of Swedish dialects in both Sweden and Finland. It was also the source of many of the symbols used by the Swedish sinologist Bernhard Karlgren in his reconstruction of Middle Chinese.
Three of the additional letters—ⱸ, ⱹ and ⱺ—were included in version 5.1.0 of Unicode (U+2C78 to U+2C7A) for use in a dictionary of Swedish dialects spoken in Finland. A proposal to encode a further 106 characters was made in 2008. As of 2019, this proposal is partially implemented, with some proposed allocations already in use by other characters.
See also
International Phonetic Alphabet
Dania transcription
References
^ a b Lundell, J. A. (1928). "The Swedish dialect alphabet". Studia Neophilologica. 1 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1080/00393272808586721.
^ a b c d Leinonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006). "Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Retrieved 31 Oct 2015.
^ Branner, David Prager (2006). "Appendix II: Comparative transcriptions of rime table phonology". In Branner, David Prager (ed.). The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 271. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 265–302. ISBN 978-90-272-4785-8.
^ Michael Everson (2008-11-27). "Exploratory proposal to encode Germanicist, Nordicist, and other phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
^ Unicode Consortium. "Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-05-06.
^ Unicode Consortium. "Myanmar Extended-B" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-05-06.
^ Unicode Consortium. "Glagolitic Supplement" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-05-06.
Further reading
Manne Eriksson, Svensk ljudskrift 1878–1960 : En översikt över det svenska landsmålsalfabetets utveckling och användning huvudsakligen i tidskriften Svenska Landsmål (1961)
External links
Landsmålsalfabetet (in Swedish)
"Landsmålsalfabetet", Nordisk familjebok, volume 15 (1911) 1044, 1045–6, 1047–8.
vteSwedish languageNational variants
Standard Swedish
Finland Swedish
Estonian Swedish
Ukrainian Swedish (Gammalsvenska)
Dialects
Gotländska mål
Götamål
Norrländska mål:
Östsvenska mål: Ostrobothnian
Sveamål
Sydsvenska mål
Åländska
Stockholmska
Rinkebysvenska
Use
Alphabet
Å
Ä
Ö
Orthography
Braille
Grammar
Phonology (sj-sound)
Dialect Alphabet
History
Proto-Indo-European
Germanic parent language
Proto-Germanic language
Proto-Norse
Old Norse
Old Swedish
Modern Swedish
Contemporary Swedish
Literature
Early
Reformation and Renaissance
Enlightenment
Romantic
Realism
Modernist
poetry
Children's
Regulators
Swedish Academy
Swedish Language Council
Institute for the Languages of Finland
Dictionaries
Svenska Akademiens ordbok
Svenska Akademiens ordlista
Education
Swedish as a foreign language
Mandatory Swedish
Swedish for immigrants
Related topics
Swenglish
Svorsk
Swedish Sign Language
Suecophile
This writing system–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Consonants_Landsm%C3%A5lsalfabetet_1928.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vowels_Landsm%C3%A5lsalfabetet_1928.png"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"phonetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics"},{"link_name":"alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet"},{"link_name":"Johan August Lundell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_August_Lundell"},{"link_name":"narrow transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_transcription"},{"link_name":"Swedish dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_dialects"},{"link_name":"Carl Jakob Sundevall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jakob_Sundevall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundell-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L2/06-036-2"},{"link_name":"þ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_(letter)"},{"link_name":"ð","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eth"},{"link_name":"γ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma"},{"link_name":"φ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi"},{"link_name":"Greek alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet"},{"link_name":"ы","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yery"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundell-1"},{"link_name":"diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic"},{"link_name":"prosodic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosodic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L2/06-036-2"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L2/06-036-2"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Karlgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren"},{"link_name":"his reconstruction of Middle Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlgren%E2%80%93Li_reconstruction_of_Middle_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ⱸ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B1%B8"},{"link_name":"ⱹ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B1%B9"},{"link_name":"ⱺ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B1%BA"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"Swedish dialects spoken in Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Swedish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L2/06-036-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Dialect_Alphabet&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Table of consonants (1928)Table of vowels (1928)The Swedish Dialect Alphabet (Swedish: Landsmålsalfabetet) is a phonetic alphabet created in 1878 by Johan August Lundell and used for the narrow transcription of Swedish dialects. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_French_Grand_Prix | 1958 French Grand Prix | ["1 Classification","1.1 Qualifying","1.2 Race","2 Additional information","3 Championship standings after the race","4 References"] | 1958 French Grand Prix
← Previous raceNext race →
Reims-Gueux layoutRace detailsDate
6 July 1958Official name
XLIV Grand Prix de l'ACFLocation
Reims circuit, Reims, FranceCourse
Temporary road courseCourse length
8.302 km (5.159 miles)Distance
50 laps, 415.1 km (257.95 miles)Pole positionDriver
Mike Hawthorn
FerrariTime
2:21.7Fastest lapDriver
Mike Hawthorn
FerrariTime
2:24.9PodiumFirst
Mike Hawthorn
FerrariSecond
Stirling Moss
VanwallThird
Wolfgang von Trips
Ferrari
Lap leaders
Motor car race
The 1958 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Reims on 6 July 1958. It was race 6 of 11 in the 1958 World Championship of Drivers and race 5 of 10 in the 1958 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers.
The race was won by Mike Hawthorn driving a Ferrari 246 F1; it was his first Formula One victory since the 1954 Spanish Grand Prix and would prove to be his last. It was also the last Formula One race for five-time World Champion Juan Manuel Fangio. On the final lap, Hawthorn eased up to let Fangio, running fifth at the time, finish on the lead lap of his last race. This turned out to be a blessing, as Peter Collins crashed on the final lap, allowing Fangio to secure fourth.
The race was marred by Ferrari driver Luigi Musso's fatal accident at the Courbe du Calvaire. His car hurtled off course and crashed into a ditch. Musso was thrown out of the car, was critically injured and died later that day at a hospital near the track.
Of the 21 starters, six died in racing cars within the next three years. Musso died in the race itself, while Peter Collins died in that year's German Grand Prix, Lewis-Evans at the Moroccan Grand Prix, Jean Behra in a support race for the 1959 German Grand Prix, Harry Schell in practice for the 1960 BRDC International Trophy, and Wolfgang von Trips and a dozen spectators died at the 1961 Italian Grand Prix.
Classification
Qualifying
Pos
No
Driver
Constructor
Time
Gap
1
4
Mike Hawthorn
Ferrari
2:21.7
—
2
2
Luigi Musso
Ferrari
2:22.4
+0.7
3
16
Harry Schell
BRM
2:23.1
+1.4
4
42
Peter Collins
Ferrari
2:23.3
+1.6
5
10
Tony Brooks
Vanwall
2:23.4
+1.7
6
8
Stirling Moss
Vanwall
2:23.7
+2.0
7
18
Maurice Trintignant
BRM
2:23.7
+2.0
8
34
Juan Manuel Fangio
Maserati
2:24.0
+2.3
9
14
Jean Behra
BRM
2:24.2
+2.5
10
12
Stuart Lewis-Evans
Vanwall
2:25.3
+3.6
11
40
Paco Godia
Maserati
2:27.1
+5.4
12
22
Jack Brabham
Cooper-Climax
2:27.3
+5.6
13
36
Phil Hill
Maserati
2:29.5
+7.8
14
20
Roy Salvadori
Cooper-Climax
2:30.0
+8.3
15
32
Gerino Gerini
Maserati
2:30.7
+9.0
16
38
Jo Bonnier
Maserati
2:30.9
+9.2
17
28
Carroll Shelby
Maserati
2:32.0
+10.3
18
30
Troy Ruttman
Maserati
2:36.0
+14.3
19
24
Graham Hill
Lotus-Climax
2:40.9
+19.2
20
26
Cliff Allison
Lotus-Climax
2:49.7
+28.0
21
6
Wolfgang von Trips
Ferrari
Source:
Race
Pos
No
Driver
Constructor
Laps
Time/Retired
Grid
Points
1
4
Mike Hawthorn
Ferrari
50
2:03:21.3
1
91
2
8
Stirling Moss
Vanwall
50
+ 24.6
6
6
3
6
Wolfgang von Trips
Ferrari
50
+ 59.7
21
4
4
34
Juan Manuel Fangio
Maserati
50
+ 2:30.6
8
3
5
42
Peter Collins
Ferrari
50
+ 5:24.9 (crashed)
4
2
6
22
Jack Brabham
Cooper-Climax
49
+ 1 Lap
12
7
36
Phil Hill
Maserati
49
+ 1 Lap
13
8
38
Jo Bonnier
Maserati
48
+ 2 Laps
16
9
32
Gerino Gerini
Maserati
47
+ 3 Laps
15
10
30
Troy Ruttman
Maserati
45
+ 5 Laps
18
11
20
Roy Salvadori
Cooper-Climax
37
+ 13 Laps
14
Ret
16
Harry Schell
BRM
41
Overheating
3
Ret
14
Jean Behra
BRM
41
Fuel Pump
9
Ret
12
Stuart Lewis-Evans Tony Brooks
Vanwall
35
Engine
10
Ret
24
Graham Hill
Lotus-Climax
33
Overheating
19
Ret
40
Paco Godia
Maserati
28
Accident
11
Ret
18
Maurice Trintignant
BRM
23
Fuel Pump
7
Ret
10
Tony Brooks
Vanwall
16
Engine
5
Ret
2
Luigi Musso
Ferrari
9
Fatal Accident
2
Ret
28
Carroll Shelby
Maserati
9
Engine
17
Ret
26
Cliff Allison
Lotus-Climax
6
Engine
20
Source:
Notes
^1 – Includes 1 point for fastest lap
Additional information
This was the debut World Championship Formula One race for future world champion Phil Hill.
Championship standings after the race
Drivers' Championship standings
Pos
Driver
Points
1
Stirling Moss
23
2
Mike Hawthorn
23
3
Luigi Musso
12
4
Harry Schell
10
5
Maurice Trintignant
8
Source:
Constructors' Championship standings
Pos
Constructor
Points
1
Ferrari
28
1
2
Vanwall
22
1
3
Cooper-Climax
19
4
BRM
10
1
5
Maserati
6
Source:
Notes: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
References
^ "1958 ACF GP Qualification". www.chicanef1.com. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
^ "1958 French Grand Prix". formula1.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
^ a b "France 1958 - Championship • STATS F1". www.statsf1.com. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
Previous race:1958 Belgian Grand Prix
FIA Formula One World Championship1958 season
Next race:1958 British Grand Prix
Previous race:1957 French Grand Prix
French Grand Prix
Next race:1959 French Grand Prix
vteFormula One Grands Prix (1950–1959) next »1950
GBR
MON
500
SUI
BEL
FRA
ITA
1951
SUI
500
BEL
FRA
GBR
GER
ITA
ESP
1952
SUI
500
BEL
FRA
GBR
GER
NED
ITA
1953
ARG
500
NED
BEL
FRA
GBR
GER
SUI
ITA
1954
ARG
500
BEL
FRA
GBR
GER
SUI
ITA
ESP
1955
ARG
MON
500
BEL
NED
GBR
ITA
1956
ARG
MON
500
BEL
FRA
GBR
GER
ITA
1957
ARG
MON
500
FRA
GBR
GER
PES
ITA
1958
ARG
MON
NED
500
BEL
FRA
GBR
GER
POR
ITA
MOR
1959
MON
500
NED
FRA
GBR
GER
POR
ITA
USA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"motor race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_race"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims-Gueux"},{"link_name":"1958 World Championship of Drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_World_Championship_of_Drivers"},{"link_name":"1958 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_International_Cup_for_Formula_One_Manufacturers"},{"link_name":"Mike Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hawthorn"},{"link_name":"Ferrari 246 F1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_246_F1"},{"link_name":"1954 Spanish Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"World Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Drivers%27_Champions"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Fangio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio"},{"link_name":"Luigi Musso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Musso"},{"link_name":"German Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Moroccan Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Moroccan_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Jean Behra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Behra"},{"link_name":"1959 German Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Harry Schell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Schell"},{"link_name":"1960 BRDC International Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_BRDC_International_Trophy"},{"link_name":"1961 Italian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Italian_Grand_Prix"}],"text":"Motor car raceThe 1958 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Reims on 6 July 1958. It was race 6 of 11 in the 1958 World Championship of Drivers and race 5 of 10 in the 1958 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers.The race was won by Mike Hawthorn driving a Ferrari 246 F1; it was his first Formula One victory since the 1954 Spanish Grand Prix and would prove to be his last. It was also the last Formula One race for five-time World Champion Juan Manuel Fangio. On the final lap, Hawthorn eased up to let Fangio, running fifth at the time, finish on the lead lap of his last race. This turned out to be a blessing, as Peter Collins crashed on the final lap, allowing Fangio to secure fourth.The race was marred by Ferrari driver Luigi Musso's fatal accident at the Courbe du Calvaire. His car hurtled off course and crashed into a ditch. Musso was thrown out of the car, was critically injured and died later that day at a hospital near the track.Of the 21 starters, six died in racing cars within the next three years. Musso died in the race itself, while Peter Collins died in that year's German Grand Prix, Lewis-Evans at the Moroccan Grand Prix, Jean Behra in a support race for the 1959 German Grand Prix, Harry Schell in practice for the 1960 BRDC International Trophy, and Wolfgang von Trips and a dozen spectators died at the 1961 Italian Grand Prix.","title":"1958 French Grand Prix"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qualifying","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"}],"sub_title":"Race","text":"Notes^1 – Includes 1 point for fastest lap","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phil Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Hill"}],"text":"This was the debut World Championship Formula One race for future world champion Phil Hill.","title":"Additional information"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Stirling Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Moss"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Mike Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hawthorn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Luigi Musso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Musso"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Harry Schell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Schell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Maurice Trintignant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Trintignant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-champ-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Vanwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanwall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Car_Company"},{"link_name":"Climax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Climax"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"BRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Racing_Motors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Maserati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_in_motorsport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-champ-3"}],"text":"Drivers' Championship standings\n\n\n\n\n\nPos\n\nDriver\n\nPoints\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n Stirling Moss\n\n23\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n Mike Hawthorn\n\n23\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n Luigi Musso\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n Harry Schell\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n Maurice Trintignant\n\n8\n\n\nSource: [3]\n\n\n\nConstructors' Championship standings\n\n\n\n\n\nPos\n\nConstructor\n\nPoints\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n Ferrari\n\n28\n\n\n 1\n\n2\n\n Vanwall\n\n22\n\n\n 1\n\n3\n\n Cooper-Climax\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n BRM\n\n10\n\n\n 1\n\n5\n\n Maserati\n\n6\n\n\nSource: [3]Notes: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.","title":"Championship standings after the race"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"1958 ACF GP Qualification\". www.chicanef1.com. 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Retrieved 15 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statsf1.com/en/1958/france/championnat.aspx","url_text":"\"France 1958 - Championship • STATS F1\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://chicanef1.com/race.pl?year=1958&gp=ACF%20GP&r=1&type=qual","external_links_name":"\"1958 ACF GP Qualification\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140603232612/http://www.formula1.com/results/season/1958/683/","external_links_name":"\"1958 French Grand Prix\""},{"Link":"http://www.formula1.com/results/season/1958/683/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.statsf1.com/en/1958/france/championnat.aspx","external_links_name":"\"France 1958 - Championship • STATS F1\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_prosody | Tamil prosody | ["1 Development","2 Basic elements","3 Metres","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"] | Tamil prosody defines several metres in six basic elements covering the various aspects of rhythm. Most classical works and many modern works are written in these metres.
Tolkappiyam represents the older tradition in Tamil prosody while yapparungalam and yapparungalakkarigai represent the later tradition. The prosodic structure of literary works from the Sangam era has to be analysed according to the Tolkappiyam. The rules given in Yapparungalakkarigai are used in the scansion of later works.
Development
The development of Tamil prosody can be broadly broken into four stages. The first stage is predominantly indigenous, pre-Sanskritic and extra-Sanskritic. It is based on a basic metrical unit named acai which forms the basis for all the important classical metres of Tamil. The second stage (c. 600 CE) marks the influence of Sanskritic prosody on the Tamil metre and ends with the overwhelming incorporation of the akshara (syllable) and matra (mora) based metrics alongside the indigenous Tamil ones.
The third stage is marked by the gradual coming together of poetry and music starting with the use of fixed melody types (paṇ) in Shaiva and Vaishnava Bhakti texts. The stage culminates with the spread of musical forms in the 17th, 18th, and early 19th-century. The final stage appears with the introduction of free verse and prose-poetry in the early 20th century.
Basic elements
The basic prosodic unit is the asai (acai) which is composed of ezhuttu (eḷuttu), the letters of the Tamil language or more accurately, the speech sounds in Tamil. Asais are the components of the metrical foot or cīr which, in turn, are the components of the adi (aṭi), a line of poetry. Other elements include todai (toṭai, alliteration) and vannam (vaṇṇam, "rhythmic effect", lit. colour or beauty).
Metres
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Venpa
Aciriyappa
Kalippa
vanjippa
See also
Sanskrit prosody
Notes
^ Niklas 1988.
^ a b Zvelebil 1975, Appendix II, p.278.
^ Rajam 1992, pp. 40, 50–51.
References
Niklas, Ulrike (1988). "Introduction to Tamil Prosody". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 77 (1): 165–227. doi:10.3406/befeo.1988.1744. ISSN 0336-1519.
Zvelebil, K. V. (1975). Tamil literature. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004041905. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Rajam, V. S. (1992). A reference grammar of classical Tamil poetry : (150 B.C. - pre- fifth/sixth century A.D.). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 9780871691996. Retrieved 31 May 2017. | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Tolkappiyam represents the older tradition in Tamil prosody while yapparungalam and yapparungalakkarigai represent the later tradition. The prosodic structure of literary works from the Sangam era has to be analysed according to the Tolkappiyam. The rules given in Yapparungalakkarigai are used in the scansion of later works.","title":"Tamil prosody"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskritic"},{"link_name":"syllable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable"},{"link_name":"mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1975Appendix_II,_p.278-2"},{"link_name":"Shaiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaiva"},{"link_name":"Vaishnava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnava"},{"link_name":"Bhakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1975Appendix_II,_p.278-2"}],"text":"The development of Tamil prosody can be broadly broken into four stages. The first stage is predominantly indigenous, pre-Sanskritic and extra-Sanskritic. It is based on a basic metrical unit named acai which forms the basis for all the important classical metres of Tamil. The second stage (c. 600 CE) marks the influence of Sanskritic prosody on the Tamil metre and ends with the overwhelming incorporation of the akshara (syllable) and matra (mora) based metrics alongside the indigenous Tamil ones.[2]The third stage is marked by the gradual coming together of poetry and music starting with the use of fixed melody types (paṇ) in Shaiva and Vaishnava Bhakti texts. The stage culminates with the spread of musical forms in the 17th, 18th, and early 19th-century. The final stage appears with the introduction of free verse and prose-poetry in the early 20th century.[2]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prosodic unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosodic_unit"},{"link_name":"Tamil language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"metrical foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrical_foot"},{"link_name":"alliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliteration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajam199240,_50%E2%80%9351-3"}],"text":"The basic prosodic unit is the asai (acai) which is composed of ezhuttu (eḷuttu), the letters of the Tamil language or more accurately, the speech sounds in Tamil. Asais are the components of the metrical foot or cīr which, in turn, are the components of the adi (aṭi), a line of poetry. Other elements include todai (toṭai, alliteration) and vannam (vaṇṇam, \"rhythmic effect\", lit. colour or beauty).[3]","title":"Basic elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venpa"},{"link_name":"Aciriyappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aciriyappa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kalippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalippa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"vanjippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanjippa&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Venpa\nAciriyappa\nKalippa\nvanjippa","title":"Metres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiklas1988_1-0"},{"link_name":"Niklas 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNiklas1988"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1975Appendix_II,_p.278_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1975Appendix_II,_p.278_2-1"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajam199240,_50%E2%80%9351_3-0"},{"link_name":"Rajam 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRajam1992"}],"text":"^ Niklas 1988.\n\n^ a b Zvelebil 1975, Appendix II, p.278.\n\n^ Rajam 1992, pp. 40, 50–51.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Sanskrit prosody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody"}] | [{"reference":"Niklas, Ulrike (1988). \"Introduction to Tamil Prosody\". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 77 (1): 165–227. doi:10.3406/befeo.1988.1744. ISSN 0336-1519.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1988.1744","url_text":"10.3406/befeo.1988.1744"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0336-1519","url_text":"0336-1519"}]},{"reference":"Zvelebil, K. V. (1975). Tamil literature. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004041905. Retrieved 30 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil","url_text":"Zvelebil, K. V."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C","url_text":"Tamil literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004041905","url_text":"9789004041905"}]},{"reference":"Rajam, V. S. (1992). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_All_Russian_Congress_of_Trade_Unions | First All Russian Congress of Trade Unions | ["1 References"] | The First All Russian Congress of Trade Unions took place in mid-January 1918. Following the Bolshevik seizure of state power, one of the key discussions was whether the trade unions should become "organs of governmental power".
Congress declared that:
Workers' control is inseparably connected with the general system of regulation of national economy, that it is the basis of state regulation, that the unions must carry out the idea of centralized workers' control and the merging of the small controlling units into larger organs which correspond to the modern methods of production as well as the actual structure of labor organizations.
Congress further resolved that:
The trade unions must give their entire support to the policy of the Socialist Soviet Government as conducted by the Council of People's Commissars.
Nevertheless Menshevik delegates repeatedly called an independent sphere of action for the unions.
References
^ Deutscher, Isaac. "Soviet Trade Unions: Their Place in Soviet Labour Policy by Isaac Deutscher 1950". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ a b c Hewes, Amy (1923). "Trade Union Development in Soviet Russia". The American Economic Review. 13 (4): 618–637. ISSN 0002-8282. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
vteAll Russian Conferences of Trade UnionsConferences (1905-1918)
First conference (1905)
Second conference (1906)
Third conference (1917)
Fourth conference (1918)
Congresses ( from 1918)
First congress (1918)
This Russian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hewes-2"},{"link_name":"Socialist Soviet Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Council of People's Commissars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hewes-2"},{"link_name":"Menshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menshevik"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hewes-2"}],"text":"Congress declared that:Workers' control is inseparably connected with the general system of regulation of national economy, that it is the basis of state regulation, that the unions must carry out the idea of centralized workers' control and the merging of the small controlling units into larger organs which correspond to the modern methods of production as well as the actual structure of labor organizations.[2]Congress further resolved that:The trade unions must give their entire support to the policy of the Socialist Soviet Government as conducted by the Council of People's Commissars.[2]Nevertheless Menshevik delegates repeatedly called an independent sphere of action for the unions.[2]","title":"First All Russian Congress of Trade Unions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Deutscher, Isaac. \"Soviet Trade Unions: Their Place in Soviet Labour Policy by Isaac Deutscher 1950\". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 28 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/deutscher/1950/soviet-trade-unions/ch02.htm","url_text":"\"Soviet Trade Unions: Their Place in Soviet Labour Policy by Isaac Deutscher 1950\""}]},{"reference":"Hewes, Amy (1923). \"Trade Union Development in Soviet Russia\". The American Economic Review. 13 (4): 618–637. ISSN 0002-8282. Retrieved 20 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1803875","url_text":"\"Trade Union Development in Soviet Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282","url_text":"0002-8282"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/deutscher/1950/soviet-trade-unions/ch02.htm","external_links_name":"\"Soviet Trade Unions: Their Place in Soviet Labour Policy by Isaac Deutscher 1950\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1803875","external_links_name":"\"Trade Union Development in Soviet Russia\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282","external_links_name":"0002-8282"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_All_Russian_Congress_of_Trade_Unions&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrina_luteoculcitella | Clathrina luteoculcitella | ["1 Description","2 References"] | Species of sponge
Clathrina luteoculcitella
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Porifera
Class:
Calcarea
Order:
Clathrinida
Family:
Clathrinidae
Genus:
Clathrina
Species:
C. luteoculcitella
Binomial name
Clathrina luteoculcitellaWörheide & Hooper, 1999
Clathrina luteoculcitella is a species of calcareous sponge from Australia. The species name means "yellow pillow" and refers to the appearance of the cormus.
Description
Holotype massive yet delicate. The cormus has folds and is formed of thin, irregular and tightly anastomosed tubes. However, in the interior, tubes are loosely anastomosed. Oscula are simple apertures surrounded by a thin membrane. There are no water-collecting tubes. The skeleton comprises equiangular and equiradiate triactines and diactines. The actines of the triactines are conical, slightly undulated and sharp. Diactines are straight and one of the tips is thicker than the other one. They are found perpendicular to the surface of all tubes (not just the external tubes) and the largest tip penetrates the cormus. The mesohyl is full of bacteria.
References
^ Klautau, Michelle; Valentine, Clare (2003). "Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 139 (1): 1–62. doi:10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x.
World Register of Marine Species entry
Taxon identifiersClathrina luteoculcitella
Wikidata: Q3521840
Wikispecies: Clathrina luteoculcitella
CoL: 5YXPX
EoL: 130722
GBIF: 5180478
IRMNG: 10818213
NCBI: 365357
OBIS: 164672
Open Tree of Life: 317780
WoRMS: 164672
This article about a calcareous sponge is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"calcareous sponge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous_sponge"},{"link_name":"cormus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormus"}],"text":"Clathrina luteoculcitella is a species of calcareous sponge from Australia. The species name means \"yellow pillow\" and refers to the appearance of the cormus.","title":"Clathrina luteoculcitella"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Holotype massive yet delicate. The cormus has folds and is formed of thin, irregular and tightly anastomosed tubes. However, in the interior, tubes are loosely anastomosed. Oscula are simple apertures surrounded by a thin membrane. There are no water-collecting tubes. The skeleton comprises equiangular and equiradiate triactines and diactines. The actines of the triactines are conical, slightly undulated and sharp. Diactines are straight and one of the tips is thicker than the other one. They are found perpendicular to the surface of all tubes (not just the external tubes) and the largest tip penetrates the cormus. The mesohyl is full of bacteria.[1]","title":"Description"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Klautau, Michelle; Valentine, Clare (2003). \"Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea)\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 139 (1): 1–62. doi:10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0024-4082.2003.00063.x","url_text":"\"Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0024-4082.2003.00063.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0024-4082.2003.00063.x","external_links_name":"\"Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0024-4082.2003.00063.x","external_links_name":"10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=164672/","external_links_name":"World Register of Marine Species entry"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5YXPX","external_links_name":"5YXPX"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/130722","external_links_name":"130722"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5180478","external_links_name":"5180478"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10818213","external_links_name":"10818213"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=365357","external_links_name":"365357"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/164672","external_links_name":"164672"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=317780","external_links_name":"317780"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=164672","external_links_name":"164672"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clathrina_luteoculcitella&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Bypass | Kingston Bypass | ["1 Route description","2 History","2.1 Design","2.2 Construction","3 Intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | For the original road passing Kingston-on-Thames in England, see A3_road § Greater_London.
Kingston BypassTasmaniaThe Kingston Bypass, prior to being opened to traffic.General informationTypeHighwayLength2.8 km (1.7 mi)Opened2011Route number(s) B68Major junctionsNorth end
Southern Outlet (A6)
Huon Highway (A6)
(Kingston Interchange) Summerleas RoadSouth end
Channel Highway (B68)
Algona Road
Location(s)RegionHobartMajor suburbsKingstonHighway system
Highways in Australia
National Highway • Freeways in Australia
Highways in Tasmania
The Kingston Bypass is a A$41 million, 2.8-kilometre-long (1.7 mi) highway bypassing the southern Hobart community of Kingston, Tasmania. The proposal of a bypass was originally published in the Hobart Area Transportation Study during 1965. The bypass was completed in 2011, after the need to such a road was realised several years earlier when the Channel Highway reached an 18,000 AADT.
Construction of the Bypass was made possible by an A$15 million pledge for the project, made by the Australian Labor Party during the 2007 federal election campaign. During construction total cost of the bypass blew out from the original estimate of $30 million to over $41 million.
Route description
The Kingston Bypass begins at the Kingston Interchange, which connects the Southern Outlet with the Huon Highway. The bypass heads south-west, crossing Whitewater Creek after 300 metres (0.19 mi). The ramps for the Summerleas Road four-ramp parclo interchange are spread out over the next 800 metres (0.50 mi). The interchange also provides access to the bypassed section of Channel Highway, which runs through development to the east. The Kingston Bypass continues south-west for another one kilometre (0.62 mi), before passing under Spring Farm Road and curving around to meet Channel Highway and Algona Road at a large roundabout, 500 metres (0.31 mi) further south.
The bypass is a dual carriageway around the Summerleas Road interchange, and a single carriageway elsewhere. It is the northern section of the B68 road route, which continues south along Channel Highway, and has a posted speed limit of 80 km/h (50 mph).
History
The bypass was originally proposed in the Hobart's Transportation study of 1965. This study recommended the development of the Southern Outlet as the primary access route to Kingston and Huonville. The study also recommended that as part of the Southern Outlet, a bypass of Kingston be provided and that the future road connection should be provided between the Channel Highway south of Kingston and Blackmans Bay.
The Southern Outlet opened to traffic in 1968. In the absence of a Kingston Bypass, the Southern Outlet's southern Terminus was the Kingston Interchange. In 1983, a bypass corridor for the future Channel Highway was proclaimed west of the existing Alignment. In 1986 Algona Road was opened as a 2 lane road. Algona Road was constructed for a task such as connecting Kingston Bypass to Blackmans Bay and has available space dedicated for a second carriageway. The proclaimed bypass corridor runs from the Algona Road/Channel Highway Junction to the Kingston Interchange.
Additionally in 1986, a Bypass of the Kingston CBD was provided by construction of a link road between the Kingston Interchange and Summerleas Road.
Design
Kingston Bypass construction site
The location of corridor proclamation was influenced by the Hobart Area Transportation Study. The transport corridor for the bypass is situated to the west of the Channel Highway's old alignment. Acquisition of the land required for the Bypass was commenced in 1983. Due to the realisation that extra land was required to facilitate a grade separated interchange at Summerleas Road. The northern terminus of the bypass is south of the Kingston Interchange and located on the western side of the existing Channel Highway. The southern terminus of the bypass shares a new roundabout with Algona Road. The roundabout is the largest in Tasmania. The roundabout has been designed to allow for the construction of a grade separated interchange when so needed. This essentially means that a sixth leg to the roundabout will be built with two of the current approaches becoming one-way. To allow for the future duplication of the Highway and provide an alignment consistent with the connecting Southern Outlet, the geometric alignment of the Bypass has been designed for a 100 km/h (62 mph) speed limit. The posted speed limit on the bypass is currently 80 km/h (50 mph).
Construction
Work Commenced on the Kingston Bypass in February, 2010. In March, 2010, several elected members of local government expressed concern the Project was stalling, after the apparent lack of construction work taking place the preceding month. in July, 2010, five thousand Aboriginal artefacts were found on the proposed route of the Kingston bypass, in the area immediately south of Algona Road This discovery included scarred stones, which were used to make tools, and stone blades and flakes. A stone quarry was also found. The Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources and the Tasmanian Aboriginal came to an agreement that the Highway's alignment in that area would be shifted slightly to allow for preservation of the site. The southbound lane of the bypass was opened for 5 days starting 21 November 2011, as a temporary diversion to enable work to be completed on the on and off-ramps of the south-bound lanes of the bypass.
The project is currently ahead of schedule and is expected to be completed by late 2011.
Intersections
The entire highway is in the Kingborough Council local government area.
LocationkmmiDestinationsNotes
Kingston00.0 Southern Outlet (A6) / Huon Highway (A6) – Hobart, Huonville, KingstonNorthern highway terminus at Kingston Interchange, continues north as Southern Outlet; no access to Huon Highway from Kingston Bypass northbound
0.3–1.10.19–0.68Summerleas Road to Channel Highway – Huonville, KingstonInterchange
2.61.6 Channel Highway (B68 south) / Algona Road east – Kingston, Blackmans Bay, Margate, Snug, KetteringSouthern highway terminus at roundabout
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Incomplete access
See also
Australian Roads portal
Transport in Hobart
Hobart Area Transportation Study
Southern Outlet
Channel Highway
Algona Road
References
^ a b c Hobart Area Transportation Study. Hobart, Tasmania: Wilbur Smith and Associates. 1965.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Kingston & Environs Transport Study" (PDF). Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2007.
^ a b c "Kingston Bypass bill rockets". The Mercury. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
^ a b "Kingston Bypass - Construction Milestone Celebrated". AEOL. 2011. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
^ a b c d Google (8 May 2014). "Kingston Bypass" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ a b c d e f g "Channel Highway, Kingston Bypass" (PDF). Government of Tasmania. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
^ a b "Tas residents call for Kingston bypass funding". FullyLoaded.com.au. 2004. Archived from the original on 21 August 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2007.
^ "Kingston bypass work begins". The Mercury. 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
^ "Bypass Start Stalls". The Mercury. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
^ "Artefacts found at Kingston bypass". ABC News. 2010. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
^ a b "Protest threat over bypass find". The Mercury. 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
^ "First cars on Kingston bypass". The Mercury. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
^ "Kingston bypass opens". The Mercury. 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
^ "David O'Byrne Meets with Bypass Action Group". David O'Byrne. 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kingston Bypass.
Project Website
Project Map
vte Road infrastructure in Greater HobartHighways
Brooker Highway
Channel Highway (Kingston Bypass)
Domain Highway
East Derwent Highway
Huon Highway
Lyell Highway
Midland Highway (Brighton Bypass)
South Arm Highway
Southern Outlet
Tasman Highway
Major roads
Algona Road
Davey Street
Goodwood Road
Macquarie Street
Rosny Hill Road
Sandy Bay Road
Bridges
Bowen Bridge
Bridgewater Bridge
Jordan River Bridge
McGees Bridge
Sorell Causeway
Tasman Bridge
Interchanges
Kingston Interchange
Lindisfarne Interchange
Proposals
Bagdad Bypass
Eastern Ring Road
Hobart Area Transportation Study
Hobart Bypass
Rokeby Bypass
Southern Transport Investment Program
Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources
Highways in Hobart
Transport in Hobart | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A3_road § Greater_London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A3_road#Greater_London"},{"link_name":"bypassing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_(road)"},{"link_name":"Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Hobart Area Transportation Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Area_Transportation_Study"},{"link_name":"Channel Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Highway"},{"link_name":"AADT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_average_daily_traffic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dier-2"},{"link_name":"Australian Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"2007 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overpriced-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-david-4"}],"text":"For the original road passing Kingston-on-Thames in England, see A3_road § Greater_London.The Kingston Bypass is a A$41 million, 2.8-kilometre-long (1.7 mi) highway bypassing the southern Hobart community of Kingston, Tasmania. The proposal of a bypass was originally published in the Hobart Area Transportation Study during 1965. The bypass was completed in 2011, after the need to such a road was realised several years earlier when the Channel Highway reached an 18,000 AADT.[1][2] \nConstruction of the Bypass was made possible by an A$15 million pledge for the project, made by the Australian Labor Party during the 2007 federal election campaign. During construction total cost of the bypass blew out from the original estimate of $30 million to over $41 million.[3][4]","title":"Kingston Bypass"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingston Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Southern Outlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Outlet,_Hobart"},{"link_name":"Huon Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huon_Highway"},{"link_name":"parclo interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parclo_interchange"},{"link_name":"Channel Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Highway"},{"link_name":"Algona Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algona_Road"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-5"},{"link_name":"dual carriageway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriageway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-5"},{"link_name":"B68 road route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_road_routes_in_Tasmania#B68"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parliament-6"}],"text":"The Kingston Bypass begins at the Kingston Interchange, which connects the Southern Outlet with the Huon Highway. The bypass heads south-west, crossing Whitewater Creek after 300 metres (0.19 mi). The ramps for the Summerleas Road four-ramp parclo interchange are spread out over the next 800 metres (0.50 mi). The interchange also provides access to the bypassed section of Channel Highway, which runs through development to the east. The Kingston Bypass continues south-west for another one kilometre (0.62 mi), before passing under Spring Farm Road and curving around to meet Channel Highway and Algona Road at a large roundabout, 500 metres (0.31 mi) further south.[5]The bypass is a dual carriageway around the Summerleas Road interchange, and a single carriageway elsewhere.[5] It is the northern section of the B68 road route, which continues south along Channel Highway,[5] and has a posted speed limit of 80 km/h (50 mph).[6]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hobart's Transportation study of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Area_Transportation_Study"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study1-1"},{"link_name":"Southern Outlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Outlet,_Hobart"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Huonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huonville,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study1-1"},{"link_name":"Channel Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Highway"},{"link_name":"Blackmans Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmans_Bay,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dier-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dier-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dier-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parliament-6"},{"link_name":"Algona Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algona_Road"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dier-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dier-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loaded-7"},{"link_name":"Kingston Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Interchange"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dier-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loaded-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dier-2"}],"text":"The bypass was originally proposed in the Hobart's Transportation study of 1965.[1] This study recommended the development of the Southern Outlet as the primary access route to Kingston and Huonville.[1] The study also recommended that as part of the Southern Outlet, a bypass of Kingston be provided and that the future road connection should be provided between the Channel Highway south of Kingston and Blackmans Bay.[2]The Southern Outlet opened to traffic in 1968. In the absence of a Kingston Bypass, the Southern Outlet's southern Terminus was the Kingston Interchange.[2] In 1983, a bypass corridor for the future Channel Highway was proclaimed west of the existing Alignment.[2][6] In 1986 Algona Road was opened as a 2 lane road.[2] Algona Road was constructed for a task such as connecting Kingston Bypass to Blackmans Bay and has available space dedicated for a second carriageway.[2][7] The proclaimed bypass corridor runs from the Algona Road/Channel Highway Junction to the Kingston Interchange.[2][7]\nAdditionally in 1986, a Bypass of the Kingston CBD was provided by construction of a link road between the Kingston Interchange and Summerleas Road.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kingston_Bypass_construction_site.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hobart Area Transportation Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Area_Transportation_Study"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dier-2"},{"link_name":"interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_(road)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dier-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parliament-6"},{"link_name":"Kingston Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Algona Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algona_Road"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parliament-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parliament-6"},{"link_name":"one-way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_traffic"},{"link_name":"geometric alignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_engineering#Geometric_Design"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parliament-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parliament-6"}],"sub_title":"Design","text":"Kingston Bypass construction siteThe location of corridor proclamation was influenced by the Hobart Area Transportation Study.[2] The transport corridor for the bypass is situated to the west of the Channel Highway's old alignment. Acquisition of the land required for the Bypass was commenced in 1983. Due to the realisation that extra land was required to facilitate a grade separated interchange at Summerleas Road.[2][6] The northern terminus of the bypass is south of the Kingston Interchange and located on the western side of the existing Channel Highway. The southern terminus of the bypass shares a new roundabout with Algona Road.[6] The roundabout is the largest in Tasmania.[6] The roundabout has been designed to allow for the construction of a grade separated interchange when so needed. This essentially means that a sixth leg to the roundabout will be built with two of the current approaches becoming one-way. To allow for the future duplication of the Highway and provide an alignment consistent with the connecting Southern Outlet, the geometric alignment of the Bypass has been designed for a 100 km/h (62 mph) speed limit.[6] The posted speed limit on the bypass is currently 80 km/h (50 mph).[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overpriced-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-protest-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-protest-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_ramp"},{"link_name":"off-ramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_ramp"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overpriced-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-david-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"Work Commenced on the Kingston Bypass in February, 2010.[8] In March, 2010, several elected members of local government expressed concern the Project was stalling, after the apparent lack of construction work taking place the preceding month.[9] in July, 2010, five thousand Aboriginal artefacts were found on the proposed route of the Kingston bypass,[3] in the area immediately south of Algona Road[10][11] This discovery included scarred stones, which were used to make tools, and stone blades and flakes. A stone quarry was also found.[11] The Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources and the Tasmanian Aboriginal came to an agreement that the Highway's alignment in that area would be shifted slightly to allow for preservation of the site.[12] The southbound lane of the bypass was opened for 5 days starting 21 November 2011, as a temporary diversion to enable work to be completed on the on and off-ramps of the south-bound lanes of the bypass.[13]\nThe project is currently ahead of schedule and is expected to be completed by late 2011.[3][4][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingborough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingborough_Council"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia"}],"text":"The entire highway is in the Kingborough Council local government area.","title":"Intersections"}] | [{"image_text":"Kingston Bypass construction site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kingston_Bypass_construction_site.jpg/220px-Kingston_Bypass_construction_site.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australia_road_sign_W5-29.svg"},{"title":"Australian Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australian_Roads"},{"title":"Transport in Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Hobart"},{"title":"Hobart Area Transportation Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Area_Transportation_Study"},{"title":"Southern Outlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Outlet,_Hobart"},{"title":"Channel Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Highway"},{"title":"Algona Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algona_Road"}] | [{"reference":"Hobart Area Transportation Study. Hobart, Tasmania: Wilbur Smith and Associates. 1965.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart","url_text":"Hobart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania","url_text":"Tasmania"}]},{"reference":"\"Kingston & Environs Transport Study\" (PDF). Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dier.tas.gov.au/documents/publications_and_strategies/transport_infrastructure/Kingston_Environs_Transport_Study.pdf","url_text":"\"Kingston & Environs Transport Study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Infrastructure,_Energy_and_Resources","url_text":"Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140510035025/http://www.dier.tas.gov.au/documents/publications_and_strategies/transport_infrastructure/Kingston_Environs_Transport_Study.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kingston Bypass bill rockets\". The Mercury. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140510041152/http://prelive.themercury.com.au/article/2011/02/17/207741_tasmania-news.html","url_text":"\"Kingston Bypass bill rockets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mercury_(Hobart)","url_text":"The Mercury"},{"url":"http://www.themercury.com.au/article/2011/02/17/207741_tasmania-news.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kingston Bypass - Construction Milestone Celebrated\". AEOL. 2011. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aeol.com.au/databases/news/kingston_bypass_construction.htm","url_text":"\"Kingston Bypass - Construction Milestone Celebrated\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130515092800/http://www.aeol.com.au/databases/news/kingston_bypass_construction.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Google (8 May 2014). \"Kingston Bypass\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. 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Retrieved 13 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/ctee/REPORTS/Kingston%20Bypass.pdf","url_text":"\"Channel Highway, Kingston Bypass\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Tasmania","url_text":"Government of Tasmania"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130423202622/http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/ctee/REPORTS/Kingston%20Bypass.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tas residents call for Kingston bypass funding\". FullyLoaded.com.au. 2004. Archived from the original on 21 August 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060821022714/http://www.tta.org.au/domino/TTA/NEWS2004.nsf/2004-10-13-Kingston%21OpenPage","url_text":"\"Tas residents call for Kingston bypass funding\""},{"url":"http://www.tta.org.au/domino/TTA/NEWS2004.nsf/2004-10-13-Kingston!OpenPage","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kingston bypass work begins\". The Mercury. 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Borromeo | Leah Borromeo | ["1 Career","1.1 The Cotton Film","2 Controversies","3 References"] | British journalist and filmmaker
Leah BorromeoNationalityBritishCitizenshipUSAEducationDecatur Classical School, Kenwood Academy, Chicago Academy for the ArtsAlma materGoldsmiths' College, University of LondonOccupation(s)Journalist, filmmakerKnown forDocumentary, journalismNotable workThe Mortician of ManilaWebsitedisobedientfilms.com
Leah Borromeo is a British-American journalist and filmmaker based in London, who is most known for documenting social issues. Borromeo directed the Oscar-longlisted "The Mortician of Manila" for Al Jazeera English about a man who runs a 24-hr mortuary during Filipino President Rodrigo Duterte's so-called "war on drugs". Borromeo has also directed the unreleased documentary The Cotton Film: Dirty White Gold., which is a comprehensive document of the cotton supply chain from "seed to shop" that explores fashion manufacturing to merchandising and end of life use through the lens of farmer suicides.
Career
Borromeo has written a column on sustainability and ethics for The Guardian. She has also made a series of short films on arts activism for Channel 4’s Random Acts and hosted Resonance FM’s The Left Bank Show. Borromeo has worked with Peter Kennard on several projects after she interviewed him for a book Beyond The Street. They have also worked together on several films on Syrian Crises.
In 2014, Borromeo directed the interactive film London Recruits, which highlights direct actions young Londoners in the 1960s and 1970s took against the apartheid regime in South Africa. Borromeo has also written and filmed for the Index on Censorship, The British Journal of Photography, Amnesty International, Sky News and Greenpeace.
Borromeo had a regular slot presenting arts and culture on Tariq Ali's show for TeleSUR English.
The Cotton Film
In 2013, Borromeo started working on The Cotton Film: Dirty White Gold, which documents the epidemic of suicides amongst cotton farmers in India. The movie has two parallel narratives: one about the stories of two widows and a farmer, and then alongside that the story of a burgeoning movement, of activism within the fashion industry in the West. Borromeo started working on the movie after she went on a self-funded junket with a clothing brand to check out their supply chain for an article she was writing in 2009. While researching the article, she came across farmer suicides. She took the idea of making a film to Dartmouth Films and crowdfunded the film's production and trailer. Subsequently she used the trailer to spread the film's campaign message of supply chain transparency across the whole fashion industry.
Toronto Star called Borromeo "ballsy" and wrote that "Borromeo, in her mission to make ethics and sustainability in the fashion industry a norm, speaks to widows and pesticide peddlers to uncover the harsh truth that has been blanketing the cotton farmers in India." and Ecouterre wrote that " follows the life of cotton from seed to store, tracing who it touches and how their live are effected. The film uncovers the real truth behind cotton, and the utter importance of buying sustainable fashion."
Controversies
While Borromeo was protesting in a G20 campaign, she was charged with ten others on two counts of impersonating a police officer. She was following a group called Space Hijackers, who were travelling in an armoured personnel carrier adorned with toy machine guns. Borromeo later quipped that if she was guilty of impersonating anyone, it would be a stripper and not a police officer as she was wearing a boiler suit rolled down to the waist to reveal a black bra.
References
^ a b "Against 'Oh-Dearism': An Interview With Leah Borromeo". Urban Times. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ a b "Your Clothes Are Making Indian Cotton Farmers Commit Suicide". Vice. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ a b c "Peter Kennard and Leah Borromeo on the Making of The Cotton Film: Dirty White Gold". Royal College of Arts. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ "INTERACTIVE FILM HIGHLIGHTS THE SECRET MISSIONS CARRIED OUT BY LONDONERS AGAINST THE APARTHEID REGIME IN SOUTH AFRICA". iDocs. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
^ "Farmer Suicides and the Fashion Industry". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ "Dirty White Gold – Leah Borromeo on her Indian Cotton Fields Documentary". Flux Magazine. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ "Innerwear brand Nukleus' take on cotton". The Star. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ "Fund "Dirty White Gold," a Film That Exposes Cotton Farming's Dark Side". Eccouterre. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ "G20 'April fool's joke' leads to prosecution for impersonating police". The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ "G20 bra girl charged for posing as a police officer". The Standard. Retrieved 16 March 2015. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"\"The Mortician of Manila\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aljazeera.com/program/witness/2020/9/20/the-mortician-of-manila-inside-the-philippines-war-on-drugs"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Duterte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte"},{"link_name":"farmer suicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_suicides"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UT-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VICE-2"}],"text":"Leah Borromeo is a British-American journalist and filmmaker based in London, who is most known for documenting social issues. 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She has also made a series of short films on arts activism for Channel 4’s Random Acts and hosted Resonance FM’s The Left Bank Show.[2] Borromeo has worked with Peter Kennard on several projects after she interviewed him for a book Beyond The Street. They have also worked together on several films on Syrian Crises.[3]In 2014, Borromeo directed the interactive film London Recruits, which highlights direct actions young Londoners in the 1960s and 1970s took against the apartheid regime in South Africa.[4] Borromeo has also written and filmed for the Index on Censorship, The British Journal of Photography, Amnesty International, Sky News and Greenpeace.[3]Borromeo had a regular slot presenting arts and culture on Tariq Ali's show for TeleSUR English.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UT-1"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dartmouth_Films&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCA-3"},{"link_name":"Toronto Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"The Cotton Film","text":"In 2013, Borromeo started working on The Cotton Film: Dirty White Gold, which documents the epidemic of suicides amongst cotton farmers in India.[5] The movie has two parallel narratives: one about the stories of two widows and a farmer, and then alongside that the story of a burgeoning movement, of activism within the fashion industry in the West.[1] Borromeo started working on the movie after she went on a self-funded junket with a clothing brand to check out their supply chain for an article she was writing in 2009. While researching the article, she came across farmer suicides. She took the idea of making a film to Dartmouth Films and crowdfunded the film's production and trailer.[6] Subsequently she used the trailer to spread the film's campaign message of supply chain transparency across the whole fashion industry.[3]Toronto Star called Borromeo \"ballsy\" and wrote that \"Borromeo, in her mission to make ethics and sustainability in the fashion industry a norm, speaks to widows and pesticide peddlers to uncover the harsh truth that has been blanketing the cotton farmers in India.\"[7] and Ecouterre wrote that \"[the movie] follows the life of cotton from seed to store, tracing who it touches and how their live are effected. The film uncovers the real truth behind cotton, and the utter importance of buying sustainable fashion.\"[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G20 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_G-20_London_summit_protests"},{"link_name":"Space Hijackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Hijackers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"While Borromeo was protesting in a G20 campaign, she was charged with ten others on two counts of impersonating a police officer. She was following a group called Space Hijackers, who were travelling in an armoured personnel carrier adorned with toy machine guns.[9] Borromeo later quipped that if she was guilty of impersonating anyone, it would be a stripper and not a police officer as she was wearing a boiler suit rolled down to the waist to reveal a black bra.[10]","title":"Controversies"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Against 'Oh-Dearism': An Interview With Leah Borromeo\". Urban Times. Retrieved 16 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://urbantimes.co/2012/11/against-oh-dearism-an-interview-with-leah-borromeo/","url_text":"\"Against 'Oh-Dearism': An Interview With Leah Borromeo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Your Clothes Are Making Indian Cotton Farmers Commit Suicide\". Vice. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Adrien_Helvetius | Claude Adrien Helvétius | ["1 Life","2 Philosophy","2.1 De l'esprit and its reception","2.2 Psychological egoism","2.3 Natural equality of intelligences","2.4 Omnipotence of education","2.5 Influence","2.6 Criticism","3 Poetry","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 External links"] | French philosopher (1715–1771)
For other uses, see Helvetius (disambiguation).
Claude Adrien HelvétiusBorn(1715-01-26)26 January 1715Paris, FranceDied26 December 1771(1771-12-26) (aged 56)Paris, FranceEra18th-century philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolUtilitarianismFrench materialismSensualismMain interestsEthics · Political philosophy
Claude Adrien Helvétius (/hɛlˈviːʃəs/; French: ; 26 January 1715 – 26 December 1771) was a French philosopher, freemason and littérateur.
Life
Claude Adrien Helvétius was born in Paris, France, and was descended from a family of physicians, originally surnamed Schweitzer (meaning "Swiss" in German; Latinized as Helvétius). His great-grandfather Johann Friedrich Schweitzer known as "Helvetius", was a Dutch physician and alchemist, of German extraction. His grandfather Adriaan Helvetius introduced the use of ipecacuanha; his father Jean Claude Adrien Helvétius was first physician to Marie Leszczyńska, queen of France. Claude Adrien was trained for a financial career, apprenticed to his maternal uncle in Caen, but he occupied his spare time with poetry. Aged twenty-three, at the queen's request, he was appointed as a farmer-general, a tax-collecting post worth 100,000 crowns a year. Thus provided for, he proceeded to enjoy life to the utmost, with the help of his wealth and liberality, his literary and artistic tastes - he attended, for example, the progressive Club de l'Entresol. As he grew older, he began to seek more lasting distinctions, stimulated by the success of Pierre Louis Maupertuis as a mathematician, of Voltaire as a poet, and of Montesquieu as a philosopher. His wife, Anne-Catherine de Ligniville, Madame Helvétius, maintained a salon attended by the leading figures of the Enlightenment for over five decades.
In 1758 Helvétius published his philosophical magnum opus, a work called De l'esprit (On Mind), which claimed that all human faculties are attributes of mere physical sensation, and that the only real motive is self-interest, therefore there is no good and evil, only competitive pleasures. Its atheistic, utilitarian and egalitarian doctrines raised a public outcry, and the Sorbonne publicly burned it in 1759, forcing Helvétius to issue several retractions.
Château de Voré (Collines des Perches, Loir-et-Cher)
In 1764 Helvétius visited England, and the next year, at the invitation of Frederick II, went to Berlin, where the king paid him much attention.
After 10 years, when he thought his fortune sufficient, he gave up the post of farmer-general, and retired to a country estate in France, where he employed his fortune in the relief of the poor, the encouragement of agriculture and the development of industries. For this he won the admiration of many of the philosophers.
Helvétius was one of several French philosophes who spent time at the court of Frederick the Great of Prussia (depicted above)
Helvétius' family lived alternately on Château de Voré (Collines des Perches, Loir-et-Cher) and their Parisian townhouse at the rue Sainte-Anne.
Religiously, Helvétius was a Deist, albeit a "most indifferent" one.
He died in Paris on December 26, 1771.
A work found in his papers called De l'homme, de ses facultés intellectuelles et de son éducation (On Man), was published in 1773.
Philosophy
De l'esprit and its reception
Helvétius' philosophical studies ended in the production of his famous book De l'esprit (On Mind). It was first published in 1758 and was intended to be the rival of Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws, with Helvétius arguing strongly against Montesquieu's theory that climate influenced the character of nations.
The work attracted immediate attention and aroused the most formidable opposition, especially from the dauphin Louis, son of King Louis XV. The Advocate General Joly de Fleury condemned it in the Parlement of Paris in January 1759. The Sorbonne condemned the book, while the priests persuaded the court that it was full of the most dangerous doctrines. The book was declared to be heretical – so atheistic that it was condemned by Church and State and was burned. Helvétius, terrified at the storm he had raised, wrote three separate and humiliating retractions. In spite of his protestations of orthodoxy, the book was publicly burned by the Paris hangman.
It had far-reaching negative effects on the rest of the philosophes, in particular, Denis Diderot, and the work he was doing on the Encyclopédie. The religious authorities, particularly the Jesuits and the new Pope, began to fear the spread of atheism and wanted to clamp down on the 'modern thought' hard and quickly. De l'esprit became almost a scapegoat for this.
Cover page of a 1759 English translation of De l'Esprit
This great publicity resulted in the book being translated into almost all the languages of Europe. Voltaire said that it lacked originality. Rousseau declared that the very benevolence of the author gave the lie to his principles. Grimm thought that all the ideas in the book were borrowed from Diderot. Madame du Deffand felt that Helvétius had raised such a storm by saying openly what everyone thought in secret. Madame de Graffigny claimed that all the good things in the book had been picked up in her own salon.
Psychological egoism
Further information: Psychological egoism
Helvétius' philosophy belongs to the Egoist school:
All man's faculties may be reduced to physical sensation, even memory, comparison, judgment. Our only difference from the lower animals lies in our external organization.
Self-interest, founded on the love of pleasure and the fear of pain, is the sole spring of judgment, action, and affection. Human beings are motivated solely by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. "These two," he says, "are, and always will be, the only principles of action in man." Self-sacrifice is prompted by the fact that the sensation of pleasure outweighs the accompanying pain and is thus the result of deliberate calculation.
We have no freedom of choice between good and evil. There is no such thing as absolute right – ideas of justice and injustice change according to customs.
This view of man was largely Hobbesian – man is a system deterministically controllable by a suitable combination of reward and punishment, and the ends of government are to ensure the maximization of pleasure.
Natural equality of intelligences
Further information: Tabula rasa
"All men," Helvétius maintained, "have an equal disposition for understanding." As one of the French Enlightenment's many Lockean disciples, he regarded the human mind as a blank slate, but free not only from innate ideas but also from innate natural dispositions and propensities. Physiological constitution was at most a peripheral factor in men's characters or capabilities. Any apparent inequalities were independent of natural organization, and had their cause in the unequal desire for instruction. This desire springs from passions, of which all men commonly well organized are susceptible to the same degree. We thus owe everything to education. Social engineering is therefore an enterprise unconstrained by the natural abilities of men.
This natural equality applied to all men in all nations, and thus the differences in national characteristics were not the result of innate differences between the people therein, but rather a byproduct of the system of education and government. "No nation," wrote Helvétius, "has reason to regard itself superior to others by virtue of its innate endowment."
This radically egalitarian aspect of Helvétius' philosophy caused Diderot to remark that if it were true, De l'esprit might just as well have been written by Helvétius' dog keeper.
Omnipotence of education
Further information: Nature versus nurture
Since all men have the same natural potential, Helvétius argued, they all have the same ability to learn. Thus, education is the method by which to reform society, and there are few limits to the drastic social improvements that could be brought about by the appropriate distribution of education. Although people seem to possess certain qualities in greater abundance than their neighbours, the explanation for this comes 'from above' – it is caused by education, law and government. "If we commonly meet in London, with knowing men, who are with much more difficulty found in France," this is because it is a country where "every citizen has a share in the management of affairs in general." "The art of forming men," he concludes, "is in all countries strictly connected to the form of the government", and thus education via governmental intervention is the method of reform.
The crux of his thought was that public ethics has a utilitarian basis, and he insisted strongly on the importance of culture and education in national development. His thinking can be described as unsystematic.
Influence
The original ideas in his system are those of the natural equality of intelligences and the omnipotence of education, neither of which gained general acceptance, though both were prominent in the system of John Stuart Mill. Cesare Beccaria states that he was largely inspired by Helvétius in his attempt to modify penal laws. Helvétius also exerted some influence on the utilitarian Jeremy Bentham.
The materialistic aspects of Helvétius, along with Baron d'Holbach, had an influence on Karl Marx, the theorist of historical materialism and communism, who studied the ideas of Helvétius in Paris and later called the materialism of Helvétius and d'Holbach "the social basis of communism".
Criticism
German philosopher Johann Georg Hamann vigorously opposed Helvétius's rationalistic doctrines.
British philosopher Isaiah Berlin listed Helvétius, along with Hegel, Fichte, Rousseau, Saint-Simon and Maistre as one of the six "enemies of freedom" who constituted the ideological basis for modern authoritarianism, in his book Freedom and Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty.
Poetry
His poetic ambitions resulted in the poem called Le Bonheur (published posthumously, with an account of Helvétius's life and works, by Jean François de Saint-Lambert, 1773), in which he develops the idea that true happiness is only to be found in making the interest of one person that of all.
Bibliography
A work called De l'homme, de ses facultés intellectuelles et de son éducation, found among his manuscripts, was published after his death. There is a complete edition of the works of Helvétius, published at Paris, 1818.
For an estimate of his work and his place among the philosophers of the 18th century see Victor Cousin's Philosophie sensualiste (1863); PL Lezaud, Résumés philosophiques (1853); FD Maurice, in his Modern Philosophy (1862), pp. 537 seq.; J Morley, Diderot and the Encyclopaedists (London, 1878); DG Mostratos, Die Pädagogik des Helvétius (Berlin, 1891); A Guillois, Le Salon de Madame Helvétius (1894); A Piazzi, Le idee filosofiche specialmente pedagogiche de C. A. Helvétius (Milan, 1889); Georgi Plekhanov, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Materialismus (Stuttgart, 1896); L Limentani, Le teorie psicologiche de C. A. Helvétius (Verona, 1902); A Keim, Helvétius, sa vie et son œuvre (1907); Isaiah Berlin, "Helvétius" in Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Liberty, ed. Henry Hardy, (Oxford, 2002), pp. 11–26.
References
^ "Helvétius". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^ Ian Cumming, Helvetius: His Life and Place in the History of Educational Thought, Routledge, 2013, p. 7.
^ Ian Cumming, Helvetius: His Life and Place in the History of Educational Thought, Routledge, 2013, pp. 115–132.
^ Helvetius, Adriaan in Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden, vol 8, (1867), p. 509.
^ a b Helvetius: A Study in Persecution by David Warner Smith, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1965.
^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911, p. 254.
^ Duzer, Charles Hunter Van (1935). Contribution of the Ideologues to French Revolutionary Thought. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-598-51150-8. Helvetius himself was a Deist – a most indifferent Deist
^ Chisholm 1911.
^ Helvétius, Claude Adrien, Treatise on Man: His Intellectual Faculties and his Education, transl. W. Hooper, M. D., (London: Albion Press, 1810), p. 146
^ Helvétius, Claude Adrien, De l'esprit or, Essays on the Mind, and Its Several Faculties, (London: 1759), p. 286
^ Helvétius, De l'esprit, p. 21
^ Helvétius, De l'esprit, p. 100.
^ Helvétius, De l'esprit, p. 325
^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 254–255.
^ Mehring, Franz, Karl Marx: The Story of His Life (Routledge, 2003) pg. 75
^ Robert Alan Sparling, Johann Georg Hamann and the Enlightenment Project, University of Toronto Press, 2011, p. 34.
^ Berlin, Isaiah, Freedom and Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty (Princeton University Press, 2003)
^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 255.
Attribution:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Helvétius, Claude Adrien". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 254–255.
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A Treatise on Man: His Intellectual Faculties & His Education by Helvétius - English translation by W. Hooper, 1777, Google Books
De l'Esprit, or Essays on the Mind and Its Several Faculties by Helvétius - English translation by William Mudford, 1807, Google Books
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helvetius (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetius_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/hɛlˈviːʃəs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[klod adʁijɛ̃ ɛlvesjys]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"link_name":"freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"littérateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rateur"}],"text":"For other uses, see Helvetius (disambiguation).Claude Adrien Helvétius (/hɛlˈviːʃəs/;[1] French: [klod adʁijɛ̃ ɛlvesjys]; 26 January 1715[2] – 26 December 1771) was a French philosopher, freemason[3] and littérateur.","title":"Claude Adrien Helvétius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_France"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Helvétius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetia"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Schweitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Schweitzer"},{"link_name":"Adriaan Helvetius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adriaan_Helvetius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ipecacuanha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carapichea_ipecacuanha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jean Claude Adrien Helvétius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marie Leszczyńska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Leszczynska"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1965-5"},{"link_name":"farmer-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/farmer-general"},{"link_name":"Club de l'Entresol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_de_l%27Entresol"},{"link_name":"Pierre Louis Maupertuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"Montesquieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_Baron_de_Montesquieu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911254-6"},{"link_name":"Anne-Catherine de Ligniville, Madame Helvétius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Catherine_de_Ligniville,_Madame_Helv%C3%A9tius"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"magnum opus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_opus"},{"link_name":"sensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensualism"},{"link_name":"atheistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheistic"},{"link_name":"utilitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarian"},{"link_name":"egalitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarian"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vor%C3%A9.png"},{"link_name":"Loir-et-Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loir-et-Cher"},{"link_name":"Frederick II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911254-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911254-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Zweite_Alt.jpg"},{"link_name":"philosophes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophes"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Loir-et-Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loir-et-Cher"},{"link_name":"Deist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Claude Adrien Helvétius was born in Paris, France, and was descended from a family of physicians, originally surnamed Schweitzer (meaning \"Swiss\" in German; Latinized as Helvétius). His great-grandfather Johann Friedrich Schweitzer known as \"Helvetius\", was a Dutch physician and alchemist, of German extraction. His grandfather Adriaan Helvetius introduced the use of ipecacuanha;[4] his father Jean Claude Adrien Helvétius was first physician to Marie Leszczyńska, queen of France. Claude Adrien was trained for a financial career, apprenticed to his maternal uncle in Caen,[5] but he occupied his spare time with poetry. Aged twenty-three, at the queen's request, he was appointed as a farmer-general, a tax-collecting post worth 100,000 crowns a year. Thus provided for, he proceeded to enjoy life to the utmost, with the help of his wealth and liberality, his literary and artistic tastes - he attended, for example, the progressive Club de l'Entresol. As he grew older, he began to seek more lasting distinctions, stimulated by the success of Pierre Louis Maupertuis as a mathematician, of Voltaire as a poet, and of Montesquieu as a philosopher.[6] His wife, Anne-Catherine de Ligniville, Madame Helvétius, maintained a salon attended by the leading figures of the Enlightenment for over five decades.In 1758 Helvétius published his philosophical magnum opus, a work called De l'esprit (On Mind), which claimed that all human faculties are attributes of mere physical sensation, and that the only real motive is self-interest, therefore there is no good and evil, only competitive pleasures. Its atheistic, utilitarian and egalitarian doctrines raised a public outcry, and the Sorbonne publicly burned it in 1759, forcing Helvétius to issue several retractions.Château de Voré (Collines des Perches, Loir-et-Cher)In 1764 Helvétius visited England, and the next year, at the invitation of Frederick II, went to Berlin, where the king paid him much attention.[6]After 10 years, when he thought his fortune sufficient, he gave up the post of farmer-general, and retired to a country estate in France, where he employed his fortune in the relief of the poor, the encouragement of agriculture and the development of industries.[6] For this he won the admiration of many of the philosophers.Helvétius was one of several French philosophes who spent time at the court of Frederick the Great of Prussia (depicted above)Helvétius' family lived alternately on Château de Voré (Collines des Perches, Loir-et-Cher) and their Parisian townhouse at the rue Sainte-Anne.Religiously, Helvétius was a Deist, albeit a \"most indifferent\" one.[7]He died in Paris on December 26, 1771.A work found in his papers called De l'homme, de ses facultés intellectuelles et de son éducation (On Man), was published in 1773.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montesquieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu"},{"link_name":"The Spirit of the Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirit_of_the_Laws"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Joly de Fleury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Omer_Joly_de_Fleury"},{"link_name":"Parlement of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement#The_Parlement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Sorbonne"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-8"},{"link_name":"Denis Diderot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1965-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DeLespritFrontPage.png"},{"link_name":"Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Melchior,_baron_von_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Diderot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot"},{"link_name":"Madame du Deffand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Anne_de_Vichy-Chamrond,_marquise_du_Deffand"},{"link_name":"Madame de Graffigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Issembourg_d%27Happoncourt,_Madame_de_Graffigny"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911254-6"}],"sub_title":"De l'esprit and its reception","text":"Helvétius' philosophical studies ended in the production of his famous book De l'esprit (On Mind). It was first published in 1758 and was intended to be the rival of Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws, with Helvétius arguing strongly against Montesquieu's theory that climate influenced the character of nations.The work attracted immediate attention and aroused the most formidable opposition, especially from the dauphin Louis, son of King Louis XV. The Advocate General Joly de Fleury condemned it in the Parlement of Paris in January 1759. The Sorbonne condemned the book, while the priests persuaded the court that it was full of the most dangerous doctrines. The book was declared to be heretical – so atheistic that it was condemned by Church and State and was burned. Helvétius, terrified at the storm he had raised, wrote three separate and humiliating retractions. In spite of his protestations of orthodoxy, the book was publicly burned by the Paris hangman.[8]It had far-reaching negative effects on the rest of the philosophes, in particular, Denis Diderot, and the work he was doing on the Encyclopédie. The religious authorities, particularly the Jesuits and the new Pope, began to fear the spread of atheism and wanted to clamp down on the 'modern thought' hard and quickly. De l'esprit became almost a scapegoat for this.[5]Cover page of a 1759 English translation of De l'EspritThis great publicity resulted in the book being translated into almost all the languages of Europe. Voltaire said that it lacked originality. Rousseau declared that the very benevolence of the author gave the lie to his principles. Grimm thought that all the ideas in the book were borrowed from Diderot. Madame du Deffand felt that Helvétius had raised such a storm by saying openly what everyone thought in secret. Madame de Graffigny claimed that all the good things in the book had been picked up in her own salon.[6]","title":"Philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Psychological egoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_egoism"},{"link_name":"sensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensualism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"no freedom of choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911254-6"},{"link_name":"Hobbesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes"}],"sub_title":"Psychological egoism","text":"Further information: Psychological egoismHelvétius' philosophy belongs to the Egoist school:All man's faculties may be reduced to physical sensation, even memory, comparison, judgment. Our only difference from the lower animals lies in our external organization.\nSelf-interest, founded on the love of pleasure and the fear of pain, is the sole spring of judgment, action, and affection. Human beings are motivated solely by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. \"These two,\" he says, \"are, and always will be, the only principles of action in man.\"[9] Self-sacrifice is prompted by the fact that the sensation of pleasure outweighs the accompanying pain and is thus the result of deliberate calculation.\nWe have no freedom of choice between good and evil. There is no such thing as absolute right – ideas of justice and injustice change according to customs.[6]This view of man was largely Hobbesian – man is a system deterministically controllable by a suitable combination of reward and punishment, and the ends of government are to ensure the maximization of pleasure.","title":"Philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tabula rasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_rasa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lockean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke"},{"link_name":"Social engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Diderot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diderot"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Natural equality of intelligences","text":"Further information: Tabula rasa\"All men,\" Helvétius maintained, \"have an equal disposition for understanding.\"[10] As one of the French Enlightenment's many Lockean disciples, he regarded the human mind as a blank slate, but free not only from innate ideas but also from innate natural dispositions and propensities. Physiological constitution was at most a peripheral factor in men's characters or capabilities. Any apparent inequalities were independent of natural organization, and had their cause in the unequal desire for instruction. This desire springs from passions, of which all men commonly well organized are susceptible to the same degree. We thus owe everything to education. Social engineering is therefore an enterprise unconstrained by the natural abilities of men.This natural equality applied to all men in all nations, and thus the differences in national characteristics were not the result of innate differences between the people therein, but rather a byproduct of the system of education and government. \"No nation,\" wrote Helvétius, \"has reason to regard itself superior to others by virtue of its innate endowment.\"[11]This radically egalitarian aspect of Helvétius' philosophy caused Diderot to remark that if it were true, De l'esprit might just as well have been written by Helvétius' dog keeper.[citation needed]","title":"Philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nature versus nurture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911254%E2%80%93255-14"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"sub_title":"Omnipotence of education","text":"Further information: Nature versus nurtureSince all men have the same natural potential, Helvétius argued, they all have the same ability to learn. Thus, education is the method by which to reform society, and there are few limits to the drastic social improvements that could be brought about by the appropriate distribution of education. Although people seem to possess certain qualities in greater abundance than their neighbours, the explanation for this comes 'from above' – it is caused by education, law and government. \"If we commonly meet in London, with knowing men, who are with much more difficulty found in France,\" this is because it is a country where \"every citizen has a share in the management of affairs in general.\"[12] \"The art of forming men,\" he concludes, \"is in all countries [...] strictly connected to the form of the government\", and thus education via governmental intervention is the method of reform.[13]The crux of his thought was that public ethics has a utilitarian basis, and he insisted strongly on the importance of culture and education in national development.[14] His thinking can be described as unsystematic.[by whom?]","title":"Philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill"},{"link_name":"Cesare Beccaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare,_marchese_de_Beccaria-Bonesana"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Bentham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham"},{"link_name":"Baron d'Holbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"historical materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Influence","text":"The original ideas in his system are those of the natural equality of intelligences and the omnipotence of education, neither of which gained general acceptance, though both were prominent in the system of John Stuart Mill. Cesare Beccaria states that he was largely inspired by Helvétius in his attempt to modify penal laws. Helvétius also exerted some influence on the utilitarian Jeremy Bentham.The materialistic aspects of Helvétius, along with Baron d'Holbach, had an influence on Karl Marx, the theorist of historical materialism and communism, who studied the ideas of Helvétius in Paris and later called the materialism of Helvétius and d'Holbach \"the social basis of communism\".[15]","title":"Philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Georg Hamann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Isaiah Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Hegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel"},{"link_name":"Fichte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte"},{"link_name":"Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Saint-Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Henri_de_Rouvroy,_comte_de_Saint-Simon"},{"link_name":"Maistre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre"},{"link_name":"authoritarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Criticism","text":"German philosopher Johann Georg Hamann vigorously opposed Helvétius's rationalistic doctrines.[16]British philosopher Isaiah Berlin listed Helvétius, along with Hegel, Fichte, Rousseau, Saint-Simon and Maistre as one of the six \"enemies of freedom\" who constituted the ideological basis for modern authoritarianism, in his book Freedom and Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty.[17]","title":"Philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean François de Saint-Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Saint-Lambert"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911254-6"}],"text":"His poetic ambitions resulted in the poem called Le Bonheur (published posthumously, with an account of Helvétius's life and works, by Jean François de Saint-Lambert, 1773), in which he develops the idea that true happiness is only to be found in making the interest of one person that of all.[6]","title":"Poetry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911255-18"},{"link_name":"Victor Cousin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Cousin"},{"link_name":"FD Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick_Denison_Maurice"},{"link_name":"A Guillois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Guillois&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georgi Plekhanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911255-18"},{"link_name":"Isaiah Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin"}],"text":"A work called De l'homme, de ses facultés intellectuelles et de son éducation, found among his manuscripts, was published after his death. There is a complete edition of the works of Helvétius, published at Paris, 1818.[18]For an estimate of his work and his place among the philosophers of the 18th century see Victor Cousin's Philosophie sensualiste (1863); PL Lezaud, Résumés philosophiques (1853); FD Maurice, in his Modern Philosophy (1862), pp. 537 seq.; J Morley, Diderot and the Encyclopaedists (London, 1878); DG Mostratos, Die Pädagogik des Helvétius (Berlin, 1891); A Guillois, Le Salon de Madame Helvétius (1894); A Piazzi, Le idee filosofiche specialmente pedagogiche de C. A. Helvétius (Milan, 1889); Georgi Plekhanov, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Materialismus (Stuttgart, 1896); L Limentani, Le teorie psicologiche de C. A. Helvétius (Verona, 1902); A Keim, Helvétius, sa vie et son œuvre (1907);[18] Isaiah Berlin, \"Helvétius\" in Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Liberty, ed. Henry Hardy, (Oxford, 2002), pp. 11–26.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Château de Voré (Collines des Perches, Loir-et-Cher)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Le_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vor%C3%A9.png/350px-Le_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vor%C3%A9.png"},{"image_text":"Helvétius was one of several French philosophes who spent time at the court of Frederick the Great of Prussia (depicted above)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Friedrich_Zweite_Alt.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Zweite_Alt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cover page of a 1759 English translation of De l'Esprit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/DeLespritFrontPage.png/220px-DeLespritFrontPage.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Duzer, Charles Hunter Van (1935). Contribution of the Ideologues to French Revolutionary Thought. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-598-51150-8. Helvetius himself was a Deist – a most indifferent Deist","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V2kIAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Contribution of the Ideologues to French Revolutionary Thought"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-598-51150-8","url_text":"978-0-598-51150-8"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Helvétius, Claude Adrien\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hogue_(1900) | HMS Hogue (1900) | ["1 Design and description","2 Construction and service","2.1 Fate","3 Notes","4 Footnotes","5 Bibliography","6 External links"] | 1900 Cressy-class armored cruiser
For other ships with the same name, see HMS Hogue.
Hogue at anchor
History
United Kingdom
NameHMS Hogue
NamesakeBattle of La Hogue
BuilderVickers, Sons & Maxim, Barrow-in-Furness
Laid down14 July 1898
Launched13 August 1900
CompletedOctober 1902
Commissioned19 November 1902
FateSunk by U-9, 22 September 1914
General characteristics
Class and typeCressy-class armoured cruiser
Displacement12,000 long tons (12,000 t) (normal)
Length472 ft (143.9 m) (o/a)
Beam69 ft 6 in (21.2 m)
Draught26 ft 9 in (8.2 m) (maximum)
Installed power
21,000 ihp (16,000 kW)
30 Belleville boilers
Propulsion
2 × Shafts
2 × Triple-expansion steam engines
Speed21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph)
Complement725–760
Armament
2 × single BL 9.2-inch Mk X guns
12 × single BL 6-inch Mk VII guns
12 × single QF 12-pdr 12 cwt guns
3 × QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns
2 × single submerged 18-inch torpedo tubes
Armour
Belt: 2–6 in (51–152 mm)
Decks: 1–3 in (25–76 mm)
Barbettes: 6 in (152 mm)
Turrets: 6 in (150 mm)
Conning tower: 12 in (305 mm)
Bulkheads: 5 in (127 mm)
HMS Hogue was a Cressy-class armoured cruiser built for the Royal Navy around 1900. Upon completion she was assigned to the Channel Fleet and the China Station. In 1906 she became a training ship for the North America and West Indies Station before being placed in reserve in 1908. Recommissioned at the start of World War I, she played a minor role in the Battle of Heligoland Bight a few weeks after the beginning of the war. Hogue was sunk by the German submarine U-9, together with two of her sister ships, on 22 September 1914.
Design and description
Hogue was designed to displace 12,000 long tons (12,000 t). The ship had an overall length of 472 feet (143.9 m), a beam of 69 feet 6 inches (21.2 m) and a deep draught of 26 feet 9 inches (8.2 m). She was powered by two 4-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft, which produced a total of 21,000 indicated horsepower (15,660 kW) using steam provided by 30 Belleville boilers. The engines were designed to give a maximum speed of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph), although Hogue reached 22.06 knots (40.86 km/h; 25.39 mph) with 21,432 indicated horsepower (15,982 kW) on her sea trials. She carried a maximum of 1,600 long tons (1,600 t) of coal and her complement ranged from 725 to 760 officers and ratings.
Her main armament consisted of two breech-loading (BL) 9.2-inch (234 mm) Mk X guns in single gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure. They fired 380-pound (170 kg) shells to a range of 15,500 yards (14,200 m). Her secondary armament of twelve BL 6-inch Mk VII guns was arranged in casemates amidships. Eight of these were mounted on the main deck and were only usable in calm weather. They had a maximum range of approximately 12,200 yards (11,200 m) with their 100-pound (45 kg) shells. A dozen quick-firing (QF) 12-pounder 12 cwt guns were fitted for defence against torpedo boats, eight on casemates on the upper deck and four in the superstructure. The ship also carried three 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns and two submerged 18-inch torpedo tubes.
The ship's waterline armour belt had a maximum thickness of 6 inches (152 mm) and was closed off by 5-inch (127 mm) transverse bulkheads. The armour of the gun turrets and their barbettes was 6 inches thick while the casemate armour was 5 inches thick. The protective deck armour ranged in thickness from 1–3 inches (25–76 mm) and the conning tower was protected by 12 inches (305 mm) of armour.
Construction and service
Launching of Hogue, 1900
Hogue, named after the 1692 Battle of La Hogue, was laid down on 14 July 1898 by Vickers, Sons & Maxim at their Barrow-in-Furness shipyard and launched on 13 August 1900. She arrived at Plymouth to begin fitting out in September 1901, and commenced her sea trials in early December. Hogue was completed in late Autumn the following year, and commissioned at Devonport on 19 November 1902. She was assigned to the Channel Squadron. On 11 March 1904 she collided with the merchant ship SS Meurthe off Europa Point. Later that year she was transferred to the China Station after a refit.
Two years later Hogue became the boys' training ship for the 4th Cruiser Squadron on the North America and West Indies Station. She was reduced to reserve at Devonport in 1908 and then assigned to the reserve Third Fleet at the Nore the next year. On 26 November 1909 a coal bunker explosion killed two crewmen. The ship received a lengthy refit at Chatham Dockyard in 1912–13 and was assigned to the 7th Cruiser Squadron shortly after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914.
The squadron was tasked with patrolling the Broad Fourteens of the North Sea in support of a force of destroyers and submarines based at Harwich which protected the eastern end of the English Channel from German warships attempting to attack the supply route between England and France. During the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28 August, the ship was part of Cruiser Force 'C', in reserve off the Dutch coast, and saw no action. Hogue did, however, tow the heavily damaged light cruiser Arethusa, flagship of the commander of the Harwich Force, Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt, back to port after the battle was over.
Fate
Main article: Action of 22 September 1914
Manoeuvres
On the morning of 22 September, Hogue and her sisters, Aboukir and Cressy, were on patrol without any escorting destroyers as they had been forced to seek shelter from bad weather. The three sisters were in line abreast, about 2,000 yards (1,800 m) apart, at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). They were not expecting submarine attack, but they had lookouts posted and had one gun manned on each side to attack any submarines sighted. The weather had moderated earlier that morning and Tyrwhitt was en route to reinforce the cruisers with eight destroyers.
Arthur Thiele, "Submarine U-9 attacking the English cruisers Hogue, Aboukir, and Cressy"
U-9, commanded by Kapitänleutnant Otto Weddigen, had been ordered to attack British transports at Ostend, but had been forced to dive and take shelter from the storm. On surfacing, she spotted the British ships and moved to attack. She fired one torpedo at 06:20 at Aboukir that struck her on the starboard side; the ship's captain thought he had struck a mine and ordered the other two ships to close to transfer his wounded men. Aboukir quickly began listing and capsized around 06:55. As Hogue approached her sinking sister, Captain Wilmot Nicholson realized that it had been a submarine attack and signalled Cressy to look for a periscope although his ship continued to close on Aboukir as her crew threw overboard anything that would float to aid the survivors in the water. Having stopped and lowered all her boats, Hogue was struck by two torpedoes around 06:55. The sudden weight loss of the two torpedoes caused U-9 to broach the surface and Hogue's gunners opened fire without effect before the submarine could submerge again. The cruiser capsized about ten minutes after being torpedoed as all of her watertight doors had been open and sank at 07:15.
Victories of U-9 on a postcard
Cressy attempted to ram the submarine, but did not hit anything and resumed her rescue efforts until she too was torpedoed at 07:20. She too took on a heavy list and then capsized before sinking at 07:55. Several Dutch ships began rescuing survivors at 08:30 and were joined by British fishing trawlers before Tyrwhitt and his ships arrived at 10:45. The combined total from all three ships was 837 men rescued and 62 officers and 1,397 ratings lost. Hogue lost 377 men.
In 1954 the British government sold the salvage rights to all three ships to a German company and they were subsequently sold again to a Dutch salvage company which began salvaging the wrecks' metal in 2011.
Notes
^ "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.
Footnotes
^ Friedman 2012, pp. 335–36
^ Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 69
^ a b Friedman 2012, p. 336
^ a b c Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 68
^ Friedman 2011, pp. 71–72
^ Friedman 2012, pp. 243, 260–61
^ Friedman 2011, pp. 80–81
^ Friedman 2012, pp. 243, 336
^ a b Silverstone, p. 239
^ "Naval & Military Intelligence". The Times. No. 36561. London. 16 September 1901. p. 8.
^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36629. London. 4 December 1901. p. 10.
^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36930. London. 20 November 1902. p. 10.
^ Friedman 2012, p. 241; Silverstone, p. 239
^ Corbett, pp. 100, 171–72
^ Osborne, p. 104
^ Corbett, pp. 172–175
^ Massie, pp. 133–135
^ Massie, p. 135
^ The Dreadnought Project: H.M.S. Hogue (1900).
^ "Booty Trawl". Private Eye (1302). Pressdram: 31. 2011.(subscription required)
^ Ambrogi, Stefano (12 October 2011). "Scrap metal hunt is wrecking UK warship graves - veterans". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
Bibliography
Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
Corbett, Julian (1997). Naval Operations to the Battle of the Falklands. History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents. Vol. I (2nd, reprint of the 1938 ed.). London and Nashville, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-256-X.
Firme, Tim; Johnson, Harold & MacDonald, Kevin C. (2005). "Question 27/04: British WW I Armored Cruiser Wrecks". Warship International. XLII (3): 242. ISSN 0043-0374.
Friedman, Norman (2012). British Cruisers of the Victorian Era. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-59114-068-9.
Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
Massie, Robert K. (2004). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-04092-8.
Osborne, Eric W. (2006). The Battle of Heligoland Bight. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34742-4.
Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to HMS Hogue.
HMS Hogue on wrecksite
The Dreadnought Project: H.M.S. Hogue (1900)
vteCressy-class cruiser
Aboukir
Bacchante
Cressy
Euryalus
Hogue
Sutlej
Preceded by: Diadem class
Followed by: Drake class
List of cruisers of the Royal Navy
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in September 1914Shipwrecks
5 Sep: HMS Pathfinder
10 Sep: Indus
11 Sep: Elsinore
13 Sep: SMS Hela
14 Sep: HMAS AE1, SMS Cap Trafalgar, Clan Matheson
17 Sep: Fisgard II
18 Sep: Francis H. Leggett
20 Sep: HMS Pegasus
22 Sep: HMS Aboukir, HMS Cressy, HMS Hogue, Zélée
28 Sep: SMS Cormoran, SMS Iltis, SMS Luchs
29 Sep: HMS Oceanic
Other incidents
8 Sep: HMS Oceanic
23 Sep: Potosi
1913 1914 1915 August 1914 October 1914 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Hogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hogue"},{"link_name":"Cressy-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cressy-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"armoured cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Channel Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Fleet"},{"link_name":"China Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Station"},{"link_name":"training ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_ship"},{"link_name":"North America and West Indies Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_fleet"},{"link_name":"Recommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Battle of Heligoland Bight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Heligoland_Bight_(1914)"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"U-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-9"},{"link_name":"sister ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"on 22 September 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_22_September_1914"}],"text":"1900 Cressy-class armored cruiserFor other ships with the same name, see HMS Hogue.HMS Hogue was a Cressy-class armoured cruiser built for the Royal Navy around 1900. Upon completion she was assigned to the Channel Fleet and the China Station. In 1906 she became a training ship for the North America and West Indies Station before being placed in reserve in 1908. Recommissioned at the start of World War I, she played a minor role in the Battle of Heligoland Bight a few weeks after the beginning of the war. Hogue was sunk by the German submarine U-9, together with two of her sister ships, on 22 September 1914.","title":"HMS Hogue (1900)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"displace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"overall length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"triple-expansion steam engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-expansion_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"indicated horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Indicated_horsepower"},{"link_name":"Belleville boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville_boiler"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"sea trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_trial"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f6-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ck8-5"},{"link_name":"breech-loading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_ordnance_terms#BL"},{"link_name":"9.2-inch (234 mm) Mk X guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_9.2_inch_gun_Mk_IX_-_X"},{"link_name":"gun turrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f6-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"BL 6-inch Mk VII guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_6-inch_Mk_VII_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"casemates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"quick-firing (QF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick-firing_gun"},{"link_name":"12-pounder 12 cwt guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_12_pounder_12_cwt_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"3-pounder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_3-pounder_Hotchkiss"},{"link_name":"Hotchkiss guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_gun"},{"link_name":"18-inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_18_inch_torpedo"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ck8-5"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline"},{"link_name":"armour belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_armor"},{"link_name":"bulkheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)"},{"link_name":"deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ck8-5"}],"text":"Hogue was designed to displace 12,000 long tons (12,000 t). The ship had an overall length of 472 feet (143.9 m), a beam of 69 feet 6 inches (21.2 m) and a deep draught of 26 feet 9 inches (8.2 m).[1] She was powered by two 4-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft, which produced a total of 21,000 indicated horsepower (15,660 kW) using steam provided by 30 Belleville boilers. The engines were designed to give a maximum speed of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph), although Hogue reached 22.06 knots (40.86 km/h; 25.39 mph) with 21,432 indicated horsepower (15,982 kW) on her sea trials.[2] She carried a maximum of 1,600 long tons (1,600 t) of coal and her complement ranged from 725[3] to 760 officers and ratings.[4]Her main armament consisted of two breech-loading (BL) 9.2-inch (234 mm) Mk X guns in single gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure.[3] They fired 380-pound (170 kg) shells to a range of 15,500 yards (14,200 m).[5] Her secondary armament of twelve BL 6-inch Mk VII guns was arranged in casemates amidships. Eight of these were mounted on the main deck and were only usable in calm weather.[6] They had a maximum range of approximately 12,200 yards (11,200 m) with their 100-pound (45 kg) shells.[7] A dozen quick-firing (QF) 12-pounder 12 cwt guns were fitted for defence against torpedo boats, eight on casemates on the upper deck and four in the superstructure.[8] The ship also carried three 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns and two submerged 18-inch torpedo tubes.[4]The ship's waterline armour belt had a maximum thickness of 6 inches (152 mm) and was closed off by 5-inch (127 mm) transverse bulkheads. The armour of the gun turrets and their barbettes was 6 inches thick while the casemate armour was 5 inches thick. The protective deck armour ranged in thickness from 1–3 inches (25–76 mm) and the conning tower was protected by 12 inches (305 mm) of armour.[4]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Launching_of_the_HMS_Hogue_(1900).jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of La Hogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Barfleur_and_La_Hogue"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"Vickers, Sons & Maxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers,_Sons_%26_Maxim,_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Barrow-in-Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness"},{"link_name":"shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s9-10"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"fitting out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitting_out"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Devonport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Devonport"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Channel Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Fleet"},{"link_name":"SS Meurthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Meurthe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Europa Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Point"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s9-10"},{"link_name":"4th Cruiser Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Cruiser_Squadron_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Devonport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Devonport"},{"link_name":"Nore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nore"},{"link_name":"Chatham Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"7th Cruiser Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Cruiser_Squadron_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Broad Fourteens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Fourteens"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Harwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"light cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Arethusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Arethusa_(1913)"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Harwich Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich_Force"},{"link_name":"Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Reginald Tyrwhitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Tyrwhitt"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Launching of Hogue, 1900Hogue, named after the 1692 Battle of La Hogue, was laid down on 14 July 1898 by Vickers, Sons & Maxim at their Barrow-in-Furness shipyard and launched on 13 August 1900.[9] She arrived at Plymouth to begin fitting out in September 1901,[10] and commenced her sea trials in early December.[11] Hogue was completed in late Autumn the following year, and commissioned at Devonport on 19 November 1902.[12] She was assigned to the Channel Squadron. On 11 March 1904 she collided with the merchant ship SS Meurthe off Europa Point. Later that year she was transferred to the China Station after a refit.[9]Two years later Hogue became the boys' training ship for the 4th Cruiser Squadron on the North America and West Indies Station. She was reduced to reserve at Devonport in 1908 and then assigned to the reserve Third Fleet at the Nore the next year. On 26 November 1909 a coal bunker explosion killed two crewmen. The ship received a lengthy refit at Chatham Dockyard in 1912–13 and was assigned to the 7th Cruiser Squadron shortly after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914.[13]The squadron was tasked with patrolling the Broad Fourteens of the North Sea in support of a force of destroyers and submarines based at Harwich which protected the eastern end of the English Channel from German warships attempting to attack the supply route between England and France. During the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28 August, the ship was part of Cruiser Force 'C', in reserve off the Dutch coast, and saw no action.[14] Hogue did, however, tow the heavily damaged light cruiser Arethusa, flagship of the commander of the Harwich Force, Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt, back to port after the battle was over.[15]","title":"Construction and service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Action_of_22_September_1914_-_EN.svg"},{"link_name":"Aboukir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Aboukir_(1900)"},{"link_name":"Cressy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cressy_(1899)"},{"link_name":"line abreast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_abreast"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arthur_Thiele_Unterseeboot_U9_im_Kampfe_mit_den_englischen_Kreuzern_Hogue_Abukir_u_Cressy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arthur Thiele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Thiele"},{"link_name":"Submarine U-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-9"},{"link_name":"Aboukir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Aboukir_(1900)"},{"link_name":"Cressy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cressy_(1899)"},{"link_name":"Kapitänleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapit%C3%A4nleutnant"},{"link_name":"Otto Weddigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Weddigen"},{"link_name":"Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostend"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"listing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"capsized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsized"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Wilmot Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SM_U9_Postcard.jpg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Fate","text":"ManoeuvresOn the morning of 22 September, Hogue and her sisters, Aboukir and Cressy, were on patrol without any escorting destroyers as they had been forced to seek shelter from bad weather. The three sisters were in line abreast, about 2,000 yards (1,800 m) apart, at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). They were not expecting submarine attack, but they had lookouts posted and had one gun manned on each side to attack any submarines sighted. The weather had moderated earlier that morning and Tyrwhitt was en route to reinforce the cruisers with eight destroyers.[16]Arthur Thiele, \"Submarine U-9 attacking the English cruisers Hogue, Aboukir, and Cressy\"U-9, commanded by Kapitänleutnant Otto Weddigen, had been ordered to attack British transports at Ostend, but had been forced to dive and take shelter from the storm. On surfacing, she spotted the British ships and moved to attack. She fired one torpedo at 06:20 at Aboukir that struck her on the starboard side; the ship's captain thought he had struck a mine and ordered the other two ships to close to transfer his wounded men. Aboukir quickly began listing and capsized around 06:55. As Hogue approached her sinking sister, Captain Wilmot Nicholson realized that it had been a submarine attack and signalled Cressy to look for a periscope although his ship continued to close on Aboukir as her crew threw overboard anything that would float to aid the survivors in the water. Having stopped and lowered all her boats, Hogue was struck by two torpedoes around 06:55. The sudden weight loss of the two torpedoes caused U-9 to broach the surface and Hogue's gunners opened fire without effect before the submarine could submerge again. The cruiser capsized about ten minutes after being torpedoed as all of her watertight doors had been open and sank at 07:15.[17]Victories of U-9 on a postcardCressy attempted to ram the submarine, but did not hit anything and resumed her rescue efforts until she too was torpedoed at 07:20. She too took on a heavy list and then capsized before sinking at 07:55. Several Dutch ships began rescuing survivors at 08:30 and were joined by British fishing trawlers before Tyrwhitt and his ships arrived at 10:45. The combined total from all three ships was 837 men rescued and 62 officers and 1,397 ratings lost.[18] Hogue lost 377 men.[19]In 1954 the British government sold the salvage rights to all three ships to a German company and they were subsequently sold again to a Dutch salvage company which began salvaging the wrecks' metal in 2011.[20][21]","title":"Construction and service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"hundredweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundredweight"}],"text":"^ \"Cwt\" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-f6_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-f6_4-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ck8_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ck8_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ck8_5-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s9_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s9_10-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"The Dreadnought Project: H.M.S. Hogue (1900).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/H.M.S._Hogue_(1900)#Service"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Scrap metal hunt is wrecking UK warship graves - veterans\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-ships-graves-idUKTRE79B50320111012"}],"text":"^ Friedman 2012, pp. 335–36\n\n^ Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 69\n\n^ a b Friedman 2012, p. 336\n\n^ a b c Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 68\n\n^ Friedman 2011, pp. 71–72\n\n^ Friedman 2012, pp. 243, 260–61\n\n^ Friedman 2011, pp. 80–81\n\n^ Friedman 2012, pp. 243, 336\n\n^ a b Silverstone, p. 239\n\n^ \"Naval & Military Intelligence\". The Times. No. 36561. London. 16 September 1901. p. 8.\n\n^ \"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36629. London. 4 December 1901. p. 10.\n\n^ \"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36930. London. 20 November 1902. p. 10.\n\n^ Friedman 2012, p. 241; Silverstone, p. 239\n\n^ Corbett, pp. 100, 171–72\n\n^ Osborne, p. 104\n\n^ Corbett, pp. 172–175\n\n^ Massie, pp. 133–135\n\n^ Massie, p. 135\n\n^ The Dreadnought Project: H.M.S. Hogue (1900).\n\n^ \"Booty Trawl\". Private Eye (1302). Pressdram: 31. 2011.(subscription required)\n\n^ Ambrogi, Stefano (12 October 2011). \"Scrap metal hunt is wrecking UK warship graves - veterans\". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 20 February 2014.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8317-0302-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-0302-4"},{"link_name":"Corbett, Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Corbett"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89839-256-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89839-256-X"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0043-0374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59114-068-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-068-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84832-100-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-100-7"},{"link_name":"Massie, Robert K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Massie"},{"link_name":"Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castles_of_Steel:_Britain,_Germany,_and_the_Winning_of_the_Great_War_at_Sea"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-224-04092-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-04092-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-253-34742-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34742-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88254-979-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88254-979-0"}],"text":"Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.\nCorbett, Julian (1997). Naval Operations to the Battle of the Falklands. History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents. Vol. I (2nd, reprint of the 1938 ed.). London and Nashville, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-256-X.\nFirme, Tim; Johnson, Harold & MacDonald, Kevin C. (2005). \"Question 27/04: British WW I Armored Cruiser Wrecks\". Warship International. XLII (3): 242. ISSN 0043-0374.\nFriedman, Norman (2012). British Cruisers of the Victorian Era. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-59114-068-9.\nFriedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.\nMassie, Robert K. (2004). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-04092-8.\nOsborne, Eric W. (2006). The Battle of Heligoland Bight. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34742-4.\nSilverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Launching of Hogue, 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Launching_of_the_HMS_Hogue_%281900%29.jpg/220px-Launching_of_the_HMS_Hogue_%281900%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Manoeuvres","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Action_of_22_September_1914_-_EN.svg/220px-Action_of_22_September_1914_-_EN.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Arthur Thiele, \"Submarine U-9 attacking the English cruisers Hogue, Aboukir, and Cressy\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arthur_Thiele_Unterseeboot_U9_im_Kampfe_mit_den_englischen_Kreuzern_Hogue_Abukir_u_Cressy.jpg/220px-Arthur_Thiele_Unterseeboot_U9_im_Kampfe_mit_den_englischen_Kreuzern_Hogue_Abukir_u_Cressy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Victories of U-9 on a postcard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SM_U9_Postcard.jpg/220px-SM_U9_Postcard.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Naval & Military Intelligence\". The Times. No. 36561. London. 16 September 1901. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36629. London. 4 December 1901. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36930. London. 20 November 1902. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Booty Trawl\". Private Eye (1302). Pressdram: 31. 2011.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ambrogi, Stefano (12 October 2011). \"Scrap metal hunt is wrecking UK warship graves - veterans\". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 20 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-ships-graves-idUKTRE79B50320111012","url_text":"\"Scrap metal hunt is wrecking UK warship graves - veterans\""}]},{"reference":"Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-0302-4","url_text":"0-8317-0302-4"}]},{"reference":"Corbett, Julian (1997). Naval Operations to the Battle of the Falklands. History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents. Vol. I (2nd, reprint of the 1938 ed.). London and Nashville, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-256-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Corbett","url_text":"Corbett, Julian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89839-256-X","url_text":"0-89839-256-X"}]},{"reference":"Firme, Tim; Johnson, Harold & MacDonald, Kevin C. (2005). \"Question 27/04: British WW I Armored Cruiser Wrecks\". Warship International. XLII (3): 242. ISSN 0043-0374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","url_text":"0043-0374"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2012). British Cruisers of the Victorian Era. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-59114-068-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-068-9","url_text":"978-1-59114-068-9"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-100-7","url_text":"978-1-84832-100-7"}]},{"reference":"Massie, Robert K. (2004). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-04092-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Massie","url_text":"Massie, Robert K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castles_of_Steel:_Britain,_Germany,_and_the_Winning_of_the_Great_War_at_Sea","url_text":"Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-04092-8","url_text":"0-224-04092-8"}]},{"reference":"Osborne, Eric W. (2006). The Battle of Heligoland Bight. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34742-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34742-4","url_text":"0-253-34742-4"}]},{"reference":"Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88254-979-0","url_text":"0-88254-979-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/H.M.S._Hogue_(1900)#Service","external_links_name":"The Dreadnought Project: H.M.S. Hogue (1900)."},{"Link":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-ships-graves-idUKTRE79B50320111012","external_links_name":"\"Scrap metal hunt is wrecking UK warship graves - veterans\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","external_links_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","external_links_name":"0043-0374"},{"Link":"http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?56","external_links_name":"HMS Hogue on wrecksite"},{"Link":"http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/H.M.S._Hogue_(1900)","external_links_name":"The Dreadnought Project: H.M.S. Hogue (1900)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_zapper | Bug zapper | ["1 Description","2 Indoors or outdoors use","3 Scattering","4 Hand-held type","5 History","6 See also","7 References"] | Device that electrocutes insects
An outdoor bug zapper
A bug zapper, more formally called an electrical discharge insect control system, electric insect killer or (insect) electrocutor trap, is a device that attracts and kills flying insects that are attracted by light. A light source attracts insects to an electrical grid, where they are electrocuted by touching two wires with a high voltage between them. The name comes from the characteristic onomatopoeic "zap" sound produced when an insect is electrocuted.
Description
Indoor bug zapper which can be used, for example, in a bedroom
Bug zappers are usually housed in a protective cage of plastic or grounded metal bars to prevent people or larger animals from touching the high voltage grid. A light source is fitted inside, often a fluorescent lamp designed to emit both visible and ultraviolet light, which is visible to insects and attracts a variety of them. Newer models now use long-life LEDs to produce the light. The light source is surrounded by a pair of interleaved bare wire grids or helices. The distance between adjacent wires is typically about 2 mm (0.079 in).
A high-voltage power supply powered by wall power is used, which may be a simple transformerless voltage multiplier circuit made with diodes and capacitors which can generate a voltage of 2 kilovolts or more. This is high enough to conduct through the body of an insect which bridges the two grids, but not high enough to spark across the air gap. Enough electric current flows through the small body of the insect to heat it to a high temperature. The impedance of the power supply and the arrangement of the grid is such that it cannot drive a dangerous current through the body of a human.
Bug Zapper (electric insect killer) electrocutes a big fly
Many bug zappers are fitted with trays that collect the electrocuted insects; other models are designed to allow the debris to fall to the ground below. Some use a fan to help to trap the insect.
Indoors or outdoors use
Bug zapper traps may be installed indoors, or outdoors if they are constructed to withstand the effects of weather.
However, they are not effective at killing biting insects (female mosquitoes and other insects) outdoors, being much more effective at attracting and killing other harmless and beneficial insects. A study by the University of Delaware showed that over a period of 15 summer nights, 13,789 insects were killed among six devices. Of those insects killed, only 31 were biting insects.
Mosquitoes are attracted to carbon dioxide and water vapor in the breath of mammals, not ultraviolet light. However, there are now bug zappers that emit carbon dioxide or use an external bait, such as octenol, to better attract biting insects into the trap.
Scattering
Research has shown that when insects are electrocuted, bug zappers can spread a mist containing insect parts up to about 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) from the device. The air around the bug zapper can become contaminated by bacteria and viruses that can be inhaled by, or settle on the food of people in the immediate vicinity.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises that the bug zapper should not be installed above a food preparation area, and that insects should be retained within the device. Scatter-proof designs are produced for this purpose.
Hand-held type
Main article: Fly-killing device § Electric flyswatter
Battery-powered bug zappers are manufactured, often in the shape of a tennis racket, with which flying insects can be hit. Low-cost versions may use a standard disposable battery, while rechargeable bug zappers may use a lithium ion battery.
History
Early model prototype fly zapper circa 1911, conceded to be too expensive to be practical
In its October 1911 issue, Popular Mechanics magazine had a piece showing a model "fly trap" that used all the elements of a modern bug zapper, including electric light and electrified grid. The design was implemented by two unnamed Denver men and was conceded to be too expensive to be of practical use. The device was 10 by 15 inches (25 by 38 cm), contained 5 incandescent light bulbs, and the grid was 1⁄16-inch (1.59 mm) wires spaced 1⁄8-inch (3.17 mm) apart with a voltage of 450 volts. Users were supposed to bait the interior with meat.
According to the US Patent and Trademark Office, the first bug zapper was patented in 1932 by William M. Frost.
Separately, William Brodbeck Herms (1876–1949), a professor of parasitology at the University of California, had been working on large commercial insect traps for over 20 years for the protection of California's important fruit industry. In 1934 he introduced the electronic insect killer that became the model for all future bug zappers.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bug zappers.
Electric flyswatter
Fly-killing device
Insect repellents from natural sources
Moth trap
Nematocera
Personal protective equipment
References
^ Tabanidae Attracted to an Ultraviolet Light Trap,Darrell W. Anthony,The Florida Entomologist, Vol. 43, No. (Jun., 1960), pp. 77-80 Published by: Florida Entomological Society DOI: 10.2307/3492383 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3492383
^ Insect Vision: Ultraviolet, Color, and LED LightMarianne Shockley Cruz Ph.D. and Rebecca LindnerUniversity of Georgia Department of Entomology November 2011. https://www.discoverlife.org/moth/OTHER/InsectVision_UVColorandLEDLight.pdf
^ Freudenrich, Craig (11 July 2001). "Bug Zappers". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
^ sciencedaily.com: "Snap! Crackle! Pop! Electric Bug Zappers Are Useless For Controlling Mosquitoes, Says UF/IFAS Pest Expert" July 30, 2013.
^ a b "Bug Zappers are Harmful, Not Helpful". Horticulture and Home Pest News. IC-475 (15). Iowa State University. 1996-06-14. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
^ "Full text of "Density and Diversity of Nontarget Insects Killed by Suburban Electric Insect Traps"". archive.org. Retrieved 2015-12-29.
^ "Can bug zappers help transmit diseases?". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
^ Urban, James E.; Alberto Broce (October 2000). "Electrocution of House Flies in Bug Zappers Releases Bacteria and Viruses". Current Microbiology. 41 (4). Kansas State University: 267–270. doi:10.1007/s002840010132. PMID 10977894. S2CID 23790034. Archived from the original on 2013-06-11. Retrieved 2009-10-22. bug zappers not only pose an immediate threat because of the release of bacteria and viruses, but they also release insect particles which are potential allergens or which cause various respiratory conditions
^ "Chapter 6: Physical Facilities; Insect Control Devices, Design and Installation; 6-202.13". FDA Food Code 2009: Annex 3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2009. Retrieved 2013-06-23.
^ Does Electrifying Mosquitoes Protect People From Disease? thealtlantic.com, 5 May 2017.
^ "Rechargeable Bug Zappers". Zapout. 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
^ Windsor, H. H., ed. (October 1911). "An electric death trap for the fly". Popular Mechanics. 16 (4): 464.
^ US US1871978A, Frost, William M., "Insect electrocutor", issued 1932-08-16
^ "Electric Chair For Insects Helps Farmers", 1990 march
vteHome appliancesTypes
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Bug zapper
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Appliance plug
Appliance recycling | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bug_zapper.JPG"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"attracted by light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototaxis"},{"link_name":"electrocuted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocution"},{"link_name":"high voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage"},{"link_name":"onomatopoeic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeic"},{"link_name":"zap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zap"}],"text":"An outdoor bug zapperA bug zapper, more formally called an electrical discharge insect control system, electric insect killer or (insect) electrocutor trap, is a device that attracts and kills flying insects that are attracted by light. A light source attracts insects to an electrical grid, where they are electrocuted by touching two wires with a high voltage between them. The name comes from the characteristic onomatopoeic \"zap\" sound produced when an insect is electrocuted.","title":"Bug zapper"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bug_zapper.jpg"},{"link_name":"fluorescent lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp"},{"link_name":"visible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"helices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helices"},{"link_name":"power supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply"},{"link_name":"wall power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_power"},{"link_name":"transformerless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"voltage multiplier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_multiplier"},{"link_name":"diodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode"},{"link_name":"capacitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"},{"link_name":"kilovolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilovolt"},{"link_name":"electric current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance"}],"text":"Indoor bug zapper which can be used, for example, in a bedroomBug zappers are usually housed in a protective cage of plastic or grounded metal bars to prevent people or larger animals from touching the high voltage grid. A light source is fitted inside, often a fluorescent lamp designed to emit both visible and ultraviolet light, which is visible to insects and attracts a variety of them.[1][2] Newer models now use long-life LEDs to produce the light. The light source is surrounded by a pair of interleaved bare wire grids or helices. The distance between adjacent wires is typically about 2 mm (0.079 in).A high-voltage power supply powered by wall power is used, which may be a simple transformerless voltage multiplier circuit made with diodes and capacitors which can generate a voltage of 2 kilovolts or more. This is high enough to conduct through the body of an insect which bridges the two grids, but not high enough to spark across the air gap. Enough electric current flows through the small body of the insect to heat it to a high temperature.[3] The impedance of the power supply and the arrangement of the grid is such that it cannot drive a dangerous current through the body of a human.Bug Zapper (electric insect killer) electrocutes a big flyMany bug zappers are fitted with trays that collect the electrocuted insects; other models are designed to allow the debris to fall to the ground below. Some use a fan to help to trap the insect.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mosquitoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis09-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis09-5"},{"link_name":"octenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octenol"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Bug zapper traps may be installed indoors, or outdoors if they are constructed to withstand the effects of weather.However, they are not effective at killing biting insects (female mosquitoes and other insects) outdoors,[4][5] being much more effective at attracting and killing other harmless and beneficial insects. A study by the University of Delaware showed that over a period of 15 summer nights, 13,789 insects were killed among six devices. Of those insects killed, only 31 were biting insects.[6]Mosquitoes are attracted to carbon dioxide and water vapor in the breath of mammals, not ultraviolet light.[5] However, there are now bug zappers that emit carbon dioxide or use an external bait, such as octenol, to better attract biting insects into the trap.[citation needed]","title":"Indoors or outdoors use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electrocuted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shock"},{"link_name":"contaminated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminated"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruses"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"US Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fda2001-9"}],"text":"Research has shown that when insects are electrocuted, bug zappers can spread a mist containing insect parts up to about 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) from the device. The air around the bug zapper can become contaminated by bacteria and viruses that can be inhaled by, or settle on the food of people in the immediate vicinity.[7][8]The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises that the bug zapper should not be installed above a food preparation area, and that insects should be retained within the device.[9] Scatter-proof designs are produced for this purpose.","title":"Scattering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennis racket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_racket"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Battery-powered bug zappers are manufactured, often in the shape of a tennis racket, with which flying insects can be hit.[10] Low-cost versions may use a standard disposable battery, while rechargeable bug zappers may use a lithium ion battery.[11]","title":"Hand-held type"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bug_Zapper_1911.JPG"},{"link_name":"Popular Mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"parasitology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitology"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Early model prototype fly zapper circa 1911, conceded to be too expensive to be practicalIn its October 1911 issue, Popular Mechanics magazine had a piece showing a model \"fly trap\" that used all the elements of a modern bug zapper, including electric light and electrified grid. The design was implemented by two unnamed Denver men and was conceded to be too expensive to be of practical use. The device was 10 by 15 inches (25 by 38 cm), contained 5 incandescent light bulbs, and the grid was 1⁄16-inch (1.59 mm) wires spaced 1⁄8-inch (3.17 mm) apart with a voltage of 450 volts. Users were supposed to bait the interior with meat.[12]According to the US Patent and Trademark Office, the first bug zapper was patented in 1932 by William M. Frost.[13]Separately, William Brodbeck Herms (1876–1949), a professor of parasitology at the University of California, had been working on large commercial insect traps for over 20 years for the protection of California's important fruit industry. In 1934 he introduced the electronic insect killer that became the model for all future bug zappers.[14]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"An outdoor bug zapper","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bug_zapper.JPG/220px-Bug_zapper.JPG"},{"image_text":"Indoor bug zapper which can be used, for example, in a bedroom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bug_zapper.jpg/170px-Bug_zapper.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bug Zapper (electric insect killer) electrocutes a big fly"},{"image_text":"Early model prototype fly zapper circa 1911, conceded to be too expensive to be practical","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bug_Zapper_1911.JPG/220px-Bug_Zapper_1911.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Bug zappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bug_zappers"},{"title":"Electric flyswatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_flyswatter"},{"title":"Fly-killing device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-killing_device"},{"title":"Insect repellents from natural sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellent#Insect_repellents_from_natural_sources"},{"title":"Moth trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth_trap"},{"title":"Nematocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematocera"},{"title":"Personal protective equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment"}] | [{"reference":"Freudenrich, Craig (11 July 2001). \"Bug Zappers\". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2009-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.howstuffworks.com/bug-zapper.htm","url_text":"\"Bug Zappers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bug Zappers are Harmful, Not Helpful\". Horticulture and Home Pest News. IC-475 (15). Iowa State University. 1996-06-14. Retrieved 2009-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1996/6-14-1996/bugzapper.html","url_text":"\"Bug Zappers are Harmful, Not Helpful\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full text of \"Density and Diversity of Nontarget Insects Killed by Suburban Electric Insect Traps\"\". archive.org. Retrieved 2015-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_110397_densityanddiversityofnontarget1925/densityanddiversityofnontarget1925_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Full text of \"Density and Diversity of Nontarget Insects Killed by Suburban Electric Insect Traps\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Can bug zappers help transmit diseases?\". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 30 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://science.howstuffworks.com/question682.htm","url_text":"\"Can bug zappers help transmit diseases?\""}]},{"reference":"Urban, James E.; Alberto Broce (October 2000). \"Electrocution of House Flies in Bug Zappers Releases Bacteria and Viruses\". Current Microbiology. 41 (4). Kansas State University: 267–270. doi:10.1007/s002840010132. PMID 10977894. S2CID 23790034. Archived from the original on 2013-06-11. Retrieved 2009-10-22. bug zappers not only pose an immediate threat because of the release of bacteria and viruses, but they also release insect particles which are potential allergens or which cause various respiratory conditions","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130611200153/http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/dp_entm/extension/Efficacy%2BTrials/zapabs99.html.html","url_text":"\"Electrocution of House Flies in Bug Zappers Releases Bacteria and Viruses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002840010132","url_text":"10.1007/s002840010132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10977894","url_text":"10977894"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23790034","url_text":"23790034"},{"url":"http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/dp_entm/extension/Efficacy%20Trials/zapabs99.html.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter 6: Physical Facilities; Insect Control Devices, Design and Installation; 6-202.13\". FDA Food Code 2009: Annex 3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2009. Retrieved 2013-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/RetailFoodProtection/FoodCode/ucm189214.htm#6-202.13","url_text":"\"Chapter 6: Physical Facilities; Insect Control Devices, Design and Installation; 6-202.13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)","url_text":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Rechargeable Bug Zappers\". Zapout. 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2020-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zapoutusa.com/best-bug-zapper/","url_text":"\"Rechargeable Bug Zappers\""}]},{"reference":"Windsor, H. H., ed. (October 1911). \"An electric death trap for the fly\". Popular Mechanics. 16 (4): 464.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P94DAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22popular+mechanics%22+1910&pg=PA16","url_text":"\"An electric death trap for the fly\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3492383","external_links_name":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3492383"},{"Link":"https://www.discoverlife.org/moth/OTHER/InsectVision_UVColorandLEDLight.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www.discoverlife.org/moth/OTHER/InsectVision_UVColorandLEDLight.pdf"},{"Link":"http://home.howstuffworks.com/bug-zapper.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bug Zappers\""},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1997/07/970730060806.htm","external_links_name":"sciencedaily.com"},{"Link":"http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1996/6-14-1996/bugzapper.html","external_links_name":"\"Bug Zappers are Harmful, Not Helpful\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_110397_densityanddiversityofnontarget1925/densityanddiversityofnontarget1925_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"\"Full text of \"Density and Diversity of Nontarget Insects Killed by Suburban Electric Insect Traps\"\""},{"Link":"http://science.howstuffworks.com/question682.htm","external_links_name":"\"Can bug zappers help transmit diseases?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130611200153/http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/dp_entm/extension/Efficacy%2BTrials/zapabs99.html.html","external_links_name":"\"Electrocution of House Flies in Bug Zappers Releases Bacteria and Viruses\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002840010132","external_links_name":"10.1007/s002840010132"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10977894","external_links_name":"10977894"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23790034","external_links_name":"23790034"},{"Link":"http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/dp_entm/extension/Efficacy%20Trials/zapabs99.html.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/RetailFoodProtection/FoodCode/ucm189214.htm#6-202.13","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 6: Physical Facilities; Insect Control Devices, Design and Installation; 6-202.13\""},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/05/zapping-mosquitoes/525594/","external_links_name":"Does Electrifying Mosquitoes Protect People From Disease?"},{"Link":"https://www.zapoutusa.com/best-bug-zapper/","external_links_name":"\"Rechargeable Bug Zappers\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P94DAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22popular+mechanics%22+1910&pg=PA16","external_links_name":"\"An electric death trap for the fly\""},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US1871978A/en","external_links_name":"US US1871978A"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w98DAAAAMBAJ&dq=Junkers+stratosphere&pg=PA406","external_links_name":"\"Electric Chair For Insects Helps Farmers\", 1990 march"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmecina_silvatransversa | Myrmecina silvatransversa | ["1 References","2 Further reading"] | Species of ant
Myrmecina silvatransversa
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hymenoptera
Family:
Formicidae
Subfamily:
Myrmicinae
Genus:
Myrmecina
Species:
M. silvatransversa
Binomial name
Myrmecina silvatransversaShattuck, 2009
Myrmecina silvatransversa is a species of ant in the family Formicidae.
References
^
"Myrmecina silvatransversa". GBIF. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
^
"AntWeb". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
Further reading
Bolton, B. (2016). "Catalogue of the Ants of the World" (PDF). unpublished communication. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
Taxon identifiersMyrmecina silvatransversa
Wikidata: Q10795869
AFD: Myrmecina_silvatransversa
EoL: 10211751
GBIF: 8134917
Plazi: B760880F-49EE-A2DA-9EA4-F0824E115685
ZooBank: F2012792-7EDF-4756-B652-EBCA29DFD30A
This Myrmicinae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formicidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formicidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbif-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref00-2"}],"text":"Myrmecina silvatransversa is a species of ant in the family Formicidae.[1][2]","title":"Myrmecina silvatransversa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Catalogue of the Ants of the World\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.antwiki.org/wiki/images/3/31/NGC_May_2016.pdf"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q10795869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10795869"},{"link_name":"AFD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory"},{"link_name":"Myrmecina_silvatransversa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Myrmecina_silvatransversa"},{"link_name":"EoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"},{"link_name":"10211751","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eol.org/pages/10211751"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"8134917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/8134917"},{"link_name":"Plazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazi"},{"link_name":"B760880F-49EE-A2DA-9EA4-F0824E115685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//treatment.plazi.org/id/B760880F-49EE-A2DA-9EA4-F0824E115685"},{"link_name":"ZooBank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZooBank"},{"link_name":"F2012792-7EDF-4756-B652-EBCA29DFD30A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/F2012792-7EDF-4756-B652-EBCA29DFD30A"},{"link_name":"Myrmicinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmicinae"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myrmecina_silvatransversa&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Myrmicinae-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Myrmicinae-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Myrmicinae-stub"}],"text":"Bolton, B. (2016). \"Catalogue of the Ants of the World\" (PDF). unpublished communication. Retrieved 2019-07-02.Taxon identifiersMyrmecina silvatransversa\nWikidata: Q10795869\nAFD: Myrmecina_silvatransversa\nEoL: 10211751\nGBIF: 8134917\nPlazi: B760880F-49EE-A2DA-9EA4-F0824E115685\nZooBank: F2012792-7EDF-4756-B652-EBCA29DFD30AThis Myrmicinae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Myrmecina silvatransversa\". GBIF. Retrieved 2020-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/8134917","url_text":"\"Myrmecina silvatransversa\""}]},{"reference":"\"AntWeb\". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2019-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antweb.org/","url_text":"\"AntWeb\""}]},{"reference":"Bolton, B. (2016). \"Catalogue of the Ants of the World\" (PDF). unpublished communication. Retrieved 2019-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/images/3/31/NGC_May_2016.pdf","url_text":"\"Catalogue of the Ants of the World\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/8134917","external_links_name":"\"Myrmecina silvatransversa\""},{"Link":"https://www.antweb.org/","external_links_name":"\"AntWeb\""},{"Link":"http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/images/3/31/NGC_May_2016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Catalogue of the Ants of the World\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Myrmecina_silvatransversa","external_links_name":"Myrmecina_silvatransversa"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/10211751","external_links_name":"10211751"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/8134917","external_links_name":"8134917"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B760880F-49EE-A2DA-9EA4-F0824E115685","external_links_name":"B760880F-49EE-A2DA-9EA4-F0824E115685"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/F2012792-7EDF-4756-B652-EBCA29DFD30A","external_links_name":"F2012792-7EDF-4756-B652-EBCA29DFD30A"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myrmecina_silvatransversa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_Nebula | Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award | ["1 History","2 Grand Masters","3 Infinity Award","4 Anthologies","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Award
Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master AwardAwarded forExcellence in science fiction and fantasy writing, literary achievementsCountryUnited StatesPresented byScience Fiction and Fantasy Writers AssociationFirst awarded1974Websitesfwa.org
The Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award is a lifetime honor presented annually by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association (SFWA) to a living writer of fantasy or science fiction. It was first awarded in 1975, to Robert Heinlein. In 2002, it was renamed after Damon Knight, the founder of SFWA, who had died that year.
The presentation is made at the annual SFWA Nebula Awards banquet, commonly during May, but it is not one of the Nebulas, which recognize the preceding calendar year's works and are selected by vote of all Association members. SFWA officers and past presidents alone submit Grand Master nominations and the final selection must be approved by a majority of that group. The recipient is announced in advance, commonly during the preceding calendar year.
From 1995 to 2010, SFWA also gave some writers the title of Author Emeritus. In 2023, SFWA announced the creation of the Infinity Award, which posthumously honors creators who died before they could be considered for the Grand Master Award. The first recipient of the Infinity Award was Octavia E. Butler.
History
The first Grand Master, Robert Heinlein, was named in 1975. The Grand Master Award was originally limited to six recipients per decade; six were presented in the ten years to 1984 and twelve in the twenty years to 1994. From 1995, the award has been conferred annually, with the exception of 2002 and 2011. Andre Norton was the first woman to receive the award, in 1984. As of 2024, Nalo Hopkinson is the youngest person to have received the award; she was aged 59.
From 1995 to 2010, SFWA also awarded the title of Author Emeritus "as a way to recognize and appreciate senior writers in the genres of science fiction and fantasy who have made significant contributions to our field but who are no longer active or whose excellent work may no longer be as widely known as it once was." Recipients were invited to speak at the annual Nebula Awards banquet. Fourteen honorees were named in the sixteen years the award was given. As of 2024, there has been no overlap between Grand Masters and Authors Emeritus. The award's status as a consolation prize was a matter of controversy, and by October 2013 the Author Emeritus webpage had been removed by SFWA.
Grand Masters
As of 2024, 40 Grand Masters have been created. The list below shows the year of the award ceremonies for each respective recipient. Awards are announced in advance of the ceremony, sometimes in the preceding year.
Year
Recipient
Ref.
1975
Robert A. Heinlein (1907–1988)
1976
Jack Williamson (1908–2006)
1977
Clifford D. Simak (1904–1988)
1978
—
1979
L. Sprague de Camp (1907–2000)
1980
—
1981
Fritz Leiber (1910–1992)
1982
—
1983
—
1984
Andre Norton (1912–2005)
1985
—
1986
Arthur C. Clarke (1917–2008)
1987
Isaac Asimov (1920–1992)
1988
Alfred Bester (1913–1987)
1989
Ray Bradbury (1920–2012)
1990
—
1991
Lester del Rey (1915–1993)
1992
—
1993
Frederik Pohl (1919–2013)
1994
—
1995
Damon Knight (1922–2002)
1996
A. E. van Vogt (1912–2000)
1997
Jack Vance (1916–2013)
1998
Poul Anderson (1926–2001)
1999
Hal Clement (1922–2003)
2000
Brian W. Aldiss (1925–2017)
2001
Philip José Farmer (1918–2009)
2002
—
2003
Ursula K. Le Guin (1929–2018)
2004
Robert Silverberg (1935–)
2005
Anne McCaffrey (1926–2011)
2006
Harlan Ellison (1934–2018)
2007
James Gunn (1923–2020)
2008
Michael Moorcock (1939–)
2009
Harry Harrison (1925–2012)
2010
Joe Haldeman (1943–)
2011
—
2012
Connie Willis (1945–)
2013
Gene Wolfe (1931–2019)
2014
Samuel R. Delany (1942–)
2015
Larry Niven (1938–)
2016
C. J. Cherryh (1942–)
2017
Jane Yolen (1939–)
2018
Peter S. Beagle (1939–)
2019
William Gibson (1948–)
2020
Lois McMaster Bujold (1949–)
2021
Nalo Hopkinson (1960–)
2022
Mercedes Lackey (1950–)
2023
Robin McKinley (1952–)
2024
Susan Cooper (1935–)
Infinity Award
In 2023, SFWA announced the creation of the Infinity Award, which posthumously honors creators who died before they could be considered for the Grand Master Award. SFWA President Jeffe Kennedy said, "Over the years, so many creators have been passed over for the Grand Master nod, for one reason or another. Some died tragically early. Others were not recognized for their work during their lifetimes because of cultural prejudices and blind spots."
Year
Recipient
Ref.
2023
Octavia E. Butler (1947–2006)
2024
Tanith Lee (1947–2015)
Anthologies
In 1989, the anthology Grand Masters' Choice was published, edited by Andre Norton and Ingrid Zierhut. Three more anthologies honoring recipients of the Grand Master Award and collecting some of their short works have been published: The SFWA Grand Masters, Volume 1 (1999), The SFWA Grand Masters, Volume 2 (2000), and The SFWA Grand Masters, Volume 3 (2001), all edited by Frederik Pohl. Collectively, they honor the first fifteen recipients of the award.
See also
Science fiction portal
The Gandalf Grand Master Award for life achievement in fantasy writing, awarded annually by the World Science Fiction Society (1974 to 1981)
World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement
References
^ a b "SFWA Grand Master Award". sfadb.com. Retrieved 2024-02-17.
^ a b
"Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master" Archived 2013-03-08 at the Wayback Machine. Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA). Retrieved 2013-04-01.
^ a b c "The Inaugural Infinity Award Honoree: Octavia E. Butler," Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association (SFWA), April 27, 2023.
^ Harlan Ellison (1994), Harlan Ellison's Watching 36, archived from the original on 2021-12-22, retrieved 2017-08-24
^ a b
"SFWA Author Emeritus". SFWA. Archived 2013-04-09. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
^
"Other SFWA Awards" Archived October 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. The Locus Index to SF Awards: About the Awards. Locus Publications. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
^
"SFWA Author Emeritus" (unavailable). SFWA. Archived 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
^ "2005 Nebula Award winners". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Inc. May 6, 2006. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008.
^ Nawotka, Edward (April 24, 2008). "Nebula Awards puts Austin and Texas writers at center of science fiction world". Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008.
^ "Michael Moorcock named SFWA Grand Master". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Inc. February 28, 2008. Archived from the original on April 2, 2008.
^ "Nebula Awards Announced". Locus Online. 2009-04-26. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ Defendini, Pablo (2009-04-26). "Nebula Award Winners!". Tor.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "Awards: Nebulas; Moby Book Trailer Finalists". Shelf Awareness. 2010-05-17. Archived from the original on 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ Gallo, Irene (2010-05-15). "2010 Nebula Award Winners!". Tor.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2021. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "Nebula Awards Winners". Locus Online. 2010-05-16. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "2011 Nebula Awards Winners". Locus Online. 2012-05-20. Archived from the original on July 13, 2017. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "Announcing the 2011 Nebula Awards Winners". Tor.com. 2012-05-20. Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ Tolbert, Jeremiah (2012-01-16). "SFWA Names Connie Willis Recipient of the 2011 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Archived from the original on 2022-12-11. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ Tolbert, Jeremiah (2012-12-13). "2012 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Awarded to Gene Wolfe". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ Flood, Alison (2012-12-14). "Gene Wolfe wins grand master award for science fiction and fantasy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
^ "2012 Nebula Awards Winners". Locus Online. 2013-05-19. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "Congratulations to the 2012 Nebula Award Winners". Tor.com. 2013-05-19. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "2013 Nebula Awards Winners". Locus Online. 2014-05-18. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "Congratulations to the 2013 Nebula Award Winners". Tor.com. 2014-05-17. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "2014 Nebula Awards Winners". Locus Online. 2015-06-07. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "C.J. Cherryh Named SFWA Damon Knight Grand Master". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. February 17, 2016. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
^ "Announcing the 2015 Nebula Award Winners". Tor.com. 2016-05-14. Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "SFWA Announces Newest Damon Knight Grand Master – Jane Yolen". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. November 29, 2016. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
^ "2017 Nebula Awards Winners". Locus Online. 2018-05-20. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "Announcing the 2017 Nebula Awards Winners!". Tor.com. 2018-05-20. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "SFWA Announces Newest Grand Master – Peter S. Beagle". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. January 23, 2018. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
^ "Beagle Named SFWA Grand Master". Locus Magazine. 2018-01-23. Archived from the original on 2019-10-12. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
^ "Gibson Named SFWA Grand Master". Locus Magazine. 2019-01-18. Archived from the original on 2019-12-06. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
^ "2018 Nebula Awards Winners". Locus Online. 2019-05-19. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "Announcing the 2018 Nebula Awards Winners". Tor.com. 2019-05-19. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "Bujold Named SFWA Grand Master". Locus Magazine. December 9, 2019. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
^ "SFWA Names Nalo Hopkinson as the 37th Damon Knight Grand Master". Tor.com. 2020-12-01. Archived from the original on 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
^ "2020 Nebula Awards Winners". Locus Online. 2021-06-06. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
^ "Mercedes Lackey Named the 38th SFWA Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. 2021-11-04. Archived from the original on 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
^ "Lackey Named SFWA Grand Master". Locus Online. 2021-11-05. Archived from the original on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
^ "SFWA Names Robin McKinley Its 39th Grand Master!". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. 2022-11-28. Archived from the original on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
^ "Cooper Named Grand Master". Locus Online. 2024-02-08. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
^ KathrynBaker (2024-02-07). "SFWA Names Susan Cooper as the 40th Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master". SFWA. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
^ "Tanith Lee Announced as 2024 SFWA Infinity Award Recipient." SFWA. March 12, 2024. Retrieved 2024-03-12.
Further reading
"Joe Haldeman named Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master" Archived 2018-01-24 at the Wayback Machine. SFWA. December 15, 2009. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
"SFWA names Connie Willis recipient of the 2011 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award" Archived 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine. SFWA. January 16, 2012. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
2012 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master awarded to Gene Wolfe" Archived 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine. SFWA. December 13, 2012. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
"2013 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award: Samuel R. Delany" Archived 2013-12-05 at the Wayback Machine. SFWA. December 4, 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
"2015 Larry Niven Named SFWA Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master" Archived 2015-04-16 at the Wayback Machine. SFWA. March 2, 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
External links
"SFWA Grand Master Award" in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
Michael Moorcock at 2008 Nebula Award Ceremony (flickr)
Harry Harrison and Robert Silverberg at 2009 Nebula award ceremony (twitpic)
vteDamon Knight Memorial Grand Master Awards (SFWA Grand Masters)1975–1999
Robert A. Heinlein (1975)
Jack Williamson (1976)
Clifford D. Simak (1977)
L. Sprague de Camp (1979)
Fritz Leiber (1981)
Andre Norton (1984)
Arthur C. Clarke (1986)
Isaac Asimov (1987)
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Lester del Rey (1991)
Frederik Pohl (1993)
Damon Knight (1995)
A. E. van Vogt (1996)
Jack Vance (1997)
Poul Anderson (1998)
Hal Clement (1999)
2000–present
Brian Aldiss (2000)
Philip José Farmer (2001)
Ursula K. Le Guin (2003)
Robert Silverberg (2004)
Anne McCaffrey (2005)
Harlan Ellison (2006)
James Gunn (2007)
Michael Moorcock (2008)
Harry Harrison (2009)
Joe Haldeman (2010)
Connie Willis (2012)
Gene Wolfe (2013)
Samuel R. Delany (2014)
Larry Niven (2015)
C. J. Cherryh (2016)
Jane Yolen (2017)
Peter S. Beagle (2018)
William Gibson (2019)
Lois McMaster Bujold (2020)
Nalo Hopkinson (2021)
Mercedes Lackey (2022)
Robin McKinley (2023)
vteNebula AwardsNebula Awards
Novel
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Game Writing
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Ray Bradbury Award for Dramatic Presentation
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ThemesArchitectural
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Category Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_Association"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Robert Heinlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Heinlein"},{"link_name":"Damon Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Knight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Nebula Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFWA-2"},{"link_name":"Author Emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_Emeritus"},{"link_name":"Octavia E. Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InfinityAward-3"}],"text":"The Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award is a lifetime honor presented annually by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association (SFWA) to a living writer of fantasy or science fiction. It was first awarded in 1975, to Robert Heinlein. In 2002, it was renamed after Damon Knight, the founder of SFWA, who had died that year.[1]The presentation is made at the annual SFWA Nebula Awards banquet, commonly during May, but it is not one of the Nebulas, which recognize the preceding calendar year's works and are selected by vote of all Association members. SFWA officers and past presidents alone submit Grand Master nominations and the final selection must be approved by a majority of that group.[2] The recipient is announced in advance, commonly during the preceding calendar year.From 1995 to 2010, SFWA also gave some writers the title of Author Emeritus. In 2023, SFWA announced the creation of the Infinity Award, which posthumously honors creators who died before they could be considered for the Grand Master Award. The first recipient of the Infinity Award was Octavia E. Butler.[3]","title":"Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Heinlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Heinlein"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFWA-2"},{"link_name":"Andre Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Norton"},{"link_name":"Nalo Hopkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalo_Hopkinson"},{"link_name":"Author Emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_Emeritus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFWA-emeritus-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFWA-emeritus-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFAwards-emeritus-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFWA-emeritus-dead-7"}],"text":"The first Grand Master, Robert Heinlein, was named in 1975. The Grand Master Award was originally limited to six recipients per decade;[4] six were presented in the ten years to 1984 and twelve in the twenty years to 1994. From 1995, the award has been conferred annually, with the exception of 2002 and 2011.[2] Andre Norton was the first woman to receive the award, in 1984. As of 2024, Nalo Hopkinson is the youngest person to have received the award; she was aged 59.From 1995 to 2010, SFWA also awarded the title of Author Emeritus \"as a way to recognize and appreciate senior writers in the genres of science fiction and fantasy who have made significant contributions to our field but who are no longer active or whose excellent work may no longer be as widely known as it once was.\" Recipients were invited to speak at the annual Nebula Awards banquet.[5] Fourteen honorees were named in the sixteen years the award was given.[5] As of 2024, there has been no overlap between Grand Masters and Authors Emeritus. The award's status as a consolation prize was a matter of controversy,[6] and by October 2013 the Author Emeritus webpage had been removed by SFWA.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"As of 2024, 40 Grand Masters have been created. The list below shows the year of the award ceremonies for each respective recipient. Awards are announced in advance of the ceremony, sometimes in the preceding year.[1]","title":"Grand Masters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeffe Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffe_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InfinityAward-3"}],"text":"In 2023, SFWA announced the creation of the Infinity Award, which posthumously honors creators who died before they could be considered for the Grand Master Award. SFWA President Jeffe Kennedy said, \"Over the years, so many creators have been passed over for the Grand Master nod, for one reason or another. Some died tragically early. Others were not recognized for their work during their lifetimes because of cultural prejudices and blind spots.\"[3]","title":"Infinity Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Masters' Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Masters%27_Choice"},{"link_name":"Andre Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Norton"},{"link_name":"The SFWA Grand Masters, Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_SFWA_Grand_Masters,_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"The SFWA Grand Masters, Volume 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_SFWA_Grand_Masters,_Volume_2"},{"link_name":"The SFWA Grand Masters, Volume 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_SFWA_Grand_Masters,_Volume_3"},{"link_name":"Frederik Pohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Pohl"}],"text":"In 1989, the anthology Grand Masters' Choice was published, edited by Andre Norton and Ingrid Zierhut. Three more anthologies honoring recipients of the Grand Master Award and collecting some of their short works have been published: The SFWA Grand Masters, Volume 1 (1999), The SFWA Grand Masters, Volume 2 (2000), and The SFWA Grand Masters, Volume 3 (2001), all edited by Frederik Pohl. Collectively, they honor the first fifteen recipients of the award.","title":"Anthologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Joe Haldeman named Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sfwa.org/2009/12/joe-haldeman-named-damon-knight-memorial-grand-master/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180124195707/http://www.sfwa.org/2009/12/joe-haldeman-named-damon-knight-memorial-grand-master/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"\"SFWA names Connie Willis recipient of the 2011 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sfwa.org/2012/01/sfwa-names-connie-willis-recipient-of-the-2011-damon-knight-memorial-grand-master-award/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131212140123/http://www.sfwa.org/2012/01/sfwa-names-connie-willis-recipient-of-the-2011-damon-knight-memorial-grand-master-award/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"2012 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master awarded to Gene Wolfe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sfwa.org/2012/12/2012-damon-knight-memorial-grand-master-awarded-to-gene-wolfe/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131212140126/http://www.sfwa.org/2012/12/2012-damon-knight-memorial-grand-master-awarded-to-gene-wolfe/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"\"2013 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award: Samuel R. Delany\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sfwa.org/2013/12/32160/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131205163514/http://www.sfwa.org/2013/12/32160/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"\"2015 Larry Niven Named SFWA Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sfwa.org/2015/03/sfwa-names-recipients-of-the-damon-knight-memorial-grand-master-award-and-the-kevin-odonnell-jr-service-to-sfwa-awards/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150416101904/http://www.sfwa.org/2015/03/sfwa-names-recipients-of-the-damon-knight-memorial-grand-master-award-and-the-kevin-odonnell-jr-service-to-sfwa-awards/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"\"Joe Haldeman named Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master\" Archived 2018-01-24 at the Wayback Machine. SFWA. December 15, 2009. Retrieved 2013-12-06.\n\"SFWA names Connie Willis recipient of the 2011 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award\" Archived 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine. SFWA. January 16, 2012. Retrieved 2013-12-06.\n2012 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master awarded to Gene Wolfe\" Archived 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine. SFWA. December 13, 2012. Retrieved 2013-12-06.\n\"2013 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award: Samuel R. Delany\" Archived 2013-12-05 at the Wayback Machine. SFWA. December 4, 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-06.\n\"2015 Larry Niven Named SFWA Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master\" Archived 2015-04-16 at the Wayback Machine. SFWA. March 2, 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-16.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sf-userbox.png"},{"title":"Science fiction portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Science_fiction"},{"title":"Gandalf Grand Master Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandalf_Award"},{"title":"World Science Fiction Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Science_Fiction_Society"},{"title":"World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award_for_Life_Achievement"}] | [{"reference":"\"SFWA Grand Master Award\". sfadb.com. Retrieved 2024-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfadb.com/SFWA_Grand_Master_Award","url_text":"\"SFWA Grand Master Award\""}]},{"reference":"Harlan Ellison (1994), Harlan Ellison's Watching 36, archived from the original on 2021-12-22, retrieved 2017-08-24","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3VIKwH9seM","url_text":"Harlan Ellison's Watching 36"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/U3VIKwH9seM","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2005 Nebula Award winners\". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Inc. May 6, 2006. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705121607/http://sfwa.org/news/2006/06nebwin.htm","url_text":"\"2005 Nebula Award winners\""},{"url":"http://www.sfwa.org/news/2006/06nebwin.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nawotka, Edward (April 24, 2008). \"Nebula Awards puts Austin and Texas writers at center of science fiction world\". Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080429094458/http://www.guidelive.com/sharedcontent/dws/ent/books/stories/DN-scifi_0424gl.ART.State.Edition1.46cfb13.html","url_text":"\"Nebula Awards puts Austin and Texas writers at center of science fiction world\""},{"url":"http://www.guidelive.com/sharedcontent/dws/ent/books/stories/DN-scifi_0424gl.ART.State.Edition1.46cfb13.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Moorcock named SFWA Grand Master\". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Inc. February 28, 2008. Archived from the original on April 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100657/http://www.sfwa.org/news/2008/grandmaster.htm","url_text":"\"Michael Moorcock named SFWA Grand Master\""},{"url":"http://www.sfwa.org/news/2008/grandmaster.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nebula Awards Announced\". Locus Online. 2009-04-26. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://locusmag.com/2009/04/nebula-awards-announced/","url_text":"\"Nebula Awards Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_Online","url_text":"Locus Online"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220810134544/https://locusmag.com/2009/04/nebula-awards-announced/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Defendini, Pablo (2009-04-26). \"Nebula Award Winners!\". Tor.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tor.com/2009/04/26/nebula-award-winners/","url_text":"\"Nebula Award Winners!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com","url_text":"Tor.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201025081815/https://www.tor.com/2009/04/26/nebula-award-winners/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards: Nebulas; Moby Book Trailer Finalists\". Shelf Awareness. 2010-05-17. Archived from the original on 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=1188","url_text":"\"Awards: Nebulas; Moby Book Trailer Finalists\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_Awareness","url_text":"Shelf Awareness"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002213148/http://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=1188","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gallo, Irene (2010-05-15). \"2010 Nebula Award Winners!\". Tor.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2021. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tor.com/2010/05/15/2010-nebual-award-winners/","url_text":"\"2010 Nebula Award Winners!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com","url_text":"Tor.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210924091247/https://www.tor.com/2010/05/15/2010-nebual-award-winners/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nebula Awards Winners\". Locus Online. 2010-05-16. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://locusmag.com/2010/05/nebula-awards-winners/","url_text":"\"Nebula Awards Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_Online","url_text":"Locus Online"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221212201522/https://locusmag.com/2010/05/nebula-awards-winners/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Nebula Awards Winners\". Locus Online. 2012-05-20. Archived from the original on July 13, 2017. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://locusmag.com/2012/05/2011-nebula-awards-winners/","url_text":"\"2011 Nebula Awards Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_Online","url_text":"Locus Online"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170713162304/http://www.locusmag.com/News/2012/05/2011-nebula-awards-winners/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Announcing the 2011 Nebula Awards Winners\". Tor.com. 2012-05-20. Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tor.com/2012/05/19/announcing-the-2011-nebula-awards-winners/","url_text":"\"Announcing the 2011 Nebula Awards Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com","url_text":"Tor.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150409111534/http://www.tor.com/blogs/2012/05/announcing-the-2011-nebula-awards-winners","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tolbert, Jeremiah (2012-01-16). \"SFWA Names Connie Willis Recipient of the 2011 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award\". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Archived from the original on 2022-12-11. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfwa.org/2012/01/16/sfwa-names-connie-willis-recipient-of-the-2011-damon-knight-memorial-grand-master-award/","url_text":"\"SFWA Names Connie Willis Recipient of the 2011 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221211222355/https://www.sfwa.org/2012/01/16/sfwa-names-connie-willis-recipient-of-the-2011-damon-knight-memorial-grand-master-award/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tolbert, Jeremiah (2012-12-13). \"2012 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Awarded to Gene Wolfe\". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. 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Archived from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tor.com/2014/05/17/nebula-award-winners-2013/","url_text":"\"Congratulations to the 2013 Nebula Award Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com","url_text":"Tor.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220525043452/https://www.tor.com/2014/05/17/nebula-award-winners-2013/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Nebula Awards Winners\". Locus Online. 2015-06-07. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://locusmag.com/2015/06/2014-nebula-awards-winners/","url_text":"\"2014 Nebula Awards Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_Online","url_text":"Locus Online"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221210060045/https://locusmag.com/2015/06/2014-nebula-awards-winners/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"C.J. Cherryh Named SFWA Damon Knight Grand Master\". 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Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://locusmag.com/2019/05/2018-nebula-awards-winners/","url_text":"\"2018 Nebula Awards Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_Online","url_text":"Locus Online"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220728185547/https://locusmag.com/2019/05/2018-nebula-awards-winners/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Announcing the 2018 Nebula Awards Winners\". Tor.com. 2019-05-19. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tor.com/2019/05/19/announcing-the-2018-nebula-awards-winners/","url_text":"\"Announcing the 2018 Nebula Awards Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com","url_text":"Tor.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220816070928/https://www.tor.com/2019/05/19/announcing-the-2018-nebula-awards-winners/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bujold Named SFWA Grand Master\". Locus Magazine. December 9, 2019. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://locusmag.com/2019/12/bujold-named-sfwa-grand-master/","url_text":"\"Bujold Named SFWA Grand Master\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191210012641/https://locusmag.com/2019/12/bujold-named-sfwa-grand-master/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SFWA Names Nalo Hopkinson as the 37th Damon Knight Grand Master\". Tor.com. 2020-12-01. Archived from the original on 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2020-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tor.com/2020/12/01/sfwa-names-nalo-hopkinson-as-the-37th-damon-knight-grand-master/","url_text":"\"SFWA Names Nalo Hopkinson as the 37th Damon Knight Grand Master\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com","url_text":"Tor.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201201210137/https://www.tor.com/2020/12/01/sfwa-names-nalo-hopkinson-as-the-37th-damon-knight-grand-master/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Nebula Awards Winners\". Locus Online. 2021-06-06. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://locusmag.com/2021/06/2020-nebula-awards-winners/","url_text":"\"2020 Nebula Awards Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_Online","url_text":"Locus Online"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230105003232/https://locusmag.com/2021/06/2020-nebula-awards-winners/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mercedes Lackey Named the 38th SFWA Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master\". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. 2021-11-04. Archived from the original on 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2021-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://nebulas.sfwa.org/mercedes-lackey-named-the-38th-sfwa-damon-knight-memorial-grand-master/","url_text":"\"Mercedes Lackey Named the 38th SFWA Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America","url_text":"Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211104220339/https://nebulas.sfwa.org/mercedes-lackey-named-the-38th-sfwa-damon-knight-memorial-grand-master/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lackey Named SFWA Grand Master\". Locus Online. 2021-11-05. Archived from the original on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2021-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://locusmag.com/2021/11/lackey-named-sfwa-grand-master/","url_text":"\"Lackey Named SFWA Grand Master\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_Online","url_text":"Locus Online"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211105174500/https://locusmag.com/2021/11/lackey-named-sfwa-grand-master/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SFWA Names Robin McKinley Its 39th Grand Master!\". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. 2022-11-28. Archived from the original on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2022-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfwa.org/2022/11/28/robin-mckinley-39th-sfwa-grand-master/","url_text":"\"SFWA Names Robin McKinley Its 39th Grand Master!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221128170648/https://www.sfwa.org/2022/11/28/robin-mckinley-39th-sfwa-grand-master/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cooper Named Grand Master\". Locus Online. 2024-02-08. Retrieved 2024-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://locusmag.com/2024/02/cooper-named-grand-master/","url_text":"\"Cooper Named Grand Master\""}]},{"reference":"KathrynBaker (2024-02-07). \"SFWA Names Susan Cooper as the 40th Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master\". SFWA. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_surface | Saddle point | ["1 Mathematical discussion","2 Saddle surface","3 Examples","4 Other uses","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Sources","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Critical point on a surface graph which is not a local extremum
This article is about the mathematical property. For the peninsula in the Antarctic, see Saddle Point. For the type of landform and general uses of the word "saddle" as a technical term, see Saddle (landform).
A saddle point (in red) on the graph of z = x2 − y2 (hyperbolic paraboloid)
In mathematics, a saddle point or minimax point is a point on the surface of the graph of a function where the slopes (derivatives) in orthogonal directions are all zero (a critical point), but which is not a local extremum of the function. An example of a saddle point is when there is a critical point with a relative minimum along one axial direction (between peaks) and at a relative maximum along the crossing axis. However, a saddle point need not be in this form. For example, the function
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
x
2
+
y
3
{\displaystyle f(x,y)=x^{2}+y^{3}}
has a critical point at
(
0
,
0
)
{\displaystyle (0,0)}
that is a saddle point since it is neither a relative maximum nor relative minimum, but it does not have a relative maximum or relative minimum in the
y
{\displaystyle y}
-direction.
A riding saddle
The name derives from the fact that the prototypical example in two dimensions is a surface that curves up in one direction, and curves down in a different direction, resembling a riding saddle. In terms of contour lines, a saddle point in two dimensions gives rise to a contour map with a pair of lines intersecting at the point. Such intersections are rare in actual ordnance survey maps, as the height of the saddle point is unlikely to coincide with the integer multiples used in such maps. Instead, the saddle point appears as a blank space in the middle of four sets of contour lines that approach and veer away from it. For a basic saddle point, these sets occur in pairs, with an opposing high pair and an opposing low pair positioned in orthogonal directions. The critical contour lines generally do not have to intersect orthogonally.
Saddle point between two hills (the intersection of the figure-eight z-contour)
Saddle point on the contour plot is the point where level curves cross
Mathematical discussion
A simple criterion for checking if a given stationary point of a real-valued function F(x,y) of two real variables is a saddle point is to compute the function's Hessian matrix at that point: if the Hessian is indefinite, then that point is a saddle point. For example, the Hessian matrix of the function
z
=
x
2
−
y
2
{\displaystyle z=x^{2}-y^{2}}
at the stationary point
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
=
(
0
,
0
,
0
)
{\displaystyle (x,y,z)=(0,0,0)}
is the matrix
[
2
0
0
−
2
]
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}2&0\\0&-2\\\end{bmatrix}}}
which is indefinite. Therefore, this point is a saddle point. This criterion gives only a sufficient condition. For example, the point
(
0
,
0
,
0
)
{\displaystyle (0,0,0)}
is a saddle point for the function
z
=
x
4
−
y
4
,
{\displaystyle z=x^{4}-y^{4},}
but the Hessian matrix of this function at the origin is the null matrix, which is not indefinite.
In the most general terms, a saddle point for a smooth function (whose graph is a curve, surface or hypersurface) is a stationary point such that the curve/surface/etc. in the neighborhood of that point is not entirely on any side of the tangent space at that point.
The plot of y = x3 with a saddle point at 0
In a domain of one dimension, a saddle point is a point which is both a stationary point and a point of inflection. Since it is a point of inflection, it is not a local extremum.
Saddle surface
Hyperbolic paraboloid
A model of an elliptic hyperboloid of one sheet
A monkey saddle
A saddle surface is a smooth surface containing one or more saddle points.
Classical examples of two-dimensional saddle surfaces in the Euclidean space are second order surfaces, the hyperbolic paraboloid
z
=
x
2
−
y
2
{\displaystyle z=x^{2}-y^{2}}
(which is often referred to as "the saddle surface" or "the standard saddle surface") and the hyperboloid of one sheet. The Pringles potato chip or crisp is an everyday example of a hyperbolic paraboloid shape.
Saddle surfaces have negative Gaussian curvature which distinguish them from convex/elliptical surfaces which have positive Gaussian curvature. A classical third-order saddle surface is the monkey saddle.
Examples
In a two-player zero sum game defined on a continuous space, the equilibrium point is a saddle point.
For a second-order linear autonomous system, a critical point is a saddle point if the characteristic equation has one positive and one negative real eigenvalue.
In optimization subject to equality constraints, the first-order conditions describe a saddle point of the Lagrangian.
Other uses
In dynamical systems, if the dynamic is given by a differentiable map f then a point is hyperbolic if and only if the differential of ƒ n (where n is the period of the point) has no eigenvalue on the (complex) unit circle when computed at the point. Then
a saddle point is a hyperbolic periodic point whose stable and unstable manifolds have a dimension that is not zero.
A saddle point of a matrix is an element which is both the largest element in its column and the smallest element in its row.
See also
Saddle-point method is an extension of Laplace's method for approximating integrals
Maximum and minimum
Derivative test
Hyperbolic equilibrium point
Hyperbolic geometry
Minimax theorem
Max–min inequality
Monkey saddle
Mountain pass theorem
References
Citations
^ Howard Anton, Irl Bivens, Stephen Davis (2002): Calculus, Multivariable Version, p. 844.
^ Chiang, Alpha C. (1984). Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 312. ISBN 0-07-010813-7.
^ Buck, R. Creighton (2003). Advanced Calculus (3rd ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. p. 160. ISBN 1-57766-302-0.
^ von Petersdorff 2006
Sources
Gray, Lawrence F.; Flanigan, Francis J.; Kazdan, Jerry L.; Frank, David H.; Fristedt, Bert (1990), Calculus two: linear and nonlinear functions, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 375, ISBN 0-387-97388-5
Hilbert, David; Cohn-Vossen, Stephan (1952), Geometry and the Imagination (2nd ed.), New York, NY: Chelsea, ISBN 978-0-8284-1087-8
von Petersdorff, Tobias (2006), "Critical Points of Autonomous Systems", Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers (Math 246 lecture notes)
Widder, D. V. (1989), Advanced calculus, New York, NY: Dover Publications, p. 128, ISBN 0-486-66103-2
Agarwal, A., Study on the Nash Equilibrium (Lecture Notes)
Further reading
Hilbert, David; Cohn-Vossen, Stephan (1952). Geometry and the Imagination (2nd ed.). Chelsea. ISBN 0-8284-1087-9.
External links
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For the peninsula in the Antarctic, see Saddle Point. For the type of landform and general uses of the word \"saddle\" as a technical term, see Saddle (landform).A saddle point (in red) on the graph of z = x2 − y2 (hyperbolic paraboloid)In mathematics, a saddle point or minimax point[1] is a point on the surface of the graph of a function where the slopes (derivatives) in orthogonal directions are all zero (a critical point), but which is not a local extremum of the function.[2] An example of a saddle point is when there is a critical point with a relative minimum along one axial direction (between peaks) and at a relative maximum along the crossing axis. However, a saddle point need not be in this form. For example, the function \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x,y)=x^{2}+y^{3}}\n \n has a critical point at \n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (0,0)}\n \n that is a saddle point since it is neither a relative maximum nor relative minimum, but it does not have a relative maximum or relative minimum in the \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n-direction.A riding saddleThe name derives from the fact that the prototypical example in two dimensions is a surface that curves up in one direction, and curves down in a different direction, resembling a riding saddle. In terms of contour lines, a saddle point in two dimensions gives rise to a contour map with a pair of lines intersecting at the point. Such intersections are rare in actual ordnance survey maps, as the height of the saddle point is unlikely to coincide with the integer multiples used in such maps. Instead, the saddle point appears as a blank space in the middle of four sets of contour lines that approach and veer away from it. For a basic saddle point, these sets occur in pairs, with an opposing high pair and an opposing low pair positioned in orthogonal directions. The critical contour lines generally do not have to intersect orthogonally.Saddle point between two hills (the intersection of the figure-eight z-contour)Saddle point on the contour plot is the point where level curves cross","title":"Saddle point"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hessian matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian_matrix"},{"link_name":"indefinite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-definite_matrix#Indefinite"},{"link_name":"null matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_matrix"},{"link_name":"smooth function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_function"},{"link_name":"graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve"},{"link_name":"surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"hypersurface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersurface"},{"link_name":"neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"tangent space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_space"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X_cubed_plot.svg"},{"link_name":"point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"stationary point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_point"},{"link_name":"point of inflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection_point"},{"link_name":"local extremum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_extremum"}],"text":"A simple criterion for checking if a given stationary point of a real-valued function F(x,y) of two real variables is a saddle point is to compute the function's Hessian matrix at that point: if the Hessian is indefinite, then that point is a saddle point. For example, the Hessian matrix of the function \n \n \n \n z\n =\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=x^{2}-y^{2}}\n \n at the stationary point \n \n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n ,\n z\n )\n =\n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,y,z)=(0,0,0)}\n \n is the matrix[\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}2&0\\\\0&-2\\\\\\end{bmatrix}}}which is indefinite. Therefore, this point is a saddle point. This criterion gives only a sufficient condition. For example, the point \n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (0,0,0)}\n \n is a saddle point for the function \n \n \n \n z\n =\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n −\n \n y\n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=x^{4}-y^{4},}\n \n but the Hessian matrix of this function at the origin is the null matrix, which is not indefinite.In the most general terms, a saddle point for a smooth function (whose graph is a curve, surface or hypersurface) is a stationary point such that the curve/surface/etc. in the neighborhood of that point is not entirely on any side of the tangent space at that point.The plot of y = x3 with a saddle point at 0In a domain of one dimension, a saddle point is a point which is both a stationary point and a point of inflection. Since it is a point of inflection, it is not a local extremum.","title":"Mathematical discussion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HyperbolicParaboloid.svg"},{"link_name":"Hyperbolic paraboloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_paraboloid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruled_hyperboloid.jpg"},{"link_name":"elliptic hyperboloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_hyperboloid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monkey_saddle_surface.svg"},{"link_name":"monkey saddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_saddle"},{"link_name":"smooth surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_surface"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"hyperbolic paraboloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_paraboloid"},{"link_name":"hyperboloid of one sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboloid_of_one_sheet"},{"link_name":"Pringles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pringles"},{"link_name":"Gaussian curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_curvature"},{"link_name":"monkey saddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_saddle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hyperbolic paraboloidA model of an elliptic hyperboloid of one sheetA monkey saddleA saddle surface is a smooth surface containing one or more saddle points.Classical examples of two-dimensional saddle surfaces in the Euclidean space are second order surfaces, the hyperbolic paraboloid \n \n \n \n z\n =\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=x^{2}-y^{2}}\n \n (which is often referred to as \"the saddle surface\" or \"the standard saddle surface\") and the hyperboloid of one sheet. The Pringles potato chip or crisp is an everyday example of a hyperbolic paraboloid shape.Saddle surfaces have negative Gaussian curvature which distinguish them from convex/elliptical surfaces which have positive Gaussian curvature. A classical third-order saddle surface is the monkey saddle.[3]","title":"Saddle surface "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zero sum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_(game_theory)"},{"link_name":"equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"critical point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_point_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"characteristic equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_equation_(calculus)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lagrangian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_multiplier"}],"text":"In a two-player zero sum game defined on a continuous space, the equilibrium point is a saddle point.For a second-order linear autonomous system, a critical point is a saddle point if the characteristic equation has one positive and one negative real eigenvalue.[4]In optimization subject to equality constraints, the first-order conditions describe a saddle point of the Lagrangian.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamical systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_systems"},{"link_name":"differentiable map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_map"},{"link_name":"unit circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_circle"},{"link_name":"periodic point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_point"},{"link_name":"stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_manifold"},{"link_name":"unstable manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstable_manifold"},{"link_name":"dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension"}],"text":"In dynamical systems, if the dynamic is given by a differentiable map f then a point is hyperbolic if and only if the differential of ƒ n (where n is the period of the point) has no eigenvalue on the (complex) unit circle when computed at the point. Then\na saddle point is a hyperbolic periodic point whose stable and unstable manifolds have a dimension that is not zero.A saddle point of a matrix is an element which is both the largest element in its column and the smallest element in its row.","title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilbert, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert"},{"link_name":"Geometry and the Imagination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/geometryimaginat00davi_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8284-1087-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8284-1087-9"}],"text":"Hilbert, David; Cohn-Vossen, Stephan (1952). Geometry and the Imagination (2nd ed.). Chelsea. ISBN 0-8284-1087-9.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"A saddle point (in red) on the graph of z = x2 − y2 (hyperbolic paraboloid)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Saddle_point.svg/300px-Saddle_point.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A riding saddle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gordena_Jackson%2C_Saddle%2C_1935-1942%2C_NGA_26642.jpg/150px-Gordena_Jackson%2C_Saddle%2C_1935-1942%2C_NGA_26642.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saddle point between two hills (the intersection of the figure-eight z-contour)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Saddle_Point_between_maxima.svg/300px-Saddle_Point_between_maxima.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Saddle point on the contour plot is the point where level curves cross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Julia_set_for_z%5E2%2B0.7i%2Az.png/300px-Julia_set_for_z%5E2%2B0.7i%2Az.png"},{"image_text":"The plot of y = x3 with a saddle point at 0","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/X_cubed_plot.svg/150px-X_cubed_plot.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Hyperbolic paraboloid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/HyperbolicParaboloid.svg/220px-HyperbolicParaboloid.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A model of an elliptic hyperboloid of one sheet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ruled_hyperboloid.jpg/220px-Ruled_hyperboloid.jpg"},{"image_text":"A monkey saddle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Monkey_saddle_surface.svg/300px-Monkey_saddle_surface.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Saddle-point method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle-point_method"},{"title":"Laplace's method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_method"},{"title":"Maximum and minimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_and_minimum"},{"title":"Derivative test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_test"},{"title":"Hyperbolic equilibrium point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_equilibrium_point"},{"title":"Hyperbolic geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_geometry"},{"title":"Minimax theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax_theorem"},{"title":"Max–min inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%E2%80%93min_inequality"},{"title":"Monkey saddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_saddle"},{"title":"Mountain pass theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass_theorem"}] | [{"reference":"Chiang, Alpha C. (1984). Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 312. ISBN 0-07-010813-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Chiang","url_text":"Chiang, Alpha C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fundamentalmetho0000chia_h4v2","url_text":"Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill","url_text":"McGraw-Hill"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fundamentalmetho0000chia_h4v2/page/312","url_text":"312"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-010813-7","url_text":"0-07-010813-7"}]},{"reference":"Buck, R. Creighton (2003). Advanced Calculus (3rd ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. p. 160. ISBN 1-57766-302-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Creighton_Buck","url_text":"Buck, R. Creighton"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7cYQAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA160","url_text":"Advanced Calculus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waveland_Press&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Waveland Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57766-302-0","url_text":"1-57766-302-0"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Lawrence F.; Flanigan, Francis J.; Kazdan, Jerry L.; Frank, David H.; Fristedt, Bert (1990), Calculus two: linear and nonlinear functions, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 375, ISBN 0-387-97388-5","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/calculustwolinea00flan/page/375","url_text":"Calculus two: linear and nonlinear functions"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/calculustwolinea00flan/page/375","url_text":"375"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-97388-5","url_text":"0-387-97388-5"}]},{"reference":"Hilbert, David; Cohn-Vossen, Stephan (1952), Geometry and the Imagination (2nd ed.), New York, NY: Chelsea, ISBN 978-0-8284-1087-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert","url_text":"Hilbert, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Cohn-Vossen","url_text":"Cohn-Vossen, Stephan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Publishing","url_text":"Chelsea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8284-1087-8","url_text":"978-0-8284-1087-8"}]},{"reference":"von Petersdorff, Tobias (2006), \"Critical Points of Autonomous Systems\", Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers (Math 246 lecture notes)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.math.umd.edu/~petersd/246/stab.html","url_text":"\"Critical Points of Autonomous Systems\""}]},{"reference":"Widder, D. V. (1989), Advanced calculus, New York, NY: Dover Publications, p. 128, ISBN 0-486-66103-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Widder","url_text":"Widder, D. V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-66103-2","url_text":"0-486-66103-2"}]},{"reference":"Agarwal, A., Study on the Nash Equilibrium (Lecture Notes)","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cse.iitd.ernet.in/~rahul/cs905/lecture3/nash1.html#SECTION00041000000000000000","url_text":"Study on the Nash Equilibrium (Lecture Notes)"}]},{"reference":"Hilbert, David; Cohn-Vossen, Stephan (1952). Geometry and the Imagination (2nd ed.). Chelsea. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_Todd_(character) | Sweeney Todd | ["1 Plot synopsis","2 Literary history","3 Alleged historical basis","4 In literature","5 In performing arts","5.1 In stage productions","5.2 Dance","5.3 Movies","5.4 Music","5.5 Radio and audio plays","5.6 Television","5.7 In comics","5.8 In rhyming slang","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Fictional serial killer barber
This article is about the character. For other uses, see Sweeney Todd (disambiguation).
Fictional character
Sweeney ToddSweeney Todd murdering a victim, from the penny dreadful serial The String of PearlsFirst appearancePenny dreadful serial titled The String of Pearls (1846–47)Created byJames Malcolm Rymer Thomas Peckett PrestPortrayed byRobert Vivian (1924 Broadway) Moore Marriott (1928 film) Tod Slaughter (1936 film) Freddie Jones (1970 television) Len Cariou (1979 Broadway, 2000 London concert) George Hearn (1980 Broadway, 2000 New York concert, 2001 San Francisco concert) Denis Quilley (1980 London cast, 1993 London revival, 1994 BBC Radio) Ben Kingsley (1998 drama) Timothy Nolen (2004 New York City Opera) Michael Cerveris (2005 Broadway revival) Ray Winstone (2006 drama) Johnny Depp (2007 film) Michael Ball (2012 London revival) Mikhail Gorsheniov (2012 Russian musical) Jeremy Secomb (2015 London revival, 2017 Off-Broadway revival) Norm Lewis (2017 Off-Broadway revival) Hugh Panaro (2017 Off-Broadway revival) Anthony Warlow (2019 Australia) Jett Pangan (2019 Manila, 2019 Singapore) Martin Jarvis (2021 BBC Radio drama) Josh Groban (2023 Broadway) Aaron Tveit (2024 Broadway)In-universe informationFull nameBenjamin Barker (Bond play and musical version)GenderMaleTitleThe Demon Barber of Fleet StreetOccupationBarberSerial killerSpouseNone in original versionLucy Barker (Bond play and musical version)ChildrenNone in original versionJohanna Barker (Bond play and musical version)NationalityBritish
Sweeney Todd is a fictional character who first appeared as the villain of the penny dreadful serial The String of Pearls (1846–1847). The original tale became a feature of 19th-century melodrama and London legend. A barber from Fleet Street, Todd murders his customers with a straight razor and gives their corpses to Mrs. Lovett, his partner in crime, who bakes their flesh into meat pies. The tale has been retold many times since in various media.
Claims that Sweeney Todd was a historical person are disputed strongly by scholars, although possible legendary prototypes exist.
Plot synopsis
In the original version of the tale, Todd is a barber who kills his victims by pulling a lever as they sit in his barber chair. His victims fall backward through a revolving trap door into the basement of his shop, generally causing them to break their necks or skulls. In case they are alive, Todd goes to the basement and "polishes them off" (slitting their throats with his straight razor). In some adaptations, the murdering process is reversed, with Todd slitting his customers' throats before dispatching them into the basement through the revolving trap door. After Todd has robbed his dead victims of their goods, Mrs. Lovett, his partner in crime (in some later versions, his friend and/or lover), assists him in disposing of the bodies by baking their flesh into meat pies and selling them to the unsuspecting customers of her pie shop. Todd's barber shop is situated at 186 Fleet Street, London, next to St. Dunstan's church, and is connected to Mrs. Lovett's pie shop in nearby Bell Yard by means of an underground passage. In most versions of the story, he and Mrs. Lovett hire an unwitting orphan boy, Tobias Ragg, to serve the pies to customers.
Literary history
Sweeney Todd first appeared in a story titled The String of Pearls: A Romance. This penny dreadful was published in 18 weekly parts, in Edward Lloyd's magazine The People's Periodical and Family Library, issues 7–24, published 21 November 1846 to 20 March 1847. It was probably written by James Malcolm Rymer, though Thomas Peckett Prest has also been credited with it; possibly each worked on the serial from part to part. Other attributions include Edward P. Hingston, George Macfarren, and Albert Richard Smith. During February/March 1847, before the serial was even completed, George Dibdin Pitt adapted The String of Pearls as a melodrama for the Britannia Theatre in Hoxton, east London. It was in this alternative version of the tale, rather than the original, that Todd acquired his catchphrase: "I'll polish him off".
Lloyd published another, lengthier, penny part serial during 1847–1848, with 92 episodes. It was then published in book form in 1850 as The String of Pearls, subtitled "The Barber of Fleet Street. A Domestic Romance". This expanded version of the story was 732 pages long. A plagiarised version of this book appeared in the United States c. 1852–1853 as Sweeney Todd: or the Ruffian Barber. A Tale of Terror of the Seas and the Mysteries of the City by "Captain Merry" (a pseudonym used by American author Harry Hazel, 1814–1889).
In 1865, the French novelist Paul H.C. Féval (1816–1887), famous as a writer of horror and crime novels and short stories, referred to what he termed "L'Affaire de la Rue des Marmousets" in the introductory chapter to his book La Vampire.
In 1875, Frederick Hazleton's c. 1865 dramatic adaptation Sweeney Todd, the Barber of Fleet Street: or the String of Pearls (see below) was published as volume 102 of Lacy's Acting Edition of Plays.
A scholarly, annotated edition of the original 1846–1847 serial was published in volume form in 2007 by the Oxford University Press with the title of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, edited by Robert Mack.
Alleged historical basis
The original story of Sweeney Todd is from an older legend that may contain motifs from even earlier stories. Possibly the oldest reference to the story in its present form is found in the diary of the Swedish traveller Pehr Lindeström. In his diary, dating from the middle of the 17th century, the story is set in Calais, which is also where the author heard the story. The story includes all the details of the legend, except for the name of the character. Another version relates to a supposed 1800 narrative of events in the rue de la Harpe, Paris, which appeared in an English version in Tell-Tale Magazine (London) under the title "A Terrific Story of the Rue de la Harpe".
In Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers (1836–1837), the servant Sam Weller says that a pieman used cats "for beefsteak, veal, and kidney, 'cording to the demand", and recommends that people should buy pies only "when you know the lady as made it, and is quite sure it ain't kitten." Dickens then developed this in Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–1844), published two years before the appearance of Sweeney Todd in The String of Pearls (1846–1847), with a character named Tom Pinch who is grateful that his own "evil genius did not lead him into the dens of any of those preparers of cannibalic pastry, who are represented in many country legends as doing a lively retail business in the metropolis".
Claims that Sweeney Todd was a real person were first made in the introduction to the 1850 (expanded) edition of The String of Pearls and have persisted to the present. In two books, Peter Haining argued that Sweeney Todd was a historical person who committed his crimes around 1800. Nevertheless, other researchers who have tried to verify his citations do not find anything in these sources to verify Haining's claims.
In literature
A late (1890s) reference to the legend of the murderous barber can be found in the poem by the Australian bush poet Banjo Paterson, "The Man from Ironbark".
In his 2012 novel Dodger, Terry Pratchett portrays Sweeney Todd as a tragic character, having lost his mind after being exposed to the horrors of the Napoleonic Wars as a barber surgeon.
In performing arts
In stage productions
The String of Pearls (1847), a melodrama by George Dibdin Pitt that opened at Hoxton's Britannia Theatre and billed as "founded on fact". It was something of a success, and the story spread by word of mouth and acquired legendary characteristics. Various versions of the tale were staples of the British theatre for the rest of the century. The play was produced on Broadway during 1924 at the Frazee Theatre, featuring Robert Vivian as Sweeney Todd and Rafaela Ottiano as Mrs. Lovett.
Sweeney Todd, the Barber of Fleet Street: or the String of Pearls (c. 1865), a dramatic adaptation written by Frederick Hazleton which premiered at the Old Bower Saloon, Stangate Street, Lambeth.
Sweeney Todd (1962), a four-act melodrama adapted from The String of Pearls by Brian J Burton who also composed new songs and lyrics. It was first performed at the Crescent Theatre, Birmingham.
Justin Gaudoin and Phyllis Davis in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street at the Wharf Theater, June 2018
Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1973), a play by the British playwright Christopher Bond. This version of the story was the first to give Todd a slightly more sympathetic motive: he is Benjamin Barker, a barber convicted wrongfully who after 15 years in an Australian penal colony escapes and returns to London using the new name Sweeney Todd, only to find that Judge Turpin, who is responsible for his conviction, has raped his young wife and adopted his daughter. He at first plans to kill Turpin, but when his prey escapes, he swears vengeance on humanity in general and begins to slash his customers' throats. He goes into business with Mrs. Lovett, his former landlady, who bakes his victims' flesh into pies. At the end of the play, he finally gets his revenge by killing Turpin, but then unknowingly kills his own wife, who Mrs. Lovett had misled him into believing had died. After learning the truth, he kills Mrs. Lovett, but is in turn killed by Mrs. Lovett's assistant and surrogate son Tobias Ragg, who slits Todd's throat with his own razor.
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. A Musical Thriller (1979), is a musical adaptation of Bond's play by Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler. The show began on Broadway in 1979 and in London's West End in 1980. The show won multiple awards including the Tony Award for Best Musical and the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical. There have since been several revivals in the West End, on Broadway and elsewhere.
Empanada Loca (2015), a one-woman off-Broadway production written and directed by Aaron Mark for the LAByrinth Theater Company.
Dance
Sweeney Todd (1959), a ballet version performed by the Royal Ballet with music by Malcolm Arnold and choreography by John Cranko.
Movies
Sweeney Todd (1926), the first movie version of the story, a 15-minute British silent movie featuring G.A. Baughan in the title role, directed by George Dewhurst. The movie is now lost.
Sweeney Todd (1928), a British silent movie featuring Moore Marriott as Sweeney Todd and Iris Darbyshire as Amelia Lovett. This is the earliest surviving movie adaptation.
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936), a movie version of the 19th-century melodrama featuring Tod Slaughter as Sweeney Todd and Stella Rho as Mrs. "Lovatt".
Bloodthirsty Butchers (1970), a horror movie with John Miranda as Sweeney Todd and Jane Helay as Maggie Lovett, directed by Andy Milligan.
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007), a movie directed by Tim Burton, adapted from Sondheim's musical. It features Johnny Depp as Sweeney Todd, Helena Bonham Carter as Mrs. Lovett, Alan Rickman as Judge Turpin, Jamie Campbell Bower as Anthony, and Ed Sanders as Toby. The movie received two Golden Globe Awards – one for Best Actor in a Comedy or Musical (Johnny Depp), and one for Best Picture, Comedy or Musical. The movie was also nominated for three Academy Awards, winning for Art Direction.
Music
"Sweeney Todd, The Barber", a song which assumes its audience knows the stage version and claims that such a character existed in real life. Stanley Holloway, who recorded it in 1956, attributed it to R. P. Weston, a songwriter active from 1906 to 1934.
"Sweeney Todd" by Brotha Lynch Hung, a song about a modern-day murderer who takes the character's name and modus operandi.
TODD. Act 1. Feast of Blood (TODD. Акт 1. Праздник крови 2011) and TODD. Act 2. At the Edge (TODD. Акт 2. На краю 2012), two albums by Korol' i Shut, a horror punk band from Saint Petersburg.
"Demon Sweeney Todd," a song by British heavy metal band Saxon on their 2009 studio album Into the Labyrinth.
"Floyd The Barber," a song by grunge band Nirvana on their 1989 album Bleach, features a scenario in which Floyd Lawson, the barber from The Andy Griffith Show, becomes a murderer styled after Sweeney Todd.
Sweeney Todd was a Canadian rock music band of the late 1970s featuring Nick Gilder, and later Bryan Adams on lead vocals.
"Bleeders", an upcoming song from American hard rock band Black Veil Brides will be about the titular character and will have a music video with Andy Biersack portraying the character.
Radio and audio plays
In 1932, Tod Slaughter recorded on Regal Zonophone Records an abridged version of the Sweeney Todd story based on his famous stage performance; this version was re-released during 2013 digitally along with a similarly abridged recorded version for Regal Zonophone of his stage performance in Maria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn.
"The Strange Case of the Demon Barber" (January 8, 1946), an adaptation of the Sweeney Todd story featured in an episode of the radio drama The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. In this interpretation, an actor playing the character on stage begins to believe he is committing similar murders while sleepwalking, while Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson uncover evidence that may prove his sanity.
In 1947, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's CBC Stage Series broadcast a radio adaptation by Ronald Hambleton of the George Dibdin Pitt play featuring Mavor Moore as Todd, Jane Mallett as Mrs. Lovett, John Drainie as Tobias, Lloyd Bochner as Mark Ingestrie, Bernard Braden as Jarvis Williams, Lister Sinclair as The Guide and Arden Kaye as Johanna Oakley. The production was directed by Andrew Allan, with original music composed by Lucio Agostini.
In 1994, the 1993 National Theatre production was adapted and recorded for radio and broadcast on BBC Radio 2 with Denis Quilley as Todd and Julia McKenzie as Mrs. Lovett.
The second episode of the BBC Radio comedy series 1835, entitled "Haircut, Sir?" (broadcast in 2004) portrayed aristocrat Viscount Belport and his servant Ned (Jason Done) joining Sir Robert Peel's police force and encountering demon barber Sweeney Todd on their first case.
Sweeney Todd and the String of Pearls: An Audio Melodrama in Three Despicable Acts (2007), an audio play by Yuri Rasovsky, won three 2008 Audie Awards for best audio drama, best original work, and achievement in production.
In March 2021, BBC Radio 4 broadcast Sweeney Todd and the String of Pearls, a two-part adaptation by Archie Scottney of the Prest novel/serial, directed by Rosalind Ayres and with Martin Jarvis as Sweeney Todd, Joanne Whalley as Mrs. Lovett, Rufus Sewell as Colonel Jeffries, Moira Quirk as Joanna and Ian Ogilvy as Major Bounce.
Television
"Sweeney Todd" (1970), an episode of the ITV series Mystery and Imagination featuring Freddie Jones as Sweeney Todd and Heather Canning as Nellie Lovett. In this adaptation, written by Vincent Tilsey and directed by Reginald Collin, the title character is portrayed as insane rather than evil. Lewis Fiander played Mark Ingesterie with Mel Martin as the heroine Charlotte and Len Jones as Tobias.
Sweeney Todd (1973), an hour-long TV production by the CBC Television series The Purple Playhouse with Barry Morse as Todd. This was again Pitt's version of the play.
Teeny Todd: The Demon Barber of Quarter Street was a musical comedy skit performed on The Two Ronnies with Ronnie Corbett as the pint-sized half-brother of Sweeney Todd and Ronnie Barker as Mrs. Lovett. They revive the arrangement that Lovett had with Todd, and nearly get away with it until some clumsiness on Teeny's part reveals to a room full of police the chute down to the kitchen.
The Tale of Sweeney Todd (1998), directed by John Schlesinger, a made-for-television version first broadcast by the Showtime network, featuring Ben Kingsley as Sweeney Todd, Joanna Lumley as Mrs. Lovett, and Campbell Scott as Ben Carlyle, a police inspector; commissioned by British Sky Broadcasting for which Ben Kingsley received a Screen Actors Guild Best Actor nomination for his portrayal of the title role.
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert (2001), a filmed concert version of Sondheim's musical, featuring George Hearn as Sweeney Todd/Benjamin Barker, Patti LuPone as Mrs. Lovett, Timothy Nolen as Judge Turpin, and Neil Patrick Harris as Tobias. A new version of this production was broadcast in September 2014, this time with Bryn Terfel as Todd, Emma Thompson as Mrs. Lovett, and Philip Quast as Judge Turpin.
Sweeney Todd (2006), a BBC television drama version with a screenplay written by Joshua St Johnston and featuring Ray Winstone in the title role and Essie Davis as Mrs. Lovett. In this version, Todd's murderous ways are the result of physical (possibly sexual) cruelty and assault while imprisoned as a child in Newgate Gaol for a crime committed by his father who had escaped; at the movie's conclusion, while in a cell in Newgate and shaving himself on the morning of his execution, he deliberately slashes his own throat rather than be hanged.
"Oh My, Meat Pie" (2008), an episode of the Cooking Channel series Good Eats, which inserts the inventor of shepherd's pie into the world of Sweeney Todd in a historical recounting of the original recipe of the dish.
"Andy's Play" (2010), the 129th episode of The Office series, with Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) singing and acting in a production of Sweeney Todd. It was broadcast originally by NBC on October 7, 2010.
"The Horror of Dolores Roach" (2023), a television adaptation of the 2015 one-woman off-Broadway production "Empanada Loca." The off-Broadway show and the television adaptation are both inspired by the legend of Sweeney Todd, focusing on the titular character of Dolores going down a similar path.
In comics
The character of Sweeney Todd is presented as a villain in Marc Andreyko's Manhunter series, wherein he appears as a ghost which possesses men (causing them to resemble him) and murders women. A supporting character, Obsidian, is shown to be a fan of Sondheim's musical.
Neil Gaiman and Michael Zulli were to have created a Sweeney Todd adaptation for Taboo, published by Steve Bissette and Tundra, but only completed a prologue.
Classical Comics, a UK publisher creating graphic novel adaptations of classical literature, has produced a full colour, 176-page paperback, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2010), with script adaptation by Sean M. Wilson, linework by Declan Shalvey; colouring by Jason Cardy & Kat Nicholson, and lettering by Jim Campbell.
In rhyming slang
In rhyming slang, Sweeney Todd is the Flying Squad (a branch of the UK's Metropolitan Police), which inspired the television series The Sweeney.
References
^ "Sweeney Todd synopsis".
^ a b Haining, Peter (1979). The Mystery and Horrible Murders of Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. London, England: The Book Service Ltd. ISBN 0-584-10425-1.
^ a b Haining, Peter (1993). Sweeney Todd: The real story of the Demon Barber of Fleet Street. London, England: Boxtree. ISBN 1-85283-442-0.
^ a b "Man or myth? The making of Sweeney Todd" (Press release). BBC Press Office. August 12, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2006.
^ a b Duff, Oliver (January 3, 2006). "Sweeney Todd: fact". The Independent. London, England: Independent Print Ltd. Archived from the original on July 1, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2006. (Full text)
^ a b "True or False?". Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert. KQED. 2001. Retrieved November 15, 2006.
^ a b c d e f g h Mack, Robert (2007). "Introduction". Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street.
^ "Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street". PBS.org. Retrieved 11 February 2006.
^ Féval, Paul. La Vampire – via gutenberg.org.
^ "The demon barber of Calais, a 17th century Sweeney Todd". 13 November 2006.
^ "Sweeney Todd, Pehr Lindeström och myten om den mordiska barberaren". 17 September 2018.
^ Dickens, Charles (1837). The Pickwick Papers. Oxfordshire, England: Oxford Classics. pp. 278, 335. ISBN 978-0140436112.
^ Dickens, Charles (26 March 2009). Martin Chuzzlewit. Oxfordshire, England: Clarendon Press. p. 495. ISBN 978-0199554003.
^ "Sweeney Todd credits". IBDB. Retrieved 24 February 2020
^ Crescent Theatre
^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 307. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
^ "Tod Slaughter – the Master of Melodrama in Sweeney Todd – the Demon Barber of Fleet Street and Maria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn". Amazon.com.
^ “Sweeney Todd and the String of Pearls”. BBC. Retrieved 24 July 2021
^ "Oh My, Meat Pie". Food Network. Retrieved 24 July 2021
^ . Time Magazine. Retrieved 31 July 2023
^ Manhunter (2004) #23 (August 2006)
^ Schiff, Len (Fall 2005). "Into the Stratosphere: "TSR" Talks with Neil Gaiman". The Sondheim Review. 12 (1): 39, 41 – via Proquest.
^ Wilson, Seán Michael (November 2010). Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (Original Text ed.). Classical Comics. ISBN 978-1-906332-79-2.
Further reading
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street edited by Robert Mack (2007). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-922933-3
Robert Mack (2008) The Wonderful and Surprising History of Sweeney Todd: The Life and Times of an Urban Legend. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-9791-8
Rothman, Irving N. "Stephen Sondheim's Sweeney Todd (1979). In The Barber in Modern Jewish Culture (2008). 365–76. ISBN 978-0-7734-5072-1
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sweeney Todd.
The String of Pearls etext of the 1846/47 penny dreadful that first featured Sweeney Todd
https://veermag.com/2022/03/sweeney-selina-and-the-antiheroic-tim-burton-revolutionary
Listen to CBC Stage 47: "Sweeney Todd" with Maver Moore
BBC Radio 4 Extra – 1835: 2. "Haircut, Sir?"
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweeney Todd (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_Todd_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"penny dreadful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_dreadful"},{"link_name":"The String of Pearls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_String_of_Pearls"},{"link_name":"melodrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama"},{"link_name":"legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths"},{"link_name":"barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber"},{"link_name":"Fleet Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Street"},{"link_name":"straight razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_razor"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Lovett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Lovett"},{"link_name":"bakes their flesh into meat pies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haining79-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haining93-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pressreleases2005-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duff2006-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demonbarber2001-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mack-2007-7"}],"text":"This article is about the character. For other uses, see Sweeney Todd (disambiguation).Fictional characterSweeney Todd is a fictional character who first appeared as the villain of the penny dreadful serial The String of Pearls (1846–1847). The original tale became a feature of 19th-century melodrama and London legend. A barber from Fleet Street, Todd murders his customers with a straight razor and gives their corpses to Mrs. Lovett, his partner in crime, who bakes their flesh into meat pies. The tale has been retold many times since in various media.[1]Claims that Sweeney Todd was a historical person[2][3] are disputed strongly by scholars,[4][5][6] although possible legendary prototypes exist.[7]","title":"Sweeney Todd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"straight razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_razor"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Lovett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Lovett"},{"link_name":"meat pies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_pie"},{"link_name":"Fleet Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Street"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"St. Dunstan's church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Dunstan-in-the-West"},{"link_name":"Tobias Ragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Ragg"}],"text":"In the original version of the tale, Todd is a barber who kills his victims by pulling a lever as they sit in his barber chair. His victims fall backward through a revolving trap door into the basement of his shop, generally causing them to break their necks or skulls. In case they are alive, Todd goes to the basement and \"polishes them off\" (slitting their throats with his straight razor). In some adaptations, the murdering process is reversed, with Todd slitting his customers' throats before dispatching them into the basement through the revolving trap door. After Todd has robbed his dead victims of their goods, Mrs. Lovett, his partner in crime (in some later versions, his friend and/or lover), assists him in disposing of the bodies by baking their flesh into meat pies and selling them to the unsuspecting customers of her pie shop. Todd's barber shop is situated at 186 Fleet Street, London, next to St. Dunstan's church, and is connected to Mrs. Lovett's pie shop in nearby Bell Yard by means of an underground passage. In most versions of the story, he and Mrs. Lovett hire an unwitting orphan boy, Tobias Ragg, to serve the pies to customers.","title":"Plot synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"penny dreadful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_dreadful"},{"link_name":"Edward Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"James Malcolm Rymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Malcolm_Rymer"},{"link_name":"Thomas Peckett Prest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Peckett_Prest"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mack-2007-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBS-8"},{"link_name":"George Dibdin Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dibdin_Pitt"},{"link_name":"Britannia Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Hoxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mack-2007-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mack-2007-7"},{"link_name":"plagiarised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mack-2007-7"},{"link_name":"Paul H.C. Féval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_F%C3%A9val,_p%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mack-2007-7"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"}],"text":"Sweeney Todd first appeared in a story titled The String of Pearls: A Romance. This penny dreadful was published in 18 weekly parts, in Edward Lloyd's magazine The People's Periodical and Family Library, issues 7–24, published 21 November 1846 to 20 March 1847. It was probably written by James Malcolm Rymer, though Thomas Peckett Prest has also been credited with it; possibly each worked on the serial from part to part. Other attributions include Edward P. Hingston, George Macfarren, and Albert Richard Smith.[7][8] During February/March 1847, before the serial was even completed, George Dibdin Pitt adapted The String of Pearls as a melodrama for the Britannia Theatre in Hoxton, east London. It was in this alternative version of the tale, rather than the original, that Todd acquired his catchphrase: \"I'll polish him off\".[7]Lloyd published another, lengthier, penny part serial during 1847–1848, with 92 episodes. It was then published in book form in 1850 as The String of Pearls, subtitled \"The Barber of Fleet Street. A Domestic Romance\". This expanded version of the story was 732 pages long.[7] A plagiarised version of this book appeared in the United States c. 1852–1853 as Sweeney Todd: or the Ruffian Barber. A Tale of Terror of the Seas and the Mysteries of the City by \"Captain Merry\" (a pseudonym used by American author Harry Hazel, 1814–1889).[7]In 1865, the French novelist Paul H.C. Féval (1816–1887), famous as a writer of horror and crime novels and short stories, referred to what he termed \"L'Affaire de la Rue des Marmousets\" in the introductory chapter to his book La Vampire.[9]In 1875, Frederick Hazleton's c. 1865 dramatic adaptation Sweeney Todd, the Barber of Fleet Street: or the String of Pearls (see below) was published as volume 102 of Lacy's Acting Edition of Plays.[7]A scholarly, annotated edition of the original 1846–1847 serial was published in volume form in 2007 by the Oxford University Press with the title of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, edited by Robert Mack.","title":"Literary history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"rue de la Harpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_la_Harpe#Criminal_associations"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Pickwick Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickwick_Papers"},{"link_name":"Sam Weller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Weller_(character)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Martin Chuzzlewit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Chuzzlewit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mack-2007-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haining79-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haining93-3"},{"link_name":"Peter Haining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Haining_(author)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pressreleases2005-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duff2006-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demonbarber2001-6"}],"text":"The original story of Sweeney Todd is from an older legend that may contain motifs from even earlier stories. Possibly the oldest reference to the story in its present form is found in the diary of the Swedish traveller Pehr Lindeström. In his diary, dating from the middle of the 17th century, the story is set in Calais, which is also where the author heard the story. The story includes all the details of the legend, except for the name of the character.[10][11] Another version relates to a supposed 1800 narrative of events in the rue de la Harpe, Paris, which appeared in an English version in Tell-Tale Magazine (London) under the title \"A Terrific Story of the Rue de la Harpe\".In Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers (1836–1837), the servant Sam Weller says that a pieman used cats \"for beefsteak, veal, and kidney, 'cording to the demand\", and recommends that people should buy pies only \"when you know the lady as made it, and is quite sure it ain't kitten.\"[12] Dickens then developed this in Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–1844), published two years before the appearance of Sweeney Todd in The String of Pearls (1846–1847), with a character named Tom Pinch who is grateful that his own \"evil genius did not lead him into the dens of any of those preparers of cannibalic pastry, who are represented in many country legends as doing a lively retail business in the metropolis\".[13]Claims that Sweeney Todd was a real person were first made in the introduction to the 1850 (expanded) edition of The String of Pearls and have persisted to the present.[7] In two books,[2][3] Peter Haining argued that Sweeney Todd was a historical person who committed his crimes around 1800. Nevertheless, other researchers who have tried to verify his citations do not find anything in these sources to verify Haining's claims.[4][5][6]","title":"Alleged historical basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bush poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_poet"},{"link_name":"Banjo Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo_Paterson"},{"link_name":"The Man from Ironbark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_Ironbark"},{"link_name":"Dodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodger_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Terry Pratchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Pratchett"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"barber surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber_surgeon"}],"text":"A late (1890s) reference to the legend of the murderous barber can be found in the poem by the Australian bush poet Banjo Paterson, \"The Man from Ironbark\".In his 2012 novel Dodger, Terry Pratchett portrays Sweeney Todd as a tragic character, having lost his mind after being exposed to the horrors of the Napoleonic Wars as a barber surgeon.","title":"In literature"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In performing arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Dibdin Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dibdin_Pitt"},{"link_name":"Frazee Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazee_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Rafaela Ottiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafaela_Ottiano"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lambeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mack-2007-7"},{"link_name":"Crescent Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sweeney_Todd_Monterey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street"},{"link_name":"Wharf Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharf_Theater"},{"link_name":"Christopher Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bond"},{"link_name":"penal colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_colony"},{"link_name":"Judge Turpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Turpin"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Lovett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Lovett"},{"link_name":"Tobias Ragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Ragg"},{"link_name":"Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. A Musical Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street"},{"link_name":"Stephen Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"Hugh Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"London's West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Tony Award for Best Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Musical"},{"link_name":"Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_New_Musical"},{"link_name":"LAByrinth Theater Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAByrinth_Theater_Company"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"In stage productions","text":"The String of Pearls (1847), a melodrama by George Dibdin Pitt that opened at Hoxton's Britannia Theatre and billed as \"founded on fact\". It was something of a success, and the story spread by word of mouth and acquired legendary characteristics. Various versions of the tale were staples of the British theatre for the rest of the century. The play was produced on Broadway during 1924 at the Frazee Theatre, featuring Robert Vivian as Sweeney Todd and Rafaela Ottiano as Mrs. Lovett.[14]\nSweeney Todd, the Barber of Fleet Street: or the String of Pearls (c. 1865), a dramatic adaptation written by Frederick Hazleton which premiered at the Old Bower Saloon, Stangate Street, Lambeth.[7]\nSweeney Todd (1962), a four-act melodrama adapted from The String of Pearls by Brian J Burton who also composed new songs and lyrics. It was first performed at the Crescent Theatre,[15] Birmingham.Justin Gaudoin and Phyllis Davis in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street at the Wharf Theater, June 2018Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1973), a play by the British playwright Christopher Bond. This version of the story was the first to give Todd a slightly more sympathetic motive: he is Benjamin Barker, a barber convicted wrongfully who after 15 years in an Australian penal colony escapes and returns to London using the new name Sweeney Todd, only to find that Judge Turpin, who is responsible for his conviction, has raped his young wife and adopted his daughter. He at first plans to kill Turpin, but when his prey escapes, he swears vengeance on humanity in general and begins to slash his customers' throats. He goes into business with Mrs. Lovett, his former landlady, who bakes his victims' flesh into pies. At the end of the play, he finally gets his revenge by killing Turpin, but then unknowingly kills his own wife, who Mrs. Lovett had misled him into believing had died. After learning the truth, he kills Mrs. Lovett, but is in turn killed by Mrs. Lovett's assistant and surrogate son Tobias Ragg, who slits Todd's throat with his own razor.\nSweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. A Musical Thriller (1979), is a musical adaptation of Bond's play by Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler. The show began on Broadway in 1979 and in London's West End in 1980. The show won multiple awards including the Tony Award for Best Musical and the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical. There have since been several revivals in the West End, on Broadway and elsewhere.\nEmpanada Loca (2015), a one-woman off-Broadway production written and directed by Aaron Mark for the LAByrinth Theater Company.[citation needed]","title":"In performing arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweeney Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_Todd_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"the Royal Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Arnold"},{"link_name":"John Cranko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cranko"}],"sub_title":"Dance","text":"Sweeney Todd (1959), a ballet version performed by the Royal Ballet with music by Malcolm Arnold and choreography by John Cranko.","title":"In performing arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_film"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sweeney Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_Todd_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Moore Marriott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Marriott"},{"link_name":"Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Tod Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod_Slaughter"},{"link_name":"Bloodthirsty Butchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodthirsty_Butchers_(film)"},{"link_name":"Andy Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Milligan"},{"link_name":"Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Tim Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burton"},{"link_name":"Johnny Depp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp"},{"link_name":"Helena Bonham Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter"},{"link_name":"Alan Rickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rickman"},{"link_name":"Jamie Campbell Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Campbell_Bower"},{"link_name":"Ed Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sanders_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"}],"sub_title":"Movies","text":"Sweeney Todd (1926), the first movie version of the story, a 15-minute British silent movie featuring G.A. Baughan in the title role, directed by George Dewhurst. The movie is now lost.[16]\nSweeney Todd (1928), a British silent movie featuring Moore Marriott as Sweeney Todd and Iris Darbyshire as Amelia Lovett. This is the earliest surviving movie adaptation.\nSweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936), a movie version of the 19th-century melodrama featuring Tod Slaughter as Sweeney Todd and Stella Rho as Mrs. \"Lovatt\".\nBloodthirsty Butchers (1970), a horror movie with John Miranda as Sweeney Todd and Jane Helay as Maggie Lovett, directed by Andy Milligan.\nSweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007), a movie directed by Tim Burton, adapted from Sondheim's musical. It features Johnny Depp as Sweeney Todd, Helena Bonham Carter as Mrs. Lovett, Alan Rickman as Judge Turpin, Jamie Campbell Bower as Anthony, and Ed Sanders as Toby. The movie received two Golden Globe Awards – one for Best Actor in a Comedy or Musical (Johnny Depp), and one for Best Picture, Comedy or Musical. The movie was also nominated for three Academy Awards, winning for Art Direction.","title":"In performing arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanley Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Holloway"},{"link_name":"R. P. Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._P._Weston"},{"link_name":"Brotha Lynch Hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotha_Lynch_Hung"},{"link_name":"modus operandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_operandi"},{"link_name":"Korol' i Shut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korol%27_i_Shut"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_(band)"},{"link_name":"Into the Labyrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Labyrinth_(Saxon_album)"},{"link_name":"grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_(Nirvana_album)"},{"link_name":"Floyd Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Lawson"},{"link_name":"The Andy Griffith Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show"},{"link_name":"Sweeney Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_Todd_(band)"},{"link_name":"Nick Gilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Gilder"},{"link_name":"Bryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"Black Veil Brides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Veil_Brides"},{"link_name":"Andy Biersack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Biersack"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"\"Sweeney Todd, The Barber\", a song which assumes its audience knows the stage version and claims that such a character existed in real life. Stanley Holloway, who recorded it in 1956, attributed it to R. P. Weston, a songwriter active from 1906 to 1934.\n\"Sweeney Todd\" by Brotha Lynch Hung, a song about a modern-day murderer who takes the character's name and modus operandi.\nTODD. Act 1. Feast of Blood (TODD. Акт 1. Праздник крови 2011) and TODD. Act 2. At the Edge (TODD. Акт 2. На краю 2012), two albums by Korol' i Shut, a horror punk band from Saint Petersburg.\n\"Demon Sweeney Todd,\" a song by British heavy metal band Saxon on their 2009 studio album Into the Labyrinth.\n\"Floyd The Barber,\" a song by grunge band Nirvana on their 1989 album Bleach, features a scenario in which Floyd Lawson, the barber from The Andy Griffith Show, becomes a murderer styled after Sweeney Todd.\nSweeney Todd was a Canadian rock music band of the late 1970s featuring Nick Gilder, and later Bryan Adams on lead vocals.\n\"Bleeders\", an upcoming song from American hard rock band Black Veil Brides will be about the titular character and will have a music video with Andy Biersack portraying the character.","title":"In performing arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tod Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod_Slaughter"},{"link_name":"Regal Zonophone Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regal_Zonophone_Records"},{"link_name":"Maria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Barn_Murder"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Dr. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Watson"},{"link_name":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio_One"},{"link_name":"Ronald Hambleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hambleton"},{"link_name":"Mavor Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavor_Moore"},{"link_name":"Jane Mallett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Mallett"},{"link_name":"John Drainie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Drainie"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Bochner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bochner"},{"link_name":"Bernard Braden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Braden"},{"link_name":"Lister Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lister_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"Lucio Agostini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Agostini"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2"},{"link_name":"Denis Quilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Quilley"},{"link_name":"Julia McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"Jason Done","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Done"},{"link_name":"Yuri Rasovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Rasovsky"},{"link_name":"Audie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audie_Award"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Prest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Peckett_Prest"},{"link_name":"Rosalind Ayres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Ayres"},{"link_name":"Martin Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Jarvis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Joanne Whalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Whalley"},{"link_name":"Rufus Sewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Sewell"},{"link_name":"Moira Quirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moira_Quirk"},{"link_name":"Ian Ogilvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Ogilvy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Radio and audio plays","text":"In 1932, Tod Slaughter recorded on Regal Zonophone Records an abridged version of the Sweeney Todd story based on his famous stage performance; this version was re-released during 2013 digitally along with a similarly abridged recorded version for Regal Zonophone of his stage performance in Maria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn.[17]\n\"The Strange Case of the Demon Barber\" (January 8, 1946), an adaptation of the Sweeney Todd story featured in an episode of the radio drama The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. In this interpretation, an actor playing the character on stage begins to believe he is committing similar murders while sleepwalking, while Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson uncover evidence that may prove his sanity.\nIn 1947, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's CBC Stage Series broadcast a radio adaptation by Ronald Hambleton of the George Dibdin Pitt play featuring Mavor Moore as Todd, Jane Mallett as Mrs. Lovett, John Drainie as Tobias, Lloyd Bochner as Mark Ingestrie, Bernard Braden as Jarvis Williams, Lister Sinclair as The Guide and Arden Kaye as Johanna Oakley. The production was directed by Andrew Allan, with original music composed by Lucio Agostini.\nIn 1994, the 1993 National Theatre production was adapted and recorded for radio and broadcast on BBC Radio 2 with Denis Quilley as Todd and Julia McKenzie as Mrs. Lovett.\nThe second episode of the BBC Radio comedy series 1835, entitled \"Haircut, Sir?\" (broadcast in 2004) portrayed aristocrat Viscount Belport and his servant Ned (Jason Done) joining Sir Robert Peel's police force and encountering demon barber Sweeney Todd on their first case.\nSweeney Todd and the String of Pearls: An Audio Melodrama in Three Despicable Acts (2007), an audio play by Yuri Rasovsky, won three 2008 Audie Awards for best audio drama, best original work, and achievement in production.\nIn March 2021, BBC Radio 4 broadcast Sweeney Todd and the String of Pearls, a two-part adaptation by Archie Scottney of the Prest novel/serial, directed by Rosalind Ayres and with Martin Jarvis as Sweeney Todd, Joanne Whalley as Mrs. Lovett, Rufus Sewell as Colonel Jeffries, Moira Quirk as Joanna and Ian Ogilvy as Major Bounce.[18]","title":"In performing arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Mystery and Imagination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_and_Imagination"},{"link_name":"Freddie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Jones"},{"link_name":"Heather Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Canning"},{"link_name":"Mel Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Martin"},{"link_name":"CBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Barry Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Morse"},{"link_name":"The Two Ronnies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Ronnies"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Corbett"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Barker"},{"link_name":"The Tale of Sweeney Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Sweeney_Todd"},{"link_name":"John Schlesinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schlesinger"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Ben Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Joanna Lumley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Lumley"},{"link_name":"Campbell Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Scott"},{"link_name":"British Sky Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Ben Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild"},{"link_name":"George Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hearn"},{"link_name":"Patti LuPone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_LuPone"},{"link_name":"Timothy Nolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Nolen"},{"link_name":"Neil Patrick Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Patrick_Harris"},{"link_name":"Bryn Terfel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Terfel"},{"link_name":"Emma Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Philip Quast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Quast"},{"link_name":"BBC television drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_television_drama"},{"link_name":"Ray Winstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Winstone"},{"link_name":"Essie Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essie_Davis"},{"link_name":"Newgate Gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newgate_Prison"},{"link_name":"Cooking Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_Channel"},{"link_name":"Good Eats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Eats"},{"link_name":"shepherd's pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Andy's Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%27s_Play"},{"link_name":"The Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Office_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ed Helms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Helms"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"The Horror of Dolores Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horror_of_Dolores_Roach"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"\"Sweeney Todd\" (1970), an episode of the ITV series Mystery and Imagination featuring Freddie Jones as Sweeney Todd and Heather Canning as Nellie Lovett. In this adaptation, written by Vincent Tilsey and directed by Reginald Collin, the title character is portrayed as insane rather than evil. Lewis Fiander played Mark Ingesterie with Mel Martin as the heroine Charlotte and Len Jones as Tobias.\nSweeney Todd (1973), an hour-long TV production by the CBC Television series The Purple Playhouse with Barry Morse as Todd. This was again Pitt's version of the play.\nTeeny Todd: The Demon Barber of Quarter Street was a musical comedy skit performed on The Two Ronnies with Ronnie Corbett as the pint-sized half-brother of Sweeney Todd and Ronnie Barker as Mrs. Lovett. They revive the arrangement that Lovett had with Todd, and nearly get away with it until some clumsiness on Teeny's part reveals to a room full of police the chute down to the kitchen.\nThe Tale of Sweeney Todd (1998), directed by John Schlesinger, a made-for-television version first broadcast by the Showtime network, featuring Ben Kingsley as Sweeney Todd, Joanna Lumley as Mrs. Lovett, and Campbell Scott as Ben Carlyle, a police inspector; commissioned by British Sky Broadcasting for which Ben Kingsley received a Screen Actors Guild Best Actor nomination for his portrayal of the title role.\nSweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert (2001), a filmed concert version of Sondheim's musical, featuring George Hearn as Sweeney Todd/Benjamin Barker, Patti LuPone as Mrs. Lovett, Timothy Nolen as Judge Turpin, and Neil Patrick Harris as Tobias. A new version of this production was broadcast in September 2014, this time with Bryn Terfel as Todd, Emma Thompson as Mrs. Lovett, and Philip Quast as Judge Turpin.\nSweeney Todd (2006), a BBC television drama version with a screenplay written by Joshua St Johnston and featuring Ray Winstone in the title role and Essie Davis as Mrs. Lovett. In this version, Todd's murderous ways are the result of physical (possibly sexual) cruelty and assault while imprisoned as a child in Newgate Gaol for a crime committed by his father who had escaped; at the movie's conclusion, while in a cell in Newgate and shaving himself on the morning of his execution, he deliberately slashes his own throat rather than be hanged.\n\"Oh My, Meat Pie\" (2008), an episode of the Cooking Channel series Good Eats, which inserts the inventor of shepherd's pie into the world of Sweeney Todd in a historical recounting of the original recipe of the dish.[19]\n\"Andy's Play\" (2010), the 129th episode of The Office series, with Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) singing and acting in a production of Sweeney Todd. It was broadcast originally by NBC on October 7, 2010.\n\"The Horror of Dolores Roach\" (2023), a television adaptation of the 2015 one-woman off-Broadway production \"Empanada Loca.\" The off-Broadway show and the television adaptation are both inspired by the legend of Sweeney Todd, focusing on the titular character of Dolores going down a similar path.[20]","title":"In performing arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marc Andreyko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreyko"},{"link_name":"Manhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunter_(comics)"},{"link_name":"possesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_possession"},{"link_name":"Obsidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Neil Gaiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gaiman"},{"link_name":"Michael Zulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Zulli"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Classical Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Comics"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"In comics","text":"The character of Sweeney Todd is presented as a villain in Marc Andreyko's Manhunter series, wherein he appears as a ghost which possesses men (causing them to resemble him) and murders women. A supporting character, Obsidian, is shown to be a fan of Sondheim's musical.[21]\nNeil Gaiman and Michael Zulli were to have created a Sweeney Todd adaptation for Taboo, published by Steve Bissette and Tundra, but only completed a prologue.[22]\nClassical Comics, a UK publisher creating graphic novel adaptations of classical literature, has produced a full colour, 176-page paperback, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2010),[23] with script adaptation by Sean M. Wilson, linework by Declan Shalvey; colouring by Jason Cardy & Kat Nicholson, and lettering by Jim Campbell.","title":"In performing arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhyming slang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyming_slang"},{"link_name":"Flying Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Squad"},{"link_name":"The Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sweeney"}],"sub_title":"In rhyming slang","text":"In rhyming slang, Sweeney Todd is the Flying Squad (a branch of the UK's Metropolitan Police), which inspired the television series The Sweeney.","title":"In performing arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-922933-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-922933-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8264-9791-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-9791-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7734-5072-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-5072-1"}],"text":"Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street edited by Robert Mack (2007). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-922933-3\nRobert Mack (2008) The Wonderful and Surprising History of Sweeney Todd: The Life and Times of an Urban Legend. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-9791-8\nRothman, Irving N. \"Stephen Sondheim's Sweeney Todd (1979). In The Barber in Modern Jewish Culture (2008). 365–76. ISBN 978-0-7734-5072-1","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Justin Gaudoin and Phyllis Davis in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street at the Wharf Theater, June 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sweeney_Todd_Monterey.jpg/220px-Sweeney_Todd_Monterey.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sweeney Todd synopsis\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stageagent.com/shows/musical/835/sweeney-todd","url_text":"\"Sweeney Todd synopsis\""}]},{"reference":"Haining, Peter (1979). The Mystery and Horrible Murders of Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. London, England: The Book Service Ltd. ISBN 0-584-10425-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-584-10425-1","url_text":"0-584-10425-1"}]},{"reference":"Haining, Peter (1993). Sweeney Todd: The real story of the Demon Barber of Fleet Street. London, England: Boxtree. ISBN 1-85283-442-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85283-442-0","url_text":"1-85283-442-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Man or myth? The making of Sweeney Todd\" (Press release). BBC Press Office. August 12, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/08/todd_making.shtml","url_text":"\"Man or myth? The making of Sweeney Todd\""}]},{"reference":"Duff, Oliver (January 3, 2006). \"Sweeney Todd: fact\". The Independent. London, England: Independent Print Ltd. Archived from the original on July 1, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060701050948/http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article336235.ece","url_text":"\"Sweeney Todd: fact\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article336235.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"True or False?\". Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert. KQED. 2001. Retrieved November 15, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/penny/index.html","url_text":"\"True or False?\""}]},{"reference":"Mack, Robert (2007). \"Introduction\". Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street\". PBS.org. Retrieved 11 February 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/penny/index.html","url_text":"\"Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street\""}]},{"reference":"Féval, Paul. La Vampire – via gutenberg.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_F%C3%A9val,_p%C3%A8re","url_text":"Féval, Paul"},{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10053","url_text":"La Vampire"}]},{"reference":"\"The demon barber of Calais, a 17th century Sweeney Todd\". 13 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://elorganillero.com/blog/2006/11/13/the-demon-barber-of-calais-a-17th-century-sweeney-todd/","url_text":"\"The demon barber of Calais, a 17th century Sweeney Todd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sweeney Todd, Pehr Lindeström och myten om den mordiska barberaren\". 17 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://kuragehistoria.com/2018/09/17/sweeney-todd-pehr-lindestrom-och-myten-om-den-mordiska-barberaren/","url_text":"\"Sweeney Todd, Pehr Lindeström och myten om den mordiska barberaren\""}]},{"reference":"Dickens, Charles (1837). The Pickwick Papers. Oxfordshire, England: Oxford Classics. pp. 278, 335. ISBN 978-0140436112.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens","url_text":"Dickens, Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers","url_text":"The Pickwick Papers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140436112","url_text":"978-0140436112"}]},{"reference":"Dickens, Charles (26 March 2009). Martin Chuzzlewit. Oxfordshire, England: Clarendon Press. p. 495. ISBN 978-0199554003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens","url_text":"Dickens, Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Chuzzlewit","url_text":"Martin Chuzzlewit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Press","url_text":"Clarendon Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199554003","url_text":"978-0199554003"}]},{"reference":"Schiff, Len (Fall 2005). \"Into the Stratosphere: \"TSR\" Talks with Neil Gaiman\". The Sondheim Review. 12 (1): 39, 41 – via Proquest.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wilson, Seán Michael (November 2010). Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (Original Text ed.). Classical Comics. ISBN 978-1-906332-79-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906332-79-2","url_text":"978-1-906332-79-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://stageagent.com/shows/musical/835/sweeney-todd","external_links_name":"\"Sweeney Todd synopsis\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/08/todd_making.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Man or myth? The making of Sweeney Todd\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060701050948/http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article336235.ece","external_links_name":"\"Sweeney Todd: fact\""},{"Link":"http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article336235.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071114161840/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060103/ai_n15975963","external_links_name":"Full text"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/penny/index.html","external_links_name":"\"True or False?\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/penny/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street\""},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10053","external_links_name":"La Vampire"},{"Link":"https://elorganillero.com/blog/2006/11/13/the-demon-barber-of-calais-a-17th-century-sweeney-todd/","external_links_name":"\"The demon barber of Calais, a 17th century Sweeney Todd\""},{"Link":"https://kuragehistoria.com/2018/09/17/sweeney-todd-pehr-lindestrom-och-myten-om-den-mordiska-barberaren/","external_links_name":"\"Sweeney Todd, Pehr Lindeström och myten om den mordiska barberaren\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/sweeney-todd-9544","external_links_name":"\"Sweeney Todd credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Tod-Slaughter-Master-Melodrama-Sweeney/dp/B00HN3UMVO/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Tod+Slaughter&qid=1563807489&s=dmusic&sr=1-1","external_links_name":"\"Tod Slaughter – the Master of Melodrama in Sweeney Todd – the Demon Barber of Fleet Street and Maria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000t4kh","external_links_name":"“Sweeney Todd and the String of Pearls”"},{"Link":"https://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/good-eats/episodes/oh-my-meat-pie","external_links_name":"\"Oh My, Meat Pie\""},{"Link":"https://time.com/6292921/the-horror-of-dolores-roach-sweeney-todd/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.victorianlondon.org/mysteries/sweeney_todd-01.htm","external_links_name":"The String of Pearls"},{"Link":"https://veermag.com/2022/03/sweeney-selina-and-the-antiheroic-tim-burton-revolutionary","external_links_name":"https://veermag.com/2022/03/sweeney-selina-and-the-antiheroic-tim-burton-revolutionary"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cbcstagesweeneytodd","external_links_name":"Listen to CBC Stage 47: \"Sweeney Todd\" with Maver Moore"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0129v0m","external_links_name":"BBC Radio 4 Extra – 1835: 2. \"Haircut, Sir?\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/80676917","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqKfmfjGMVRvWKVrPyKh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136310257","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538916705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85135778","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertadores_del_Vichada | Libertadores del Vichada | ["1 Background","2 Modus operandi","3 Conflict with the FARC","4 References"] | Colombian drug trafficking neo-paramilitary group
Libertadores del Vichada (English: The Liberators of Vichada), was a Colombian drug trafficking neo-paramilitary group involved in the Colombian armed conflict. It is considered to be one of the most important drug trafficking organizations in eastern Colombia. The group is led by Martín Farfán Díaz González, alias 'Pijarbey,' a former leader of the neo-paramilitary group ERPAC. According to Colombia's prosecutor general, Díaz González is responsible for several homicides and acts of terrorism against the civilian population. The last leader of the criminal group was captured September 22, 2017, in Villavicencio (Meta). With this capture, according to statements by the Ministry of Defence, the organization is completely dismantled.
Background
The origins of Libertadores del Vichada can be traced back to the disintegration of ERPAC, an armed, paramilitary group that was partially demobilized in 2009. However, only 300 out of roughly 900 ERPAC members surrendered to Colombian authorities, and the remaining 600 were believed to have joined Libertadores de Vichada or the rivalling Meta Block. After the capture of criminals known as El Loco Barrera and Jhonatan, in addition to the death of Pijarvey; the two blocs were in the hands of the drug trafficker Mauricio Pachón Rozo, also known as "Puntilla", reunited the two groups; This time with a new name: "Los Puntilleros", with base of operations in the Eastern Plains. The last leader of the Puntilleros, Arnulfo Hernandez Guzman, also known as Tigre, was captured September 22, 2017, in Villavicencio (Meta). With this capture, according to statements by the Ministry of Defence, the organization is completely dismantled.
Modus operandi
Los Libertadores del Vichada use AK-47 rifles and other small arms and have a hierarchical, military structure inherited from the AUC. The members use military uniforms stolen from the Colombian army.
Conflict with the FARC
Los Libertadores del Vichada have frequently fought battles against the FARC rebel group in eastern Colombia.
References
^ "La Séptima Brigada destruyó campamento de la banda criminal Bloque Libertadores del Vichada | Colombia Estéreo" (in Spanish). Emisoraejercito.mil.co. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
^ "Duro golpe de la Séptima Brigada a la banda criminal Bloque Libertadores del Vichada | Colombia Estéreo" (in Spanish). Emisoraejercito.mil.co. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
^ "Ordenan captura de alias 'Pijarbey' - Colombia Noticias: Actualidad Nacional". Eltiempo.Com. 2013-08-13. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
^ "Se hacía llamar "Tigre" y manejaba las rutas narco en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia: Cayó por sus citas con una modelo".
^ "After Failed Demobilization, ERPAC Factions Join Colombia's Larger War - InSight Crime | Organized Crime in the Americas". InSight Crime. 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
^ "Se hacía llamar "Tigre" y manejaba las rutas narco en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia: Cayó por sus citas con una modelo".
^ "Cuatro asegurados en operativo contra grupo ilegal Libertadores del Vichada | LA F.m. - RCN Radio". La F.M. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
^ "Incautan munición a las Bandas criminales Bloque Libertadores de Vichada". Notillano.com. 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
^ "Violencia en Vichada por disputa entre Farc y bacrim". Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
vteOrganized crime groups in the AmericasArgentina
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United StatesSee: Organized crime groups in the United StatesVenezuela
Cartel of the Suns
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Mafia bibliography | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vichada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Vichada"},{"link_name":"neo-paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitarism_in_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Colombian armed conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_armed_conflict"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ERPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Oliverio_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Libertadores del Vichada (English: The Liberators of Vichada), was a Colombian drug trafficking neo-paramilitary group involved in the Colombian armed conflict.[1] It is considered to be one of the most important drug trafficking organizations in eastern Colombia.[2] The group is led by Martín Farfán Díaz González, alias 'Pijarbey,' a former leader of the neo-paramilitary group ERPAC. According to Colombia's prosecutor general, Díaz González is responsible for several homicides and acts of terrorism against the civilian population.[3] The last leader of the criminal group was captured September 22, 2017, in Villavicencio (Meta). With this capture, according to statements by the Ministry of Defence, the organization is completely dismantled.[4]","title":"Libertadores del Vichada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ERPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Oliverio_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The origins of Libertadores del Vichada can be traced back to the disintegration of ERPAC, an armed, paramilitary group that was partially demobilized in 2009. However, only 300 out of roughly 900 ERPAC members surrendered to Colombian authorities, and the remaining 600 were believed to have joined Libertadores de Vichada or the rivalling Meta Block.[5] After the capture of criminals known as El Loco Barrera and Jhonatan, in addition to the death of Pijarvey; the two blocs were in the hands of the drug trafficker Mauricio Pachón Rozo, also known as \"Puntilla\", reunited the two groups; This time with a new name: \"Los Puntilleros\", with base of operations in the Eastern Plains. The last leader of the Puntilleros, Arnulfo Hernandez Guzman, also known as Tigre, was captured September 22, 2017, in Villavicencio (Meta). With this capture, according to statements by the Ministry of Defence, the organization is completely dismantled.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AUC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Los Libertadores del Vichada use AK-47 rifles and other small arms and have a hierarchical, military structure inherited from the AUC. The members use military uniforms stolen from the Colombian army.[7][8]","title":"Modus operandi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FARC"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Los Libertadores del Vichada have frequently fought battles against the FARC rebel group in eastern Colombia.[9]","title":"Conflict with the FARC"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"La Séptima Brigada destruyó campamento de la banda criminal Bloque Libertadores del Vichada | Colombia Estéreo\" (in Spanish). Emisoraejercito.mil.co. Retrieved 2013-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emisoraejercito.mil.co/content/la-s%C3%A9ptima-brigada-destruy%C3%B3-campamento-de-la-banda-criminal-bloque-libertadores-del-vichada","url_text":"\"La Séptima Brigada destruyó campamento de la banda criminal Bloque Libertadores del Vichada | Colombia Estéreo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Duro golpe de la Séptima Brigada a la banda criminal Bloque Libertadores del Vichada | Colombia Estéreo\" (in Spanish). Emisoraejercito.mil.co. Retrieved 2013-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emisoraejercito.mil.co/node/1003","url_text":"\"Duro golpe de la Séptima Brigada a la banda criminal Bloque Libertadores del Vichada | Colombia Estéreo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ordenan captura de alias 'Pijarbey' - Colombia Noticias: Actualidad Nacional\". Eltiempo.Com. 2013-08-13. Retrieved 2013-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/llano/ARTICULO-WEB-NEW_NOTA_INTERIOR-12990293.html","url_text":"\"Ordenan captura de alias 'Pijarbey' - Colombia Noticias: Actualidad Nacional\""}]},{"reference":"\"Se hacía llamar \"Tigre\" y manejaba las rutas narco en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia: Cayó por sus citas con una modelo\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2017/09/25/le-decia-tigre-y-manejaba-las-rutas-narco-en-los-llanos-orientales-de-colombia-cayo-por-sus-citas-con-una-modelo/","url_text":"\"Se hacía llamar \"Tigre\" y manejaba las rutas narco en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia: Cayó por sus citas con una modelo\""}]},{"reference":"\"After Failed Demobilization, ERPAC Factions Join Colombia's Larger War - InSight Crime | Organized Crime in the Americas\". InSight Crime. 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2013-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/after-failed-demobilization-erpac-factions-join-colombias-larger-war","url_text":"\"After Failed Demobilization, ERPAC Factions Join Colombia's Larger War - InSight Crime | Organized Crime in the Americas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Se hacía llamar \"Tigre\" y manejaba las rutas narco en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia: Cayó por sus citas con una modelo\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2017/09/25/le-decia-tigre-y-manejaba-las-rutas-narco-en-los-llanos-orientales-de-colombia-cayo-por-sus-citas-con-una-modelo/","url_text":"\"Se hacía llamar \"Tigre\" y manejaba las rutas narco en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia: Cayó por sus citas con una modelo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cuatro asegurados en operativo contra grupo ilegal Libertadores del Vichada | LA F.m. - RCN Radio\". La F.M. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2013-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20131019143856/http://www.lafm.com.co/noticias/cuatro-asegurados-en-operativo-134419","url_text":"\"Cuatro asegurados en operativo contra grupo ilegal Libertadores del Vichada | LA F.m. - RCN Radio\""},{"url":"http://www.lafm.com.co/noticias/cuatro-asegurados-en-operativo-134419","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Incautan munición a las Bandas criminales Bloque Libertadores de Vichada\". Notillano.com. 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2013-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.notillano.com/index.php/actualidad-meta/2783-incautan-munici%C3%B3n-a-las-bandas-criminales-bloque-libertadores-de-vichada.html","url_text":"\"Incautan munición a las Bandas criminales Bloque Libertadores de Vichada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Violencia en Vichada por disputa entre Farc y bacrim\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020035746/http://m.eltiempo.com/colombia/llano/violencia-en-vichada-por-disputa-entre-farc-y-bacrim/12007995","url_text":"\"Violencia en Vichada por disputa entre Farc y bacrim\""},{"url":"http://m.eltiempo.com/colombia/llano/violencia-en-vichada-por-disputa-entre-farc-y-bacrim/12007995","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.emisoraejercito.mil.co/content/la-s%C3%A9ptima-brigada-destruy%C3%B3-campamento-de-la-banda-criminal-bloque-libertadores-del-vichada","external_links_name":"\"La Séptima Brigada destruyó campamento de la banda criminal Bloque Libertadores del Vichada | Colombia Estéreo\""},{"Link":"http://www.emisoraejercito.mil.co/node/1003","external_links_name":"\"Duro golpe de la Séptima Brigada a la banda criminal Bloque Libertadores del Vichada | Colombia Estéreo\""},{"Link":"http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/llano/ARTICULO-WEB-NEW_NOTA_INTERIOR-12990293.html","external_links_name":"\"Ordenan captura de alias 'Pijarbey' - Colombia Noticias: Actualidad Nacional\""},{"Link":"https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2017/09/25/le-decia-tigre-y-manejaba-las-rutas-narco-en-los-llanos-orientales-de-colombia-cayo-por-sus-citas-con-una-modelo/","external_links_name":"\"Se hacía llamar \"Tigre\" y manejaba las rutas narco en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia: Cayó por sus citas con una modelo\""},{"Link":"http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/after-failed-demobilization-erpac-factions-join-colombias-larger-war","external_links_name":"\"After Failed Demobilization, ERPAC Factions Join Colombia's Larger War - InSight Crime | Organized Crime in the Americas\""},{"Link":"https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2017/09/25/le-decia-tigre-y-manejaba-las-rutas-narco-en-los-llanos-orientales-de-colombia-cayo-por-sus-citas-con-una-modelo/","external_links_name":"\"Se hacía llamar \"Tigre\" y manejaba las rutas narco en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia: Cayó por sus citas con una modelo\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20131019143856/http://www.lafm.com.co/noticias/cuatro-asegurados-en-operativo-134419","external_links_name":"\"Cuatro asegurados en operativo contra grupo ilegal Libertadores del Vichada | LA F.m. - RCN Radio\""},{"Link":"http://www.lafm.com.co/noticias/cuatro-asegurados-en-operativo-134419","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.notillano.com/index.php/actualidad-meta/2783-incautan-munici%C3%B3n-a-las-bandas-criminales-bloque-libertadores-de-vichada.html","external_links_name":"\"Incautan munición a las Bandas criminales Bloque Libertadores de Vichada\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020035746/http://m.eltiempo.com/colombia/llano/violencia-en-vichada-por-disputa-entre-farc-y-bacrim/12007995","external_links_name":"\"Violencia en Vichada por disputa entre Farc y bacrim\""},{"Link":"http://m.eltiempo.com/colombia/llano/violencia-en-vichada-por-disputa-entre-farc-y-bacrim/12007995","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demrick | Demrick | ["1 Life and career","1.1 2005-2010: Audio Hustlaz, Vol. 1, and Smoke N Mirrors","1.2 2011-present: Urban Ammo, #HeadsUP, All The Wrong Things & Serial Killers","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Collaborative albums","2.3 Mixtapes","2.4 Featured singles","2.5 Guest appearances","3 In popular culture","4 References","5 External links"] | American rapper
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DemrickBackground informationBirth nameDemerick FermAlso known asDemrickYoung DeBornMarch 7, 1981Spokane, Washington, U.S.OriginLos Angeles, CaliforniaGenresHip hopOccupation(s)Rapper, songwriterYears active2005–presentMember ofSerial KillersMusical artist
Demerick Ferm, better known by his stage name Demrick, formerly known as Young De, is a rapper from Spokane, Washington, now living in Los Angeles. He has collaborated with Xzibit, Kurupt, Snoop Dogg, Too $hort, B-Real and Cypress Hill. He is a protege of B-Real of Cypress Hill and Xzibit with whom he formed Serial Killers.
Life and career
2005-2010: Audio Hustlaz, Vol. 1, and Smoke N Mirrors
His career started in 2005 when he met Kurupt in Philadelphia, who urged him and his group Tangled Thoughts to move to California. They did, and released an album with Kurupt, Philly 2 Cali, in 2007.
In 2008, Demrick released his solo debut mixtape, Audio Hustlaz, Vol. 1, which was presented by DJ Skee. B-Real contributed to the mixtape as a producer and featured on several tracks. Later that year, Demrick released the Homeland Security mixtape, a collaboration with Shady/Interscope's artist Cashis. Homeland Security was hosted by DJ Whoo Kid and featured tracks with Royce da 5'9", Crooked I and Freeway, among others.
Demrick was featured on B-Real's first solo debut album, Smoke N Mirrors (2009), appearing on 5 of the 15 songs, including the single "Don't Ya Dare Laugh", and toured overseas with B-Real. In the middle of 2009, Demrick appeared on DJ Muggs' Soul Assassins: Intermission album, and the success of that song led him to spend two years touring with Xzibit.
In 2010 Cypress Hill released Rise Up, their eighth studio album. Demrick was featured on the single "It Ain't Nothin" and went on tour with Cypress, performing at festivals like Rock Am Ring and Rockin Rio. At the end of the year Demrick teamed up with DJ Fingaz for another mixtape, De Is for Demrick.
2011-present: Urban Ammo, #HeadsUP, All The Wrong Things & Serial Killers
In 2011, Xzibit and Demrick released two digital singles, "Man on the Moon" and "What It Is". Videos were shot by director Matt Alonzo and led to rotation on MTV. In mid-2011, Demrick released an EP, Neva Look Back, produced by Scoop DeVille.
Demrick released his fourth mixtape, #Heads Up, in 2011. It included the singles "Money & Weed" and "Burn Out" (produced by Jim Jonsin).
In October 2013 Demrick released an album with the hip hop group Serial Killers, alongside Xzibit and B-Real.
Discography
Albums
Losing Focus (with Cali Cleve) (2015)
Collect Call (2016)
Came a Long Way (2018)
No Wasting Time (2019)
The Plot (2020)
Payday (2021)
Collaborative albums
Stoney Point (with DJ Hoppa and Cali Cleve) (2015)
Loud Pack: Extracts (with Scoop Deville) (2015)
One Week Notice (with Dizzy Wright, Audio Push, Jarren Benton, Emilio Rojas, Reezy, DJ Hoppa, and Kato) (2018)
Stoney Point 2 (with DJ Hoppa) (2018)
Stoney Point 3 (with DJ Hoppa) (2021)
Mixtapes
"tangledthoughts/" (Tangled Thoughts - T.H.O. (Tha Free Mixtape))
Audio Hustlaz, Vol. 1" (Presented by DJ Skee)
"Homeland Security" (with Cashis) (2008)
"De Is for Demrick" (with DJ Fingaz, produced by 21 the Producer)
" Neva LOOK Back" (Produced entirely by Scoop DeVille)
"#HeadsUP" (Features by Brevi and Xzibit)
"All The Wrong Things" (produced by The Makerz)(2012)
All the Wrong Things 2 (2013)
Serial Killers, Vol. 1 (with Xzibit & B-Real as Serial Killers) (2013)
WingsUP - EP (2013)
The Murder Show (with Xzibit & B-Real as Serial Killers) (2015)
Blaze With Us (with Dizzy Wright) (2016)
Day of the Dead (with Xzibit & B-Real as Serial Killers) (2018)
Blaze With Us 2 (with Dizzy Wright) (2020)
Summer of Sam (with Xzibit & B-Real as Serial Killers) (2020)
Championship Rounds - EP (with Mike & Keys) (2021)
Featured singles
"It Ain't Nothin'" (with Cypress Hill)
"Blaze of Glory"
"Man on the Moon" (with Xzibit)
"What It Is" (with Xzibit)
Guest appearances
Year
Song
Artist(s)
Album
2009
"Don't You Dare Laugh"
B-Real, Xzibit
Smoke N Mirrors
"6 Minutes"
B-Real, Tekneek
"10 Steps Behind"
"Dr. Hyphenstein"
B-Real, Snoop Dogg, Trace Midas
"Figure It Out"
Soul Assassins
Soul Assassins: Intermission(Presented by DJ Muggs)
2010
"It Ain't Nothin'"(Writers credits)
Cypress Hill
Rise Up (Via Capitol Records)
2011
"What It Is"
Xzibit
Urban Ammo 2Xtreme Music/Sony Singles
2011
"Man on the Moon"
2012
"Medicated"
Cypress Hill, Rusko
Cypress X Rusko
2012
"Movies"
Xzibit, The Game, Crooked I, Slim The Mobster
Napalm
"Killer's Remorse"
Xzibit, B-Real, Bishop Lamont
"Crazy"
Xzibit, B-Real, Jelly Roll
2013
"The Pain"
Cashis, Sara Shine
The County Hound 2
2014-2015-2016
"Xanax and Patron"
B-Real, Berner
Prohibition
"Why Not"
Cashis, Kurupt, Freeway
Euthansia
"Leave No Witness"
DJ Hoppa, SwizZz
Hoppa & Friends
"Break It Down"
DJ Hoppa
"Marijuana"
B-Real, B-Legit, Berner
Prohibition, Pt. 3
"Mental"
Madchild
Silver Tongue Devil
"Triple Threat"
Madchild, Slaine
"Slayer"
Madchild
2017
"Make Moves Wit Me"
Dizzy Wright
The Golden Age 2
"Sativa"
Chris Webby, B-Real, Zacari
Webster's Laboratory II
"Gold and Silver Circles"
Dizzy Wright, Audio Push
State of Mind 2
"The One"
Jarren Benton
The Mink Coat Killa
2018
"Brothers"
Sammy Adams
Nice Manor Volume 2
2019
"More And More"
Dizzy Wright
Nobody Care's, Work Harder
2020
"New Year, New Me"
Ramaj Eroc
—
In popular culture
In December 2023, Demrick's single, "Lights", was broadcast from radio stations in Fortnite during the video game's first season of its fifth chapter.
References
^ "Ice Cube, Xzibit, Others To Perform In Amsterdam For First West Coast Hip Hop Festival". Baller Status. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
^ "Xzibit Euro Dollar Tour". Planet Urban. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
^ "Serial Killaz [Xzibit/B Real/Young De". HipHop DX. 2009-12-02. Archived from the original on 2009-12-23. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
^ "Demrick - Who Am I". Hot New Hip Hop. Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
^ "Xzibit & Extreme Music Lock 'N' Load a Full Clip of High Caliber Surface-to-Ear Urban Ammo". Reuters. 2011-04-12. Archived from the original on 2011-10-20. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
^ "Instagram".
^ "Demrick - Lights (Fortnite) ". YouTube.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demrick.
Demrick on Facebook
Demrick on X
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spokane, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Xzibit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xzibit"},{"link_name":"Kurupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurupt"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Too $hort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_$hort"},{"link_name":"B-Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-Real"},{"link_name":"Cypress Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Hill"},{"link_name":"Serial Killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Killers_(musical_group)"}],"text":"Musical artistDemerick Ferm, better known by his stage name Demrick, formerly known as Young De, is a rapper from Spokane, Washington, now living in Los Angeles. He has collaborated with Xzibit, Kurupt, Snoop Dogg, Too $hort, B-Real and Cypress Hill. He is a protege of B-Real of Cypress Hill and Xzibit with whom he formed Serial Killers.","title":"Demrick"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"DJ Skee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Skee"},{"link_name":"Cashis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashis"},{"link_name":"Royce da 5'9\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royce_da_5%279%22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Smoke N Mirrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_N_Mirrors"},{"link_name":"Soul Assassins: Intermission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Assassins:_Intermission"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rise Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Up_(Cypress_Hill_album)"}],"sub_title":"2005-2010: Audio Hustlaz, Vol. 1, and Smoke N Mirrors","text":"His career started in 2005 when he met Kurupt in Philadelphia, who urged him and his group Tangled Thoughts to move to California. They did, and released an album with Kurupt, Philly 2 Cali, in 2007.[citation needed]In 2008, Demrick released his solo debut mixtape, Audio Hustlaz, Vol. 1, which was presented by DJ Skee. B-Real contributed to the mixtape as a producer and featured on several tracks. Later that year, Demrick released the Homeland Security mixtape, a collaboration with Shady/Interscope's artist Cashis. Homeland Security was hosted by DJ Whoo Kid and featured tracks with Royce da 5'9\", Crooked I and Freeway, among others.[citation needed]Demrick was featured on B-Real's first solo debut album, Smoke N Mirrors (2009), appearing on 5 of the 15 songs, including the single \"Don't Ya Dare Laugh\", and toured overseas with B-Real. In the middle of 2009, Demrick appeared on DJ Muggs' Soul Assassins: Intermission album, and the success of that song led him to spend two years touring with Xzibit.[citation needed]In 2010 Cypress Hill released Rise Up, their eighth studio album. Demrick was featured on the single \"It Ain't Nothin\" and went on tour with Cypress, performing at festivals like Rock Am Ring and Rockin Rio. At the end of the year Demrick teamed up with DJ Fingaz for another mixtape, De Is for Demrick.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Scoop DeVille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop_DeVille"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jim Jonsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jonsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Serial Killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Killers_(musical_group)"}],"sub_title":"2011-present: Urban Ammo, #HeadsUP, All The Wrong Things & Serial Killers","text":"In 2011, Xzibit and Demrick released two digital singles, \"Man on the Moon\" and \"What It Is\". Videos were shot by director Matt Alonzo and led to rotation on MTV.[citation needed] In mid-2011, Demrick released an EP, Neva Look Back, produced by Scoop DeVille.[citation needed]Demrick released his fourth mixtape, #Heads Up, in 2011. It included the singles \"Money & Weed\" and \"Burn Out\" (produced by Jim Jonsin).[1][2][3][4]In October 2013 Demrick released an album with the hip hop group Serial Killers, alongside Xzibit and B-Real.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Losing Focus (with Cali Cleve) (2015)\nCollect Call (2016)\nCame a Long Way (2018)\nNo Wasting Time (2019)\nThe Plot (2020)\nPayday (2021)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DJ Hoppa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Hoppa"},{"link_name":"Dizzy Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Wright"},{"link_name":"Audio Push","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Push"},{"link_name":"Jarren Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarren_Benton"},{"link_name":"Emilio Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Rojas"},{"link_name":"DJ Hoppa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Hoppa"}],"sub_title":"Collaborative albums","text":"Stoney Point (with DJ Hoppa and Cali Cleve) (2015)\nLoud Pack: Extracts (with Scoop Deville) (2015)\nOne Week Notice (with Dizzy Wright, Audio Push, Jarren Benton, Emilio Rojas, Reezy, DJ Hoppa, and Kato) (2018)\nStoney Point 2 (with DJ Hoppa) (2018)\nStoney Point 3 (with DJ Hoppa) (2021)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"tangledthoughts/\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dubcnn.com/mixtapes/"},{"link_name":"Audio Hustlaz, Vol. 1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dubcnn.com/mixtapes/youngde-audiohustlaz/"},{"link_name":"DJ Skee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Skee"},{"link_name":"\"Homeland Security\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dubcnn.com/mixtapes/cashis-youngde-homelandsecurity/"},{"link_name":"\"De Is for Demrick\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dubcnn.com/mixtapes/youngde-demrick-deisfordemrick/"},{"link_name":"\" Neva LOOK Back\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dubcnn.com/mixtapes/demrickakayoungde-scoopdeville-nevalookback/"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dubcnn.com/mixtapes/demrickakayoungde-scoopdeville-nevalookback/"},{"link_name":"Scoop DeVille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop_DeVille"},{"link_name":"\"#HeadsUP\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120504025937/http://www.freeonsmash.com/news/2011/12/29/young-de-aka-demrick-headsup-mixtape/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120504025937/http://www.freeonsmash.com/news/2011/12/29/young-de-aka-demrick-headsup-mixtape/"},{"link_name":"\"All The Wrong Things\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//indy.livemixtapes.com/mixtapes/18101/demrick_the_makerz_all_the_wrong_things.html"},{"link_name":"Xzibit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xzibit"},{"link_name":"B-Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-Real"},{"link_name":"Dizzy Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Wright"}],"sub_title":"Mixtapes","text":"\"tangledthoughts/\" (Tangled Thoughts - T.H.O. (Tha Free Mixtape))\nAudio Hustlaz, Vol. 1\" (Presented by DJ Skee)\n\"Homeland Security\" (with Cashis) (2008)\n\"De Is for Demrick\" (with DJ Fingaz, produced by 21 the Producer)\n\" Neva LOOK Back\" [1](Produced entirely by Scoop DeVille)\n\"#HeadsUP\" [2](Features by Brevi and Xzibit)\n\"All The Wrong Things\" (produced by The Makerz)(2012)\nAll the Wrong Things 2 (2013)\nSerial Killers, Vol. 1 (with Xzibit & B-Real as Serial Killers) (2013)\nWingsUP - EP (2013)\nThe Murder Show (with Xzibit & B-Real as Serial Killers) (2015)\nBlaze With Us (with Dizzy Wright) (2016)\nDay of the Dead (with Xzibit & B-Real as Serial Killers) (2018)\nBlaze With Us 2 (with Dizzy Wright) (2020)\nSummer of Sam (with Xzibit & B-Real as Serial Killers) (2020)\nChampionship Rounds - EP (with Mike & Keys) (2021)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"It Ain't Nothin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Ain%27t_Nothin%27_(Cypress_Hill_song)"},{"link_name":"Cypress Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Hill"},{"link_name":"What It Is\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=oikwWIFmwIU"}],"sub_title":"Featured singles","text":"\"It Ain't Nothin'\" (with Cypress Hill)\n\"Blaze of Glory\"\n\"Man on the Moon\" (with Xzibit)\n\"What It Is\" (with Xzibit)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Guest appearances","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fortnite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortnite"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"In December 2023, Demrick's single, \"Lights\", was broadcast from radio stations in Fortnite during the video game's first season of its fifth chapter.[6][7][better source needed]","title":"In popular culture"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ice Cube, Xzibit, Others To Perform In Amsterdam For First West Coast Hip Hop Festival\". Baller Status. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 2013-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ballerstatus.com/2009/03/09/ice-cube-xzibit-others-to-perform-in-amsterdam-for-first-west-coast-hip-hop-festival/","url_text":"\"Ice Cube, Xzibit, Others To Perform In Amsterdam For First West Coast Hip Hop Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Xzibit Euro Dollar Tour\". Planet Urban. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2013-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022164218/http://www.planeturban.com.au/news/tour_xzibit_euro_dollar_tour","url_text":"\"Xzibit Euro Dollar Tour\""},{"url":"http://www.planeturban.com.au/news/tour_xzibit_euro_dollar_tour","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Serial Killaz [Xzibit/B Real/Young De\". HipHop DX. 2009-12-02. Archived from the original on 2009-12-23. Retrieved 2013-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091223233211/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/audio/id.9450/title.serial-killaz-xzibit-b-real-young-de-body-bags","url_text":"\"Serial Killaz [Xzibit/B Real/Young De\""},{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/audio/id.9450/title.serial-killaz-xzibit-b-real-young-de-body-bags","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Demrick - Who Am I\". Hot New Hip Hop. Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130512070347/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/demrick-who-am-i-song.106881.html","url_text":"\"Demrick - Who Am I\""},{"url":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/demrick-who-am-i-song.106881.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Xzibit & Extreme Music Lock 'N' Load a Full Clip of High Caliber Surface-to-Ear Urban Ammo\". Reuters. 2011-04-12. Archived from the original on 2011-10-20. Retrieved 2013-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111020200123/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/12/idUS219615+12-Apr-2011+PRN20110412","url_text":"\"Xzibit & Extreme Music Lock 'N' Load a Full Clip of High Caliber Surface-to-Ear Urban Ammo\""},{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/12/idUS219615+12-Apr-2011+PRN20110412/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/iamdemrick/reel/C1KnbdMvxUQ/","url_text":"\"Instagram\""}]},{"reference":"\"Demrick - Lights (Fortnite) [prod. Joshua Welton & Donut]\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qt5TJjJe7Ds","url_text":"\"Demrick - Lights (Fortnite) [prod. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_(Fra_Lippo_Lippi_album) | Dreams (Fra Lippo Lippi album) | ["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"] | The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Dreams" Fra Lippo Lippi album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1992 studio album by Fra Lippo LippiDreamsStudio album by Fra Lippo LippiReleased1992GenreNew wave, pop rockLabelUniton Records (Norway) Polystar Records (Japan) OctoArts International (Philippines)ProducerFra Lippo LippiFra Lippo Lippi chronology
The Colour Album(1989)
Dreams(1992)
The Best of Fra Lippo Lippi '85-'95(1995)
Alternative CoverJapanese release cover
Dreams is the sixth studio album by Norwegian band Fra Lippo Lippi.
When their 1989 album The Colour Album generated mediocre sales , the band parted ways with their Swedish label The Record Station and were considering breaking up. Instead, they decided to write songs for a new album. In 1991, the band recorded the songs in founder Rune Kristoffersen's basement before sending the tapes to Stockholm, Sweden, for record producer Kaj Erixon (who worked on the band's 1985 album Songs) to mix them. The album was released by Sonet Records in Norway, Polystar Records in Japan and OctoArts International (now EMI Records Philippines) in the Philippines.
Dreams was a moderate hit in the Philippines, with the song "Stitches and Burns" receiving constant airplay on radio. It would be Kristoffersen's final studio album with the band, and the band's last original recording for over a decade.
Track listing
"Thief in Paradise"
"Living in a Crazy World"
"Stitches and Burns"
"Not Invited"
"Heart of the Matter"
"Naive"
"One World"
"Wonderful Day"
"Dreams"
The Japanese release has "Stitches and Burns" as track #6 and "Naive" as track #3.
Personnel
Rune Kristoffersen - Bass, keyboards
Per Øystein Sørensen - Vocals, keyboards
with
Tom Kåre Pettersen - Guitars
Ottar Nesje - Drums
References
^ "Fra Lippo Lippi History". Archived from the original on 2017-05-08. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
^ Fra Lippo Lippi Discography
^ "Fra Lippo Lippi Scrapbook". Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
vteFra Lippo Lippi
Per Øystein Sørensen
Rune Kristoffersen
Morten Sjøberg
Øyvind Kvalnes
Bjørn Sorknes
Studio albums
In Silence
Small Mercies
Songs
Light and Shade
The Colour Album
Dreams
In a Brilliant White
Live albums
Crash of Light
Compilation albums
The Best of Fra Lippo Lippi '85–'95
The Virgin Years – Greatest Hits
The Early Years
The Best of Fra Lippo Lippi
The Essential Fra Lippo Lippi: Essence & Rare
Singles
"Shouldn't Have to Be Like That"/"The Distance Between Us"
Related
Walter Becker
David M. Allen
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Fra Lippo Lippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Lippo_Lippi_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Colour Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colour_Album"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Rune Kristoffersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_Kristoffersen"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Kaj Erixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaj_Erixon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_(Fra_Lippo_Lippi_album)"},{"link_name":"Sonet Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonet_Records"},{"link_name":"EMI Records Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"1992 studio album by Fra Lippo LippiDreams is the sixth studio album by Norwegian band Fra Lippo Lippi.When their 1989 album The Colour Album generated mediocre sales , the band parted ways with their Swedish label The Record Station and were considering breaking up. Instead, they decided to write songs for a new album. In 1991, the band recorded the songs in founder Rune Kristoffersen's basement before sending the tapes to Stockholm, Sweden, for record producer Kaj Erixon (who worked on the band's 1985 album Songs) to mix them. The album was released by Sonet Records in Norway, Polystar Records in Japan and OctoArts International (now EMI Records Philippines) in the Philippines.[1]Dreams was a moderate hit in the Philippines, with the song \"Stitches and Burns\" receiving constant airplay on radio. It would be Kristoffersen's final studio album with the band, and the band's last original recording for over a decade.[citation needed]","title":"Dreams (Fra Lippo Lippi album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thief in Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thief_in_Paradise&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Stitches and Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitches_and_Burns"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Thief in Paradise\"[2]\n\"Living in a Crazy World\"\n\"Stitches and Burns\"\n\"Not Invited\"\n\"Heart of the Matter\"\n\"Naive\"\n\"One World\"\n\"Wonderful Day\"\n\"Dreams\"The Japanese release has \"Stitches and Burns\" as track #6 and \"Naive\" as track #3.[3]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rune Kristoffersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_Kristoffersen"},{"link_name":"Per Øystein Sørensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_%C3%98ystein_S%C3%B8rensen"},{"link_name":"Tom Kåre Pettersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_K%C3%A5re_Pettersen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ottar Nesje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottar_Nesje&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Rune Kristoffersen - Bass, keyboards\nPer Øystein Sørensen - Vocals, keyboardswithTom Kåre Pettersen - Guitars\nOttar Nesje - Drums","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Fra Lippo Lippi History\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDB/Cram_and_Ferguson | Cram and Ferguson Architects | ["1 Historic projects","1.1 Religious architecture","1.2 Academic architecture","1.3 Residential, institutional, and commercial architecture","2 Recent projects","3 Awards","4 History","5 Firm names","6 Commenced employment","7 The team","8 References"] | Cram and Ferguson Architects LLCFormerlyCram and Wentworth (1889-1890)
Cram, Wentworth and Goodhue (1890-1905)
Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson (1905-14)
Cram and Ferguson (1914-1958)
Hoyle, Doran and Berry (1958-92)
HDB/Cram and Ferguson (1992-2008)
Cram and Ferguson LLC (2008–present)Company typeLimited Liability CompanyFounded1889FounderRalph Adams CramHeadquartersConcord, Massachusetts, United StatesProductsArchitectural designOwnerEthan Anthony AIAWebsitehttps://www.cramandferguson.com/
Cram and Ferguson Architects is an architecture firm based in Concord, Massachusetts. The company was founded as a partnership in 1889 by the "preeminent American Ecclesiastical Gothicist" Ralph Adams Cram and Charles Francis Wentworth. In 1890 they were joined by Bertram Goodhue, who was made a partner in 1895.
The firm name has changed as partners have changed and names have included: Cram and Wentworth, Cram Goodhue and Wentworth, Cram Goodhue and Ferguson, Cram and Ferguson, Cram and Ferguson Architects, Hoyle, Doran and Berry and HDB/Cram and Ferguson all successor firms to the original partnership of Ralph Adams Cram and Charles Francis Wentworth.
Frank Ferguson, their structural engineer, was made a partner on Wentworth's death in 1905 making the firm one of the earliest A/E firms. Hoyle, Doran and Berry, Inc. the partnership formed by Alexander Hoyle and John Doran continuing the unbroken succession descending from original Cram collaborators in 1958, HDB/Cram and Ferguson was the partnership of David H. Hulihan long time employee of Cram and Ferguson and Ethan Anthony AIA. That partnership was reformed in 2008 on the retirement of President David H. Hulihan and the firm reverted to its traditional name of Cram and Ferguson Architects under the leadership of Ethan Anthony AIA.
In 1931, in Cram's waning years, Arthur Tappan North wrote in his Monograph on the firm's work:
Some architectural styles such as the Gothic manifestations in several countries, were invented for and dedicated to a specific use which has continued to this day in the original or modified forms. It was this continuity of use that was the basis of the conception of Cram and Wentworth and their successors, including Cram and Ferguson, of the ideal American church. A consistent adherence to this ideal did not in any manner prevent their work assuming a wide range of individual expressions, a testimony to their extensive knowledge and understanding, liberally expressed.
Among a very small number of American Architects, Ralph Adams Cram is a distinguished contributor to (architectural) literature, not confined to the purely technical aspects of architecture but to it sociological and philosophical attributes. Dr. Cram is equally distinguished for his contributions to architecture, which, although predominantly ecclesiastical in character, embrace many building projects of different types. While he has always been recognized as the senior member of the firm, he has always unselfishly accorded to his associates a full measure of credit for their cooperation and equal contributions to its successes.— Arthur Tappan North
Since 1990 Cram and Ferguson under the leadership of the American Architect; Ethan Anthony is completing new church and academic work including: the St. Thomas Aquinas University Church at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, The Shrine of Our Lady of Good Voyage at Boston Seaport, Massachusetts and the St. Kateri Tekakwitha Catholic Church at Ridgway, Illinois. Major work the last fifteen years, the Benedictine Monastery of Syon Abbey on the Blue Ridge Parkway in Floyd, Virginia, The Phillips Chapel at the Canterbury School in Greensboro, North Carolina and The Edward's Chapel at The Casady School in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
Historic projects
Religious architecture
St. Thomas Church, New York, NY, 1907
The Cathedral Church of St. Paul in Detroit, MI, 1908-11
All Saints Church Ashmont – Dorchester, MA, 1891
Saint Paul's Episcopal Church – Brockton, MA, 1891-94
Swedenborgian Church, 1893 – Newton, MA
Church of Saint Peter and Paul – Fall River, MA, 1893
Christ Church – Hyde Park, MA, 1893
St. Luke's Church – Roxbury, MA, 1895
Second Congregational Church (Phillips Church) – Exeter, NH, 1895-98All Saints Church, Peterborough, NH, 1913–21
St. Stephen's Episcopal Church – Cohasset, MA, 1899
Emmanuel Church – Newport, RI, 1900
St. Paul's Episcopal Church – Chicago, IL, 1902
First Baptist Church – Pittsburgh, PA, 1902
All Saints Chapel, University of the South – Sewanee, TN, 1903
Christ Church Cathedral Competition (project) – Victoria, British Columbia, 1903
St. John in the Wilderness Episcopal Cathedral (project) – Denver, CO, 1903
First Unitarian Church – West Newton, MA, 1905
Westminster Presbyterian Church – Springfield, IL, 1905
All Saints Cathedral – Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1906
Calvary Episcopal Church – Pittsburgh, PA, 1906
Glens Falls Presbyterian Church – Glens Falls, NY, 1906
St. Thomas Episcopal Church – New York, NY, 1907
Trinity Memorial Church (now St. Andrew's) – Denver, CO, 1907
Church of the Covenant – Cleveland, OH, 1907
St. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral – Detroit, MI, 1908-11
Church and Rectory (project) – Guantanamo, Cuba, 1908
Russell Sage Memorial First Presbyterian Church – Far Rockaway, NY, 1908
St. Mary's Church – Walkerville, Ontario, 1908
Cathedral of the Incarnation (project) – Diocese of Baltimore, MD, 1908
Church of the Ascension – Montgomery, AL, 1910
St. James Episcopal Church – New York, NY, 1911-24
St. Paul's Episcopal Church – Malden, MA, 1911
Grace Episcopal Church Parish House – Manchester, NH, 1911
House of Hope Presbyterian Church – St. Paul, MN, 1916-26
Fourth Presbyterian Church – Chicago, IL, 1912
Church of the New Jerusalem – Bryn Athyn, PA 1912
First Presbyterian Church – Oakland, CA, 1912-13
All Saints Episcopal Church – Peterborough, NH, 1913-21
Trinity Episcopal Church (addition) – Princeton, NJ, 1914
Chapel for the Sisters of St. Anne – Arlington, MA, 1914
St. Elizabeth Chapel at Whitehall – Sudbury, MA, 1914
First Universalist Church – Somerville, MA, 1916
Ellingwood Funerary Chapel – Nahant, MA, 1919
St. James Church – Lake Delaware, NY, 1920
Trinity Episcopal Church – Houston, TX, 1920
Sacred Heart Church – Jersey City, NJ, 1921
Central Union Church – Honolulu, HI, 1922
East Liberty Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, PA, 1931First Presbyterian Church – Tacoma, WA, 1923
Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church – Durham, NC, 1923
First Presbyterian Church – Jamestown, NY, 1923
St. Paul's Episcopal Church – Yonkers, NY, 1924
Cathedral of St. John the Divine – New York, NY, 1925-31
St. Mary's Catholic Church – Detroit, MI, 1925
Emmanuel Church (project) – Rockford, IL, 1927
St. Paul's Church – Winston-Salem, NC 1927
American Church of Paris – Paris, France, 1927
St. Florian's Church – Detroit, MI, 1928
Prince Memorial Chapel (project) – Fort Myer, VA, 1929
St. Vincent's Church – Los Angeles, CA, 1927
Christ Church – United Methodist Church – New York, NY, 1929
All Saints Episcopal Church (addition) – Brookline, MA, 1929
Klise Memorial Chapel East Congregational UCC Church – Grand Rapids, MI, 1929
Mishawaka Cathedral (project) – Mishawaka, IN, 1930
East Liberty Presbyterian Church – Pittsburgh, PA, 1931
Second Unitarian Church – Boston, MA, 1934
Blank Church (project) – Chicago, IL, 1935
Conventual Church of Sts. Mary and John – Cambridge, MA, 1936
All Saints Episcopal Church – Winter Park, FL, 1938
St. Thomas Church – Peoria, IL, 1939
Academic architecture
Princeton University Graduate College Design, 1913
Wheaton College – Norton, MA, 1898-1932
Wallace Library
Cole Memorial Chapel
Kilham Hall
Sweet Briar College – Sweet Briar, VA, 1902-66
United States Military Academy – West Point, NY, 1904-1923
Cadet Chapel
Headquarters Building
Princeton University – Princeton, NJ, 1906-29
Graduate College
Lovett Hall at Rice UniversityWilliams College, Chapins HallProctor Hall
University Chapel
Cleveland Tower
Campbell Hall
McCormick School of Art and Architecture
Rice University – Houston, TX, 1908-57
Administration Building (Lovett Hall)
Campus Master Plan
Mechanical Engineering Laboratory
Westhampton College, University of Richmond – Richmond, VA, 1910-16
St. Mary's School – Peekskill, NY, 1911
Phillips Exeter Academy – Exeter, NH, 1911-37
Dormitories
Williams College – Williamstown, MA, 1912-38
Williams Hall
Chapins Hall
Stetson Hall Library
Sage Hall
Gate between William and Sage
Mears House
Lehman Hall
Heating Plant
Adams Memorial Theatre
Fayerweather Hall
Mercersburg Academy Chapel – Mercersburg, PA, 1916-26
The Masters School – Dobbs Ferry, NY, 1919 *University of Notre Dame, South Dining Hall
Tsuda University – Hokkaido, Japan, 1919
Dominican University – River Forest, IL, 1920
St. George's Chapel – Newport, RI, 1923-29
Choate School – Wallingford, CT, 1924-25
University of Notre Dame, South Dining Hall – South Bend, Indiana, 1927
St. Paul's School – Concord, NH, 1927-37
St. Alban's Choir School – Washington, D.C., 1929
Gibson Chapel, The Blue Ridge School – Dyke, VA, 1929
Rollins College Chapel – Winter Park, FL, 1930
University of Southern California, Doheny Library – Los Angeles, CA, 1930
Wellesley College – Wellesley, MA, 1930
Boston University – Boston, MA, 1930-66
St. Mary's High School and Grammar School – Glens Falls, NY, 1930
Swarthmore College – Swarthmore, PA, 1938
John Hancock Building, Boston, MA
Residential, institutional, and commercial architecture
Eddy Residence – Newton, MA, 1888
Edward Courtland Gale Residence – Williamstown, MA, 1890
Kennedy Road – Cambridge, MA, 1890
Eugene Fellner Residence – Brookline, MA, 1890
126 and 128 Brattle Street – Cambridge MA, 1892
165 Winthrop Street – Brookline, MA, 1892
Bushy Hill – Simsbury, CT, 1893
Richmond Court Apartments – Brookline, MA, 1898
Harbor Court – Newport, RI, 1904
Charles Barron Residence – Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 1907
House on the Moors – Gloucester, MA, 1917
Blanche Sewall Residence – Houston, TX, 1924
Paul Watkins House – Winona, MN, 1925
Angelica Livingston Gerry Residence – Lake Delaware, NY, 1926
Chickamauga Memorial Arch – Chickamauga, TN, 1897
Washington Hotel – Colon, Panama, 1910
Edward Courtland Gale Mausoleum – Troy, NY, 1914
Woodrow Wilson Memorial – Washington DC, 1925
Memorial Chapel, American Military Cemetery – Belleau Wood, France, 1926
World War I Memorial Carillon – Richmond, VA, 1926
Oise-Aisne American Military Cemetery Memorial – Fère-en-Tardenois, France, 1926
Deborah Cook Sayles Public Library – Pawtucket, RI, 1893
Richmond Court, Brookline, MAPublic Library – Fall River, MA, 1899
Hunt Library – Nashua, NH, 1902
Lucius Beebe Memorial Library – Wakefield, MA, 1921
Houston Public Library – Houston, TX, 1926
Parker Hill Branch, Boston Public Library – Roxbury, MA, 1929
National Life Insurance Building – Montpelier, VT, 1921
McCormack Federal Building – Boston, MA, 1929
Portsmouth Harbor Front Renewal – Portsmouth, NH, 1933
District Court Building – Dedham, MA, 1937
Holy Cross Monastery – West Park, NY, 1934
Bourne and Sagamore Bridges – Cape Cod, MA, 1938
New England Mutual Life Insurance Headquarters – Boston, MA, 1938
The People's Savings Bank – Providence, RI, 1944
The John Hancock Life Insurance Company Headquarters Building – Boston, MA, 1946
Currier Museum of Art in Manchester, New Hampshire
The Berkeley Building, 200 Berkeley Street, Boston, Massachusetts
Illustrations and floor plan from the 1920 proposal for the Currier Art Gallery in Manchester, New Hampshire.
Recent projects
Phillips Academy Renovations, Phillips Church- Exeter, NH, 2000
Cathedral of Our Lady of Walsingham – Houston, TX, 2000
All Saints' Church Peterborough (Addition) – Peterborough, NH, 2000
Canterbury School Bell Tower – Greensboro, NC, 2000
Casady School – Oklahoma City, OK, 2001
West Transept
St. Edwards Chapel, 2012
Records Mausoleum – Oklahoma City, OK, 2002
Gale Mausoleum Restoration – Troy, NY, 2002
St. John Neumann Catholic Church – Knoxville, TN, 2005
St. Andrews Episcopal Church Restoration – Denver, CO, 2009
The Bradford Mill, "Wheelhouse" Project – Concord, MA, 2010
Valley of Our Lady Monastery Design – Prairie Du Sac, WI, 2011
Church of the Incarnation – Dallas, TX, 2012
Hunt Memorial Building Restoration – Nashua, NH, 2012
The Church of the Open Word Preservation – Newton, MA, 2014
St. Kateri Tekakwitha Parish – Ridgeway, IL, 2015
The Shrine of Our Lady of Good Voyage – Boston Seaport, MA, 2017
Sister of St. Thomas Aquinas – Brooksville, FL, 2019
Syon Abbey Monastery – Blue Ridge, VA, 2007Emmanuel Baptist Church Restoration – Worcester, MA, 2019
St. Edward's Chapel, The Casady School, Olklahoma city, OK
Our Lady of Walsingham
Awards
2019 AIA CM Awards – Emmanuel Baptist Church
Real Estate and Construction Review Plaque of Honor – Our Lady of Walsingham
2017 AIACM Merit Award for Design Excellence for St. Kateri, Ridgeway, IL
2017 AIACM Merit Award for Design Excellence for St. Andrews, Denver, Colorado
2017 AIACM Citation Award for Design Excellence for Our Lady of the Valley Monastery, Prairie Du Sac, WI
2015 AIACM Honor Award for Design Excellence for additions to, and renovation of, St Edward's Chapel, Oklahoma City
2009 Architect of the Year award from the Macael Institute in Alicante, Spain
2003 Golden Trowel Award for outstanding masonry building of the year for Our Lady of Walsingham Church, Houston, Texas
1993 Honor Award from the Institute for Religious Art and Architecture for St. Elizabeth's Memorial Garden, Sudbury, Massachusetts
1938 and 1949 Boston Society of Architects Harleston Parker Awards for most beautiful building of the year
History
Ralph Adams Cram, founder of the firmThe practice of the office was started by Ralph Adams Cram in 1889
In 1890 Mr. Cram became associated with Charles F. Wentworth and later with Bertram G. Goodhue, who became a partner in 1895. Frank W. Ferguson became a partner in 1899
Mr. Wentworth died in 1899. Mr. Goodhue conducted the New York Office of the firm for some time before his connection was terminated in 1913
On July 1, 1925, Frank E. Cleveland, Chester Godfrey and Alexander E. Hoyle were admitted to partnership and a new contract was entered into on October 5, 1926. Now four partners
Mr. Ferguson died October 4, 1926. (Born November 3, 1861, Portsmouth, N.H.)
Mr. Cram died September 22, 1942, and the partnership continued with the three remaining partners. (Born December 16, 1863, Hampton Falls, N.H.)
On January 1, 1944, Chester A. Brown, John T. Doran and William H. Owens were admitted to partnership. The firm now consisted of six equal partners
Mr. Cleveland died July 30, 1950, and a new partnership was entered into on August 1, 1950, with the five remaining partners. (Born Nov. 11, 1877, Richmond, P.Q., Canada)
Mr. Godfrey died May 5, 1952, and a new partnership was entered into on July 15, 1952, with the remaining four partners – Messrs. Hoyle, Brown, Doran Owens. (Born April 17, 1878, at Hampton, N.H.)
Mr. Owens retired April 30, 1953, and a new partnership was entered into on May 1, 1953, with the three remaining partners – Messrs. Hoyle, Brown and Doran
On May 1, 1954, Maurice A. Berry and Oscar H. Cederlund were admitted to partnership. The firm now consisted of five partners
Mr. Cederlund died April 23, 1956. Partnership dissolved April 30, 1956. New partnership dated May 1, 1956. Partners now: Messrs. Hoyle, Brown, Doran, Berry
Mr. Brown retired April 30, 1957. Partnership dissolved April 30, 1957. On May 1, 1957, a new contract was entered into by Messrs. Hoyl, Doran and Berry
On January 25, 1957, the new was changed to Hoyle, Doran and Berry
On April 30, 1961, Mr. Hoyle retired. Partnership dissolved April 30, 1961. On May 2, 1961, the following were admitted to partnership: Nisso T. Aladjem, Frank De Bruyn, Robert W. Hadley, Charles P. Harris. There were now six partners
Mr. Hadley died January 3, 1964. Interim agreement dated January 20, 1964
Mr. Harris retired January 3, 1966, and a new contract was entered into on January 31, 1966, with the four remaining partners: Messrs. Doran, Berry, Aladjem, De Bruyn
On August 1, 1965, Austin J. Cribben Jr. was made a partner and a new contract was entered into on February 1, 1966. Partners: Messrs. Doran, Berry, Aladjem, De Bruyn, Cribben
Hoyle Doran& Berry Inc, was incorporated September 5, 1968; Major Stockholders: Doran, Berry, Aladjem, De Bruyn
Mr. Hoyle died January 2, 1969Austin Cribben
Mr. De Bruyn died November 15, 1972, after retiring July 31, 1972
Remaining Partners: Doran, Berry, Aladjem, Cribben
Mr. Berry retired November 1, 1974
Mr. Doran died December 14, 1979. Remaining partners: Aladjem, Cribben
Mr. Brown died June 27, 1980
Mr. Berry died December 26, 1981. Stockholders as of 1987: Cribben and Aladjem
December 1990 Ethan Anthony Associates merged with Hoyle Doran & Berry Inc. Ethan Anthony joined David J Hulihan as a majority stockholder
December 1998 David J. Hulihan Retired, Ethan Anthony became sole Stockholder of Corporation
2008 firm renamed HDB/Cram and Ferguson
March 31, 2010, Hoyle, Doran & Berry Inc dissolved, Assets acquired by Ethan Anthony
March 31, 2010, Ethan Anthony founds Cram and Ferguson Architects taking up the ongoing work of Hoyle, Doran & Berry Inc.
September 10, 2012, Cram and Ferguson Architects, LLC Incorporated in the State of Massachusetts
December 16, 2013, Cram and Ferguson Architects leads the 150th anniversary celebration of the birth of Ralph Adams Cram
Mr. Cribben and Mr. Aladjem retired 1987
David Hulihan became a partner 1987
Ethan Anthony became a partner 1990
Mr Aladjem died October 23, 2004
David Hulihan retires 2008
Mr Cribben died March 30, 2016
David Hulihan died May 12, 2018
January 1, 2019, is the 130th anniversary of continuous practice of Cram and Ferguson Architects, LLC.
Firm names
Ralph Adams Cram founded firm – 1889
Cram & Wentworth – 1890
Cram, Wentworth & Goodhue – 1895
Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson – 1899
Cram and Ferguson Architects – 1913
Hoyle, Doran and Berry – 1957
Hoyle, Doran and Berry, Inc. – 1968
Cram and Ferguson Architects LLC – 2012
Commenced employment
C. N. Godfrey – 1900
A. E. Hoyle – 1908
C. A. Brown – 1910
J. T. Doran – 1927
W. H. Owens – 1921
M. A. Berry – 1923
O. H. Cederlund – 1946
N.T. Aladjem – 1950
Frank E. De Bruyn – 1926
R. W. Hadley – 1945
C. P. Harris – 1955
A. J. Cribben – 1946
David J Hulihan – 1967
Ethan Anthony – 1990
The team
Kevin Hogan, the project manager, has 20 years of experience with the firm and has participated in numerous major church and chapel projects as the leader for all phases of production and construction administration
Matthew Alderman has been the lead designer on many projects both with Cram and Ferguson and in his prior employments, including St. Kateri Catholic Church in Ridgway, Illinois, St. Thomas Aquinas University Parish in Charlottesville, Virginia, which is now under construction and Our Lady of Good Voyage Chapel in Boston, Massachusetts.
References
^ Jay C. Henry,
Architecture in Texas 1895-1945, University of Texas Press (1993), p. 104, ISBN 0-292-73072-1
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq Anthony, Ethan (2007). The Architecture of Ralph Adams Cram And His Office. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 9780393731040.
^ Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1978). Built in Boston: City and Suburb 1800-1950. New York: New York Graphic Society.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Contemporary American Architects: Ralph Adams Cram, Cram and Ferguson. New York and London: Whittlesey House. 1931.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Muccigrosso, Robert (1980). American Gothic: The Mind and Art of Ralph Adams Cram. Washington DC: University Press of America. ISBN 0819108847.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Anthony, Ethan (2017). A Pocket Guide to the New England Architecture of Cram and Ferguson Architects (2 ed.). Concord, MA: Cram and Ferguson Architects LLC.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1975). Ralph Adams Cram: American Medievalist. Boston Public Library.
^ Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1995). Boston Bohemia 1881-1900, vol. 1 Ralph Adams Cram: Life and Architecture. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
^ a b Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1974). Church Building in Boston 1720-1970 With and Introduction to the Work of Ralph Adams Cram and the Boston Gothicists. Concord, MA: The Rumford Press.
^ a b c Lanford, Sarah Drummond (1982). A Gothic Epitome: Ralph Adams Cram as Princeton's Architect. Princeton University: Princeton University Library.
^ "Chronological List of Architecture". Planning Design & Construction. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
^ "Upon This Foundation: Are new church designs taking us backward?". America Magazine. 2012-05-28. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
^ "St. Kateri DCD Magazine". Cram & Ferguson Architects. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
^ Cullen, Kevin (11 June 2016). "Our Lady of Good Voyage survives choppy waters in Seaport". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
^ a b "Press & Awards". Cram & Ferguson Architects. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
ULAN | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concord, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TexArch-1"},{"link_name":"Ralph Adams Cram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Adams_Cram"},{"link_name":"Bertram Goodhue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Goodhue"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ethan Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Anthony"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"Ethan Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Anthony"},{"link_name":"The Shrine of Our Lady of Good Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Voyage_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"Syon Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2020/04/21st-century-english-medieval-revival.html"},{"link_name":"The Phillips Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.greensborodailyphoto.com/2010/05/canterburys-phillips-chapel.html"}],"text":"Cram and Ferguson Architects is an architecture firm based in Concord, Massachusetts. The company was founded as a partnership in 1889 by the \"preeminent American Ecclesiastical Gothicist\"[1] Ralph Adams Cram and Charles Francis Wentworth. In 1890 they were joined by Bertram Goodhue, who was made a partner in 1895.The firm name has changed as partners have changed and names have included: Cram and Wentworth, Cram Goodhue and Wentworth, Cram Goodhue and Ferguson, Cram and Ferguson, Cram and Ferguson Architects, Hoyle, Doran and Berry and HDB/Cram and Ferguson all successor firms to the original partnership of Ralph Adams Cram and Charles Francis Wentworth.Frank Ferguson, their structural engineer, was made a partner on Wentworth's death in 1905 making the firm one of the earliest A/E firms.[2][3] Hoyle, Doran and Berry, Inc. the partnership formed by Alexander Hoyle and John Doran continuing the unbroken succession descending from original Cram collaborators in 1958, HDB/Cram and Ferguson was the partnership of David H. Hulihan long time employee of Cram and Ferguson and Ethan Anthony AIA. That partnership was reformed in 2008 on the retirement of President David H. Hulihan and the firm reverted to its traditional name of Cram and Ferguson Architects under the leadership of Ethan Anthony AIA.In 1931, in Cram's waning years, Arthur Tappan North wrote in his Monograph on the firm's work:[4]Some architectural styles such as the Gothic manifestations in several countries, were invented for and dedicated to a specific use which has continued to this day in the original or modified forms. It was this continuity of use that was the basis of the conception of Cram and Wentworth and their successors, including Cram and Ferguson, of the ideal American church. A consistent adherence to this ideal did not in any manner prevent their work assuming a wide range of individual expressions, a testimony to their extensive knowledge and understanding, liberally expressed.\nAmong a very small number of American Architects, Ralph Adams Cram is a distinguished contributor to (architectural) literature, not confined to the purely technical aspects of architecture but to it sociological and philosophical attributes. Dr. Cram is equally distinguished for his contributions to architecture, which, although predominantly ecclesiastical in character, embrace many building projects of different types. While he has always been recognized as the senior member of the firm, he has always unselfishly accorded to his associates a full measure of credit for their cooperation and equal contributions to its successes.— Arthur Tappan NorthSince 1990 Cram and Ferguson under the leadership of the American Architect; Ethan Anthony is completing new church and academic work including: the St. Thomas Aquinas University Church at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, The Shrine of Our Lady of Good Voyage at Boston Seaport, Massachusetts and the St. Kateri Tekakwitha Catholic Church at Ridgway, Illinois. Major work the last fifteen years, the Benedictine Monastery of Syon Abbey on the Blue Ridge Parkway in Floyd, Virginia, The Phillips Chapel at the Canterbury School in Greensboro, North Carolina and The Edward's Chapel at The Casady School in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.","title":"Cram and Ferguson Architects"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historic projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Thomas_Church_of_Fifth_Av_from_53rd_St_in_2008_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Church_(Manhattan)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathedral_Church_of_Saint_Paul.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Cathedral Church of St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_St._Paul_(Detroit)"},{"link_name":"All Saints Church Ashmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_of_All_Saints_Ashmont"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Hyde_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Saints_Church,_Peterborough,_NH.jpg"},{"link_name":"All Saints 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Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Cathedral,_Halifax"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"Calvary Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary_Episcopal_Church_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Church_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Trinity Memorial Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Denver,_Colorado)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Church of the Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Covenant_(Cleveland)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Episcopal 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Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church_(Jersey_City)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Liberty_Presbyterian_Church_Front.TIF"},{"link_name":"East Liberty Presbyterian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Liberty_Presbyterian_Church"},{"link_name":"First Presbyterian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Tacoma,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of St. John the Divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Divine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"American Church of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Church_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vincent_de_Paul_Church_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"East Liberty Presbyterian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Liberty_Presbyterian_Church"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"All Saints Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Episcopal_Church_(Winter_Park,_Florida)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Religious architecture","text":"St. Thomas Church, New York, NY, 1907The Cathedral Church of St. Paul in Detroit, MI, 1908-11All Saints Church Ashmont – Dorchester, MA, 1891[5]\nSaint Paul's Episcopal Church – Brockton, MA, 1891-94[4][6]\nSwedenborgian Church, 1893 – Newton, MA[4][2]\nChurch of Saint Peter and Paul – Fall River, MA, 1893[7]\nChrist Church – Hyde Park, MA, 1893[4]\nSt. Luke's Church – Roxbury, MA, 1895[4]\nSecond Congregational Church (Phillips Church) – Exeter, NH, 1895-98[6]All Saints Church, Peterborough, NH, 1913–21\nSt. Stephen's Episcopal Church – Cohasset, MA, 1899[6]\nEmmanuel Church – Newport, RI, 1900[6]\nSt. Paul's Episcopal Church – Chicago, IL, 1902[2]\nFirst Baptist Church – Pittsburgh, PA, 1902[2]\nAll Saints Chapel, University of the South – Sewanee, TN, 1903[7]\nChrist Church Cathedral Competition (project) – Victoria, British Columbia, 1903[2]\nSt. John in the Wilderness Episcopal Cathedral (project) – Denver, CO, 1903[2]\nFirst Unitarian Church – West Newton, MA, 1905[8][6]\nWestminster Presbyterian Church – Springfield, IL, 1905[7]\nAll Saints Cathedral – Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1906[7]\nCalvary Episcopal Church – Pittsburgh, PA, 1906[2]\nGlens Falls Presbyterian Church – Glens Falls, NY, 1906[6]\nSt. Thomas Episcopal Church – New York, NY, 1907[5]\nTrinity Memorial Church (now St. Andrew's) – Denver, CO, 1907[2]\nChurch of the Covenant – Cleveland, OH, 1907[2]\nSt. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral – Detroit, MI, 1908-11[7]\nChurch and Rectory (project) – Guantanamo, Cuba, 1908[2]\nRussell Sage Memorial First Presbyterian Church – Far Rockaway, NY, 1908[2]\nSt. Mary's Church – Walkerville, Ontario, 1908[7]\nCathedral of the Incarnation (project) – Diocese of Baltimore, MD, 1908[2]\nChurch of the Ascension – Montgomery, AL, 1910[2]\nSt. James Episcopal Church – New York, NY, 1911-24[6]\nSt. Paul's Episcopal Church – Malden, MA, 1911[4]\nGrace Episcopal Church Parish House – Manchester, NH, 1911[7]\nHouse of Hope Presbyterian Church – St. Paul, MN, 1916-26[2]\nFourth Presbyterian Church – Chicago, IL, 1912[2]\nChurch of the New Jerusalem – Bryn Athyn, PA 1912[2]\nFirst Presbyterian Church – Oakland, CA, 1912-13[2]\nAll Saints Episcopal Church – Peterborough, NH, 1913-21[6]\nTrinity Episcopal Church (addition) – Princeton, NJ, 1914\nChapel for the Sisters of St. Anne – Arlington, MA, 1914[4]\nSt. Elizabeth Chapel at Whitehall – Sudbury, MA, 1914[5][6]\nFirst Universalist Church – Somerville, MA, 1916[9]\nEllingwood Funerary Chapel – Nahant, MA, 1919[2]\nSt. James Church – Lake Delaware, NY, 1920[7]\nTrinity Episcopal Church – Houston, TX, 1920[2]\nSacred Heart Church – Jersey City, NJ, 1921[7]\nCentral Union Church – Honolulu, HI, 1922[2][7]\nEast Liberty Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, PA, 1931First Presbyterian Church – Tacoma, WA, 1923[2]\nTrinity Methodist Episcopal Church – Durham, NC, 1923[7]\nFirst Presbyterian Church – Jamestown, NY, 1923[7]\nSt. Paul's Episcopal Church – Yonkers, NY, 1924[6]\nCathedral of St. John the Divine – New York, NY, 1925-31[5][6]\nSt. Mary's Catholic Church – Detroit, MI, 1925[2]\nEmmanuel Church (project) – Rockford, IL, 1927[2]\nSt. Paul's Church – Winston-Salem, NC 1927[2][7]\nAmerican Church of Paris – Paris, France, 1927[2]\nSt. Florian's Church – Detroit, MI, 1928[7]\nPrince Memorial Chapel (project) – Fort Myer, VA, 1929[2]\nSt. Vincent's Church – Los Angeles, CA, 1927[7]\nChrist Church – United Methodist Church – New York, NY, 1929[7]\nAll Saints Episcopal Church (addition) – Brookline, MA, 1929[4]\nKlise Memorial Chapel East Congregational UCC Church – Grand Rapids, MI, 1929[2]\nMishawaka Cathedral (project) – Mishawaka, IN, 1930[2]\nEast Liberty Presbyterian Church – Pittsburgh, PA, 1931[7]\nSecond Unitarian Church – Boston, MA, 1934[9]\nBlank Church (project) – Chicago, IL, 1935[2]\nConventual Church of Sts. Mary and John – Cambridge, MA, 1936[2]\nAll Saints Episcopal Church – Winter Park, FL, 1938[7]\nSt. Thomas Church – Peoria, IL, 1939[2]","title":"Historic projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V78_D318_Design_for_the_princeton_university_graduate_college.png"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Graduate College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Graduate_College"},{"link_name":"Wheaton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Sweet Briar College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Briar_College"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Cadet Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point_Cadet_Chapel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Graduate College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Graduate_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lovett_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rice University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Williams_College_-_Chapin_Hall.JPG"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"University Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Chapel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Tower"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-10"},{"link_name":"Rice University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Westhampton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Phillips Exeter Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mercersburg Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercersburg_Academy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"The Masters School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Dining_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tsuda University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuda_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Dominican University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_University_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Choate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choate_Rosemary_Hall"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"},{"link_name":"South Dining Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Dining_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Rollins College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollins_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Doheny Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doheny_Library"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Wellesley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"Swarthmore College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:26183_John_Hancock_Building.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Academic architecture","text":"Princeton University Graduate College Design, 1913Wheaton College – Norton, MA, 1898-1932[6]\nWallace Library[2]\nCole Memorial Chapel[4]\nKilham Hall[2]\nSweet Briar College – Sweet Briar, VA, 1902-66[7]\nUnited States Military Academy – West Point, NY, 1904-1923[6]\nCadet Chapel[5]\nHeadquarters Building[5]\nPrinceton University – Princeton, NJ, 1906-29[6]\nGraduate College[5][10]\nLovett Hall at Rice UniversityWilliams College, Chapins HallProctor Hall[5]\nUniversity Chapel[5]\nCleveland Tower[2]\nCampbell Hall[2][10]\nMcCormick School of Art and Architecture[10]\nRice University – Houston, TX, 1908-57[2]\nAdministration Building (Lovett Hall)[5]\nCampus Master Plan[2]\nMechanical Engineering Laboratory[2]\nWesthampton College, University of Richmond – Richmond, VA, 1910-16[7]\nSt. Mary's School – Peekskill, NY, 1911[2]\nPhillips Exeter Academy – Exeter, NH, 1911-37[7]\nDormitories\nWilliams College – Williamstown, MA, 1912-38[11]\nWilliams Hall\nChapins Hall\nStetson Hall Library\nSage Hall\nGate between William and Sage\nMears House\nLehman Hall\nHeating Plant\nAdams Memorial Theatre\nFayerweather Hall\nMercersburg Academy Chapel – Mercersburg, PA, 1916-26[2]\nThe Masters School – Dobbs Ferry, NY, 1919[4] *University of Notre Dame, South Dining Hall\nTsuda University – Hokkaido, Japan, 1919[2]\nDominican University – River Forest, IL, 1920[7]\nSt. George's Chapel – Newport, RI, 1923-29[2]\nChoate School – Wallingford, CT, 1924-25[7][6]\nUniversity of Notre Dame, South Dining Hall – South Bend, Indiana, 1927[7]\nSt. Paul's School – Concord, NH, 1927-37[6]\nSt. Alban's Choir School – Washington, D.C., 1929[7]\nGibson Chapel, The Blue Ridge School – Dyke, VA, 1929[2]\nRollins College Chapel – Winter Park, FL, 1930[2]\nUniversity of Southern California, Doheny Library – Los Angeles, CA, 1930[2]\nWellesley College – Wellesley, MA, 1930[6]\nBoston University – Boston, MA, 1930-66[6]\nSt. Mary's High School and Grammar School – Glens Falls, NY, 1930[7]\nSwarthmore College – Swarthmore, PA, 1938[2]John Hancock Building, Boston, MA","title":"Historic projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Richmond Court Apartments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Court"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"Charles Barron Residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//backbayhouses.org/334-beacon/#Cram"},{"link_name":"Beacon Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Street"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"Paul Watkins House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkins_Manor_House"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"World War I Memorial Carillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd_Park"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Oise-Aisne American Military Cemetery Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise-Aisne_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Deborah Cook Sayles Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Cook_Sayles_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richmond_Court,_Brookline,_Massachusetts_22_July_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richmond Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Court"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Lucius Beebe Memorial Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Beebe_Memorial_Library"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Houston Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Boston Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"McCormack Federal Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormack_Building"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscataqua_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Holy Cross Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Cross_Monastery_(West_Park,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Sagamore Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamore_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"New England Mutual Life Insurance Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Mutual_Life_Insurance_Building_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"The John Hancock Life Insurance Company Headquarters Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock_Building"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Currier Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currier_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Building"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cram_and_Ferguson_-_Currier_Art_Gallery_proposal_1920,_external_view.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cram_and_Ferguson_-_Currier_Art_Gallery_proposal_1920,_internal_courtyard_view.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cram_and_Ferguson_-_Currier_Art_Gallery_proposal_1920,_floor_plan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Currier Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currier_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Manchester, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire"}],"sub_title":"Residential, institutional, and commercial architecture","text":"Eddy Residence – Newton, MA, 1888[2]\nEdward Courtland Gale Residence – Williamstown, MA, 1890[2]\nKennedy Road – Cambridge, MA, 1890[2]\nEugene Fellner Residence – Brookline, MA, 1890[2]\n126 and 128 Brattle Street – Cambridge MA, 1892[2]\n165 Winthrop Street – Brookline, MA, 1892[2]\nBushy Hill – Simsbury, CT, 1893[2]\nRichmond Court Apartments – Brookline, MA, 1898[7]\nHarbor Court – Newport, RI, 1904[7]\nCharles Barron Residence – Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 1907[6]\nHouse on the Moors – Gloucester, MA, 1917[6]\nBlanche Sewall Residence – Houston, TX, 1924[2][7]\nPaul Watkins House – Winona, MN, 1925[2]\nAngelica Livingston Gerry Residence – Lake Delaware, NY, 1926[2]\nChickamauga Memorial Arch – Chickamauga, TN, 1897[2]\nWashington Hotel – Colon, Panama, 1910[7]\nEdward Courtland Gale Mausoleum – Troy, NY, 1914[2]\nWoodrow Wilson Memorial – Washington DC, 1925[2]\nMemorial Chapel, American Military Cemetery – Belleau Wood, France, 1926[2]\nWorld War I Memorial Carillon – Richmond, VA, 1926[2]\nOise-Aisne American Military Cemetery Memorial – Fère-en-Tardenois, France, 1926[2]\nDeborah Cook Sayles Public Library – Pawtucket, RI, 1893[7]\nRichmond Court, Brookline, MAPublic Library – Fall River, MA, 1899[2]\nHunt Library – Nashua, NH, 1902[6]\nLucius Beebe Memorial Library – Wakefield, MA, 1921[7][6]\nHouston Public Library – Houston, TX, 1926[2]\nParker Hill Branch, Boston Public Library – Roxbury, MA, 1929[7]\nNational Life Insurance Building – Montpelier, VT, 1921[2]\nMcCormack Federal Building – Boston, MA, 1929[6][7]\nPortsmouth Harbor Front Renewal – Portsmouth, NH, 1933[2]\nDistrict Court Building – Dedham, MA, 1937[6]\nHoly Cross Monastery – West Park, NY, 1934[6]\nBourne[2] and Sagamore Bridges[6] – Cape Cod, MA, 1938\nNew England Mutual Life Insurance Headquarters – Boston, MA, 1938[2]\nThe People's Savings Bank – Providence, RI, 1944[7]\nThe John Hancock Life Insurance Company Headquarters Building – Boston, MA, 1946[2]\nCurrier Museum of Art in Manchester, New Hampshire\nThe Berkeley Building, 200 Berkeley Street, Boston, MassachusettsIllustrations and floor plan from the 1920 proposal for the Currier Art Gallery in Manchester, New Hampshire.","title":"Historic projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phillips Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Academy"},{"link_name":"Phillips Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cramandferguson.com/philips-church"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Our Lady of Walsingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham_(Houston)"},{"link_name":"All Saints' Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Church_(Peterborough,_New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Canterbury School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_School_(Greensboro,_NC)"},{"link_name":"Casady School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casady_School"},{"link_name":"St. Edwards Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cramandferguson.com/the-casady-school"},{"link_name":"Records Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cramandferguson.com/record-mausoleum"},{"link_name":"St. John Neumann Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sjnknox.org/"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"St. Andrews Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Denver,_Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Church of the Incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Incarnation_(Dallas,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"St. Kateri Tekakwitha Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cramandferguson.com/st-kateri"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Shrine of Our Lady of Good Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Voyage_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syon_abbey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Baptist_(Worcester,_Massachusetts)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casady_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OLW_-_Exterior_East-02_9x6_300dpi.jpg"}],"text":"Phillips Academy Renovations, Phillips Church- Exeter, NH, 2000\nCathedral of Our Lady of Walsingham – Houston, TX, 2000\nAll Saints' Church Peterborough (Addition) – Peterborough, NH, 2000\nCanterbury School Bell Tower – Greensboro, NC, 2000\nCasady School – Oklahoma City, OK, 2001\nWest Transept\nSt. Edwards Chapel, 2012\nRecords Mausoleum – Oklahoma City, OK, 2002\nGale Mausoleum Restoration – Troy, NY, 2002\nSt. John Neumann Catholic Church – Knoxville, TN, 2005[12]\nSt. Andrews Episcopal Church Restoration – Denver, CO, 2009\nThe Bradford Mill, \"Wheelhouse\" Project – Concord, MA, 2010\nValley of Our Lady Monastery Design – Prairie Du Sac, WI, 2011\nChurch of the Incarnation – Dallas, TX, 2012\nHunt Memorial Building Restoration – Nashua, NH, 2012\nThe Church of the Open Word Preservation – Newton, MA, 2014\nSt. Kateri Tekakwitha Parish – Ridgeway, IL, 2015[13]\nThe Shrine of Our Lady of Good Voyage – Boston Seaport, MA, 2017[14]\nSister of St. Thomas Aquinas – Brooksville, FL, 2019\nSyon Abbey Monastery – Blue Ridge, VA, 2007Emmanuel Baptist Church Restoration – Worcester, MA, 2019St. Edward's Chapel, The Casady School, Olklahoma city, OKOur Lady of Walsingham","title":"Recent projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"}],"text":"2019 AIA CM Awards – Emmanuel Baptist Church[15]\nReal Estate and Construction Review Plaque of Honor – Our Lady of Walsingham[15]\n2017 AIACM Merit Award for Design Excellence for St. Kateri, Ridgeway, IL\n2017 AIACM Merit Award for Design Excellence for St. Andrews, Denver, Colorado\n2017 AIACM Citation Award for Design Excellence for Our Lady of the Valley Monastery, Prairie Du Sac, WI\n2015 AIACM Honor Award for Design Excellence for additions to, and renovation of, St Edward's Chapel, Oklahoma City\n2009 Architect of the Year award from the Macael Institute in Alicante, Spain\n2003 Golden Trowel Award for outstanding masonry building of the year for Our Lady of Walsingham Church, Houston, Texas\n1993 Honor Award from the Institute for Religious Art and Architecture for St. Elizabeth's Memorial Garden, Sudbury, Massachusetts\n1938 and 1949 Boston Society of Architects Harleston Parker Awards for most beautiful building of the year","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ralph_A._Cram_-_Marceau._LCCN2002717882.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ralph Adams Cram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Adams_Cram"},{"link_name":"Ralph Adams Cram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Adams_Cram"},{"link_name":"Bertram G. Goodhue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Goodhue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_Cribben.jpg"}],"text":"Ralph Adams Cram, founder of the firmThe practice of the office was started by Ralph Adams Cram in 1889\nIn 1890 Mr. Cram became associated with Charles F. Wentworth and later with Bertram G. Goodhue, who became a partner in 1895. Frank W. Ferguson became a partner in 1899\nMr. Wentworth died in 1899. Mr. Goodhue conducted the New York Office of the firm for some time before his connection was terminated in 1913\nOn July 1, 1925, Frank E. Cleveland, Chester Godfrey and Alexander E. Hoyle were admitted to partnership and a new contract was entered into on October 5, 1926. Now four partners\nMr. Ferguson died October 4, 1926. (Born November 3, 1861, Portsmouth, N.H.)\nMr. Cram died September 22, 1942, and the partnership continued with the three remaining partners. (Born December 16, 1863, Hampton Falls, N.H.)\nOn January 1, 1944, Chester A. Brown, John T. Doran and William H. Owens were admitted to partnership. The firm now consisted of six equal partners\nMr. Cleveland died July 30, 1950, and a new partnership was entered into on August 1, 1950, with the five remaining partners. (Born Nov. 11, 1877, Richmond, P.Q., Canada)\nMr. Godfrey died May 5, 1952, and a new partnership was entered into on July 15, 1952, with the remaining four partners – Messrs. Hoyle, Brown, Doran Owens. (Born April 17, 1878, at Hampton, N.H.)\nMr. Owens retired April 30, 1953, and a new partnership was entered into on May 1, 1953, with the three remaining partners – Messrs. Hoyle, Brown and Doran\nOn May 1, 1954, Maurice A. Berry and Oscar H. Cederlund were admitted to partnership. The firm now consisted of five partners\nMr. Cederlund died April 23, 1956. Partnership dissolved April 30, 1956. New partnership dated May 1, 1956. Partners now: Messrs. Hoyle, Brown, Doran, Berry\nMr. Brown retired April 30, 1957. Partnership dissolved April 30, 1957. On May 1, 1957, a new contract was entered into by Messrs. Hoyl, Doran and Berry\nOn January 25, 1957, the new was changed to Hoyle, Doran and Berry\nOn April 30, 1961, Mr. Hoyle retired. Partnership dissolved April 30, 1961. On May 2, 1961, the following were admitted to partnership: Nisso T. Aladjem, Frank De Bruyn, Robert W. Hadley, Charles P. Harris. There were now six partners\nMr. Hadley died January 3, 1964. Interim agreement dated January 20, 1964\nMr. Harris retired January 3, 1966, and a new contract was entered into on January 31, 1966, with the four remaining partners: Messrs. Doran, Berry, Aladjem, De Bruyn\nOn August 1, 1965, Austin J. Cribben Jr. was made a partner and a new contract was entered into on February 1, 1966. Partners: Messrs. Doran, Berry, Aladjem, De Bruyn, Cribben\nHoyle Doran& Berry Inc, was incorporated September 5, 1968; Major Stockholders: Doran, Berry, Aladjem, De Bruyn\nMr. Hoyle died January 2, 1969Austin Cribben\nMr. De Bruyn died November 15, 1972, after retiring July 31, 1972\nRemaining Partners: Doran, Berry, Aladjem, Cribben\nMr. Berry retired November 1, 1974\nMr. Doran died December 14, 1979. Remaining partners: Aladjem, Cribben\nMr. Brown died June 27, 1980\nMr. Berry died December 26, 1981. Stockholders as of 1987: Cribben and Aladjem\nDecember 1990 Ethan Anthony Associates merged with Hoyle Doran & Berry Inc. Ethan Anthony joined David J Hulihan as a majority stockholder\nDecember 1998 David J. Hulihan Retired, Ethan Anthony became sole Stockholder of Corporation\n2008 firm renamed HDB/Cram and Ferguson\nMarch 31, 2010, Hoyle, Doran & Berry Inc dissolved, Assets acquired by Ethan Anthony\nMarch 31, 2010, Ethan Anthony founds Cram and Ferguson Architects taking up the ongoing work of Hoyle, Doran & Berry Inc.\nSeptember 10, 2012, Cram and Ferguson Architects, LLC Incorporated in the State of Massachusetts\nDecember 16, 2013, Cram and Ferguson Architects leads the 150th anniversary celebration of the birth of Ralph Adams Cram\nMr. Cribben and Mr. Aladjem retired 1987\nDavid Hulihan became a partner 1987\nEthan Anthony became a partner 1990\nMr Aladjem died October 23, 2004\nDavid Hulihan retires 2008\nMr Cribben died March 30, 2016\nDavid Hulihan died May 12, 2018\nJanuary 1, 2019, is the 130th anniversary of continuous practice of Cram and Ferguson Architects, LLC.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ralph Adams Cram founded firm – 1889\nCram & Wentworth – 1890\nCram, Wentworth & Goodhue – 1895\nCram, Goodhue & Ferguson – 1899\nCram and Ferguson Architects – 1913\nHoyle, Doran and Berry – 1957\nHoyle, Doran and Berry, Inc. – 1968\nCram and Ferguson Architects LLC – 2012","title":"Firm names"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"C. N. Godfrey – 1900\nA. E. Hoyle – 1908\nC. A. Brown – 1910\nJ. T. Doran – 1927\nW. H. Owens – 1921\nM. A. Berry – 1923\nO. H. Cederlund – 1946\nN.T. Aladjem – 1950\nFrank E. De Bruyn – 1926\nR. W. Hadley – 1945\nC. P. Harris – 1955\nA. J. Cribben – 1946\nDavid J Hulihan – 1967\nEthan Anthony – 1990","title":"Commenced employment"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kevin Hogan, the project manager, has 20 years of experience with the firm and has participated in numerous major church and chapel projects as the leader for all phases of production and construction administrationMatthew Alderman has been the lead designer on many projects both with Cram and Ferguson and in his prior employments, including St. Kateri Catholic Church in Ridgway, Illinois, St. Thomas Aquinas University Parish in Charlottesville, Virginia, which is now under construction and Our Lady of Good Voyage Chapel in Boston, Massachusetts.","title":"The team"}] | [{"image_text":"St. Thomas Church, New York, NY, 1907","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/St_Thomas_Church_of_Fifth_Av_from_53rd_St_in_2008_jeh.jpg/220px-St_Thomas_Church_of_Fifth_Av_from_53rd_St_in_2008_jeh.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cathedral Church of St. Paul in Detroit, MI, 1908-11","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cathedral_Church_of_Saint_Paul.jpg/220px-Cathedral_Church_of_Saint_Paul.jpg"},{"image_text":"All Saints Church, Peterborough, NH, 1913–21","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/All_Saints_Church%2C_Peterborough%2C_NH.jpg/220px-All_Saints_Church%2C_Peterborough%2C_NH.jpg"},{"image_text":"East Liberty Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, PA, 1931","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/East_Liberty_Presbyterian_Church_Front.TIF/lossy-page1-220px-East_Liberty_Presbyterian_Church_Front.TIF.jpg"},{"image_text":"Princeton University Graduate College Design, 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PSM_V78_D318_Design_for_the_princeton_university_graduate_college.png/220px-PSM_V78_D318_Design_for_the_princeton_university_graduate_college.png"},{"image_text":"Lovett Hall at Rice University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Lovett_Hall.jpg/220px-Lovett_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Williams College, Chapins Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Williams_College_-_Chapin_Hall.JPG/220px-Williams_College_-_Chapin_Hall.JPG"},{"image_text":"*University of Notre Dame, South Dining Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/South_Dining_Hall.jpg/403px-South_Dining_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Hancock Building, Boston, MA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/26183_John_Hancock_Building.jpg/220px-26183_John_Hancock_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"Richmond Court, Brookline, MA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Richmond_Court%2C_Brookline%2C_Massachusetts_22_July_2005.jpg/220px-Richmond_Court%2C_Brookline%2C_Massachusetts_22_July_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Syon Abbey Monastery – Blue Ridge, VA, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Syon_abbey.jpg/220px-Syon_abbey.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Edward's Chapel, The Casady School, Olklahoma city, OK","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Casady_3.jpg/220px-Casady_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Our Lady of Walsingham","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/OLW_-_Exterior_East-02_9x6_300dpi.jpg/220px-OLW_-_Exterior_East-02_9x6_300dpi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ralph Adams Cram, founder of the firm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ralph_A._Cram_-_Marceau._LCCN2002717882.jpg/220px-Ralph_A._Cram_-_Marceau._LCCN2002717882.jpg"},{"image_text":"Austin Cribben","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Austin_Cribben.jpg/220px-Austin_Cribben.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Anthony, Ethan (2007). The Architecture of Ralph Adams Cram And His Office. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 9780393731040.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393731040","url_text":"9780393731040"}]},{"reference":"Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1978). Built in Boston: City and Suburb 1800-1950. New York: New York Graphic Society.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Contemporary American Architects: Ralph Adams Cram, Cram and Ferguson. New York and London: Whittlesey House. 1931.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Muccigrosso, Robert (1980). American Gothic: The Mind and Art of Ralph Adams Cram. Washington DC: University Press of America. ISBN 0819108847.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0819108847","url_text":"0819108847"}]},{"reference":"Anthony, Ethan (2017). A Pocket Guide to the New England Architecture of Cram and Ferguson Architects (2 ed.). Concord, MA: Cram and Ferguson Architects LLC.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1975). Ralph Adams Cram: American Medievalist. Boston Public Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1995). Boston Bohemia 1881-1900, vol. 1 Ralph Adams Cram: Life and Architecture. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1974). Church Building in Boston 1720-1970 With and Introduction to the Work of Ralph Adams Cram and the Boston Gothicists. Concord, MA: The Rumford Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lanford, Sarah Drummond (1982). A Gothic Epitome: Ralph Adams Cram as Princeton's Architect. Princeton University: Princeton University Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Chronological List of Architecture\". Planning Design & Construction. Retrieved 2020-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://facilities.williams.edu/planning-construction/planning-construction/properties/architecture-list/","url_text":"\"Chronological List of Architecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Upon This Foundation: Are new church designs taking us backward?\". America Magazine. 2012-05-28. Retrieved 2020-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/5142/architecture/upon-foundation","url_text":"\"Upon This Foundation: Are new church designs taking us backward?\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Kateri DCD Magazine\". Cram & Ferguson Architects. Retrieved 2020-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cramandferguson.com/st-kateri-dcd-magazine","url_text":"\"St. Kateri DCD Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"Cullen, Kevin (11 June 2016). \"Our Lady of Good Voyage survives choppy waters in Seaport\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2020-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/06/11/our-lady-good-voyage-survives-seaport-building-boom/eKDRNXavEiZBLpkIW1FleJ/story.html","url_text":"\"Our Lady of Good Voyage survives choppy waters in Seaport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Press & Awards\". Cram & Ferguson Architects. Retrieved 2020-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cramandferguson.com/awards-press","url_text":"\"Press & Awards\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.cramandferguson.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.cramandferguson.com/"},{"Link":"https://www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2020/04/21st-century-english-medieval-revival.html","external_links_name":"Syon Abbey"},{"Link":"https://www.greensborodailyphoto.com/2010/05/canterburys-phillips-chapel.html","external_links_name":"The Phillips Chapel"},{"Link":"https://backbayhouses.org/334-beacon/#Cram","external_links_name":"Charles Barron Residence"},{"Link":"https://www.cramandferguson.com/philips-church","external_links_name":"Phillips Church"},{"Link":"https://www.cramandferguson.com/the-casady-school","external_links_name":"St. Edwards Chapel"},{"Link":"https://www.cramandferguson.com/record-mausoleum","external_links_name":"Records Mausoleum"},{"Link":"https://sjnknox.org/","external_links_name":"St. John Neumann Catholic Church"},{"Link":"https://www.cramandferguson.com/st-kateri","external_links_name":"St. Kateri Tekakwitha Parish"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XSEKMBiN-OQC&pg=PA104","external_links_name":"104"},{"Link":"https://facilities.williams.edu/planning-construction/planning-construction/properties/architecture-list/","external_links_name":"\"Chronological List of Architecture\""},{"Link":"https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/5142/architecture/upon-foundation","external_links_name":"\"Upon This Foundation: Are new church designs taking us backward?\""},{"Link":"https://www.cramandferguson.com/st-kateri-dcd-magazine","external_links_name":"\"St. Kateri DCD Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/06/11/our-lady-good-voyage-survives-seaport-building-boom/eKDRNXavEiZBLpkIW1FleJ/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Our Lady of Good Voyage survives choppy waters in Seaport\""},{"Link":"https://www.cramandferguson.com/awards-press","external_links_name":"\"Press & Awards\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/295918087","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500204955","external_links_name":"ULAN"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajo_Regency | Wajo Regency | ["1 History","2 Administration","3 References"] | Coordinates: 4°07′35″S 120°01′55″E / 4.1264°S 120.0319°E / -4.1264; 120.0319For other uses, see Wajo (disambiguation).
Regency in South Sulawesi, IndonesiaWajo Regency
Kabupaten WajoRegency
Coat of armsMotto: Maradeka Towadjoe Ade'na NapopuangLocation within South SulawesiCountryIndonesiaProvinceSouth SulawesiCapitalSengkangGovernment • Regent (Bupati)Dr. H. Amran Mahmud S.Sos., M.Si.Area • Total2,506.19 km2 (967.65 sq mi)Population (mid 2023 estimate) • Total405,137 • Density160/km2 (420/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (WITA)Area code(+62) 485Websitehttp://wajokab.go.id
Wajo Regency is a regency in South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. It covers an area of 2,506.19 km2 and had a population of 384,694 at the 2010 Census, and 379,079 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 405,137 (comprising 196,905 males and 208,232 females). Established in 1959,
Wajo Regency has its seat of government (capital) in the town of Sengkang.
History
Main article: Wajoq § History
The modern Wajo Regency was established in 1959, covering the land area of the former Kingdom of Wajoq.
Administration
The Wajo Regency in 2023 (as in 2010) comprises fourteen administrative Districts (Kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid-2023. The table also includes the location of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 142 rural desa and 48 urban kelurahan), and its postcode.
Kode Wilayah
Name ofDistrict(kecamatan)
Areainkm2
Pop'nCensus2010
Pop'nCensus2020
Pop'nEstimatemid 2023
Admincentre
No.ofdesa
No.ofkelurahan
Postcode
73.13.01
Sabbangparu
132.75
25,785
24,370
26,380
Kota Baru
12
3
90961
73.13.06
Tempe (a)
38.27
61,053
64,320
68,640
Sengkang
-
16
90811- 90918
73.13.02
Pammana
162.10
31,205
30,710
33,010
Maroanging
14
2
90971
73.13.11
Bola
220.13
19,385
19,440
21,050
Solo
10
1
90984
73.13.03
Takkalalla
179.76
20,612
19,980
21,240
Peneki
11
2
90981
73.13.04
Sajoanging
167.01
18,678
17,530
18,500
Jalang
6
3
90982
73.13.12
Penrang
154.90
15,530
14,800
15,940
Doping
9
1
90983
73.13.05
Majauleng
225.92
31,207
30,710
32,810
Paria
14
4
90991
73.13.08
Tanasitolo
154.60
39,280
39,320
41,770
Tancung
15
4
90951
73.13.07
Belawa
172.30
31,924
30,150
31,970
Menge
6
3
90953 (b)
73.13.09
Maniang Pajo
175.96
16,012
15,760
17,190
Anabanua
5
3
90952
73.13.13
Gilireng
147.00
11,031
10,880
11,730
Gilireng
8
1
90954
73.13.14
Keera
368.36
21,734
20,240
21,850
Keera
9
1
90993
73.13.10
Pitumpanua
207.13
41,673
40,880
43,080
Siwa
23
4
90992
Totals
2,506.19
384,694
379,079
405,137
Sengkang
142
48
Note: (a) urban centre, comprising all kelurahan. (b) except for the village of Lepangeng, which has a postcode of 90913.
References
Indonesia portal
^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kabupaten Wajo Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7313)
^ a b Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
^ Government of Indonesia (4 July 1959), Establishment of the Second-level Administrative Regions of Sulawesi (PDF) (in Indonesian ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 29/1959, retrieved 2009-01-05
^ Pelras, Christian (1971a). "Hiérarchie et pouvoir traditionnels en pays Wadjo'" . Archipel (in French). 1: 169–191. doi:10.3406/arch.1971.930.
vteRegencies and cities of South SulawesiCapital: MakassarRegencies
Bantaeng
Barru
Bone
Bulukumba
Enrekang
Gowa
Jeneponto
Luwu
East Luwu
North Luwu
Maros
Pangkajene and Islands
Pinrang
Selayar Islands
Sinjai
Sidenreng Rappang
Soppeng
Takalar
Tana Toraja
Wajo
North Toraja
Cities
Makassar
Palopo
Parepare
See also: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
4°07′35″S 120°01′55″E / 4.1264°S 120.0319°E / -4.1264; 120.0319
This South Sulawesi location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wajo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajo_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regencies_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"South Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sengkang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengkang,_Indonesia"}],"text":"For other uses, see Wajo (disambiguation).Regency in South Sulawesi, IndonesiaWajo Regency is a regency in South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. It covers an area of 2,506.19 km2 and had a population of 384,694 at the 2010 Census,[2] and 379,079 at the 2020 Census;[3] the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 405,137 (comprising 196,905 males and 208,232 females).[1] Established in 1959,[4]\nWajo Regency has its seat of government (capital) in the town of Sengkang.","title":"Wajo Regency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Wajoq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajoq"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The modern Wajo Regency was established in 1959, covering the land area of the former Kingdom of Wajoq.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"},{"link_name":"administrative villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_village"}],"text":"The Wajo Regency in 2023 (as in 2010) comprises fourteen administrative Districts (Kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census[2] and the 2020 Census,[3] together with the official estimates as at mid-2023.[1] The table also includes the location of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 142 rural desa and 48 urban kelurahan), and its postcode.Note: (a) urban centre, comprising all kelurahan. (b) except for the village of Lepangeng, which has a postcode of 90913.","title":"Administration"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Government of Indonesia (4 July 1959), Establishment of the Second-level Administrative Regions of Sulawesi (PDF) (in Indonesian ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 29/1959, retrieved 2009-01-05","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia","url_text":"Government of Indonesia"},{"url":"https://legalitas.org/download/write_pdf.php?url=pdf/undang-undang/1959/Undang-Undang--29-tahun-1959.pdf","url_text":"Establishment of the Second-level Administrative Regions of Sulawesi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language","url_text":"Indonesian"}]},{"reference":"Pelras, Christian (1971a). \"Hiérarchie et pouvoir traditionnels en pays Wadjo'\" [Traditional hierarchy and power in the country of Wadjo']. Archipel (in French). 1: 169–191. doi:10.3406/arch.1971.930.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Pelras&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Pelras, Christian"},{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1971_num_1_1_930","url_text":"\"Hiérarchie et pouvoir traditionnels en pays Wadjo'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farch.1971.930","url_text":"10.3406/arch.1971.930"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wajo_Regency¶ms=4.1264_S_120.0319_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:ID","external_links_name":"4°07′35″S 120°01′55″E / 4.1264°S 120.0319°E / -4.1264; 120.0319"},{"Link":"http://wajokab.go.id/","external_links_name":"http://wajokab.go.id"},{"Link":"https://legalitas.org/download/write_pdf.php?url=pdf/undang-undang/1959/Undang-Undang--29-tahun-1959.pdf","external_links_name":"Establishment of the Second-level Administrative Regions of Sulawesi"},{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1971_num_1_1_930","external_links_name":"\"Hiérarchie et pouvoir traditionnels en pays Wadjo'\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farch.1971.930","external_links_name":"10.3406/arch.1971.930"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124785402","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007494109305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wajo_Regency¶ms=4.1264_S_120.0319_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:ID","external_links_name":"4°07′35″S 120°01′55″E / 4.1264°S 120.0319°E / -4.1264; 120.0319"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wajo_Regency&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asolo_Altarpiece | Asolo Altarpiece | ["1 References"] | 1506 painting by Lorenzo Lotto
Asolo AltarpieceArtistLorenzo LottoYear1506Mediumoil on panelDimensions175 cm × 162 cm (69 in × 64 in)LocationAsolo Duomo, Asolo
The Asolo Altarpiece is a 1506 oil-on-panel altarpiece, measuring 175 x 162 cm, by the Italian Renaissance painter Lorenzo Lotto. For a long time it was displayed in the Santa Caterina Oratory in Asolo but it is thought to have originally been painted for the Battuti confraternity's side-chapel in Asolo Duomo, where it now hangs. It is signed "Laurent Lotus / Junio M.D.VI" on a cartouche in the lower centre. It dates to the end of his time in Treviso.
It shows a vision of the Assumption of Mary, shown as an old woman being taken up to heaven in a mandorla of light accompanied by four small angels. Her face may be based on that of Caterina Cornaro, who at that time headed a lively court full of artists and writers in Asolo. If this is correct, she may have commissioned it or it may have been commissioned by someone wishing to praise her.
Witnessing the vision are Antony the Great to the left and Louis of Toulouse to the right – the Battuti ran a hospital for the poor and sick so Antony (often prayed to for cures) and Louis (who renounced all worldly honours, including the throne of France) are apt choices. Lotto shows the influence of Perugino and others by creating a sense of movement through cutting off the top point of the mandorla. The landscape in the background may be based on Feltre, specifically the bell tower and church of its Santuario dei Santi Martiri Vittore e Corona on a rise to the left, its system of bridges in the centre and its castle (as it would have appeared just before its destruction in the War of the League of Cambrai in 1510) to the right.
References
^ Sometimes previously misread as "Junio" ie June.
^ (in Italian) Carlo Pirovano, Lotto, Electa, Milano 2002. ISBN 88-435-7550-3
^ (in Italian) Roberta D'Adda, Lotto, Skira, Milano 2004.
vteLorenzo LottoPaintingsReligious
Madonna and Child with St Peter Martyr and a Donor (1503)
Madonna and Child with Saints (c. 1505)
Asolo Altarpiece (1506)
Saint Jerome in Penitence (Paris) (c. 1506)
Santa Cristina al Tiverone Altarpiece (c. 1504–1506)
Adoration of the Christ Child (Kraków) (1508)
Madonna with Child between Sts. Flavian and Onuphrius (1508)
Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine (1506–1508)
Recanati Polyptych (1506–1508)
Saint Jerome in Penitence (Rome) (c. 1509)
Transfiguration (1510–1512)
Saint Jerome in Penitence (Sibiu) (c. 1513–1514)
Saint Jerome in Penitence (Allentown) (1515)
The Entombment of Christ (1513–1516)
Martinengo Altarpiece (1513–1516)
Susanna and the Elders (1517)
Madonna and Child with Saint Roch and Saint Sebastian (c. 1518)
Holy Trinity (c. 1519–1520)
Christ Taking Leave of his Mother (1521)
Santo Spirito Altarpiece (1521)
Ponteranica Altarpiece (1522)
Lament over the Dead Christ (c. 1522)
Adoration of the Christ Child (Washington) (1523)
Mystical Marriage of St Catherine of Alexandria with Niccoló Bonghi (1523)
Madonna and Child with Saint Jerome and Saint Nicholas of Tolentino (1523–1524)
Mystical Marriage of St Catherine and Saints (1524)
Life of the Virgin (1525)
Christ Carrying the Cross (1526)
Madonna and Child with Saint Catherine and Saint James (c. 1527)
Saint Nicholas in Glory (1527–1529)
Saint Lucy Before the Judge (1532)
Holy Family with Saint Catherine of Alexandria (1533)
Crucifixion with Pietà (c. 1529–1534)
Holy Family with St Jerome and St Anne (1534)
Adoration of the Shepherds (c. 1534)
Recanati Annunciation (c. 1534)
Madonna and Child with Two Donors (c. 1533–1535)
Holy Family with the Family of St John the Baptist (c. 1536)
Madonna of the Rosary (1539)
Altarpiece of the Halberd (c. 1539)
St Antoninus Giving Alms (c. 1540–1542)
Pietà (1538–1545)
San Giacomo dell'Orio Altarpiece (1546)
Presentation in the Temple (c. 1552–1556)
Secular
Allegory of Virtue and Vice (1505)
Portrait of Bishop Bernardo de' Rossi (1505)
Allegory of Chastity (c. 1505)
Portrait of a Young Man (c. 1506)
Portrait of a Young Man with a Lamp (c. 1506)
Portrait of Giovanni Agostino della Torre and his son Niccolò (1515)
Portrait of Giovanni della Volta with his Wife and Children (1515)
Portrait of Lucina Brembati (c. 1518)
Portrait of Marsilio Cassotti and His Bride Faustina (1523)
Portrait of a Gentleman with a Lion Paw (c. 1524–1525)
Portrait of a Young Man (Gemäldegalerie) (c. 1526)
Portrait of a Young Man with a Book (c. 1526)
Portrait of Andrea Odoni (1527)
Portrait of a Young Man (Accademia) (c. 1530)
Triumph of Chastity (c. 1530)
Triple Portrait of a Goldsmith (c. 1530)
Venus and Cupid (c. 1530)
Portrait of a Woman Inspired by Lucretia (c. 1533)
Portrait of a Gentleman (c. 1535)
Portrait of an Old Man with Gloves (c. 1543)
Portrait of a Thirty-Seven-Year-Old Gentleman (c. 1543)
Portrait of Febo da Brescia (1543–1544)
Portrait of Laura da Pola (1543–1544)
Portrait of a Man (c. 1545)
Portrait of Brother Gregorio Belo of Vicenza (1547)
Chapels
Suardi Chapel (1524) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oil-on-panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil-on-panel"},{"link_name":"altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Italian Renaissance painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Lotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Lotto"},{"link_name":"Asolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asolo"},{"link_name":"Asolo Duomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asolo_Duomo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cartouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche"},{"link_name":"Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Assumption of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"mandorla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandorla"},{"link_name":"Caterina Cornaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_Cornaro"},{"link_name":"Antony the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Louis of Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Perugino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perugino"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Feltre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feltre"},{"link_name":"War of the League of Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai"}],"text":"The Asolo Altarpiece is a 1506 oil-on-panel altarpiece, measuring 175 x 162 cm, by the Italian Renaissance painter Lorenzo Lotto. For a long time it was displayed in the Santa Caterina Oratory in Asolo but it is thought to have originally been painted for the Battuti confraternity's side-chapel in Asolo Duomo, where it now hangs. It is signed \"Laurent[ius] Lotus / Junio[r][1] M.D.VI\" on a cartouche in the lower centre. It dates to the end of his time in Treviso.[2]It shows a vision of the Assumption of Mary, shown as an old woman being taken up to heaven in a mandorla of light accompanied by four small angels. Her face may be based on that of Caterina Cornaro, who at that time headed a lively court full of artists and writers in Asolo. If this is correct, she may have commissioned it or it may have been commissioned by someone wishing to praise her.Witnessing the vision are Antony the Great to the left and Louis of Toulouse to the right – the Battuti ran a hospital for the poor and sick so Antony (often prayed to for cures) and Louis (who renounced all worldly honours, including the throne of France) are apt choices. Lotto shows the influence of Perugino and others by creating a sense of movement through cutting off the top point of the mandorla.[3] The landscape in the background may be based on Feltre, specifically the bell tower and church of its Santuario dei Santi Martiri Vittore e Corona on a rise to the left, its system of bridges in the centre and its castle (as it would have appeared just before its destruction in the War of the League of Cambrai in 1510) to the right.","title":"Asolo Altarpiece"}] | [] | null | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_O | The Wonderful O | ["1 Reviews","2 Sources"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Wonderful O" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Wonderful O First editionAuthorJames ThurberIllustratorMarc SimontLanguageEnglishGenreFantasyPublisherSimon & SchusterPublication date1957Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Hardcover)Pages72
The Wonderful O is the last of James Thurber’s five short-book fairy tales for children. Published in 1957 by Hamish Hamilton/Simon Schuster, it followed Many Moons (1943), The Great Quillow (1944), The White Deer (1945) and The 13 Clocks (1950).
As well as constant, complex wordplay, Thurber uses other literary devices such as frequent internal meter or rhythmic prose, near-poetry, puns, literary allusions (e.g. to wandering minstrels) and thus creates a humorous satire involving loss, love and freedom. The Wonderful O uses a form of constrained writing or lipogram where the letter O is omitted at the demands of the villains.
"I'll build you a better man of firmer flesh and all complete, from hairy head to metatarsal feet, using As and Is and Us and Es with muscular arms and flexible knees; eyes and ears and lids and lips, neck and chest and breast and hips;..."
It was one of several of Thurber's works illustrated by his friend and frequent illustrator Marc Simont after Thurber went blind during the 1950s.
The 2009 reprint by The New York Review Children's Collection, has the original illustrations by Marc Simont.
For the Puffin Books edition (1962), The Wonderful O was joined with The 13 Clocks, and both stories were illustrated by Ronald Searle.
Reviews
"Linguistic romp with an important lesson at its heart" (London Review of Books)
"A tale of loss, liberty and language laced with typical Thurberian wit" (London Review of Books)
"The period coloured illustrations add to the charm to make a very inviting book" (School Librarian)
"A Thimbleful of Thurber". (Los Angeles Times)
Melissa Manchester was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children
The Wonderful O (James Thurber) (Album)
Sources
Penguin (Puffin Books) edition (1962) ISBN 0140301801
New York Review Children's Collection (2009) ISBN 1-59017-309-0
Attebery, Brian (1980). The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature. ISBN 0-253-35665-2
Children's literature portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Thurber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thurber"},{"link_name":"Many Moons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many_Moons"},{"link_name":"The Great Quillow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Quillow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The White Deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Deer"},{"link_name":"The 13 Clocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_13_Clocks"},{"link_name":"constrained writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained_writing"},{"link_name":"lipogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipogram"},{"link_name":"Marc Simont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Simont"},{"link_name":"Puffin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffin_Books"},{"link_name":"Ronald Searle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Searle"}],"text":"The Wonderful O is the last of James Thurber’s five short-book fairy tales for children. Published in 1957 by Hamish Hamilton/Simon Schuster, it followed Many Moons (1943), The Great Quillow (1944), The White Deer (1945) and The 13 Clocks (1950).As well as constant, complex wordplay, Thurber uses other literary devices such as frequent internal meter or rhythmic prose, near-poetry, puns, literary allusions (e.g. to wandering minstrels) and thus creates a humorous satire involving loss, love and freedom. The Wonderful O uses a form of constrained writing or lipogram where the letter O is omitted at the demands of the villains.\"I'll build you a better man of firmer flesh and all complete, from hairy head to metatarsal feet, using As and Is and Us and Es with muscular arms and flexible knees; eyes and ears and lids and lips, neck and chest and breast and hips;...\"It was one of several of Thurber's works illustrated by his friend and frequent illustrator Marc Simont after Thurber went blind during the 1950s.The 2009 reprint by The New York Review Children's Collection, has the original illustrations by Marc Simont.For the Puffin Books edition (1962), The Wonderful O was joined with The 13 Clocks, and both stories were illustrated by Ronald Searle.","title":"The Wonderful O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A Thimbleful of Thurber\".","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//articles.latimes.com/1990-11-25/books/bk-7098_1_james-thurber"},{"link_name":"Melissa Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album_for_Children"}],"text":"\"Linguistic romp with an important lesson at its heart\" (London Review of Books)\n\"A tale of loss, liberty and language laced with typical Thurberian wit\" (London Review of Books)\n\"The period coloured illustrations add to the charm to make a very inviting book\" (School Librarian)\n\"A Thimbleful of Thurber\". (Los Angeles Times)\nMelissa Manchester was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for ChildrenThe Wonderful O (James Thurber) (Album)","title":"Reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0140301801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140301801"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59017-309-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59017-309-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-253-35665-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-35665-2"},{"link_name":"Children's literature portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature"}],"text":"Penguin (Puffin Books) edition (1962) ISBN 0140301801\nNew York Review Children's Collection (2009) ISBN 1-59017-309-0\nAttebery, Brian (1980). The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature. ISBN 0-253-35665-2Children's literature portal","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Wonderful+O%22","external_links_name":"\"The Wonderful O\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Wonderful+O%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Wonderful+O%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Wonderful+O%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Wonderful+O%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Wonderful+O%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-25/books/bk-7098_1_james-thurber","external_links_name":"\"A Thimbleful of Thurber\"."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_Utah_Redskins_baseball_team | 1951 Utah Redskins baseball team | ["1 Roster","2 Schedule","3 Awards and honors","4 References"] | American college baseball season
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "1951 Utah Redskins baseball team" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023)
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1951 Utah Redskins baseballDistrict VII Playoff championsCollege World Series, T-3rdConferenceSkyline ConferenceDivisionWesternRecord17–3 ( Skyline)Head coachPete Carlston (2nd season)CaptainBilly GreenHome stadiumDerks FieldSeasons← 19501952 →
The 1951 Utah Redskins baseball team represented the University of Utah in the 1951 NCAA baseball season. The Redskins played their home games at Derks Field. The team was coached by Pete Carlston in his 2nd year at Utah.
The Redskins won the District VII playoff to advance to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Tennessee Volunteers.
Roster
1951 Utah Redskins baseball team
Players
Coaches
#
Pos.
Name
B/T
Height
Weight
Year
Home town
Ray Andrus
/
—
—
INF
Jim Cleverly
/
—
—
C
Micky Culleton
/
—
—
INF
Dave Cunningham
/
—
—
Tom Dublinski
/
—
—
Glenn Duggins
/
—
—
P
Doug Eurlong
/
—
—
Bruce Goodrich
/
—
—
Billy Green (C)
/
—
—
Rus Orton
/
—
—
P
Max Pessetto
/
—
—
Don Price
/
—
—
Wayne Ray
/
—
—
Delmar Schick
/
—
—
Wayne Skeen
/
—
—
P
Victor Stuckenschneider
/
—
—
OF
Basil Williams
/
—
—
Head coach
Pete Carlston
Assistant coach(es)
Legend
(C) Team captain
(S) Suspended
(I) Ineligible
Injured
Current redshirt
Schedule
1951 Utah Redskins baseball game log
Regular season
April (0–0)
#
Date
Opponent
Site/stadium
Score
Overall record
Skyline record
April 23
BYU
Derks Field • Salt Lake City, Utah
14–2
0–0
–
May (0–0)
#
Date
Opponent
Site/stadium
Score
Overall record
Skyline record
May 10
BYU
Derks Field • Salt Lake City, Utah
12–3
0–0
–
May 11
at BYU
Timpanogos Park • Provo, Utah
12–3
0–0
–
District VII Playoff (2–0)
#
Date
Opponent
Site/stadium
Score
Overall record
Skyline record
15
at Colorado State
Unknown • Greeley, Colorado
20–1
14–1
–
16
at Colorado State
Unknown • Greeley, Colorado
11–6
15–1
–
College World Series (2–2)
#
Date
Opponent
Site/stadium
Score
Overall record
Skyline record
17
June 13
vs Tennessee
Omaha Municipal Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska
7–1
16–1
–
18
June 14
vs Southern California
Omaha Municipal Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska
2–8
16–2
–
19
June 15
vs Texas A&M
Omaha Municipal Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska
15–8
17–2
–
20
June 16
vs Tennessee
Omaha Municipal Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska
4–5
17–3
–
Awards and honors
Jim Cleverly
American Baseball Coaches Association First Team All-American
References
^ "Utah Baseball Media Guide Records & Honors" (PDF). University of Utah. Retrieved October 16, 2020. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"1951 NCAA baseball season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_NCAA_baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Derks Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derks_Field"},{"link_name":"Pete Carlston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Carlston"},{"link_name":"College World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_College_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_baseball"}],"text":"The 1951 Utah Redskins baseball team represented the University of Utah in the 1951 NCAA baseball season. The Redskins played their home games at Derks Field. The team was coached by Pete Carlston in his 2nd year at Utah.The Redskins won the District VII playoff to advance to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Tennessee Volunteers.","title":"1951 Utah Redskins baseball team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Jim CleverlyAmerican Baseball Coaches Association First Team All-American[1]","title":"Awards and honors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Utah Baseball Media Guide Records & Honors\" (PDF). University of Utah. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://utahutes.com/documents/2020/2/14/2020_Baseball_Media_Guide.pdf","url_text":"\"Utah Baseball Media Guide Records & Honors\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1951_Utah_Redskins_baseball_team&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221951+Utah+Redskins+baseball+team%22","external_links_name":"\"1951 Utah Redskins baseball team\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221951+Utah+Redskins+baseball+team%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221951+Utah+Redskins+baseball+team%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221951+Utah+Redskins+baseball+team%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221951+Utah+Redskins+baseball+team%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221951+Utah+Redskins+baseball+team%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221951+Utah+Redskins+baseball+team%22","external_links_name":"\"1951 Utah Redskins baseball team\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221951+Utah+Redskins+baseball+team%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221951+Utah+Redskins+baseball+team%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221951+Utah+Redskins+baseball+team%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221951+Utah+Redskins+baseball+team%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221951+Utah+Redskins+baseball+team%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://utahutes.com/documents/2020/2/14/2020_Baseball_Media_Guide.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Utah Baseball Media Guide Records & Honors\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_H_D_Sewell | E. H. D. Sewell | ["1 Family","2 Career","3 Books by E H D Sewell","4 Sources","5 References"] | English cricketer, journalist, and author
Edward SewellCricket informationBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm mediumCareer statistics
Competition
First-class
Matches
87
Runs scored
3,430
Batting average
24.50
100s/50s
5/17
Top score
181
Balls bowled
1,499
Wickets
17
Bowling average
47.47
5 wickets in innings
0
10 wickets in match
0
Best bowling
3/73
Catches/stumpings
70/0Source: CricketArchive
Edward Humphrey Dalrymple Sewell (30 September 1872 – 20 September 1947) was a first-class cricketer, popular cricket and rugby journalist and author, known universally as E. H. D. Sewell.
Family
His grandfather was Sir William Henry Sewell (c1786–1862), who had been aide-de-camp to William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, during the Peninsular War, and joined the Duke of Wellington's army in Portugal in 1808. Sir William was present with Sir John Moore's army in its retreat from Corunna and later served for 28 years in India.
His father Colonel Henry Fane Haylett Sewell (1838–1910) was a Colonel in the East Indies. He married Violetta Anna Burn in Singapore May 1860, they had seven sons.
Edward H D was the youngest son, born in Lingsugur, India, where his father served as an Army officer. Sewell was educated at the Rectory in Shropshire and Bedford School in England, returning to India as a civil servant. In 1893 he married Amie Sharpe, who was born in Darjeeling. They had a child, Douglas, born in Coonsor, India, in 1895 and later educated at Dulwich College.
Career
While playing cricket in India he became the first batsman in the country to score three consecutive hundreds. In 1893 he played in the first ever All-India side. He went back to England and after a couple of seasons with London County he joined Essex in 1902. He remained with Essex until 1904 but his highest score was made for London County when he made 181 against Surrey at Crystal Palace. A big hitter of the ball, it is said that one of his on-drives measured 140 yards.
He was known as a good rugby footballer, playing for Bedford, Blackheath and Harlequins, but was most notable as a cricket player. On his return from India he became a professional cricket player for Essex. In 1904 he reached his highest score of 181 under the Captain W.G. Grace, at Crystal Palace against Surrey. Later he was coach to young players at The Oval for Surrey County Cricket Club, and played for Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire. His final first-class match for the MCC Marylebone Cricket Club was in 1922.
He wrote for various newspapers, as well as many books on both cricket and rugby. His first book was published in 1911, and he continued to write up until his death in 1947. Among his many books were The Log of a Sportsman (1923), From a Window at Lords (1937), Who's Won the Toss? (1940) and Rugger: The Man’s Game (1944), reminiscing on the past fifty years of the game.
Edward died on 20 September 1947 in Paddington, London. His obituary in The Times newspaper wrote of his achievements as a writer and player, both of cricket and Rugby football. A friend wrote that he had a kindly and gentle disposition, an alert mind, and was a good man and a good sportsman.
Books by E H D Sewell
The past Rugby Football season, extracts from the Fortnightly Review, 1908
The Revival in Rugby Football, extracts from the Fortnightly Review, 1910
The Book of Football, J M Dent & Sons Ltd., 1911
Cricket points: for the county, 'varsity, public school, and club cricketer, Sporting Life, London, 1911
Triangular Cricket: Being a Record of the Greatest Contest in the History of the Game, J. M. Dent & Co., London, 1912
Rugby Football Internationals Roll of Honour, T.C. & E.C. Jack, London & Edinburgh, 1919 (A tribute to all the rugby internationals who died during the Great War 1914 – 1919),
Rugby Football Up To Date, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1921
Log of a Sportsman, T Fisher Unwin Ltd., Adelphi Terrace, London 1923 (Cricket, Rugger and Hunting in India)
Cricket Up To Date, John Murray, 1931
Rugby Football To-Day, John Murray, 1931
First Principles of Cricket, Boy's Own Paper, GB, 1935
From a Window at Lord's, (Essays on cricket) Methuen, 1937, (includes an account of the 1936-37 M.C.C. tour of Australia)
Who's Won the Toss? Stanley Paul, 1940 Foreword by C.B.Fry
Cricket Under Fire, Stanley Paul & Co, London, 1941 (includes chapters 'The Fade-Out of Jardine and Larwood' and 'The Game in India')
Rugger: The Man's Game, First edition 1944, (revised by O. L. Owen; with a preface by Captain C.B.Fry) Hollis and Carter Ltd, London, 1950
An Outdoor Wallah, Stanley Paul, 1945 (Autobiography) (with chapters on W.G. Grace, Ranjitsinhji, and the 1933-34 M.C.C. tour of India)
Well Hit! Sir, Stanley Paul, London, 1946 (includes an account of the 1946 Indian tour of England)
Overthrows, Stanley Paul, London, 1946
Contribution – extended reminiscences:
'The Memorial Biography of Dr. W. G. Grace', issued under the Auspices of The Committee of the MCC, Constable & Company Ltd., London 1919
Sources
May 2006 edition of Soul Search, the journal of The Sole Society. A British Family History Society, http://www.sole.org.uk/
BM&D and census records
Tony Collins, A Social History of English Rugby Union, Routledge, Oxford, 2009, ISBN 0-415-47660-7 (many references to EHD Sewell
IMAGE: Edward Sewell: cricketer, columnist and part of the first all-India team
References
^ "The Sole Society Home Page". sole.org.uk.
^ Thomas Cook's Rugby Club, its life and times 1910-1966, John Dann, FastPrint Peterborough, ISBN 978-178035-656-3
^ Wisden, John Wisden's Crickets' Almanack, 1904
^ Death of EHD Sewell,Times Newspaper, Friday 26 Sep 1947
^ Times Newspaper, Friday 26 Sep 1947
^ "Edward Sewell: Cricketer, columnist and part of the first all-India team". 7 December 2018.
Authority control databases International
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People
Trove | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Edward Humphrey Dalrymple Sewell (30 September 1872 – 20 September 1947) was a first-class cricketer, popular cricket and rugby journalist and author, known universally as E. H. D. Sewell.","title":"E. H. D. 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(1940) and Rugger: The Man’s Game (1944), reminiscing on the past fifty years of the game.Edward died on 20 September 1947 in Paddington, London. His obituary in The Times newspaper wrote of his achievements as a writer and player, both of cricket and Rugby football.[4] A friend wrote that he had a kindly and gentle disposition, an alert mind, and was a good man and a good sportsman.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C.B.Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.B.Fry"}],"text":"The past Rugby Football season, extracts from the Fortnightly Review, 1908\nThe Revival in Rugby Football, extracts from the Fortnightly Review, 1910\nThe Book of Football, J M Dent & Sons Ltd., 1911\nCricket points: for the county, 'varsity, public school, and club cricketer, Sporting Life, London, 1911\nTriangular Cricket: Being a Record of the Greatest Contest in the History of the Game, J. M. Dent & Co., London, 1912\nRugby Football Internationals Roll of Honour, T.C. & E.C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Copia_Sullam | Sara Copia Sullam | ["1 Early life","2 Sara and Ansaldo Cebà","3 The Manifesto","4 References","5 External links"] | Italian poet and writer (1592–1641)
Sara Copia SullamBorn1592VeniceDiedFebruary 1641Occupation(s)Poet and writer
Sarra Copia Sullam (1592–1641) was an Italian poet and writer who lived in Italy in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. She was Jewish and very well educated. Despite being married, for many years she had what appears to have been an extremely close relationship, by correspondence only, with a writer, Ansaldo Cebà, whom she admired but whom she never actually met. He was a Christian, and at that point in his life he had become a monk. He appears to have fallen in love with Sarra, and constantly urged her to convert to Christianity, but she resisted.
In 1621, Sarra was accused of a serious crime of belief, a heresy, and was in danger of trial by Inquisition. She received almost no support from many of her friends, including Cebà. She died of natural causes in 1641.
Of her writings, a number of her sonnets and her Manifesto (a response to the accusation of heresy) are all that have survived to the present day.
Early life
Sarra was born in Venice in 1592 to a Jewish family. Her parents, Simon and Ricca Copia, had two more daughters, Rachel and Esther. Sarra was given a basic education in both Jewish and Italian cultures, and learned several languages including Ancient Greek, Latin and Hebrew.
In her poetry, Sarra demonstrated her knowledge of both the Old Testament and the New Testament, as well as her familiarity with the works of Aristotle and Josephus. She started writing poetry in Italian at a young age and continued for the rest of her life.
As an adult she married Jacob Sullam. She and her husband loved the arts, and invited to their home both Christian and Jewish writers, poets, intellectuals, artists, and clerics. She was described as a woman who "revelled in the realm of beauty, and crystallized her enthusiasm in graceful, sweet, maidenly verses. Young, lovely, of generous impulses and keen intellectual powers, her ambition set upon lofty attainments, a favorite of the muses, Sarra Copia charmed youth and age." Angelico Aprosio would later report that "Men of letters not only from nearby but from Treviso, Padua, Vicenza and even more distant places competed for the chance to hear speak".
Sara and Ansaldo Cebà
In 1618, Sarra read the book L'Ester, a drama written by an author called Ansaldo Cebà. Twenty seven years her senior, Ansaldo Cebà had been a diplomat when he was younger, but had decided to spend the rest of his life living as a monk. He had gone on retreat in one of Genoa's monasteries.
Cebà's book made a great impression on Sara, and so she wrote a letter to him. In the letter she admitted that she carried the book with her all the time, and even slept with it. Cebà responded to Sara's letter, and this was the start of four years of letters, gifts and poems, exchanged between the two.
Ansaldo Cebà wrote to Sarra that he wanted to help her convert to Christianity. He was aware of how beautiful Sarra was, because his servant, whom he sent with presents for her, had told him so. And on one occasion Sarra sent Cebà her portrait, writing: "This is the picture of one who carries yours deeply graven on her heart, and, with finger pointing to her bosom, tells the world: "Here dwells my idol, bow before him.""
Eventually Ansaldo's desire to convert Sara to Christianity became something more significant: it seems he fell in love with her, a love that was not necessarily just platonic. Their correspondence became more intimate, with some physical allusions and some sexual implications. It was as if they both were playing a game of love, although nothing was ever completely spelled out. Ansaldo wrote to Sarra that if she would convert to Christianity, after death they would be united in Heaven.
Sarra's name was originally spelled "Coppia" meaning "pair" or "couple", and in one of Cebà's letters to her, he said that the two letter "p"s in her name were an indication that the two of them could indeed become a couple, despite the fact that he was a Catholic monk and she was married. After that, Sarra started spelling her name with a single "p": Copia. All the way to the end of their correspondence, Cebà tried to convert Sarra; this became the greatest desire of a man who was getting older and whose health was now failing. However, Sarra never submitted to his wish. She did however give Ansaldo permission to pray for her conversion to Christianity, and in return he allowed her to pray for his conversion to Judaism. Sarra and Ansaldo never actually met.
In 1623, Cebà published 53 letters that he had written to Sarra. Sarra's letters to Cebà were never published, and are lost.
The Manifesto
Baldassarre Bonifacio was a prominent Christian cleric who had been a guest at Sarra and her husband's receptions. In 1621, he wrote a treatise Immortalità dell'anima (On the Immortality of the Soul). According to Bonifacio's account, two years before that, Sarra had caused him to realize that she did not believe in the immortality of the soul. This was a very serious accusation of a crime of belief which could have resulted in a trial by inquisition.
In response, Sarra wrote a work entitled, Manifesto di Sarra Copia Sulam hebrea Nel quale è da lei riprovate, e detestata l'opinione negante l'Immortalità dell'Anima, falsemente attribuitale da SIG. BALDASSARE BONIFACIO, translation: The Manifesto of Sarra Copia Sulam, a Jewish woman, in which she refutes and disavows the opinion denying immortality of the soul, falsely attributed to her by Signor Baldassare Bonifacio. The Manifesto was dedicated to her beloved father, who died when she was 16 years old. In this work she defended her points of view, and attacked Bonifacio.
At the beginning of her response to Bonifacio's accusation was the following poem:
O Lord, Thou know'st my inmost hope and thought,
Thou know'st whene'er before Thy judgment throne
I shed salt tears, and uttered many a moan.
Twas not for vanities that I besought.
O turn on me Thy look with mercy fraught,
And see how envious malice makes me groan!
The pall upon my heart by error thrown,
Remove; illume me with Thy radiant thought.
At truth let not the wicked scorner mock,
O Thou, that breath'dst in me a spark divine.
The lying tongue's deceit with silence blight,
Protect me from its venom, Thou, my Rock,
And show the spiteful sland'rer by this sign
That Thou dost shield me with Thy endless might
Sarra sent a copy of the Manifesto to Cebà, but he responded to her only after a few months delay, and instead of offering her help, he once again urged her to convert to Christianity. This was the last letter that Cebà, who died soon after, wrote to Sarra.
Many of her friends and teachers stopped supporting her during her time of need. Not until 1625 did an anonymous author publish papers in her defense.
Sarra died in February 1641, after a three-month illness.
References
^ a b c d e Howard Tzvi Adelman. "Sarra Copia Sullam". JWA.org. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
^ a b c Gustav Karpeles (June 2003). Jewish Literature, and Other Essays. Kessinger Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7661-6370-6. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
^ Mandosio, Prospero (1698). Bibliotheca romana. Rome: De Lazaris. p. 113. concorrevano à gara per sentirla discorrere non pure i vicini, ma anco da Trevigi, da Padova, da Vicenza, e luoghi più lontani letterati
^ Frank A. D'Accone; Irene Alm; Alyson McLamore; Colleen Reardon (1996). Música franca: essays in honor of Frank A. D'Accone. PENDRAGON PRESS. p. 372. ISBN 9780945193920. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
^ a b Heinrich Graetz; Philipp Bloch (1895). History of the Jews, Volume 5. The Jewish Publication Society. pp. 69–70. Retrieved 2010-04-28. graetz Ceba sullam.
^ David N. Myers , Massimo Ciavolella , Peter Reill , Geoffrey Symcox (October 25, 2008). Acculturation and Its Discontents: The Italian Jewish Experience Between Exclusion and Inclusion. University of Toronto Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8020-9851-1. Retrieved 2010-04-28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Katharina M. Wilson (March 1, 1991). An Encyclopedia of continental women writers, Volume 2. The Jewish Publication Society. p. 1202. ISBN 978-0-8240-8547-6. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
^ a b c d e Joyce Eisenberg & Ellen Scolnic (2003). The JPS dictionary of Jewish words. The Jewish Publication Society. p. 114-114. ISBN 9780827607521. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
External links
Project Continua: Biography of Sarra Copia Sullam Project Continua is a web-based multimedia resource dedicated to the creation and preservation of women's intellectual history from the earliest surviving evidence into the 21st Century.
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Italian People
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Ansaldo Cebà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansaldo_Ceb%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition"},{"link_name":"sonnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet"}],"text":"Sarra Copia Sullam (1592–1641) was an Italian poet and writer who lived in Italy in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. She was Jewish and very well educated. Despite being married, for many years she had what appears to have been an extremely close relationship, by correspondence only, with a writer, Ansaldo Cebà, whom she admired but whom she never actually met. He was a Christian, and at that point in his life he had become a monk. He appears to have fallen in love with Sarra, and constantly urged her to convert to Christianity, but she resisted.In 1621, Sarra was accused of a serious crime of belief, a heresy, and was in danger of trial by Inquisition. She received almost no support from many of her friends, including Cebà. She died of natural causes in 1641.\nOf her writings, a number of her sonnets and her Manifesto (a response to the accusation of heresy) are all that have survived to the present day.","title":"Sara Copia Sullam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"clerics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleric"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarra-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sonnet-2"},{"link_name":"Angelico Aprosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelico_Aprosio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sarra was born in Venice in 1592 to a Jewish family. Her parents, Simon and Ricca Copia, had two more daughters, Rachel and Esther. Sarra was given a basic education in both Jewish and Italian cultures, and learned several languages including Ancient Greek, Latin and Hebrew.In her poetry, Sarra demonstrated her knowledge of both the Old Testament and the New Testament, as well as her familiarity with the works of Aristotle and Josephus. She started writing poetry in Italian at a young age and continued for the rest of her life.As an adult she married Jacob Sullam. She and her husband loved the arts, and invited to their home both Christian and Jewish writers, poets, intellectuals, artists, and clerics.[1] She was described as a woman who \"revelled in the realm of beauty, and crystallized her enthusiasm in graceful, sweet, maidenly verses. Young, lovely, of generous impulses and keen intellectual powers, her ambition set upon lofty attainments, a favorite of the muses, Sarra Copia charmed youth and age.\"[2] Angelico Aprosio would later report that \"Men of letters not only from nearby but from Treviso, Padua, Vicenza and even more distant places competed for the chance to hear [Sara] speak\".[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'Ester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sonnet-2"},{"link_name":"platonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_love"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M%C3%BAsica-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarra-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-couple-6"},{"link_name":"pray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarra-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letters-7"}],"text":"In 1618, Sarra read the book L'Ester, a drama written by an author called Ansaldo Cebà. Twenty seven years her senior, Ansaldo Cebà had been a diplomat when he was younger, but had decided to spend the rest of his life living as a monk. He had gone on retreat in one of Genoa's monasteries.Cebà's book made a great impression on Sara, and so she wrote a letter to him. In the letter she admitted that she carried the book with her all the time, and even slept with it. Cebà responded to Sara's letter, and this was the start of four years of letters, gifts and poems, exchanged between the two.Ansaldo Cebà wrote to Sarra that he wanted to help her convert to Christianity. He was aware of how beautiful Sarra was, because his servant, whom he sent with presents for her, had told him so. And on one occasion Sarra sent Cebà her portrait, writing: \"This is the picture of one who carries yours deeply graven on her heart, and, with finger pointing to her bosom, tells the world: \"Here dwells my idol, bow before him.\"\"[2]Eventually Ansaldo's desire to convert Sara to Christianity became something more significant: it seems he fell in love with her, a love that was not necessarily just platonic. Their correspondence became more intimate, with some physical allusions and some sexual implications. It was as if they both were playing a game of love, although nothing was ever completely spelled out.[4] Ansaldo wrote to Sarra that if she would convert to Christianity, after death they would be united in Heaven.[5]Sarra's name was originally spelled \"Coppia\" meaning \"pair\" or \"couple\", and in one of Cebà's letters to her, he said that the two letter \"p\"s in her name were an indication that the two of them could indeed become a couple, despite the fact that he was a Catholic monk and she was married. After that, Sarra started spelling her name with a single \"p\": Copia.[1][6] All the way to the end of their correspondence, Cebà tried to convert Sarra; this became the greatest desire of a man who was getting older and whose health was now failing. However, Sarra never submitted to his wish. She did however give Ansaldo permission to pray for her conversion to Christianity, and in return he allowed her to pray for his conversion to Judaism.[5] Sarra and Ansaldo never actually met.[1]In 1623, Cebà published 53 letters that he had written to Sarra. Sarra's letters to Cebà were never published, and are lost.[7]","title":"Sara and Ansaldo Cebà"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baldassarre Bonifacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassarre_Bonifacio"},{"link_name":"treatise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise"},{"link_name":"immortality of the soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul"},{"link_name":"inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarra-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manifesto-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarra-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manifesto-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sonnet-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manifesto-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manifesto-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manifesto-8"}],"text":"Baldassarre Bonifacio was a prominent Christian cleric who had been a guest at Sarra and her husband's receptions. In 1621, he wrote a treatise Immortalità dell'anima (On the Immortality of the Soul). According to Bonifacio's account, two years before that, Sarra had caused him to realize that she did not believe in the immortality of the soul. This was a very serious accusation of a crime of belief which could have resulted in a trial by inquisition.[1][8]In response, Sarra wrote a work entitled, Manifesto di Sarra Copia Sulam hebrea Nel quale è da lei riprovate, e detestata l'opinione negante l'Immortalità dell'Anima, falsemente attribuitale da SIG. BALDASSARE BONIFACIO, translation: The Manifesto of Sarra Copia Sulam, a Jewish woman, in which she refutes and disavows the opinion denying immortality of the soul, falsely attributed to her by Signor Baldassare Bonifacio. The Manifesto was dedicated to her beloved father, who died when she was 16 years old. In this work she defended her points of view, and attacked Bonifacio.[1][8]At the beginning of her response to Bonifacio's accusation was the following poem:O Lord, Thou know'st my inmost hope and thought,\nThou know'st whene'er before Thy judgment throne \nI shed salt tears, and uttered many a moan. \nTwas not for vanities that I besought. \nO turn on me Thy look with mercy fraught, \nAnd see how envious malice makes me groan! \nThe pall upon my heart by error thrown, \nRemove; illume me with Thy radiant thought. \nAt truth let not the wicked scorner mock, \nO Thou, that breath'dst in me a spark divine. \nThe lying tongue's deceit with silence blight, \nProtect me from its venom, Thou, my Rock, \nAnd show the spiteful sland'rer by this sign \n\nThat Thou dost shield me with Thy endless might[2]Sarra sent a copy of the Manifesto to Cebà, but he responded to her only after a few months delay, and instead of offering her help, he once again urged her to convert to Christianity. This was the last letter that Cebà, who died soon after, wrote to Sarra.[8]Many of her friends and teachers stopped supporting her during her time of need. Not until 1625 did an anonymous author publish papers in her defense.[8]Sarra died in February 1641, after a three-month illness.[8]","title":"The Manifesto"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Howard Tzvi Adelman. \"Sarra Copia Sullam\". JWA.org. Retrieved 2010-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/sullam-sara-coppia","url_text":"\"Sarra Copia Sullam\""}]},{"reference":"Gustav Karpeles (June 2003). Jewish Literature, and Other Essays. Kessinger Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7661-6370-6. Retrieved 2010-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=es_01rBYAKoC&q=Thou+know%27st+whene%27er+before+Thy+judgment+throne+I+shed+salt+tears%2C+and+uttered+many+a+moan.&pg=PA55","url_text":"Jewish Literature, and Other Essays"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-6370-6","url_text":"978-0-7661-6370-6"}]},{"reference":"Mandosio, Prospero (1698). Bibliotheca romana. Rome: De Lazaris. p. 113. concorrevano à gara per sentirla discorrere non pure i vicini, ma anco da Trevigi, da Padova, da Vicenza, e luoghi più lontani letterati","urls":[]},{"reference":"Frank A. D'Accone; Irene Alm; Alyson McLamore; Colleen Reardon (1996). Música franca: essays in honor of Frank A. D'Accone. PENDRAGON PRESS. p. 372. ISBN 9780945193920. Retrieved 2010-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhek_dIsi3EC&q=Sara+and+Ansaldo+Ceba+letters&pg=PA372","url_text":"Música franca: essays in honor of Frank A. D'Accone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780945193920","url_text":"9780945193920"}]},{"reference":"Heinrich Graetz; Philipp Bloch (1895). History of the Jews, Volume 5. The Jewish Publication Society. pp. 69–70. Retrieved 2010-04-28. graetz Ceba sullam.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4IErAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"History of the Jews, Volume 5"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4IErAAAAYAAJ/page/n80","url_text":"69"}]},{"reference":"David N. Myers , Massimo Ciavolella , Peter Reill , Geoffrey Symcox (October 25, 2008). Acculturation and Its Discontents: The Italian Jewish Experience Between Exclusion and Inclusion. University of Toronto Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8020-9851-1. Retrieved 2010-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_N._Myers","url_text":"David N. Myers"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7B-Bf0MAhDIC&q=Ansaldo+Ceb%C3%A0+and+coppio&pg=PA29","url_text":"Acculturation and Its Discontents: The Italian Jewish Experience Between Exclusion and Inclusion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9851-1","url_text":"978-0-8020-9851-1"}]},{"reference":"Katharina M. Wilson (March 1, 1991). An Encyclopedia of continental women writers, Volume 2. The Jewish Publication Society. p. 1202. ISBN 978-0-8240-8547-6. Retrieved 2010-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ncN7uneLKrcC&q=Ansaldo+Ceb%C3%A0+letters+to+Sara+Copia+Sullam&pg=PA1201","url_text":"An Encyclopedia of continental women writers, Volume 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8547-6","url_text":"978-0-8240-8547-6"}]},{"reference":"Joyce Eisenberg & Ellen Scolnic (2003). The JPS dictionary of Jewish words. The Jewish Publication Society. p. 114-114. ISBN 9780827607521. Retrieved 2010-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ykWQGAJ4_HkC&q=sullam&pg=PA298","url_text":"The JPS dictionary of Jewish words"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780827607521","url_text":"9780827607521"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/sullam-sara-coppia","external_links_name":"\"Sarra Copia Sullam\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=es_01rBYAKoC&q=Thou+know%27st+whene%27er+before+Thy+judgment+throne+I+shed+salt+tears%2C+and+uttered+many+a+moan.&pg=PA55","external_links_name":"Jewish Literature, and Other Essays"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhek_dIsi3EC&q=Sara+and+Ansaldo+Ceba+letters&pg=PA372","external_links_name":"Música franca: essays in honor of Frank A. D'Accone"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4IErAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"History of the Jews, Volume 5"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4IErAAAAYAAJ/page/n80","external_links_name":"69"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7B-Bf0MAhDIC&q=Ansaldo+Ceb%C3%A0+and+coppio&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"Acculturation and Its Discontents: The Italian Jewish Experience Between Exclusion and Inclusion"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ncN7uneLKrcC&q=Ansaldo+Ceb%C3%A0+letters+to+Sara+Copia+Sullam&pg=PA1201","external_links_name":"An Encyclopedia of continental women writers, Volume 2"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ykWQGAJ4_HkC&q=sullam&pg=PA298","external_links_name":"The JPS dictionary of Jewish words"},{"Link":"http://www.projectcontinua.org/sarra-copia-sullam/","external_links_name":"Project Continua: Biography of Sarra Copia Sullam"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1728173/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066582809","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/54389974","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5624276","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14561659c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14561659c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/124860206","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV046785","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268626505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr99035930","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p323825966","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sara-copio_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/148536913","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_%26_Me | Sam & Me | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","6 Home media","7 References","8 External links"] | 1991 Canadian filmSam & MeTheatrical release posterDirected byDeepa MehtaWritten byRanjit ChowdhryProduced by
Deepa Mehta
Robert Wertheimer
Starring
Ranjit Chowdhry
Peter Boretski
Om Puri
CinematographyGuy DufauxEdited byBoyd BonitzkeMusic byMark KorvenDistributed byITC EntertainmentRelease dates
May 1991 (1991-05) (Cannes Critics' Week)
September 19, 1991 (1991-09-19) (Cinefest Sudbury International Film Festival)
Running time94 minutesCountryCanadaLanguagesEnglishHindi
Sam & Me is a 1991 Indo-Canadian drama film directed by Deepa Mehta (in her directorial debut) and written by Ranjit Chowdhry, who also stars in the film with Peter Boretski and Om Puri. The film went on to win an honourable mention at the Cannes Film Festival.
Plot
23-year-old Nikhil, an Indian immigrant, has just arrived to Canada looking forward to working with his uncle at a hospital-supply business. Nikhil is begrudgingly convinced by his uncle to also be a caregiver and companion to Sam Cohen, an elderly, cantankerous Jewish man. Sam does not get along with his adult son Morris, who owns the business Nikhil works for. As an unlikely friendship forms between Nikhil and Sam, both men gain new insight into life.
Cast
Ranjit Chowdhry as Nikhil "Shwartza" Parikh
Peter Boretski as Sam "Zayda" Cohen
Om Puri as Chetan Parikh
Heath Lamberts as Morris Cohen
Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Baldev
Javed Jaffrey as Xavier
Production
On her inspiration for the film, Deepa Mehta said, "I was a Canadian who still thought of herself as an Indian. My home was Delhi, yet my daughter was in Toronto, as was my home with my then-husband. It was a confusing period in my life. As an immigrant, why was I still nostalgic for my homeland? How and when does one transfer their allegiance to another country? While I had luckily not experienced any overt racism, I could feel it brimming under the polite Canadian surface…it made perfect sense for me to do a film about Indian immigrants to Canada and their hopes, desires, and tribulations."
Release
The film broke the record for the highest-budgeted film directed by a woman in Canada. At the 1991 Cannes Film Festival, it won an honourable mention for the Caméra d'Or prize.
Reception
Rick Groen wrote in The Globe and Mail: "In her feature debut, director Deepa Mehta has made one of those fascinating, frustrating films where the sub-plot outshines the plot, where everything on the periphery of the frame is infinitely better than the nominal focal point. Because there, at the edges, we're treated to ethnic humour worthy of the label -- well-observed moments that explode some stereotypes and confirm others, moments that are wry and sharp and poignant."
Academic Kass Banning wrote, "Signifying the promise and the perils of cross-cultural dialogue, Sam and Me both validates and negates the multiculturalist utopian myth of interethnic cooperation."
Home media
In 2018, the film was released online for free on Canada Media Fund's Encore+ YouTube channel.
References
^ "Sam & Me Production Credits". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015.
^ Canby, Vincent (21 May 1991). "'Barton Fink' Wins the Top Prize And 2 Others at Cannes Festival". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
^ Mehta, Deepa (July 30, 2017). "Deepa Mehta Shares Her Journey in Film (Death Threats Included)". TIFF.net. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ Wise, Wyndham (September 1, 2002). "Bollywood North: an interview with Deepa Mehta". Take One. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ "Deepa Mehta: The Indo-Canadian filmmaker who is challenging stereotypes and traditions". Global Indian. September 14, 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ "Deepa Mehta". Canadian Film Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ "Sam & Me". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ Groen, Rick (September 20, 1991). "Sam & Me". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 4 July 2015 – via Canadian Women Filmmakers Database.
^ Banning, Kass (1999). "Playing in the Light: Canadianizing Race and Nation". In Banning, Kass; Armatage, Kay; Longfellow, Brenda; Marchessault, Janine (eds.). Gendering the Nation: Canadian Women's Cinema. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0802041203.
External links
Sam & Me at IMDb
Sam & Me at AllMovie
Deepa Mehta interview on Sam & Me at CBC
vteFilms directed by Deepa MehtaFeature films
Martha, Ruth and Edie (1988)
Sam & Me (1991)
Camilla (1994)
Fire (1996)
Earth (1998)
Bollywood/Hollywood (2002)
The Republic of Love (2003)
Water (2005)
Heaven on Earth (2008)
Cooking with Stella (2009)
Midnight's Children (2012)
Beeba Boys (2015)
Anatomy of Violence (2016)
Funny Boy (2020)
Shorts and documentaries
At 99: A Portrait of Louise Tandy Murch (1975)
The Forgotten Woman (2008)
Mostly Sunny (2016)
I Am Sirat (2023)
See also
Elements trilogy
Hamilton-Mehta Productions | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indo-Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Canadian"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Deepa Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepa_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Ranjit Chowdhry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Chowdhry"},{"link_name":"Om Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Puri"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sam & Me is a 1991 Indo-Canadian drama film directed by Deepa Mehta (in her directorial debut) and written by Ranjit Chowdhry, who also stars in the film with Peter Boretski and Om Puri. The film went on to win an honourable mention at the Cannes Film Festival.[2]","title":"Sam & Me"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"23-year-old Nikhil, an Indian immigrant, has just arrived to Canada looking forward to working with his uncle at a hospital-supply business. Nikhil is begrudgingly convinced by his uncle to also be a caregiver and companion to Sam Cohen, an elderly, cantankerous Jewish man. Sam does not get along with his adult son Morris, who owns the business Nikhil works for. As an unlikely friendship forms between Nikhil and Sam, both men gain new insight into life.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ranjit Chowdhry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Chowdhry"},{"link_name":"Peter Boretski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Boretski"},{"link_name":"Om Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Puri"},{"link_name":"Heath Lamberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Lamberts"},{"link_name":"Kulbhushan Kharbanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulbhushan_Kharbanda"},{"link_name":"Javed Jaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Jaffrey"}],"text":"Ranjit Chowdhry as Nikhil \"Shwartza\" Parikh\nPeter Boretski as Sam \"Zayda\" Cohen\nOm Puri as Chetan Parikh\nHeath Lamberts as Morris Cohen\nKulbhushan Kharbanda as Baldev\nJaved Jaffrey as Xavier","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIFF-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TakeOne-4"}],"text":"On her inspiration for the film, Deepa Mehta said, \"I was a Canadian who still thought of herself as an Indian. My home was Delhi, yet my daughter was in Toronto, as was my home with my then-husband. It was a confusing period in my life. As an immigrant, why was I still nostalgic for my homeland? How and when does one transfer their allegiance to another country? While I had luckily not experienced any overt racism, I could feel it brimming under the polite Canadian surface…it made perfect sense for me to do a film about Indian immigrants to Canada and their hopes, desires, and tribulations.\"[3][4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1991 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Caméra d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfe-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannes-7"}],"text":"The film broke the record for the highest-budgeted film directed by a woman in Canada.[5] At the 1991 Cannes Film Festival, it won an honourable mention for the Caméra d'Or prize.[6][7]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Rick Groen wrote in The Globe and Mail: \"In her feature debut, director Deepa Mehta has made one of those fascinating, frustrating films where the sub-plot outshines the plot, where everything on the periphery of the frame is infinitely better than the nominal focal point. Because there, at the edges, we're treated to ethnic humour worthy of the label -- well-observed moments that explode some stereotypes and confirm others, moments that are wry and sharp and poignant.\"[8]Academic Kass Banning wrote, \"Signifying the promise and the perils of cross-cultural dialogue, Sam and Me both validates and negates the multiculturalist utopian myth of interethnic cooperation.\"[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada Media Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Media_Fund"}],"text":"In 2018, the film was released online for free on Canada Media Fund's Encore+ YouTube channel.","title":"Home media"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sam & Me Production Credits\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926042102/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/145453/Sam-Me/credits","url_text":"\"Sam & Me Production Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/145453/Sam-Me/credits","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Canby, Vincent (21 May 1991). \"'Barton Fink' Wins the Top Prize And 2 Others at Cannes Festival\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Canby","url_text":"Canby, Vincent"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/21/movies/barton-fink-wins-the-top-prize-and-2-others-at-cannes-festival.html","url_text":"\"'Barton Fink' Wins the Top Prize And 2 Others at Cannes Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Mehta, Deepa (July 30, 2017). \"Deepa Mehta Shares Her Journey in Film (Death Threats Included)\". TIFF.net. Retrieved 20 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tiff.net/the-review/deepa-mehta-journey-in-film/","url_text":"\"Deepa Mehta Shares Her Journey in Film (Death Threats Included)\""}]},{"reference":"Wise, Wyndham (September 1, 2002). \"Bollywood North: an interview with Deepa Mehta\". Take One. Retrieved 20 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bollywood+North:+an+interview+with+Deepa+Mehta.-a092802469","url_text":"\"Bollywood North: an interview with Deepa Mehta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_One_(Canadian_magazine)","url_text":"Take One"}]},{"reference":"\"Deepa Mehta: The Indo-Canadian filmmaker who is challenging stereotypes and traditions\". Global Indian. September 14, 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalindian.com/story/filmmaker/deepa-mehta-is-challenging-stereotypes-and-traditions/","url_text":"\"Deepa Mehta: The Indo-Canadian filmmaker who is challenging stereotypes and traditions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deepa Mehta\". Canadian Film Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cfe.tiff.net/canadianfilmencyclopedia/content/bios/deepa-mehta","url_text":"\"Deepa Mehta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sam & Me\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 20 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/films/sam-and-me","url_text":"\"Sam & Me\""}]},{"reference":"Groen, Rick (September 20, 1991). \"Sam & Me\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 4 July 2015 – via Canadian Women Filmmakers Database.","urls":[{"url":"http://femfilm.ca/quote_source.php?quote=groen-rick-in-her&lang=e","url_text":"\"Sam & Me\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"}]},{"reference":"Banning, Kass (1999). \"Playing in the Light: Canadianizing Race and Nation\". In Banning, Kass; Armatage, Kay; Longfellow, Brenda; Marchessault, Janine (eds.). Gendering the Nation: Canadian Women's Cinema. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0802041203.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Longfellow","url_text":"Longfellow, Brenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janine_Marchessault","url_text":"Marchessault, Janine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802041203","url_text":"978-0802041203"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926042102/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/145453/Sam-Me/credits","external_links_name":"\"Sam & Me Production Credits\""},{"Link":"http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/145453/Sam-Me/credits","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/21/movies/barton-fink-wins-the-top-prize-and-2-others-at-cannes-festival.html","external_links_name":"\"'Barton Fink' Wins the Top Prize And 2 Others at Cannes Festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.tiff.net/the-review/deepa-mehta-journey-in-film/","external_links_name":"\"Deepa Mehta Shares Her Journey in Film (Death Threats Included)\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bollywood+North:+an+interview+with+Deepa+Mehta.-a092802469","external_links_name":"\"Bollywood North: an interview with Deepa Mehta\""},{"Link":"https://www.globalindian.com/story/filmmaker/deepa-mehta-is-challenging-stereotypes-and-traditions/","external_links_name":"\"Deepa Mehta: The Indo-Canadian filmmaker who is challenging stereotypes and traditions\""},{"Link":"https://cfe.tiff.net/canadianfilmencyclopedia/content/bios/deepa-mehta","external_links_name":"\"Deepa Mehta\""},{"Link":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/films/sam-and-me","external_links_name":"\"Sam & Me\""},{"Link":"http://femfilm.ca/quote_source.php?quote=groen-rick-in-her&lang=e","external_links_name":"\"Sam & Me\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0102831/","external_links_name":"Sam & Me"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v145453","external_links_name":"Sam & Me"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/737470531882","external_links_name":"Deepa Mehta interview on Sam & Me"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan-tailed_monarch | Black monarch | ["1 Taxonomy and systematics","1.1 Subspecies","2 References"] | Species of bird
Black monarch
Illustration by William Matthew Hart
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Monarchidae
Genus:
Symposiachrus
Species:
S. axillaris
Binomial name
Symposiachrus axillaris(Salvadori, 1876)
Subspecies
See text
Synonyms
Monarcha axillaris
Symposiarchus axillaris
The black monarch (Symposiachrus axillaris) is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae.
It is found in the New Guinea Highlands.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
Taxonomy and systematics
This species was formerly placed in the genus Monarcha until moved to Symposiachrus in 2009. Alternate names include the black monarch flycatcher, fantail monarch and fantailed monarch.
Subspecies
There are two subspecies recognized:
S. a. axillaris - (Salvadori, 1876): Found in north-western New Guinea
S. a. fallax - (Ramsay, EP, 1885): Originally described as a separate species in the genus Rhipidura. Found in west-central to south-eastern New Guinea and Goodenough Island (D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago)
References
^ a b BirdLife International (2017). "Symposiachrus axillaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22707231A118762427. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22707231A118762427.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "IOC Bird List v2.0". 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
^ "IOC World Bird List 6.4". IOC World Bird List Datasets. doi:10.14344/ioc.ml.6.4.
vteExtant monarch flycatchers (family: Monarchidae)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Superfamily: Corvoidea
Subfamily TerpsiphoninaeHypothymis
Black-naped monarch (H. azurea)
Pale-blue monarch (H. puella)
Short-crested monarch (H. helenae)
Celestial monarch (H. coelestis)
Trochocercus
Blue-mantled crested flycatcher (T. cyanomelas)
Blue-headed crested flycatcher (T. nitens)
Terpsiphone(Paradise flycatchers)
Bedford's paradise flycatcher (T. bedfordi)
Rufous-vented paradise flycatcher (T. rufocinerea)
Red-bellied paradise flycatcher (T. rufiventer)
Annobón paradise flycatcher (T. smithii)
Bates's paradise flycatcher (T. batesi)
African paradise flycatcher (T. viridis)
Indian paradise flycatcher (T. paradisi)
Blyth's paradise flycatcher (T. affinis)
Amur paradise flycatcher (T. incei)
Japanese paradise flycatcher (T. atrocaudata)
Blue paradise flycatcher (T. cyanescens)
Rufous paradise flycatcher (T. cinnamomea)
São Tomé paradise flycatcher (T. atrochalybeia)
Malagasy paradise flycatcher (T. mutata)
Seychelles paradise flycatcher (T. corvina)
Mascarene paradise flycatcher (T. bourbonnensis)
Subfamily MonarchinaeChasiempis(‘Elepaios)
Kauaʻi ʻelepaio (C. sclateri)
O'ahu ʻelepaio (C. ibidis)
Hawaiʻi ʻelepaio (C. sandwichensis)
Pomarea
Rarotonga monarch (P. dimidiata)
Tahiti monarch (P. nigra)
Marquesan monarch (P. mendozae)
Ua Pou monarch (P. mira)
Iphis monarch (P. iphis)
Fatu Hiva monarch (P. whitneyi)
Mayrornis
Vanikoro monarch (M. schistaceus)
Ogea monarch (M. versicolor)
Slaty monarch (M. lessoni)
Neolalage
Buff-bellied monarch (N. banksiana)
Clytorhychus(Shrikebills)
Southern shrikebill (C. pachycephaloides)
Fiji shrikebill (C. vitiensis)
Black-throated shrikebill (C. nigrogularis)
Santa Cruz shrikebill (C. sanctaecrucis)
Rennell shrikebill (C. hamlini)
Metabolus
Chuuk monarch (M. rugensis)
Symposiachrus
Black monarch (S. axillaris)
Spot-winged monarch (S. guttula)
Black-bibbed monarch (S. mundus)
Flores monarch (S. sacerdotum)
Boano monarch (S. boanensis)
Louisiade monarch (S. melanopterus)
Spectacled monarch (S. trivirgatus)
Moluccan monarch (S. bimaculatus)
Kai monarch (S. leucurus)
Tanahjampea monarch (S. everetti)
Buru monarch (S. loricatus)
Kofiau monarch (S. julianae)
Biak monarch (S. brehmii)
Hooded monarch (S. manadensis)
Manus monarch (S. infelix)
Mussau monarch (S. menckei)
Black-tailed monarch (S. verticalis)
Solomons monarch (S. barbatus)
Kolombangara monarch (S. browni)
White-collared monarch (S. vidua)
Monarcha
Rufous monarch (M. rubiensis)
Island monarch (M. cinerascens)
Black-faced monarch (M. melanopsis)
Black-winged monarch (M. frater)
Bougainville monarch (M. erythrostictus)
Chestnut-bellied monarch (M. castaneiventris)
White-capped monarch (M. richardsii)
Yap monarch (M. godeffroyi)
Tinian monarch (M. takatsukasae)
Carterornis
White-eared monarch (C. leucotis)
White-naped monarch (C. pileatus)
Golden monarch (C. chrysomela)
Arses
Ochre-collared monarch (A. insularis)
Frilled monarch (A. telescopthalmus)
Frill-necked monarch (A. lorealis)
Pied monarch (A. kaupi)
Grallina
Magpie-lark (G. cyanoleuca)
Torrent-lark (G. bruijni)
Myiagra
Oceanic flycatcher (M. oceanica)
Palau flycatcher (M. erythrops)
Pohnpei flycatcher (M. pluto)
Moluccan flycatcher (M. galeata)
Biak black flycatcher (M. atra)
Leaden flycatcher (M. rubecula)
Steel-blue flycatcher (M. ferrocyanea)
Makira flycatcher (M. cervinicauda)
Melanesian flycatcher (M. caledonica)
Vanikoro flycatcher (M. vanikorensis)
Samoan flycatcher (M. albiventris)
Azure-crested flycatcher (M. azureocapilla)
Chestnut-throated flycatcher (M. castaneigularis)
Broad-billed flycatcher (M. ruficollis)
Satin flycatcher (M. cyanoleuca)
Shining flycatcher (M. alecto)
Velvet flycatcher (M. hebetior)
Paperbark flycatcher (M. nana)
Restless flycatcher (M. inquieta)
Taxon identifiersSymposiachrus axillaris
Wikidata: Q2225177
Wikispecies: Symposiachrus axillaris
Avibase: ADD8E88814F973A7
BirdLife: 22707231
BOW: blamon1
CoL: 53SBN
eBird: blamon1
GBIF: 7342272
iNaturalist: 144745
ITIS: 916286
IUCN: 22707231
NCBI: 175126
Observation.org: 75742
Xeno-canto: Symposiachrus-axillaris
Monarcha axillaris
Wikidata: Q25343276
CoL: 4426M
GBIF: 5230439
IRMNG: 10213551
ITIS: 561177
This Monarchidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Monarchidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchidae"},{"link_name":"New Guinea Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_or_tropical_moist_lowland_forest"},{"link_name":"montane forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"}],"text":"The black monarch (Symposiachrus axillaris) is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae.\nIt is found in the New Guinea Highlands.\nIts natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.[1]","title":"Black monarch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monarcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarcha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This species was formerly placed in the genus Monarcha until moved to Symposiachrus in 2009.[2] Alternate names include the black monarch flycatcher, fantail monarch and fantailed monarch.","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Salvadori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Salvadori"},{"link_name":"Ramsay, EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Pierson_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"Rhipidura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipidura"},{"link_name":"Goodenough Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodenough_Island"},{"link_name":"D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Entrecasteaux_Archipelago"}],"sub_title":"Subspecies","text":"There are two subspecies recognized:[3]S. a. axillaris - (Salvadori, 1876): Found in north-western New Guinea\nS. a. fallax - (Ramsay, EP, 1885): Originally described as a separate species in the genus Rhipidura. Found in west-central to south-eastern New Guinea and Goodenough Island (D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago)","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2017). \"Symposiachrus axillaris\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22707231A118762427. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22707231A118762427.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22707231/118762427","url_text":"\"Symposiachrus axillaris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22707231A118762427.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22707231A118762427.en"}]},{"reference":"\"IOC Bird List v2.0\". 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_King%27s_College_London | List of deans of King's College London | ["1 Deans of King's College London","2 References"] | The Dean of King's College London is responsible for overseeing the spiritual development and welfare of all students and staff of the University. The Dean's Office is the first point of contact for any queries about religious provision at King's.
King's College is unusual among British universities in having an office of Dean. This is held by a priest of the Church of England, responsible for overseeing the spiritual development and welfare of all students and staff, as well as fostering vocations to ordained ministry, particularly among a worshiping community centered on its Chapel.
The original royal charter of King's College London (in 1829) contains the explicit aim of ensuring that its students are provided with an education that considers carefully the spiritual dimension to life. In its history, King's College London deans have been central to this tradition. In earlier times this meant the work of the Dean was central to the senior leadership of the College; when first established, Arthur Headlam, who was Principal of King's, also held the office of Dean. A number of the Deans of King's went on to be cathedral deans or bishops.
Given that the present-day King's College London welcomes students and other individuals from a wide array of backgrounds, cultures and religions, and that the College now contends with the other challenges involved in being a research-focussed institution, the role of the dean has changed considerably. Currently the dean is not considered one of the senior officers of the College, but is effectively head of chaplaincy services, responsible for the university's provision of spiritual welfare for its diverse community of faiths, and for the unique Associateship of King's College program.
Deans of King's College London
Richard Harries served as Dean of King's from 1980 to 1988
Arthur Headlam (1903–1913) – later Bishop of Gloucester
Alfred Caldecott (1913–1918)
Walter Matthews (1918–1931) – became Dean of Exeter then Dean of St Paul's
Richard Hanson (1932–1945)
Eric Abbott (1945–1956) – became Dean of Westminster
Sydney Evans (1956–1977) – became Dean of Salisbury
Ulrich Simon (1977–1980)
Richard Harries (1980–1987) – became Bishop of Oxford; now the Lord Harries of Pentegarth
Reginald Askew (1988–1993)
Leslie Houlden (1993–1994, acting)
Richard Burridge (1994–2019)
Timothy Ditchfield (2019–20, acting)
Ellen Clark-King (2020—)
References
^ "Why King's has a Dean : Dean's office : King's College London". Archived from the original on 2006-02-10.
^ "Welcome to the Dean's Office | Dean's Office | King's College London".
^ "Deans of King's | Dean's Office | King's College London".
^ Malcolm Clemens Young (7 June 2020). "Vice Dean Ellen Clark-King's New Appointment". Grace Cathedral, San Francisco. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
vteKing's College LondonUniversity of LondonAcademicfaculties
Business School
Dental Institute
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience
Faculty of Arts and Humanities
Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences
Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine
School of Law
Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery
Faculty of Social Science & Public Policy
Departments,centresand divisions
Centre for Children and Adolescents
Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine
Department of Classics
Department of Digital Humanities
Department of International Development
Department of Philosophy
Department of War Studies
Digital Classicist
International Centre for Prison Studies
Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives
Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute
MRC SGDP Centre
Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics
School of Education, Communication and Society
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases
Twins Early Development Study
People
Principal: Shitij Kapur
Chairman of the Council: Christopher Geidt, Baron Geidt
Dean: Ellen Clark-King
Visitor: Archbishop of Canterbury
Academics
List of notable alumni
List of chaplains
List of deans
Buildingsand places
Guy's Campus
Gordon Museum of Pathology
Museum of Life Sciences
Strand Campus
Bush House
King's College London Chapel
King's Building
Maughan Library
Somerset House East Wing
King George III Museum
Student life
Macadam Cup
Reggie the Lion
Roar News newspaper
Boat Club
Rugby Club
Rugby Club (Guy's, Kings and St Thomas')
Students' Union (KCLSU)
Tolstoy Cup
AffiliatesMedical
Evelina London Children's Hospital
Francis Crick Institute
Guy's Hospital
King's Health Partners
King's College Hospital
South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
Bethlem Royal Hospital
Lambeth Hospital
Maudsley Hospital
St Thomas' Hospital
University Hospital Lewisham
Other
Golden triangle
King's College London Mathematics School
King's College School
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Russell Group
Thomas Young Centre
Other
Academic dress of King's College London
Aldwych tube station
Associateship of King's College
Chelsea College of Science and Technology
Coat of arms of King's College London
Creighton Lecture
History
Inkha
King's College London Business
King's College London–UCL rivalry
Queen Elizabeth College
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Third-oldest university in England debate
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Wikisource
Wikinews | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(religion)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Dean of King's College London is responsible for overseeing the spiritual development and welfare of all students and staff of the University. The Dean's Office is the first point of contact for any queries about religious provision at King's.King's College is unusual among British universities in having an office of Dean. This is held by a priest of the Church of England, responsible for overseeing the spiritual development and welfare of all students and staff, as well as fostering vocations to ordained ministry, particularly among a worshiping community centered on its Chapel.[1]The original royal charter of King's College London (in 1829) contains the explicit aim of ensuring that its students are provided with an education that considers carefully the spiritual dimension to life. In its history, King's College London deans have been central to this tradition. In earlier times this meant the work of the Dean was central to the senior leadership of the College; when first established, Arthur Headlam, who was Principal of King's, also held the office of Dean. A number of the Deans of King's went on to be cathedral deans or bishops.Given that the present-day King's College London welcomes students and other individuals from a wide array of backgrounds, cultures and religions, and that the College now contends with the other challenges involved in being a research-focussed institution, the role of the dean has changed considerably. Currently the dean is not considered one of the senior officers of the College, but is effectively head of chaplaincy services, responsible for the university's provision of spiritual welfare for its diverse community of faiths, and for the unique Associateship of King's College program.[2]","title":"List of deans of King's College London"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Harries_20040428.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Harries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harries,_Baron_Harries_of_Pentregarth"},{"link_name":"Arthur Headlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Headlam"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Alfred Caldecott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Caldecott"},{"link_name":"Walter Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Matthews_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Dean of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Dean of St Paul's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_St_Paul%27s"},{"link_name":"Richard Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hanson_(English_priest)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eric Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Abbott_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Dean of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Sydney Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Evans_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Dean of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Simon"},{"link_name":"Richard Harries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harries,_Baron_Harries_of_Pentregarth"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Reginald Askew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Askew"},{"link_name":"Leslie Houlden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Houlden"},{"link_name":"Richard Burridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Burridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ellen Clark-King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Clark-King"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Richard Harries served as Dean of King's from 1980 to 1988Arthur Headlam (1903–1913) – later Bishop of Gloucester\nAlfred Caldecott (1913–1918)\nWalter Matthews (1918–1931) – became Dean of Exeter then Dean of St Paul's\nRichard Hanson (1932–1945)\nEric Abbott (1945–1956) – became Dean of Westminster\nSydney Evans (1956–1977) – became Dean of Salisbury\nUlrich Simon (1977–1980)\nRichard Harries (1980–1987) – became Bishop of Oxford; now the Lord Harries of Pentegarth\nReginald Askew (1988–1993)\nLeslie Houlden (1993–1994, acting)\nRichard Burridge (1994–2019)\nTimothy Ditchfield (2019–20, acting)[3]\nEllen Clark-King (2020—)[4]","title":"Deans of King's College London"}] | [{"image_text":"Richard Harries served as Dean of King's from 1980 to 1988","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Harries_20040428.jpg/140px-Richard_Harries_20040428.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Why King's has a Dean : Dean's office : King's College London\". Archived from the original on 2006-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060210175352/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/about/structure/dean/why.html","url_text":"\"Why King's has a Dean : Dean's office : King's College London\""},{"url":"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/about/structure/dean/why.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Dean's Office | Dean's Office | King's College London\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/principal/dean/thedean/why.aspx","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Dean's Office | Dean's Office | King's College London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deans of King's | Dean's Office | King's College London\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/dean/office-of-the-dean/deans-of-kings","url_text":"\"Deans of King's | Dean's Office | King's College London\""}]},{"reference":"Malcolm Clemens Young (7 June 2020). \"Vice Dean Ellen Clark-King's New Appointment\". Grace Cathedral, San Francisco. Retrieved 7 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://gracecathedral.org/vice-dean-ellen-clark-kings-new-appointment/","url_text":"\"Vice Dean Ellen Clark-King's New Appointment\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060210175352/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/about/structure/dean/why.html","external_links_name":"\"Why King's has a Dean : Dean's office : King's College London\""},{"Link":"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/about/structure/dean/why.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/principal/dean/thedean/why.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to the Dean's Office | Dean's Office | King's College London\""},{"Link":"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/dean/office-of-the-dean/deans-of-kings","external_links_name":"\"Deans of King's | Dean's Office | King's College London\""},{"Link":"https://gracecathedral.org/vice-dean-ellen-clark-kings-new-appointment/","external_links_name":"\"Vice Dean Ellen Clark-King's New Appointment\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigID | BigID | ["1 History","2 References"] | Israeli-American data management company
This article may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "BigID" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
BigID, Inc.Company typePrivate CompanyIndustryData managementFounded2016HeadquartersNew York CityKey people
CEO: Dimitri Sirota
CPO: Nimrod Vax
COO/CFO: Scott Casey
Number of employees400WebsiteOfficial website
BigID, Inc. is an American software company based in New York that produces software for data security, compliance, privacy, and governance. The company sells software for managing sensitive and private data.
BigID was founded by Dimitri Sirota and Nimrod Vax in 2016, and as at 2021, it was valued at $1.25 billion.
History
BigID was established in 2016 with seed round funding of $2.1 million.
A Forbes article listed the company as one of the top 100 cloud computing. At the end of the year, the company had reached a valuation of one billion dollars.
In 2021, Inc 5000 listed BigID as the 19th fastest growing private company in America.
References
^ "Company".
^ "BigID - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding". Craft. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
^ "Data protection co BigID raises $30m at $1.25b valuation". Globes. April 25, 2021.
^ "BigID raises $30 million from Advent at $1.25 billion valuation". CTech. April 22, 2021.
^ a b "Another Unicorn is born: BigID lands $70M but 'doesn't need the cash'". Geektime. December 20, 2020.
^ "BigID Raises $70M to Become New York's Newest Unicorn". AlleyWatch. December 22, 2020.
^ "BigID takes $2.1M to help enterprises grok customer data privacy risks". TechCrunch. May 24, 2016.
^ "BigID Takes On Varonis, Talend, Symantec In $19B Market". Forbes. September 6, 2018.
^ "The Cloud 100". Forbes. September 16, 2020.
^ "Check out BigID on Inc.com". Inc.com. Retrieved 2021-10-28. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"software for data security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_security_companies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globes-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctech1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geektime-5"}],"text":"BigID, Inc. is an American software company based in New York[2] that produces software for data security, compliance, privacy, and governance. The company sells software for managing sensitive and private data.[3][4]BigID was founded by Dimitri Sirota and Nimrod Vax in 2016, and as at 2021, it was valued at $1.25 billion.[5]","title":"BigID"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alleywatch-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-techcrunch-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes1-8"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes2-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geektime-5"},{"link_name":"Inc 5000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc_5000"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"BigID was established in 2016 with seed round funding of $2.1 million.[6][7][8]A Forbes article listed the company as one of the top 100 cloud computing.[9] At the end of the year, the company had reached a valuation of one billion dollars.[5]In 2021, Inc 5000 listed BigID as the 19th fastest growing private company in America.[10]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Company\".","urls":[{"url":"https://bigid.com/company/","url_text":"\"Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"BigID - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding\". Craft. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2021-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://craft.co/bigid/locations","url_text":"\"BigID - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029053508/https://craft.co/bigid/locations","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Data protection co BigID raises $30m at $1.25b valuation\". Globes. April 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-data-protection-co-biigid-raises-30m-at-125b-valuation-1001368673","url_text":"\"Data protection co BigID raises $30m at $1.25b valuation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globes_(newspaper)","url_text":"Globes"}]},{"reference":"\"BigID raises $30 million from Advent at $1.25 billion valuation\". CTech. April 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3905791,00.html","url_text":"\"BigID raises $30 million from Advent at $1.25 billion valuation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTech","url_text":"CTech"}]},{"reference":"\"Another Unicorn is born: BigID lands $70M but 'doesn't need the cash'\". Geektime. December 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geektime.com/another-unicorn-is-born-bigid-lands-70m-but-doesnt-need-the-cash/","url_text":"\"Another Unicorn is born: BigID lands $70M but 'doesn't need the cash'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geektime&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Geektime"}]},{"reference":"\"BigID Raises $70M to Become New York's Newest Unicorn\". AlleyWatch. December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alleywatch.com/2020/12/bigid-data-intelligence-platform-secuirty-privacy-dimitri-sirota/","url_text":"\"BigID Raises $70M to Become New York's Newest Unicorn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AlleyWatch&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"AlleyWatch"}]},{"reference":"\"BigID takes $2.1M to help enterprises grok customer data privacy risks\". TechCrunch. May 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/24/bigid-takes-2-1m-to-help-enterprises-grok-customer-data-privacy-risks/?_ga=2.258166665.280713858.1620838806-1524898334.1619102789","url_text":"\"BigID takes $2.1M to help enterprises grok customer data privacy risks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"BigID Takes On Varonis, Talend, Symantec In $19B Market\". Forbes. September 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/petercohan/2018/09/06/bigid-takes-on-sailpoint-varonis-talend-symantec-in-19b-market/?sh=73a9441d4ea4","url_text":"\"BigID Takes On Varonis, Talend, Symantec In $19B Market\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"The Cloud 100\". Forbes. September 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/cloud100/#2c22f8f5f941","url_text":"\"The Cloud 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Check out BigID on Inc.com\". Inc.com. Retrieved 2021-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inc.com/profile/bigid","url_text":"\"Check out BigID on Inc.com\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22BigID%22","external_links_name":"\"BigID\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22BigID%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22BigID%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22BigID%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22BigID%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22BigID%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.bigid.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://bigid.com/company/","external_links_name":"\"Company\""},{"Link":"https://craft.co/bigid/locations","external_links_name":"\"BigID - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029053508/https://craft.co/bigid/locations","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-data-protection-co-biigid-raises-30m-at-125b-valuation-1001368673","external_links_name":"\"Data protection co BigID raises $30m at $1.25b valuation\""},{"Link":"https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3905791,00.html","external_links_name":"\"BigID raises $30 million from Advent at $1.25 billion valuation\""},{"Link":"https://www.geektime.com/another-unicorn-is-born-bigid-lands-70m-but-doesnt-need-the-cash/","external_links_name":"\"Another Unicorn is born: BigID lands $70M but 'doesn't need the cash'\""},{"Link":"https://www.alleywatch.com/2020/12/bigid-data-intelligence-platform-secuirty-privacy-dimitri-sirota/","external_links_name":"\"BigID Raises $70M to Become New York's Newest Unicorn\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/24/bigid-takes-2-1m-to-help-enterprises-grok-customer-data-privacy-risks/?_ga=2.258166665.280713858.1620838806-1524898334.1619102789","external_links_name":"\"BigID takes $2.1M to help enterprises grok customer data privacy risks\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/petercohan/2018/09/06/bigid-takes-on-sailpoint-varonis-talend-symantec-in-19b-market/?sh=73a9441d4ea4","external_links_name":"\"BigID Takes On Varonis, Talend, Symantec In $19B Market\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/cloud100/#2c22f8f5f941","external_links_name":"\"The Cloud 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.inc.com/profile/bigid","external_links_name":"\"Check out BigID on Inc.com\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Fraser_Port_Authority | Port of Vancouver | ["1 History","1.1 Predecessors","1.2 Merger","1.3 Post-merger","2 Responsibility","3 Major initiatives","3.1 North Shore Trade Area projects","3.2 South Shore Trade Area projects","3.3 Environmental initiatives","4 Terminals and facilities","4.1 Automobile terminals","4.2 Break-bulk terminals","4.3 Bulk terminals","4.4 Container terminals","4.5 Cruise terminals","5 Incidents","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 49°17′17″N 123°06′46″W / 49.28795°N 123.11267°W / 49.28795; -123.11267This article is about the modern port. For the pre-merger port authority, see Port of Vancouver (1964–2008). For the port of Vancouver, Washington, see Port of Vancouver USA.
Port in British Columbia, Canada
Port of VancouverClick on the map for a fullscreen viewLocationCountryCanadaLocationVancouver, British ColumbiaCoordinates49°16′37″N 123°07′15″W / 49.27694°N 123.12083°W / 49.27694; -123.12083UN/LOCODECAVANDetailsOpened2008 (as amalgamation of former Port of Vancouver, North Fraser Port Authority and Fraser River Port Authority)Size of harbour16,000 hectaresLand area1,000 hectaresSize350 kilometresNo. of berths57Draft depth18.4 m.ChairJudy RogersStatisticsAnnual cargo tonnage141 million metric revenue tonsAnnual container volume3.5 million TEUPassenger traffic810,090 passengers307 sailingsForeign vessel calls2,834Major marine terminals27Websitewww.portvancouver.com
The Port of Vancouver is the largest port in Canada and the fourth largest in North America by tonnes of cargo, facilitating trade between Canada and more than 170 world economies. The port is managed by the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, which was created in 2008 as an amalgamation of the former Port of Vancouver, the North Fraser Port Authority, and the Fraser River Port Authority. It is the principal authority for shipping and port-related land and sea use in the Metro Vancouver region.
History
Deltaport/Roberts Bank Superport aerial view 2014
Predecessors
Prior to the formation of the new authority, there were three separate port authorities in the Metro Vancouver region: the Port of Vancouver, which was the largest port in Canada; the Fraser River Port Authority; and the North Fraser Port Authority.
The Vancouver Port Authority was responsible for the Port of Vancouver, which was the largest port in Canada and the Pacific Northwest. The port had 25 major terminals. The port first began operations with the opening of Ballantyne Pier in 1923. In 2005/2006, the port handled 79.4 million tonnes of cargo, 1.8 million containers, 910,172 cruise passengers, and 2,677 foreign vessels. The authority was responsible for 233 km of coastline from Vancouver to the Canada–United States border.
The Fraser River Port Authority was created in 1913 to manage ports along the Fraser River. It was the second largest port in Vancouver and extended along the main arm of the river eastward to the Fraser Valley at Kanaka Creek, and north along the Pitt River to Pitt Lake. The Port's jurisdiction encompassed 270 kilometres of shoreline that border nine different municipalities in the Lower Mainland. In 2007, the port handled 36 million tonnes of cargo, 191,000 TEUs of containerized cargo, and 573 cargo vessels. The cargo at the port consisted of logs, cement, general cargo, steel, and automobiles. Its tenants included several large auto ports, making it the largest auto port in Canada.
The North Fraser Port Authority was incorporated in 1913 as the North Fraser Harbour Commissioners. It was the smallest of the three ports and was located on the north arm of the Fraser River from the University of British Columbia to New Westminster. The traffic of the port mainly consisted of logs and wood fibre. The port covered around 920 hectares of land and water lots and it handled nearly 18 million tonnes of cargo in 2004.
Merger
Although the ports were financially self-sufficient, the federal legislation governing the authorities generated some inefficiency because the legally separate port authorities were forced to compete with each other economically for business. This came to the attention of the local media in 2006 when it was found that the recently expanded Fraser Surrey Docks, operated by the Fraser River Port Authority in New Westminster, were sitting idle after their principal shipping partner, CP Ships, relocated to the Port of Vancouver, which was already nearing capacity. Some critics opposed the possible merger as they felt the new authority would not recognize the unique concerns of the Fraser River.
To increase the efficiency of the ports of Metro Vancouver, the federal Minister of Transport permitted the three authorities to study the benefits of amalgamating in June 2006. The resulting report highlighted several benefits of amalgamation, and on June 16, Transport Canada granted a "certificate of intent to amalgamate port authorities". On December 21, 2007, the government of Canada published a certificate of amalgamation that allowed the three port authorities to merge into one effective January 1, 2008. The resulting entity became known as Port Metro Vancouver.
Post-merger
Since 2013, the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority also merged with Canada Place Corporation, which formerly operated Canada Place as a subsidiary of Port of Vancouver.
On April 6, 2016, the port authority dropped "Port Metro Vancouver" from its branding and re-adopted "Port of Vancouver" to refer to Vancouver's port, while using "Vancouver Fraser Port Authority" when referencing activities or decisions of the port authority.
Responsibility
The Port of Vancouver is managed by the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, formerly called Port Metro Vancouver. It was created with the responsibility for the stewardship of the federal port lands in and around Vancouver, British Columbia. It was created as a financially self-sufficient company that is accountable to the federal minister of transport and operates pursuant to the Canada Marine Act. The port authority and port terminals and tenants are responsible for the efficient and reliable movement of goods and passengers, integrating environmental, social and economic sustainability initiatives into all areas of port operations.
In 2014, the Port of Vancouver was the fourth largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 29th in the world in terms of total cargo and 44th in the world by container traffic. The port enables the trade of approximately $240 billion in goods. Port activities sustain 115,300 jobs, $7 billion in wages, and $11.9 billion in GDP across Canada.
Major initiatives
The Container Capacity Improvement Program (CCIP) is the port's long-term strategy to meet anticipated growth in container traffic, which is expected to triple by the year 2030. The program consists of projects that both improve the efficiency of existing infrastructure and explore opportunities to build new infrastructure as demand rises. CCIP projects include the Deltaport Terminal Road and Rail Improvement Project (DTRRIP) and the proposed Roberts Bank Terminal 2 project.
DTTRIP will result in infrastructure upgrades that would increase Deltaport's container capacity by 600,000 TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units), within the terminal's existing footprint. The Roberts Bank Terminal 2 project is a proposed marine container terminal that could provide an additional capacity of 2.4 million TEUs per year to meet forecasted demand until 2030.
North Shore Trade Area projects
Western Level Lower Level Route Extension
Pemberton Avenue Grade Separation
Low Level Road Realignment
Neptune/Cargill Grade Separation
Brooksbank Avenue Underpass
Lynn Creek Rail Bridge Addition
South Shore Trade Area projects
Powell Street Grade Separation
Stewart Street/Victoria Overpass
Environmental initiatives
Enhancing Cetacean Habitat and Observation (ECHO) Program (2014-2021)
Terminals and facilities
Ship loading sulfur (brimstone).
Warehouse to stock goods before or after loading.
Port of Vancouver offers 30 deep-sea and domestic marine terminals that service five business sectors: automobiles, break-bulk, bulk, containers, and cruise.
Automobile terminals
Annacis Auto Terminals
Richmond Auto Terminal
Break-bulk terminals
Fraser Surrey Docks
Lynnterm
Bulk terminals
Alliance Grain Terminal
Cargill
Cascadia
Chemtrade Chemicals
Fibreco
Fraser Grain Terminal
G3 Terminal Vancouver
IOCO
Lantic Inc.
Neptune Bulk Terminals
Pacific Coast Terminals
Pacific Elevators
Parkland Terminal
Richardson International
Shellburn
Suncor Energy - Burrard Products Terminal
Univar Canada Terminal
Vancouver Wharves
West Coast Reduction
Westridge Marine Terminal
Westshore Terminals
Container terminals
Centerm
Deltaport
Fraser Surrey Docks
Vanterm
Cruise terminals
Canada Place
Incidents
In January 2019, the cargo ship Ever Summit crashed into a crane. There was no death or injuries.
See also
History of Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh longshoremen, 1863-1963
List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean
References
^ "UNLOCODE (CA) - CANADA". Unece.org. UNECE. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
^ a b "Port of Vancouver, Canada". Findaport.com. Shipping Guides Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
^ a b c d Vancouver Fraser Port Authority (1 May 2023). Port of Vancouver 2022 statistics overview (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
^ “Port of Vancouver – Yesterday." Archived 2006-03-28 at the Wayback Machine Port of Vancouver .
^ "2007 Manitoba Transportation Report" (PDF). University of Manitoba. March 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-25. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^ Ginnell, Kevin; Smith, Patrick; Oberlander, H. Peter (December 2008). "Data" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08 – via CORE.
^ "BC talks about a 'super port authority'". Ajot.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^ "Fraser River Port - Review and History". World Port Source. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^ "Fraser River Port - Port Commerce". World Port Source. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^ a b "BC talks about a 'super port authority'". Ajot.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^ Branch, Legislative Services (2015-08-18). "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Consolidated Acts". Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^ Anderson, Fiona (21 June 2006). "Container docks in Surrey idle after $190m expansion". The Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, BC. p. A1. ProQuest 242157951.
^ "Canada.Com". O.canada.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^ "Corporate – Amalgamation". Port Metro Vancouver. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009.
^ "Canada Place Corporation". Canadaplace.ca. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^ "Port authority makes name change to provide clarity". Port of Vancouver. 6 April 2016. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^ "About us". Portvancouver.com. 2016-05-31. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^ "American Association of Port Authorities - World Port Rankings (2016)" (XLSX). Aapa.files.cms-plus.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-29. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
^ "2008 PMV Economic Impact Study". Portmetrovancouver.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-26. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^ "Port poised to begin expansion talks in earnest". Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
^ Gyarmati, Sandor. "Deadline for feedback on T2 is drawing near". Delta-optimist.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
^ "Low level road". Port Metro Vancouver. Archived from the original on 2012-11-17. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
^ a b "Lynn Creek Rail Bridge & Brooksbank Ave Project". Port Metro Vancouver. Archived from the original on 2012-11-18. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
^ "Enhancing Cetacean Habitat and Observation (ECHO) Program" (Press release). Port of Vancouver. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ "ECHO Program research, reports, and peer-reviewed papers" (Press release). Port of Vancouver. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ "Crane collapse cripples freight as 'The Beast' works to restore Vancouver port terminal". Cbc.ca. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
External links
International Shipping in British Columbia
vteCanadian ports
Transport Canada
Major ports
Halifax
Montreal
Prince Rupert
Saint John
Vancouver
Prominent ports
Hamilton
Quebec City
Thunder Bay
Other ports
Churchill
Oshawa
Saguenay
Sept-Îles
Toronto
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Minister of Transport
Canada Marine Act
National Harbours Board
Ports Canada Police
49°17′17″N 123°06′46″W / 49.28795°N 123.11267°W / 49.28795; -123.11267 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port of Vancouver (1964–2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Vancouver_(1964%E2%80%932008)"},{"link_name":"Port of Vancouver USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Vancouver_USA"},{"link_name":"former Port of Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Vancouver_(1964%E2%80%932008)"},{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"Metro Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Vancouver"}],"text":"This article is about the modern port. For the pre-merger port authority, see Port of Vancouver (1964–2008). For the port of Vancouver, Washington, see Port of Vancouver USA.Port in British Columbia, CanadaThe Port of Vancouver is the largest port in Canada and the fourth largest in North America by tonnes of cargo, facilitating trade between Canada and more than 170 world economies. The port is managed by the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, which was created in 2008 as an amalgamation of the former Port of Vancouver, the North Fraser Port Authority, and the Fraser River Port Authority. It is the principal authority for shipping and port-related land and sea use in the Metro Vancouver region.","title":"Port of Vancouver"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roberts_Bank_Superport_aerial_view_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deltaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltaport"}],"text":"Deltaport/Roberts Bank Superport aerial view 2014","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metro Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Port of Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Vancouver_(1964%E2%80%932008)"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Fraser River Port Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Port"},{"link_name":"Port of Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Vancouver_(1964%E2%80%932008)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Ballantyne Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantyne_Pier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Canada–United States border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fraser River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_River"},{"link_name":"Fraser Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Valley"},{"link_name":"Kanaka Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaka_Creek"},{"link_name":"Pitt River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_River"},{"link_name":"Pitt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_Lake"},{"link_name":"Lower Mainland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"TEUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"New Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Westminster"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"}],"sub_title":"Predecessors","text":"Prior to the formation of the new authority, there were three separate port authorities in the Metro Vancouver region: the Port of Vancouver, which was the largest port in Canada; the Fraser River Port Authority; and the North Fraser Port Authority.The Vancouver Port Authority was responsible for the Port of Vancouver, which was the largest port in Canada and the Pacific Northwest. The port had 25 major terminals. The port first began operations with the opening of Ballantyne Pier in 1923.[4] In 2005/2006, the port handled 79.4 million tonnes of cargo,[5] 1.8 million containers, 910,172 cruise passengers, and 2,677 foreign vessels.[6] The authority was responsible for 233 km of coastline from Vancouver to the Canada–United States border.[7]The Fraser River Port Authority was created in 1913 to manage ports along the Fraser River. It was the second largest port in Vancouver and extended along the main arm of the river eastward to the Fraser Valley at Kanaka Creek, and north along the Pitt River to Pitt Lake. The Port's jurisdiction encompassed 270 kilometres of shoreline that border nine different municipalities in the Lower Mainland.[8] In 2007, the port handled 36 million tonnes of cargo, 191,000 TEUs of containerized cargo, and 573 cargo vessels. The cargo at the port consisted of logs, cement, general cargo, steel, and automobiles.[9] Its tenants included several large auto ports, making it the largest auto port in Canada.[10]The North Fraser Port Authority was incorporated in 1913 as the North Fraser Harbour Commissioners.[11] It was the smallest of the three ports and was located on the north arm of the Fraser River from the University of British Columbia to New Westminster. The traffic of the port mainly consisted of logs and wood fibre. The port covered around 920 hectares of land and water lots and it handled nearly 18 million tonnes of cargo in 2004.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Westminster"},{"link_name":"CP Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_Ships"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson2006-12"},{"link_name":"Fraser River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_River"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Metro Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Minister of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Transport Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Merger","text":"Although the ports were financially self-sufficient, the federal legislation governing the authorities generated some inefficiency because the legally separate port authorities were forced to compete with each other economically for business. This came to the attention of the local media in 2006 when it was found that the recently expanded Fraser Surrey Docks, operated by the Fraser River Port Authority in New Westminster, were sitting idle after their principal shipping partner, CP Ships, relocated to the Port of Vancouver, which was already nearing capacity.[12] Some critics opposed the possible merger as they felt the new authority would not recognize the unique concerns of the Fraser River.[13]To increase the efficiency of the ports of Metro Vancouver, the federal Minister of Transport permitted the three authorities to study the benefits of amalgamating in June 2006. The resulting report highlighted several benefits of amalgamation, and on June 16, Transport Canada granted a \"certificate of intent to amalgamate port authorities\". On December 21, 2007, the government of Canada published a certificate of amalgamation that allowed the three port authorities to merge into one effective January 1, 2008. The resulting entity became known as Port Metro Vancouver.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Place"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-namechange-16"}],"sub_title":"Post-merger","text":"Since 2013, the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority also merged with Canada Place Corporation, which formerly operated Canada Place as a subsidiary of Port of Vancouver.[15]On April 6, 2016, the port authority dropped \"Port Metro Vancouver\" from its branding and re-adopted \"Port of Vancouver\" to refer to Vancouver's port, while using \"Vancouver Fraser Port Authority\" when referencing activities or decisions of the port authority.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada Marine Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Marine_Act"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aapa-2016-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portmetrovancouver2-19"}],"text":"The Port of Vancouver is managed by the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, formerly called Port Metro Vancouver. It was created with the responsibility for the stewardship of the federal port lands in and around Vancouver, British Columbia. It was created as a financially self-sufficient company that is accountable to the federal minister of transport and operates pursuant to the Canada Marine Act. The port authority and port terminals and tenants are responsible for the efficient and reliable movement of goods and passengers, integrating environmental, social and economic sustainability initiatives into all areas of port operations.[17]In 2014, the Port of Vancouver was the fourth largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 29th in the world in terms of total cargo and 44th in the world by container traffic.[18] The port enables the trade of approximately $240 billion in goods. Port activities sustain 115,300 jobs, $7 billion in wages, and $11.9 billion in GDP across Canada.[19]","title":"Responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"container terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_terminal"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The Container Capacity Improvement Program (CCIP) is the port's long-term strategy to meet anticipated growth in container traffic, which is expected to triple by the year 2030. The program consists of projects that both improve the efficiency of existing infrastructure and explore opportunities to build new infrastructure as demand rises. CCIP projects include the Deltaport Terminal Road and Rail Improvement Project (DTRRIP) and the proposed Roberts Bank Terminal 2 project.[20]DTTRIP will result in infrastructure upgrades that would increase Deltaport's container capacity by 600,000 TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units), within the terminal's existing footprint. The Roberts Bank Terminal 2 project is a proposed marine container terminal that could provide an additional capacity of 2.4 million TEUs per year to meet forecasted demand until 2030.[21]","title":"Major initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portmetrovancouver3-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portmetrovancouver3-23"}],"sub_title":"North Shore Trade Area projects","text":"Western Level Lower Level Route Extension\nPemberton Avenue Grade Separation\nLow Level Road Realignment[22]\nNeptune/Cargill Grade Separation\nBrooksbank Avenue Underpass[23]\nLynn Creek Rail Bridge Addition [23]","title":"Major initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"South Shore Trade Area projects","text":"Powell Street Grade Separation\nStewart Street/Victoria Overpass","title":"Major initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cetacean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacean"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-#5400a-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-#5400b-25"}],"sub_title":"Environmental initiatives","text":"Enhancing Cetacean Habitat and Observation (ECHO) Program[24][25] (2014-2021)","title":"Major initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_comercial_de_Vancouver,_Canad%C3%A1,_2017-08-14,_DD_40.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_comercial_de_Vancouver,_Canad%C3%A1,_2017-08-14,_DD_29.jpg"}],"text":"Ship loading sulfur (brimstone).Warehouse to stock goods before or after loading.Port of Vancouver offers 30 deep-sea and domestic marine terminals that service five business sectors: automobiles, break-bulk, bulk, containers, and cruise.","title":"Terminals and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annacis Auto Terminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallenius_Wilhelmsen_Logistics"},{"link_name":"Richmond Auto Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallenius_Wilhelmsen_Logistics"}],"sub_title":"Automobile terminals","text":"Annacis Auto Terminals\nRichmond Auto Terminal","title":"Terminals and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fraser Surrey Docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DP_World"}],"sub_title":"Break-bulk terminals","text":"Fraser Surrey Docks\nLynnterm","title":"Terminals and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alliance Grain Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson_GlobalFoods"},{"link_name":"Cargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargill"},{"link_name":"Cascadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterra"},{"link_name":"G3 Terminal Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G3_Canada"},{"link_name":"IOCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Oil"},{"link_name":"Lantic Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Sugar"},{"link_name":"Pacific Elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterra"},{"link_name":"Parkland Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkland_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Richardson International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_International"},{"link_name":"Shellburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Canada"},{"link_name":"Suncor Energy - Burrard Products Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncor_Energy"},{"link_name":"Univar Canada Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univar_Solutions"},{"link_name":"Westridge Marine Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Mountain_pipeline"}],"sub_title":"Bulk terminals","text":"Alliance Grain Terminal\nCargill\nCascadia\nChemtrade Chemicals\nFibreco\nFraser Grain Terminal\nG3 Terminal Vancouver\nIOCO\nLantic Inc.\nNeptune Bulk Terminals\nPacific Coast Terminals\nPacific Elevators\nParkland Terminal\nRichardson International\nShellburn\nSuncor Energy - Burrard Products Terminal\nUnivar Canada Terminal\nVancouver Wharves\nWest Coast Reduction\nWestridge Marine Terminal\nWestshore Terminals","title":"Terminals and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centerm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerm"},{"link_name":"Deltaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltaport"},{"link_name":"Fraser Surrey Docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DP_World"},{"link_name":"Vanterm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanterm"}],"sub_title":"Container terminals","text":"Centerm\nDeltaport\nFraser Surrey Docks\nVanterm","title":"Terminals and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Place"}],"sub_title":"Cruise terminals","text":"Canada Place","title":"Terminals and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In January 2019, the cargo ship Ever Summit crashed into a crane. There was no death or injuries.[26]","title":"Incidents"}] | [{"image_text":"Deltaport/Roberts Bank Superport aerial view 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Roberts_Bank_Superport_aerial_view_2014.jpg/220px-Roberts_Bank_Superport_aerial_view_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ship loading sulfur (brimstone).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Puerto_comercial_de_Vancouver%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-14%2C_DD_40.jpg/220px-Puerto_comercial_de_Vancouver%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-14%2C_DD_40.jpg"},{"image_text":"Warehouse to stock goods before or after loading.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Puerto_comercial_de_Vancouver%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-14%2C_DD_29.jpg/220px-Puerto_comercial_de_Vancouver%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-14%2C_DD_29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"History of Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh longshoremen, 1863-1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Squamish_and_Tsleil-Waututh_longshoremen,_1863-1963"},{"title":"List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Pacific_Ocean"}] | [{"reference":"\"UNLOCODE (CA) - CANADA\". Unece.org. UNECE. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/ca.htm","url_text":"\"UNLOCODE (CA) - CANADA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNECE","url_text":"UNECE"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200131044815/http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/ca.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Port of Vancouver, Canada\". Findaport.com. Shipping Guides Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findaport.com/port-of-vancouver-canada","url_text":"\"Port of Vancouver, Canada\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230802162349/https://www.findaport.com/port-of-vancouver-canada","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vancouver Fraser Port Authority (1 May 2023). Port of Vancouver 2022 statistics overview (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portvancouver.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2022-Stats-Overview.pdf","url_text":"Port of Vancouver 2022 statistics overview"}]},{"reference":"\"2007 Manitoba Transportation Report\" (PDF). University of Manitoba. March 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-25. Retrieved 2021-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/management/ti/media/docs/MTR_webfinal2.pdf","url_text":"\"2007 Manitoba Transportation Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manitoba","url_text":"University of Manitoba"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210325095232/https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/management/ti/media/docs/MTR_webfinal2.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ginnell, Kevin; Smith, Patrick; Oberlander, H. Peter (December 2008). \"Data\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08 – via CORE.","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/343641508.pdf","url_text":"\"Data\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210608163146/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/343641508.pdf","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORE_(research_service)","url_text":"CORE"}]},{"reference":"\"BC talks about a 'super port authority'\". Ajot.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://ajot.com/news/bc-talks-about-a-super-port-authority","url_text":"\"BC talks about a 'super port authority'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210608170653/https://ajot.com/news/bc-talks-about-a-super-port-authority","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fraser River Port - Review and History\". World Port Source. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/CAN_Fraser_River_Port_194.php","url_text":"\"Fraser River Port - Review and History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210608170700/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/CAN_Fraser_River_Port_194.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fraser River Port - Port Commerce\". World Port Source. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/commerce/CAN_Fraser_River_Port_194.php","url_text":"\"Fraser River Port - Port Commerce\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210608170702/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/commerce/CAN_Fraser_River_Port_194.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BC talks about a 'super port authority'\". Ajot.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://ajot.com/news/bc-talks-about-a-super-port-authority","url_text":"\"BC talks about a 'super port authority'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210608170653/https://ajot.com/news/bc-talks-about-a-super-port-authority","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Branch, Legislative Services (2015-08-18). \"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Consolidated Acts\". Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2021-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/TablePrivateActs/harbours.html","url_text":"\"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Consolidated Acts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210702021848/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/TablePrivateActs/harbours.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Fiona (21 June 2006). \"Container docks in Surrey idle after $190m expansion\". The Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, BC. p. A1. ProQuest 242157951.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/242157951","url_text":"242157951"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada.Com\". O.canada.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://o.canada.com/","url_text":"\"Canada.Com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225113011/http://www.canada.com/globaltv/national/story.html?id=a5f2efe0-1811-4d1c-a6a9-55198d792e40","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Corporate – Amalgamation\". Port Metro Vancouver. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123160017/http://portmetrovancouver.com/about/corporate.aspx","url_text":"\"Corporate – Amalgamation\""},{"url":"http://www.portmetrovancouver.com/about/corporate.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Place Corporation\". Canadaplace.ca. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadaplace.ca/About_Us/Our_Company/Career_Opportunities","url_text":"\"Canada Place Corporation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130403034619/http://www.canadaplace.ca/About_Us/Our_Company/Career_Opportunities","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Port authority makes name change to provide clarity\". Port of Vancouver. 6 April 2016. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portvancouver.com/news-and-media/news/port-authority-makes-name-change-to-provide-clarity/","url_text":"\"Port authority makes name change to provide clarity\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221027104410/https://www.portvancouver.com/news-and-media/news/port-authority-makes-name-change-to-provide-clarity/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About us\". Portvancouver.com. 2016-05-31. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portvancouver.com/about-us/","url_text":"\"About us\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210608152507/https://www.portvancouver.com/about-us/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"American Association of Port Authorities - World Port Rankings (2016)\" (XLSX). Aapa.files.cms-plus.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-29. Retrieved 2018-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202016.xlsx","url_text":"\"American Association of Port Authorities - World Port Rankings (2016)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180429222548/http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202016.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2008 PMV Economic Impact Study\". Portmetrovancouver.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-26. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonmouth_(Burchell_Clemens) | Cottonmouth (Burchell Clemens) | ["1 Publication history","2 Fictional character biography","3 Powers and abilities","4 In other media","5 References","6 External links"] | Fictional comic book villain
For the first Cottonmouth, Cornell Stokes, see Cottonmouth (Cornell Stokes).
Comics character
CottonmouthCottonmouth in Avengers vs. X-Men #0 (March 2012). Art by Frank Cho.Publication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceCaptain America #310 (Oct. 1985)Created byMark Gruenwald (writer)Paul Neary (artist)In-story informationAlter egoBurchell ClemensSpeciesHuman mutateTeam affiliationsSerpent SocietyNotable aliasesQuincy McIverAbilitiesBionically enhanced jaw and neck musclesSuperhuman strength in his jawSteel teethAbility to open his mouth larger than the size of a human head
Cottonmouth is a fictional villain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.
Publication history
Cottonmouth is a snake-themed super villain, mainly associated with the Serpent Society. He first appeared in Captain America #310 (Oct. 1985), created by writer Mark Gruenwald and artist Paul Neary. Burchell Clemens was artificially enhanced and given the ability to extend his jaw to over a foot and bite through solid materials such as concrete. He first showed up as part of the Serpent Society, often teaming up with Society member Asp. The team came into conflict with Captain America during a paid hit on MODOK After being arrested Society leader Sidewinder freed Cottonmouth and others from custody. When Viper took control of the Serpent Society Cottonmouth was one of the members who opposed her, siding with Captain America to take Viper down. Cottonmouth remained a member when the Serpent Society was reorganized as Serpent Solutions.
Fictional character biography
Originally from Mobile, Alabama, Cottonmouth was chosen by Sidewinder to join a snake-themed villain group, the Serpent Society. With the ability to extend his jaws over a foot wide, he was given steel fangs, possibly by the Roxxon Oil Company, which he uses to torture his victims in an almost cannibalistic way. His jaw muscles are superhumanly strong, and can bite with sufficient force to crush cinderblock or metals that are softer than iron. However, very little is known about his past, other than the fact that he was an active criminal in the southern portion of the United States.
Cottonmouth was often paired up with Asp, such as when the two were to advertise the Serpent Society to Kingpin. The Serpent Society was hired by A.I.M. to hunt down MODOK. During their confrontation with MODOK, Cottonmouth and teammate Death Adder were able to slay him, which was a big win for their organization. Cottonmouth also battled Captain America for the first time. They were soon defeated by Captain America, but were able to escape. He also participated in the mission to retrieve the retired Porcupine's costume, which turned out to be a trap by Captain America. Cottonmouth was injured during the battle, his teeth being destroyed by the star-spangled hero's shield. He, along with teammates Rattler and Death Adder were eventually defeated and taken into custody. Not for long, however, as Sidewinder soon teleported them to safety. Cottonmouth and Rattler next confronted the Kingpin's men over Death Adder's murder.
During the Viper's invasion, Cottonmouth sided with Diamondback and the other members who refused to take the leadership away from Sidewinder. He later betrayed Diamondback, attempting to bite her head off after she saved him, proving that his loyalties lied with Viper. He fought Steve Rogers as The Captain during this confrontation. Cottonmouth participated in the Serpent Society's mission to recover mystic objects for Ghaur and Llyra, and battled Psylocke and Storm of the X-Men. He voted against Diamondback during the Serpent Society's trial against her. Alongside the Serpent Society, he combatted Captain America. Paladin, and Diamondback.
He has also battled other super-heroes such as Black Panther and Luke Cage. He was eventually imprisoned, but escaped with Hawkeye, Plant-Man, and Headlok in Thunderbolts. He took Bushmaster's real name, Quincy McIver though his actual name has not been revealed.
Cottonmouth was later tracked down by American Eagle in Arizona. Several Serpent Society members including Anaconda, Black Mamba, Bushmaster and Cottonmouth, fought members of the New Avengers in a semi-tropical locale. Cottonmouth was defeated by Wolverine.
Cottonmouth has been seen working with the Serpent Society on several occasions. During an encounter with Deadpool, Cottonmouth was shot in the skull.
He somehow recovered during the "Avengers vs. X-Men" storyline as he was seen robbing a bank with the Society, where he was defeated by mutant Hope Summers.
As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel", Cottonmouth appears as a member of Viper's Serpent Society under its new name Serpent Solutions. He alongside Black Racer and Copperhead attacked Captain America and Diamondback where Captain America learned too late that Diamondback is a member of Serpent Solutions where she knocks him out and brings him to Serpent Solutions' headquarters.
During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, Cottonmouth (along with Serpent Solutions) is recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join his Army of Evil.
In a prelude to the "Hunted" storyline, several members of the Serpent Society were captured by Kraven the Hunter, Taskmaster, and Black Ant and forced to participate in a murderous hunt set up by Arcade. Black Mamba, Cottonmouth, Bushmaster, Black Racer, Puff Adder, Rock Python, and Fer-de-Lance were placed in electric cages to wait for the hunt to commence. Black Mamba and Cottonmouth talked about their opinion that Viper is not suited to lead the Serpent Society. They are saved from the Hunter-Bots by Vulture.
Powers and abilities
Due to bionic reconstruction, Cottonmouth possesses enhanced jaw and neck muscles, and steel teeth enabling him to bite with sufficient force to crush cinderblock or deform metals softer than iron, hang from a rope by his teeth for up to an hour, and to open his mouth larger than the size of a human head.
In other media
Cottonmouth appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers as a member of the Serpent Society.
Cottonmouth appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel's Avengers.
References
^ Captain America #310. Marvel Comics.
^ Captain America #311. Marvel Comics.
^ Captain America #312-313. Marvel Comics.
^ Captain America #315. Marvel Comics.
^ Captain America #319. Marvel Comics.
^ Captain America #341-342. Marvel Comics.
^ The Uncanny X-Men Annual #13. Marvel Comics.
^ Captain America #380-382. Marvel Comics.
^ Black Panther #16-17. Marvel Comics.
^ Thunderbolts #55-58, 60, 61, 63
^ American Eagle #1. Marvel Comics.
^ Wolverine vol. 3 #73. Marvel Comics.
^ Battle Scars #3-4. Marvel Comics.
^ Avengers vs. X-Men #0. Marvel Comics.
^ Captain America: Sam Wilson #4. Marvel Comics.
^ Captain America: Steve Rogers #16. Marvel Comics.
^ The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 5 #16. Marvel Comics.
^ The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 5 #20.HU. Marvel Comics.
^ Thielenhaus, Kevin (January 29, 2016). "Unlock Characters & Powers in LEGO Marvel's Avengers With These Cheats". The Escapist.
External links
Coppermouth II at Marvel.com
Cottonmouth II at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe
vteCaptain America charactersIncarnations ofCaptain America
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Groups
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Watchdogs
Snake-themed
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Alternative versionsIn comics
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In film
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Peggy Carter
Sharon Carter | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cottonmouth (Cornell Stokes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonmouth_(Cornell_Stokes)"},{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"}],"text":"For the first Cottonmouth, Cornell Stokes, see Cottonmouth (Cornell Stokes).Comics characterCottonmouth is a fictional villain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.","title":"Cottonmouth (Burchell Clemens)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serpent Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Society"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Mark Gruenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gruenwald"},{"link_name":"Paul Neary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Neary"},{"link_name":"Serpent Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Society"},{"link_name":"Asp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asp_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"MODOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODOK"},{"link_name":"Sidewinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewinder_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(Madame_Hydra)"}],"text":"Cottonmouth is a snake-themed super villain, mainly associated with the Serpent Society. He first appeared in Captain America #310 (Oct. 1985), created by writer Mark Gruenwald and artist Paul Neary. Burchell Clemens was artificially enhanced and given the ability to extend his jaw to over a foot and bite through solid materials such as concrete. He first showed up as part of the Serpent Society, often teaming up with Society member Asp. The team came into conflict with Captain America during a paid hit on MODOK After being arrested Society leader Sidewinder freed Cottonmouth and others from custody. When Viper took control of the Serpent Society Cottonmouth was one of the members who opposed her, siding with Captain America to take Viper down. Cottonmouth remained a member when the Serpent Society was reorganized as Serpent Solutions.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mobile, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Sidewinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewinder_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Serpent Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Roxxon Oil Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxxon_Energy_Corporation"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Asp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asp_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Kingpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingpin_(character)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"A.I.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"MODOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODOK"},{"link_name":"Death Adder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Adder_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Porcupine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Rattler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattler_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Death Adder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Adder_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(Madame_Hydra)"},{"link_name":"Diamondback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondback_(Rachel_Leighton)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ghaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaur"},{"link_name":"Llyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyra"},{"link_name":"Psylocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Braddock"},{"link_name":"Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Paladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladin_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Black Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Luke Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Cage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolts_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bushmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmaster_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"American Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Eagle_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"New Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Deadpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpool"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Avengers vs. X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_vs._X-Men"},{"link_name":"Hope Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Summers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"All-New, All-Different Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-New,_All-Different_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Secret Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Empire_(2017_comic)"},{"link_name":"Baron Helmut Zemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Zemo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hunted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunted_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Kraven the Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraven_the_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Taskmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskmaster_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Black Ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_O%27Grady#Black_Ant"},{"link_name":"Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Originally from Mobile, Alabama, Cottonmouth was chosen by Sidewinder to join a snake-themed villain group, the Serpent Society.[1] With the ability to extend his jaws over a foot wide, he was given steel fangs, possibly by the Roxxon Oil Company, which he uses to torture his victims in an almost cannibalistic way. His jaw muscles are superhumanly strong, and can bite with sufficient force to crush cinderblock or metals that are softer than iron. However, very little is known about his past, other than the fact that he was an active criminal in the southern portion of the United States.Cottonmouth was often paired up with Asp, such as when the two were to advertise the Serpent Society to Kingpin.[2] The Serpent Society was hired by A.I.M. to hunt down MODOK. During their confrontation with MODOK, Cottonmouth and teammate Death Adder were able to slay him, which was a big win for their organization. Cottonmouth also battled Captain America for the first time.[3] They were soon defeated by Captain America, but were able to escape. He also participated in the mission to retrieve the retired Porcupine's costume, which turned out to be a trap by Captain America. Cottonmouth was injured during the battle, his teeth being destroyed by the star-spangled hero's shield. He, along with teammates Rattler and Death Adder were eventually defeated and taken into custody. Not for long, however, as Sidewinder soon teleported them to safety.[4] Cottonmouth and Rattler next confronted the Kingpin's men over Death Adder's murder.[5]During the Viper's invasion, Cottonmouth sided with Diamondback and the other members who refused to take the leadership away from Sidewinder. He later betrayed Diamondback, attempting to bite her head off after she saved him, proving that his loyalties lied with Viper. He fought Steve Rogers as The Captain during this confrontation.[6] Cottonmouth participated in the Serpent Society's mission to recover mystic objects for Ghaur and Llyra, and battled Psylocke and Storm of the X-Men.[7] He voted against Diamondback during the Serpent Society's trial against her. Alongside the Serpent Society, he combatted Captain America. Paladin, and Diamondback.[8]He has also battled other super-heroes such as Black Panther and Luke Cage.[9] He was eventually imprisoned, but escaped with Hawkeye, Plant-Man, and Headlok in Thunderbolts.[10] He took Bushmaster's real name, Quincy McIver though his actual name has not been revealed.Cottonmouth was later tracked down by American Eagle in Arizona.[11] Several Serpent Society members including Anaconda, Black Mamba, Bushmaster and Cottonmouth, fought members of the New Avengers in a semi-tropical locale. Cottonmouth was defeated by Wolverine.[12]Cottonmouth has been seen working with the Serpent Society on several occasions. During an encounter with Deadpool, Cottonmouth was shot in the skull.[13]He somehow recovered during the \"Avengers vs. X-Men\" storyline as he was seen robbing a bank with the Society, where he was defeated by mutant Hope Summers.[14]As part of the \"All-New, All-Different Marvel\", Cottonmouth appears as a member of Viper's Serpent Society under its new name Serpent Solutions. He alongside Black Racer and Copperhead attacked Captain America and Diamondback where Captain America learned too late that Diamondback is a member of Serpent Solutions where she knocks him out and brings him to Serpent Solutions' headquarters.[15]During the \"Opening Salvo\" part of the \"Secret Empire\" storyline, Cottonmouth (along with Serpent Solutions) is recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join his Army of Evil.[16]In a prelude to the \"Hunted\" storyline, several members of the Serpent Society were captured by Kraven the Hunter, Taskmaster, and Black Ant and forced to participate in a murderous hunt set up by Arcade. Black Mamba, Cottonmouth, Bushmaster, Black Racer, Puff Adder, Rock Python, and Fer-de-Lance were placed in electric cages to wait for the hunt to commence.[17] Black Mamba and Cottonmouth talked about their opinion that Viper is not suited to lead the Serpent Society. They are saved from the Hunter-Bots by Vulture.[18]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Due to bionic reconstruction, Cottonmouth possesses enhanced jaw and neck muscles, and steel teeth enabling him to bite with sufficient force to crush cinderblock or deform metals softer than iron, hang from a rope by his teeth for up to an hour, and to open his mouth larger than the size of a human head.","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Disk_Wars:_The_Avengers"},{"link_name":"Serpent Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Society"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lego Marvel's Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Marvel%27s_Avengers"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Cottonmouth appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers as a member of the Serpent Society.[citation needed]\nCottonmouth appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel's Avengers.[19]","title":"In other media"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/video-games/walkthroughs/15359-LEGO-Marvel-s-Avengers-Cheat-Codes-List","external_links_name":"\"Unlock Characters & Powers in LEGO Marvel's Avengers With These Cheats\""},{"Link":"http://marvel.com/universe/Cottonmouth_%28mercenary%29","external_links_name":"Coppermouth II"},{"Link":"http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix4/cottonmouthss.htm","external_links_name":"Cottonmouth II"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief | George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief | ["1 History","2 Legacy","3 Artistic depictions","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°58′43″N 76°29′28″W / 38.97861°N 76.49111°W / 38.97861; -76.49111December 23, 1783 event in the US
George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chiefGeneral George Washington Resigning His Commission by John TrumbullDateDecember 23, 1783 (1783-12-23)VenueMaryland State HouseLocationAnnapolis, Maryland, U.S.Coordinates38°58′43″N 76°29′28″W / 38.97861°N 76.49111°W / 38.97861; -76.49111
George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief marked the end of Washington's military service in the American Revolutionary War and his return to civilian life at Mount Vernon.
His voluntary action has been described as "one of the nation's great acts of statesmanship" and helped establish the precedent of civilian control of the military. After the Treaty of Paris ending the war had been signed on September 3, 1783, and after the last British troops left New York City on November 25, Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army to the Congress of the Confederation, then meeting in the Maryland State House at Annapolis, Maryland, on December 23 of the same year. This followed his farewell to the Continental Army, November 2 at Rockingham near Princeton, New Jersey, and his farewell to his officers, December 4 at Fraunces Tavern in New York City.
Washington's resignation was depicted by John Trumbull in 1824 with the life-size painting, General George Washington Resigning His Commission, now on view in the United States Capitol rotunda.
History
Washington arrived at Annapolis on December 19, 1783, and was greeted by General William Smallwood and General Horatio Gates at the Three Mile Oak. The next day, he wrote to Congress about the method to resign, whether in person or by writing. The President of the Continental Congress, Thomas Mifflin, appointed a committee of Thomas Jefferson, James McHenry, and Elbridge Gerry to determine the details. On Monday, December 22, Congress honored Washington with a feast at Mann's Tavern, attended by between two and three hundred gentlemen. Later that night, a public ball was held in his honor by Maryland Governor William Paca at the State House. Nearly six hundred guests attended. Historian Willard Sterne Randall describes the evening: "George Washington, a famous dancer, astonished French officers with his skill and grace at the minuet."
At noon, on Tuesday, December 23, Charles Thomson, secretary of the Continental Congress, led Washington, accompanied by two of his aides-de-camp, Col. David Humphreys and Col. Benjamin Walker, into the Senate Chamber of the Maryland State House. While depicted in some paintings of the event, Martha Washington was not actually in attendance. Then Washington delivered his remarks to the assembly: Happy in the confirmation of our Independence and Sovereignty, and pleased with the opportunity afforded the United States of becoming a respectable Nation, I resign with satisfaction the Appointment I accepted with diffidence.…
I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last solemn act of my Official life, by commending the Interests of our dearest Country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them, to his holy keeping.Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great theatre of Action; and bidding an Affectionate farewell to this August body under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my Commission, and take my leave of all the employments of public life.— George Washington
As the last act of his resignation, Washington handed his commission and his speech to President Mifflin. The next day, December 24, Washington left for his residence, Mount Vernon.
Legacy
Brown University historian Gordon S. Wood, the recipient of the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for History for The Radicalism of the American Revolution (1992), writes in his book: George Washington, of course, was the perfect Cincinnatus, the Roman patriot that returned to his farm after his victories in war. ... The greatest act of his life, the one that gave him his greatest fame, was his resignation as commander in chief of the American forces.
On May 3, 1797, King George III told the American painter Benjamin West his opinion of Washington (as reported by West to ambassador Rufus King): In regard to General Washington, he told him since his resignation that in his opinion "that act closing and finishing what had gone before and viewed in connection with it, place him in a light the most distinguished of any man living, and that he thought him the greatest character of the age."
The American artist, John Trumbull, a former aide-de-camp to Washington, after receiving word of Washington's resignation, wrote to his brother Jonathan Trumbull Jr. that it: excites the astonishment and admiration of this part of the world. 'Tis a Conduct so novel, so inconceivable to People, who, far from giving up powers they possess, are willing to convulse the Empire to acquire more. Later, in describing his painting, General George Washington Resigning His Commission, Trumbull considered Washington's resignation "one of the highest moral lessons ever given to the world".
The historian Thomas Fleming described the significance of the event: This was – is – the most important moment in American history. The man who could have dispersed a feckless Congress and obtained for himself and his officers riches worthy of their courage was renouncing absolute power to become a private citizen. He was putting himself at the mercy of politicians over whom he had no control and in whom he had little confidence.
Artistic depictions
Washington's resignation has been depicted by several artists in both paintings and sculptures. Raimondo Trentanove carved a bas-relief of this scene on the pedestal of Antonio Canova's George Washington that was installed in the North Carolina State House in 1821. Both were destroyed by fire in 1831. Trumbull's 1824 life-size painting, General George Washington Resigning His Commission, can be seen in the United States Capitol rotunda. In 1829, the sculptor Enrico Causici completed the statue of Washington resigning his commission that is atop the Washington Monument in Baltimore. In 1840, Horatio Greenough completed his sculpture of Washington returning power to the people. It is now at the National Museum of American History. About 1841, Ferdinand Pettrich sculpted a painted plaster sculpture, Washington Resigning His Commission, now at the Smithsonian American Art Museum. In 1858, Edwin White painted Washington Resigning His Commission, on commission from the Maryland Legislature. It is on display in the Grand Staircase of the Maryland State House. In 1903, Edwin Blashfield created the mural, Washington Surrendering His Commission, which depicts Washington laying his commission at the feet of Columbia. It is located in the Clarence Mitchell Courthouse in Baltimore.
Gallery
Bronze statue of George Washington resigning his commission in the Old Senate Chamber of the Maryland State House
George Washingtonby Antonio Canova, plaster replica
George Washington resigning his commission atop the Washington Monument in Baltimoreby Enrico Causici, 1829
George Washingtonby Horatio Greenough, 1840
Washington Resigning His Commissionby Ferdinand Pettrich, c. 1841
Washington Resigning His Commissionby Edwin White, 1858
Washington Surrendering His Commissionby Edwin Blashfield, 1903
See also
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Resignation as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army
List of George Washington articles
Newburgh Conspiracy
Newburgh letter
References
^ a b c "General George Washington Resigned his Commission in Annapolis, Maryland. December 23, 1783". Historian of the United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on July 27, 2017.
^ a b Hillman, Joseph. "Resignation of Military Commission". Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30.
^ a b "Today in History – December 23: Washington Resigns His Commission". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2017-12-23.
^ "George Washington to Continental Army: Farewell Orders, November 2, 1783". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017.
^ "Today in History – December 4: Goodbye to General Washington". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2017-12-20.
^ "George Washington's Resignation Speech: Washington in Annapolis" (PDF). Friends of the Maryland State Archives. January 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-09.
^ a b c d Randall, Willard Sterne (1998). George Washington: A Life. Macmillan. pp. 405–8. ISBN 978-0-805-05992-2.
^ Washington, George (1931). "Address to Congress on Resigning His Commission. Footnote 68.". In Fitzpatrick, John C. (ed.). The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799. Vol. 27. United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. pp. 285–6.
^ a b "Attendees at George Washington's Resignation of his Commission Old Senate Chamber, Maryland State House, December 23, 1783" (PDF). Maryland State Archives. February 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2017.
^ Washington, George (December 23, 1783). "Washington's Address to Congress Resigning his Commission". Founders Online, National Archives. Archived from the original on January 13, 2018.
^ Wood, Gordon S. (1992). The Radicalism of the American Revolution. Vintage Books. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-679-73688-2. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20.
^ Clark, Harrison (1996). All Cloudless Glory: The Life of George Washington : Making a Nation. Regnery. pp. 349–350. ISBN 978-0-895-26445-9. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20.
^ Jaffe, Irma B. (1975). John Trumbull, Patriot-Artist of the American Revolution. Boston, MA: New York Graphic Society. p. 60. ISBN 9780821204597.
^ Trumbull, John (1841). Autobiography, Reminiscences and Letters of John Trumbull, from 1756 to 1841. New York: Wiley and Putnam. p. 263.
^ Fleming, Thomas. "The Most Important Moment in American History". History News Network.
^ Haywood, Marshall DeLancey (1902). Bassett, John Spencer (ed.). "Canova's Statue of Washington". The South Atlantic Quarterly. 1 (3). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University: 283. doi:10.1215/00382876-1-3-278. S2CID 258264323.
^ John Trumbull. "General George Washington Resigning His Commission". Architect of the Capitol.
^ Rosenbaum, Cathy. "Facts for the Washington Monument in Baltimore, Maryland" (PDF). Mount Vernon Place Conservancy.
^ "George Washington by Horatio Greenough, 1840". National Museum of American History. 20 April 2017.
^ Ferdinand Pettrich. "Washington Resigning His Commission". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
^ Edwin White. "Washington Resigning His Commission". Maryland State Art Collection.
^ "The Grand Staircase". Maryland State Archives.
^ Edwin Blashfield. "Washington Surrendering His Commission". Maryland State Archives.
External links
"Editorial Note: George Washington's Resignation as Commander-in-Chief". Founders Online, National Archives.
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John Parke Custis (stepson)
George Washington Parke Custis (step-grandson, adopted son)
Eleanor Parke Custis (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
Augustine Washington (father)
Mary Ball Washington (mother)
Lawrence Washington (half-brother)
Augustine Washington Jr. (half-brother)
Betty Washington Lewis (sister)
Samuel Washington (brother)
John A. Washington (brother)
Charles Washington (brother)
Lawrence Washington (grandfather)
John Washington (great-grandfather)
George Reade (2nd great-grandfather)
Bushrod Washington (nephew)
John Adams →
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon"},{"link_name":"civilian control of the military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-house-1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)"},{"link_name":"last British troops left New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief#United_States"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"Congress of the Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Maryland State House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_State_House"},{"link_name":"Annapolis, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-house-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mountvernon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tih1223-3"},{"link_name":"Rockingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_(house)"},{"link_name":"Princeton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fraunces Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunces_Tavern"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Trumbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trumbull"},{"link_name":"General George Washington Resigning His Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_George_Washington_Resigning_His_Commission"},{"link_name":"United States Capitol rotunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda"}],"text":"December 23, 1783 event in the USGeorge Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief marked the end of Washington's military service in the American Revolutionary War and his return to civilian life at Mount Vernon.His voluntary action has been described as \"one of the nation's great acts of statesmanship\" and helped establish the precedent of civilian control of the military.[1] After the Treaty of Paris ending the war had been signed on September 3, 1783, and after the last British troops left New York City on November 25, Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army to the Congress of the Confederation, then meeting in the Maryland State House at Annapolis, Maryland, on December 23 of the same year.[1][2][3] This followed his farewell to the Continental Army, November 2 at Rockingham near Princeton, New Jersey,[4] and his farewell to his officers, December 4 at Fraunces Tavern in New York City.[5]Washington's resignation was depicted by John Trumbull in 1824 with the life-size painting, General George Washington Resigning His Commission, now on view in the United States Capitol rotunda.","title":"George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Smallwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smallwood"},{"link_name":"Horatio Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Gates"},{"link_name":"Three Mile Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Oak"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-house-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"President of the Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"James McHenry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McHenry"},{"link_name":"Elbridge Gerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mountvernon-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Randall-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Randall-7"},{"link_name":"William Paca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paca"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Willard Sterne Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Sterne_Randall"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Randall-7"},{"link_name":"Charles Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson"},{"link_name":"aides-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%27s_aides-de-camp"},{"link_name":"David Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Humphreys_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Walker_(New_York_soldier)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attendees-9"},{"link_name":"Martha Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attendees-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Randall-7"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tih1223-3"}],"text":"Washington arrived at Annapolis on December 19, 1783, and was greeted by General William Smallwood and General Horatio Gates at the Three Mile Oak.[1][6] The next day, he wrote to Congress about the method to resign, whether in person or by writing. The President of the Continental Congress, Thomas Mifflin, appointed a committee of Thomas Jefferson, James McHenry, and Elbridge Gerry to determine the details.[2][7] On Monday, December 22, Congress honored Washington with a feast at Mann's Tavern, attended by between two and three hundred gentlemen.[7] Later that night, a public ball was held in his honor by Maryland Governor William Paca at the State House. Nearly six hundred guests attended.[8] Historian Willard Sterne Randall describes the evening: \"George Washington, a famous dancer, astonished French officers with his skill and grace at the minuet.\"[7]At noon, on Tuesday, December 23, Charles Thomson, secretary of the Continental Congress, led Washington, accompanied by two of his aides-de-camp, Col. David Humphreys and Col. Benjamin Walker, into the Senate Chamber of the Maryland State House.[9] While depicted in some paintings of the event, Martha Washington was not actually in attendance.[9] Then Washington delivered his remarks to the assembly:Happy in the confirmation of our Independence and Sovereignty, and pleased with the opportunity afforded the United States of becoming a respectable Nation, I resign with satisfaction the Appointment I accepted with diffidence.… \nI consider it an indispensable duty to close this last solemn act of my Official life, by commending the Interests of our dearest Country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them, to his holy keeping.Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great theatre of Action; and bidding an Affectionate farewell to this August body under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my Commission, and take my leave of all the employments of public life.— George Washington[10]As the last act of his resignation, Washington handed his commission and his speech to President Mifflin.[7] The next day, December 24, Washington left for his residence, Mount Vernon.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Gordon S. Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_History"},{"link_name":"The Radicalism of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Radicalism_of_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cincinnatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Quinctius_Cincinnatus"},{"link_name":"King George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_III"},{"link_name":"Benjamin West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_West"},{"link_name":"Rufus King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"John Trumbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trumbull"},{"link_name":"aide-de-camp to Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%27s_aides-de-camp"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Trumbull Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Trumbull_Jr."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"General George Washington Resigning His Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_George_Washington_Resigning_His_Commission"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio263-14"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Brown University historian Gordon S. Wood, the recipient of the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for History for The Radicalism of the American Revolution (1992), writes in his book:[11]George Washington, of course, was the perfect Cincinnatus, the Roman patriot that returned to his farm after his victories in war. ... The greatest act of his life, the one that gave him his greatest fame, was his resignation as commander in chief of the American forces.On May 3, 1797, King George III told the American painter Benjamin West his opinion of Washington (as reported by West to ambassador Rufus King):[12]In regard to General Washington, he told him since his resignation that in his opinion \"that act closing and finishing what had gone before and viewed in connection with it, place him in a light the most distinguished of any man living, and that he thought him the greatest character of the age.\"The American artist, John Trumbull, a former aide-de-camp to Washington, after receiving word of Washington's resignation, wrote to his brother Jonathan Trumbull Jr. that it:[13]excites the astonishment and admiration of this part of the world. 'Tis a Conduct so novel, so inconceivable to People, who, far from giving up powers they possess, are willing to convulse the Empire to acquire more.Later, in describing his painting, General George Washington Resigning His Commission, Trumbull considered Washington's resignation \"one of the highest moral lessons ever given to the world\".[14]\nThe historian Thomas Fleming described the significance of the event:[15]This was – is – the most important moment in American history. The man who could have dispersed a feckless Congress and obtained for himself and his officers riches worthy of their courage was renouncing absolute power to become a private citizen. He was putting himself at the mercy of politicians over whom he had no control and in whom he had little confidence.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raimondo Trentanove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimondo_Trentanove"},{"link_name":"bas-relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-relief"},{"link_name":"Antonio Canova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canova"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_(Canova)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina State House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_House"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"General George Washington Resigning His Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_George_Washington_Resigning_His_Commission"},{"link_name":"United States Capitol rotunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aoc-17"},{"link_name":"Enrico Causici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Causici&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Causici"},{"link_name":"Washington Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument_(Baltimore)"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Horatio Greenough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Greenough"},{"link_name":"sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_(Greenough)"},{"link_name":"National Museum of American History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Pettrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Pettrich"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian American Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Edwin White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_White"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Edwin Blashfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Blashfield"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(name)"},{"link_name":"Clarence Mitchell Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Mitchell_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Washington's resignation has been depicted by several artists in both paintings and sculptures. Raimondo Trentanove carved a bas-relief of this scene on the pedestal of Antonio Canova's George Washington that was installed in the North Carolina State House in 1821. Both were destroyed by fire in 1831.[16] Trumbull's 1824 life-size painting, General George Washington Resigning His Commission, can be seen in the United States Capitol rotunda.[17] In 1829, the sculptor Enrico Causici [fr] completed the statue of Washington resigning his commission that is atop the Washington Monument in Baltimore.[18] In 1840, Horatio Greenough completed his sculpture of Washington returning power to the people. It is now at the National Museum of American History.[19] About 1841, Ferdinand Pettrich sculpted a painted plaster sculpture, Washington Resigning His Commission, now at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.[20] In 1858, Edwin White painted Washington Resigning His Commission, on commission from the Maryland Legislature.[21] It is on display in the Grand Staircase of the Maryland State House.[22] In 1903, Edwin Blashfield created the mural, Washington Surrendering His Commission, which depicts Washington laying his commission at the feet of Columbia. It is located in the Clarence Mitchell Courthouse in Baltimore.[23]","title":"Artistic depictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Senate_Chamber,_Maryland_State_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maryland State House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_State_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canova-Washington.JPG"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_(Canova)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Canova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washington_Monument_Baltimore_06_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Washington Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument_(Baltimore)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Washington_Greenough_statue.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_(Greenough)"},{"link_name":"Horatio Greenough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Greenough"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Pettrich_-_Washington_Resigning_His_Commission_-_Smithsonian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Pettrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Pettrich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washington_Resigning_His_Commission_1859.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edwin White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_White"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washington_Surrendering_His_Commission_-_Edwin_Howland_Blashfield.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edwin Blashfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Blashfield"}],"text":"Bronze statue of George Washington resigning his commission in the Old Senate Chamber of the Maryland State House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeorge Washingtonby Antonio Canova, plaster replica\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeorge Washington resigning his commission atop the Washington Monument in Baltimoreby Enrico Causici, 1829\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeorge Washingtonby Horatio Greenough, 1840\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWashington Resigning His Commissionby Ferdinand Pettrich, c. 1841\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWashington Resigning His Commissionby Edwin White, 1858\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWashington Surrendering His Commissionby Edwin Blashfield, 1903","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"title":"Resignation as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Resignation_as_commander-in-chief_of_the_Continental_Army"},{"title":"List of George Washington articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_George_Washington_articles"},{"title":"Newburgh Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy"},{"title":"Newburgh letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh_letter"}] | [{"reference":"\"General George Washington Resigned his Commission in Annapolis, Maryland. December 23, 1783\". Historian of the United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on July 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1700s/General-George-Washington-resigning-his-commission-in-Annapolis,-Maryland/","url_text":"\"General George Washington Resigned his Commission in Annapolis, Maryland. December 23, 1783\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives","url_text":"Historian of the United States House of Representatives"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170727042832/http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1700s/General-George-Washington-resigning-his-commission-in-Annapolis,-Maryland/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hillman, Joseph. \"Resignation of Military Commission\". Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/resignation-of-military-commission/","url_text":"\"Resignation of Military Commission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Association","url_text":"Mount Vernon Ladies' Association"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170630165927/http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/resignation-of-military-commission/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Today in History – December 23: Washington Resigns His Commission\". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2017-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/december-23#home-for-the-holidays","url_text":"\"Today in History – December 23: Washington Resigns His Commission\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171223104409/https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/december-23/#home-for-the-holidays","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"George Washington to Continental Army: Farewell Orders, November 2, 1783\". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/amrev/peace/farewell.html","url_text":"\"George Washington to Continental Army: Farewell Orders, November 2, 1783\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170802183247/http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/amrev/peace/farewell.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Today in History – December 4: Goodbye to General Washington\". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2017-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/december-04#goodbye-to-general-washington","url_text":"\"Today in History – December 4: Goodbye to General Washington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171220090628/https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/december-04/#goodbye-to-general-washington","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"George Washington's Resignation Speech: Washington in Annapolis\" (PDF). Friends of the Maryland State Archives. January 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/pdf/webversion.pdf","url_text":"\"George Washington's Resignation Speech: Washington in Annapolis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170309153908/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/pdf/webversion.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Randall, Willard Sterne (1998). George Washington: A Life. Macmillan. pp. 405–8. ISBN 978-0-805-05992-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Sterne_Randall","url_text":"Randall, Willard Sterne"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/georgewashington00will_1","url_text":"George Washington: A Life"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/georgewashington00will_1/page/405","url_text":"405"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-805-05992-2","url_text":"978-0-805-05992-2"}]},{"reference":"Washington, George (1931). \"Address to Congress on Resigning His Commission. Footnote 68.\". In Fitzpatrick, John C. (ed.). The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799. Vol. 27. United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. pp. 285–6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington","url_text":"Washington, George"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/writingsofgeorge27wash#page/285/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Address to Congress on Resigning His Commission. Footnote 68.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clement_Fitzpatrick","url_text":"Fitzpatrick, John C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/writingsofgeorge27wash","url_text":"The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/writingsofgeorge27wash/page/285","url_text":"285"}]},{"reference":"\"Attendees at George Washington's Resignation of his Commission Old Senate Chamber, Maryland State House, December 23, 1783\" (PDF). Maryland State Archives. February 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/016800/016836/images/gw_resignation_attendees.pdf","url_text":"\"Attendees at George Washington's Resignation of his Commission Old Senate Chamber, Maryland State House, December 23, 1783\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_State_Archives","url_text":"Maryland State Archives"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170429043535/http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/016800/016836/images/gw_resignation_attendees.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Washington, George (December 23, 1783). \"Washington's Address to Congress Resigning his Commission\". Founders Online, National Archives. Archived from the original on January 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington","url_text":"Washington, George"},{"url":"https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-06-02-0319-0004","url_text":"\"Washington's Address to Congress Resigning his Commission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration","url_text":"Founders Online, National Archives"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180113035614/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-06-02-0319-0004","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Gordon S. (1992). The Radicalism of the American Revolution. Vintage Books. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-679-73688-2. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood","url_text":"Wood, Gordon S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6lGinKwz7l8C&pg=PA205","url_text":"The Radicalism of the American Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books","url_text":"Vintage Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-73688-2","url_text":"978-0-679-73688-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220094155/https://books.google.com/books?id=6lGinKwz7l8C&pg=PA205","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Harrison (1996). All Cloudless Glory: The Life of George Washington : Making a Nation. Regnery. pp. 349–350. ISBN 978-0-895-26445-9. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UavxgecLF18C&pg=PA349","url_text":"All Cloudless Glory: The Life of George Washington : Making a Nation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-895-26445-9","url_text":"978-0-895-26445-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220094155/https://books.google.com/books?id=UavxgecLF18C&pg=PA349","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jaffe, Irma B. (1975). John Trumbull, Patriot-Artist of the American Revolution. Boston, MA: New York Graphic Society. p. 60. ISBN 9780821204597.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/johntrumbullpatr0000jaff","url_text":"John Trumbull, Patriot-Artist of the American Revolution"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/johntrumbullpatr0000jaff/page/60","url_text":"60"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821204597","url_text":"9780821204597"}]},{"reference":"Trumbull, John (1841). Autobiography, Reminiscences and Letters of John Trumbull, from 1756 to 1841. 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Architect of the Capitol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aoc.gov/art/historic-rotunda-paintings/general-george-washington-resigning-his-commission","url_text":"\"General George Washington Resigning His Commission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol","url_text":"Architect of the Capitol"}]},{"reference":"Rosenbaum, Cathy. \"Facts for the Washington Monument in Baltimore, Maryland\" (PDF). Mount Vernon Place Conservancy.","urls":[{"url":"http://mvpconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Monum-Facts-approv-by-LLH-11-3-2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Facts for the Washington Monument in Baltimore, Maryland\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Washington by Horatio Greenough, 1840\". National Museum of American History. 20 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/george-washington-sculpture","url_text":"\"George Washington by Horatio Greenough, 1840\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History","url_text":"National Museum of American History"}]},{"reference":"Ferdinand Pettrich. \"Washington Resigning His Commission\". Smithsonian American Art Museum.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/washington-resigning-his-commission-19679","url_text":"\"Washington Resigning His Commission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum","url_text":"Smithsonian American Art Museum"}]},{"reference":"Edwin White. \"Washington Resigning His Commission\". Maryland State Art Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc1500/sc1545/apc_website/apcpaintings_washingtonresigning.html","url_text":"\"Washington Resigning His Commission\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Grand Staircase\". Maryland State Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/html/grand_staircase.html","url_text":"\"The Grand Staircase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_State_Archives","url_text":"Maryland State Archives"}]},{"reference":"Edwin Blashfield. \"Washington Surrendering His Commission\". Maryland State Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5500/sc5590/html/blashfield.html","url_text":"\"Washington Surrendering His Commission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_State_Archives","url_text":"Maryland State Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Editorial Note: George Washington's Resignation as Commander-in-Chief\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqjangajuk_Shaa | Aqjangajuk Shaa | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Inuit artist (1937–2019)
Aqjangajuk Shaa (17 March 1937 – 2019) was an Inuit artist. He was born at Shartoweetuk camp near Cape Dorset, Nunavut.
He is known for his stone carvings, including a pink granite inuksuk that currently stands at the Scott Polar Research Institute. He also made one print, Wounded Caribou, in 1967. His brother Kavavaow Mannomee (born 1958) is also an artist.
He was elected to the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts in 2003.
His work is held in a variety of museums, including the Portland Art Museum the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the University of Lethbridge Art Collection, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
References
^ a b c d Jean Blodgett (August 20, 2019). Aqjangajuk Shaa. The Canadian Encyclopedia.
^ Cambridge Scott Polar Inuit 'muffin top' sculpture fixed (2 June 2019). BBC.
^ The Inukshuk is Back!. Scott Polar Research Institute, accessed 22 December 2020.
^ a b Wounded Caribou. Musée des beaux-arts de Montréal, accessed 22 December 2020.
^ KAVAVAOW MANNOMEE. ABoriginArt Galleries, accessed 6 January 2021.
^ Aqjangajuk Shaa. Inuit Art Foundation, accessed 22 December 2020.
^ Aqjangajuk Shaa. Portland Art Museum, accessed 22 December 2020.
^ Ulu. UMMA, accessed 22 December 2020.
^ Stone Bird. The Met, accessed 22 December 2020.
External links
Artnet
Portals: Biography Canada Visual arts Society
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
Artists
National Gallery of Canada | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canenc-1"},{"link_name":"Cape Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinngait"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canenc-1"},{"link_name":"inuksuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuksuk"},{"link_name":"Scott Polar Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Polar_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canenc-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-montreal-4"},{"link_name":"Kavavaow Mannomee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavavaow_Mannomee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Portland Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"University of Lethbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lethbridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canenc-1"},{"link_name":"Montreal Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-montreal-4"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Aqjangajuk Shaa (17 March 1937 – 2019) was an Inuit artist.[1] He was born at Shartoweetuk camp near Cape Dorset, Nunavut.[1]He is known for his stone carvings, including a pink granite inuksuk that currently stands at the Scott Polar Research Institute.[2][3] He also made one print, Wounded Caribou, in 1967.[1][4] His brother Kavavaow Mannomee (born 1958) is also an artist.[5]He was elected to the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts in 2003.[6]His work is held in a variety of museums, including the Portland Art Museum[7] the University of Michigan Museum of Art,[8] the University of Lethbridge Art Collection,[1] the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts,[4] and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[9]","title":"Aqjangajuk Shaa"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aqjangajuk-shaa","external_links_name":"Aqjangajuk Shaa"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-48459244","external_links_name":"Cambridge Scott Polar Inuit 'muffin top' sculpture fixed"},{"Link":"https://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/museum/news/conservation/2019/05/29/the-inukshuk-is-back/","external_links_name":"The Inukshuk is Back!"},{"Link":"https://www.mbam.qc.ca/en/works/20441/","external_links_name":"Wounded Caribou"},{"Link":"https://inuit.net/artists/b-inuitarteskimoart-Mannomee_Kavavaow.html","external_links_name":"KAVAVAOW MANNOMEE"},{"Link":"https://www.inuitartfoundation.org/iad/artist/Aqjangajuk-Shaa/bio-citations","external_links_name":"Aqjangajuk Shaa"},{"Link":"http://portlandartmuseum.us/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=17692;type=701","external_links_name":"Aqjangajuk Shaa"},{"Link":"https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/43627","external_links_name":"Ulu"},{"Link":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/309454?searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=Aqjangajuk+Shaa&offset=0&rpp=20&pos=1","external_links_name":"Stone Bird"},{"Link":"http://www.artnet.com/artists/aqjangajuk-shaa/","external_links_name":"Artnet"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000076293875","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/104200186","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmdvRy7FQkcmcCBDhgMyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/aqjangajuk-shaa","external_links_name":"National Gallery of Canada"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machines_of_the_Isle_of_Nantes | Machines of the Isle of Nantes | ["1 Exhibits","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°12′22″N 1°33′53″W / 47.20600°N 1.56482°W / 47.20600; -1.56482This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Machines of the Isle of Nantes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Machines of the Isle of Nantes (French: Les Machines de l'île) is an artistic, touristic and cultural project based in Nantes, France. The project is based in the old covered buildings of the former shipyards in Nantes that were at one time used for ship construction (les nefs), and later used as business sites.
Exhibits
The Great Elephant (2007) is a mechanical elephant, 12 metres (39 ft) high and 8 metres (26 ft) meters wide, made from 45 tons of wood and steel. It can take up to 49 passengers for a 45-minute walk. It is an inexact replica of The Sultan's Elephant from Royal de Luxe, which toured the world from 2005 to 2007; the main difference being that this elephant is designed to carry spectators.
The Marine Worlds Carousel (2012) is a huge carousel, rising nearly 25m high and measuring 20m in diameter. It features 35 moving underwater creatures on three levels: the ocean floor, the depths, and sea and boats. Visitors will be able to move about amidst a ballet of aquatic animals and sea carriages, as well as climb aboard and guide the movements of the Machines.
The branch prototype of the Heron Tree
The Heron Tree is an under-construction steel structure planned to be 50 meters in diameter and 30 meters in height, topped with two herons. The project plans to allow visitors to climb either onto the back or onto the wings of the birds for a circular flight over the hanging gardens of the tree.
The Machine Gallery is an exhibition place to illustrate the background story of the machines. Some visitors are invited to control marine animals or the European Flight Test Center. The entire process of the construction is on display by sketches, models and films.
References
^ Réhabilitation des Nefs du site des Chantiers navals. (in French), retrieved 29 November 2016
^ "Nantes mechanical elephant – Elephant in Nantes – Les Machines de l'île". Les Machines de l’Île. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
^ "The Sultan's Elephant". Artichoke. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
^ "Carrousel des mondes marins – Carrousel Nantes – Machines of the isles of Nantes". Les Machines de l’Île. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
^ "Présentation-ANG-OCTOBRE-2018" (PDF). October 2018.
^ "Galerie des Machines Nantes – Steampunk wonderland in France – Machine of the isles of Nantes". Les Machines de l’Île. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Les Machines de l'île.
The Machines of the Isle of Nantes – Official website (in English)
Nantes Metropole Tourism Office (in English)
The Machines de l'Ile YouTube channel
Photographs of the machines and workshop
Slideshow : some pictures of the machines from the Carousel being built (2010)
Ben Morris (18 April 2012). "Nantes' theme park economics at Machines de L'Ile". BBC News Online.
"In pictures: Machines De L'Ile". BBC News Online. 18 April 2012.
vteLa Machine
Le Manège d'Andrea
La Princesse
Machines of the Isle of Nantes
François Delarozière
Authority control databases
IdRef
47°12′22″N 1°33′53″W / 47.20600°N 1.56482°W / 47.20600; -1.56482 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Machines of the Isle of Nantes (French: Les Machines de l'île) is an artistic, touristic and cultural project based in Nantes, France. The project is based in the old covered buildings of the former shipyards in Nantes that were at one time used for ship construction (les nefs), and later used as business sites.[1]","title":"Machines of the Isle of Nantes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Sultan's Elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sultan%27s_Elephant"},{"link_name":"Royal de Luxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_de_Luxe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Les_Machines_-_branche_prototype_arbre_aux_oiseaux.JPG"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Great Elephant (2007) is a mechanical elephant, 12 metres (39 ft) high and 8 metres (26 ft) meters wide, made from 45 tons of wood and steel. It can take up to 49 passengers for a 45-minute walk.[2] It is an inexact replica of The Sultan's Elephant from Royal de Luxe, which toured the world from 2005 to 2007; the main difference being that this elephant is designed to carry spectators.[3]The Marine Worlds Carousel (2012) is a huge carousel, rising nearly 25m high and measuring 20m in diameter. It features 35 moving underwater creatures on three levels: the ocean floor, the depths, and sea and boats. Visitors will be able to move about amidst a ballet of aquatic animals and sea carriages, as well as climb aboard and guide the movements of the Machines.[4]The branch prototype of the Heron TreeThe Heron Tree is an under-construction steel structure planned to be 50 meters in diameter and 30 meters in height, topped with two herons. The project plans to allow visitors to climb either onto the back or onto the wings of the birds for a circular flight over the hanging gardens of the tree.[5]The Machine Gallery is an exhibition place to illustrate the background story of the machines. Some visitors are invited to control marine animals or the European Flight Test Center. The entire process of the construction is on display by sketches, models and films.[6]","title":"Exhibits"}] | [{"image_text":"The branch prototype of the Heron Tree","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Les_Machines_-_branche_prototype_arbre_aux_oiseaux.JPG/220px-Les_Machines_-_branche_prototype_arbre_aux_oiseaux.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Réhabilitation des Nefs du site des Chantiers navals. (in French), retrieved 29 November 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iledenantes.com/fr/projets/63-les-nefs.html","url_text":"Réhabilitation des Nefs du site des Chantiers navals."}]},{"reference":"\"Nantes mechanical elephant – Elephant in Nantes – Les Machines de l'île\". Les Machines de l’Île. Retrieved 2022-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesmachines-nantes.fr/en/discover/the-grand-elephant/","url_text":"\"Nantes mechanical elephant – Elephant in Nantes – Les Machines de l'île\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Sultan's Elephant\". Artichoke. Retrieved 2022-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artichoke.uk.com/project/the-sultans-elephant/","url_text":"\"The Sultan's Elephant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carrousel des mondes marins – Carrousel Nantes – Machines of the isles of Nantes\". Les Machines de l’Île. Retrieved 2022-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesmachines-nantes.fr/en/discover/the-carrousel-des-mondes-marins/","url_text":"\"Carrousel des mondes marins – Carrousel Nantes – Machines of the isles of Nantes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Présentation-ANG-OCTOBRE-2018\" (PDF). October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesmachines-nantes.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Pr%C3%A9sentation-ANG-OCTOBRE-2018.pdf","url_text":"\"Présentation-ANG-OCTOBRE-2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galerie des Machines Nantes – Steampunk wonderland in France – Machine of the isles of Nantes\". Les Machines de l’Île. Retrieved 2022-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesmachines-nantes.fr/en/discover/the-galerie-des-machines/","url_text":"\"Galerie des Machines Nantes – Steampunk wonderland in France – Machine of the isles of Nantes\""}]},{"reference":"Ben Morris (18 April 2012). \"Nantes' theme park economics at Machines de L'Ile\". BBC News Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17534184","url_text":"\"Nantes' theme park economics at Machines de L'Ile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]},{"reference":"\"In pictures: Machines De L'Ile\". BBC News Online. 18 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17536180","url_text":"\"In pictures: Machines De L'Ile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Machines_of_the_Isle_of_Nantes¶ms=47.20600_N_1.56482_W_source:placeopedia","external_links_name":"47°12′22″N 1°33′53″W / 47.20600°N 1.56482°W / 47.20600; -1.56482"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Machines+of+the+Isle+of+Nantes%22","external_links_name":"\"Machines of the Isle of Nantes\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Machines+of+the+Isle+of+Nantes%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Machines+of+the+Isle+of+Nantes%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Machines+of+the+Isle+of+Nantes%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Machines+of+the+Isle+of+Nantes%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Machines+of+the+Isle+of+Nantes%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.iledenantes.com/fr/projets/63-les-nefs.html","external_links_name":"Réhabilitation des Nefs du site des Chantiers navals."},{"Link":"https://www.lesmachines-nantes.fr/en/discover/the-grand-elephant/","external_links_name":"\"Nantes mechanical elephant – Elephant in Nantes – Les Machines de l'île\""},{"Link":"https://www.artichoke.uk.com/project/the-sultans-elephant/","external_links_name":"\"The Sultan's Elephant\""},{"Link":"https://www.lesmachines-nantes.fr/en/discover/the-carrousel-des-mondes-marins/","external_links_name":"\"Carrousel des mondes marins – Carrousel Nantes – Machines of the isles of Nantes\""},{"Link":"https://www.lesmachines-nantes.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Pr%C3%A9sentation-ANG-OCTOBRE-2018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Présentation-ANG-OCTOBRE-2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.lesmachines-nantes.fr/en/discover/the-galerie-des-machines/","external_links_name":"\"Galerie des Machines Nantes – Steampunk wonderland in France – Machine of the isles of Nantes\""},{"Link":"https://www.lesmachines-nantes.fr/en/","external_links_name":"The Machines of the Isle of Nantes – Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.levoyageanantes.fr/en/machines-de-lile/","external_links_name":"Nantes Metropole Tourism Office"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/ncepweb","external_links_name":"The Machines de l'Ile"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/st3f4n/sets/72157600573243435/detail/","external_links_name":"Photographs of the machines and workshop"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/st3f4n/tags/carrouseldesmondesmarins/show/","external_links_name":"Slideshow : some pictures of the machines from the Carousel being built"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17534184","external_links_name":"\"Nantes' theme park economics at Machines de L'Ile\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17536180","external_links_name":"\"In pictures: Machines De L'Ile\""},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/176912991","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Machines_of_the_Isle_of_Nantes¶ms=47.20600_N_1.56482_W_source:placeopedia","external_links_name":"47°12′22″N 1°33′53″W / 47.20600°N 1.56482°W / 47.20600; -1.56482"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere_Duchene | Le Père Duchesne | ["1 History","2 Focuses","3 Camille Desmoulins","4 End and revival of Père Duchesne","5 References"] | Radical newspaper during the French Revolution
For the 19th century newspaper, see Le Père Duchesne (19th century).
Le Père DuchesneCover of issue no. 25 of Hébert's Le Père DuchesneTypeDaily newspaperFormatBroadsheetEditorJacques HébertFounded1790 (1790)Political alignmentRadicalismFar-leftLanguageFrenchCeased publication24 March 1794 (1794-03-24)HeadquartersParis, French RepublicCirculationUnknown
Le Père Duchesne (French pronunciation: ; "Old Man Duchesne" or "Father Duchesne") was an extreme radical newspaper during the French Revolution, edited by Jacques Hébert, who published 385 issues from September 1790 until eleven days before his death by guillotine, which took place on March 24, 1794.
History
Père Duchesne
To be denounced as an enemy of the Republic by Le père Duchesne often led to the guillotine. The journal frequently used euphemistic language to call for the trial and execution of perceived enemies, such as calling for the "carriage with thirty-six doors" to take a "toad of the Marais" to "sneeze in the bag", "ask the time from the fanlight", or "try on Capet's necktie".
The anti-feminist views of the publication have been noted by numerous scholarly works. Women's political agency was maligned as a threat to society. Perverse imagery about women's bodies caricatured the threat posed by women's political power, for example, by incendiary accusations that blood flowed from the "miraculous teats" instead of breast milk.
Born in the fairs of the 18th century, Père Duchesne was a character representing the man of the people, always moved to denounce abuses and injustices. This imaginary character is found in a text entitled le plat de Carnaval ("the Carnival dish"), as well as an anonymous minor work in February 1789 called "Journey of Père Duchesne to Versailles" or "Père Duchesne's Anger at the Prospect of Abuses" in the same year.
In 1789, several pamphlets had been published under this name. In 1790, an employee of the post office by the name of Antoine Lemaire and Abbé Jean-Charles Jumel had been attacked in newspapers resorting to the fictional pseudonym Père Duchesne, but the Père Duchesne of Hébert, sold by the street-criers yelling "Père Duchesne is damn angry today!", was distinguished by the violence which characterized his style.
From 1790 to 1791, Père Duchesne represented the Jacobin Club, and eulogized King Louis XVI and the Marquis de La Fayette for their attempts to balance out the power of aristocrats and the people of France. After the king's attempted flight to Varennes the writers changed their views of Louis and blamed Marie Antoinette and Jean-Sifrein Maury, the great defender of papal authority against the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. In 1792, the government printed certain issues of Père Duchesne at the expense of the Republic, in order to distribute them to the army to rouse soldiers from a torpor considered dangerous to public safety.
The tone towards Louis changed drastically after his failed attempts to make changes to benefit the common people of France. La Fayette was also attacked after the Champ de Mars massacre. Marie Antoinette was criticized because she was partially seen as a reason for Louis's downfall. Her nationality was blamed because she was seen as an outsider who didn't deserve the king. The issues of children also brought trouble because it was believed that she was the reason for the infertility and this put a strain on Louis.
The paper continued to run until Hébert's death in 1794.
Focuses
It said that the country was ruled by the rich, but "nineteen-twentieths are neither rich nor merchants," but "this mass was always pure." The paper criticized the government's lack of actions in stopping counterrevolution and the "dictatorial actions" used to rule the country. It would often focus on specific people and events and completely degrade every single part of it. Hébert was a radical, never slow to express his opinion, and used profane language in the majority of his published pieces. The paper was used to fight off and call out other parties that contradicted the author's views, such as the Girondists.
The editor had followers who called themselves Hébertists. Hébertists shared the idea of the dechristianization of France, which was a recurring topic in the paper.
In some cases, the paper would criticize the people whom it was trying to defend, the sans-culottes. It spoke of their "gullibility" when it came to the words of the government. It stated that they were a "sheep-like species" who "cannot see farther than their noses." The people were making it more difficult on themselves by believing what the government was telling them.
Camille Desmoulins
One of the main enemies of the paper was journalist Camille Desmoulins. Desmoulins was against the movement to dechristianize France, which Hébert and his followers supported. Père Duchesne and Desmoulins would often bicker back-and-forth within their respective papers. Desmoulins was executed a few weeks after Hébert.Issue attacking non-juror priests
End and revival of Père Duchesne
As soon as Hébert was guillotined, these counterfeit Père Duchesnes had a field day, producing parodies such as The great anger of Père Duchesne seeing his head fall from the national window. Others, such as Saint-Venant, would try, with Moustache without fear, to write new parodies in the spirit of the time and in the same lewd gutter style that characterized Hébert. Lebon published one of them in 1797, and Damane published 32 issues under the name Père Duchesne in Lyon. The title was reprised numerous times in the 19th century.
The title was used again hundreds of times afterwards, mainly during revolutionary periods, for publications with no direct connection to the original: for example, during the July Revolution of 1830, the Revolution of 1848, and during the Paris Commune (1871).
References
^ a b "Jacques Hebert | French political journalist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
^ Douthwaite, Julia V.. The Wild Girl, Natural Man, and the Monster: Dangerous Experiments in the Age of Enlightenment. University of Chicago Press, 2010.
^ Colwill, Elizabeth (1989). "Just Another 'Citoyenne?' Marie-Antoinette on Trial, 1790-1793". History Workshop Journal. 28: 72–73. doi:10.1093/hwj/28.1.63.
^ Holbrook, Sabra (1977). Lafayette, Man in the Middle. Atheneum Books. ISBN 978-0-689-30585-6.
^ a b Cowans, Jon (2001). To Speak for the People. Routledge. ISBN 9781135307561.
^ Claretie, Jules (1876). Camille Desmoulins and His Wife: Passages from the History of the Dantonists. London: Smith, Elder, & Co.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Père Duchesne (19th century)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Duchesne_(19th_century)"},{"link_name":"[lə pɛʁ dyʃɛːn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Jacques Hébert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert"},{"link_name":"guillotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"For the 19th century newspaper, see Le Père Duchesne (19th century).Le Père Duchesne (French pronunciation: [lə pɛʁ dyʃɛːn]; \"Old Man Duchesne\" or \"Father Duchesne\") was an extreme radical newspaper during the French Revolution, edited by Jacques Hébert, who published 385 issues from September 1790 until eleven days before his death by guillotine, which took place on March 24, 1794.[1]","title":"Le Père Duchesne"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Pere_Duchesne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Republic"},{"link_name":"toad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_traitor"},{"link_name":"Marais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plain"},{"link_name":"sneeze in the bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitation"},{"link_name":"fanlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine"},{"link_name":"Capet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"necktie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"fairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair"},{"link_name":"Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pamphlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphlet"},{"link_name":"Abbé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jacobin Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_Club"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Marquis de La Fayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_La_Fayette"},{"link_name":"flight to Varennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes"},{"link_name":"Marie Antoinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette"},{"link_name":"Jean-Sifrein Maury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury"},{"link_name":"papal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Civil Constitution of the Clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Champ de Mars massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_Massacre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"Père DuchesneTo be denounced as an enemy of the Republic by Le père Duchesne often led to the guillotine. The journal frequently used euphemistic language to call for the trial and execution of perceived enemies, such as calling for the \"carriage with thirty-six doors\" to take a \"toad of the Marais\" to \"sneeze in the bag\", \"ask the time from the fanlight\", or \"try on Capet's necktie\".The anti-feminist views of the publication have been noted by numerous scholarly works. Women's political agency was maligned as a threat to society. Perverse imagery about women's bodies caricatured the threat posed by women's political power, for example, by incendiary accusations that blood flowed from the \"miraculous teats\" instead of breast milk.[2]Born in the fairs of the 18th century, Père Duchesne was a character representing the man of the people, always moved to denounce abuses and injustices. This imaginary character is found in a text entitled le plat de Carnaval (\"the Carnival dish\"), as well as an anonymous minor work in February 1789 called \"Journey of Père Duchesne to Versailles\" or \"Père Duchesne's Anger at the Prospect of Abuses\" in the same year.[citation needed]In 1789, several pamphlets had been published under this name. In 1790, an employee of the post office by the name of Antoine Lemaire and Abbé Jean-Charles Jumel had been attacked in newspapers resorting to the fictional pseudonym Père Duchesne, but the Père Duchesne of Hébert, sold by the street-criers yelling \"Père Duchesne is damn angry today!\", was distinguished by the violence which characterized his style.[citation needed]From 1790 to 1791, Père Duchesne represented the Jacobin Club, and eulogized King Louis XVI and the Marquis de La Fayette for their attempts to balance out the power of aristocrats and the people of France. After the king's attempted flight to Varennes the writers changed their views of Louis and blamed Marie Antoinette and Jean-Sifrein Maury, the great defender of papal authority against the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.[3] In 1792, the government printed certain issues of Père Duchesne at the expense of the Republic, in order to distribute them to the army to rouse soldiers from a torpor considered dangerous to public safety.[citation needed]The tone towards Louis changed drastically after his failed attempts to make changes to benefit the common people of France. La Fayette was also attacked after the Champ de Mars massacre.[4] Marie Antoinette was criticized because she was partially seen as a reason for Louis's downfall. Her nationality was blamed because she was seen as an outsider who didn't deserve the king. The issues of children also brought trouble because it was believed that she was the reason for the infertility and this put a strain on Louis.The paper continued to run until Hébert's death in 1794.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"dechristianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sans-culottes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-culottes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"It said that the country was ruled by the rich, but \"nineteen-twentieths are neither rich nor merchants,\" but \"this mass was always pure.\" The paper criticized the government's lack of actions in stopping counterrevolution and the \"dictatorial actions\" used to rule the country. It would often focus on specific people and events and completely degrade every single part of it. Hébert was a radical, never slow to express his opinion, and used profane language in the majority of his published pieces. The paper was used to fight off and call out other parties that contradicted the author's views, such as the Girondists.[5]The editor had followers who called themselves Hébertists. Hébertists shared the idea of the dechristianization of France, which was a recurring topic in the paper.[citation needed]In some cases, the paper would criticize the people whom it was trying to defend, the sans-culottes. It spoke of their \"gullibility\" when it came to the words of the government. It stated that they were a \"sheep-like species\" who \"cannot see farther than their noses.\" The people were making it more difficult on themselves by believing what the government was telling them.[5]","title":"Focuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camille Desmoulins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PereDuchesne1792a.png"},{"link_name":"non-juror priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy"}],"text":"One of the main enemies of the paper was journalist Camille Desmoulins. Desmoulins was against the movement to dechristianize France, which Hébert and his followers supported. Père Duchesne and Desmoulins would often bicker back-and-forth within their respective papers. Desmoulins was executed a few weeks after Hébert.[6]Issue attacking non-juror priests","title":"Camille Desmoulins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"19th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Duchesne_(19th_century)"},{"link_name":"July Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Revolution of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1848_in_France"},{"link_name":"Paris Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune"}],"text":"As soon as Hébert was guillotined, these counterfeit Père Duchesnes had a field day, producing parodies such as The great anger of Père Duchesne seeing his head fall from the national window. Others, such as Saint-Venant, would try, with Moustache without fear, to write new parodies in the spirit of the time and in the same lewd gutter style that characterized Hébert. Lebon published one of them in 1797, and Damane published 32 issues under the name Père Duchesne in Lyon. The title was reprised numerous times in the 19th century.The title was used again hundreds of times afterwards, mainly during revolutionary periods, for publications with no direct connection to the original: for example, during the July Revolution of 1830, the Revolution of 1848, and during the Paris Commune (1871).","title":"End and revival of Père Duchesne"}] | [{"image_text":"Père Duchesne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Le_Pere_Duchesne.jpg/220px-Le_Pere_Duchesne.jpg"},{"image_text":"Issue attacking non-juror priests","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/PereDuchesne1792a.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jacques Hebert | French political journalist\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Hebert#ref154827","url_text":"\"Jacques Hebert | French political journalist\""}]},{"reference":"Colwill, Elizabeth (1989). \"Just Another 'Citoyenne?' Marie-Antoinette on Trial, 1790-1793\". History Workshop Journal. 28: 72–73. doi:10.1093/hwj/28.1.63.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2F28.1.63","url_text":"10.1093/hwj/28.1.63"}]},{"reference":"Holbrook, Sabra (1977). Lafayette, Man in the Middle. Atheneum Books. ISBN 978-0-689-30585-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lafayettemaninmi0000holb","url_text":"Lafayette, Man in the Middle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-689-30585-6","url_text":"978-0-689-30585-6"}]},{"reference":"Cowans, Jon (2001). To Speak for the People. Routledge. ISBN 9781135307561.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DvVRAwAAQBAJ&dq=le+pere+duchesne&pg=PA227","url_text":"To Speak for the People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135307561","url_text":"9781135307561"}]},{"reference":"Claretie, Jules (1876). Camille Desmoulins and His Wife: Passages from the History of the Dantonists. London: Smith, Elder, & Co.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Hebert#ref154827","external_links_name":"\"Jacques Hebert | French political journalist\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2F28.1.63","external_links_name":"10.1093/hwj/28.1.63"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lafayettemaninmi0000holb","external_links_name":"Lafayette, Man in the Middle"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DvVRAwAAQBAJ&dq=le+pere+duchesne&pg=PA227","external_links_name":"To Speak for the People"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/213305013","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2010597258&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/135333822","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Army) | Captain (armed forces) | ["1 History","2 Air forces","3 Insignia","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"] | Not to be confused with Captain (naval) or Sea captain.
Army and air force officer rank equivalent to NATO code OF-2
This article is missing information about conditions of achieving this rank, promotion requirements, service length, authorities and responsibilities. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (November 2018)
Comparative military ranks
Armies,air forces (non-Commonwealth)
Navies, coast guards
Air forces(Commonwealth system)Flag commissioned officers
Field marshal or Marshal
Admiral of the fleet
Marshal of the air force
General orcolonel general orarmy general
Admiral
Air chief marshal
Lieutenant general orarmy corps general
Vice admiral
Air marshal
Major general ordivisional general
Rear admiral or Counter admiral
Air vice-marshal
Brigadier orbrigadier general
Commodore orflotilla admiral
Air commodoreSenior commissioned officers
Colonel
(Ship-of-the-line)Captain
Group captain
Lieutenant colonel
Frigate captain orCommander
Wing commander
Major orcommandant
Corvette captain or Lieutenantcommander
Squadron leaderJunior commissioned officers
Captain
Lieutenant
Flight lieutenant
First lieutenant orlieutenant
Lieutenantjunior grade or sub-lieutenant
Flying officer
Second lieutenant orjunior lieutenant
Ensign ormidshipman
Pilot officer
Officer cadet
Officer cadet
Flight cadetNon-commissioned officers
Warrant officer orsergeant major
Warrant officer orchief petty officer
Warrant officer
Sergeant
Petty officer
SergeantEnlisted ranks
Corporal orbombardier
Leading seaman
Corporal
Lance corporal orLance bombardier orSpecialist
Able seaman
Leading aircraftman
Private orgunner ortrooper orsapper
Seaman
Aircraftman orairman oraviator
vte
Captain Törni in the Finnish Army in 1944.
The army rank of captain (from the French capitaine) is a commissioned officer rank historically corresponding to the command of a company of soldiers. The rank is also used by some air forces and marine forces, but usually refers to a more senior officer. Today, a captain is typically either the commander or second-in-command of a company or artillery battery (or United States Army cavalry troop or Commonwealth squadron). In the Chinese People's Liberation Army, a captain may also command a company, or be the second-in-command of a battalion.
In some militaries, such as United States Army and Air Force and the British Army, captain is the entry-level rank for officer candidates possessing a professional degree, namely, most medical professionals (doctors, pharmacists, dentists) and lawyers. In the U.S. Army, lawyers who are not already officers at captain rank or above enter as lieutenants during training, and are promoted to the rank of captain after completion of their training if they are in the active component, or after a certain amount of time, usually one year from their date of commission as a lieutenant, for the reserve components.
The rank of captain should not be confused with the naval rank of captain, or with the UK-influenced air force rank of group captain, both of which are equivalent to the army rank of colonel.
History
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Captain" armed forces – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The term ultimately goes back to Late Latin capitaneus meaning "chief, prominent"; in Middle English adopted as capitayn in the 14th century, from Old French capitaine.
The military rank of captain was in use from the 1560s, referring to an officer who commands a company. The naval sense, an officer who commands a man-of-war, is somewhat earlier, from the 1550s, later extended in meaning to "master or commander of any kind of vessel".
A captain in the period prior to the professionalization of the armed services of European nations subsequent to the French Revolution, during the early modern period, was a nobleman who purchased the right to head a company from the previous holder of that right. He would in turn receive money from another nobleman to serve as his lieutenant. The funding to provide for the troops did not come from the monarch or their government; the captain responsible for feeding, housing, and provisioning their company. If he was unable to support the company, or was otherwise court-martialed, he would be dismissed ("cashiered"), and the monarch would sell his commission to another nobleman to command the company. Otherwise, the only pension for the captain was selling the right to another nobleman when he was ready to retire.
Air forces
Many air forces, such as the United States Air Force, use a rank structure and insignia similar to those of the army.
However, the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force, many other Commonwealth air forces and a few non-Commonwealth air forces use an air force-specific rank structure in which flight lieutenant is OF-2. A group captain is derived from the naval rank of captain.
Canada is a unique exception. Due to the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces in 1968, the air force rank titles are the same as those of the Canadian Army. However, like their Commonwealth counterparts, rank braids are pearl grey and increase in half strip increments. The decision was taken not to restore the historic rank titles for the RCAF due to it being deemed 'too confusing'.
Insignia
CapitánArgentine Army
Australian Army
Bangladesh Army
Belgian Land Component
Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina
CapitãoBrazilian Army
British Army/Royal Marines
Canadian Army
Colombian Army
KapitánCzech Republic Army
KapteeniFinnish Defence Force
CapitaineFrench Army
კაპიტანი (K’ap’it’ani) Georgian Army
Indian Army
KaptenIndonesian Army
CaptaenIrish Army
Capitano Italian Army
KapitonasLithuanian Land Force
Капетан (Kapetan)Macedonian Army
CapitánMexican Army
KapiteinRoyal Netherlands Army
KaptanPakistan Army
Capitán (Spanish)Kapitán (Filipino)Philippine Army
CaptainRepublic of Singapore Armed Forces
KapteinSouth African Army
Sri Lanka Army
KaptenSwedish Air Force
KaptenSwedish Army
YüzbaşıTurkish Army
YüzbaşıTurkish Air Force
U.S. Army (dress)
See also
Kapitan (rank)
Captain (United Kingdom)
Captain (United States)
Senior captain
Staff captain
Katepano
Rittmeister
Notes
References
^ căpĭtānĕus. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
^ Non-Commonwealth air forces using an air force-specific rank structure include the Egyptian Air Force, Hellenic Air Force, Royal Air Force of Oman, Royal Thai Air Force and the Air Force of Zimbabwe.
^ Force, Government of Canada, National Defence, Royal Canadian Air. "Article - Royal Canadian Air Force - Backgrounder - New insignia for the Royal Canadian Air Force". www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain (naval)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)"},{"link_name":"Sea captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_captain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kapteeni_T%C3%B6rni.jpg"},{"link_name":"Törni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni"},{"link_name":"commissioned officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"air forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force"},{"link_name":"marine forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marines"},{"link_name":"second-in-command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-in-command"},{"link_name":"artillery battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_cavalry"},{"link_name":"troop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troop"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(army)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"naval rank of captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)"},{"link_name":"group captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_captain"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Captain (naval) or Sea captain.Army and air force officer rank equivalent to NATO code OF-2Captain Törni in the Finnish Army in 1944.The army rank of captain (from the French capitaine) is a commissioned officer rank historically corresponding to the command of a company of soldiers. The rank is also used by some air forces and marine forces, but usually refers to a more senior officer. Today, a captain is typically either the commander or second-in-command of a company or artillery battery (or United States Army cavalry troop or Commonwealth squadron). In the Chinese People's Liberation Army, a captain may also command a company, or be the second-in-command of a battalion.In some militaries, such as United States Army and Air Force and the British Army, captain is the entry-level rank for officer candidates possessing a professional degree, namely, most medical professionals (doctors, pharmacists, dentists) and lawyers. In the U.S. Army, lawyers who are not already officers at captain rank or above enter as lieutenants during training, and are promoted to the rank of captain after completion of their training if they are in the active component, or after a certain amount of time, usually one year from their date of commission as a lieutenant, for the reserve components.The rank of captain should not be confused with the naval rank of captain, or with the UK-influenced air force rank of group captain, both of which are equivalent to the army rank of colonel.","title":"Captain (armed forces)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Late Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Latin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"Old French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"},{"link_name":"man-of-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-of-war"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"early modern period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_warfare"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"cashiered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashiering"}],"text":"The term ultimately goes back to Late Latin capitaneus meaning \"chief, prominent\";[1] in Middle English adopted as capitayn in the 14th century, from Old French capitaine.The military rank of captain was in use from the 1560s, referring to an officer who commands a company. The naval sense, an officer who commands a man-of-war, is somewhat earlier, from the 1550s, later extended in meaning to \"master or commander of any kind of vessel\".\nA captain in the period prior to the professionalization of the armed services of European nations subsequent to the French Revolution, during the early modern period, was a nobleman who purchased the right to head a company from the previous holder of that right. He would in turn receive money from another nobleman to serve as his lieutenant. The funding to provide for the troops did not come from the monarch or their government; the captain responsible for feeding, housing, and provisioning their company. If he was unable to support the company, or was otherwise court-martialed, he would be dismissed (\"cashiered\"), and the monarch would sell his commission to another nobleman to command the company. Otherwise, the only pension for the captain was selling the right to another nobleman when he was ready to retire.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"flight lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"group captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_captain"},{"link_name":"Canadian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Many air forces, such as the United States Air Force, use a rank structure and insignia similar to those of the army.However, the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force, many other Commonwealth air forces and a few non-Commonwealth air forces[2] use an air force-specific rank structure in which flight lieutenant is OF-2. A group captain is derived from the naval rank of captain.Canada is a unique exception. Due to the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces in 1968, the air force rank titles are the same as those of the Canadian Army. However, like their Commonwealth counterparts, rank braids are pearl grey and increase in half strip increments. The decision was taken not to restore the historic rank titles for the RCAF due to it being deemed 'too confusing'. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Hidalgo | Giovanni Hidalgo | ["1 Early years","2 Music career","3 Awards and honors","4 Discography","4.1 As leader","4.2 As sideman","5 Filmography","6 See also","7 References"] | Puerto Rican percussionist and music educator
Giovanni HidalgoBackground informationBorn (1963-11-22) November 22, 1963 (age 60)San Juan, Puerto RicoGenres
Latin jazz
world music
Occupation(s)
Musician
educator
Instrument(s)PercussionMusical artist
Giovanni Hidalgo a.k.a. "Mañenguito" (born November 22, 1963) is a Latin jazz percussionist.
Early years
Hidalgo was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where he received his primary education. His grandfather was a musician, and his father, José Manuel Hidalgo "Mañengue", was a renowned conga player. Hidalgo was raised in a household surrounded by drums, bongos, congas, and timbales. For his eighth birthday, he received a conga which was handmade by his father. As a young child he practiced and developed his skills on the conga and on other instruments in his house. Hidalgo would drum a tune with sticks and then play the same tune with his hands.
Music career
Hidalgo auditioned and was hired by the Batacumbele Band in 1980. In 1981, he traveled with the band to Cuba, where he met a musician by the name José Luis Quintana, a.k.a. Changuito. They created a style of rhythm that ushered in a new era in Latin music.
In 1985, Hidalgo was performing with Eddie Palmieri at the Village Gate in New York City when Dizzy Gillespie walked in and listened to him play. Gillespie was so impressed with Hidalgo that he told him that someday in the future they must get together and play. In 1988 Hidalgo joined Gillespie's United Nation Orchestra.
In 1992, Hidalgo was hired as an adjunct professor at the Berklee College of Music in Boston. He taught many types of rhythm: Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, reggae, African, and jazz. He held this academic position until 1996.
During his career, he has worked with Bola Abimbola, Sikiru Adepoju, Art Blakey, Muruga Booker, Jack Bruce, Don Byron, Candido Camero, D'Angelo, Paulinho da Costa, Steve Gadd, Sammy Hagar, Kip Hanrahan, Zakir Hussain, Cassius Khan, Airto Moreira, Charlie Palmieri, Tito Puente, Hilton Ruiz, Paul Simon, and Carlos "Patato" Valdes.
On October 31, 2010, he performed with the rock band Phish during their Halloween concert. The band performed Waiting for Columbus by Little Feat with Hildalgo on percussion (with the exception of "Don't Bogart That Joint", which was performed a cappella) and a brass section of Aaron Johnson, Stuart Bogie, Ian Hendrickson, Michael Leonhart, and Eric Biondo.
In October 2016, the ring finger of his left hand was amputated due to an infection related to diabetes. In March, 2017 a benefit for him was held at the Lehman Center for the Performing Arts in the Bronx, New York to assist him with his expenses. Since his amputations, Giovanni Hidalgo has adapted his playing style and now often uses sticks, developing a new and innovative approach to his music. He sometimes still plays with his hands, incorporating his unique techniques into his performances.
Awards and honors
In 1991 Hidalgo received a Grammy Award for his contribution to the album Planet Drum (Rykodisc, 1991), performed by an ensemble of the same name led by Mickey Hart of The Grateful Dead. He played on another one of Hart's Grammy-winning albums, Global Drum Project and on the album Danzón (Dance On) (GRP, 1993) by Arturo Sandoval which won the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Performance. Hands of Rhythm (RMM, 1997), Hidalgo's album with Michel Camilo, received a Grammy nomination, as did The Body Acoustic (Chesky, 2004), al album recorded by Hidalgo, David Chesky, Randy Brecker, Bob Mintzer, and Andy Gonzalez.
In May 2010, Hidalgo was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music during the sixteenth consecutive year that faculty members from the school visited Puerto Rico for one of its global outreach programs.
Discography
As leader
1992: Villa Hidalgo (Pimienta)
1993: Worldwide (RMM)
1995: Time Shifter (RMM)
1997: Hands of Rhythm (RMM)
1999: Best Friends (Sony)
As sideman
With Batacumbele
1981: Con Un Poco De Songo (Tierrazo, TLP-008)
1983: En Aquellos Tiempos (Tierrazo, TLP-0011)
1987: Afro Caribbean Jazz (Montuno)
1988: In Concert: Live at the University of Puerto Rico (Montuno)
1999: Hijos del Tambó (Casa de los Tapes)
With Zaperoko
1984: Still Crazy (Montuno)
1986: Tarde en la Noche (Zap's)
2006: Zaperoko 3 (Libertad)
With Dave Valentin
1987: Mind Time (GRP)
1988: Live at the Blue Note (GRP)
With Kip Hanrahan
1985: Few Short Notes From the End Run (Justin Time)
1990: Tenderness (Yellowbird)
1995: All Roads Are Made of the Flesh (American Clave)
With Airto Moreira
1986: Aqui Se Puede (Montuno)
1989: Samba De Flora (Montuno)
1992: The Other Side of This (Rykodisc)
2000: Homeless
2003: Life After That (Narada)
With Hilton Ruiz
1992: Manhattan Mambo Soundtrack (Telarc)
1992: Live at Birdland (Candid)
1995: Hands on Percussion (RMM)
With Paquito D'Rivera
1987: Celebration (Columbia)
1990: Reunion (Termidor)
With Eddie Palmieri
1984: Palo Pá Rumba (Fania)
1985: Solito (Fania)
1987: The Truth-La Verdad (Fania)
2005: Listen Here! (Concord)
With Jazz Hamilton
2008: My Soul (Akoustik)
With The Brian Lynch / Eddie Palmieri Project
2006: Simpático (ArtistShare)
With Tito Puente
1992: Live at the Village Gate (Tropi Jazz)
1993: Golden Latin Jazz All Stars in Session (RMM)
2002: Live at the Playboy Jazz Festival (Playboy Jazz)
With Mickey Hart
1991: Planet Drum (Rykodisc)
1998: Supralingua (Rykodisc)
1996: Mickey Hart's Mystery Box (Rykodisc)
2009: Global Drum Project (Shout! Factory)
2012: Mysterium Tremendum (360° Productions)
2022: In the Groove (Valley Entertainment)
With Flora Purim
1992: Queen of the Night(Sound Wave)
1994: Speed of Light (Meltdown/B&W)
2002: Flora Purim Sings Milton Nascimento (Narada)
2005: Flora's Song (Narada)
With Humberto Ramirez
1992: Jazz Project (Tropi Jazz)
1993: Aspects (RMM)
1999: Best Friends (Sony Discos)
With Michel Camilo
1994: One More Once (Columbia)
2011: Mano a Mano (EmArcy/Pgd)
With Freddie Hubbard
1991: Bolivia (Musicmasters)
1998: God Bless the Child (Musicmasters)
With Dizzy Gillespie
1989: Live at the Royal Festival Hall (Enja)
2007: Live at the Jazz Plaza Festival 1985 (MVD)
With McCoy Tyner
1999: McCoy Tyner & The Latin All-Stars (Telarc)
2007: Afro Blue (Telarc)
With Jerry Rivera
1990: Abriendo Puertas (Discos CBS)
2009: DOS Clasicos (Sony)
With others
1986: Word Up! – Cameo (Mercury)
1986: Llegó el Gavilán – Kim de los Santos (Pa'Lante Records)
1989: Kim de los Santos – Kim de los Santos (Musical Productions)
1992: Pintando Lunas – Domingo Quiñones (RMM)
1993: Heroes – Hilton Ruiz (Telarc)
1993: Danzon (Dance On) – Arturo Sandoval (GRP)
1996: Evolucionando – Johnny Almendra (RMM)
1997: Marching to Mars – Sammy Hagar (Universal)
1998: Larry Harlow's Latin Legend Band – Larry Harlow (Sony Discos)
1998: Antiguo – Gonzalo Rubalcaba (Blue Note)
1998: Havana Blues – Armando Rodriguez (Palmetto)
2000: Rhythms for a New Millennium – Alex Acuña (Tonga)
2000: Best Kept Secret – Ralph Irizarry (Shanachie)
2000: Conga Kings – Candido Camero (Chesky)
2000: Galeria Caribe – Ricardo Arjona (Sony)
2000: Imprint – John Patitucci (Concord Jazz)
2000: Voodoo – D'Angelo (Cheeba/Virgin)
2001: Yo Por Ti – Olga Tañón (Warner Bros.)
2001: TNT (Trombone-N-Tenor) – Steve Turre (Telarc)
2001: Jazz Descargas – Conga Kings (Chesky)
2002: Mondo Head – Kodo (Red Ink)
2002: Together Again – Juan Pablo Torres (MusicHaus)
2002: Lo Bueno De La Vida – Orlando Poleo (Sony)
2004: Body Acoustic – Body Acoustic (Chesky)
2004: Desahogo – Vico-C (EMI)
2004: My Music, My Friends, My Time – Oskar Cartaya (O.Y.E.)
2004: Como Nunca...Como Siempre – Limi-T 21 (EMI Latin)
2005: Sabor Cubano – Alina Izquierdo (Pimienta)
2006: Descarga En California – Rebeca Mauleon (Pimienta)
2006: Masa Con Masa – Millo Torres (Machete)
2006: Codes – Ignacio Berroa (Blue Note)
2006: Telegrafia Sin Hilo – Changuito (Cacao Musica)
2007: De Corazon A Corazon – Team Vip (Union Music Group)
2007: Jazz, Baby! – Doug Beavers (Origin)
2007: En Primera Plana – Issac Delgado (La Calle)
2007: 90 Millas – Gloria Estefan (Solar Music Group)
2008: Canto a America Latina – Andres Jimenez (Cuatro Menguante)
Filmography
1995 - Conga Virtuoso (DVD) Warner Bros.
1996 - In The Tradition (DVD) Warner Bros.
2004 - Traveling Through Time (with Horacio Hernandez) (DVD) Music Video Distributors
See also
Puerto Rico portal
List of Puerto Ricans
References
^ a b c Drummer World
^ a b Congahead interview Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ Phish Covers
^ "Eddie Palmieri and Others to Play Benefit for Drummer Giovanni Hidalgo". Archived from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
^ "Berklee in Puerto Rico - JazzTimes". Archived from the original on 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
^ "Giovanni Hidalgo | Album Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
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National
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BnF data
Germany
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_jazz"}],"text":"Musical artistGiovanni Hidalgo a.k.a. \"Mañenguito\" (born November 22, 1963) is a Latin jazz percussionist.","title":"Giovanni Hidalgo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"conga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CH-2"}],"text":"Hidalgo was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where he received his primary education. His grandfather was a musician, and his father, José Manuel Hidalgo \"Mañengue\", was a renowned conga player. Hidalgo was raised in a household surrounded by drums, bongos, congas, and timbales.[1] For his eighth birthday, he received a conga which was handmade by his father. As a young child he practiced and developed his skills on the conga and on other instruments in his house. Hidalgo would drum a tune with sticks and then play the same tune with his hands.[2]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Changuito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changuito"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CH-2"},{"link_name":"Eddie Palmieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Palmieri"},{"link_name":"Village Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Gate"},{"link_name":"Dizzy Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-1"},{"link_name":"Berklee College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"Bola Abimbola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Abimbola"},{"link_name":"Sikiru Adepoju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikiru_Adepoju"},{"link_name":"Art Blakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Blakey"},{"link_name":"Muruga Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muruga_Booker"},{"link_name":"Jack Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Don Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Byron"},{"link_name":"Candido Camero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candido_Camero"},{"link_name":"D'Angelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Angelo"},{"link_name":"Paulinho da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinho_da_Costa"},{"link_name":"Steve Gadd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gadd"},{"link_name":"Sammy Hagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Hagar"},{"link_name":"Kip Hanrahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_Hanrahan"},{"link_name":"Zakir Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Cassius Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassius_Khan"},{"link_name":"Airto Moreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airto_Moreira"},{"link_name":"Charlie Palmieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Palmieri"},{"link_name":"Tito Puente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Puente"},{"link_name":"Hilton Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Ruiz"},{"link_name":"Paul Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simon"},{"link_name":"Carlos \"Patato\" Valdes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_%22Patato%22_Valdes"},{"link_name":"Phish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phish"},{"link_name":"Waiting for Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Columbus"},{"link_name":"Little Feat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Feat"},{"link_name":"Michael Leonhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Leonhart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hidalgo auditioned and was hired by the Batacumbele Band in 1980. In 1981, he traveled with the band to Cuba, where he met a musician by the name José Luis Quintana, a.k.a. Changuito. They created a style of rhythm that ushered in a new era in Latin music.[1][2]In 1985, Hidalgo was performing with Eddie Palmieri at the Village Gate in New York City when Dizzy Gillespie walked in and listened to him play. Gillespie was so impressed with Hidalgo that he told him that someday in the future they must get together and play. In 1988 Hidalgo joined Gillespie's United Nation Orchestra.[1]In 1992, Hidalgo was hired as an adjunct professor at the Berklee College of Music in Boston. He taught many types of rhythm: Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, reggae, African, and jazz. He held this academic position until 1996.During his career, he has worked with Bola Abimbola, Sikiru Adepoju, Art Blakey, Muruga Booker, Jack Bruce, Don Byron, Candido Camero, D'Angelo, Paulinho da Costa, Steve Gadd, Sammy Hagar, Kip Hanrahan, Zakir Hussain, Cassius Khan, Airto Moreira, Charlie Palmieri, Tito Puente, Hilton Ruiz, Paul Simon, and Carlos \"Patato\" Valdes.On October 31, 2010, he performed with the rock band Phish during their Halloween concert. The band performed Waiting for Columbus by Little Feat with Hildalgo on percussion (with the exception of \"Don't Bogart That Joint\", which was performed a cappella) and a brass section of Aaron Johnson, Stuart Bogie, Ian Hendrickson, Michael Leonhart, and Eric Biondo.[3]In October 2016, the ring finger of his left hand was amputated due to an infection related to diabetes. In March, 2017 a benefit for him was held at the Lehman Center for the Performing Arts in the Bronx, New York to assist him with his expenses.[4] Since his amputations, Giovanni Hidalgo has adapted his playing style and now often uses sticks, developing a new and innovative approach to his music. He sometimes still plays with his hands, incorporating his unique techniques into his performances.","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Planet Drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Drum"},{"link_name":"Rykodisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rykodisc"},{"link_name":"Mickey Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Hart"},{"link_name":"The Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"Global Drum Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Drum_Project"},{"link_name":"Danzón (Dance On)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danz%C3%B3n_(Dance_On)"},{"link_name":"GRP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRP_Records"},{"link_name":"Arturo Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"RMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMM_Records_%26_Video"},{"link_name":"Michel Camilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Camilo"},{"link_name":"Chesky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesky_Records"},{"link_name":"David Chesky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chesky"},{"link_name":"Randy Brecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Brecker"},{"link_name":"Bob Mintzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mintzer"},{"link_name":"Andy Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Berklee College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1991 Hidalgo received a Grammy Award for his contribution to the album Planet Drum (Rykodisc, 1991), performed by an ensemble of the same name led by Mickey Hart of The Grateful Dead. He played on another one of Hart's Grammy-winning albums, Global Drum Project and on the album Danzón (Dance On) (GRP, 1993) by Arturo Sandoval which won the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Performance. Hands of Rhythm (RMM, 1997), Hidalgo's album with Michel Camilo, received a Grammy nomination, as did The Body Acoustic (Chesky, 2004), al album recorded by Hidalgo, David Chesky, Randy Brecker, Bob Mintzer, and Andy Gonzalez.In May 2010, Hidalgo was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music during the sixteenth consecutive year that faculty members from the school visited Puerto Rico for one of its global outreach programs.[5]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMM_Records_%26_Video"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM_discog-6"}],"sub_title":"As leader","text":"1992: Villa Hidalgo (Pimienta)\n1993: Worldwide (RMM)\n1995: Time Shifter (RMM)\n1997: Hands of Rhythm (RMM)\n1999: Best Friends (Sony)[6]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Valentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Valentin"},{"link_name":"GRP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRP_Records"},{"link_name":"Kip Hanrahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_Hanrahan"},{"link_name":"Justin Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Time_Records"},{"link_name":"Airto Moreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airto_Moreira"},{"link_name":"Narada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada_Productions"},{"link_name":"Hilton Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Ruiz"},{"link_name":"Telarc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telarc"},{"link_name":"Candid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candid_Records"},{"link_name":"Paquito D'Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquito_D%27Rivera"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Eddie Palmieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Palmieri"},{"link_name":"Jazz Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Brian Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lynch_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Palmieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Palmieri"},{"link_name":"Tito Puente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Puente"},{"link_name":"Mickey Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Hart"},{"link_name":"Rykodisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rykodisc"},{"link_name":"Supralingua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supralingua"},{"link_name":"Mickey Hart's Mystery Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Hart%27s_Mystery_Box"},{"link_name":"Global Drum Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Drum_Project"},{"link_name":"Shout! Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Factory"},{"link_name":"Mysterium Tremendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysterium_Tremendum"},{"link_name":"In the Groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Groove_(Planet_Drum_album)"},{"link_name":"Flora Purim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Purim"},{"link_name":"Sony Discos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Discos"},{"link_name":"Michel Camilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Camilo"},{"link_name":"Freddie Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"Musicmasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Heritage_Society"},{"link_name":"Dizzy Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"Live at the Royal Festival Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Royal_Festival_Hall_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)"},{"link_name":"Enja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enja_Records"},{"link_name":"McCoy Tyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCoy_Tyner"},{"link_name":"Jerry Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Cameo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records"},{"link_name":"Domingo Quiñones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Qui%C3%B1ones"},{"link_name":"Arturo Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"Sammy Hagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Hagar"},{"link_name":"Larry Harlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Harlow_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Rubalcaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Rubalcaba"},{"link_name":"Blue Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Note_Records"},{"link_name":"Palmetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Records"},{"link_name":"Alex Acuña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Acu%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Shanachie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanachie_Records"},{"link_name":"Candido Camero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candido_Camero"},{"link_name":"Chesky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesky_Records"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Arjona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Arjona"},{"link_name":"John Patitucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patitucci"},{"link_name":"Concord Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Jazz"},{"link_name":"Voodoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_(D%27Angelo_album)"},{"link_name":"D'Angelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Angelo"},{"link_name":"Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records"},{"link_name":"Olga Tañón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Ta%C3%B1%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"Steve Turre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Turre"},{"link_name":"Kodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kod%C5%8D_(taiko_group)"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Torres_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Vico-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vico_C"},{"link_name":"Rebeca Mauleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeca_Mauleon"},{"link_name":"Millo Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millo_Torres"},{"link_name":"Machete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete_Music"},{"link_name":"Ignacio Berroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Berroa"},{"link_name":"Changuito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changuito"},{"link_name":"Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_Records"},{"link_name":"Issac Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issac_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Gloria Estefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Estefan"}],"sub_title":"As sideman","text":"With Batacumbele1981: Con Un Poco De Songo (Tierrazo, TLP-008)\n1983: En Aquellos Tiempos (Tierrazo, TLP-0011)\n1987: Afro Caribbean Jazz (Montuno)\n1988: In Concert: Live at the University of Puerto Rico (Montuno)\n1999: Hijos del Tambó (Casa de los Tapes)With Zaperoko1984: Still Crazy (Montuno)\n1986: Tarde en la Noche (Zap's)\n2006: Zaperoko 3 (Libertad)With Dave Valentin1987: Mind Time (GRP)\n1988: Live at the Blue Note (GRP)With Kip Hanrahan1985: Few Short Notes From the End Run (Justin Time)\n1990: Tenderness (Yellowbird)\n1995: All Roads Are Made of the Flesh (American Clave)With Airto Moreira1986: Aqui Se Puede (Montuno)\n1989: Samba De Flora (Montuno)\n1992: The Other Side of This (Rykodisc)\n2000: Homeless\n2003: Life After That (Narada)With Hilton Ruiz1992: Manhattan Mambo Soundtrack (Telarc)\n1992: Live at Birdland (Candid)\n1995: Hands on Percussion (RMM)With Paquito D'Rivera1987: Celebration (Columbia)\n1990: Reunion (Termidor)With Eddie Palmieri1984: Palo Pá Rumba (Fania)\n1985: Solito (Fania)\n1987: The Truth-La Verdad (Fania)\n2005: Listen Here! (Concord)With Jazz Hamilton2008: My Soul (Akoustik)With The Brian Lynch / Eddie Palmieri Project2006: Simpático (ArtistShare)With Tito Puente1992: Live at the Village Gate (Tropi Jazz)\n1993: Golden Latin Jazz All Stars in Session (RMM)\n2002: Live at the Playboy Jazz Festival (Playboy Jazz)With Mickey Hart1991: Planet Drum (Rykodisc)\n1998: Supralingua (Rykodisc)\n1996: Mickey Hart's Mystery Box (Rykodisc)\n2009: Global Drum Project (Shout! Factory)\n2012: Mysterium Tremendum (360° Productions)\n2022: In the Groove (Valley Entertainment)With Flora Purim1992: Queen of the Night(Sound Wave)\n1994: Speed of Light (Meltdown/B&W)\n2002: Flora Purim Sings Milton Nascimento (Narada)\n2005: Flora's Song (Narada)With Humberto Ramirez1992: Jazz Project (Tropi Jazz)\n1993: Aspects (RMM)\n1999: Best Friends (Sony Discos)With Michel Camilo1994: One More Once (Columbia)\n2011: Mano a Mano (EmArcy/Pgd)With Freddie Hubbard1991: Bolivia (Musicmasters)\n1998: God Bless the Child (Musicmasters)With Dizzy Gillespie1989: Live at the Royal Festival Hall (Enja)\n2007: Live at the Jazz Plaza Festival 1985 (MVD)With McCoy Tyner1999: McCoy Tyner & The Latin All-Stars (Telarc)\n2007: Afro Blue (Telarc)With Jerry Rivera1990: Abriendo Puertas (Discos CBS)\n2009: DOS Clasicos (Sony)With others1986: Word Up! – Cameo (Mercury)\n1986: Llegó el Gavilán – Kim de los Santos (Pa'Lante Records)\n1989: Kim de los Santos – Kim de los Santos (Musical Productions)\n1992: Pintando Lunas – Domingo Quiñones (RMM)\n1993: Heroes – Hilton Ruiz (Telarc)\n1993: Danzon (Dance On) – Arturo Sandoval (GRP)\n1996: Evolucionando – Johnny Almendra (RMM)\n1997: Marching to Mars – Sammy Hagar (Universal)\n1998: Larry Harlow's Latin Legend Band – Larry Harlow (Sony Discos)\n1998: Antiguo – Gonzalo Rubalcaba (Blue Note)\n1998: Havana Blues – Armando Rodriguez (Palmetto)\n2000: Rhythms for a New Millennium – Alex Acuña (Tonga)\n2000: Best Kept Secret – Ralph Irizarry (Shanachie)\n2000: Conga Kings – Candido Camero (Chesky)\n2000: Galeria Caribe – Ricardo Arjona (Sony)\n2000: Imprint – John Patitucci (Concord Jazz)\n2000: Voodoo – D'Angelo (Cheeba/Virgin)\n2001: Yo Por Ti – Olga Tañón (Warner Bros.)\n2001: TNT (Trombone-N-Tenor) – Steve Turre (Telarc)\n2001: Jazz Descargas – Conga Kings (Chesky)\n2002: Mondo Head – Kodo (Red Ink)\n2002: Together Again – Juan Pablo Torres (MusicHaus)\n2002: Lo Bueno De La Vida – Orlando Poleo (Sony)\n2004: Body Acoustic – Body Acoustic (Chesky)\n2004: Desahogo – Vico-C (EMI)\n2004: My Music, My Friends, My Time – Oskar Cartaya (O.Y.E.)\n2004: Como Nunca...Como Siempre – Limi-T 21 (EMI Latin)\n2005: Sabor Cubano – Alina Izquierdo (Pimienta)\n2006: Descarga En California – Rebeca Mauleon (Pimienta)\n2006: Masa Con Masa – Millo Torres (Machete)\n2006: Codes – Ignacio Berroa (Blue Note)\n2006: Telegrafia Sin Hilo – Changuito (Cacao Musica)\n2007: De Corazon A Corazon – Team Vip (Union Music Group)\n2007: Jazz, Baby! – Doug Beavers (Origin)\n2007: En Primera Plana – Issac Delgado (La Calle)\n2007: 90 Millas – Gloria Estefan (Solar Music Group)\n2008: Canto a America Latina – Andres Jimenez (Cuatro Menguante)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Horacio Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_Hernandez"}],"text":"1995 - Conga Virtuoso (DVD) Warner Bros.\n1996 - In The Tradition (DVD) Warner Bros.\n2004 - Traveling Through Time (with Horacio Hernandez) (DVD) Music Video Distributors","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Puerto Rico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"List of Puerto Ricans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Ricans"}] | [{"reference":"\"Eddie Palmieri and Others to Play Benefit for Drummer Giovanni Hidalgo\". Archived from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171214234725/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20170302/bedford-park/bernie-williams-eddie-palmieri-giovanni-hidalgo-benefit-concert","url_text":"\"Eddie Palmieri and Others to Play Benefit for Drummer Giovanni Hidalgo\""},{"url":"https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20170302/bedford-park/bernie-williams-eddie-palmieri-giovanni-hidalgo-benefit-concert/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Berklee in Puerto Rico - JazzTimes\". Archived from the original on 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110957/https://jazztimes.com/columns/franckling/berklee-in-puerto-rico/","url_text":"\"Berklee in Puerto Rico - JazzTimes\""},{"url":"https://jazztimes.com/columns/franckling/berklee-in-puerto-rico/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Giovanni Hidalgo | Album Discography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/giovanni-hidalgo-mn0000553486/discography","url_text":"\"Giovanni Hidalgo | Album Discography\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.drummerworld.com/drummers/Giovanni_Hidalgo.html","external_links_name":"Drummer World"},{"Link":"http://www.congahead.com/Musicians/Meet_Musicians/Hidalgo/hidalgo.html","external_links_name":"Congahead interview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509161338/http://www.congahead.com/Musicians/Meet_Musicians/Hidalgo/hidalgo.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jambands.com/news/2010/11/01/phish-covers-little-feat-s-waiting-for-columbus","external_links_name":"Phish Covers"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171214234725/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20170302/bedford-park/bernie-williams-eddie-palmieri-giovanni-hidalgo-benefit-concert","external_links_name":"\"Eddie Palmieri and Others to Play Benefit for Drummer Giovanni Hidalgo\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20170302/bedford-park/bernie-williams-eddie-palmieri-giovanni-hidalgo-benefit-concert/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110957/https://jazztimes.com/columns/franckling/berklee-in-puerto-rico/","external_links_name":"\"Berklee in Puerto Rico - JazzTimes\""},{"Link":"https://jazztimes.com/columns/franckling/berklee-in-puerto-rico/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/giovanni-hidalgo-mn0000553486/discography","external_links_name":"\"Giovanni Hidalgo | Album Discography\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000005517448X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/39566773","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc7QPjdCjX9xttPFQr6rq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5086403","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13941931z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13941931z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134784499","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93036160","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p156964783","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/giovanni-hidalgo/3050","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0089f604-96bb-409f-a90c-21a03294909f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/156625652","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Fertit | Dār Fertit | ["1 History","2 Notes","3 References"] | Dār Fertit (also spelled Dar Fartit) is a historical term for the lowlands south of Darfur (Dar Fur) and east of the highlands in the east of the modern-day Central African Republic that contain tributaries of the White Nile River. This region included parts of southwestern Sudan and northwestern South Sudan. In the present era, Fertit is a catch-all word for non-Dinka, non-Arab, non-Luo, non-Fur groups and tribes in Western Bahr el Ghazal, South Sudan. Even though these groups often speak different languages and have a history of inter-tribal violence, they have become more unified over time, mostly out of opposition to the Dinka people.
Historically and down to the present, the region has been home to many ethnic groups and languages, some going back before 1800, others having migrated there since then. Dar Fertit has never been a united polity. Until the 1840s it, along with the rest of modern-day South Sudan, was unclaimed by any state, in particular the Muslim sultanates with slave-based economies that filled modern day southern Chad and the northern Central African Republic (among them Dar Fur, Dar Runga, Waddai, Dar al-Kuti, etc.). After that time, Egypt, then a domain of the Ottoman Empire, steadily expanded up the White Nile and then westwards, eventually annexing the region in 1873.
Today's Dar Fertit consists mostly of the western part of Raga County (pronounced 'raja') in Western Bahr el Ghazal. The Fertit also live in the northwestern part of Western Equatoria and in the northwesternmost corner of Northern Bahr el Ghazal.
History
The region, and adjacent regions at the same latitudes, have an inhospitable terrain which becomes impassable during the wet season. From the 1700s on, Dar Fur and other Muslim sultanates would raid this region for slaves or would levy slaves from the communities there. The name "Fertit", whose etymology has been lost to history, came to be applied to the populations living south of Dar Fur, and it signified non-Muslims, people who were legally enslavable. Throughout the 1800s, individuals and peoples from the west and north fled to "Dar Fertit" seeking escape from slave raids.
As Egypt expanded into what is now South Sudan, it granted concessions to private merchants for gathering ivory and slaves. These merchants operated out of forts they constructed, called zaribas. For a time in the mid-1800s, one of these merchant warlords, al-Zubayr, conquered Dar Fertit and made it his personal domain. His zariba, Deim Zubeir (Zubayr's Camp), was the nucleus of the modern town of the same name.
Notes
^ Thomas 2010, p. 160.
^ Blocq (2017), pp. 176, 177.
^ Thomas 2010.
^ Thomas 2010, p. 13.
References
Blocq, Daniel S. (2017). "The grassroots nature of counterinsurgent tribal militia formation: the case of the Fertit in Southern Sudan, 1985–1989". In David M. Anderson; Øystein H. Rolandsen (eds.). Politics and Violence in eastern Africa. The Struggles of Emerging States. Abingdon-on-Thames, New York City: Routledge. pp. 172–186. ISBN 978-1-138-05961-0.
Thomas, Edward (2010), The Kafia Kingi enclave: People, politics and history in the north–south boundary zone of western Sudan, London and Nairobi: Rift Valley Institute (RVI)
vte Ethnic groups in South Sudan
Acholi
Aja
Angakuei
Anuak
Atuot
Avukaya
Baggara Arabs
Bai
Baka
Balanda Boor
Balanda Bviri
Bari
Binga
Bongo
Boya
Burun
Dār Fertit
Didinga
Dinka
Dongotona
Gollo
Ifoto
Imatong
Indri
Jikany Nuer
Jiye
Jumjum
Jur Beli
Jur Mananger
Kakwa
Kaligi
Kara
Keliko
Ketebo
Kichepo
Kuku
Lango
Logir
Lokoya
Lopit
Lotuko
Luwo
Madi
Makaraka
Mangayat
Morokodo
Moru
Mundari
Mundu
Murle
Ndogo
Ngok Lual Yak
Ngulgule
Nuer
Nyamusa
Nyangatom
Nyangwara
Olu'bo
Pari
Pojulu
Rek
Sere
Shilluk
Shita
Surma
Tacho
Tennet
Thuri
Tirma
Toposa
Yulu
Zande | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polity"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"Dar Runga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Runga"},{"link_name":"Waddai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_Region"},{"link_name":"Dar al-Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Kuti"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Raga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga_County"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2010-3"},{"link_name":"Western Bahr el Ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bahr_el_Ghazal"},{"link_name":"Western Equatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Equatoria"},{"link_name":"Northern Bahr el Ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Bahr_el_Ghazal"}],"text":"Historically and down to the present, the region has been home to many ethnic groups and languages, some going back before 1800, others having migrated there since then. Dar Fertit has never been a united polity. Until the 1840s it, along with the rest of modern-day South Sudan, was unclaimed by any state, in particular the Muslim sultanates with slave-based economies that filled modern day southern Chad and the northern Central African Republic (among them Dar Fur, Dar Runga, Waddai, Dar al-Kuti, etc.).[clarification needed] After that time, Egypt, then a domain of the Ottoman Empire, steadily expanded up the White Nile and then westwards, eventually annexing the region in 1873.Today's Dar Fertit consists mostly of the western part of Raga County (pronounced 'raja')[3] in Western Bahr el Ghazal. The Fertit also live in the northwestern part of Western Equatoria and in the northwesternmost corner of Northern Bahr el Ghazal.","title":"Dār Fertit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201013-4"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Deim Zubeir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deim_Zubeir"}],"text":"The region, and adjacent regions at the same latitudes, have an inhospitable terrain which becomes impassable during the wet season. From the 1700s on, Dar Fur and other Muslim sultanates would raid this region for slaves or would levy slaves from the communities there.[4] The name \"Fertit\", whose etymology has been lost to history, came to be applied to the populations living south of Dar Fur, and it signified non-Muslims, people who were legally enslavable. Throughout the 1800s, individuals and peoples from the west and north fled to \"Dar Fertit\" seeking escape from slave raids.As Egypt expanded into what is now South Sudan, it granted concessions to private merchants for gathering ivory and slaves. These merchants operated out of forts they constructed, called zaribas. For a time in the mid-1800s, one of these merchant warlords, al-Zubayr, conquered Dar Fertit and made it his personal domain. His zariba, Deim Zubeir (Zubayr's Camp), was the nucleus of the modern town of the same name.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2010160_1-0"},{"link_name":"Thomas 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomas2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlocq2017176,_177_2-0"},{"link_name":"Blocq (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlocq2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2010_3-0"},{"link_name":"Thomas 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomas2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201013_4-0"},{"link_name":"Thomas 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomas2010"}],"text":"^ Thomas 2010, p. 160.\n\n^ Blocq (2017), pp. 176, 177.\n\n^ Thomas 2010.\n\n^ Thomas 2010, p. 13.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Blocq, Daniel S. (2017). \"The grassroots nature of counterinsurgent tribal militia formation: the case of the Fertit in Southern Sudan, 1985–1989\". In David M. Anderson; Øystein H. Rolandsen (eds.). Politics and Violence in eastern Africa. The Struggles of Emerging States. Abingdon-on-Thames, New York City: Routledge. pp. 172–186. ISBN 978-1-138-05961-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames","url_text":"Abingdon-on-Thames"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-05961-0","url_text":"978-1-138-05961-0"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Edward (2010), The Kafia Kingi enclave: People, politics and history in the north–south boundary zone of western Sudan, London and Nairobi: Rift Valley Institute (RVI)","urls":[]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Van_Hollen_(diplomat) | Christopher Van Hollen Sr. | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Career","2 References"] | American diplomat (1922–2013)
For his son, see Chris Van Hollen.
In this Dutch name, the surname is Van Hollen, not Hollen.
Christopher Van HollenUnited States Ambassador to Sri Lanka and the MaldivesIn officeOctober 27, 1972 – April 21, 1976PresidentRichard NixonGerald FordPreceded byRobert Strausz-HupéSucceeded byJohn H. Reed
Personal detailsBornSeptember 23, 1922Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.DiedJanuary 30, 2013(2013-01-30) (aged 90)Washington, D.C., U.S.Spouse
Edith Eliza Farnsworth
(m. 1953; died 2007)Children3, including Chris Van HollenAlma materHaverford College (BA)Johns Hopkins University (PhD)
Christopher Van Hollen Sr. (September 23, 1922 – January 30, 2013) was an American member of the United States Foreign Service who served as the United States Ambassador to Sri Lanka and the Maldives from 1972 until 1976. He was the father of U.S. Senator Chris Van Hollen of Maryland.
Biography
Early life
Van Hollen was born in Baltimore, and was raised in the city's northern Cedarcroft neighborhood. His mother, Cecilia Harvey (Coale), was a secretary for the League of Women Voters, while his father, Donald Beauchamp Van Hollen, worked for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, before joining the family's seafood business. Christopher's grandfather, George Henry Van Hollen, owned the Atlantic Packing Co. The Van Hollen family, the namesake of Baltimore's Hollen Road, helped to develop the Cedarcroft section of North Baltimore.
He graduated from Baltimore's Gilman School preparatory school in 1941. He briefly attended Haverford College in Pennsylvania, but left to enlist in the United States Navy in 1942 during World War II. He was honorably discharged as a lieutenant for a naval transport ship at the end of the war. Van Hollen re-enrolled at Haverford College following World War II and received a bachelor's degree in 1947. He next earned a doctorate in political science from Johns Hopkins University in 1951. He also graduated from the Naval War College and completed academic studies at the University of California, Berkeley. While studying at Johns Hopkins, Van Hollen worked as the campaign manager for congressional candidate Leo McCormick in his Democratic primary challenge against incumbent U.S. Rep. George Fallon in 1948. Rep. Fallon easily dispatched McCormick in the primary.
Van Hollen married Edith Eliza Farnsworth, a CIA Russian studies expert at the time, in 1953. Eliza Van Hollen later became a noted specialist and chief analyst on Afghanistan within the Bureau of Intelligence and Research at the U.S. State Department.
Career
Van Hollen joined U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson's executive secretariat shortly after completing his doctorate at Johns Hopkins. He attended the NATO Ministerial meeting in Lisbon in February 1952, which admitted Greece and the host nation, Portugal, into NATO.
He was posted as a political officer at the U.S. embassy in New Delhi, India, in 1955. He also received postings in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Pakistan and Turkey. He was appointed deputy assistant secretary for the Near East and South Asia in 1969. In 1971, he openly disagreed with National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger's handling of the Bangladesh Liberation War, which led to Bangladesh's independence.
He was appointed as U.S. Ambassador to Sri Lanka and the Maldives in 1972 by President Richard Nixon.
In 1980 he published a widely quoted article, titled "The Tilt Policy Revisited", about the handling of the 1971 crisis in South Asia in the journal Asian Survey.
Christopher Van Hollen died from Alzheimer's disease on January 30, 2013, at the Washington Home and Hospice in Washington, D.C., at the age of 90. His wife, Eliza, died in 2007. He was survived by three children, then-U.S. Rep. Chris Van Hollen, Caroline Van Hollen, and Cecilia Van Hollen; two sisters, Margaret Lee of Baltimore and Cecilia Van Hollen; and five grandchildren.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Kelly, Jacques (2013-02-03). "Christopher Van Hollen Sr., ambassador, Former Baltimorean and father of Md. congressman was ambassador to Sri Lanka and career Foreign Service officer". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
^ a b c d "Christopher Van Hollen, longtime Foreign Service officer, dies". The Washington Post. 2013-01-31. Archived from the original on 2013-04-12. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
^ http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/reps/vanhollen.htm
^ a b "State Department Policy Analyst Eliza Van Hollen". The Washington Post. 2007-02-26. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byRobert Strausz-Hupé
U.S. Ambassador to Sri Lanka 1972–1976
Succeeded byJohn H. Reed | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Van Hollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen"},{"link_name":"Dutch name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"United States Foreign Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Sri Lanka and the Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Sri_Lanka_and_the_Maldives"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"Chris Van Hollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp-2"}],"text":"For his son, see Chris Van Hollen.In this Dutch name, the surname is Van Hollen, not Hollen.Christopher Van Hollen Sr. (September 23, 1922 – January 30, 2013) was an American member of the United States Foreign Service who served as the United States Ambassador to Sri Lanka and the Maldives from 1972 until 1976. He was the father of U.S. Senator Chris Van Hollen of Maryland.[1][2]","title":"Christopher Van Hollen Sr."},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Cedarcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedarcroft,_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"seafood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"Gilman School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilman_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"Haverford College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverford_College"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp-2"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp-2"},{"link_name":"Naval War College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_War_College"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"campaign manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_manager"},{"link_name":"primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"George Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hyde_Fallon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"Russian studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_studies"},{"link_name":"analyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_analyst"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp2-4"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Van Hollen was born in Baltimore, and was raised in the city's northern Cedarcroft neighborhood.[1] His mother, Cecilia Harvey (Coale), was a secretary for the League of Women Voters, while his father, Donald Beauchamp Van Hollen, worked for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, before joining the family's seafood business.[1][3] Christopher's grandfather, George Henry Van Hollen, owned the Atlantic Packing Co.[1] The Van Hollen family, the namesake of Baltimore's Hollen Road, helped to develop the Cedarcroft section of North Baltimore.[1]He graduated from Baltimore's Gilman School preparatory school in 1941.[1] He briefly attended Haverford College in Pennsylvania, but left to enlist in the United States Navy in 1942 during World War II. He was honorably discharged as a lieutenant for a naval transport ship at the end of the war.[1] Van Hollen re-enrolled at Haverford College following World War II and received a bachelor's degree in 1947.[2] He next earned a doctorate in political science from Johns Hopkins University in 1951.[2] He also graduated from the Naval War College and completed academic studies at the University of California, Berkeley.[1] While studying at Johns Hopkins, Van Hollen worked as the campaign manager for congressional candidate Leo McCormick in his Democratic primary challenge against incumbent U.S. Rep. George Fallon in 1948.[1] Rep. Fallon easily dispatched McCormick in the primary.Van Hollen married Edith Eliza Farnsworth, a CIA Russian studies expert at the time, in 1953. Eliza Van Hollen later became a noted specialist and chief analyst on Afghanistan within the Bureau of Intelligence and Research at the U.S. State Department.[1][4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Dean Acheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Acheson"},{"link_name":"secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_(administrative_office)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"New Delhi, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi,_India"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Liberation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp2-4"},{"link_name":"Chris Van Hollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"}],"sub_title":"Career","text":"Van Hollen joined U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson's executive secretariat shortly after completing his doctorate at Johns Hopkins.[1] He attended the NATO Ministerial meeting in Lisbon in February 1952, which admitted Greece and the host nation, Portugal, into NATO.[1]He was posted as a political officer at the U.S. embassy in New Delhi, India, in 1955. He also received postings in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Pakistan and Turkey.[1] He was appointed deputy assistant secretary for the Near East and South Asia in 1969.[1] In 1971, he openly disagreed with National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger's handling of the Bangladesh Liberation War, which led to Bangladesh's independence.[1]He was appointed as U.S. Ambassador to Sri Lanka and the Maldives in 1972 by President Richard Nixon.[1]In 1980 he published a widely quoted article, titled \"The Tilt Policy Revisited\", about the handling of the 1971 crisis in South Asia in the journal Asian Survey.[citation needed]Christopher Van Hollen died from Alzheimer's disease on January 30, 2013, at the Washington Home and Hospice in Washington, D.C., at the age of 90.[2] His wife, Eliza, died in 2007.[4] He was survived by three children, then-U.S. Rep. Chris Van Hollen, Caroline Van Hollen, and Cecilia Van Hollen; two sisters, Margaret Lee of Baltimore and Cecilia Van Hollen; and five grandchildren.[1]","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kelly, Jacques (2013-02-03). \"Christopher Van Hollen Sr., ambassador, Former Baltimorean and father of Md. congressman was ambassador to Sri Lanka and career Foreign Service officer\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2013-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-02-03/news/bs-md-ob-christopher-vanhollen-20130201_1_political-debates-ambassador-baltimore-gas","url_text":"\"Christopher Van Hollen Sr., ambassador, Former Baltimorean and father of Md. congressman was ambassador to Sri Lanka and career Foreign Service officer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Christopher Van Hollen, longtime Foreign Service officer, dies\". The Washington Post. 2013-01-31. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gren | Martin Gren | ["1 Professional career","2 Investments","3 References"] | Swedish entrepreneur
Not to be confused with Martin Grene.
Martin GrenBornSeptember 15, 1962
Martin Gren (born September 15, 1962) is a Swedish entrepreneur and inventor of the first network camera.
In 1984, Gren founded Axis Communications, together with Mikael Karlsson and Keith Bloodworth, a company that initially developed and sold print servers, but which later came to be a world leader in network video. In 1996 Gren invented the first network camera, the AXIS 200, NetEye, together with Carl-Axel Alm.
Professional career
Martin Gren has had both executive and operational roles within Axis Communications, including as Chief Technology Officer of Axis Camera Division and Director of New Projects. He was a member of the board of the parent company Axis AB, and board member of Askero storybook Publishing Co., Eikos Corporation, Grenspecialisten AB, Handelsbolaget decade, H. Lundén Holding Ltd. and Tobii Technology AB.
Martin Gren has received numerous prizes including the "Lifetime Achievement Award" from the security trade magazine Detektor in 2009.
Investments
In 2015, Martin Gren sold all his holdings in Axis Communications and started a holding company to manage his investments. He primarily invests in technology companies and known investments are HMS Networks, CombinedX, Crayon Group Holding and more than 30 other companies.
References
^ Tim Compston, Security News Desk. "IP security camera and network video surveillance visionary." Sep 29, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
^ a b Lennart Alexandrie, Security World Hotel. “His idea and passion was turned into a world leading industry.” September 5, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
^ "Interview with Martin Gren, inventor of the network camera", SDM Magazine., October 18, 2011, retrieved November 24, 2015
^ John Adams (December 8, 2015), "Martin Gren: IP CCTV's Founding Father", Security Electronics and Networks, retrieved June 17, 2018
^ Executive Profile: Martin Gren, Bloomberg business profiles
^ Lennart Alexandrie, Security World Hotel.“Martin Gren wins Detektor Life Time Achievement Award.” October 18, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
^ Scott Goldfine, Security Sales & Integration. “2014 SSI Hall of Fame Inductee Martin Gren.” April 1, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
^ Diane Ritchey, Security Magazine. “Security’s 25 Most Influential.” December 1, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
^ "Tredje största ägaren säljer hela Axis-innehavet". Realtid (in Swedish). 2015-04-10. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
^ Åkesson, Nils (2020-06-09). "Axis-miljardärens klipp i teknikraketen". Dagens industri (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-02-27.
^ "Aktierna i Martin Grens depå". Placera (in Swedish). 2023-04-26. Retrieved 2024-02-27. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Grene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Grene"},{"link_name":"entrepreneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur"},{"link_name":"network camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_camera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-security-2"},{"link_name":"Axis Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_Communications"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Martin Grene.Martin Gren (born September 15, 1962) is a Swedish entrepreneur and inventor of the first network camera.[1][2]In 1984, Gren founded Axis Communications, together with Mikael Karlsson and Keith Bloodworth, a company that initially developed and sold print servers, but which later came to be a world leader in network video. 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Lundén Holding Ltd. and Tobii Technology AB.Martin Gren has received numerous prizes including the \"Lifetime Achievement Award\" from the security trade magazine Detektor in 2009.[6][7][8]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Axis Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_Communications"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"HMS Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Networks"},{"link_name":"CombinedX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CombinedX"},{"link_name":"Crayon Group Holding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayon_Group_Holding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayon_Group_Holding"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 2015, Martin Gren sold all his holdings in Axis Communications and started a holding company to manage his investments.[9][10] He primarily invests in technology companies and known investments are HMS Networks, CombinedX, Crayon Group Holding [no] and more than 30 other companies.[11]","title":"Investments"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Interview with Martin Gren, inventor of the network camera\", SDM Magazine., October 18, 2011, retrieved November 24, 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sdmmag.com/articles/87054-interview-with-martin-gren-inventor-of-the-network-camera","url_text":"\"Interview with Martin Gren, inventor of the network camera\""}]},{"reference":"John Adams (December 8, 2015), \"Martin Gren: IP CCTV's Founding Father\", Security Electronics and Networks, retrieved June 17, 2018","urls":[{"url":"http://www.securityelectronicsandnetworks.com/articles/2015/12/08/martin-gren-ip-cctvs-founding-father","url_text":"\"Martin Gren: IP CCTV's Founding Father\""}]},{"reference":"Executive Profile: Martin Gren, Bloomberg business profiles","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=696872&ticker=AXIS:SS","url_text":"Executive Profile: Martin Gren"}]},{"reference":"\"Tredje största ägaren säljer hela Axis-innehavet\". Realtid (in Swedish). 2015-04-10. Retrieved 2024-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.realtid.se/tredje-storsta-agaren-saljer-hela-axis-innehavet/","url_text":"\"Tredje största ägaren säljer hela Axis-innehavet\""}]},{"reference":"Åkesson, Nils (2020-06-09). \"Axis-miljardärens klipp i teknikraketen\". Dagens industri (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.di.se/nyheter/axis-miljardarens-klipp-i-teknikraketen/","url_text":"\"Axis-miljardärens klipp i teknikraketen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aktierna i Martin Grens depå\". Placera (in Swedish). 2023-04-26. Retrieved 2024-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.placera.se/placera/redaktionellt/2023/04/26/aktierna-i-martin-grens-depa.html","url_text":"\"Aktierna i Martin Grens depå\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.securitynewsdesk.com/ip-security-camera-and-network-video-surveillance-visionary/","external_links_name":"IP security camera and network video surveillance visionary"},{"Link":"http://www.securityworldhotel.com/na/News/Interview-of-the-Month/his-idea-and-passion-was-turned-into-a-world-leading-industry#.VnLvCfkrLRY","external_links_name":"His idea and passion was turned into a world leading industry"},{"Link":"http://www.sdmmag.com/articles/87054-interview-with-martin-gren-inventor-of-the-network-camera","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Martin Gren, inventor of the network camera\""},{"Link":"http://www.securityelectronicsandnetworks.com/articles/2015/12/08/martin-gren-ip-cctvs-founding-father","external_links_name":"\"Martin Gren: IP CCTV's Founding Father\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=696872&ticker=AXIS:SS","external_links_name":"Executive Profile: Martin Gren"},{"Link":"http://www.securityworldhotel.com/int/News/Business-News/martin-gren-wins-detektor-life-time-achievement-award#.Vmb31-LuyiN","external_links_name":"Martin Gren wins Detektor Life Time Achievement Award"},{"Link":"http://www.securitysales.com/article/2014_ssi_hall_of_fame_inductee_martin_gren","external_links_name":"2014 SSI Hall of Fame Inductee Martin Gren"},{"Link":"http://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/80758-securitys-25-most-influential-1","external_links_name":"Security’s 25 Most Influential"},{"Link":"https://www.realtid.se/tredje-storsta-agaren-saljer-hela-axis-innehavet/","external_links_name":"\"Tredje största ägaren säljer hela Axis-innehavet\""},{"Link":"https://www.di.se/nyheter/axis-miljardarens-klipp-i-teknikraketen/","external_links_name":"\"Axis-miljardärens klipp i teknikraketen\""},{"Link":"https://www.placera.se/placera/redaktionellt/2023/04/26/aktierna-i-martin-grens-depa.html","external_links_name":"\"Aktierna i Martin Grens depå\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkhovskaya | Volkhovskaya | ["1 Geography","2 References"] | Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaVolkhovskaya
ВолховскаяVillageVolkhovskayaShow map of Vologda OblastVolkhovskayaShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 59°59′N 41°02′E / 59.983°N 41.033°E / 59.983; 41.033CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictSyamzhensky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00
Volkhovskaya (Russian: Волховская) is a rural locality (a village) in Noginskoye Rural Settlement, Syamzhensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 25 as of 2002.
Geography
Volkhovskaya is located 5 km southwest of Syamzha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Noginskaya is the nearest rural locality.
References
^ Волховская деревня на карте
^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004.
^ Расстояние от Волховской до Сямжи
vteRural localities in Syamzhensky District
Alexeyevskaya
Alferovskaya
Anikovskaya
Arganovo
Artyomovskaya
Averinskaya
Babino
Baranikha
Borisovskaya
Borok-1
Borok-2
Burdukovo
Burnikha
Chaglotovo
Chertikha
Chirkovskaya
Chizhovo
Davydkovo
Davydovskaya
Demidovskaya
Druzhba
Fedosikha
Frolikha
Georgiyevskaya
Gerasimikha
Goluzino
Gremyachy
Gridino
Ignashevskaya
Ikonnikovo
Istominskaya
Ivanovskaya
Kharitonovskaya
Kladovitsa
Klepikovskaya
Klimushino
Klokovo
Kocherzhikha
Kolbinskaya
Koltyrikha
Kononovskaya
Kopylovo
Korostelevo
Kubinskaya
Kuryanovskaya
Kuzminskaya
Lelekovskaya
Levinskaya
Lukinskaya
Lyubovitsa
Malinnik
Markovo
Markovskaya
Martyanikha
Maryinskaya
Mininskaya
Mirny
Mokrovo
Monastyrskaya
Myakotikha
Nesterikha
Nikolskoye
Nikulinskaya
Noginskaya
Novaya Sluda
Olekhovskaya
Orlovskaya
Peshkovskaya
Pestino
Pigilinskaya
Piligino
Pirogovo
Podlesnaya
Pogorelets
Pogrebnoye
Poluyanikha
Ponomarikha
Prozhektor
Puronga
Putkovo
Ramenye
Rassokhino
Rechkovskaya
Rogovitsynskaya
Rubtsovo
Samsonovskaya
Savinskaya
Semenikha
Shestakovskaya
Shirega
Shishakovo
Shoksha
Shubachevo
Sidorovo
Sobolikha
Srednyaya Sluda
Staraya
Syamzha
Trubakovo
Trusikha
Ushakovskaya
Ust-Reka
Uzmitsa
Vakhrushevskaya
Veliky Dvor
Volkhovskaya
Voronovo
Vydrikha
Vysokovo
Yakovlevskaya
Yarygino
Yermakovskaya
Yeskino
Yevsyutino
Yezdunya
Yukovskaya
Zakharovskaya
Zakostimye
Zalesye
Zaytsevo
Zhar
Zhityovo
This Syamzhensky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Syamzhensky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syamzhensky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Volkhovskaya (Russian: Волховская) is a rural locality (a village) in Noginskoye Rural Settlement, Syamzhensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 25 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Volkhovskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syamzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syamzha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Volkhovskaya is located 5 km southwest of Syamzha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Noginskaya is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Volkhovskaya¶ms=59_59_N_41_02_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"59°59′N 41°02′E / 59.983°N 41.033°E / 59.983; 41.033"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/syamzhenskiy-rayon/volhovskaya-derevnya/","external_links_name":"Волховская деревня на карте"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_volhovskaja_sjamzha","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Волховской до Сямжи"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkhovskaya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_River_(Duwamish_River_tributary) | Black River (Duwamish River tributary) | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°28′27″N 122°15′3″W / 47.47417°N 122.25083°W / 47.47417; -122.25083"Black River (Washington)" redirects here. For the tributary of the Chehalis, see Black River (Chehalis River tributary).
Pre-1916 and current courses of the Black River
Maps showing the changes of course and nomenclature of rivers in the Duwamish Valley, 1899-1959.
The Black River is a tributary of the Duwamish River in King County in the U.S. state of Washington. It drained Lake Washington until 1916, when the opening of the Lake Washington Ship Canal lowered the lake, causing part of the Black River to dry up. It still exists as a dammed stream about 2 miles (3.2 km) long.
Before the 20th century, Lake Washington emptied from its south end into the Black River, which was joined by the Cedar River before meeting the White River (now the lower Green River; the White River has been diverted south). The confluence of the Black and White rivers created the Duwamish River, which emptied into Elliott Bay in Puget Sound. Thus, the water of rivers emptying into Lake Washington, such as the Sammamish River, once flowed through the Black and Duwamish rivers. Today, Lake Washington's water empties into Puget Sound via the Lake Washington Ship Canal.
In November 1911, the Cedar River flooded Renton. In 1912, the Cedar was diverted from the Black River into Lake Washington to avoid future floods. Its water still flowed through the Black after passing through Lake Washington. In 1916, with the opening of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in Seattle, the lake's level dropped nearly nine feet and the Black River dried up. Today, part of its bed forms the Black River Riparian Forest and Wetland.
The Duwamish people lived along the Black River for many centuries. Duwamish settlements remained along the river until it dried up in 1916. Several indigenous villages were located near the confluence of the Black and Duwamish rivers. The area was called "Inside Place" (Lushootseed: Dxwdəw, from which comes the word "Duwamish"), referring to its location inland from Puget Sound. Long used as a place of refuge, the area became home hundreds of natives displaced by the growing city of Seattle. The Black River was also a big fishery for the Duwamish people, until the river dried up.
The remnant of the Black River (at right) joins Green River to form the Duwamish (at left). Seen from the Fort Dent Pedestrian Bridge, 2009. This image looks upstream on the Black River and downstream on the Duwamish.
See also
Fort Dent
List of rivers in Washington
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Black River
^ "The Green-Duwamish: A River System Re-Plumbed", The Green-Duwamish River: Connecting people with a diverse environment. Duwamish River Cleanup Coalition/TAG. No date, appears to be 2008 or 2009.
^ "Cedar River floods Renton in November 1911". Archived from the original on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
^ "Black River disappears in July 1916". Retrieved 2018-02-09.
^ "Black River Riparian Forest and Wetland". Retrieved 2018-02-09.
^ Herons Forever, History of the Black River
^ Thrush, Coll (2007). Native Seattle: Histories from the Crossing-Over Place. University of Washington Press. p. 244. ISBN 0-295-98700-6.
^ Mapes, Lynda. "Water's natural rhythms nourished our area's native culture. Then came the Ballard Locks". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ Van Cleave, Ariel (July 3, 2017). "Creation Of Ballard Locks Left One Tribe High And Dry". npr. Retrieved 2022-04-05.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black River (Washington).
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Black River
47°28′27″N 122°15′3″W / 47.47417°N 122.25083°W / 47.47417; -122.25083
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black River (Chehalis River tributary)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_River_(Chehalis_River_tributary)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_River_pre-1916_and_2013_map.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duwamishvalley1899-1959.png"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Duwamish River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwamish_River"},{"link_name":"King County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Lake Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Washington"},{"link_name":"Lake Washington Ship Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cedar River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_River_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"White River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_River_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"Green River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_(Duwamish_River)"},{"link_name":"Elliott Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Bay"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound"},{"link_name":"Sammamish River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammamish_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Washington Ship Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackriver-4"},{"link_name":"Riparian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Duwamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwamish_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lushootseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushootseed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Dent_Pedestrian_Bridge_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Green River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_(Duwamish_River)"},{"link_name":"Duwamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwamish_River"},{"link_name":"Fort Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dent"}],"text":"\"Black River (Washington)\" redirects here. For the tributary of the Chehalis, see Black River (Chehalis River tributary).Pre-1916 and current courses of the Black RiverMaps showing the changes of course and nomenclature of rivers in the Duwamish Valley, 1899-1959.The Black River is a tributary of the Duwamish River in King County in the U.S. state of Washington. It drained Lake Washington until 1916, when the opening of the Lake Washington Ship Canal lowered the lake, causing part of the Black River to dry up. It still exists as a dammed stream about 2 miles (3.2 km) long.[1]Before the 20th century, Lake Washington emptied from its south end into the Black River, which was joined by the Cedar River before meeting the White River (now the lower Green River; the White River has been diverted south). The confluence of the Black and White rivers created the Duwamish River, which emptied into Elliott Bay in Puget Sound. Thus, the water of rivers emptying into Lake Washington, such as the Sammamish River, once flowed through the Black and Duwamish rivers. Today, Lake Washington's water empties into Puget Sound via the Lake Washington Ship Canal.[2]In November 1911, the Cedar River flooded Renton.[3] In 1912, the Cedar was diverted from the Black River into Lake Washington to avoid future floods. Its water still flowed through the Black after passing through Lake Washington. In 1916, with the opening of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in Seattle, the lake's level dropped nearly nine feet and the Black River dried up.[4] Today, part of its bed forms the Black River Riparian Forest and Wetland.[5]The Duwamish people lived along the Black River for many centuries. Duwamish settlements remained along the river until it dried up in 1916.[6] Several indigenous villages were located near the confluence of the Black and Duwamish rivers. The area was called \"Inside Place\" (Lushootseed: Dxwdəw, from which comes the word \"Duwamish\"), referring to its location inland from Puget Sound. Long used as a place of refuge, the area became home hundreds of natives displaced by the growing city of Seattle. The Black River was also a big fishery for the Duwamish people, until the river dried up.[7][8][9]The remnant of the Black River (at right) joins Green River to form the Duwamish (at left). Seen from the Fort Dent Pedestrian Bridge, 2009. 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Retrieved 2018-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/File/686","url_text":"\"Black River disappears in July 1916\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black River Riparian Forest and Wetland\". Retrieved 2018-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rentonwa.gov/cms/one.aspx?pageId=8838326","url_text":"\"Black River Riparian Forest and Wetland\""}]},{"reference":"Thrush, Coll (2007). Native Seattle: Histories from the Crossing-Over Place. University of Washington Press. p. 244. ISBN 0-295-98700-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98700-6","url_text":"0-295-98700-6"}]},{"reference":"Mapes, Lynda. \"Water's natural rhythms nourished our area's native culture. Then came the Ballard Locks\". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/seattle-native-culture-water-hiram-chittenden-ballard-locks-ship-canal-100-years/","url_text":"\"Water's natural rhythms nourished our area's native culture. Then came the Ballard Locks\""}]},{"reference":"Van Cleave, Ariel (July 3, 2017). \"Creation Of Ballard Locks Left One Tribe High And Dry\". npr. Retrieved 2022-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knkx.org/news/2017-07-03/creation-of-ballard-locks-left-one-tribe-high-and-dry","url_text":"\"Creation Of Ballard Locks Left One Tribe High And Dry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Npr","url_text":"npr"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Black_River_(Duwamish_River_tributary)¶ms=47_28_27_N_122_15_3_W_","external_links_name":"47°28′27″N 122°15′3″W / 47.47417°N 122.25083°W / 47.47417; -122.25083"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1503409","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Black River"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110611180035/http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm-desmo/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fimlsrenton&CISOPTR=211&CISOBOX=1&REC=6","external_links_name":"\"Cedar River floods Renton in November 1911\""},{"Link":"http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm-desmo/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/imlsrenton&CISOPTR=211&CISOBOX=1&REC=6","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.historylink.org/File/686","external_links_name":"\"Black River disappears in July 1916\""},{"Link":"https://www.rentonwa.gov/cms/one.aspx?pageId=8838326","external_links_name":"\"Black River Riparian Forest and Wetland\""},{"Link":"http://www.heronsforever.org/","external_links_name":"Herons Forever"},{"Link":"http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/seattle-native-culture-water-hiram-chittenden-ballard-locks-ship-canal-100-years/","external_links_name":"\"Water's natural rhythms nourished our area's native culture. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Espiritu_Santo | Cape Espiritu Santo | ["1 References"] | Cape Espiritu Santo
Magsasanga (16th century)CapeView of Cape Espiritu Santo or the Northeastern tip of Samar islandCoordinates: 12°32′06″N 125°11′20″E / 12.535°N 125.189°E / 12.535; 125.189Location PhilippinesOffshore water bodiesPacific Ocean
Cape Espiritu Santo, also known as Cape Espiritu Santo Mountains, is the northeastern point of the Northern Samar and the northernmost point of Samar Island. It was named Cabo Espiritu Santo by early European explorers, since it was discovered on the Feast of the Holy Spirit. It is also the first land sighted by the Spaniards when sailing from Nueva España, marks the end of their long sailing as they approaches the land and coast of the Ibabaw in the Philippines. Spanish navigators noted the mountains' value as they are visible 40 miles out to sea. There are two prominent summits in this location. One rises 1,481 ft (451.41 m) and the other 1,457 ft (444.09 m).
View of Cape Espiritu Santo from the Pacific Ocean
Photo of Cape Espiritu Santo taken 3 km (1.86 mi) West of Batag Island
Cape Espiritu Santo falls
References
^ United States Board on Geographic Names (1989). Gazetteer of the Philippines: Names Approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Defense Mapping Agency. p. 471. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
^ Alcina, Ignacio Francisco (1668). Historia de las islas e indios de Bisayas. pp. 161 book 1: Chapter 5.
^ U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (1940). United States Coast Pilot: Philippine Islands. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 178. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
^ United States Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center (1975). Sailing Directions for the Philippine Islands, Volume II: Central Islands, Including Eastern Negros, Southern Samar, and Northern Mindanao. Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic Center. p. 299. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
This article about a location in Eastern Visayas region is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Northern Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Samar"},{"link_name":"Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar"},{"link_name":"Feast of the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nueva España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cape_of_Espiritu_Santo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cape_Espiritu_Santo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Batag Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batag_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CES_falls.png"}],"text":"Cape Espiritu Santo, also known as Cape Espiritu Santo Mountains,[1] is the northeastern point of the Northern Samar and the northernmost point of Samar Island. It was named Cabo Espiritu Santo by early European explorers, since it was discovered on the Feast of the Holy Spirit.[2] It is also the first land sighted by the Spaniards when sailing from Nueva España, marks the end of their long sailing as they approaches the land and coast of the Ibabaw in the Philippines. Spanish navigators noted the mountains' value as they are visible 40 miles out to sea.[3] There are two prominent summits in this location. One rises 1,481 ft (451.41 m) and the other 1,457 ft (444.09 m).[4]View of Cape Espiritu Santo from the Pacific Ocean\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhoto of Cape Espiritu Santo taken 3 km (1.86 mi) West of Batag Island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCape Espiritu Santo falls","title":"Cape Espiritu Santo"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"United States Board on Geographic Names (1989). Gazetteer of the Philippines: Names Approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Defense Mapping Agency. p. 471. Retrieved 1 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FqU7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA471","url_text":"Gazetteer of the Philippines: Names Approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names"}]},{"reference":"Alcina, Ignacio Francisco (1668). Historia de las islas e indios de Bisayas. pp. 161 book 1: Chapter 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (1940). United States Coast Pilot: Philippine Islands. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 178. Retrieved 1 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RCIGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA178","url_text":"United States Coast Pilot: Philippine Islands"}]},{"reference":"United States Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center (1975). Sailing Directions for the Philippine Islands, Volume II: Central Islands, Including Eastern Negros, Southern Samar, and Northern Mindanao. Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic Center. p. 299. Retrieved 1 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zHZHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA299","url_text":"Sailing Directions for the Philippine Islands, Volume II: Central Islands, Including Eastern Negros, Southern Samar, and Northern Mindanao"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cape_Espiritu_Santo¶ms=12.535_N_125.189_E_type:city","external_links_name":"12°32′06″N 125°11′20″E / 12.535°N 125.189°E / 12.535; 125.189"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FqU7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA471","external_links_name":"Gazetteer of the Philippines: Names Approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RCIGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA178","external_links_name":"United States Coast Pilot: Philippine Islands"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zHZHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA299","external_links_name":"Sailing Directions for the Philippine Islands, Volume II: Central Islands, Including Eastern Negros, Southern Samar, and Northern Mindanao"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Espiritu_Santo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonakilla | Clonakilla | ["1 History","2 Wines","3 References","4 External links"] | Winery in New South Wales, Australia
Clonakilla is an Australian winery based in the Canberra wine region of Murrumbateman, New South Wales.
History
Clonakilla Cellar Door
Dr. John Kirk AM immigrated to Australia from the United Kingdom to work as a research scientist at the CSIRO in 1968. In 1971, he founded Clonakilla, named after the farm owned by his grandfather in County Clare, Ireland. The name of the winery translates to "meadow of the church".
Clonakilla was the first commercial winery to open in the region and John Kirk is often referred to as the "father" of the wine industry in the area. The first wines from the estate, a Riesling and a Cabernet Shiraz were produced in 1976 after initial difficulties with droughts and lack of irrigation. Like almost all the wineries in the Canberra district, it is not based in the Australian Capital Territory but across the border in New South Wales. This is due to the leasehold land system in the ACT which means a business can only lease land from the government and not own it.
After teaching religious education with Jesuits at Xavier College in Melbourne and spending holidays helping at the winery, John's fourth son, Tim Kirk, joined the winery full-time in 1996. Tim is currently the chief winemaker and in 2009 was appointed CEO.
Wines
The Canberra wine region is a cool climate area and the wines produced by Clonakilla reflect this. Around 10,000 to 12,000 cases of wine are produced each year.
The flagship wine is the Shiraz Viognier co-fermentation, produced from a selection of the best grapes in a single twelve hectare vineyard. The two grape types in this wine are co-fermented, with around five to ten percent Viognier and the rest Shiraz, depending on vintage conditions. This wine was first produced by Clonakilla in 1992 after Tim Kirk had spent time in the northern Rhone Valley, specifically visiting Guigal, and he decided that it was a style that he wanted to emulate and that it would be well suited to the Canberra region. The Shiraz Viognier is described by James Halliday as having "icon status" and as being the best example of this wine style in Australia. Jancis Robinson has identified it as the "pioneer" of the blend in Australia. It was recognised at the Outstanding level of the Langton's Classification of Australian Wine in 2005, and was elevated to the highest level of "Exceptional" in 2010.
Other red wines produced include two more Shiraz Viognier blends - an entry-level wine called "Hilltops", and the "O'Riada", named after Irish composer Seán Ó Riada, which sits in between the Hilltops and the flagship Shiraz Viognier as well as a Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Merlot blend called "Ballinderry". There was also an experimental straight Shiraz released in 2006 and 2008 that spent an extra year in oak.
Clonakilla produces a number of white wines as well - Riesling, a Semillon-Sauvignon blanc blend as well as two straight Viogniers are made, with one Viognier bottling aged in stainless steel and the other aged in oak.
The logo displayed on the label of all the Clonakilla wines comes from the Book of Durrow, a seventh-century manuscript.
References
^ Clonakilla's founder John Kirk appointed Member of the Order of Australia (AM) Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ a b c d "The wonderful wines of Clonakilla in Canberra". Green and Blue Wines. 4 May 2010. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ a b c Cooke, Graham (15 October 2001). "Man who fathered Canberra's wine industry". Canberra Times. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ a b c d e "From Clare to there - The Irish Times Via Thomson Dialog NewsEdge". It.tmcnet.com. 18 February 2006. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ Clack, Peter (8 October 2002). "Canberra District Shiraz Takes out Wine of the Year Award". Canberra Times. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ "Stateline - Wine Harvest". Abc.net.au. 30 March 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ Meacham, Steve (16 June 2007). "Hunter Now the Hunted". Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ "Canberra at the heart of wine industry". NZHerald. 26 June 2001. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ Clarke, Oz (2005). Oz Clarke's Australian Wine Companion. Mariner Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-15-603025-0.
^ a b c "Canberra - Australian Politics and wines of unusual subtlety". Jancis Robinson. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ "Sydney Morning Herald - Journey around NSW, a state of grapes". Smh.com.au. 7 March 2005. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ "Meeting Place". Wine Pages. 25 September 2000. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ a b Clonakilla.com.au - Our Story Archived 3 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Wine Companion - Up with the best". Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
^ a b "Clonakilla Shiraz Viognier Canberra District ACT". Langtons.com.au. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ a b "Langton's Magazine - THE CLONAKILLA DILEMMA". Langtons.com.au. Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ "National Liquor News - Southern Highlights". Foodwinetravel.com.au. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ Halliday, James (2004). Varietal Wines. Collins. p. 223. ISBN 0-7322-7839-2.
^ "Clonakilla rating and review". Wine Companion. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ "New South Wales Tasting Notes & Wine Reviews". Jancis Robinson. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ "Out with the old". Melbourne: The Age. 2 August 2005. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ a b "The Age - Shiraz with Dash". Melbourne: Newsstore.theage.com.au. 15 August 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ "The wines of Clonakilla". Wine Anorak. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
External links
Official website
vteLangton's Classification of Australian Wine VI - ProducersExceptional
Penfolds
Penfolds Bin 95 Grange Shiraz
Bass Phillip
Best's
Brokenwood
Chris Ringland
Clarendon Hills
Clonakilla
Cullen Wines
Giaconda Estate
Grosset Wines
Henschke
Jim Barry
Leeuwin Estate
Moss Wood
Mount Mary Vineyard
Rockford
Seppeltsfield
Torbreck
Wendouree
Wynns Coonawarra Estate
Outstanding
Balnaves
Barossa Valley Estate
Bass Phillip
Best's
Bindi
By Farr
Charles Melton
d'Arenberg
Domaine A
Fox Creek
Grant Burge
Greenock Creek
Henschke
Houghton Wines
Howard Park Wines
Jasper Hill
Kaesler
Katnook Estate
Kay Brothers Amery
Langmeil
Leeuwin Estate
Main Ridge Estate
McWilliam's
Mount Mary Vineyard
Noon Winery
Penfolds
Peter Lehmann
Pierro Margaret River Vineyards
Rockford
Seppeltsfield
Tahbilk
Tyrrell's
Vasse Felix
Wendouree
Woodlands
Yalumba
Yarra Yering
Yeringberg
Excellent
Bowen Estate
By Farr
Cape Mentelle
Castagna
Chambers Rosewood
Coriole
Craiglee
Crawford River
Cullen
d'Arenberg
Dalwhinnie
De Bortoli
Deep Woods Estate
Elderton Wines
Freycinet Vineyards
Giaconda Estate
Glaetzer
Grosset Wines
Hardys
Hentley Farm
Hoddles Creek
John Duval Wines
Kalleske
Katnook Estate
Kilikanoon
Kooyong
Lake's Folly
Leo Buring
Majella
Mount Langi Ghiran
Mount Mary Vineyard
Mount Pleasant
Noon Winery
Oakridge
Oliver's Taranga Vineyards
Paringa Estate
Parker Coonawarra Estate
Penfolds
Petaluma
Pewsey Vale
Seppelt
St Hallett
St Hugo
The Standish Wine Company
Tim Adams
Torbreck
Turkey Flat
Tyrrell's
Vasse Felix
Voyager Estate
Wirra Wirra
Wolf Blass
Wynns Coonawarra Estate
Xanadu
Yabbu Lake
Yalumba
Yarra Yarra Vineyard
Yarra Yering | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_wine"},{"link_name":"Canberra wine region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra_wine_region"},{"link_name":"Murrumbateman, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrumbateman,_New_South_Wales"}],"text":"Clonakilla is an Australian winery based in the Canberra wine region of Murrumbateman, New South Wales.","title":"Clonakilla"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clonakilla.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United 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blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc"},{"link_name":"Viogniers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viognier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IrishTimes-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dash-22"},{"link_name":"Book of Durrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Durrow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IrishTimes-4"}],"text":"The Canberra wine region is a cool climate area and the wines produced by Clonakilla reflect this. Around 10,000 to 12,000 cases of wine are produced each year.[13]The flagship wine is the Shiraz Viognier co-fermentation, produced from a selection of the best grapes in a single twelve hectare vineyard.[15][16] The two grape types in this wine are co-fermented, with around five to ten percent Viognier and the rest Shiraz, depending on vintage conditions.[2][4] This wine was first produced by Clonakilla in 1992 after Tim Kirk had spent time in the northern Rhone Valley, specifically visiting Guigal, and he decided that it was a style that he wanted to emulate and that it would be well suited to the Canberra region.[2][10][17] The Shiraz Viognier is described by James Halliday as having \"icon status\"[18] and as being the best example of this wine style in Australia.[19] Jancis Robinson has identified it as the \"pioneer\" of the blend in Australia.[20] It was recognised at the Outstanding level of the Langton's Classification of Australian Wine in 2005,[21] and was elevated to the highest level of \"Exceptional\" in 2010.[15]Other red wines produced include two more Shiraz Viognier blends - an entry-level wine called \"Hilltops\", and the \"O'Riada\", named after Irish composer Seán Ó Riada, which sits in between the Hilltops and the flagship Shiraz Viognier[22] as well as a Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Merlot blend called \"Ballinderry\".[23] There was also an experimental straight Shiraz released in 2006 and 2008 that spent an extra year in oak.[16]Clonakilla produces a number of white wines as well - Riesling, a Semillon-Sauvignon blanc blend as well as two straight Viogniers are made, with one Viognier bottling aged in stainless steel and the other aged in oak.[4][22]The logo displayed on the label of all the Clonakilla wines comes from the Book of Durrow, a seventh-century manuscript.[4]","title":"Wines"}] | [{"image_text":"Clonakilla Cellar Door","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Clonakilla.jpg/215px-Clonakilla.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The wonderful wines of Clonakilla in Canberra\". Green and Blue Wines. 4 May 2010. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130125094114/http://www.greenandbluewines.com/index.php/The-wonderful-wines-of-Clonakilla-in-Canberra.html","url_text":"\"The wonderful wines of Clonakilla in Canberra\""},{"url":"http://www.greenandbluewines.com/index.php/The-wonderful-wines-of-Clonakilla-in-Canberra.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cooke, Graham (15 October 2001). \"Man who fathered Canberra's wine industry\". Canberra Times. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/man-who-fathered-canberras-wine-industry/386366.aspx?storypage=0","url_text":"\"Man who fathered Canberra's wine industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"From Clare to there - The Irish Times Via Thomson Dialog NewsEdge\". It.tmcnet.com. 18 February 2006. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://it.tmcnet.com/news/2006/02/18/1385440.htm","url_text":"\"From Clare to there - The Irish Times Via Thomson Dialog NewsEdge\""}]},{"reference":"Clack, Peter (8 October 2002). \"Canberra District Shiraz Takes out Wine of the Year Award\". Canberra Times. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/canberra-district-shiraz-takes-out-wine-of-the-year-award/514546.aspx?storypage=1","url_text":"\"Canberra District Shiraz Takes out Wine of the Year Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stateline - Wine Harvest\". Abc.net.au. 30 March 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/stateline/act/content/2006/s1887329.htm","url_text":"\"Stateline - Wine Harvest\""}]},{"reference":"Meacham, Steve (16 June 2007). \"Hunter Now the Hunted\". Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/wines-regions/hunter-now-the-hunted/2007/06/14/1181414442303.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1","url_text":"\"Hunter Now the Hunted\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canberra at the heart of wine industry\". NZHerald. 26 June 2001. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/holidays/news/article.cfm?c_id=224&objectid=196612","url_text":"\"Canberra at the heart of wine industry\""}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Oz (2005). Oz Clarke's Australian Wine Companion. Mariner Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-15-603025-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603025-0","url_text":"978-0-15-603025-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Canberra - Australian Politics and wines of unusual subtlety\". Jancis Robinson. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120223233644/http://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/jr877.html","url_text":"\"Canberra - Australian Politics and wines of unusual subtlety\""},{"url":"http://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/jr877.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Morning Herald - Journey around NSW, a state of grapes\". Smh.com.au. 7 March 2005. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/Food--Wine/Journey-around-NSW-a-state-of-grapes/2005/02/19/1108709483570.html","url_text":"\"Sydney Morning Herald - Journey around NSW, a state of grapes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meeting Place\". Wine Pages. 25 September 2000. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100811015717/http://www.wine-pages.com/guests/tom/meeting.htm","url_text":"\"Meeting Place\""},{"url":"http://www.wine-pages.com/guests/tom/meeting.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wine Companion - Up with the best\". Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101204134144/http://winecompanion.com.au/article/573/Up%20with%20the%20best","url_text":"\"Wine Companion - Up with the best\""},{"url":"http://www.winecompanion.com.au/article/573/Up%20with%20the%20best","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clonakilla Shiraz Viognier Canberra District ACT\". Langtons.com.au. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090930161632/http://www.langtons.com.au/wine/ClassificationPopup.aspx?prodid=17334","url_text":"\"Clonakilla Shiraz Viognier Canberra District ACT\""},{"url":"http://www.langtons.com.au/Wine/ClassificationPopup.aspx?prodid=17334","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Langton's Magazine - THE CLONAKILLA DILEMMA\". Langtons.com.au. Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100702141745/http://www.langtons.com.au/Magazine/Mattinson.aspx?MagazineId=109","url_text":"\"Langton's Magazine - THE CLONAKILLA DILEMMA\""},{"url":"http://www.langtons.com.au/Magazine/Mattinson.aspx?MagazineId=109","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Liquor News - Southern Highlights\". Foodwinetravel.com.au. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091013042210/http://www.foodwinetravel.com.au/CanberraWine.html","url_text":"\"National Liquor News - Southern Highlights\""},{"url":"http://www.foodwinetravel.com.au/CanberraWine.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Halliday, James (2004). Varietal Wines. Collins. p. 223. ISBN 0-7322-7839-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7322-7839-2","url_text":"0-7322-7839-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Clonakilla rating and review\". Wine Companion. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100528073931/http://winecompanion.com.au/wineries/1085/Clonakilla","url_text":"\"Clonakilla rating and review\""},{"url":"http://www.winecompanion.com.au/wineries/1085/Clonakilla","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New South Wales Tasting Notes & Wine Reviews\". Jancis Robinson. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100304230730/http://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/a20080905.html","url_text":"\"New South Wales Tasting Notes & Wine Reviews\""},{"url":"http://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/a20080905.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Out with the old\". Melbourne: The Age. 2 August 2005. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/epicure/out-with-the-old/2005/08/01/1122748558319.html","url_text":"\"Out with the old\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Age - Shiraz with Dash\". Melbourne: Newsstore.theage.com.au. 15 August 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.theage.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac;jsessionid=5F1CD866AEC41A1E94CFCD65BBD1C2FD?page=1&sy=age&kw=clonakilla&pb=all_ffx&dt=selectRange&dr=1year&so=relevance&sf=text&sf=headline&rc=10&rm=200&sp=nrm&clsPage=1&docID=AGE090815LB61T66QHBG","url_text":"\"The Age - Shiraz with Dash\""}]},{"reference":"\"The wines of Clonakilla\". Wine Anorak. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wineanorak.com/barossa/clonakilla.htm","url_text":"\"The wines of Clonakilla\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8225098/a-legacy-built-on-intuition-and-science/","external_links_name":"Clonakilla's founder John Kirk appointed Member of the Order of Australia (AM)"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130125094114/http://www.greenandbluewines.com/index.php/The-wonderful-wines-of-Clonakilla-in-Canberra.html","external_links_name":"\"The wonderful wines of Clonakilla in Canberra\""},{"Link":"http://www.greenandbluewines.com/index.php/The-wonderful-wines-of-Clonakilla-in-Canberra.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/man-who-fathered-canberras-wine-industry/386366.aspx?storypage=0","external_links_name":"\"Man who fathered Canberra's wine industry\""},{"Link":"http://it.tmcnet.com/news/2006/02/18/1385440.htm","external_links_name":"\"From Clare to there - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_al-Mutahhar_bin_Yahya | Al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar bin Yahya | ["1 Internal Zaidi rivalries","2 Warfare with the Rasulids","3 See also","4 References"] | Al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar bin Yahya (June 1217 – June 23, 1298) was an imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen whose imamate lasted from 1276 to 1298.
Internal Zaidi rivalries
When the old imam al-Mahdi Ibrahim was defeated and captured by the Rasulid sultan, the Zaidi elite of the northern Yemeni highland asked the ex-imam al-Hasan bin Wahhas to succeed. When al-Hasan refused, the offer went to al-Mutahhar bin Yahya bin al-Murtada, a descendant of the imam an-Nasir Ahmad (d. 934). He accepted and took the honorific name al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar. The strongest political figure in the Zaidi lands was, however, the emir Sarim ad-Din Da'ud, son of a former imam, who was the leader of the Hamzite Sharifs. In 1284, Sarim ad-Din tried to induce al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar and al-Hasan bin Wahhas to enter hostilities with the Rasulid Dynasty, but they mistrusted him and refused. Sarim ad-Din then made an abortive attempt to set up a close relative, Ahmad bin Ibrahim, as imam.
Warfare with the Rasulids
Nevertheless, warfare broke out between al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar and the Rasulid Sultan al-Yuzavavafa Fesuy in 1288. Peace was concluded in July in that year, and the tribes Banu Hayy, Banu Siham, U'rush and Banu Mutim were acknowledged as subjects of the imam. Fresh Zaidi-Rasulid fighting erupted in 1291. This time the mountainous trench of the imam was overrun, and he had to roam around from place to place, eventually establishing himself in Hajjah. The powerful Sultan al-Muzaffar Yusuf died in 1296, which evoked a respectful remark from the imam: "The greatest king of Yemen, the Mu'awiya of the time, has died. His pens used to break our lances and swords to pieces." And actually, the Zaidis took the opportunity to seize Lijam, Na'man and Sa'dah. The imam was able to conclude peace and keep the acquisitions. Shortly after, in 1298, he died. Unlike the five previous imams, he could maintain a strong position for decades in spite of periodic setbacks. The imam was celebrated under the honorific al-Muzallal bi'l-Ghamama, since he was once miraculously saved by a cloud when he was pursued by Sultan al-Mu'ayyad Da'ud in Khawlan. He was succeeded by his son al-Mahdi Muhammad bin al-Mutahhar
See also
Imams of Yemen
History of Yemen
Rassids
References
^ http://www.almajalis.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=25&26t=2632 Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine (in Arabic); http://www.izbacf.org/page_display.php?book_id=37&page_num=46 Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine (in Arabic). The line of descent is an-Nasir Ahmad - Ali - Muhammad - al-Mutahhar - al-Mutahhar - al-Qasim - al-Mutahhar - al-Murtada - Yahya - al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar bin Yahya.
^ El-Khazreji, The Pearl-Strings; A History of the Resuli Dynasty, Vol. I. Leiden 1906, p. 188.
^ El-Khazreji, 1906, pp. 208-9.
^ El-Khazreji, 1906, pp. 215-9.
^ Abdul Ali, Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East. New Delhi 1996, p. 86.
^ El-Khazreji, 1906, p. 252.
^ Enzyklopädie des Islam, Vol. IV. Leiden 1934, p. 1296.
Preceded byal-Mahdi Ibrahim
Zaydi Imam of Yemen 1276–1298
Succeeded byal-Mahdi Muhammad bin al-Mutahhar | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar bin Yahya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"al-Mahdi Ibrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi_Ibrahim"},{"link_name":"Rasulid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasulid"},{"link_name":"al-Hasan bin Wahhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan_bin_Wahhas"},{"link_name":"an-Nasir Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Ahmad_(Zaidi_imam)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"emir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"Rasulid Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasulid_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"When the old imam al-Mahdi Ibrahim was defeated and captured by the Rasulid sultan, the Zaidi elite of the northern Yemeni highland asked the ex-imam al-Hasan bin Wahhas to succeed. When al-Hasan refused, the offer went to al-Mutahhar bin Yahya bin al-Murtada, a descendant of the imam an-Nasir Ahmad (d. 934).[1] He accepted and took the honorific name al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar.[2] The strongest political figure in the Zaidi lands was, however, the emir Sarim ad-Din Da'ud, son of a former imam, who was the leader of the Hamzite Sharifs. In 1284, Sarim ad-Din tried to induce al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar and al-Hasan bin Wahhas to enter hostilities with the Rasulid Dynasty, but they mistrusted him and refused. Sarim ad-Din then made an abortive attempt to set up a close relative, Ahmad bin Ibrahim, as imam.[3]","title":"Internal Zaidi rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hajjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajjah"},{"link_name":"Mu'awiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sa'dah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27dah"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"al-Mahdi Muhammad bin al-Mutahhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi_Muhammad_bin_al-Mutahhar"}],"text":"Nevertheless, warfare broke out between al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar and the Rasulid Sultan al-Yuzavavafa Fesuy in 1288. Peace was concluded in July in that year, and the tribes Banu Hayy, Banu Siham, U'rush and Banu Mutim were acknowledged as subjects of the imam.[4] Fresh Zaidi-Rasulid fighting erupted in 1291. This time the mountainous trench of the imam was overrun, and he had to roam around from place to place, eventually establishing himself in Hajjah. The powerful Sultan al-Muzaffar Yusuf died in 1296, which evoked a respectful remark from the imam: \"The greatest king of Yemen, the Mu'awiya of the time, has died. His pens used to break our lances and swords to pieces.\"[5] And actually, the Zaidis took the opportunity to seize Lijam, Na'man and Sa'dah. The imam was able to conclude peace and keep the acquisitions.[6] Shortly after, in 1298, he died. Unlike the five previous imams, he could maintain a strong position for decades in spite of periodic setbacks. The imam was celebrated under the honorific al-Muzallal bi'l-Ghamama, since he was once miraculously saved by a cloud when he was pursued by Sultan al-Mu'ayyad Da'ud in Khawlan.[7] He was succeeded by his son al-Mahdi Muhammad bin al-Mutahhar","title":"Warfare with the Rasulids"}] | [] | [{"title":"Imams of Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen"},{"title":"History of Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Yemen"},{"title":"Rassids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassids"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.almajalis.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=25&26t=2632","external_links_name":"http://www.almajalis.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=25&26t=2632"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725000103/http://www.almajalis.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=25&26t=2632","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.izbacf.org/page_display.php?book_id=37&page_num=46","external_links_name":"http://www.izbacf.org/page_display.php?book_id=37&page_num=46"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726201117/http://www.izbacf.org/page_display.php?book_id=37&page_num=46","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_Unidos | Barrios Unidos | ["1 Geography","1.1 Hydrology","1.2 Topography","1.3 Transportation","2 Economy","3 Points of interest","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 4°40′43″N 74°04′43″W / 4.67861°N 74.07861°W / 4.67861; -74.07861For the corregimiento in Panama, see Barrios Unidos, Coclé.
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Locality of Bogotá in Bogotá D.C., ColombiaBarrios UnidosLocality of BogotáLocation of the locality in the city of BogotáLocation of the locality in the Capital District of BogotáCoordinates: 4°40′43″N 74°04′43″W / 4.67861°N 74.07861°W / 4.67861; -74.07861CountryColombiaCityBogotá D.C.Area • Total11.9 km2 (4.6 sq mi)Elevation2,600 m (8,500 ft)Population (2007) • Total230,066 • Density19,000/km2 (50,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time)WebsiteOfficial website
Barrios Unidos is the 12th locality of Bogotá, capital of Colombia. It is located to the northwest of the city, and is mostly inhabited by middle class residents. Barrios Unidos is completely urban, with some light industry and major commercial areas.
Geography
Barrios Unidos borders
North: Calle 100, bordering the locality of Suba
South: Calle 63, bordering the locality of Teusaquillo
East: Autopista Norte and Avenida Caracas, bordering the locality of Chapinero
West: Avenida Carrera 68, bordering the locality of Engativá
Hydrology
Several rivers from the Salitre system pass through Barrios Unidos, including the Salitre River.
Topography
Barrios Unidos is relatively flat, located on the Bogotá savanna.
Transportation
In addition to the avenues that border the locality, the principal roads that serve it are:
Avenida 80, Avenida Calle 68, Avenida NQS, and Carrera 24. Calle 80 and Avenida NQS both have lines of the TransMilenio system.
Economy
Small-scale industry thrives in the area, and it is home to Bogotá's leather, furniture, and footwear districts. Factory direct storefronts are common throughout the locality. Specialty warehouses also exist, primarily focusing on autoparts.
Points of interest
Part of Parque Metropolitano Simón Bolívar is located within Barrios Unidos:
El Lago Park
Centro de Alto Rendimiento (fine arts center)
Salitre Mágico Park
Among the commercial establishments are:
Cafam Floresta
Metrópolis shopping center
Barrios Unidos also is home to the Escuela de Cadetes General Santander military school.
References
^ (in Spanish) Population 2007 – DANE
External links
Northwest Bogotá travel guide from Wikivoyage
National University of Colombia site about Barrios Unidos (in Spanish)
vte Bogotá, Capital District Administrativesubdivisionin 20 localities
Usaquén
Chapinero
Santa Fe
San Cristóbal
Usme
Tunjuelito
Bosa
Kennedy
Fontibón
Engativá
Suba
Barrios Unidos
Teusaquillo
Los Mártires
Antonio Nariño
Puente Aranda
La Candelaria
Rafael Uribe Uribe
Ciudad Bolívar
Sumapaz
Metropolitan Area
Bogotá
Soacha
Chía
Facatativá
Zipaquirá
Mosquera
Madrid
Funza
Cajicá
Sibaté
Tocancipá
La Calera
Sopó
Tabio
Cota
Tenjo
Gachancipá
Bojacá
Geography
Eastern Hills
Guadalupe
Monserrate
Suba Hills
Bogotá River
Fucha
Juan Amarillo
Soacha
Tunjuelo
Savanna
TvdH Reserve
Wetlands
Timeline
History
Prehistory
First inhabitants
Muisca
Bacatá
Conquest and foundation
Post-colonial history
Categories | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barrios Unidos, Coclé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_Unidos,_Cocl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"}],"text":"For the corregimiento in Panama, see Barrios Unidos, Coclé.Locality of Bogotá in Bogotá D.C., ColombiaBarrios Unidos is the 12th locality of Bogotá, capital of Colombia. It is located to the northwest of the city, and is mostly inhabited by middle class residents. Barrios Unidos is completely urban, with some light industry and major commercial areas.","title":"Barrios Unidos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suba,_Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Teusaquillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teusaquillo"},{"link_name":"Autopista Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopista_Norte"},{"link_name":"Avenida Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenida_Caracas"},{"link_name":"Chapinero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapinero"},{"link_name":"Engativá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engativ%C3%A1"}],"text":"Barrios Unidos bordersNorth: Calle 100, bordering the locality of Suba\nSouth: Calle 63, bordering the locality of Teusaquillo\nEast: Autopista Norte and Avenida Caracas, bordering the locality of Chapinero\nWest: Avenida Carrera 68, bordering the locality of Engativá","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salitre River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitre_River,_Bogot%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Hydrology","text":"Several rivers from the Salitre system pass through Barrios Unidos, including the Salitre River.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna"}],"sub_title":"Topography","text":"Barrios Unidos is relatively flat, located on the Bogotá savanna.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avenida NQS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte-Quito-Sur"},{"link_name":"TransMilenio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransMilenio"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"In addition to the avenues that border the locality, the principal roads that serve it are:\nAvenida 80, Avenida Calle 68, Avenida NQS, and Carrera 24. Calle 80 and Avenida NQS both have lines of the TransMilenio system.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Factory direct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_direct"}],"text":"Small-scale industry thrives in the area, and it is home to Bogotá's leather, furniture, and footwear districts. Factory direct storefronts are common throughout the locality. Specialty warehouses also exist, primarily focusing on autoparts.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parque Metropolitano Simón Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parque_Metropolitano_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salitre Mágico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitre_M%C3%A1gico"}],"text":"Part of Parque Metropolitano Simón Bolívar is located within Barrios Unidos:El Lago Park\nCentro de Alto Rendimiento (fine arts center)\nSalitre Mágico ParkAmong the commercial establishments are:Cafam Floresta\nMetrópolis shopping centerBarrios Unidos also is home to the Escuela de Cadetes General Santander military school.","title":"Points of interest"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barrios_Unidos¶ms=4_40_43_N_74_04_43_W_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki_region:CO","external_links_name":"4°40′43″N 74°04′43″W / 4.67861°N 74.07861°W / 4.67861; -74.07861"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Barrios+Unidos%22","external_links_name":"\"Barrios Unidos\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Barrios+Unidos%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Barrios+Unidos%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Barrios+Unidos%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Barrios+Unidos%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Barrios+Unidos%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barrios_Unidos¶ms=4_40_43_N_74_04_43_W_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki_region:CO","external_links_name":"4°40′43″N 74°04′43″W / 4.67861°N 74.07861°W / 4.67861; -74.07861"},{"Link":"http://portel.bogota.gov.co/portel/libreria/php/01.27090704.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/condiciones_vida/ecvb/4.xls","external_links_name":"Population 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111217070833/http://www.lopublico.redbogota.com/secciones/localidades/barrios_unidos","external_links_name":"National University of Colombia site about Barrios Unidos"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2rg%C4%83uani | Bârgăuani | ["1 References"] | Commune in Neamț, RomaniaBârgăuaniCommuneLocation in Neamț CountyBârgăuaniLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 46°59′N 26°39′E / 46.983°N 26.650°E / 46.983; 26.650CountryRomaniaCountyNeamțPopulation (2021-12-01)2,904Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.NT
Bârgăuani (Hungarian: Bargován) is a commune in Neamț County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of thirteen villages: Bahna Mare, Baratca (Barátka), Bălănești, Bârgăuani, Breaza (Bráza), Certieni, Chilia, Dârloaia, Ghelăiești, Hârtop, Homiceni, Talpa (Talpa) and Vlădiceni.
At the 2002 census, 100% of inhabitants were ethnic Romanians. 62.8% were Romanian Orthodox and 36.9% Roman Catholic.
vteNeamț County, RomaniaCities
Piatra Neamț (county seat)
Roman
Towns
Bicaz
Roznov
Târgu Neamț
Communes
Agapia
Alexandru cel Bun
Bahna
Bălțătești
Bâra
Bârgăuani
Bicaz-Chei
Bicazu Ardelean
Bodești
Boghicea
Borca
Borlești
Botești
Bozieni
Brusturi
Cândești
Ceahlău
Cordun
Costișa
Crăcăoani
Dămuc
Dobreni
Dochia
Doljești
Drăgănești
Dragomirești
Dulcești
Dumbrava Roșie
Farcașa
Făurei
Gâdinți
Gârcina
Gherăești
Ghindăoani
Girov
Grințieș
Grumăzești
Hangu
Horia
Icușești
Ion Creangă
Mărgineni
Moldoveni
Negrești
Oniceni
Pâncești
Pângărați
Păstrăveni
Petricani
Piatra Șoimului
Pipirig
Podoleni
Poiana Teiului
Poienari
Răucești
Războieni
Rediu
Români
Ruginoasa
Săbăoani
Sagna
Săvinești
Secuieni
Stănița
Ștefan cel Mare
Tămășeni
Tarcău
Tașca
Tazlău
Țibucani
Timișești
Trifești
Tupilați
Urecheni
Valea Ursului
Văleni
Vânători-Neamț
Zănești
References
^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.
This Neamț County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Neamț County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neam%C8%9B_County"},{"link_name":"Western Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"ethnic Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Romanian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neam%C8%9B_County"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Neam%C8%9B_County"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neam%C8%9B_County"},{"link_name":"Neamț County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neam%C8%9B_County"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipiu"},{"link_name":"Piatra 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Bun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_cel_Bun,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Bahna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahna"},{"link_name":"Bălțătești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9B%C4%83te%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Bâra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2ra"},{"link_name":"Bârgăuani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bicaz-Chei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicaz-Chei"},{"link_name":"Bicazu Ardelean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicazu_Ardelean"},{"link_name":"Bodești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Boghicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boghicea"},{"link_name":"Borca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borca,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Borlești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borle%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Botești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bote%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Bozieni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozieni,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Brusturi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusturi,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Cândești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2nde%C8%99ti,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Ceahlău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceahl%C4%83u,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Cordun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordun"},{"link_name":"Costișa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costi%C8%99a"},{"link_name":"Crăcăoani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C4%83c%C4%83oani"},{"link_name":"Dămuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%83muc"},{"link_name":"Dobreni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobreni"},{"link_name":"Dochia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dochia,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Doljești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolje%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Drăgănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%83g%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Dragomirești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragomire%C8%99ti,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Dulcești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulce%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Dumbrava Roșie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbrava_Ro%C8%99ie"},{"link_name":"Farcașa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farca%C8%99a"},{"link_name":"Făurei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%83urei,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Gâdinți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2din%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Gârcina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2rcina"},{"link_name":"Gherăești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gher%C4%83e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Ghindăoani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghind%C4%83oani"},{"link_name":"Girov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girov"},{"link_name":"Grințieș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grin%C8%9Bie%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Grumăzești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grum%C4%83ze%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Hangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangu,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Horia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Icușești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icu%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Ion Creangă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Creang%C4%83,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Mărgineni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83rgineni,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Moldoveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldoveni,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Negrești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negre%C8%99ti,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Oniceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oniceni"},{"link_name":"Pâncești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2nce%C8%99ti,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Pângărați","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2ng%C4%83ra%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Păstrăveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83str%C4%83veni"},{"link_name":"Petricani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petricani"},{"link_name":"Piatra Șoimului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatra_%C8%98oimului"},{"link_name":"Pipirig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipirig"},{"link_name":"Podoleni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podoleni"},{"link_name":"Poiana Teiului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poiana_Teiului"},{"link_name":"Poienari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poienari"},{"link_name":"Răucești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83uce%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Războieni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboieni,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Rediu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediu,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Români","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2ni,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Ruginoasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruginoasa,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Săbăoani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83b%C4%83oani"},{"link_name":"Sagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagna,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Săvinești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83vine%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Secuieni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secuieni,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Stănița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%83ni%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Ștefan cel Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tefan_cel_Mare,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Tămășeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83m%C4%83%C8%99eni"},{"link_name":"Tarcău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarc%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Tașca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C8%99ca"},{"link_name":"Tazlău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazl%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Țibucani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aibucani"},{"link_name":"Timișești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Trifești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trife%C8%99ti,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Tupilați","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupila%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Urecheni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urecheni"},{"link_name":"Valea Ursului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valea_Ursului"},{"link_name":"Văleni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83leni,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Vânători-Neamț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2n%C4%83tori-Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Zănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%83ne%C8%99ti"}],"text":"Bârgăuani (Hungarian: Bargován) is a commune in Neamț County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of thirteen villages: Bahna Mare, Baratca (Barátka), Bălănești, Bârgăuani, Breaza (Bráza), Certieni, Chilia, Dârloaia, Ghelăiești, Hârtop, Homiceni, Talpa (Talpa) and Vlădiceni.At the 2002 census, 100% of inhabitants were ethnic Romanians. 62.8% were Romanian Orthodox and 36.9% Roman Catholic.vteNeamț County, RomaniaCities\nPiatra Neamț (county seat)\nRoman\nTowns\nBicaz\nRoznov\nTârgu Neamț\nCommunes\nAgapia\nAlexandru cel Bun\nBahna\nBălțătești\nBâra\nBârgăuani\nBicaz-Chei\nBicazu Ardelean\nBodești\nBoghicea\nBorca\nBorlești\nBotești\nBozieni\nBrusturi\nCândești\nCeahlău\nCordun\nCostișa\nCrăcăoani\nDămuc\nDobreni\nDochia\nDoljești\nDrăgănești\nDragomirești\nDulcești\nDumbrava Roșie\nFarcașa\nFăurei\nGâdinți\nGârcina\nGherăești\nGhindăoani\nGirov\nGrințieș\nGrumăzești\nHangu\nHoria\nIcușești\nIon Creangă\nMărgineni\nMoldoveni\nNegrești\nOniceni\nPâncești\nPângărați\nPăstrăveni\nPetricani\nPiatra Șoimului\nPipirig\nPodoleni\nPoiana Teiului\nPoienari\nRăucești\nRăzboieni\nRediu\nRomâni\nRuginoasa\nSăbăoani\nSagna\nSăvinești\nSecuieni\nStănița\nȘtefan cel Mare\nTămășeni\nTarcău\nTașca\nTazlău\nȚibucani\nTimișești\nTrifești\nTupilați\nUrecheni\nValea Ursului\nVăleni\nVânători-Neamț\nZănești","title":"Bârgăuani"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"National Institute of Statistics"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B%C3%A2rg%C4%83uani¶ms=46_59_N_26_39_E_region:RO_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"46°59′N 26°39′E / 46.983°N 26.650°E / 46.983; 26.650"},{"Link":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","external_links_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A2rg%C4%83uani&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_King_(Northern_Ireland_politician) | Peter King (Northern Ireland politician) | ["1 Career","2 References"] | Northern Ireland judge and politician
Peter KingMember of the Northern Ireland Forum for South AntrimIn office30 May 1996 – 25 April 1998Preceded byForum createdSucceeded byForum dissolved
Personal detailsPolitical partyUlster Unionist Party
Peter King is a Northern Irish judge, former barrister and Unionist politician.
Career
King is a member of the Bar of England and Wales (Gray's Inn 1993), the Bar of Northern Ireland (1994) and the Bar of Ireland (2009), and was an active member of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP). He headed the party list in South Antrim for the 1996 Northern Ireland Forum election, and was easily elected. He worked with David Brewster and Dean Godson on the UUP's "Strand I" team at the talks which led to the Good Friday Agreement.
King did not stand in the 1998 Northern Ireland Assembly election, and became known as an opponent of the Good Friday Agreement, acting as a spokesman for the anti-agreement Union First group. He also became chairman of the Young Unionists.
King was suggested as a possible UUP candidate in the 2000 South Antrim by-election, but the party instead stood David Burnside. In 2001, he was part of a group of anti-agreement UUP members who met with John de Chastelain of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning.
During the previous mandate of the Northern Ireland Assembly, King was a Special Advisor to the First Minister of Northern Ireland.
King returned to full-time practice as a criminal defence barrister in May 2011. He was appointed a District Judge in November 2013. In 2014 he found that the evidence against three people was insufficient for them to be sent for trial by jury in relation to the Death of Robert Hamill
References
^ a b Dean Godson, Himself Alone: David Trimble and the Ordeal of Unionism, p.298
^ "1996 Forum Elections: Candidates in South Antrim", Northern Ireland Elections
^ Cordula Hawes-Bilger, War zone language: linguistic aspects of the conflict in Northern Ireland, p.263
^ "Trimble under attack from predecessor", BBC News, 2 October 1999
^ "Unionist dilemma over South Antrim seat", BBC News, 29 April 2000
^ "Decommissioning meeting - the transcript", The Guardian, 2 November 2001
^ "", Northern Ireland Environment Link
^ Judicial Appointments, 2013
^ Belfast Telegraph
Northern Ireland Forum
New forum
Member for South Antrim 1996–1998
Forum dissolved | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge"},{"link_name":"Unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionist_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"}],"text":"Peter King is a Northern Irish judge, former barrister and Unionist politician.","title":"Peter King (Northern Ireland politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-godson-1"},{"link_name":"South Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Antrim_(Assembly_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Forum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"David Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Good Friday Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-godson-1"},{"link_name":"1998 Northern Ireland Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Young Unionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Unionists"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2000 South Antrim by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_South_Antrim_by-election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dilemma-5"},{"link_name":"David Burnside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Burnside"},{"link_name":"John de Chastelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Chastelain"},{"link_name":"Independent International Commission on Decommissioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_on_Decommissioning"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"First Minister of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Death of Robert Hamill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Robert_Hamill"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"King is a member of the Bar of England and Wales (Gray's Inn 1993), the Bar of Northern Ireland (1994) and the Bar of Ireland (2009), and was an active member of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP).[1] He headed the party list in South Antrim for the 1996 Northern Ireland Forum election, and was easily elected.[2] He worked with David Brewster and Dean Godson on the UUP's \"Strand I\" team at the talks which led to the Good Friday Agreement.[1]King did not stand in the 1998 Northern Ireland Assembly election, and became known as an opponent of the Good Friday Agreement, acting as a spokesman for the anti-agreement Union First group.[3] He also became chairman of the Young Unionists.[4]King was suggested as a possible UUP candidate in the 2000 South Antrim by-election,[5] but the party instead stood David Burnside. In 2001, he was part of a group of anti-agreement UUP members who met with John de Chastelain of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning.[6]During the previous mandate of the Northern Ireland Assembly, King was a Special Advisor to the First Minister of Northern Ireland.[7]King returned to full-time practice as a criminal defence barrister in May 2011. He was appointed a District Judge in November 2013.[8] In 2014 he found that the evidence against three people was insufficient for them to be sent for trial by jury in relation to the Death of Robert Hamill[9]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/asa.htm","external_links_name":"1996 Forum Elections: Candidates in South Antrim"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/463572.stm","external_links_name":"Trimble under attack from predecessor"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/730640.stm","external_links_name":"Unionist dilemma over South Antrim seat"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/nov/02/northernireland.northernireland","external_links_name":"Decommissioning meeting - the transcript"},{"Link":"https://www.nijac.gov.uk/2013","external_links_name":"Judicial Appointments, 2013"},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/judge-halts-hamill-murder-trial-30558912.html/","external_links_name":"Belfast Telegraph"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba_senegalensis | Saba senegalensis | ["1 Fruit","2 Drink","3 Propagation","4 Growing","5 Common names","6 References","7 External links"] | Species of tree
Saba senegalensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Gentianales
Family:
Apocynaceae
Genus:
Saba
Species:
S. senegalensis
Binomial name
Saba senegalensis(A.DC.) Pichon
Saba senegalensis, known as weda in the Moore, French, and English languages and ‘’madd’’ in Wolof and ‘’laare’’ in Pulaar , is a fruit-producing plant of the Apocynaceae family, native to the Sahel region of sub-Saharan Africa. It has several common names in various West African languages. The tree grows predominantly on riverbanks and in woodlands in The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Somalia, Mali and Ivory Coast. It has been observed growing as vine up trees, as a small erect shrub, and oftentimes growing to the size of a large tree.
ICRISAT has cited S. senegalensis as a useful food crop plant and as a tool to combat soil degradation in rural Africa.
Fruit
The fruit of Saba senegalensis has a hard yellow peel containing large seeds embedded in a yellowish pulp, having a pleasing acidity similar to that of the tamarind. The flavor has also been compared to that of a mango.
Drink
Natives of the Sahel region often use the fruit to make a juice.
Propagation
Saba senegalensis is most easily propagated through seeds. Once you acquire seeds, soak them in warm water for 24 hours. Then, start seeds directly in cactus soil mix. Do not overwater. The seeds should sprout within 2–4 weeks. Alternatively, if you have access to a live plant, it can by propagated by use of cuttings. Simply cut a 6-12 inch branch from the plant, and start directly in soil. The plant should fruit within 2–5 years of being planted.
Growing
Saba senegalensis will grow best outdoors in USDA zones 10 and warmer. If you live in a colder zone, you may have success growing it in a pot and bringing it indoors for winter.
Common names
S. senegalensis flowersThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In the Moore language: "Weda"
In the Wolof language: "Madd"
In Mandinka: "Kabaa"
In the Bambara language: "Zaban"
In the French language: "Liane saba"
In Côte d'Ivoire: "Saba"
In Sierra Leone Krio: "Malombo"
In the Congo basin: "Malombo" or "Makalakonki"
In Guinea Bissau, Kriolu language: "Foli lifanti"
In Casamance, Senegal, Joola language: "Kuguissai"
In Northern Nigeria, Hausa language: "Chiyo"
In Somali: "Dhangalow"
In Nigeria, Ibo language: "Utu"
In Guinea, Fulani: "larè"
In The Gambia, it is called "Tarlo".
References
^ "Plants Profile for Saba senegalensis (Senegal saba)". Plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
^ Burkill, HM. "A tree species reference and selection guide". PROSEA. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
^ "Transforming Agriculture in the Sahel Through Tree-Crop-Livestock Systems" (PDF). Icrisat.org. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
External links
Saba senegalensis in West African plants – A Photo Guide.
Taxon identifiersSaba senegalensis
Wikidata: Q309873
Wikispecies: Saba senegalensis
APDB: 75390
CoL: 6WYLF
EoL: 483910
GBIF: 3169621
GRIN: 102255
iNaturalist: 497038
IPNI: 81759-1
IRMNG: 11434906
ISC: 48152
ITIS: 505997
Observation.org: 278055
Open Tree of Life: 3870763
Plant List: kew-181006
PLANTS: SASE15
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:81759-1
Tropicos: 1805830
uBio: 476772
WFO: wfo-0000299252
This Apocynaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This fruit-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This fruit tree-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Africa-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossi_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Wolof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolof_language"},{"link_name":"Pulaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaar"},{"link_name":"Apocynaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel"},{"link_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ICRISAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICRISAT"},{"link_name":"soil degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_degradation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Saba senegalensis, known as weda in the Moore, French, and English languages and ‘’madd’’ in Wolof and ‘’laare’’ in Pulaar , is a fruit-producing plant of the Apocynaceae[1] family, native to the Sahel region of sub-Saharan Africa. It has several common names in various West African languages. The tree grows predominantly on riverbanks and in woodlands in The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Somalia, Mali and Ivory Coast.[2] It has been observed growing as vine up trees, as a small erect shrub, and oftentimes growing to the size of a large tree.ICRISAT has cited S. senegalensis as a useful food crop plant and as a tool to combat soil degradation in rural Africa.[3]","title":"Saba senegalensis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tamarind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind"}],"text":"The fruit of Saba senegalensis has a hard yellow peel containing large seeds embedded in a yellowish pulp, having a pleasing acidity similar to that of the tamarind. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1200_Intrepid | 1200 Intrepid | ["1 Architectural reception","2 References"] | Coordinates: 39°53′38″N 75°10′21″W / 39.8939°N 75.1725°W / 39.8939; -75.1725Office building
1200 IntrepidGeneral informationTypeOfficeLocationPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Coordinates39°53′38″N 75°10′21″W / 39.8939°N 75.1725°W / 39.8939; -75.1725Technical detailsFloor count4Floor area92,000 sq ft (8,547 m2)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Bjarke Ingels
1200 Intrepid is an office building located in The Navy Yard in Philadelphia. It was designed by architectural firm BIG, which is led by Danish architect Bjarke Ingels. It was built by Turner Construction. Construction began in 2015 and was completed in 2016. The building's first tenant is Penn Capital Management.
The building was built on spec, without a specific designated tenant. It was designed with the curving shape of battleships in mind, as well as the design of the circular park adjacent the building. Despite the curving of the building's walls, it nevertheless conforms to Robert A. M. Stern's master plan for the Navy Yard, which calls for traditional, box-shaped office buildings.
Pharmacy chain Rite Aid leased space in the building in late 2021. The company plans to move its headquarters to the building.
Architectural reception
Inga Saffron, the architecture critic for The Philadelphia Inquirer referred to the building's curved wall as "mesmerizing". Ingels has compared the white concrete panels that make up the building's facade to "...bracelets of a watch a graceful, organic space and inviting cavelike canopy".
References
^ a b Jennings, James (16 June 2015). "Holy Bjarke Ingels! Starchitect-Designed Office Building Coming to The Navy Yard". Philadelphia Magazine. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
^ Romero, Melissa (14 July 2016). "BIG's 1200 Intrepid Nears Completion at the Navy Yard". Curbed. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
^ a b Fernandez, Bob (14 September 2021). "Drugstore chain Rite Aid will move 'remote-first' HQ to Philly's Navy Yard from central Pa". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
^ Saffron, Inga (4 June 2016). "Changing Skyline: Optical illusion makes architect Bjarke Ingels' new Navy Yard building mesmerizing". Philly.com. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
^ Romero, Melissa (14 June 2016). "BIG's 1200 Intrepid Nears Completion at the Navy Yard". Curbed. Retrieved 19 June 2017. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmag-1"},{"link_name":"BIG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarke_Ingels_Group"},{"link_name":"Bjarke Ingels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarke_Ingels"},{"link_name":"Turner Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Construction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmag-1"},{"link_name":"Rite Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite_Aid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inquirer_0921-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inquirer_0921-3"}],"text":"Office building1200 Intrepid is an office building located in The Navy Yard in Philadelphia.[1] It was designed by architectural firm BIG, which is led by Danish architect Bjarke Ingels. It was built by Turner Construction. Construction began in 2015 and was completed in 2016.[2] The building's first tenant is Penn Capital Management.The building was built on spec, without a specific designated tenant. It was designed with the curving shape of battleships in mind, as well as the design of the circular park adjacent the building. Despite the curving of the building's walls, it nevertheless conforms to Robert A. M. Stern's master plan for the Navy Yard, which calls for traditional, box-shaped office buildings.[1]Pharmacy chain Rite Aid leased space in the building in late 2021.[3] The company plans to move its headquarters to the building.[3]","title":"1200 Intrepid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inga Saffron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_Saffron"},{"link_name":"The Philadelphia Inquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Inga Saffron, the architecture critic for The Philadelphia Inquirer referred to the building's curved wall as \"mesmerizing\".[4] Ingels has compared the white concrete panels that make up the building's facade to \"...bracelets of a watch [tilting to create] a graceful, organic space and inviting cavelike canopy\".[5]","title":"Architectural reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jennings, James (16 June 2015). \"Holy Bjarke Ingels! Starchitect-Designed Office Building Coming to The Navy Yard\". Philadelphia Magazine. Retrieved 19 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phillymag.com/property/2015/06/26/bjarke-ingels-navy-yard/","url_text":"\"Holy Bjarke Ingels! Starchitect-Designed Office Building Coming to The Navy Yard\""}]},{"reference":"Romero, Melissa (14 July 2016). \"BIG's 1200 Intrepid Nears Completion at the Navy Yard\". Curbed. Retrieved 19 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://philly.curbed.com/2016/7/14/12187760/bjarke-ingels-1200-intrepid-navy-yard-nears-completion","url_text":"\"BIG's 1200 Intrepid Nears Completion at the Navy Yard\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandez, Bob (14 September 2021). \"Drugstore chain Rite Aid will move 'remote-first' HQ to Philly's Navy Yard from central Pa\". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/business/rite-aid-remote-new-headquarters-philly-pandemic-20210914.html","url_text":"\"Drugstore chain Rite Aid will move 'remote-first' HQ to Philly's Navy Yard from central Pa\""}]},{"reference":"Saffron, Inga (4 June 2016). \"Changing Skyline: Optical illusion makes architect Bjarke Ingels' new Navy Yard building mesmerizing\". Philly.com. Retrieved 19 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philly.com/philly/living/20160624_Changing_Skyline__Optical_illusion_makes_architect_Bjarke_Ingels__new_Navy_Yard_building_mesmerizing.html","url_text":"\"Changing Skyline: Optical illusion makes architect Bjarke Ingels' new Navy Yard building mesmerizing\""}]},{"reference":"Romero, Melissa (14 June 2016). \"BIG's 1200 Intrepid Nears Completion at the Navy Yard\". Curbed. Retrieved 19 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://philly.curbed.com/2016/7/14/12187760/bjarke-ingels-1200-intrepid-navy-yard-nears-completion","url_text":"\"BIG's 1200 Intrepid Nears Completion at the Navy Yard\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1200_Intrepid¶ms=39.8939_N_75.1725_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"39°53′38″N 75°10′21″W / 39.8939°N 75.1725°W / 39.8939; -75.1725"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1200_Intrepid¶ms=39.8939_N_75.1725_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"39°53′38″N 75°10′21″W / 39.8939°N 75.1725°W / 39.8939; -75.1725"},{"Link":"http://www.phillymag.com/property/2015/06/26/bjarke-ingels-navy-yard/","external_links_name":"\"Holy Bjarke Ingels! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Thornton_Marye | P. Thornton Marye | ["1 Gallery","2 References"] | American architect
Philip Thornton Marye (1872-1935), known as P. Thornton Marye, was an American architect with offices in Atlanta, Georgia.
Marye was born in Alexandria, Virginia, and raised at the family mansion, Brompton, outside Fredericksburg, Virginia. He attended Randolph-Macon College and the University of Virginia before serving in the Fourth Virginia Volunteers in Cuba during the Spanish–American War. Marye trained in architecture briefly with Glen Brown in Washington, D.C., and practiced architecture in Newport News, Virginia, in the early 1900s, but moved to Atlanta in 1903 after receiving the important commission to design the Atlanta Terminal Station. The success of the Atlanta Terminal led to him being selected to design the Terminal Station in Birmingham, Alabama. With partners he designed several notable civic, commercial, and domestic buildings in the Atlanta area, including several which are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. He served in the U.S. Army Construction Division and American Expeditionary Forces Transportation Corps in World War I. Marye also was known for his efforts in architectural preservation, and served as a district officer of the Historic American Buildings Survey and as consultant to the American Institute of Architects Commission for the Preservation of Historic Buildings in America. Several of the buildings Marye designed have been listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
P. Thornton Marye's partnerships include:
with A. Ten Eyck Brown
the firm of Marye, Alger, and Alger with Barrett Alger and his son Richard Alger
the firm of Marye, Alger, and Vinour with Olivier Vinour
P. Thornton Marye's works include:
St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Newport News, Virginia (1899)
Terminal Station (Atlanta), Atlanta, Georgia (1905)
St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Atlanta, Georgia (1906)
Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminal, Mobile, Alabama (1907) NRHP 75000323
Birmingham Terminal Station, Birmingham, Alabama (1909)
Highlands Methodist Church, Birmingham, Alabama (1909)
Capital City Club, Atlanta, Georgia (1911) NRHP 77000425
Edward Lyle House, 108 17th St Ne, Atlanta, Georgia (1912) Ansley Park
Gentry-McClinton House, Atlanta, Georgia (1914)
Greenville County Courthouse, Greenville, South Carolina (1918) NRHP 94000300
Randolph-Lucas House, Atlanta, Georgia (1924)
Sunny Gables Alumni House, LaGrange College, LaGrange, Georgia (1925)
Fox Theatre (Atlanta), Atlanta, Georgia (1929) NRHP 74002230
Southern Bell Telephone Company Building, Atlanta, Georgia (1929) NRHP 78000985
Aladdin Theater, also known as The Historic Cocoa Village Playhouse, Cocoa, FL (1924) NRHP 91001541
Gallery
Atlanta Terminal Station
Mobile Terminal
Birmingham Terminal
Highlands United Methodist Church
Greenville County Courthouse
Fox Theater
Southern Bell Building
Edward Lyle House
References
^ "P. Thornton Marye (1872-1935)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
^ thegeorgianrevival (2013-06-02). "Thornton Marye: A Cruel Twist Of Fate". The Georgian Revival. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandria, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Brompton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompton_(Fredericksburg,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Randolph-Macon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph%E2%80%93Macon_College"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"American Expeditionary Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces"},{"link_name":"Transportation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Corps"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Historic American Buildings Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey_(Library_of_Congress)"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"A. Ten Eyck Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Ten_Eyck_Brown"},{"link_name":"Terminal Station (Atlanta)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_Station_(Atlanta)"},{"link_name":"St. Luke's Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Luke%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Atlanta)"},{"link_name":"Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf,_Mobile_and_Ohio_Passenger_Terminal"},{"link_name":"NRHP 75000323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/75000323"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Terminal Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Terminal_Station"},{"link_name":"Capital City Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_City_Club"},{"link_name":"NRHP 77000425","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/77000425"},{"link_name":"Edward Lyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lyle"},{"link_name":"Gentry-McClinton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_buildings_and_districts_designated_by_the_City_of_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Greenville County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_County_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"NRHP 94000300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/94000300"},{"link_name":"Randolph-Lucas House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_buildings_and_districts_designated_by_the_City_of_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"LaGrange College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGrange_College"},{"link_name":"Fox Theatre (Atlanta)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Theatre_(Atlanta)"},{"link_name":"NRHP 74002230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74002230"},{"link_name":"Southern Bell Telephone Company Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Bell_Telephone_Company_Building"},{"link_name":"NRHP 78000985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/78000985"},{"link_name":"Aladdin Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_Theater"},{"link_name":"NRHP 91001541","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/91001541"}],"text":"Philip Thornton Marye (1872-1935), known as P. Thornton Marye, was an American architect with offices in Atlanta, Georgia.Marye was born in Alexandria, Virginia, and raised at the family mansion, Brompton, outside Fredericksburg, Virginia. He attended Randolph-Macon College and the University of Virginia before serving in the Fourth Virginia Volunteers in Cuba during the Spanish–American War. Marye trained in architecture briefly with Glen Brown in Washington, D.C., and practiced architecture in Newport News, Virginia, in the early 1900s, but moved to Atlanta in 1903 after receiving the important commission to design the Atlanta Terminal Station. The success of the Atlanta Terminal led to him being selected to design the Terminal Station in Birmingham, Alabama. With partners he designed several notable civic, commercial, and domestic buildings in the Atlanta area, including several which are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. He served in the U.S. Army Construction Division and American Expeditionary Forces Transportation Corps in World War I. Marye also was known for his efforts in architectural preservation, and served as a district officer of the Historic American Buildings Survey and as consultant to the American Institute of Architects Commission for the Preservation of Historic Buildings in America.[1][2] Several of the buildings Marye designed have been listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).P. Thornton Marye's partnerships include:with A. Ten Eyck Brown\nthe firm of Marye, Alger, and Alger with Barrett Alger and his son Richard Alger\nthe firm of Marye, Alger, and Vinour with Olivier VinourP. Thornton Marye's works include:St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Newport News, Virginia (1899)\nTerminal Station (Atlanta), Atlanta, Georgia (1905)\nSt. Luke's Episcopal Church, Atlanta, Georgia (1906)\nGulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminal, Mobile, Alabama (1907) NRHP 75000323\nBirmingham Terminal Station, Birmingham, Alabama (1909)\nHighlands Methodist Church, Birmingham, Alabama (1909)\nCapital City Club, Atlanta, Georgia (1911) NRHP 77000425\nEdward Lyle House, 108 17th St Ne, Atlanta, Georgia (1912) Ansley Park\nGentry-McClinton House, Atlanta, Georgia (1914)\nGreenville County Courthouse, Greenville, South Carolina (1918) NRHP 94000300\nRandolph-Lucas House, Atlanta, Georgia (1924)\nSunny Gables Alumni House, LaGrange College, LaGrange, Georgia (1925)\nFox Theatre (Atlanta), Atlanta, Georgia (1929) NRHP 74002230\nSouthern Bell Telephone Company Building, Atlanta, Georgia (1929) NRHP 78000985\nAladdin Theater, also known as The Historic Cocoa Village Playhouse, Cocoa, FL (1924) NRHP 91001541","title":"P. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_Park | Prior Park | ["1 History","1.1 Construction","1.2 Later use","2 Architecture","3 Gardens","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°21′54″N 2°20′40″W / 51.36500°N 2.34444°W / 51.36500; -2.34444Grade I listed Palladian building in south west England
Prior ParkLocationBath, Somerset, EnglandCoordinates51°21′54″N 2°20′40″W / 51.36500°N 2.34444°W / 51.36500; -2.34444Built1742Built forRalph AllenArchitectJohn Wood, the ElderArchitectural style(s)Neo-Palladian
Listed Building – Grade IOfficial namePrior Park (Now Prior Park College)Designated12 June 1950Reference no.1394453
Location of Prior Park in Somerset
Prior Park is a Neo-Palladian house that was designed by John Wood, the Elder, and built in the 1730s and 1740s for Ralph Allen on a hill overlooking Bath, Somerset, England. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building.
The house was built in part to demonstrate the properties of Bath stone as a building material. The design followed work by Andrea Palladio and was influenced by drawings originally made by Colen Campbell for Wanstead House in Essex as well as the twelve sided plan form of the Roman theatre (of which the house's natural setting reminded Wood). The main block had 15 bays and each of the wings 17 bays each. The surrounding parkland had been laid out in 1100 but following the purchase of the land by Allen 11.3 hectares (28 acres) were established as a landscape garden. Features in the garden include a bridge covered by Palladian arches, which is also Grade I listed.
Following Allen's death the estate passed down through his family. In 1828, Bishop Baines bought it for use as a Roman Catholic College. The house was then extended and a chapel and gymnasium built by Henry Goodridge. The house is now used by Prior Park College and the surrounding parkland owned by the National Trust.
History
Construction
Ralph Allen, an entrepreneur and philanthropist, was notable for his reforms to the British postal system. He moved in 1710 to Bath, where he became a post office clerk, and at the age of 19, in 1712, became the Postmaster. In 1742 he was elected Mayor of Bath, and was the Member of Parliament for Bath between 1757 and 1764. The building in Lilliput Alley, Bath (now North Parade Passage), which he used as a post office, became his town house.
Prior Park above Ralph Allen's railway in 1750, from an engraving by Anthony WalkerAllen acquired the stone quarries at Combe Down and Bathampton Down. The unique honey-coloured Bath stone was used to build the Georgian city, and as a result he made a second fortune. Allen instructed John Padmire to build a wooden wagon-way from his mine on Combe Down which carried the stone down the hill, now known as Ralph Allen Drive, which runs beside Prior Park, to a wharf he constructed at Bath Locks on the Kennet and Avon Canal for onward transport to London. An engraving of Prior Park, made in 1752 from a drawing by Anthony Walker and showing the railway passing the house, is the first known railway print. Following a failed bid to supply stone to buildings in London, Allen wanted a building which would show off the properties of Bath stone as a building material.
Hitherto, the quarry masons had always hewn stone roughly, providing blocks of varying size. Wood required stone blocks to be cut with crisp clean edges for his distinctive classical façades. The stone was extracted by the "room and pillar" method, by which chambers were dug out, leaving pillars of stone to support the roof. Bath stone is an Oolitic limestone comprising granular fragments of calcium carbonate laid down during the Jurassic period (195 to 135 million years ago). An important feature of Bath stone is that it is a freestone, that is one that can be sawn or 'squared up' in any direction, unlike other rocks such as slate, which has distinct layers. It was extensively used in the Roman and Medieval periods on domestic, ecclesiastical and civil engineering projects such as bridges.
John Wood, the Elder was commissioned by Ralph Allen to build on the hill overlooking Bath: "To see all Bath, and for all Bath to see". Wood was born in Bath and is known for designing many of the streets and buildings of the city, such as The Circus (1754–68), St John's Hospital, (1727–28), Queen Square (1728–36), the North (1740) and South Parades (1743–48), the Mineral Water Hospital (1738–42) and other notable houses, many of which are Grade I listed buildings. Queen Square was his first speculative development. Wood lived in a house on the square, which was described by Nikolaus Pevsner as "one of the finest Palladian compositions in England before 1730".
The plan for Prior Park was to construct five buildings along three sides of a dodecagon matching the sweep of the head of the valley, with the main building flanked by elongated wings based on designs by Andrea Palladio. The plans were influenced by drawings in Vitruvius Britannicus originally made by Colen Campbell for Wanstead House in Essex, which was yet to be built. The main block had 15 bays and each of the wings 17 bays. Between each wing and the main block was a Porte-cochère for coaches to stop under. In addition to the stone from the local quarries, material, including the grand staircase and plasterwork, from the demolished Hunstrete House were used in the construction.
Construction work began in 1734 to Wood's plan but disagreements between Wood and Allen led to his dismissal and Wood's Clerk of Works, Richard Jones, replaced him and made some changes to the plans, particularly for the east wing. Jones also added the Palladian Bridge. The building was finished in 1743 and was occupied by Allen as his primary residence until his death in 1764.
Drawing from 1875 by W.Wills after Thomas Hearne incorrectly showing 13 bays in the main house
Later use
Main article: Prior Park College
After Allen's death in 1764, William Warburton, Allen's relative, lived in the house for some time and it was passed down to other family members and then purchased, in 1809, by John Thomas, a Bristol Quaker. After William Beckford sold Fonthill Abbey, in 1822, he was looking about for a suitable new seat, Prior Park was his first choice: ""They wanted too much for it," he recalled later; "I should have liked it very much; it possesses such great capability of being made a very beautiful spot." Prior Park was offered for sale after Thomas's death in 1827 but the asking price of £25,000 was not obtained and the offer of sale withdrawn.
Augustine Baines, a Benedictine, Titular Bishop of Siga and Vicar Apostolic of the Western District of England, was appointed to Bath in 1817. He purchased the mansion in 1828 for £22,000 and set to work to establish two colleges in either wing of the house, which he dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul respectively, the former being intended as a lay college, the latter as a seminary. The new college never became prosperous, however. Renovations were made according to designs by Henry Goodridge in 1834 including the addition of the staircase in front of the main building. A gymnasium was also built in the 1830s including a courtyard for Fives, and three barrel vaulted rooms on the first floor and a terrace roof.
The seminary was closed in 1856 after a fire which, in 1836, had resulted in extensive damage and renovation and brought about financial insolvency. It was bought in 1867 by Bishop Clifford who founded a Roman Catholic Grammar School in the mansion. Prior Park operated as a grammar school until 1904. During World War I the site was occupied by the army and used for officer cadet training. Following the war, several tenants occupied the site. In 1921, the Christian Brothers acquired the building and opened a boarding school for boys in 1924, which continues today as a mixed public school.
The main building (the Mansion) has been badly burnt twice. The 1836 fire left visible damage to some stonework. The 1991 fire gutted the interior, except for parts of the basement. Unusually, the blaze started on the top floor, and spread downwards. Rebuilding took approximately three years.
Architecture
John Wood, the Elder's planned layout for Prior Park
The house described by Pevsner as "the most ambitious and most complete re-creation of Palladio's villas on English soil" was designed by John Wood the Elder, however, Wood and his patron, Allen, quarrelled and completion of the project was overseen by Richard Jones, the clerk-of-works.
The plan consists of a corps de logis flanked by two pavilions connected to the corps de logis by segmented single storey arcades. The northern façade (or garden façade) of the corps de logis is of 15 bays, the central 5 bays carry a prostyle portico of six Corinthian columns. The southern façade is more sombre in its embellishment, but has at its centre, six ionic columns surmounted by a pediment. The terminating pavilions have been much altered from their original design by Wood; he originally envisaged two pavilions at each end of the range; an unusual composition which was ignored by Jones who terminated the range with a single pavilion as is the more conventional Palladian concept. The East Wing was altered around 1830 when it was converted into a school, having included a brewhouse previously when a pedimented three-bay second floor was added by John Pensiston. Around 1834 Goodridge altered the West Wing to include a theatre, which was damaged by bombs during the Bath Blitz of 1942. The central flight of steps and urns, in Baroque style, which front the north portico were added by Goodridge in 1836.
In the 1830s Goodridge put forward plans for a large cathedral to be built in the grounds. However this was never proceeded with and instead was replaced by a plan for a small chapel to be incorporated in the west wing of the mansion. In 1844 Joseph John Scoles created the Church of St Paul which, along with the remainder of the west wing, is Grade I listed.
The total length of the principal elevation is between 1,200 feet (370 m) and 1,300 feet (400 m) in length. Of that, the corps de logis occupies 150 feet (46 m). The two-storey building with attics and a basement is topped with a Westmorland slate roof.
Gardens
The Palladian Bridge
Main article: Prior Park Landscape Garden
The first park on the site was set out by John of Tours the Bishop of Bath and Wells around 1100, as part of a deer park, and subsequently sold to Humphrey Colles and then Matthew Colhurst. It is set in a small valley with steep sides, from which there are views of the city of Bath. Prior Park's 11.3 hectares (28 acres) landscape garden was laid out by the poet Alexander Pope between the construction of the house and 1764. During 1737, at least 55,200 trees, mostly elm and Scots pine, were planted, along the sides and top of the valley. No trees were planted on the valley floor. Water was channeled into fish ponds at the bottom of the valley.
Later work, during the 1750s and 1760s, was undertaken by the landscape gardener Capability Brown. This included extending the gardens to the north and removing the central cascade making the combe into a single sweep. The garden, as it was originally laid out, influenced other designers and contributed to defining the style of garden thought of as the English garden in continental Europe.
Inside the Palladian Bridge
The features in the gardens include a Palladian bridge (one of only 4 left in the world), Gothic temple, gravel cabinet, Mrs Allen's Grotto, ice house, lodge and three pools with curtain walls plus a serpentine lake. The Palladian bridge, which is a copy of the one at Wilton House, was built by Richard Jones, and has been designated as a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Ancient Monument. It was repaired in 1936.
The rusticated stone piers on either side of the main entrance gates are surmounted by entablatures and large ornamental vases, while those at the drive entrance have ornamental carved finials. The porter's lodge was built along with the main house to designs by John Wood the Elder.
In 1993, the National Trust obtained the park and pleasure grounds. In November 2006, the large-scale restoration project began on the cascade, serpentine lake and Gothic temple in the Wilderness area (as shown in special episode 28 of the Time Team). Extensive planting also took place in 2007. The Palladian Bridge is also featured on the cover of the album Morningrise by Swedish progressive metal band Opeth released in 1996.
References
^ a b c d e Historic England. "Prior Park College: The mansion with linked arcades) (1394453)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^ * Hart, Vaughan (1989). ‘One View of a Town. Prior Park and the City of Bath’, RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics, pp.140-157.
^ Staff 1964, p. 57.
^ a b c d "Ralph Allen Biography". Bath Postal Museum. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
^ Historic England. "Ralph Allen's House, Terrace Walk, Bath (443802)". Images of England. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012.
^ a b c d e f Durman 2000, pp. 91–94.
^ Darby, Michael (1974). Early Railway Prints. London: Victoria and Albert Museum. p. 2. ISBN 0-901486-74-4.
^ a b c d e f "Prior Park, Bath, England". Parks and gardens UK. Parks and Gardens Data Services Ltd. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ a b c d e Forsyth 2003, p. 94.
^ Greenwood 1977, pp. 70–74.
^ "Combe Down Stone Mines Land Stabilisation Project". BANES. Archived from the original on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 13 July 2006.
^ "Tales From The Riverbank". Minerva Conservation. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
^ Historic England. "The Circus (442451)". Images of England. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012.
^ Historic England. "St John's Hospital (including Chapel Court House) (442408)". Images of England. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012.
^ "Queen Square". UK attractions. Archived from the original on 19 April 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
^ "Queen Square". Bath Net. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
^ "Hunstrete Grand Mansion". Wessex Archeology. Videotext Communications Ltd. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
^ "Combe Down, "Alice is a sexy sl*t" Was Here: Modern vs. Historical Graffiti". Bath Daily Photo. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
^ Varey 1990, pp. 112–117.
^ Curl 2002, p. 44.
^ "History of Prior Park College". Prior Park Alumni. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
^ a b "John Thomas – the forgotten man of Prior Park". Combe Down. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
^ Benjamin 1910, p. 322.
^ Richardson 2001, p. 65.
^ Historic England. "The Gymnasium to north of North Road (447140)". Images of England. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014.
^ Historic England. "Monument No. 204217". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 28 September 2011.
^ Historic England. "Prior Park (1000144)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
^ Colvin & Mellon 2008, p. 1143.
^ Gillie, Oliver (6 April 1994). "Craftsmen restore country house to former glory: Sculptors use delicate skills to recreate rococo ceiling destroyed by fire". The Independent. London. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
^ Gillie, Oliver (5 April 1994). "Craftsmen restore country house to former glory: Sculptors use delicate skills to recreate rococo ceiling destroyed by fire". The Independent. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
^ a b Pevsner 2002, p. 114.
^ Forsyth 2003, pp. 95–96.
^ Goodridge 1865, p. 5.
^ Historic England. "Church of St Paul, with West Wing (1394459)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
^ Kilvert 1857, p. 11.
^ "Green Priorities for the National Trust at Prior Park".
^ "Prior Park Landscape Garden". National Trust. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
^ a b "Prior Park Landscape Garden". Minerva Stone Conservation. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
^ Historic England. "Palladian Bridge (204176)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ Historic England. "Grotto in grounds of Prior Park (1394467)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^ Historic England. "Ice-house in grounds of Prior Park (1394461)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^ Historic England. "Prior Park Lodge (1394608)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^ Historic England. "Screen wall to pool below the West Pavilion and Church of St Paul (447139)". Images of England. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
^ Forsyth 2003, p. 99.
^ a b Historic England. "Palladian Bridge in grounds of Prior Park (1394463)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^ "List of Scheduled Ancient Monuments". Bath and North East Somerset Council. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
^ Borsay 2000, p. 161.
^ Historic England. "Gate Posts at entrance to Prior Park (1394605)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^ Historic England. "Gate Posts to Drive at Prior Park (1394606)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^ Historic England. "Porters Lodge (443397)". Images of England. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
^ "Morningrise". Last FM. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
^ "Morningrise Opeth". Metal Archives. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
Bibliography
Benjamin, Lewis Saul (1910). The life and letters of William Beckford of Fonthill. Duffield.
Borsay, Peter (2000). The image of Georgian Bath, 1700–2000: towns, heritage, and history. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820265-3.
Clarke, Gillian (1987). Prior Park: A complete landscape. Millstream Books. ISBN 978-0-948975-06-6.
Colvin, Howard; Mellon, Paul (2008). A biographical dictionary of British architects, 1600–1840 (4 ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12508-5.
Curl, James Stevens (2002). Georgian architecture. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-0227-9.
Durman, Richard (2000). Classical Buildings of Wiltshire & Bath: A Palladian Quest. Bath: Millstream Books. ISBN 978-0-948975-60-8.
Forsyth, Michael (2003). Pevsner Architectural Guides: Bath. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10177-5.
Goodridge, Alfred S. (1865). Transactions. Royal Institute of British Architects.
Greenwood, Charles (1977). Famous houses of the West Country. Bath: Kingsmead Press. ISBN 978-0-901571-87-8.
Hart, Vaughan (1989). ‘One View of a Town. Prior Park and the City of Bath’, RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics, pp. 140–157.
Kilvert, Robert Francis (1857). Ralph Allen and Prior Park. Oxford University.
Pevsner, Nikolaus (2002). North Somerset and Bristol: North and Bristol. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09640-8.
Richardson, Albert E. (2001). Monumental Classic Architecture in Great Britain and Ireland. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41534-5.
Staff, Frank (1964). The Penny Post, 1680–1918. Lutterworth. ASIN B0000CM5GS.
Varey, Simon (1990). Space and the eighteenth-century English novel. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37483-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prior Park. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"Neo-Palladian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Palladian"},{"link_name":"John Wood, the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wood,_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Ralph Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Allen"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Bath stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_stone"},{"link_name":"Andrea Palladio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Palladio"},{"link_name":"Colen Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colen_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Wanstead House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanstead_Park"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"landscape garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_garden"},{"link_name":"Palladian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Bishop Baines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Baines"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Henry Goodridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Goodridge"},{"link_name":"Prior Park College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_Park_College"},{"link_name":"surrounding parkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_Park_Landscape_Garden"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty"}],"text":"Grade I listed Palladian building in south west EnglandPrior Park is a Neo-Palladian house that was designed by John Wood, the Elder, and built in the 1730s and 1740s for Ralph Allen on a hill overlooking Bath, Somerset, England. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building.The house was built in part to demonstrate the properties of Bath stone as a building material. The design followed work by Andrea Palladio and was influenced by drawings originally made by Colen Campbell for Wanstead House in Essex as well as the twelve sided plan form of the Roman theatre (of which the house's natural setting reminded Wood).[2] The main block had 15 bays and each of the wings 17 bays each. The surrounding parkland had been laid out in 1100 but following the purchase of the land by Allen 11.3 hectares (28 acres) were established as a landscape garden. Features in the garden include a bridge covered by Palladian arches, which is also Grade I listed.Following Allen's death the estate passed down through his family. In 1828, Bishop Baines bought it for use as a Roman Catholic College. The house was then extended and a chapel and gymnasium built by Henry Goodridge. The house is now used by Prior Park College and the surrounding parkland owned by the National Trust.","title":"Prior Park"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Allen"},{"link_name":"postal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail"},{"link_name":"Postmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmaster"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff196457-3"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mayors_of_Bath"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmus-4"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmus-4"},{"link_name":"town 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House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunstrete#Hunstrete_House"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurman200091%E2%80%9394-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarey1990112%E2%80%93117-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurl200244-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prior_Park_1785_drawing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hearne_(artist)"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"Ralph Allen, an entrepreneur and philanthropist, was notable for his reforms to the British postal system. He moved in 1710 to Bath, where he became a post office clerk, and at the age of 19, in 1712, became the Postmaster.[3] In 1742 he was elected Mayor of Bath,[4] and was the Member of Parliament for Bath between 1757 and 1764.[4] The building in Lilliput Alley, Bath (now North Parade Passage), which he used as a post office, became his town house.[5]Prior Park above Ralph Allen's railway in 1750, from an engraving by Anthony WalkerAllen acquired the stone quarries at Combe Down and Bathampton Down.[4] The unique honey-coloured Bath stone was used to build the Georgian city, and as a result he made a second fortune. Allen instructed John Padmire to build a wooden wagon-way from his mine on Combe Down which carried the stone down the hill, now known as Ralph Allen Drive, which runs beside Prior Park, to a wharf he constructed at Bath Locks on the Kennet and Avon Canal for onward transport to London.[6] An engraving of Prior Park, made in 1752 from a drawing by Anthony Walker and showing the railway passing the house, is the first known railway print.[7] Following a failed bid to supply stone to buildings in London, Allen wanted a building which would show off the properties of Bath stone as a building material.[8][9]Hitherto, the quarry masons had always hewn stone roughly, providing blocks of varying size. Wood required stone blocks to be cut with crisp clean edges for his distinctive classical façades.[10] The stone was extracted by the \"room and pillar\" method, by which chambers were dug out, leaving pillars of stone to support the roof.[11] Bath stone is an Oolitic limestone comprising granular fragments of calcium carbonate laid down during the Jurassic period (195 to 135 million years ago). An important feature of Bath stone is that it is a freestone, that is one that can be sawn or 'squared up' in any direction, unlike other rocks such as slate, which has distinct layers. It was extensively used in the Roman and Medieval periods on domestic, ecclesiastical and civil engineering projects such as bridges.[12]John Wood, the Elder was commissioned by Ralph Allen to build on the hill overlooking Bath: \"To see all Bath, and for all Bath to see\".[4] Wood was born in Bath and is known for designing many of the streets and buildings of the city, such as The Circus (1754–68),[13] St John's Hospital,[14] (1727–28), Queen Square (1728–36), the North (1740) and South Parades (1743–48), the Mineral Water Hospital (1738–42) and other notable houses, many of which are Grade I listed buildings. Queen Square was his first speculative development. Wood lived in a house on the square,[15] which was described by Nikolaus Pevsner as \"one of the finest Palladian compositions in England before 1730\".[16]The plan for Prior Park was to construct five buildings along three sides of a dodecagon matching the sweep of the head of the valley, with the main building flanked by elongated wings based on designs by Andrea Palladio.[9] The plans were influenced by drawings in Vitruvius Britannicus originally made by Colen Campbell for Wanstead House in Essex, which was yet to be built.[9][6] The main block had 15 bays and each of the wings 17 bays. Between each wing and the main block was a Porte-cochère for coaches to stop under.[6] In addition to the stone from the local quarries, material, including the grand staircase and plasterwork, from the demolished Hunstrete House were used in the construction.[17][18]Construction work began in 1734 to Wood's plan but disagreements between Wood and Allen led to his dismissal and Wood's Clerk of Works, Richard Jones, replaced him and made some changes to the plans, particularly for the east wing.[6][19] Jones also added the Palladian Bridge.[20] The building was finished in 1743 and was occupied by Allen as his primary residence until his death in 1764.[21]Drawing from 1875 by W.Wills after Thomas Hearne incorrectly showing 13 bays in the main house","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Warburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Warburton"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forgottenman-22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks_and_Gardens_UK-8"},{"link_name":"William Beckford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomas_Beckford"},{"link_name":"Fonthill Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonthill_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenjamin1910322-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forgottenman-22"},{"link_name":"Augustine Baines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Baines"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Titular Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Vicar Apostolic of the Western District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_Apostolic_of_the_Western_District_(England)"},{"link_name":"St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul_(apostle)"},{"link_name":"Henry Goodridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Goodridge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurman200091%E2%80%9394-6"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson200165-24"},{"link_name":"Fives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fives"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Bishop Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hugh_Joseph_Clifford"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks_and_Gardens_UK-8"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Christian Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvinMellon20081143-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Later use","text":"After Allen's death in 1764, William Warburton, Allen's relative, lived in the house for some time and it was passed down to other family members and then purchased, in 1809, by John Thomas, a Bristol Quaker.[22][8] After William Beckford sold Fonthill Abbey, in 1822, he was looking about for a suitable new seat, Prior Park was his first choice: \"\"They wanted too much for it,\" he recalled later; \"I should have liked it very much; it possesses such great capability of being made a very beautiful spot.\"[23] Prior Park was offered for sale after Thomas's death in 1827 but the asking price of £25,000 was not obtained and the offer of sale withdrawn.[22]Augustine Baines, a Benedictine, Titular Bishop of Siga and Vicar Apostolic of the Western District of England, was appointed to Bath in 1817. He purchased the mansion in 1828 for £22,000 and set to work to establish two colleges in either wing of the house, which he dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul respectively, the former being intended as a lay college, the latter as a seminary. The new college never became prosperous, however. Renovations were made according to designs by Henry Goodridge in 1834 including the addition of the staircase in front of the main building.[6][24] A gymnasium was also built in the 1830s including a courtyard for Fives,[25] and three barrel vaulted rooms on the first floor and a terrace roof.[26]The seminary was closed in 1856 after a fire which, in 1836, had resulted in extensive damage and renovation and brought about financial insolvency. It was bought in 1867 by Bishop Clifford who founded a Roman Catholic Grammar School in the mansion.[8] Prior Park operated as a grammar school until 1904. During World War I the site was occupied by the army and used for officer cadet training. Following the war, several tenants occupied the site. In 1921, the Christian Brothers acquired the building and opened a boarding school for boys in 1924, which continues today as a mixed public school.[27]The main building (the Mansion) has been badly burnt twice. The 1836 fire left visible damage to some stonework.[28] The 1991 fire gutted the interior, except for parts of the basement.[29] Unusually, the blaze started on the top floor, and spread downwards. Rebuilding took approximately three years.[30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prior_Park_general_plan.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner2002114-31"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth200394-9"},{"link_name":"corps de logis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_de_logis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritagelisthouse-1"},{"link_name":"prostyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostyle"},{"link_name":"Corinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order"},{"link_name":"ionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner2002114-31"},{"link_name":"pedimented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth200395%E2%80%9396-32"},{"link_name":"Bath Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Blitz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth200394-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritagelisthouse-1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodridge18655-33"},{"link_name":"Joseph John Scoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Scoles"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritagelisthouse-1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilvert185711-35"},{"link_name":"Westmorland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmorland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritagelisthouse-1"}],"text":"John Wood, the Elder's planned layout for Prior ParkThe house described by Pevsner [31] as \"the most ambitious and most complete re-creation of Palladio's villas on English soil\" was designed by John Wood the Elder, however, Wood and his patron, Allen, quarrelled and completion of the project was overseen by Richard Jones, the clerk-of-works.[9]The plan consists of a corps de logis flanked by two pavilions connected to the corps de logis by segmented single storey arcades. The northern façade (or garden façade) of the corps de logis is of 15 bays,[1] the central 5 bays carry a prostyle portico of six Corinthian columns. The southern façade is more sombre in its embellishment, but has at its centre, six ionic columns surmounted by a pediment. The terminating pavilions have been much altered from their original design by Wood; he originally envisaged two pavilions at each end of the range; an unusual composition which was ignored by Jones who terminated the range with a single pavilion as is the more conventional Palladian concept.[31] The East Wing was altered around 1830 when it was converted into a school, having included a brewhouse previously when a pedimented three-bay second floor was added by John Pensiston.[32] Around 1834 Goodridge altered the West Wing to include a theatre, which was damaged by bombs during the Bath Blitz of 1942.[9] The central flight of steps and urns, in Baroque style, which front the north portico were added by Goodridge in 1836.[1]In the 1830s Goodridge put forward plans for a large cathedral to be built in the grounds. However this was never proceeded with and instead was replaced by a plan for a small chapel to be incorporated in the west wing of the mansion.[33] In 1844 Joseph John Scoles created the Church of St Paul which, along with the remainder of the west wing, is Grade I listed.[34][1]The total length of the principal elevation is between 1,200 feet (370 m) and 1,300 feet (400 m) in length. Of that, the corps de logis occupies 150 feet (46 m).[35] The two-storey building with attics and a basement is topped with a Westmorland slate roof.[1]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palladian_Bridge_-_Prior_Park_-_Bath,_England_-_DSC09792.jpg"},{"link_name":"John of Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bath and Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bath_and_Wells"},{"link_name":"deer park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_park_(England)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks_and_Gardens_UK-8"},{"link_name":"landscape garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_garden"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks_and_Gardens_UK-8"},{"link_name":"Capability Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_Brown"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks_and_Gardens_UK-8"},{"link_name":"English garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_garden"},{"link_name":"continental Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minerva-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Palladian_Bridge,_Prior_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_979212.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palladian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladian"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Wilton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton_House"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurman200091%E2%80%9394-6"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth200399-44"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlebridge-45"},{"link_name":"Scheduled Ancient Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Ancient_Monument"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlebridge-45"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsay2000161-47"},{"link_name":"entablatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entablature"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"finials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finial"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minerva-38"},{"link_name":"Time Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Team_(specials)"},{"link_name":"Morningrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningrise"},{"link_name":"Opeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opeth"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"The Palladian BridgeThe first park on the site was set out by John of Tours the Bishop of Bath and Wells around 1100, as part of a deer park, and subsequently sold to Humphrey Colles and then Matthew Colhurst.[8] It is set in a small valley with steep sides, from which there are views of the city of Bath. Prior Park's 11.3 hectares (28 acres) landscape garden was laid out by the poet Alexander Pope between the construction of the house and 1764. During 1737, at least 55,200 trees, mostly elm and Scots pine, were planted, along the sides and top of the valley. No trees were planted on the valley floor. Water was channeled into fish ponds at the bottom of the valley.[8]\nLater work, during the 1750s and 1760s, was undertaken by the landscape gardener Capability Brown.[36][37] This included extending the gardens to the north and removing the central cascade making the combe into a single sweep.[8] The garden, as it was originally laid out, influenced other designers and contributed to defining the style of garden thought of as the English garden in continental Europe.[38]Inside the Palladian BridgeThe features in the gardens include a Palladian bridge (one of only 4 left in the world[39]), Gothic temple, gravel cabinet, Mrs Allen's Grotto,[40] ice house,[41] lodge[42] and three pools with curtain walls[43] plus a serpentine lake. The Palladian bridge, which is a copy of the one at Wilton House,[6] was built by Richard Jones,[44] and has been designated as a Grade I listed building[45] and Scheduled Ancient Monument.[46][45] It was repaired in 1936.[47]The rusticated stone piers on either side of the main entrance gates are surmounted by entablatures and large ornamental vases,[48] while those at the drive entrance have ornamental carved finials.[49] The porter's lodge was built along with the main house to designs by John Wood the Elder.[50]In 1993, the National Trust obtained the park and pleasure grounds. In November 2006, the large-scale restoration project began on the cascade, serpentine lake and Gothic temple in the Wilderness area[38] (as shown in special episode 28 of the Time Team). Extensive planting also took place in 2007. The Palladian Bridge is also featured on the cover of the album Morningrise by Swedish progressive metal band Opeth released in 1996.[51][52]","title":"Gardens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The life and letters of William Beckford of Fonthill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifelettersofwil00benjrich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-820265-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820265-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-948975-06-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948975-06-6"},{"link_name":"Colvin, Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Colvin"},{"link_name":"A biographical dictionary of British architects, 1600–1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CSyaO-MqYoAC&q=Prior+park+fire+1836&pg=PA1143"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-12508-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12508-5"},{"link_name":"Georgian architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CZ9mWbXrBAQC&q=Prior+Park+Bath+Architecture&pg=PA44"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7153-0227-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-0227-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-948975-60-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948975-60-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-10177-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10177-5"},{"link_name":"Transactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nMGgAAAAMAAJ&q=Prior+Park+Bath+Architecture&pg=PP21"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-901571-87-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901571-87-8"},{"link_name":"Hart, Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hart,_Vaughan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kilvert, Robert Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Francis_Kilvert"},{"link_name":"Ralph Allen and Prior Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vl8VAAAAQAAJ&q=Prior+Park+Bath+Architecture&pg=PA10"},{"link_name":"Pevsner, Nikolaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-09640-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09640-8"},{"link_name":"Monumental Classic Architecture in Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=q9-Z04D2C0oC&q=Prior+Park&pg=PA65"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-41534-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41534-5"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B0000CM5GS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CM5GS"},{"link_name":"Space and the eighteenth-century English novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pG1nupM_3zgC&q=Prior+Park+Bath+architecture+wing&pg=PA112"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-37483-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37483-5"}],"text":"Benjamin, Lewis Saul (1910). The life and letters of William Beckford of Fonthill. Duffield.\nBorsay, Peter (2000). The image of Georgian Bath, 1700–2000: towns, heritage, and history. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820265-3.\nClarke, Gillian (1987). Prior Park: A complete landscape. Millstream Books. ISBN 978-0-948975-06-6.\nColvin, Howard; Mellon, Paul (2008). A biographical dictionary of British architects, 1600–1840 (4 ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12508-5.\nCurl, James Stevens (2002). Georgian architecture. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-0227-9.\nDurman, Richard (2000). Classical Buildings of Wiltshire & Bath: A Palladian Quest. Bath: Millstream Books. ISBN 978-0-948975-60-8.\nForsyth, Michael (2003). Pevsner Architectural Guides: Bath. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10177-5.\nGoodridge, Alfred S. (1865). Transactions. Royal Institute of British Architects.\nGreenwood, Charles (1977). Famous houses of the West Country. Bath: Kingsmead Press. ISBN 978-0-901571-87-8.\nHart, Vaughan (1989). ‘One View of a Town. Prior Park and the City of Bath’, RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics, pp. 140–157.\nKilvert, Robert Francis (1857). Ralph Allen and Prior Park. Oxford University.\nPevsner, Nikolaus (2002). North Somerset and Bristol: North and Bristol. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09640-8.\nRichardson, Albert E. (2001). Monumental Classic Architecture in Great Britain and Ireland. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41534-5.\nStaff, Frank (1964). The Penny Post, 1680–1918. Lutterworth. ASIN B0000CM5GS.\nVarey, Simon (1990). Space and the eighteenth-century English novel. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37483-5.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Prior Park above Ralph Allen's railway in 1750, from an engraving by Anthony Walker","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Prior_Park_and_railway_in_1750.jpg/220px-Prior_Park_and_railway_in_1750.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drawing from 1875 by W.Wills after Thomas Hearne incorrectly showing 13 bays in the main house","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prior_Park_1785_drawing.jpg/220px-Prior_Park_1785_drawing.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Wood, the Elder's planned layout for Prior Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Prior_Park_general_plan.jpg/220px-Prior_Park_general_plan.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Palladian Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Palladian_Bridge_-_Prior_Park_-_Bath%2C_England_-_DSC09792.jpg/220px-Palladian_Bridge_-_Prior_Park_-_Bath%2C_England_-_DSC09792.jpg"},{"image_text":"Inside the Palladian Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Palladian_Bridge%2C_Prior_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_979212.jpg/180px-The_Palladian_Bridge%2C_Prior_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_979212.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Historic England. \"Prior Park College: The mansion with linked arcades) (1394453)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1394453","url_text":"\"Prior Park College: The mansion with linked arcades) (1394453)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Ralph Allen Biography\". Bath Postal Museum. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234025/http://www.bathpostalmuseum.co.uk/ralph-allen.html","url_text":"\"Ralph Allen Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.bathpostalmuseum.co.uk/ralph-allen.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Ralph Allen's House, Terrace Walk, Bath (443802)\". Images of England. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121018033819/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=443802","url_text":"\"Ralph Allen's House, Terrace Walk, Bath (443802)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Images_of_England","url_text":"Images of England"},{"url":"http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=443802","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Darby, Michael (1974). Early Railway Prints. London: Victoria and Albert Museum. p. 2. ISBN 0-901486-74-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901486-74-4","url_text":"0-901486-74-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Prior Park, Bath, England\". Parks and gardens UK. Parks and Gardens Data Services Ltd. 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original"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1394463","external_links_name":"\"Palladian Bridge in grounds of Prior Park (1394463)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/services/tourism-and-heritage/archaeology/list-scheduled-monuments","external_links_name":"\"List of Scheduled Ancient Monuments\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1394605","external_links_name":"\"Gate Posts at entrance to Prior Park (1394605)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1394606","external_links_name":"\"Gate Posts to Drive at Prior Park (1394606)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104108/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=443397","external_links_name":"\"Porters Lodge (443397)\""},{"Link":"http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=443397","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.last.fm/music/Opeth/Morningrise/+wiki","external_links_name":"\"Morningrise\""},{"Link":"http://www.metal-archives.com/reviews/Opeth/Morningrise/137/","external_links_name":"\"Morningrise Opeth\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofwil00benjrich","external_links_name":"The life and letters of William Beckford of Fonthill"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CSyaO-MqYoAC&q=Prior+park+fire+1836&pg=PA1143","external_links_name":"A biographical dictionary of British architects, 1600–1840"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CZ9mWbXrBAQC&q=Prior+Park+Bath+Architecture&pg=PA44","external_links_name":"Georgian architecture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nMGgAAAAMAAJ&q=Prior+Park+Bath+Architecture&pg=PP21","external_links_name":"Transactions"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vl8VAAAAQAAJ&q=Prior+Park+Bath+Architecture&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"Ralph Allen and Prior Park"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q9-Z04D2C0oC&q=Prior+Park&pg=PA65","external_links_name":"Monumental Classic Architecture in Great Britain and Ireland"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CM5GS","external_links_name":"B0000CM5GS"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pG1nupM_3zgC&q=Prior+Park+Bath+architecture+wing&pg=PA112","external_links_name":"Space and the eighteenth-century English novel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-342 | USS LST-342 | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 9°8′14″S 160°14′57″E / 9.13722°S 160.24917°E / -9.13722; 160.249179°8′14″S 160°14′57″E / 9.13722°S 160.24917°E / -9.13722; 160.24917
History
United States
NameUSS LST-342
BuilderNorfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia
Laid down21 August 1942
Launched8 November 1942
Commissioned31 December 1942
Stricken28 July 1943
Honors andawards
1 × battle star
1 × Navy Unit Commendation
FateSunk, 18 July 1943
General characteristics
Class and typeLST-1-class tank landing ship
Displacement
1,625 long tons (1,651 t) light
4,080 long tons (4,145 t) full load
Length328 ft (100 m)
Beam50 ft (15 m)
Draught
Unloaded :
2 ft 4 in (0.71 m) bow
7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) stern
Loaded :
8 ft 3 in (2.51 m) bow
14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) stern
Propulsion2 × 900 hp (671 kW) General Motors 12-567 diesel engines, two shafts
Speed12 knots (14 mph; 22 km/h)
Range24,000 nmi (44,000 km) at 9 kn (17 km/h; 10 mph) (fully loaded)
Boats & landing craft carried2 LCVPs
Capacity1,600–1,900 short tons (1,500–1,700 t)
TroopsApprox. 150 officers and other ranks
Complement7 officers, 104 enlisted
Armament
2 × twin 40 mm Bofors guns
4 × single 40 mm Bofors guns
12 × 20 mm guns
USS LST-342 was an LST-1-class tank landing ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. LST-342 was laid down on 21 August 1942 by the Norfolk Navy Yard; launched on 8 November 1942; sponsored by Mrs. Philip H. Ryan; and commissioned on 31 December 1942.
She was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific theater and participated in the New Georgia-Rendova-Vangunu occupation in July 1943. She was struck by a Japanese torpedo off the Solomon Islands on 18 July 1943 from the Ro-106. The resultant explosion broke the ship into two sections, with the stern sinking immediately, while the bow remained afloat and was towed to Purvis Bay (Tokyo Bay) off Florida Island and beached so that usable equipment could be salvaged. The bow was then abandoned. 82 men went down with the ship, including the commanding officer of LST Group 14, Commander Paul S. Slawson, and the famous artist Lieutenant Commander McClelland Barclay.
She was struck from the Navy list on 28 July 1943. LST-342 earned one battle star and the Navy Unit Commendation for World War II service.
See also
List of United States Navy LSTs
References
^ a b c Photo gallery of USS LST-342 at NavSource Naval History Retrieved 12 July 2012
^ a b c "LST-342". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 2004. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
^ https://usnamemorialhall.org/index.php/PAUL_S._SLAWSON,_CDR,_USN . Retrieved 21 August 2023
External links
Seaman, Richard. "LST-342 (Tank Landing Ship 342)". The Flying Kiwi.
"LST-342 (LANDING SHIP TANK) 1942-1943". wrecksite.eu.
vteLST-1-class tank landing shipsLST-1 — LST-99
LST-1
LST-2
LST-3
LST-4
LST-5
LST-6
LST-7
LST-8
LST-9
LST-10 / Achelous
LST-11
LST-12
LST-13
LST-14 / Varuna
LST-15 / Phaon
LST-16
LST-17
LST-18
LST-19 / LST(H)-19
LST-20
LST-21
LST-22
LST-23 / LST(H)-23
LST-24
LST-25
LST-26
LST-27
LST-28
LST-29
LST-30
LST-31 / Addison County
LST-32 / Alameda County
LST-33
LST-34
LST-35
LST-36
LST-37
LST-38 / LST(H)-38
LST-39 / YF-1079
LST-40
LST-41 / LST(H)-41
LST-42 / LST(H)-42
LST-43
LST-44
LST-45
LST-46
LST-47 / T-LST-47
LST-48
LST-49
LST-50 / ARB-13
LST-51
LST-52
LST-53 / APL-59
LST-54
LST-55
LST-56
LST-57 / Armstrong County
LST-58
LST-59
LST-60 / Atchison County
LST-61
LST-62
LST-63
LST-64
LST-65
LST-66
LST-67
LST-68
LST-69
LST-70
LST-71
LST-72
LST-73
LST-74
LST-75
LST-76
LST-77
LST-78
LST-79
LST-80
LST-81 / ARL-5
LST-82 / ARL-6
LST-83 / Adonis
LST-84 / LST(H)-84
LST-85 — LST-99 cancelled
LST-100 — LST-199
LST-100 — LST-116 cancelled
LST-117 / LST(H)-117 / T-LST-117
LST-118 / LST(H)-118
LST-119
LST-120
LST-121 / LST(H)-121
LST-122
LST-123 / LST(H)-123
LST-124
LST-125
LST-126
LST-127
LST-128
LST-129 / Cohasset
LST-130
LST-131
LST-132 / Zeus
LST-133
LST-134
LST-135 / Orestes
LST-136 / Egeria
LST-137
LST-138
LST-139
LST-140
LST-141
LST-142 — LST-156 cancelled
LST-157
LST-158
LST-159
LST-160
LST-161
LST-162
LST-163
LST-164
LST-165
LST-166
LST-167
LST-168
LST-169
LST-170
LST-171
LST-172
LST-173
LST-174
LST-175
LST-176 / T-LST-176
LST-177
LST-178
LST-179
LST-180
LST-181
LST-182 — LST-196 cancelled
LST-197
LST-198
LST-199
LST-200 — LST-299
LST-200
LST-201 / Pontus
LST-202
LST-203
LST-204
LST-205 / LST(H)-205
LST-206
LST-207
LST-208
LST-209 / T-LST-209 / Bamberg County
LST-210
LST-211
LST-212
LST-213 / LST(H)-213
LST-214
LST-215
LST-216
LST-217
LST-218
LST-219
LST-220
LST-221
LST-222 / LST(H)-222 / T-LST-222
LST-223 / LST(H)-223
LST-224
LST-225
LST-226
LST-227
LST-228
LST-229
LST-230 / T-LST-230
LST-231 / Atlas
LST-232 — LST-236 cancelled
LST-237
LST-238
LST-239
LST-240
LST-241
LST-242 / LST(H)-242
LST-243 / LST(H)-243
LST-244
LST-245
LST-246
LST-247 / LST(H)-247
LST-248 — LST-260 cancelled
LST-261
LST-262
LST-263 / Benton County
LST-264
LST-265
LST-266 / Benzie County
LST-267
LST-268 / LST(H)-268
LST-269
LST-270
LST-271
LST-272
LST-273
LST-274
LST-275
LST-276 / LST(H)-276 / T-LST-276
LST-277 / T-LST-277
LST-278 / Seaward (IX-209)
LST-279 / Berkeley County
LST-280
LST-281 / T-LST-281
LST-282
LST-283
LST-284
LST-285
LST-286
LST-287 / T-LST-287
LST-288 / Berkshire County
LST-289
LST-290
LST-291
LST-292
LST-293
LST-294
LST-295
LST-296 — LST-299 cancelled
LST-300 — LST-399
LST-300 cancelled
LST-301
LST-302
LST-303
LST-304
LST-305
LST-306 / Bernalillo County
LST-307
LST-308
LST-309
LST-310 / Aeolus
LST-311
LST-312
LST-313
LST-314
LST-315
LST-316 / Cerberus
LST-317 / Conus
LST-318
LST-319
LST-320
LST-321
LST-322
LST-323
LST-324
LST-325 / T-LST-325
LST-326
LST-327
LST-328 / Oceanus
LST-329 / Aristaeus
LST-330 / Portunus
LST-331
LST-332 / Feronia
LST-333
LST-334
LST-335
LST-336
LST-337
LST-338
LST-339
LST-340 / Spark
LST-341
LST-342
LST-343
LST-344 / Blanco County
LST-345
LST-346
LST-347
LST-348
LST-349
LST-350 / Chandra
LST-351
LST-352
LST-353
LST-354
LST-355
LST-356 / Bledsoe County
LST-357
LST-358
LST-359
LST-360
LST-361
LST-362
LST-363
LST-364
LST-365
LST-366
LST-367
LST-368
LST-369
LST-370
LST-371
LST-372
LST-373
LST-374 / Minerva
LST-375
LST-376
LST-377
LST-378
LST-379
LST-380
LST-381
LST-382
LST-383
LST-384
LST-385
LST-386
LST-387
LST-388
LST-389 / Boone County
LST-390
LST-391 / Bowman County
LST-392
LST-393
LST-394
LST-395
LST-396
LST-397
LST-398
LST-399 / T-LST-399 / IX-511
LST-400 — LST-490
LST-400 / Bradley County
LST-401
LST-402
LST-403
LST-404
LST-405
LST-406
LST-407
LST-408
LST-409
LST-410
LST-411
LST-412
LST-413
LST-414
LST-415
LST-416
LST-417
LST-418
LST-419
LST-420
LST-421
LST-422
LST-423
LST-424
LST-425
LST-426
LST-427
LST-428
LST-429
LST-430
LST-431 — LST-445 cancelled
LST-446
LST-447
LST-448
LST-449
LST-450 / LST(H)-450
LST-451
LST-452
LST-453 / Remus
LST-454
LST-455 / Achilles
LST-456 / T-LST-456
LST-457
LST-458
LST-459
LST-460
LST-461
LST-462
LST-463
LST-464 / LST(H)-464
LST-465
LST-466
LST-467
LST-468
LST-469
LST-470
LST-471
LST-472
LST-473
LST-474
LST-475
LST-476
LST-477 / LST(H)-477
LST-478
LST-479
LST-480
LST-481
LST-482 / LST(H)-482 / Branch County
LST-483 / Brewster County
LST-484
LST-485
LST-486 / LST(H)-486
LST-487
LST-488 / LST(H)-488 / T-LST-488
LST-489 / Amycus
LST-490 / Agenor
Other operators Argentine Navy
Ingeniero Hodesh / Ingeniero Iribas (ex-LSE-1)
Ingeniero Gadda (ex-LSE-2)
Chilean Navy
Commandante Toro (ex-T-LST-277)
Republic of China Navy
Chung Suo (ex-Bradley County)
Chung Chie (ex-Berkeley County)
Wu Tai (ex-Vulcain)
Hsing An (ex-Achilles)
People's Liberation Army Navy
Dagu Shan (ex-Hsing An)
Egyptian Navy
Aka (ex-LST-178)
French Navy
Laita (ex-LST-177)
Rance (ex-LST-223)
Vulcain (ex-Agenor)
Liamone (ex-LST-326)
Vire (ex-LST-347)
La Paillotte (ex-LST-382)
Hellenic Navy
Syros (ex-T-LST-325)
Rodos (ex-Bowman County)
Lemnos (ex-LST-36)
Lesbos (ex-Boone County)
Samos (ex-LST-33)
Chios (ex-LST-35)
Sakipia (ex-Ellida)
ex-LST-37
ex-LST-322
ex-LST-352
Indonesian Navy
Teluk Tomini (ex-Bledsoe County)
Marina Militare
Anteo (ex-Alameda County)
Republic of Korea Navy
Deok Bong (ex-LST-227)
Bi Bong (ex-LST-218)
Gye Bong (ex-Berkshire County)
Chang Su (ex-APL-59)
Munsan (ex-LST-120)
Royal Norwegian Navy
Ellida (ex-ARB-13)
Peruvian Navy
Chimbote (ex-LST-283)
Philippine Navy
Cotabato (ex-LST-75)
Mindoro Occidental (ex-T-LST-222)
Suriago del Norte (ex-T-LST-488)
Tarlac (ex-T-LST-47)
Laguna (ex-T-LST-230)
Samar Oriental (ex-T-LST-287)
ex-LST-72
Republic of Singapore Navy
ex-T-LST-117
Royal Navy
LST-2
LST-3
LST-4
LST-5
LST-8
LST-9
LST-11
LST-12
LST-13 / FDT-13
LST-62
LST-63
LST-64
LST-65
LST-76
LST-77
LST-79
LST-80
LSE-1 (ex-ARL-5)
LSE-2 (ex-ARL-6)
LST-157
LST-159
LST-160
LST-161
LST-162
LST-163
LST-164
LST-165
LST-173
LST-178
LST-180
LST-198
LST-199
LST-200
LST-214
LST-215 / LSE(LC)-51
LST-216 / FDT-216
LST-217 / FDT-217
LST-237
LST-238
LST-239
LST-280
LST-289
LST-301
LST-302
LST-303
LST-304
LST-305
LST-311
LST-315
LST-319
LST-320
LST-321
LST-322
LST-323
LST-324
LST-326
LST-331
LST-336
LST-337
LST-346
LST-347
LST-351
LST-352
LST-358
LST-360 / LSE(LC)-52
LST-361
LST-362
LST-363
LST-364
LST-365
LST-366
LST-367
LST-368
LST-369
LST-371
LST-373
LST-380
LST-381
LST-382
LST-383
LST-385
LST-386
LST-394
LST-401
LST-402 / LSE-53
LST-403
LST-404
LST-405
LST-406
LST-407
LST-408
LST-409
LST-410
LST-411
LST-412
LST-413
LST-414
LST-415
LST-416
LST-417
LST-418
LST-419
LST-420
LST-421
LST-422
LST-423
LST-424
LST-425
LST-426
LST-427
LST-428
LST-429
LST-430
United States Army
LST-246
Preceded by: None
Followed by: LST-491 class
List of United States Navy LSTs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_leaven | Holy Leaven | ["1 Preparation and use","2 History","3 Significance","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","6.1 Works cited","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Ingredient used in ceremonies of several Christian denominations
This article contains Syriac text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined Syriac letters written left-to-right instead of right-to-left or other symbols instead of Syriac script.
Holy Leaven, also known as Malka (Classical Syriac: ܡܲܠܟܵܐ, pronounced ), is a powder added to the sacramental bread used in the Eucharist of both the Ancient Church of the East and the Assyrian Church of the East and historically in the Church of the East. Both churches hold the Holy Leaven to be one of their seven sacraments. The Syro-Malabar Church in India, which was historically a part of the Church of the East, also uses Holy Leaven to prepare sacramental bread in several churches whereas unleavened bread is also in use. There are two rituals associated with the Holy Leaven: its addition to sacramental bread before it is baked, and the annual renewal of the Holy Leaven itself.
The origin of the Holy Leaven supposedly goes back to the Last Supper. According to various traditions, John the Apostle kept a piece of bread given to him by Jesus and later mixed it with Jesus' blood after his death. This substance was divided between the apostles to be used in preparing sacramental bread ever since and successfully brought to the Christians of the East. The earliest historical mention of the Holy Leaven is from c. 900, and tradition that connects it with the Last Supper is fairly new, dating from the 13th and 14th centuries. It is likely that the Holy Leaven is a symbol instituted to unify congregations by the Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon during vast missionary expansion of the Church of the East.
Preparation and use
Sacramental bread of the Assyrian Church of the East prepared with Holy Leaven
The Assyrian Church of the East and the Ancient Church of the East use leavened bread for the Eucharist, like most churches of Eastern Christianity, but they are the only Churches to include the additional ingredient of Holy Leaven. Holy Leaven is a powder added to sacramental bread before it is baked. Despite the name, Holy Leaven does not actually contain a leavening agent. Instead, khmira, fermented dough from previously used sacramental bread, is added and acts as leaven. What the Holy Leaven does contain is remainder from the original Holy Leaven, renewed annually by mixing it with common ingredients. The original Holy Leaven is said to contain residue from the original bread used at the Last Supper, mixed with the blood of Jesus. The Church believes that this Holy Leaven was handed down to believers by Thomas the Apostle (Mar Thoma), Thaddeus of Edessa (Mar Addai) and Saint Mari (Mar Mari), traditionally regarded as its founders.
There are two rituals associated with the Holy Leaven: its addition to sacramental bread being baked for the day's Eucharist, and the annual renewal of the Holy Leaven itself. When sacramental bread is baked for the Eucharist, in the morning of a Holy Communion, the priest takes some of the Holy Leaven and says: "This dough is signed and hallowed with the old and holy leaven of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given and handed down to us by our holy fathers Mar Addai and Mar Mari and Mar Thoma the Apostles, who made disciples of this eastern region: in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost ... This broken portion is signed and hallowed with this Holy Leaven in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost." Holy Leaven is added to the dough before it is baked.
The Holy Leaven is renewed annually on Passover Thursday by a bishop or parish priest by mixing some of the old Holy Leaven with a new mix. The mix consists of fine wheaten flour, salt, olive oil, and water. There are many prayers associated with the renewal of the Holy Leaven.
History
Extent of Church of the East in the Middle Ages. Vast missionary activities of the church called for symbols of unity, and Holy Leaven might have emerged as one.
The historical origins of the Holy Leaven are unknown, as is the time the rituals were first performed. Nonetheless, different versions of tradition about its origins exist. In any case, the traditions are fairly young, dating to 13th and 14th centuries, the time of the Church of the East, the predecessor of the Ancient Church of the East and the modern Assyrian Church of the East.
One account is from the 13th century by Shlemon of Basra. According to it, John the Apostle had hidden a part of the portion of bread he had received from Jesus during the Last Supper. Then, after Jesus' resurrection during the Gospel account of Doubting Thomas, when Thomas the Apostle put his finger into one of the wounds of Jesus inflicted by the spear, blood dripped out. John then dipped the bread in the blood, and that mix became the Holy Leaven. According to this version, the Holy Leaven was taken to the Christians of the East by Thaddeus of Edessa and Saint Mari, but the other Seventy disciples of Jesus refused it, saying: "We will consecrate for ourselves whenever we wish."
Another account is from the 14th century and is written by Johannan Bar Zobi, based on an account supposedly originating from Peter the Apostle. According to it, John the Baptist collected some of the water that was dripping from Jesus after his baptism. Before John died, he passed the water on to John the Apostle. Then, during the Last Supper Jesus gave John two pieces of bread, asking him to eat one and keep the other. After Jesus had died and was taken down from the cross and pierced with the spear, the tradition holds that John witnessed both blood and water running from the wound unmixed. John then mixed the blood with the piece of bread he had kept and the water with the baptismal water he had preserved. After resurrection, Jesus told his disciples to use these two substances as "leaven": the water to be used in baptisms and the mix of blood and bread to be used in preparing Eucharistic bread, the Holy Leaven. The Holy Leaven was crushed into powder, mixed with flour and salt and divided among the apostles.
According to 14th century writer Abdisho bar Berika, the Holy Leaven was brought to the East by Apostles Thomas and Bartholomew as well as Thaddeus of Edessa and Saint Mari of the Seventy disciples. Abdisho bar Berika also posits a challenge to Western Christians who do not observe the sacrament of the Holy Leaven. According to him, it is necessarily either the case that the apostles disagreed in their view of the Eucharist, or that either the Church of the East or the Western Christians have abandoned the practice promoted by all of the apostles. The Church's position is that they have followed the example of the apostles and have changed nothing even in the face of persecution. The Church presents as evidence for their view the fact that Western Christians have not maintained a united tradition: some Western Churches celebrate the Eucharist with leavened bread while others use unleavened bread (azymites).
According to the Assyrian Church of the East, the Holy Leaven was taken to the Christians of the East by Thaddeus of Edessa. Apart from tradition that suggests continuity from the time of the ministry of Jesus, the earliest contemporary textual references to Holy Leaven are in two patriarchal canons of Yohanan bar Abgareh (died 905), one of which states: "A priest is obligated to prepare the Eucharistic bread for the Holy Qurbana and to mix the Holy Leaven with it, in addition to the simple leaven."
The missionary activities of the Church of the East, that reached as far as India, China, and Mongolia, provide a possible background. Such far and wide activities would have called for symbols that reminded them of the unity with the Church of the East. Thus it is possible that the Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon instituted the rite of the Holy Leaven to serve as one.
According to a legend, Western Christianity (Pentarchy) antagonizes Nestorius because he took all the Holy Leaven with him upon leaving Constantinople, leaving them with none.
Significance
Rite of Renewal of Holy Leaven in the Syro-Malabar Church
The Holy Leaven is a sacrament in both the Ancient Church of the East and the Assyrian Church of the East and no other Church recognizes it as a sacrament. With the Holy Leaven and the sacrament of the Sign of the cross, also unique to the Ancient Church of the East and the Assyrian Church, its number of sacraments total seven. Canon law of the Church says that Holy Leaven must be added to sacramental bread for it to be consecrated. A Eucharist without the Holy Leaven is invalid.
The anaphora, or Eucharistic prayer, of the Assyrian Church of the East – included in its Liturgy of Addai and Mari – does not contain the Words of Institution that recount Jesus' words at the Last Supper. The Holy Leaven thus serves as a physical link with the Last Supper in lieu of a verbal one.
Historically, Holy Leaven could have functioned much the same way as the Catholic fermentum, a practice that may have persisted until the end of the 7th century. Although specifics about the fermentum are not known for certain, it was probably pieces of Eucharistic bread carried from one Latin diocese to another and added to the sacramental wine. This materially connected Eucharistic services in one area with the one presided over by the Pope, which was the only one where bread was consecrated. In a similar fashion, the addition of the Holy Leaven materially connects each Eucharist celebrated in the Assyrian Church of the East to the original Last Supper. Likewise, the Holy Leaven is similar to holy anointing oil, which is renewed from the oil of the horn, that the Church believes is inherited from John the Baptist.
In 2001, the Catholic Church decided that Chaldean Catholics–who are in full communion with Rome through the Chaldean Catholic Church–and Assyrian Church of the East Christians–who are independent of Rome–may, if necessary, celebrate the Eucharist together at either church. In arguing for the validity of the Eucharist in the Liturgy of Addai and Mari, the Catholic Church viewed the sacrament of Holy Leaven as a sign of continuity of tradition going back to the Last Supper.
See also
Christianity portal
East Syriac Rite – liturgy of the Church of the East
Eucharistic theology
Holy Qurbana – Eucharist in East Syriac Christianity
Malik – Semitic term for 'king'
Origin of the Eucharist
Parable of the Leaven – Parable taught by Jesus of Nazareth according to Christian gospels
Notes
^ Also spelled Malkā, Malca, or Melka, literally 'king'. The name probably originates from the fact that most members of the Church of the East have not lived under the rule of a Christian monarch, thus elevating the sacramental bread as their "king".
References
^ "". Sureth Dictionary. Association Assyrophile de France. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ a b c Royel 2013, p. 363.
^ Bowker, John (2003). "Malka or Malca". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-172722-1. Retrieved 30 July 2016 – via Oxford Reference.
^ a b c d e f Spinks 2011, p. 63.
^ Royel 2013, p. 368.
^ Jenner, Henry (1912). "East Syrian Rite". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company. OCLC 36291432. Retrieved 21 July 2016 – via New Advent.
^ a b c d Spinks 2011, p. 64.
^ a b Royel 2013, p. 364.
^ Winkler 2003, p. 12.
^ a b Royel 2013, p. 378.
^ Spinks 2011, p. 70.
^ Gros, Jeffrey; Best, Thomas F.; Fuchs, Lorelei F., eds. (2008). Growth in Agreement III: International Dialogue Texts and Agreed Statements, 1998-2005. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-8028-6229-7.
^ Spinks 2011, pp. 67–69.
^ Unnik 1970, p. 247.
^ a b c d e f g h Spinks 2011, p. 66.
^ Unnik 1970, p. 222.
^ Binns, John (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8.
^ Woolley, Reginald Maxwell (1913). The Bread of the Eucharist. Alcuin Club tracts, 11 (I.e. 10). Milwaukee: Young Churchman Co. p. 61. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1kh0rd2z. OCLC 3137423 – via HathiTrust.
^ Spinks 2011, p. 65.
^ a b Melton 2010, p. 153.
^ Attwater, Donald, ed. (1997). "Leaven, Holy". A Catholic Dictionary. New York: TAN Books. ISBN 978-1-5051-0745-6.
^ a b Spinks 2007, p. 235.
^ a b Spinks 2011, p. 67.
^ a b c Romano, John F. (2016). Liturgy and Society in Early Medieval Rome. New York: Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-317-10408-7.
^ Russo 2011, p. 25.
^ Russo 2011, p. 24.
Works cited
Melton, J. Gordon (2010). "Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East". In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 151–153. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.
Royel, Mar Awa (2013). "The Sacrament of the Holy Leaven (Malkā) in the Assyrian Church of the East". In Giraudo, Cesare (ed.). The Anaphoral Genesis of the Institution Narrative in Light of the Anaphora of Addai and Mari. Rome: Edizioni Orientalia Christiana. pp. 363–386. ISBN 978-88-97789-34-5.
Russo, Nicholas V. (2011). "The Validity of the Anaphora of Addai and Mari: Critique of the Critiques". In Johnson, Maxwell E. (ed.). Issues in Eucharistic Praying in East and West: Essays in Liturgical and Theological Analysis. Collegeville: Liturgical Press. pp. 21–62. ISBN 978-0-8146-6248-9.
Spinks, Bryan D. (2007). "Liturgical Theology and Criticism – Things of Heaven and Things of the Earth: Some Reflections on Worship, World Christianity, and Culture". In Farhadian, Charles E. (ed.). Christian Worship Worldwide: Expanding Horizons, Deepening Practices. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 230–252. ISBN 978-0-8028-2853-8.
— (2011). "The Mystery of the Holy Leaven (Malka) in the East Syrian Tradition". In Johnson, Maxwell E. (ed.). Issues in Eucharistic Praying in East and West: Essays in Liturgical and Theological Analysis. Collegeville: Liturgical Press. pp. 63–70. ISBN 978-0-8146-6248-9.
Unnik, Willem Cornelis (1970). Nestorian Questions on the Administration of the Eucharist, by Isho'Yabh IV: A Contribution to the History of the Eucharist in the Eastern Church. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 90-6032-122-7.
Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). "The Age of the Sassanians: Until 651". In Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (eds.). The Church of the East: A Concise History. New York: Routledge. pp. 7–41. ISBN 978-1-134-43019-2.
Further reading
Aprem, Mar (1978). Sacraments of the Church of the East. Trichur: Mar Narsai Press. OCLC 9792130.
"Guidelines for admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East". vatican.va. Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. 2001.
Hofrichter, Peter; Wilflinger, Gerhard, eds. (2003). Syriac Dialogue: Fifth Non-Official Consultation on Dialogue within the Syriac Tradition. Vienna: Mar Narsai Press. ISBN 3-901188-24-X.
Isaac, Jacques (1988). "Le baptême et le levain sacré par Joḥannan bar Zo'bi". Bayn Al-Nahrayn (in French). 16 (61–62). ISSN 0378-2840.
English translations of liturgies for making sacramental bread and renewing the Holy Leaven: Woolley, Reginald Maxwell (1913). The Bread of the Eucharist. Alcuin Club tracts, 11 (I.e. 10). Milwaukee: Young Churchman Co. pp. 62–78. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1kh0rd2z. OCLC 3137423.
External links
Holy Leaven at the Assyrian Church of the East Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon
vteSacraments of the Assyrian Church of the East
Priesthood
Baptism
Chrismation
Absolution
Oblation
Holy Leaven
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According to various traditions, John the Apostle kept a piece of bread given to him by Jesus and later mixed it with Jesus' blood after his death. This substance was divided between the apostles to be used in preparing sacramental bread ever since and successfully brought to the Christians of the East. The earliest historical mention of the Holy Leaven is from c. 900, and tradition that connects it with the Last Supper is fairly new, dating from the 13th and 14th centuries. It is likely that the Holy Leaven is a symbol instituted to unify congregations by the Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon during vast missionary expansion of the Church of the East.","title":"Holy Leaven"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Syrian_sacramental_bread.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sacramental bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramental_bread"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"leavened bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavening_agent"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"Eastern Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity"},{"link_name":"sacramental bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramental_bread"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201163-4"},{"link_name":"leavening agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavening_agent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201163-4"},{"link_name":"khmira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khmira&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newa_CATH-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201163-4"},{"link_name":"Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper"},{"link_name":"blood of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201164-8"},{"link_name":"Thomas the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Thaddeus of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"Saint Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mari"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyel2013364-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler200312-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyel2013378-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201170-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyel2013378-11"},{"link_name":"Passover Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maundy_Thursday"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrosBest2008-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201163-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201167%E2%80%9369-14"}],"text":"Sacramental bread of the Assyrian Church of the East prepared with Holy LeavenThe Assyrian Church of the East and the Ancient Church of the East use leavened bread for the Eucharist, like most churches of Eastern Christianity, but they are the only Churches to include the additional ingredient of Holy Leaven. Holy Leaven is a powder added to sacramental bread before it is baked.[4] Despite the name, Holy Leaven does not actually contain a leavening agent.[4] Instead, khmira, fermented dough from previously used sacramental bread, is added and acts as leaven.[6] What the Holy Leaven does contain is remainder from the original Holy Leaven, renewed annually by mixing it with common ingredients.[4] The original Holy Leaven is said to contain residue from the original bread used at the Last Supper, mixed with the blood of Jesus.[7] The Church believes that this Holy Leaven was handed down to believers by Thomas the Apostle (Mar Thoma), Thaddeus of Edessa (Mar Addai) and Saint Mari (Mar Mari),[8] traditionally regarded as its founders.[9]There are two rituals associated with the Holy Leaven: its addition to sacramental bread being baked for the day's Eucharist, and the annual renewal of the Holy Leaven itself. When sacramental bread is baked for the Eucharist, in the morning of a Holy Communion,[10] the priest takes some of the Holy Leaven and says: \"This dough is signed and hallowed with the old and holy leaven of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given and handed down to us by our holy fathers Mar Addai and Mar Mari and Mar Thoma the Apostles, who made disciples of this eastern region: in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost ... This broken portion is signed and hallowed with this Holy Leaven in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost.\"[11] Holy Leaven is added to the dough before it is baked.[10]The Holy Leaven is renewed annually on Passover Thursday by a bishop or parish priest by mixing some of the old Holy Leaven with a new mix.[12] The mix consists of fine wheaten flour, salt, olive oil, and water.[4] There are many prayers associated with the renewal of the Holy Leaven.[13]","title":"Preparation and use"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_East_in_the_Middle_Ages.svg"},{"link_name":"Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnnik1970247-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201166-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnnik1970222-17"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201164-8"},{"link_name":"Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Binns2002-18"},{"link_name":"Shlemon of Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shlemon_of_Basra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Jesus' resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus%27_resurrection"},{"link_name":"Doubting Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubting_Thomas"},{"link_name":"wounds of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounds_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"the spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Lance"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201164-8"},{"link_name":"Seventy disciples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventy_disciples"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-babe_Theb-19"},{"link_name":"Johannan Bar Zobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannan_Bar_Zobi"},{"link_name":"Peter the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"his baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"John died","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheading_of_St_John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201164-8"},{"link_name":"Jesus had died","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"taken down from the cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201165-20"},{"link_name":"Abdisho bar Berika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdisho_bar_Berika"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyel2013363-2"},{"link_name":"Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"azymites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azymite"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyel2013364-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2010153-21"},{"link_name":"ministry of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Yohanan bar Abgareh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yohanan_bar_Abgareh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201163-4"},{"link_name":"Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China"},{"link_name":"Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201166-16"},{"link_name":"Western Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentarchy"},{"link_name":"Nestorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorius"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Attwater1997-22"}],"text":"Extent of Church of the East in the Middle Ages. Vast missionary activities of the church called for symbols of unity, and Holy Leaven might have emerged as one.The historical origins of the Holy Leaven are unknown, as is the time the rituals were first performed.[14] Nonetheless, different versions of tradition about its origins exist.[15] In any case, the traditions are fairly young,[16] dating to 13th and 14th centuries,[7] the time of the Church of the East, the predecessor of the Ancient Church of the East and the modern Assyrian Church of the East.[17]One account is from the 13th century by Shlemon of Basra. According to it, John the Apostle had hidden a part of the portion of bread he had received from Jesus during the Last Supper. Then, after Jesus' resurrection during the Gospel account of Doubting Thomas, when Thomas the Apostle put his finger into one of the wounds of Jesus inflicted by the spear, blood dripped out. John then dipped the bread in the blood, and that mix became the Holy Leaven.[7] According to this version, the Holy Leaven was taken to the Christians of the East by Thaddeus of Edessa and Saint Mari, but the other Seventy disciples of Jesus refused it, saying: \"We will consecrate for ourselves whenever we wish.\"[18]Another account is from the 14th century and is written by Johannan Bar Zobi, based on an account supposedly originating from Peter the Apostle. According to it, John the Baptist collected some of the water that was dripping from Jesus after his baptism. Before John died, he passed the water on to John the Apostle.[7] Then, during the Last Supper Jesus gave John two pieces of bread, asking him to eat one and keep the other. After Jesus had died and was taken down from the cross and pierced with the spear, the tradition holds that John witnessed both blood and water running from the wound unmixed. John then mixed the blood with the piece of bread he had kept and the water with the baptismal water he had preserved. After resurrection, Jesus told his disciples to use these two substances as \"leaven\": the water to be used in baptisms and the mix of blood and bread to be used in preparing Eucharistic bread, the Holy Leaven. The Holy Leaven was crushed into powder, mixed with flour and salt and divided among the apostles.[19]According to 14th century writer Abdisho bar Berika,[2] the Holy Leaven was brought to the East by Apostles Thomas and Bartholomew as well as Thaddeus of Edessa and Saint Mari of the Seventy disciples. Abdisho bar Berika also posits a challenge to Western Christians who do not observe the sacrament of the Holy Leaven. According to him, it is necessarily either the case that the apostles disagreed in their view of the Eucharist, or that either the Church of the East or the Western Christians have abandoned the practice promoted by all of the apostles. The Church's position is that they have followed the example of the apostles and have changed nothing even in the face of persecution. The Church presents as evidence for their view the fact that Western Christians have not maintained a united tradition: some Western Churches celebrate the Eucharist with leavened bread while others use unleavened bread (azymites).[8]According to the Assyrian Church of the East, the Holy Leaven was taken to the Christians of the East by Thaddeus of Edessa.[20] Apart from tradition that suggests continuity from the time of the ministry of Jesus, the earliest contemporary textual references to Holy Leaven are in two patriarchal canons of Yohanan bar Abgareh (died 905), one of which states: \"A priest is obligated to prepare the Eucharistic bread for the Holy Qurbana and to mix the Holy Leaven with it, in addition to the simple leaven.\"[4]The missionary activities of the Church of the East, that reached as far as India, China, and Mongolia, provide a possible background. Such far and wide activities would have called for symbols that reminded them of the unity with the Church of the East. Thus it is possible that the Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon instituted the rite of the Holy Leaven to serve as one.[15]According to a legend, Western Christianity (Pentarchy) antagonizes Nestorius because he took all the Holy Leaven with him upon leaving Constantinople, leaving them with none.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syro-Malabar_Rite_of_Renewal_of_Holy_Malka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Syro-Malabar Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church"},{"link_name":"sacrament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2010153-21"},{"link_name":"Sign of the cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyel2013363-2"},{"link_name":"Canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"consecrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks2007235-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201167-24"},{"link_name":"anaphora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of Addai and Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_Addai_and_Mari"},{"link_name":"Words of Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_Institution"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201166-16"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201167-24"},{"link_name":"fermentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentum"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201166-16"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romano2016-25"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201166-16"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"sacramental wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramental_wine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romano2016-25"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201166-16"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201166-16"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romano2016-25"},{"link_name":"Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201166-16"},{"link_name":"holy anointing oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks2007235-23"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics"},{"link_name":"full communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_communion"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso201125-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusso201124-27"}],"text":"Rite of Renewal of Holy Leaven in the Syro-Malabar ChurchThe Holy Leaven is a sacrament in both the Ancient Church of the East and the Assyrian Church of the East and no other Church recognizes it as a sacrament.[20] With the Holy Leaven and the sacrament of the Sign of the cross, also unique to the Ancient Church of the East and the Assyrian Church, its number of sacraments total seven.[2] Canon law of the Church says that Holy Leaven must be added to sacramental bread for it to be consecrated.[22] A Eucharist without the Holy Leaven is invalid.[23]The anaphora, or Eucharistic prayer, of the Assyrian Church of the East – included in its Liturgy of Addai and Mari – does not contain the Words of Institution that recount Jesus' words at the Last Supper.[15] The Holy Leaven thus serves as a physical link with the Last Supper in lieu of a verbal one.[23]Historically, Holy Leaven could have functioned much the same way as the Catholic fermentum,[15] a practice that may have persisted until the end of the 7th century.[24] Although specifics about the fermentum are not known for certain,[15] it was probably pieces of Eucharistic bread carried from one Latin diocese to another and added to the sacramental wine.[24][15] This materially connected Eucharistic services in one area with the one presided over by the Pope,[15] which was the only one where bread was consecrated.[24] In a similar fashion, the addition of the Holy Leaven materially connects each Eucharist celebrated in the Assyrian Church of the East to the original Last Supper.[15] Likewise, the Holy Leaven is similar to holy anointing oil, which is renewed from the oil of the horn, that the Church believes is inherited from John the Baptist.[22]In 2001, the Catholic Church decided that Chaldean Catholics–who are in full communion with Rome through the Chaldean Catholic Church–and Assyrian Church of the East Christians–who are independent of Rome–may, if necessary, celebrate the Eucharist together at either church.[25] In arguing for the validity of the Eucharist in the Liturgy of Addai and Mari, the Catholic Church viewed the sacrament of Holy Leaven as a sign of continuity of tradition going back to the Last Supper.[26]","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyel2013363-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks201163-4"},{"link_name":"Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"sacramental bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramental_bread"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyel2013368-5"}],"text":"^ Also spelled Malkā,[2] Malca,[3] or Melka, literally 'king'.[4] The name probably originates from the fact that most members of the Church of the East have not lived under the rule of a Christian monarch, thus elevating the sacramental bread as their \"king\".[5]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9792130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/9792130"},{"link_name":"\"Guidelines for admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-901188-24-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-901188-24-X"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0378-2840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2840"},{"link_name":"The Bread of the Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1kh0rd2z?urlappend=%3Bseq=90"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1kh0rd2z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft1kh0rd2z?urlappend=%3Bseq=90"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3137423","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3137423"}],"text":"Aprem, Mar (1978). Sacraments of the Church of the East. Trichur: Mar Narsai Press. OCLC 9792130.\n\"Guidelines for admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East\". vatican.va. Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. 2001.\nHofrichter, Peter; Wilflinger, Gerhard, eds. (2003). Syriac Dialogue: Fifth Non-Official Consultation on Dialogue within the Syriac Tradition. Vienna: Mar Narsai Press. ISBN 3-901188-24-X.\nIsaac, Jacques (1988). \"Le baptême et le levain sacré par Joḥannan bar Zo'bi\". Bayn Al-Nahrayn (in French). 16 (61–62). ISSN 0378-2840.\nEnglish translations of liturgies for making sacramental bread and renewing the Holy Leaven: Woolley, Reginald Maxwell (1913). The Bread of the Eucharist. Alcuin Club tracts, 11 (I.e. 10). Milwaukee: Young Churchman Co. pp. 62–78. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1kh0rd2z. OCLC 3137423.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Sacramental bread of the Assyrian Church of the East prepared with Holy Leaven","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/East_Syrian_sacramental_bread.jpg/220px-East_Syrian_sacramental_bread.jpg"},{"image_text":"Extent of Church of the East in the Middle Ages. Vast missionary activities of the church called for symbols of unity, and Holy Leaven might have emerged as one.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Church_of_the_East_in_the_Middle_Ages.svg/220px-Church_of_the_East_in_the_Middle_Ages.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Rite of Renewal of Holy Leaven in the Syro-Malabar Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Syro-Malabar_Rite_of_Renewal_of_Holy_Malka.jpg/220px-Syro-Malabar_Rite_of_Renewal_of_Holy_Malka.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"East Syriac Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite"},{"title":"Eucharistic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharistic_theology"},{"title":"Holy Qurbana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Qurbana"},{"title":"Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik"},{"title":"Origin of the Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Eucharist"},{"title":"Parable of the Leaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_Leaven"}] | [{"reference":"\"[Holy Leaven]\". Sureth Dictionary. Association Assyrophile de France. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/sureth/dosearch.php?searchkey=7895&language=id","url_text":"\"[Holy Leaven]\""}]},{"reference":"Bowker, John (2003). \"Malka or Malca\". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-172722-1. Retrieved 30 July 2016 – via Oxford Reference.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-4537","url_text":"\"Malka or Malca\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-172722-1","url_text":"978-0-19-172722-1"}]},{"reference":"Jenner, Henry (1912). \"East Syrian Rite\". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company. OCLC 36291432. Retrieved 21 July 2016 – via New Advent.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14413a.htm","url_text":"\"East Syrian Rite\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36291432","url_text":"36291432"}]},{"reference":"Gros, Jeffrey; Best, Thomas F.; Fuchs, Lorelei F., eds. (2008). Growth in Agreement III: International Dialogue Texts and Agreed Statements, 1998-2005. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-8028-6229-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hQlNaxCD6AoC&pg=PA202","url_text":"Growth in Agreement III: International Dialogue Texts and Agreed Statements, 1998-2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6229-7","url_text":"978-0-8028-6229-7"}]},{"reference":"Binns, John (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MOA5vfSl3dwC&pg=PA28","url_text":"An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66738-8","url_text":"978-0-521-66738-8"}]},{"reference":"Woolley, Reginald Maxwell (1913). The Bread of the Eucharist. Alcuin Club tracts, 11 (I.e. 10). Milwaukee: Young Churchman Co. p. 61. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1kh0rd2z. OCLC 3137423 – via HathiTrust.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1kh0rd2z?urlappend=%3Bseq=89","url_text":"The Bread of the Eucharist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft1kh0rd2z?urlappend=%3Bseq=89","url_text":"2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1kh0rd2z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3137423","url_text":"3137423"}]},{"reference":"Attwater, Donald, ed. (1997). \"Leaven, Holy\". A Catholic Dictionary. New York: TAN Books. ISBN 978-1-5051-0745-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8GrGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT550","url_text":"\"Leaven, Holy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5051-0745-6","url_text":"978-1-5051-0745-6"}]},{"reference":"Romano, John F. (2016). Liturgy and Society in Early Medieval Rome. New York: Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-317-10408-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MDIfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114","url_text":"Liturgy and Society in Early Medieval Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-10408-7","url_text":"978-1-317-10408-7"}]},{"reference":"Melton, J. Gordon (2010). \"Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East\". In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, [6 volumes] (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 151–153. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA153","url_text":"\"Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3","url_text":"978-1-59884-204-3"}]},{"reference":"Royel, Mar Awa (2013). \"The Sacrament of the Holy Leaven (Malkā) in the Assyrian Church of the East\". In Giraudo, Cesare (ed.). The Anaphoral Genesis of the Institution Narrative in Light of the Anaphora of Addai and Mari. Rome: Edizioni Orientalia Christiana. pp. 363–386. ISBN 978-88-97789-34-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/12388908","url_text":"\"The Sacrament of the Holy Leaven (Malkā) in the Assyrian Church of the East\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-97789-34-5","url_text":"978-88-97789-34-5"}]},{"reference":"Russo, Nicholas V. (2011). \"The Validity of the Anaphora of Addai and Mari: Critique of the Critiques\". In Johnson, Maxwell E. (ed.). Issues in Eucharistic Praying in East and West: Essays in Liturgical and Theological Analysis. Collegeville: Liturgical Press. pp. 21–62. ISBN 978-0-8146-6248-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tzKRvEdtS1MC&pg=PA25","url_text":"\"The Validity of the Anaphora of Addai and Mari: Critique of the Critiques\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6248-9","url_text":"978-0-8146-6248-9"}]},{"reference":"Spinks, Bryan D. (2007). \"Liturgical Theology and Criticism – Things of Heaven and Things of the Earth: Some Reflections on Worship, World Christianity, and Culture\". In Farhadian, Charles E. (ed.). Christian Worship Worldwide: Expanding Horizons, Deepening Practices. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 230–252. ISBN 978-0-8028-2853-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eEFia1T4i_EC&pg=PA235","url_text":"\"Liturgical Theology and Criticism – Things of Heaven and Things of the Earth: Some Reflections on Worship, World Christianity, and Culture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2853-8","url_text":"978-0-8028-2853-8"}]},{"reference":"— (2011). \"The Mystery of the Holy Leaven (Malka) in the East Syrian Tradition\". In Johnson, Maxwell E. (ed.). Issues in Eucharistic Praying in East and West: Essays in Liturgical and Theological Analysis. Collegeville: Liturgical Press. pp. 63–70. ISBN 978-0-8146-6248-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tzKRvEdtS1MC&pg=PA63","url_text":"\"The Mystery of the Holy Leaven (Malka) in the East Syrian Tradition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6248-9","url_text":"978-0-8146-6248-9"}]},{"reference":"Unnik, Willem Cornelis (1970). Nestorian Questions on the Administration of the Eucharist, by Isho'Yabh IV: A Contribution to the History of the Eucharist in the Eastern Church. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 90-6032-122-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYdJwrUEe3gC&pg=PA222","url_text":"Nestorian Questions on the Administration of the Eucharist, by Isho'Yabh IV: A Contribution to the History of the Eucharist in the Eastern Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6032-122-7","url_text":"90-6032-122-7"}]},{"reference":"Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). \"The Age of the Sassanians: Until 651\". In Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (eds.). The Church of the East: A Concise History. New York: Routledge. pp. 7–41. ISBN 978-1-134-43019-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12","url_text":"\"The Age of the Sassanians: Until 651\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-43019-2","url_text":"978-1-134-43019-2"}]},{"reference":"Aprem, Mar (1978). Sacraments of the Church of the East. Trichur: Mar Narsai Press. OCLC 9792130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9792130","url_text":"9792130"}]},{"reference":"\"Guidelines for admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East\". vatican.va. Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html","url_text":"\"Guidelines for admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East\""}]},{"reference":"Hofrichter, Peter; Wilflinger, Gerhard, eds. (2003). Syriac Dialogue: Fifth Non-Official Consultation on Dialogue within the Syriac Tradition. Vienna: Mar Narsai Press. ISBN 3-901188-24-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-901188-24-X","url_text":"3-901188-24-X"}]},{"reference":"Isaac, Jacques (1988). \"Le baptême et le levain sacré par Joḥannan bar Zo'bi\". Bayn Al-Nahrayn (in French). 16 (61–62). ISSN 0378-2840.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2840","url_text":"0378-2840"}]},{"reference":"Woolley, Reginald Maxwell (1913). The Bread of the Eucharist. Alcuin Club tracts, 11 (I.e. 10). Milwaukee: Young Churchman Co. pp. 62–78. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1kh0rd2z. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Tango_%3D_Blues | The Last Tango = Blues | ["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"] | 1973 studio album by Blue MitchellThe Last Tango = BluesStudio album by Blue MitchellReleasedMarch 7, 1973Recorded1972GenreJazzLength27:39LabelMainstreamProducerBob ShadBlue Mitchell chronology
Blues' Blues(1972)
The Last Tango = Blues(1973)
Graffiti Blues(1973)
The Last Tango = Blues is an album by American trumpeter Blue Mitchell recorded in 1972 and released on the Mainstream label in 1973.
Reception
The Allmusic review by Jason Ankeny awarded the album 4 stars, stating: "The Last Tango = Blues translates the direct, soulful hard bop approach of Blue Mitchell's cult-classic Blue Note sessions into the funk-inspired grammar of mid-Seventies mainstream jazz... the performances are strictly next-level, complete with some of Mitchell's most fiery trumpet."
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
Track listing
"Soul Turn Around" (Walter Bishop, Jr.) - 4:20
"Killing Me Softly With His Song" (Charles Fox, Norman Gimbel) - 2:53
"The Message" (Patrick Patterson, Steve Scipio) - 3:20
"Steal the Feel" (Richard Fritz) - 4:15
"Last Tango in Paris" (Gato Barbieri) - 2:42
"One for Russ" (Alf Clausen) - 4:15
"Peace" (Horace Silver) - 2:50
"P.T. Blues" (Blue Mitchell) - 3:04
Recorded in Los Angeles, California, in 1972.
Personnel
Blue Mitchell - trumpet
Jackie Kelso, Bill Perkins - flute, tenor saxophone
David Angel - clarinet, alto saxophone
Steve Kravitz - bass clarinet, baritone saxophone
Herman Riley - tenor saxophone
David T. Walker - guitar
Charles Kynard - organ
Darrell Clayborn, Chuck Rainey - electric bass
Raymond Pounds - drums
King Errisson, Paul Humphrey, Chino Valdes - percussion
Dick Fritz - arranger
References
^ Blue Mitchell discography accessed June 17, 2010.
^ a b Ankeney, J. Allmusic Review accessed June 17, 2010.
vteBlue MitchellYears given are for the recording(s), not first release.Asleaderorco-leader
Big 6 (1958)
Get Those Elephants Out'a Here (with Red and Whitey Mitchell, 1958)
Out of the Blue (1959)
Blue Soul (1959)
Blue's Moods (1960)
Smooth as the Wind (1960–61)
A Sure Thing (1962)
The Cup Bearers (1962)
Step Lightly (1963)
The Thing to Do (1964)
Down with It! (1965)
Bring It Home to Me (1966)
Boss Horn (1966)
Heads Up! (1967)
Collision in Black (1968)
Bantu Village (1969)
Blue Mitchell/Soul Village (1971)
Vital Blue (1971)
Blues' Blues (1972)
The Last Tango = Blues (1973)
Graffiti Blues (1973)
Many Shades of Blue (1974)
Stratosonic Nuances (1975)
Funktion Junction (1976)
African Violet (1977)
Mapenzi (1977)
Stablemates (1977)
Summer Soft (1977)
WithLouDonaldson
Quartet/Quintet/Sextet (1952)
The Time Is Right (1959)
Mr. Shing-A-Ling (1967)
Midnight Creeper (1968)
Say It Loud! (1968)
Everything I Play Is Funky (1970)
Pretty Things (1970)
WithPhillyJoeJones
Together! (with Elvin Jones, 1961)
Drums Around the World (1959)
Showcase (1959)
Advance! (1978)
Drum Song (1978)
WithSamJones
The Soul Society (1960)
The Chant (1961)
Down Home (1962)
Something in Common (1974–77)
Changes & Things (1977)
WithJimmyMcGriff
The Worm (1968)
Step 1 (1968)
A Thing to Come By (1969)
Electric Funk (1969)
WithHoraceSilver
Blowin' the Blues Away (1959)
Finger Poppin' (1959)
Horace-Scope (1960)
Doin' the Thing (1961)
The Tokyo Blues (1962)
Silver's Serenade (1963)
Song for My Father (1963–64)
WithStanleyTurrentine
A Chip off the Old Block (1963)
In Memory Of (1964)
Rough 'n' Tumble (1966)
The Spoiler (1966)
A Bluish Bag (1967)
The Return of the Prodigal Son (1967)
The Sugar Man (1971)
Withothers
Portrait of Cannonball (Cannonball Adderley, 1958)
Back to the Tracks (Tina Brooks, 1960)
Street Singer (Tina Brooks and Jackie McLean, 1960)
My Kind of Jazz (Ray Charles, 1970)
True Blue (Al Cohn and Dexter Gordon, 1976)
Silver Blue (with Al Cohn and Dexter Gordon, 1976)
Dolo! (Dolo Coker, 1976)
California Hard (Dolo Coker, 1976)
Junior's Cookin' (Junior Cook, 1961)
Filthy! (Papa John Creach, 1972)
Red's Good Groove (Red Garland, 1962)
Green Is Beautiful (Grant Green, 1970)
Soul Mist! (Richard "Groove" Holmes, 1966)
Homecoming! (Elmo Hope, 1961)
Montara (Bobby Hutcherson, 1975)
The Soul Brotherhood (Charles Kynard, 1969)
The Blue Yusef Lateef (Yusef Lateef, 1968)
Rakin' and Scrapin' (Harold Mabern, 1968)
Jazz Blues Fusion (John Mayall, 1971)
Ten Years Are Gone (John Mayall, 1973)
Les McCann Ltd. in New York (Les McCann, 1961)
Can't Hide Love (Carmen McRae, 1976)
Capuchin Swing (Jackie McLean, 1960)
Jackie's Bag (Jackie McLean, 1960)
Hi Voltage (Hank Mobley, 1967)
Captain Buckles (David "Fathead" Newman, 1970)
Opus De Don (Don Patterson, 1968)
Oh Baby! (Big John Patton, 1965)
Breezing (Sonny Red, 1960)
Images (Sonny Red, 1961)
Good Move! (Freddie Roach, 1963)
Takin' Care of Business (Charlie Rouse, 1960)
Open House (Jimmy Smith, 1960)
Plain Talk (Jimmy Smith, 1960)
Sonny Stitt & the Top Brass (Sonny Stitt, 1962)
Soul Time (Bobby Timmons, 1960)
Steppin' Out! (Harold Vick, 1963)
The Caribbean Suite (Harold Vick, 1966)
Spectrum (Cedar Walton, 1968)
The Electric Boogaloo Song (Cedar Walton, 1969)
Beyond Mobius (Cedar Walton, 1976)
Money in the Pocket (Joe Zawinul, 1966)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Mainstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blue_Mitchell_discography-1"}],"text":"The Last Tango = Blues is an album by American trumpeter Blue Mitchell recorded in 1972 and released on the Mainstream label in 1973.[1]","title":"The Last Tango = Blues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"Blue Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Note_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-2"}],"text":"The Allmusic review by Jason Ankeny awarded the album 4 stars, stating: \"The Last Tango = Blues translates the direct, soulful hard bop approach of Blue Mitchell's cult-classic Blue Note sessions into the funk-inspired grammar of mid-Seventies mainstream jazz... the performances are strictly next-level, complete with some of Mitchell's most fiery trumpet.\"[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Bishop, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bishop,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Killing Me Softly With His Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Me_Softly_With_His_Song"},{"link_name":"Charles Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Norman Gimbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Gimbel"},{"link_name":"Patrick Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Patterson_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steve Scipio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Scipio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard Fritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Fritz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gato Barbieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gato_Barbieri"},{"link_name":"Alf Clausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Clausen"},{"link_name":"Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_(Horace_Silver_song)"},{"link_name":"Horace Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Silver"}],"text":"\"Soul Turn Around\" (Walter Bishop, Jr.) - 4:20\n\"Killing Me Softly With His Song\" (Charles Fox, Norman Gimbel) - 2:53\n\"The Message\" (Patrick Patterson, Steve Scipio) - 3:20\n\"Steal the Feel\" (Richard Fritz) - 4:15\n\"Last Tango in Paris\" (Gato Barbieri) - 2:42\n\"One for Russ\" (Alf Clausen) - 4:15\n\"Peace\" (Horace Silver) - 2:50\n\"P.T. Blues\" (Blue Mitchell) - 3:04Recorded in Los Angeles, California, in 1972.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Jackie Kelso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Kelso"},{"link_name":"Bill Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Perkins_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"alto saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"link_name":"bass clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_clarinet"},{"link_name":"baritone saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Herman Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Riley"},{"link_name":"David T. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodstained_Oz | Bloodstained Oz | ["1 Plot","2 Editions","3 See also","4 Links and references"] | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2006 novella by Christopher Golden and James A. Moore
Bloodstained Oz Bloodstained Oz coverAuthorChristopher Golden & James A. MooreIllustratorGlenn ChadbourneCover artistGlenn ChadbourneLanguageEnglishGenreHorror fictionPublished2006 Earthling PublicationsPublication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardcover)Pages116 pp (US hardcover edition)ISBN0-9766339-6-5OCLC70133181
Bloodstained Oz is a Wizard of Oz related novella by Christopher Golden and James A. Moore, and it was illustrated by Glenn Chadbourne. It was published as a limited edition hardcover by Earthling Publications in 2006. It comes with an introduction by Ray Garton.
It was nominated for the Horror Writers Association's Bram Stoker Award for Best Long Fiction in 2006.
The story falls outside of L. Frank Baum's original storyline for his Wonderful Wizard of Oz series and its official sequels. Being outside of the canonical restrictions, Bloodstained Oz makes the Land of Oz a nightmare for adults instead of a children's story.
Both first editions of Bloodstained Oz were sold out very soon after publication, and there are no current plans to reprint it by Earthling Publications or any other publisher. Being an Oz related book and a horror novel have made it a collector's item. Copies have been sold on eBay for $300.00 or more.
Plot
1930s Dust Bowl Kansas natives and an alternate version of the Wonderful Land of Oz collide during a huge dust storm. The Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and the Cowardly Lion may or may not help them on this adventure because the other inhabitants of Oz include vampire flying monkeys, emerald eyed demonic creatures, and other horrors beyond imagination.
Down home farm girl Gayle Franklin and her family, escaped convict Hank Burnside, and Roma gypsies Elisa and Stefan along with their infant son Jeremiah, all find themselves face to face with the unbelievable terrors from Oz. The creatures have taken over Oz and now they are threatening to take over Earth too.
Editions
Bloodstained Oz was only available in two limited first editions:
500 numbered limited edition hardcovers, signed by Christopher Golden and James A. Moore. ISBN 0-9766339-6-5
26 lettered limited edition hardcovers (A - Z), signed by Christopher Golden, James A. Moore, Ray Garton, and Glenn Chadbourne. It is housed in a handmade traycase featuring 1 of 26 matted original color illustrations of the Tin Woodsman by Glenn Chadbourne.
See also
Novels portal
List of Oz books
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Links and references
Official web page for Bloodstained Oz
Review at Green Man Review
5 out of 5 star review from Insiduous Reflections
Bloodstained Oz review at Monsters and Critics.com
Bram Stoker Award nominees 2006, also as a PDF
vteThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank BaumBooksNovelsBaum
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)
Ozma of Oz (1907)
Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)
The Road to Oz (1909)
The Emerald City of Oz (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)
Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)
The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)
Rinkitink in Oz (1916)
The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)
The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)
The Magic of Oz (1919)
Glinda of Oz (1920)
Thompson
The Royal Book of Oz (1921)
Kabumpo in Oz (1922)
The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923)
Grampa in Oz (1924)
The Lost King of Oz (1925)
The Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926)
The Gnome King of Oz (1927)
The Giant Horse of Oz (1928)
Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929)
The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930)
Pirates in Oz (1931)
The Purple Prince of Oz (1932)
Ojo in Oz (1933)
Speedy in Oz (1934)
The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935)
Captain Salt in Oz (1936)
Handy Mandy in Oz (1937)
The Silver Princess in Oz (1938)
Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939)
Yankee in Oz (1972)
The Enchanted Island of Oz (1976)
Others
The Wonder City of Oz (1940)
The Scalawagons of Oz (1941)
Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942)
The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946)
The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949)
The Hidden Valley of Oz (1951)
Merry Go Round in Oz (1963)
The Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980)
The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986)
The Wicked Witch of Oz (1993)
The Giant Garden of Oz (1993)
The Runaway in Oz (1995)
The Rundelstone of Oz (2000)
The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005)
Trouble Under Oz (2006)
Other books
The Magical Monarch of Mo (1899)
Dot and Tot of Merryland (1901)
The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902)
Queen Zixi of Ix (1904)
John Dough and the Cherub (1906)
The Sea Fairies (1911)
Sky Island (1912)
Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913)
CharactersBaum
Dorothy Gale
Toto
Aunt Em
Uncle Henry
Princess Ozma
Wizard of Oz
Scarecrow
Tin Woodman
Cowardly Lion
Glinda, the Good Witch of the South
Good Witch of the North
Wicked Witch of the East
Wicked Witch of the West
Billina
Glass Cat
Jack Pumpkinhead
Jellia Jamb
Jinjur
John Dough
Mombi
Munchkins
Nome King
Pastoria
Patchwork Girl
Polychrome
Queen Lurline
Shaggy Man
Soldier with the Green Whiskers
Tik-Tok
Winged monkeys
Woggle-Bug
Post-Baum
Jinnicky the Red Jinn
Kabumpo
Peter Brown
Elphaba
Elements
Land of Oz
Emerald City
Quadling Country
Yellow brick road
Deadly Desert
Land of Ev
Merryland
Ruby slippers
Silver shoes
AuthorsWriters
L. Frank Baum
Ruth Plumly Thompson
John R. Neill
Jack Snow
Rachel Cosgrove Payes
Eloise Jarvis McGraw
Dick Martin
Alexander Volkov
Eric Shanower
Gregory Maguire
Sherwood Smith
Roger S. Baum
Illustrators
William Wallace Denslow
John R. Neill
Frank Kramer
Dirk Gringhuis
Dick Martin
Leonid Vladimirsky
Eric Shanower
William Stout
Related
Political interpretations
Copyright status
AdaptationsStage
The Wizard of Oz (1902)
The Woggle-Bug (1905)
The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913)
The Wizard of Oz (1942)
The Wiz (1974)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1981)
The Wizard of Oz (1987)
The Wizard of A.I.D.S. (1987)
Twister (1994)
Wicked (2003)
The Wizard of Oz (2011)
The Woodsman (2012)
Films
The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914)
The Magic Cloak of Oz (1914)
His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914)
The Wizard of Oz (1925)
The Wizard of Oz (1933)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
The Wizard of Oz (1950)
The Rainbow Road to Oz (unproduced)
Return to Oz (1964, TV)
The Wizard of Mars (1965)
The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969)
Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971)
Journey Back to Oz (1972)
Oz (1976)
The Wiz (1978)
The Wizard of Oz (1982)
Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz (1984)
Return to Oz (1985)
Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987)
The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990)
The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True (1995)
Lion of Oz (2000)
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005)
Apocalypse Oz (2006)
After the Wizard (2011)
Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011)
Dorothy and the Witches of Oz (2012)
Oz the Great and Powerful (2013)
Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014)
OzLand (2014)
Guardians of Oz (2015)
The Wiz Live! (2015)
Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016)
The Steam Engines of Oz (2018)
Rainbow (2022)
Wicked (2024)
Wicked Part Two (2025)
TV series
Tales of the Wizard of Oz (1961)
Off to See the Wizard (1967–68)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986–87)
The Wizard of Oz (1990)
The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1992–93)
The Oz Kids (1996)
Tin Man (2007)
"Wizard of Odd" (2010)
Once Upon a Time (2011–18)
Lost in Oz (2015–18)
Emerald City (2017)
Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz (2017–20)
Books
The Wizard of the Emerald City (1939)
A Barnstormer in Oz (1982)
Mister Tinker in Oz (1985)
Dorothy of Oz (1989)
Sir Harold and the Gnome King (1991)
Was (1992)
Queen Ann in Oz (1993)
The Magic Dishpan of Oz (1994)
The Wicked Years series (1995–2011)
Visitors from Oz (1998)
Paradox in Oz (1999)
Oz Before the Rainbow (2000)
The Hidden Prince of Oz (2000)
The Unknown Witches of Oz (2000)
Bloodstained Oz (2006)
The Secret Order of the Gumm Street Girls (2006)
Dorothy Must Die (2014)
The Wicked Will Rise (2015)
Comics
Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1904–05)
Adventures in Oz (1986–92)
The Enchanted Apples of Oz (1986)
Oz Squad (1991)
Lost Girls (1991–92)
Dorothy (2004–07)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2005)
Cheshire Crossing (2006–19)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2009)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (2010)
Games
The Wizard of Oz (1985)
The Wizard of Oz (1993)
The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road (2008)
Emerald City Confidential (2009)
The Wizard of Oz (2010)
The Wizard of Oz (2013)
Related
The Oz Film Manufacturing Company
The International Wizard of Oz Club
The Baum Bugle
Oz Park
Land of Oz
Wizard of Oz festival
Wizard of Oz Museum
Oz-story Magazine
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festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_of_Oz_festival"},{"link_name":"Wizard of Oz Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_of_Oz_Museum"},{"link_name":"Oz-story Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz-story_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Oz_(franchise)"}],"text":"Official web page for Bloodstained Oz\nReview at Green Man Review\n5 out of 5 star review from Insiduous Reflections\nBloodstained Oz review at Monsters and Critics.com\nBram Stoker Award nominees 2006, also as a PDFvteThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank BaumBooksNovelsBaum\nThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)\nThe Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)\nOzma of Oz (1907)\nDorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)\nThe Road to Oz (1909)\nThe Emerald City of Oz (1910)\nThe Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)\nTik-Tok of Oz (1914)\nThe Scarecrow of Oz (1915)\nRinkitink in Oz (1916)\nThe Lost Princess of Oz (1917)\nThe Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)\nThe Magic of Oz (1919)\nGlinda of Oz (1920)\nThompson\nThe Royal Book of Oz (1921)\nKabumpo in Oz (1922)\nThe Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923)\nGrampa in Oz (1924)\nThe Lost King of Oz (1925)\nThe Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926)\nThe Gnome King of Oz (1927)\nThe Giant Horse of Oz (1928)\nJack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929)\nThe Yellow Knight of Oz (1930)\nPirates in Oz (1931)\nThe Purple Prince of Oz (1932)\nOjo in Oz (1933)\nSpeedy in Oz (1934)\nThe Wishing Horse of Oz (1935)\nCaptain Salt in Oz (1936)\nHandy Mandy in Oz (1937)\nThe Silver Princess in Oz (1938)\nOzoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939)\nYankee in Oz (1972)\nThe Enchanted Island of Oz (1976)\nOthers\nThe Wonder City of Oz (1940)\nThe Scalawagons of Oz (1941)\nLucky Bucky in Oz (1942)\nThe Magical Mimics in Oz (1946)\nThe Shaggy Man of Oz (1949)\nThe Hidden Valley of Oz (1951)\nMerry Go Round in Oz (1963)\nThe Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980)\nThe Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986)\nThe Wicked Witch of Oz (1993)\nThe Giant Garden of Oz (1993)\nThe Runaway in Oz (1995)\nThe Rundelstone of Oz (2000)\nThe Emerald Wand of Oz (2005)\nTrouble Under Oz (2006)\nOther books\nThe Magical Monarch of Mo (1899)\nDot and Tot of Merryland (1901)\nThe Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902)\nQueen Zixi of Ix (1904)\nJohn Dough and the Cherub (1906)\nThe Sea Fairies (1911)\nSky Island (1912)\nLittle Wizard Stories of Oz (1913)\nCharactersBaum\nDorothy Gale\nToto\nAunt Em\nUncle Henry\nPrincess Ozma\nWizard of Oz\nScarecrow\nTin Woodman\nCowardly Lion\nGlinda, the Good Witch of the South\nGood Witch of the North\nWicked Witch of the East\nWicked Witch of the West\nBillina\nGlass Cat\nJack Pumpkinhead\nJellia Jamb\nJinjur\nJohn Dough\nMombi\nMunchkins\nNome King\nPastoria\nPatchwork Girl\nPolychrome\nQueen Lurline\nShaggy Man\nSoldier with the Green Whiskers\nTik-Tok\nWinged monkeys\nWoggle-Bug\nPost-Baum\nJinnicky the Red Jinn\nKabumpo\nPeter Brown\nElphaba\nElements\nLand of Oz\nEmerald City\nQuadling Country\nYellow brick road\nDeadly Desert\nLand of Ev\nMerryland\nRuby slippers\nSilver shoes\nAuthorsWriters\nL. Frank Baum\nRuth Plumly Thompson\nJohn R. Neill\nJack Snow\nRachel Cosgrove Payes\nEloise Jarvis McGraw\nDick Martin\nAlexander Volkov\nEric Shanower\nGregory Maguire\nSherwood Smith\nRoger S. Baum\nIllustrators\nWilliam Wallace Denslow\nJohn R. Neill\nFrank Kramer\nDirk Gringhuis\nDick Martin\nLeonid Vladimirsky\nEric Shanower\nWilliam Stout\nRelated\nPolitical interpretations\nCopyright status\nAdaptationsStage\nThe Wizard of Oz (1902)\nThe Woggle-Bug (1905)\nThe Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913)\nThe Wizard of Oz (1942)\nThe Wiz (1974)\nThe Marvelous Land of Oz (1981)\nThe Wizard of Oz (1987)\nThe Wizard of A.I.D.S. (1987)\nTwister (1994)\nWicked (2003)\nThe Wizard of Oz (2011)\nThe Woodsman (2012)\nFilms\nThe Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908)\nThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910)\nThe Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914)\nThe Magic Cloak of Oz (1914)\nHis Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914)\nThe Wizard of Oz (1925)\nThe Wizard of Oz (1933)\nThe Wizard of Oz (1939)\nThe Wizard of Oz (1950)\nThe Rainbow Road to Oz (unproduced)\nReturn to Oz (1964, TV)\nThe Wizard of Mars (1965)\nThe Wonderful Land of Oz (1969)\nAyşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971)\nJourney Back to Oz (1972)\nOz (1976)\nThe Wiz (1978)\nThe Wizard of Oz (1982)\nOs Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz (1984)\nReturn to Oz (1985)\nDorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987)\nThe Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990)\nThe Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True (1995)\nLion of Oz (2000)\nThe Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005)\nApocalypse Oz (2006)\nAfter the Wizard (2011)\nTom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011)\nDorothy and the Witches of Oz (2012)\nOz the Great and Powerful (2013)\nLegends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014)\nOzLand (2014)\nGuardians of Oz (2015)\nThe Wiz Live! (2015)\nTom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016)\nThe Steam Engines of Oz (2018)\nRainbow (2022)\nWicked (2024)\nWicked Part Two (2025)\nTV series\nTales of the Wizard of Oz (1961)\nOff to See the Wizard (1967–68)\nThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986–87)\nThe Wizard of Oz (1990)\nThe Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1992–93)\nThe Oz Kids (1996)\nTin Man (2007)\n\"Wizard of Odd\" (2010)\nOnce Upon a Time (2011–18)\nLost in Oz (2015–18)\nEmerald City (2017)\nDorothy and the Wizard of Oz (2017–20)\nBooks\nThe Wizard of the Emerald City (1939)\nA Barnstormer in Oz (1982)\nMister Tinker in Oz (1985)\nDorothy of Oz (1989)\nSir Harold and the Gnome King (1991)\nWas (1992)\nQueen Ann in Oz (1993)\nThe Magic Dishpan of Oz (1994)\nThe Wicked Years series (1995–2011)\nVisitors from Oz (1998)\nParadox in Oz (1999)\nOz Before the Rainbow (2000)\nThe Hidden Prince of Oz (2000)\nThe Unknown Witches of Oz (2000)\nBloodstained Oz (2006)\nThe Secret Order of the Gumm Street Girls (2006)\nDorothy Must Die (2014)\nThe Wicked Will Rise (2015)\nComics\nQueer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1904–05)\nAdventures in Oz (1986–92)\nThe Enchanted Apples of Oz (1986)\nOz Squad (1991)\nLost Girls (1991–92)\nDorothy (2004–07)\nThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2005)\nCheshire Crossing (2006–19)\nThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2009)\nThe Marvelous Land of Oz (2010)\nGames\nThe Wizard of Oz (1985)\nThe Wizard of Oz (1993)\nThe Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road (2008)\nEmerald City Confidential (2009)\nThe Wizard of Oz (2010)\nThe Wizard of Oz (2013)\nRelated\nThe Oz Film Manufacturing Company\nThe International Wizard of Oz Club\nThe Baum Bugle\nOz Park\nLand of Oz\nWizard of Oz festival\nWizard of Oz Museum\nOz-story Magazine\n\n Category","title":"Links and references"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg"},{"title":"Novels portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Novels"},{"title":"List of Oz books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oz_books"},{"title":"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70133181","external_links_name":"70133181"},{"Link":"http://www.earthlingpub.com/cgjm_oz.htm","external_links_name":"Official web page for Bloodstained Oz"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130124213105/http://www.greenmanreview.com/book/book_golden_bloodstainedoz.html","external_links_name":"Review at Green Man Review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071008052927/http://www.insidiousreflections.com/Reviews/BOOKBloodstainedOz.htm","external_links_name":"5 out of 5 star review from Insiduous Reflections"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125928/http://books.monstersandcritics.com/science_fiction_fantasy/reviews/article_1148353.php/Book_Review_Bloodstained_Oz_by_Christopher_Golden_and_James_A._Moore","external_links_name":"Bloodstained Oz review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100613015805/http://www.horror.org/stokerballots.htm","external_links_name":"Bram Stoker Award nominees 2006"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225756/http://www.horror.org/2006_stoker_final_ballot.pdf","external_links_name":"also as a PDF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashed_Potato | Mashed potato | ["1 History","2 Ingredients","3 Culinary uses","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Potato dish
This article is about the food. For other uses, see Mashed potato (disambiguation).
See also: Instant mashed potatoes
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mashed potato" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Mashed potatoA serving of mashed potatoes in a bowl with two whole potatoesCourseSide dish, condimentPlace of originUnited KingdomRegion or stateUnited KingdomServing temperatureHotMain ingredientsPotatoes, butter, milk or cream, salt, black pepperVariationsDuchess potatoes Media: Mashed potato
Mashed potato or mashed potatoes (American, Canadian and Australian English), colloquially known as mash (British English), is a dish made by mashing boiled or steamed potatoes, usually with added milk, butter, salt and pepper. It is generally served as a side dish to meat or vegetables. Roughly mashed potatoes are sometimes called smashed potatoes. Dehydrated instant mashed potatoes and frozen mashed potatoes are available. Mashed potatoes are an ingredient in other dishes, such as dumplings and gnocchi.
History
An early recipe is found in Hannah Glasse's The Art of Cookery, published in 1747. Her recipe mashed them in a saucepan with milk, salt, and butter.
Ingredients
Most authors recommend the use of "floury" potatoes with a high ratio of amylose in their starch to achieve a fluffy, creamy consistency and appearance. The best-known floury varieties are King Edward, Golden Wonder, and Red Rascal in Britain and the Russet in North America. However, some recipes use "waxy" potatoes containing more amylopectin in their starch for a different texture or look; for instance, one pounded mashed potato dish from Yunnan cuisine (in southwestern China), uses waxy potatoes to achieve a chewy, sticky texture.
Butter, milk or cream, salt, and pepper are usually added. Many other seasonings may also be used, including herbs (notably parsley and chives), spices (notably nutmeg), garlic, cheese, bacon, sour cream, crisp onion or spring onion, caramelized onion, and mustard.
One French variation adds egg yolk for pommes duchesse, or Duchess potatoes, piped through a carrot tube into wavy ribbons and rosettes, brushed with butter, and lightly browned. Some French recipes for pomme purée (potato puree) use up to one part butter for every two parts potato. In low-calorie or non-dairy variations, milk, cream, and butter may be replaced by soup stock or broth.
Aloo bharta, an Indian sub-continent variation, uses chopped onions, mustard (oil, paste, or seeds), chili pepper, coriander leaves, and other spices. Alu pitika (Assamese: আলু পিটিকা) is a popular variation of aloo bharta in Assam, that may occasionally omit mustard and other spices. Alu pitika, made with roasted and smoked potatoes, is especially consumed in the winter.
Industrial cooking of mashed potatoes in a steam-jacketed combi kettle
A plate of sausage and mashed potatoes, with cabbage and onion gravy, commonly known as "bangers and mash"
Close-up view of mashed potatoes with butter and chives
Mashed potatoes and gravy from an American supermarket
Culinary uses
Mashed potato served with Frankfurter Rippchen, sauerkraut and mustard
Mashed potato can be served as a side dish. In the British Isles, sausages served with mashed potatoes are known as bangers and mash. Mashed potato can be an ingredient of various other dishes, including shepherd's and cottage pie, Orkney clapshot, pierogi, colcannon, dumplings, potato pancakes, potato croquettes and gnocchi. Particularly runny mashed potatoes are called mousseline potatoes.
In the United Kingdom, cold mashed potato can be mixed with fresh eggs and then fried until crisp to produce a potato cake. This dish is thought to have originated in Cornwall and is a popular breakfast item. When instead combined with meat and other leftover vegetables, the fried dish is known as bubble and squeak.
Mashed potatoes may be eaten with gravy, typically meat gravy, though vegetable gravy is becoming more common as the vegetarian and vegan trends see a rise in popularity.
A potato masher can be used to mash the potatoes. A potato ricer produces a uniform, lump-free, mash.
In India, mashed potatoes made with spices, fried or not, are called chaukha. Chaukha is used in samosas in India and with littee specially in Bihar.
In Turkey, mashed potatoes made with milk, salt, black pepper and butter are called patates puresi.
See also
Food portal
Aligot
Champ
Fufu
Hachis Parmentier
Hutspot
List of Irish dishes
List of potato dishes
Mince and tatties
Perkedel
Government Mashed Potato Scandal
References
^ a b Smith, A. (2011) Potato: A Global History. London: Reaktion Books.
^ "Mash: Meaning of Mash". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019.
^ Package Quantities of Instant Mashed Potatoes. Voluntary product standard. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. 1971. p. 1. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
^ Sun, D.W. (2016). Handbook of Frozen Food Processing and Packaging. Contemporary Food Engineering. CRC Press. p. 490. ISBN 978-1-4398-3605-7. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
^ Marks, G. (1999). The: World of Jewish Cooking. Over 613 Traditional Recipes from Alsace to Yemen. Simon & Schuster. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-684-83559-4. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
^ Food Preparation and Cooking: Cookery units. Student guide. Catering and hospitality, NVQ/SVQ2. Stanley Thornes. 1996. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-7487-2566-3. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
^ Hannah Glasse, The Art of Cookery, 1747, p. 148 full text
^ a b c Cloake, Felicity (15 March 2010). "What's the best mashed potato method?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
^ Randal, Oulton (7 October 2004). "Floury Potatoes". CooksInfo.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ Chinese Cooking Demystified (19 December 2019). Yunnan Pounded Mashed Potato (云南哈尼舂洋芋). YouTube. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
^ "Best Mashed Potato Recipes and Toppings – US Potato Board". Potatogoodness.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ Child, J. (1970). Mastering the Art of French Cooking, Volume 2: A Cookbook. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-394-40152-2. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
^ Institute, F.C. (2022). The Fundamental Techniques of Classic Cuisine. ABRAMS. p. 380. ISBN 978-1-61312-255-6. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
^ Eppich, Kristen (18 April 2013). "Best mashed potato recipe in the world". Chatelaine.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ Gokhale, Jyoti S.; Lele, S. S.; Ananthanarayan, Laxmi (2021). "Indian Traditional Foods and Diets: Combining Traditional Wisdom with Modern Science of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods". Nutrition, Food and Diet in Ageing and Longevity. Healthy Ageing and Longevity. Vol. 14. pp. 357–392. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83017-5_18. ISBN 978-3-030-83016-8. S2CID 244308051. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
^ Ananthanarayanan, Laxmi; Dubey, Kriti Kumari; Muley, Abhijeet B.; Singhal, Rekha S. (2019). "Indian Traditional Foods: Preparation, Processing and Nutrition". Traditional Foods. Food Engineering Series. pp. 127–199. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24620-4_6. ISBN 978-3-030-24619-8. S2CID 210312613. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2021 – via Springer.
^ a b Dupree, Nathalie (1 November 2012). Mastering the Art of Southern Cooking. Gibbs Smith. ISBN 978-1-4236-2316-8.
^ Smith, A.F. (2007). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. Oxford Companions. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-19-530796-2. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
^ Commercial America. The Philadelphia Commercial Museum. 1910. p. 27. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
^ Simmons, M.; Table, Sur La (2008). Things Cooks Love: Implements, Ingredients, Recipes. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-7407-6976-4. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
External links
Media related to Mashed potatoes at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of mashed potato at Wiktionary
Mashed potato at Wikibooks
vtePotato dishesBaked or roasted
Baeckeoffe
Baked potato
Fondant potatoes
Funeral potatoes
Gratin dauphinois
Hasselback potatoes
Jansson's temptation
Knish
Kouign patatez
Kugel
Kugelis
Lancashire hotpot
Panackelty
Pâté aux pommes de terre
Pommes Anna
Pommes boulangère
Potato babka
Potato scone
Potato skins
Potato waffle
Potatoes au gratin
Rappie pie
Rumbledethumps
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Tartiflette
Yapchik
Boiled or stewed
Aloo gosht
Aloo tikki
Älplermagronen
Bryndzové halušky
Carapulcra
Cepelinai
Coddle
Kroppkaka
Lobscouse
Nikujaga
Ocopa
Papa a la Huancaína
Papas arrugadas
Papas chorreadas
Papet Vaudois
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Salt potatoes
Selat solo
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Vada
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Bubble and squeak
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Boxty
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Latke
Llapingacho
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Reibekuchen
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Rösti
Spanish omelette
Trinxat
Truffade
Other or mixed
Aloo pie
Aloo chaat
Aloo gobi
Batata harra
Péla
Samosa
Tombet
Mashed
Aligot
Bangers and mash
Brandade
Brændende kærlighed
Champ
Clapshot
Colcannon
Cottage pie
Croquette
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Hachis Parmentier
Himmel und Erde
Hutspot
Mince and tatties
Ragda pattice
Skomakarlåda
Stamppot
Stoemp
Pies
Homity pie
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Salads
Olivier salad
Szałot
Soups
Ajiaco
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Chuño
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Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mashed potato (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashed_potato_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Instant mashed potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_mashed_potatoes"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English"},{"link_name":"Australian English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"side dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_dish"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dehydrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrated_food"},{"link_name":"instant mashed potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_mashed_potatoes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"frozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_food"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"dumplings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumpling"},{"link_name":"gnocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnocchi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"This article is about the food. For other uses, see Mashed potato (disambiguation).See also: Instant mashed potatoesMashed potato or mashed potatoes (American, Canadian and Australian English), colloquially known as mash (British English),[2] is a dish made by mashing boiled or steamed potatoes, usually with added milk, butter, salt and pepper. It is generally served as a side dish to meat or vegetables. Roughly mashed potatoes are sometimes called smashed potatoes.[citation needed] Dehydrated instant mashed potatoes[3] and frozen mashed potatoes[4] are available. Mashed potatoes are an ingredient in other dishes, such as dumplings and gnocchi.[5][6]","title":"Mashed potato"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hannah Glasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Glasse"},{"link_name":"The Art of Cookery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith,_A._2011-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"An early recipe is found in Hannah Glasse's The Art of Cookery, published in 1747.[1] Her recipe mashed them in a saucepan with milk, salt, and butter.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amylose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylose"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-8"},{"link_name":"King Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_potato"},{"link_name":"Russet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russet_potato"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"amylopectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylopectin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-8"},{"link_name":"Yunnan cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCD_chewy-10"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_salt"},{"link_name":"pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper"},{"link_name":"parsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley"},{"link_name":"chives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chives"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spices"},{"link_name":"nutmeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg"},{"link_name":"garlic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon"},{"link_name":"sour cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_cream"},{"link_name":"onion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion"},{"link_name":"spring onion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_onion"},{"link_name":"caramelized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramelisation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"egg yolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_yolk"},{"link_name":"Duchess potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_potatoes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"puree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"soup stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_stock"},{"link_name":"broth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broth"},{"link_name":"onions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion"},{"link_name":"paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)"},{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_seed"},{"link_name":"chili pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper"},{"link_name":"coriander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice"},{"link_name":"Assamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_language"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mashed_Potatoes_in_Steam-jacketed_Combi_Kettle.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sausage_Trio,_Mash_and_Cabbage_with_Onion_Gravy.jpg"},{"link_name":"bangers and mash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangers_and_mash"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mash_Potatoes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021-11-25_21_30_25_Mashed_potatoes_with_gravy_from_Wegmans_in_the_Franklin_Farm_section_of_Oak_Hill,_Fairfax_County,_Virginia.jpg"}],"text":"Most authors recommend the use of \"floury\" potatoes with a high ratio of amylose in their starch to achieve a fluffy, creamy consistency and appearance.[8] The best-known floury varieties are King Edward, Golden Wonder, and Red Rascal in Britain and the Russet in North America.[9] However, some recipes use \"waxy\" potatoes containing more amylopectin in their starch for a different texture or look;[8] for instance, one pounded mashed potato dish from Yunnan cuisine (in southwestern China), uses waxy potatoes to achieve a chewy, sticky texture.[10]Butter, milk or cream, salt, and pepper are usually added. Many other seasonings may also be used, including herbs (notably parsley and chives), spices (notably nutmeg), garlic, cheese, bacon, sour cream, crisp onion or spring onion, caramelized onion, and mustard.[11]One French variation adds egg yolk for pommes duchesse, or Duchess potatoes, piped through a carrot tube into wavy ribbons and rosettes, brushed with butter, and lightly browned.[12][13] Some French recipes for pomme purée (potato puree) use up to one part butter for every two parts potato.[8][14] In low-calorie or non-dairy variations, milk, cream, and butter may be replaced by soup stock or broth.Aloo bharta, an Indian sub-continent variation, uses chopped onions, mustard (oil, paste, or seeds), chili pepper, coriander leaves, and other spices. Alu pitika (Assamese: আলু পিটিকা) is a popular variation of aloo bharta in Assam,[15][16] that may occasionally omit mustard and other spices. Alu pitika, made with roasted and smoked potatoes, is especially consumed in the winter.Industrial cooking of mashed potatoes in a steam-jacketed combi kettle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA plate of sausage and mashed potatoes, with cabbage and onion gravy, commonly known as \"bangers and mash\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up view of mashed potatoes with butter and chives\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMashed potatoes and gravy from an American supermarket","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frankfurter-rippchen-mit-kraut-kpl.001-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frankfurter Rippchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Rippchen"},{"link_name":"sauerkraut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerkraut"},{"link_name":"side dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_dish"},{"link_name":"bangers and mash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangers_and_mash"},{"link_name":"shepherd's and cottage pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_pie"},{"link_name":"clapshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapshot"},{"link_name":"pierogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierogi"},{"link_name":"colcannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colcannon"},{"link_name":"dumplings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumpling"},{"link_name":"potato pancakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_pancakes"},{"link_name":"croquettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquette"},{"link_name":"gnocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnocchi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dupree-17"},{"link_name":"potato cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_cake"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"bubble and squeak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_and_squeak"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"gravy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"potato masher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_masher"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"potato ricer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_ricer"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"samosas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samosa"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dupree-17"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Mashed potato served with Frankfurter Rippchen, sauerkraut and mustardMashed potato can be served as a side dish. In the British Isles, sausages served with mashed potatoes are known as bangers and mash. Mashed potato can be an ingredient of various other dishes, including shepherd's and cottage pie, Orkney clapshot, pierogi, colcannon, dumplings, potato pancakes, potato croquettes and gnocchi. Particularly runny mashed potatoes are called mousseline potatoes.[17]In the United Kingdom, cold mashed potato can be mixed with fresh eggs and then fried until crisp to produce a potato cake. This dish is thought to have originated in Cornwall and is a popular breakfast item. When instead combined with meat and other leftover vegetables, the fried dish is known as bubble and squeak.[citation needed]Mashed potatoes may be eaten with gravy,[18] typically meat gravy, though vegetable gravy is becoming more common as the vegetarian and vegan trends see a rise in popularity.[citation needed]A potato masher can be used to mash the potatoes.[19] A potato ricer produces a uniform, lump-free, mash.[20]In India, mashed potatoes made with spices, fried or not, are called chaukha. Chaukha is used in samosas in India and with littee specially in Bihar.[17]In Turkey, mashed potatoes made with milk, salt, black pepper and butter are called patates puresi.[citation needed]","title":"Culinary uses"}] | [{"image_text":"Mashed potato served with Frankfurter Rippchen, sauerkraut and mustard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Frankfurter-rippchen-mit-kraut-kpl.001-1.jpg/220px-Frankfurter-rippchen-mit-kraut-kpl.001-1.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Aligot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligot"},{"title":"Champ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_(food)"},{"title":"Fufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fufu"},{"title":"Hachis Parmentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachis_Parmentier"},{"title":"Hutspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutspot"},{"title":"List of Irish dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes"},{"title":"List of potato dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_potato_dishes"},{"title":"Mince and tatties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mince_and_tatties"},{"title":"Perkedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkedel"},{"title":"Government Mashed Potato Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gothamist.com/news/rikers-throws-out-40k-of-instant-mashed-potatoes-due-to-boxes-full-of-bugs%7CRikers"}] | [{"reference":"\"Mash: Meaning of Mash\". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191209172846/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mash","url_text":"\"Mash: Meaning of Mash\""},{"url":"https://www.lexico.com/definition/mash","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Package Quantities of Instant Mashed Potatoes. Voluntary product standard. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. 1971. p. 1. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8oTQrCY7R9oC&pg=PA1","url_text":"Package Quantities of Instant Mashed Potatoes"}]},{"reference":"Sun, D.W. (2016). Handbook of Frozen Food Processing and Packaging. Contemporary Food Engineering. CRC Press. p. 490. ISBN 978-1-4398-3605-7. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sxzOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA490","url_text":"Handbook of Frozen Food Processing and Packaging"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-3605-7","url_text":"978-1-4398-3605-7"}]},{"reference":"Marks, G. (1999). The: World of Jewish Cooking. Over 613 Traditional Recipes from Alsace to Yemen. Simon & Schuster. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-684-83559-4. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux2lGKCKVPYC&pg=PA249","url_text":"The: World of Jewish Cooking"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83559-4","url_text":"978-0-684-83559-4"}]},{"reference":"Food Preparation and Cooking: Cookery units. Student guide. Catering and hospitality, NVQ/SVQ2. Stanley Thornes. 1996. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-7487-2566-3. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vRcidxIUWYMC&pg=PA280","url_text":"Food Preparation and Cooking: Cookery units. Student guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-2566-3","url_text":"978-0-7487-2566-3"}]},{"reference":"Cloake, Felicity (15 March 2010). \"What's the best mashed potato method?\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2010/mar/15/best-mashed-potato-method","url_text":"\"What's the best mashed potato method?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221075452/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2010/mar/15/best-mashed-potato-method","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Randal, Oulton (7 October 2004). \"Floury Potatoes\". CooksInfo.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cooksinfo.com/floury-potatoes","url_text":"\"Floury Potatoes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033254/http://www.cooksinfo.com/floury-potatoes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chinese Cooking Demystified (19 December 2019). Yunnan Pounded Mashed Potato (云南哈尼舂洋芋). YouTube. Retrieved 12 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5_6V6aN7AQ","url_text":"Yunnan Pounded Mashed Potato (云南哈尼舂洋芋)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Best Mashed Potato Recipes and Toppings – US Potato Board\". Potatogoodness.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.potatogoodness.com/mashed-potatoes/","url_text":"\"Best Mashed Potato Recipes and Toppings – US Potato Board\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163226/https://www.potatogoodness.com/mashed-potatoes/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Child, J. (1970). Mastering the Art of French Cooking, Volume 2: A Cookbook. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-394-40152-2. Retrieved 29 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EfEFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA399","url_text":"Mastering the Art of French Cooking, Volume 2: A Cookbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-40152-2","url_text":"978-0-394-40152-2"}]},{"reference":"Institute, F.C. (2022). The Fundamental Techniques of Classic Cuisine. ABRAMS. p. 380. ISBN 978-1-61312-255-6. Retrieved 29 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0j9cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT380","url_text":"The Fundamental Techniques of Classic Cuisine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61312-255-6","url_text":"978-1-61312-255-6"}]},{"reference":"Eppich, Kristen (18 April 2013). \"Best mashed potato recipe in the world\". Chatelaine.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chatelaine.com/recipes/mashed-potato-recipe/","url_text":"\"Best mashed potato recipe in the world\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410072040/http://www.chatelaine.com/recipes/mashed-potato-recipe/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gokhale, Jyoti S.; Lele, S. S.; Ananthanarayan, Laxmi (2021). \"Indian Traditional Foods and Diets: Combining Traditional Wisdom with Modern Science of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods\". Nutrition, Food and Diet in Ageing and Longevity. Healthy Ageing and Longevity. Vol. 14. pp. 357–392. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83017-5_18. ISBN 978-3-030-83016-8. S2CID 244308051. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83017-5_18","url_text":"\"Indian Traditional Foods and Diets: Combining Traditional Wisdom with Modern Science of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-83017-5_18","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-83017-5_18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-83016-8","url_text":"978-3-030-83016-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244308051","url_text":"244308051"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060558/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83017-5_18","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ananthanarayanan, Laxmi; Dubey, Kriti Kumari; Muley, Abhijeet B.; Singhal, Rekha S. (2019). \"Indian Traditional Foods: Preparation, Processing and Nutrition\". Traditional Foods. Food Engineering Series. pp. 127–199. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24620-4_6. ISBN 978-3-030-24619-8. S2CID 210312613. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2021 – via Springer.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-24620-4_6","url_text":"\"Indian Traditional Foods: Preparation, Processing and Nutrition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-24620-4_6","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-24620-4_6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-24619-8","url_text":"978-3-030-24619-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210312613","url_text":"210312613"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220711135256/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-24620-4_6","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing","url_text":"Springer"}]},{"reference":"Dupree, Nathalie (1 November 2012). Mastering the Art of Southern Cooking. Gibbs Smith. ISBN 978-1-4236-2316-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-2316-8","url_text":"978-1-4236-2316-8"}]},{"reference":"Smith, A.F. (2007). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. Oxford Companions. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-19-530796-2. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AoWlCmNDA3QC&pg=PT321","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530796-2","url_text":"978-0-19-530796-2"}]},{"reference":"Commercial America. The Philadelphia Commercial Museum. 1910. p. 27. Retrieved 9 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4OnmAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA27","url_text":"Commercial America"}]},{"reference":"Simmons, M.; Table, Sur La (2008). Things Cooks Love: Implements, Ingredients, Recipes. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-7407-6976-4. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_fillet_processor | Fish fillet processor | ["1 Major fish processing countries","2 Uses of processed fish","3 Processing procedures","3.1 Whitefish","3.2 Processing of oily fish","4 See also","5 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fish fillet processor" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A fish fillet processor processes fish into a fillet. Fish processing starts from the time the fish is caught. Popular species processed include cod, hake, haddock, tuna, herring, mackerel, salmon and pollock.
Commercial fish processing is a global practice. Processing varies regionally in productivity, type of operation, yield and regulation. Approximately 90% of processed fish are oceanic fish. The remaining 10% are from conciliatory freshwater operations and aquacultural production. Most fish processing industries are near commercial fishing zones. In certain regions, fish are transported or exported for processing.
Major fish processing countries
The largest fish processing countries in order are:
Vietnam
China
Peru
Chile
Japan
The United States
The Russian Federation
Indonesia
These countries produce over half the world's fish products. The Pacific Northwest region of the United States provider the greatest volume.
Uses of processed fish
Seventy-five percent of fish processed is for human consumption. Fish oil and fish meal comprise the remaining 25% of fish processing, with fish meal predominantly used in livestock feed and aquaculture.
Fresh fish accounts for 30% of production. Most processed fish is sold frozen as fillets or whole fish, canned fish and as other fish protein products (e.g. surimi). The consumption of frozen fish products as ready-to-eat meals, fillets, and whole fish is increasing globally.
Processing procedures
Processing can start either on the fishing vessel or at the plants. For example, some time the fishes are beheaded and gutted on par the fishing vessel its self.
The process involved in filleting of whitefish is moderately different as compared to the filleting of oily fish.
Whitefish
In certain fish processing industries, filleting is done manually.
The fish is be-headed, gutted, de-iced and de-scaled. It is then graded and filleted by hand. After the processing phase, the fish fillet is trimmed for blood, bones, fins, black membrane, fleas, loose fish scales and sorted. It is then packed and frozen in cold storage.
Processing of oily fish
Oily fish have oils throughout their tissues and in the stomach cavity around the gut. Up to 30% of oil is found in the fillet, varying across species. Examples of oily fish include salmon, tuna, mackerel, herring and anchovy.
Due to the oil content, gutting and heading is avoided to reduce the risk associated with oily surfaces. The oily skin is kept as it retains the quality of the flesh. The filleting process is almost the same for the whitefish breeds, but oily fish is mostly canned.
See also
Filleted fish
Fish processing
References
^ "Fillet". Hyfoma.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
^ Seawork hake fillet fish processing. "hake fillet distributor and fish hake fillet processor". Seawork. Archived from the original on 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2013-05-15. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_as_food"},{"link_name":"fillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillet_(cut)"},{"link_name":"the fish is caught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod"},{"link_name":"hake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hake"},{"link_name":"haddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddock"},{"link_name":"tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"mackerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollock"},{"link_name":"productivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity"},{"link_name":"yield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughput_yield"},{"link_name":"oceanic fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_fish"},{"link_name":"aquacultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A fish fillet processor processes fish into a fillet. Fish processing starts from the time the fish is caught. Popular species processed include cod, hake, haddock, tuna, herring, mackerel, salmon and pollock.Commercial fish processing is a global practice. Processing varies regionally in productivity, type of operation, yield and regulation. Approximately 90% of processed fish are oceanic fish. The remaining 10% are from conciliatory freshwater operations and aquacultural production. Most fish processing industries are near commercial fishing zones. In certain regions, fish are transported or exported for processing.[1]","title":"Fish fillet processor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"The United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_States"},{"link_name":"The Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World"},{"link_name":"fish products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_products"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The largest fish processing countries in order are:Vietnam\nChina\nPeru\nChile\nJapan\nThe United States\nThe Russian Federation\nIndonesiaThese countries produce over half the world's fish products. The Pacific Northwest region of the United States provider the greatest volume.[citation needed]","title":"Major fish processing countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fish protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_protein"},{"link_name":"surimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surimi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Seventy-five percent of fish processed is for human consumption. Fish oil and fish meal comprise the remaining 25% of fish processing, with fish meal predominantly used in livestock feed and aquaculture.Fresh fish accounts for 30% of production. Most processed fish is sold frozen as fillets or whole fish, canned fish and as other fish protein products (e.g. surimi). The consumption of frozen fish products as ready-to-eat meals, fillets, and whole fish is increasing globally.[citation needed]","title":"Uses of processed fish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"whitefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)"},{"link_name":"oily fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oily_fish"}],"text":"Processing can start either on the fishing vessel or at the plants. For example, some time the fishes are beheaded and gutted on par the fishing vessel its self.The process involved in filleting of whitefish is moderately different as compared to the filleting of oily fish.","title":"Processing procedures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Whitefish","text":"In certain fish processing industries, filleting is done manually.The fish is be-headed, gutted, de-iced and de-scaled. It is then graded and filleted by hand. After the processing phase, the fish fillet is trimmed for blood, bones, fins, black membrane, fleas, loose fish scales and sorted. It is then packed and frozen in cold storage.[2]","title":"Processing procedures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tissues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"gut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna"},{"link_name":"mackerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"anchovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovy"}],"sub_title":"Processing of oily fish","text":"Oily fish have oils throughout their tissues and in the stomach cavity around the gut. Up to 30% of oil is found in the fillet, varying across species. Examples of oily fish include salmon, tuna, mackerel, herring and anchovy.Due to the oil content, gutting and heading is avoided to reduce the risk associated with oily surfaces. The oily skin is kept as it retains the quality of the flesh. The filleting process is almost the same for the whitefish breeds, but oily fish is mostly canned.","title":"Processing procedures"}] | [] | [{"title":"Filleted fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filleted_fish"},{"title":"Fish processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_processing"}] | [{"reference":"\"Fillet\". Hyfoma.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divizia_A_1919%E2%80%9320_(Cupa_Harwester) | 1919–20 Divizia A | ["1 Final table","2 References"] | 8th season of top-tier football league in Romania
Football league seasonDivizia ASeason1919–20ChampionsVenus București← 1915–16 1920–21 →
The 1919–20 Divizia A was the eighth season of Divizia A, the top-level football league of Romania.
Final table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1
Venus București (C)
6
4
1
1
8
6
+2
9
2
Tricolor București
5
3
0
2
9
6
+3
6
3
Colțea București
4
1
1
2
4
6
−2
3
4
Prahova Ploiești
3
0
0
3
1
4
−3
0
Source: (C) Champions
References
^ 1919–20 Divizia A
vteLiga I seasons
1909–10
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vte1919–20 in European football « 1918–19 1920–21 » Domestic leagues
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
England
Germany
Hungary
Iceland '19 '20
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Scotland
Switzerland
Domestic cups
Austria
England
France
Ireland
Netherlands
Norway '19 '20
Scotland
Spain '19 '20
Sweden '19 '20
Wales
This article about a Romanian association football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Divizia A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divizia_A"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 1919–20 Divizia A was the eighth season of Divizia A, the top-level football league of Romania.","title":"1919–20 Divizia A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed](C) Champions","title":"Final table"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.romaniansoccer.ro/divizia_a/tables/1919_20.shtml","external_links_name":"1919–20 Divizia A"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1919%E2%80%9320_Divizia_A&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_plane_(tool) | Plane (tool) | ["1 History","2 Parts","3 Types","3.1 Order of use","3.2 Material","3.3 Special purposes","4 Use","5 See also","5.1 Plane-makers","6 Citations","7 General and cited references","8 External links"] | Tool for working with wood
Craftsman No. 5 jack plane
A hand plane in use
A hand plane is a tool for shaping wood using muscle power to force the cutting blade over the wood surface. Some rotary power planers are motorized power tools used for the same types of larger tasks, but are unsuitable for fine-scale planing, where a miniature hand plane is used.
Generally, all planes are used to flatten, reduce the thickness of, and impart a smooth surface to a rough piece of lumber or timber. Planing is also used to produce horizontal, vertical, or inclined flat surfaces on workpieces usually too large for shaping, where the integrity of the whole requires the same smooth surface. Special types of planes are designed to cut joints or decorative mouldings.
Hand planes are generally the combination of a cutting edge, such as a sharpened metal plate, attached to a firm body, that when moved over a wood surface, take up relatively uniform shavings, by nature of the body riding on the 'high spots' in the wood, and also by providing a relatively constant angle to the cutting edge, render the planed surface very smooth. A cutter that extends below the bottom surface, or sole, of the plane slices off shavings of wood. A large, flat sole on a plane guides the cutter to remove only the highest parts of an imperfect surface, until, after several passes, the surface is flat and smooth. When used for flattening, bench planes with longer soles are preferred for boards with longer longitudinal dimensions. A longer sole registers against a greater portion of the board's face or edge surface which leads to a more consistently flat surface or straighter edge. Conversely, using a smaller plane allows for more localized low or high spots to remain.
Though most planes are pushed across a piece of wood, holding it with one or both hands, Japanese planes are pulled toward the body, not pushed away.
Woodworking machinery that perform a similar function as hand planes include the jointer and the thickness planer, also called a thicknesser; the job these specialty power tools can still be done by hand planers and skilled manual labor as it was for many centuries. When rough lumber is reduced to dimensional lumber, a large electric motor or internal combustion engine will drive a thickness planer that removes a certain percentage of excess wood to create a uniform, smooth surface on all four sides of the board and in specialty woods, may also plane the cut edges.
History
Roman planes found in Germany, dating to the 1st to 3rd century AD
Hand planer
Hand planer bottom
Hand planes are ancient, originating thousands of years ago. Early planes were made from wood with a rectangular slot or mortise cut across the center of the body. The cutting blade or iron was held in place with a wooden wedge. The wedge was tapped into the mortise and adjusted with a small mallet, a piece of scrap wood or with the heel of the user's hand. Planes of this type have been found in excavations of old sites as well as drawings of woodworking from medieval Europe and Asia. The earliest known examples of the woodworking plane have been found in Pompeii although other Roman examples have been unearthed in Britain and Germany. The Roman planes resemble modern planes in essential function, most having iron wrapping a wooden core top, bottom, front and rear, and an iron blade secured with a wedge. One example found in Cologne has a body made entirely of bronze without a wooden core. A Roman plane iron used for cutting moldings was found in Newstead, England. Histories prior to these examples are not clear although furniture pieces and other woodwork found in Egyptian tombs show surfaces carefully smoothed with some manner of cutting edge or scraping tool. There are suggestions that the earliest planes were simply wooden blocks fastened to the soles of adzes to effect greater control of the cutting action.
In the mid-1860s, Leonard Bailey began producing a line of cast iron-bodied hand planes, the patents for which were later purchased by Stanley Rule & Level, now Stanley Works. The original Bailey designs were further evolved and added to by Justus Traut and others at Stanley Rule & Level. The Bailey and Bedrock designs became the basis for most modern metal hand plane designs manufactured today. The Bailey design is still manufactured by Stanley Works.
In 1918 an air-powered handheld planing tool was developed to reduce shipbuilding labor during World War I. The air-driven cutter spun at 8000 to 15000 rpm and allowed one man to do the planing work of up to fifteen men who used manual tools.
Modern hand planes are made from wood, ductile iron or bronze which produces a tool that is heavier and will not rust.
Parts
Bench plane (top), block plane (below)
A modern milled chipbreaker secured atop a bench plane iron
The standard components of a hand plane include:
A: mouth; an opening in the sole of the plane through which the blade extends, and through which wood shavings rise.
B: iron; a steel blade which cuts the wood.
C: lever cap; secures the cap iron and iron firmly to the frog.
D: depth adjustment knob; controls the cutting depth of the iron.
E: knob; allows a second hand to guide the plane.
F: cap iron or chipbreaker; reinforces the iron and curls and breaks apart wood shavings as they pass through the mouth.
G: lateral adjustment lever; skews the iron so that the depth of cut is uniform across the mouth.
H: tote; the principal handle for gripping the plane.
I: cam lever; which pivots a sliding section of the forward end of the sole to adjust the gap in the plane's mouth. It is anchored to the threaded post of the knob and secured by tightening the knob.
J: frog ; an adjustable iron wedge that holds the plane iron at the proper angle and allows it to be varied in depth relative to the sole. The frog is screwed down to the inside of the sole through two parallel slots and on many planes is only adjustable with a screwdriver when the plane iron is removed. Some planes, such as the Stanley Bedrock line and bench planes made by Lie-Nielsen and WoodRiver/Woodcraft have a screw mechanism that allows the frog to be adjusted without removing the blade.
sole; the bottom face of the plane.
Types
Router plane
Most planes fall within the categories (by size) of block plane, smoothing plane, and jointing plane. Specialty planes include the shoulder plane, router plane, bullnose plane, and chisel plane, among others.
Electrically powered hand planers (loosely referred to as power planes) have joined the hand-held plane family.
"Bench planes" are characterized by having their cutting bevel facing down and attached to a chipbreaker. Most metal bench planes, and some larger wooden ones, are designed with a rear handle known as a tote. "Block planes" are characterized by the absence of a chipbreaker and the cutting iron bedded with the bevel up. The block plane is a smaller tool that can be held with one hand which excels at working against the grain on a cut end of a board. It is also good for general purpose work such as taking down a knot in the wood, smoothing small pieces, and chamfering edges.
Different types of bench planes are designed to perform different tasks, with the name and size of the plane being defined by the use. Bailey iron bench planes were designated by number respective to the length of the plane. This has carried over through the type, regardless of manufacturer. A No. 1 plane is but little more than five inches long. A typical smoothing plane (approx. nine inches) is usually a No. 4, jack planes at about fourteen inches are No. 5, an eighteen-inch fore plane will be a No. 6, and the jointer planes at twenty-two to twenty-four inches in length are No. 7 or 8 respectively. A designation, such as No. 4½ indicates a plane of No. 4 length but slightly wider. A designation, such as 5-1/2 indicates the length of a No. 5 but slightly wider (actually, the width of a No. 6 or a No. 7), while a designation, such as 5-1/4 indicates the length of a No. 5 but slightly narrower (actually, the width of a No. 3). "Bedrock" versions of the above are simply 600 added to the base number (although no "601" was ever produced, such plane is indeed available from specialist dealers; 602 through 608, including all the fractionals, were made).
Order of use
Stanley No. 32 transitional jointer plane (26 inches long)
A smoothing plane
A Japanese plane in use
A typical order of use in flattening, truing, and smoothing a rough sawn board might be:
A scrub plane, which removes large amounts of wood quickly, is typically around 9 inches (230 mm) long, but narrower than a smoothing plane, has an iron with a convex cutting edge and has a wider mouth opening to accommodate the ejection of thicker shavings/chips.
A jack plane is up to 14 inches (360 mm) long, continues the job of roughing out, but with more accuracy and flattening capability than the scrub.
A jointer plane (including the smaller 14 to 20 inches (360 to 510 mm) fore plane) is between 22 and 30 inches (560 and 760 mm) long, and is used for jointing and final flattening out of boards.
A smoothing plane, up to 10 inches (250 mm) long, is used to begin preparing the surface for finishing.
A polishing plane (kanna) is a traditional Japanese plane designed to take a smaller shaving than a Western smoothing plane to create an extremely smooth surface. Polishing planes are the same length as western smoothing planes, and unlike Western planes, which are pushed across a board, is pulled with both hands towards the user.
Material
Planes may also be classified by the material of which they are constructed:
A wooden plane is entirely wood except for the blade. The iron is held into the plane with a wooden wedge and is adjusted by striking the plane with a hammer.
A transitional plane has a wooden body with a metal casting set in it to hold and adjust the blade.
A metal plane is largely constructed of metal, except, perhaps, for the handles.
An infill plane has a body of metal filled with very dense and hardwood on which the blade rests and the handles are formed. They are typically of English or Scottish manufacture. They are prized for their ability to smooth difficult grained woods when set very finely.
A side-escapement plane has a tall, narrow, wooden body with an iron held in place by a wedge. They are characterized by the method of shaving ejection. Instead of being expelled from the center of the plane and exiting from the top, these planes have a slit in the side by which the shaving is ejected. On some variations, the slit is accompanied by a circular bevel cut in the side of the plane.
Special purposes
Stanley No. 92 rabbet plane
Some special types of planes include:
The rabbet plane, also known as a rebate or openside plane, which cuts rabbets (rebates) i.e. shoulders, or steps.
The shoulder plane, is characterized by a cutter that is flush with the edges of the plane, allowing trimming right up to the edge of a workpiece. It is commonly used to clean up dadoes (housings) and tenons for joinery.
Stanley No. 78 fillister plane
The fillister plane, similar to a rabbet plane, with a fence that registers on the board's edge to cut rabbets with an accurate width.
The moulding plane, which is used to cut mouldings along the edge of a board.
The grooving plane which is used to cut grooves along the edge of a board for joining. Grooves are the same as dadoes/housings but are being distinguished by running with the grain.
The plow/plough plane, which cuts grooves and dadoes (housings) not in direct contact with the edge of the board.
The router plane, which cleans up the bottom of recesses such as shallow mortises, grooves, and dadoes (housings). Router planes come in several sizes and can also be pressed into service to thickness the cheeks of tenons so that they are parallel to the face of the board.
The chisel plane, similar to a bullnose plane, but with an exposed blade which allows it to remove wood up to a perpendicular surface such as from the bottom inside of a box.
Finger planes. Note the size.
The finger plane, which is used for smoothing very small pieces such as toy parts, very thin strips of wood, etc. The very small curved bottom varieties are known as violin makers planes and are used in making stringed instruments.
The bullnose plane has a very short leading edge, or "toe", to its body, and so can be used in tight spaces; most commonly of the shoulder and rabbet variety. Some bullnose planes have a removable toe so that they can pull double duty as a chisel plane.
Stanley No. 55 combination plane
The combination plane, which combines the function of moulding and rabbet planes, which has different cutters and adjustments.
The circular or compass plane, which utilizes an adjustment system to control the flex on a steel sheet sole and create a uniform curve. A concave setting permits great control for planing large curves, like table sides or chair arms, and the convex works well for chair arms, legs and backs, and other applications. The compass plane, which has a flexible sole with an adjustable curve and is used to plane concave and convex surfaces. Typically used in wooden boat building.
The toothed plane, which is used for smoothing wood with irregular grain. and for preparing stock for traditional hammer veneering applications.
The spill plane which creates long, spiraling wood shavings or tapers
The spar plane, which is used for smoothing round shapes, like boat masts and chair legs.
The match plane, which is used for making tongue and groove boards.
Hollows and Rounds are similar to moulding planes, but lack a specific moulding profile. Instead, they cut either a simple concave or convex shape on the face or edge of a board to create a single element of a complex-profile moulding. They are used in pairs or sets of various sizes to create moulding profile elements such as fillets, coves, bullnoses, thumbnails ovolos, ogees, etc. When making mouldings, hollows and rounds must be used together to create the several shapes of the profile. However, they may be used as a single plane to create a simple decorative cove or round-over on the edge of a board. Many of these hollows and rounds can be classified in the category of side-escapement planes.
Use
Planing with the grain and against the grain
Planing wood along its side grain should result in thin shavings rising above the surface of the wood as the edge of the plane iron is pushed forward, leaving a smooth surface, but sometimes splintering occurs. This is largely a matter of cutting with the grain or against the grain respectively, referring to the side grain of the piece of wood being worked.
The grain direction can be determined by looking at the edge or side of the work piece. Wood fibers can be seen running out to the surface that is being planed. When the fibers meet the work surface it looks like the point of an arrow that indicates the direction. With some very figured and difficult woods, the grain runs in many directions and therefore working against the grain is inevitable. In this case, a very sharp and finely-set blade is required.
When planing against the grain, the wood fibers are lifted by the plane iron, resulting in a jagged finish, called tearout.
Planing across the grain is sometimes called "traverse" or "transverse" planing.
Planing the end grain of the board involves different techniques and frequently different planes designed for working end grain. Block planes and other bevel-up planes are often effective in planing the difficult nature of end grain. These planes are usually designed to use an iron bedded at a "low angle," typically about 12 degrees.
See also
Card scraper
Cheese slicer, a culinary plane-like tool
Planer (disambiguation) for other types of planing tools and machines
Shooting board
Spokeshave
Buswartehobel, a plane-shaped bus stop shelter in Zachenberg
Plane-makers
Alexander Mathieson & Sons, a Scottish plane manufacturer
Cesar Chelor, earliest documented plane-maker from North America.
Holtzapffel, a London plane manufacturer
Lie-Nielsen Toolworks, a U.S. maker of artisan tools
Millers Falls Company, plane-maker
T. Norris & Son, a London plane-maker
Edward Preston & Sons, a plane manufacturer
Stanley Works, a major US plane manufacturer
Stewart Spiers, a Scottish plane-maker
Veritas Tools, a Canadian plane manufacturer
Tramontina, a Brazilian company
Citations
^ C. W. Hampton, E. Clifford: "Planecraft", page 9. C. and J. Hampton Ltd. 1959
^ Henry C. Mercer: "Ancient Carpenters' Tools", page 16. Bucks County Historical Society. 1975
^ Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation.
^ a b "Understanding Bench Planes". 14 February 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
^ "Toothed Plane". ECE. Archived from the original on 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2014-12-11.
^ "Shaping plane for rounding a spar". The WoodenBoat Forum. March 4, 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
^ "Stanley No. 148 Match Plane". 7 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
General and cited references
Greber, Josef M. (1956, reprinted 1987) Die Geschichte des Hobels. Von der Steinheit bis zur Enstehung der Holzwerkzeugfabriken im frühen 19. Jahrhundert, Zurich, reprinted Hanover: Verlag Th. Schäfer. OCLC 246467323.
Greber, Josef M., transl. by Seth W. Burchard (1991) The History of the Woodworking Plane from the Stone Age to the Development of Woodworking Factories in the Early 19th Century. Albany, NY: Early American Industries Association. OCLC 602189643.
Hack, Garrett (1997) The Handplane Book. ISBN 1-56158-155-0.
Hoadley, R. Bruce (2000) Understanding Wood: A Craftsman’s Guide to Wood Technology. ISBN 1-56158-358-8.
Russell, David R., with Robert Lesage and photographs by James Austin, cataloguing assisted by Peter Hackett (2010) Antique Woodworking Tools: Their Craftsmanship from the Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: John Adamson. ISBN 978-1-898565-05-5. OCLC 727125586.
Salaman, R. A. (1989) Dictionary of Woodworking Tools. ISBN 0-04-440256-2.
Todd, R., Allen, D., Alting, L., Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide, p. 124, 1994
Watson, Aldren A. (1982) Hand Tools: Their Ways and Workings. ISBN 1-55821-224-8.
Whelan, John M. (1993) The Wooden Plane: Its History, Form and Function Mendham, NJ: Astragal Press ISBN 978-1-879335-32-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plane (tool).
Handplane Central Information for all types of hand planes, including wooden planes, infill planes and Stanley type planes. Also information on how to make hand planes.
Catalog of American Patented Antique Tools A pictorial collection of antique planes and other tools showing some of the variety in styles.
The history, types, collector value and other information on the British hand plane maker Record Planes
Old woodworking planes Archived 2018-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
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Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JackPlane3.jpg"},{"link_name":"jack plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_plane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plane_Tool.jpg"},{"link_name":"tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"muscle power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_power"},{"link_name":"power tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_tools"},{"link_name":"lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber"},{"link_name":"joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworking_joints"},{"link_name":"decorative mouldings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(decorative)"},{"link_name":"Japanese planes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_plane"},{"link_name":"Woodworking machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworking_machinery"},{"link_name":"jointer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jointer"},{"link_name":"thickness planer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thickness_planer"},{"link_name":"rough lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber"},{"link_name":"dimensional lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_lumber"},{"link_name":"electric motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"internal combustion engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine"}],"text":"Craftsman No. 5 jack planeA hand plane in useA hand plane is a tool for shaping wood using muscle power to force the cutting blade over the wood surface. Some rotary power planers are motorized power tools used for the same types of larger tasks, but are unsuitable for fine-scale planing, where a miniature hand plane is used.Generally, all planes are used to flatten, reduce the thickness of, and impart a smooth surface to a rough piece of lumber or timber. Planing is also used to produce horizontal, vertical, or inclined flat surfaces on workpieces usually too large for shaping, where the integrity of the whole requires the same smooth surface. Special types of planes are designed to cut joints or decorative mouldings.Hand planes are generally the combination of a cutting edge, such as a sharpened metal plate, attached to a firm body, that when moved over a wood surface, take up relatively uniform shavings, by nature of the body riding on the 'high spots' in the wood, and also by providing a relatively constant angle to the cutting edge, render the planed surface very smooth. A cutter that extends below the bottom surface, or sole, of the plane slices off shavings of wood. A large, flat sole on a plane guides the cutter to remove only the highest parts of an imperfect surface, until, after several passes, the surface is flat and smooth. When used for flattening, bench planes with longer soles are preferred for boards with longer longitudinal dimensions. A longer sole registers against a greater portion of the board's face or edge surface which leads to a more consistently flat surface or straighter edge. Conversely, using a smaller plane allows for more localized low or high spots to remain.Though most planes are pushed across a piece of wood, holding it with one or both hands, Japanese planes are pulled toward the body, not pushed away.Woodworking machinery that perform a similar function as hand planes include the jointer and the thickness planer, also called a thicknesser; the job these specialty power tools can still be done by hand planers and skilled manual labor as it was for many centuries. When rough lumber is reduced to dimensional lumber, a large electric motor or internal combustion engine will drive a thickness planer that removes a certain percentage of excess wood to create a uniform, smooth surface on all four sides of the board and in specialty woods, may also plane the cut edges.","title":"Plane (tool)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Planes_tools_roman.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaina_Manual-_lado_b-_Museu_da_Capitania_de_ilh%C3%A9us.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaina_Manual-_parte_inferior_-_Museu_da_Capitania_de_ilh%C3%A9us.jpg"},{"link_name":"mortise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon"},{"link_name":"mallet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallet"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade"},{"link_name":"wedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge_(mechanical_device)"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"moldings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(decorative)"},{"link_name":"Newstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newstead,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"adzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bailey_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"Stanley Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Works"},{"link_name":"Justus Traut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justus_Traut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bedrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock_plane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ductile iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductile_iron"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"}],"text":"Roman planes found in Germany, dating to the 1st to 3rd century ADHand planerHand planer bottomHand planes are ancient, originating thousands of years ago. Early planes were made from wood with a rectangular slot or mortise cut across the center of the body. The cutting blade or iron was held in place with a wooden wedge. The wedge was tapped into the mortise and adjusted with a small mallet, a piece of scrap wood or with the heel of the user's hand. Planes of this type have been found in excavations of old sites as well as drawings of woodworking from medieval Europe and Asia. The earliest known examples of the woodworking plane have been found in Pompeii although other Roman examples have been unearthed in Britain and Germany. The Roman planes resemble modern planes in essential function, most having iron wrapping a wooden core top, bottom, front and rear, and an iron blade secured with a wedge. One example found in Cologne has a body made entirely of bronze without a wooden core.[1] A Roman plane iron used for cutting moldings was found in Newstead, England.[2] Histories prior to these examples are not clear although furniture pieces and other woodwork found in Egyptian tombs show surfaces carefully smoothed with some manner of cutting edge or scraping tool. There are suggestions that the earliest planes were simply wooden blocks fastened to the soles of adzes to effect greater control of the cutting action.In the mid-1860s, Leonard Bailey began producing a line of cast iron-bodied hand planes, the patents for which were later purchased by Stanley Rule & Level, now Stanley Works. The original Bailey designs were further evolved and added to by Justus Traut and others at Stanley Rule & Level. The Bailey and Bedrock designs became the basis for most modern metal hand plane designs manufactured today. The Bailey design is still manufactured by Stanley Works.In 1918 an air-powered handheld planing tool was developed to reduce shipbuilding labor during World War I. The air-driven cutter spun at 8000 to 15000 rpm and allowed one man to do the planing work of up to fifteen men who used manual tools.[3]Modern hand planes are made from wood, ductile iron or bronze which produces a tool that is heavier and will not rust.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plane_parts.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bench_plane_iron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Black_%26_Decker"},{"link_name":"Bedrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock_plane"},{"link_name":"Lie-Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie-Nielsen_Toolworks"},{"link_name":"Woodcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcraft_Supply"}],"text":"Bench plane (top), block plane (below)A modern milled chipbreaker secured atop a bench plane ironThe standard components of a hand plane include:A: mouth; an opening in the sole of the plane through which the blade extends, and through which wood shavings rise.\nB: iron; a steel blade which cuts the wood.\nC: lever cap; secures the cap iron and iron firmly to the frog.\nD: depth adjustment knob; controls the cutting depth of the iron.\nE: knob; allows a second hand to guide the plane.\nF: cap iron or chipbreaker; reinforces the iron and curls and breaks apart wood shavings as they pass through the mouth.\nG: lateral adjustment lever; skews the iron so that the depth of cut is uniform across the mouth.\nH: tote; the principal handle for gripping the plane.\nI: cam lever; which pivots a sliding section of the forward end of the sole to adjust the gap in the plane's mouth. It is anchored to the threaded post of the knob and secured by tightening the knob.\nJ: frog ; an adjustable iron wedge that holds the plane iron at the proper angle and allows it to be varied in depth relative to the sole. The frog is screwed down to the inside of the sole through two parallel slots and on many planes is only adjustable with a screwdriver when the plane iron is removed. Some planes, such as the Stanley Bedrock line and bench planes made by Lie-Nielsen and WoodRiver/Woodcraft have a screw mechanism that allows the frog to be adjusted without removing the blade.\nsole; the bottom face of the plane.","title":"Parts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veritas_router_plane.jpg"},{"link_name":"Router plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_plane"},{"link_name":"block plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_plane"},{"link_name":"smoothing plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothing_plane"},{"link_name":"shoulder plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_plane"},{"link_name":"router plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_plane"},{"link_name":"bullnose plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullnose_plane"},{"link_name":"chamfering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamfer"},{"link_name":"fore plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fore_plane"}],"text":"Router planeMost planes fall within the categories (by size) of block plane, smoothing plane, and jointing plane. Specialty planes include the shoulder plane, router plane, bullnose plane, and chisel plane, among others.Electrically powered hand planers (loosely referred to as power planes) have joined the hand-held plane family.\"Bench planes\" are characterized by having their cutting bevel facing down and attached to a chipbreaker. Most metal bench planes, and some larger wooden ones, are designed with a rear handle known as a tote. \"Block planes\" are characterized by the absence of a chipbreaker and the cutting iron bedded with the bevel up. The block plane is a smaller tool that can be held with one hand which excels at working against the grain on a cut end of a board. It is also good for general purpose work such as taking down a knot in the wood, smoothing small pieces, and chamfering edges.Different types of bench planes are designed to perform different tasks, with the name and size of the plane being defined by the use. Bailey iron bench planes were designated by number respective to the length of the plane. This has carried over through the type, regardless of manufacturer. A No. 1 plane is but little more than five inches long. A typical smoothing plane (approx. nine inches) is usually a No. 4, jack planes at about fourteen inches are No. 5, an eighteen-inch fore plane will be a No. 6, and the jointer planes at twenty-two to twenty-four inches in length are No. 7 or 8 respectively. A designation, such as No. 4½ indicates a plane of No. 4 length but slightly wider. A designation, such as 5-1/2 indicates the length of a No. 5 but slightly wider (actually, the width of a No. 6 or a No. 7), while a designation, such as 5-1/4 indicates the length of a No. 5 but slightly narrower (actually, the width of a No. 3). \"Bedrock\" versions of the above are simply 600 added to the base number (although no \"601\" was ever produced, such plane is indeed available from specialist dealers; 602 through 608, including all the fractionals, were made).","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanley_transitional_jointer_plane.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strug_gladzik.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanna2.gif"},{"link_name":"scrub plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrub_plane"},{"link_name":"jack plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_plane"},{"link_name":"jointer plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jointer_plane"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw-4"},{"link_name":"fore plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fore_plane"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw-4"},{"link_name":"smoothing plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothing_plane"},{"link_name":"kanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_plane"}],"sub_title":"Order of use","text":"Stanley No. 32 transitional jointer plane (26 inches long)A smoothing planeA Japanese plane in useA typical order of use in flattening, truing, and smoothing a rough sawn board might be:A scrub plane, which removes large amounts of wood quickly, is typically around 9 inches (230 mm) long, but narrower than a smoothing plane, has an iron with a convex cutting edge and has a wider mouth opening to accommodate the ejection of thicker shavings/chips.\nA jack plane is up to 14 inches (360 mm) long, continues the job of roughing out, but with more accuracy and flattening capability than the scrub.\nA jointer plane (including the smaller 14 to 20 inches (360 to 510 mm)[4] fore plane) is between 22 and 30 inches (560 and 760 mm)[4] long, and is used for jointing and final flattening out of boards.\nA smoothing plane, up to 10 inches (250 mm) long, is used to begin preparing the surface for finishing.\nA polishing plane (kanna) is a traditional Japanese plane designed to take a smaller shaving than a Western smoothing plane to create an extremely smooth surface. Polishing planes are the same length as western smoothing planes, and unlike Western planes, which are pushed across a board, is pulled with both hands towards the user.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"side-escapement plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Side-escapement_plane&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Material","text":"Planes may also be classified by the material of which they are constructed:A wooden plane is entirely wood except for the blade. The iron is held into the plane with a wooden wedge and is adjusted by striking the plane with a hammer.\nA transitional plane has a wooden body with a metal casting set in it to hold and adjust the blade.\nA metal plane is largely constructed of metal, except, perhaps, for the handles.\nAn infill plane has a body of metal filled with very dense and hardwood on which the blade rests and the handles are formed. They are typically of English or Scottish manufacture. They are prized for their ability to smooth difficult grained woods when set very finely.\nA side-escapement plane has a tall, narrow, wooden body with an iron held in place by a wedge. They are characterized by the method of shaving ejection. Instead of being expelled from the center of the plane and exiting from the top, these planes have a slit in the side by which the shaving is ejected. On some variations, the slit is accompanied by a circular bevel cut in the side of the plane.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanley_Plane_92_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"rabbet plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbet_plane"},{"link_name":"rabbet plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbet_plane"},{"link_name":"shoulder plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_plane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanley_Plane_78_(5).jpg"},{"link_name":"fillister plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fillister_plane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"moulding plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulding_plane"},{"link_name":"grooving plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grooving_plane"},{"link_name":"plow/plough plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plow_plane"},{"link_name":"router plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_plane"},{"link_name":"chisel plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chisel_plane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fingerhoevle.jpg"},{"link_name":"finger plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_plane"},{"link_name":"bullnose plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullnose_plane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanley_55_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"toothed plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toothed_plane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"spill plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spill_plane"},{"link_name":"spar plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spar_plane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"match plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Match_plane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Special purposes","text":"Stanley No. 92 rabbet planeSome special types of planes include:The rabbet plane, also known as a rebate or openside plane, which cuts rabbets (rebates) i.e. shoulders, or steps.\nThe shoulder plane, is characterized by a cutter that is flush with the edges of the plane, allowing trimming right up to the edge of a workpiece. It is commonly used to clean up dadoes (housings) and tenons for joinery.Stanley No. 78 fillister planeThe fillister plane, similar to a rabbet plane, with a fence that registers on the board's edge to cut rabbets with an accurate width.\nThe moulding plane, which is used to cut mouldings along the edge of a board.\nThe grooving plane which is used to cut grooves along the edge of a board for joining. Grooves are the same as dadoes/housings but are being distinguished by running with the grain.\nThe plow/plough plane, which cuts grooves and dadoes (housings) not in direct contact with the edge of the board.\nThe router plane, which cleans up the bottom of recesses such as shallow mortises, grooves, and dadoes (housings). Router planes come in several sizes and can also be pressed into service to thickness the cheeks of tenons so that they are parallel to the face of the board.\nThe chisel plane, similar to a bullnose plane, but with an exposed blade which allows it to remove wood up to a perpendicular surface such as from the bottom inside of a box.Finger planes. Note the size.The finger plane, which is used for smoothing very small pieces such as toy parts, very thin strips of wood, etc. The very small curved bottom varieties are known as violin makers planes and are used in making stringed instruments.\nThe bullnose plane has a very short leading edge, or \"toe\", to its body, and so can be used in tight spaces; most commonly of the shoulder and rabbet variety. Some bullnose planes have a removable toe so that they can pull double duty as a chisel plane.Stanley No. 55 combination planeThe combination plane, which combines the function of moulding and rabbet planes, which has different cutters and adjustments.\nThe circular or compass plane, which utilizes an adjustment system to control the flex on a steel sheet sole and create a uniform curve. A concave setting permits great control for planing large curves, like table sides or chair arms, and the convex works well for chair arms, legs and backs, and other applications. The compass plane, which has a flexible sole with an adjustable curve and is used to plane concave and convex surfaces. Typically used in wooden boat building.\nThe toothed plane, which is used for smoothing wood with irregular grain.[5] and for preparing stock for traditional hammer veneering applications.\nThe spill plane which creates long, spiraling wood shavings or tapers\nThe spar plane, which is used for smoothing round shapes, like boat masts and chair legs.[6]\nThe match plane, which is used for making tongue and groove boards.[7]\nHollows and Rounds are similar to moulding planes, but lack a specific moulding profile. Instead, they cut either a simple concave or convex shape on the face or edge of a board to create a single element of a complex-profile moulding. They are used in pairs or sets of various sizes to create moulding profile elements such as fillets, coves, bullnoses, thumbnails ovolos, ogees, etc. When making mouldings, hollows and rounds must be used together to create the several shapes of the profile. However, they may be used as a single plane to create a simple decorative cove or round-over on the edge of a board. Many of these hollows and rounds can be classified in the category of side-escapement planes.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:With-against-grain-en.svg"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain"}],"text":"Planing with the grain and against the grainPlaning wood along its side grain should result in thin shavings rising above the surface of the wood as the edge of the plane iron is pushed forward, leaving a smooth surface, but sometimes splintering occurs. This is largely a matter of cutting with the grain or against the grain respectively, referring to the side grain of the piece of wood being worked.The grain direction can be determined by looking at the edge or side of the work piece. Wood fibers can be seen running out to the surface that is being planed. When the fibers meet the work surface it looks like the point of an arrow that indicates the direction. With some very figured and difficult woods, the grain runs in many directions and therefore working against the grain is inevitable. In this case, a very sharp and finely-set blade is required.When planing against the grain, the wood fibers are lifted by the plane iron, resulting in a jagged finish, called tearout.Planing across the grain is sometimes called \"traverse\" or \"transverse\" planing.Planing the end grain of the board involves different techniques and frequently different planes designed for working end grain. Block planes and other bevel-up planes are often effective in planing the difficult nature of end grain. These planes are usually designed to use an iron bedded at a \"low angle,\" typically about 12 degrees.","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Popular Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=EikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pw_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pw_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Understanding Bench Planes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.popularwoodworking.com/tools/understanding_bench_planes"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180430114047/https://www.popularwoodworking.com/tools/understanding_bench_planes"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Toothed Plane\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140707173426/http://fine-tools.com/G301211.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fine-tools.com/G301211.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Shaping plane for rounding a spar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//forum.woodenboat.com/showthread.php?144707-Shaping-plane-for-rounding-a-spar"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304052819/http://forum.woodenboat.com/showthread.php?144707-Shaping-plane-for-rounding-a-spar"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Stanley No. 148 Match Plane\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.handplane.com/233/stanley-no-148-match-plane/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141214223939/http://www.handplane.com/233/stanley-no-148-match-plane/"}],"text":"^ C. W. Hampton, E. Clifford: \"Planecraft\", page 9. C. and J. Hampton Ltd. 1959\n\n^ Henry C. Mercer: \"Ancient Carpenters' Tools\", page 16. Bucks County Historical Society. 1975\n\n^ Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation.\n\n^ a b \"Understanding Bench Planes\". 14 February 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.\n\n^ \"Toothed Plane\". ECE. Archived from the original on 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2014-12-11.\n\n^ \"Shaping plane for rounding a spar\". The WoodenBoat Forum. March 4, 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2014.\n\n^ \"Stanley No. 148 Match Plane\". 7 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"246467323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/246467323"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"602189643","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/602189643"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56158-155-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56158-155-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56158-358-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56158-358-8"},{"link_name":"Russell, David R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Russell"},{"link_name":"James Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Austin_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Antique Woodworking Tools: Their Craftsmanship from the Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antique_Woodworking_Tools"},{"link_name":"John Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adamson_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-898565-05-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898565-05-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"727125586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/727125586"},{"link_name":"Salaman, R. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Salaman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-04-440256-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-440256-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55821-224-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55821-224-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-879335-32-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879335-32-5"}],"text":"Greber, Josef M. (1956, reprinted 1987) Die Geschichte des Hobels. Von der Steinheit bis zur Enstehung der Holzwerkzeugfabriken im frühen 19. Jahrhundert, Zurich, reprinted Hanover: Verlag Th. Schäfer. OCLC 246467323.\nGreber, Josef M., transl. by Seth W. Burchard (1991) The History of the Woodworking Plane from the Stone Age to the Development of Woodworking Factories in the Early 19th Century. Albany, NY: Early American Industries Association. OCLC 602189643.\nHack, Garrett (1997) The Handplane Book. ISBN 1-56158-155-0.\nHoadley, R. Bruce (2000) Understanding Wood: A Craftsman’s Guide to Wood Technology. ISBN 1-56158-358-8.\nRussell, David R., with Robert Lesage and photographs by James Austin, cataloguing assisted by Peter Hackett (2010) Antique Woodworking Tools: Their Craftsmanship from the Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: John Adamson. ISBN 978-1-898565-05-5. OCLC 727125586.\nSalaman, R. A. (1989) Dictionary of Woodworking Tools. ISBN 0-04-440256-2.\nTodd, R., Allen, D., Alting, L., Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide, p. 124, 1994\nWatson, Aldren A. (1982) Hand Tools: Their Ways and Workings. ISBN 1-55821-224-8.\nWhelan, John M. (1993) The Wooden Plane: Its History, Form and Function Mendham, NJ: Astragal Press ISBN 978-1-879335-32-5.","title":"General and cited references"}] | [{"image_text":"Craftsman No. 5 jack plane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/JackPlane3.jpg/300px-JackPlane3.jpg"},{"image_text":"A hand plane in use","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Plane_Tool.jpg/220px-Plane_Tool.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roman planes found in Germany, dating to the 1st to 3rd century AD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Planes_tools_roman.jpg/220px-Planes_tools_roman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hand planer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Plaina_Manual-_lado_b-_Museu_da_Capitania_de_ilh%C3%A9us.jpg/220px-Plaina_Manual-_lado_b-_Museu_da_Capitania_de_ilh%C3%A9us.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hand planer bottom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Plaina_Manual-_parte_inferior_-_Museu_da_Capitania_de_ilh%C3%A9us.jpg/220px-Plaina_Manual-_parte_inferior_-_Museu_da_Capitania_de_ilh%C3%A9us.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bench plane (top), block plane (below)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Plane_parts.jpg/300px-Plane_parts.jpg"},{"image_text":"A modern milled chipbreaker secured atop a bench plane iron","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bench_plane_iron.jpg/220px-Bench_plane_iron.jpg"},{"image_text":"Router plane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Veritas_router_plane.jpg/220px-Veritas_router_plane.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stanley No. 32 transitional jointer plane (26 inches long)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Stanley_transitional_jointer_plane.jpg/220px-Stanley_transitional_jointer_plane.jpg"},{"image_text":"A smoothing plane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Strug_gladzik.jpg/220px-Strug_gladzik.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Japanese plane in use","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Kanna2.gif"},{"image_text":"Stanley No. 92 rabbet plane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stanley_Plane_92_%283%29.jpg/220px-Stanley_Plane_92_%283%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stanley No. 78 fillister plane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Stanley_Plane_78_%285%29.jpg/220px-Stanley_Plane_78_%285%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Finger planes. Note the size.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fingerhoevle.jpg/220px-Fingerhoevle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stanley No. 55 combination plane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Stanley_55_01.jpg/220px-Stanley_55_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Planing with the grain and against the grain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/With-against-grain-en.svg/220px-With-against-grain-en.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Card scraper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_scraper"},{"title":"Cheese slicer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese_slicer"},{"title":"Planer (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planer_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Shooting board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_board"},{"title":"Spokeshave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokeshave"},{"title":"Buswartehobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buswartehobel"},{"title":"Zachenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachenberg"}] | [{"reference":"Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68","url_text":"Popular Science"}]},{"reference":"\"Understanding Bench Planes\". 14 February 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popularwoodworking.com/tools/understanding_bench_planes","url_text":"\"Understanding Bench Planes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180430114047/https://www.popularwoodworking.com/tools/understanding_bench_planes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Toothed Plane\". ECE. Archived from the original on 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2014-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140707173426/http://fine-tools.com/G301211.htm","url_text":"\"Toothed Plane\""},{"url":"http://www.fine-tools.com/G301211.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shaping plane for rounding a spar\". The WoodenBoat Forum. March 4, 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://forum.woodenboat.com/showthread.php?144707-Shaping-plane-for-rounding-a-spar","url_text":"\"Shaping plane for rounding a spar\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052819/http://forum.woodenboat.com/showthread.php?144707-Shaping-plane-for-rounding-a-spar","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stanley No. 148 Match Plane\". 7 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick_Andrews_Higgins | Jack Higgins (RAF officer) | ["1 RAF career","2 References"] | For other people with the same name, see John Higgins (disambiguation).
John Frederick Andrews HigginsBorn(1875-09-01)1 September 1875Died1 June 1948(1948-06-01) (aged 72)Leamington, EnglandAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchBritish ArmyRoyal Air ForceYears of service1895–19301939–1940RankAir MarshalCommands heldAir Forces in India (1939–40)Air Member for Supply and Research (1926–30)Iraq Command (1924–26)Inland Area (1922–24)Northern Area (1919–20)RAF Rhine (1919)Midland Area (1918–19)No. 3 Area (1918)III Brigade RFC (1916–18)VI Brigade RFC (1916)II Brigade RFC (1915–16)RFC Training Wing (1914–15)No. 5 Squadron RFC (1913–14)Battles/warsSecond Boer WarFirst World WarSecond World WarAwardsKnight Commander of the Order of the BathKnight Commander of the Order of the British EmpireDistinguished Service OrderAir Force CrossMentioned in Despatches (6)Officer of the Legion of Honour (France)Other workDirector of Air Service Training Ltd
Air Marshal Sir John Frederick Andrews Higgins, KCB, KBE, DSO, AFC (1 September 1875 – 1 June 1948), known as Jack Higgins, was a senior officer in the Royal Flying Corps, serving as a brigade commander from 1915 to 1918. After the First World War he served in a range of senior posts in the Royal Air Force until his retirement in 1930. He returned to active service for the first year of the Second World War.
RAF career
Higgins became a cadet at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and was commissioned into the Royal Field Artillery as a second lieutenant on 15 June 1895, and promoted to lieutenant on 15 June 1898. He served in the Second Boer War in South Africa, where he took part in the operations in Natal in 1899, including actions at Rietfontein and Lombard's Kop. Severely wounded in early January 1900, during the Defence of Ladysmith, he was later back in action and was promoted to captain on 15 March 1901. After the end of the war in June 1902, Higgins left Cape Town in the SS Bavarian in August, returning to Southampton the following month. For his service during the war, he was mentioned in despatches and awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) dated 29 November 1900.
After his return, he was posted at Ammunition Park, Aldershot Garrison. He served as Officer Commanding No. 5 Squadron from July 1913 and then at the start of November 1914, Higgins was selected to head up the RFC's training wing which was based at Netheravon. He went on to command II Brigade RFC, VI Brigade RFC and then III Brigade RFC during the course of the First World War. In the closing stages of the war he was General Officer Commanding No. 3 Area and then General Officer Commanding Midland Area.
After the War he was appointed General Officer Commanding RAF forces of the Rhine and then Air Officer Commanding Northern Area before becoming Director of Personnel at the Air Ministry in 1920. He went on to be Air Officer Commanding Inland Area in 1922, Air Officer Commanding Iraq Command in 1924 and Air Member for Supply and Research in 1926. He retired to India in 1930 but was recalled as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Air Forces in India in October 1939 at the start of the Second World War before retiring again in August 1940.
References
^ Hart′s Army list, 1903
^ "The Army in South Africa - Troops returning home". The Times. No. 36856. London. 26 August 1902. p. 4.
^ "No. 27359". The London Gazette. 27 September 1901. p. 6308.
^ Macmillan, Norman. Sir Sefton Brancker p. 81
^ a b c d e Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Air Marshal Sir John Higgins
Military offices
New titleSquadron formed
Officer Commanding No. 5 Squadron 1913–1914
Succeeded byArchibald MacLean
New titleWing formed from elements of the Military Wing
Officer Commanding No. 4 (Training) Wing 9 November 1914 – 1915
Succeeded byUnknown
Preceded byTom Webb-Bowen
Officer Commanding No. 3 Wing 2 June – 25 August 1915
Succeeded bySefton Brancker
New titleBrigade formed
Brigadier-General Commanding II Brigade RFC 23 October 1915 – 15 January 1916
Vacant2nd Brigade re-designated as the 6th BrigadeTitle next held byJohn SalmondIn February 1916
New titleBrigade formed by re-designating the 2nd Brigade
Brigadier-General Commanding 6th Brigade RFC 15–30 January 1916
Succeeded byUnknown
New titleBrigade formed
Brigadier-General Commanding 3rd Brigade RFCRAF from 1 April 1918 30 January 1916 – 29 April 1918
Succeeded byCharles Longcroft
Preceded byCecil Lambert
RAF Director of Personnel 1920
Succeeded byUnknown
Preceded byJohn Salmond
Air Officer Commanding Iraq Command 1924–1926
Succeeded byEdward Ellington
Preceded bySir Geoffrey Salmond
Air Member for Supply and Research 27 December 1926 – 1 September 1930
Succeeded byHugh Dowding
Preceded bySir Philip Joubert de la Ferté
Commander-in-Chief, Air Forces in India 1939–1940
Succeeded bySir Patrick Playfair
vteRoyal Air Force generalsRAF generals between 1 April 1918 and 31 July 1919Brigadier-Generals
Charles Burnett
Percy Robert Clifford Groves
Edgar Ludlow-Hewitt
John Miles Steel
Major-Generals
Edward Ashmore
Sefton Brancker
George Cayley
Edward Ellington
Philip Game
Frederick Gordon
Frederick Heath-Caldwell
John Higgins
Mark Kerr
Charles Lambe
Charles Longcroft
Godfrey Paine
Geoffrey Salmond
John Salmond
Frederick Sykes
Hugh Trenchard
Tom Webb-Bowen
Lieutenant-Generals
David Henderson
John de Mestre Hutchison
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Higgins (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Higgins_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Air Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Marshal"},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see John Higgins (disambiguation).Air Marshal Sir John Frederick Andrews Higgins, KCB, KBE, DSO, AFC (1 September 1875 – 1 June 1948), known as Jack Higgins, was a senior officer in the Royal Flying Corps, serving as a brigade commander from 1915 to 1918. 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He served as Officer Commanding No. 5 Squadron from July 1913 and then at the start of November 1914, Higgins was selected to head up the RFC's training wing which was based at Netheravon.[4] He went on to command II Brigade RFC, VI Brigade RFC and then III Brigade RFC during the course of the First World War.[5] In the closing stages of the war he was General Officer Commanding No. 3 Area and then General Officer Commanding Midland Area.[5]After the War he was appointed General Officer Commanding RAF forces of the Rhine and then Air Officer Commanding Northern Area before becoming Director of Personnel at the Air Ministry in 1920.[5] He went on to be Air Officer Commanding Inland Area in 1922, Air Officer Commanding Iraq Command in 1924 and Air Member for Supply and Research in 1926.[5] He retired to India in 1930 but was recalled as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Air Forces in India in October 1939 at the start of the Second World War before retiring again in August 1940.[5]","title":"RAF career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Army in South Africa - Troops returning home\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Allen | Jared Allen | ["1 Early life","2 College career","2.1 Statistics","3 Professional career","3.1 2004 NFL Draft","3.2 Kansas City Chiefs","3.3 Minnesota Vikings","3.4 Chicago Bears","3.5 Carolina Panthers","3.6 Retirement","4 NFL career statistics","4.1 NFL records","4.2 Vikings franchise records","5 Curling","6 Legal issues","7 Personal life","8 References","9 External links"] | American football player and curler (born 1982)
For the American football coach and former quarterback, see Jared Allen (quarterback). For the American basketball player, see Jarrett Allen.
American football player
Jared AllenAllen with the Vikings in 2009No. 69Position:Defensive endPersonal informationBorn: (1982-04-03) April 3, 1982 (age 42)Dallas, Texas, U.S.Height:6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)Weight:255 lb (116 kg)Career informationHigh school:Los Gatos (Los Gatos, California)College:Idaho State (2000–2003)NFL draft:2004 / Round: 4 / Pick: 126Career history
Kansas City Chiefs (2004–2007)
Minnesota Vikings (2008–2013)
Chicago Bears (2014–2015)
Carolina Panthers (2015)
Career highlights and awards
4× First-team All-Pro (2007–2009, 2011)
5× Pro Bowl (2007–2009, 2011, 2012)
2× NFL sacks leader (2007, 2011)
PFWA All-Rookie Team (2004)
Minnesota Vikings Ring of Honor
50 Greatest Vikings
Buck Buchanan Award (2003)
Idaho State Bengals No. 41 retired
NFL records
Most career safeties: 4 (tied)
Most safeties in a season: 2 (tied)
Career NFL statisticsTotal tackles:648Sacks:136Safeties:4Interceptions:6Pass deflections:57Forced fumbles:32Fumble recoveries:19Total touchdowns:4Player stats at PFR
Jared Scot Allen (born April 3, 1982) is an American former football defensive end who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons. He played college football for the Idaho State Bengals and was selected by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fourth round of the 2004 NFL draft. After four years with the Chiefs, Allen was traded to the Minnesota Vikings in exchange for three draft picks, including a first-rounder. He spent six years with the Vikings before joining the Chicago Bears as a free agent in 2014.
He was traded to the Carolina Panthers during the 2015 season, with whom he played in Super Bowl 50. A five-time Pro Bowler and four-time All-Pro selection, Allen recorded 136 quarterback sacks during his 12-year career. After retiring from the NFL, Allen took up curling and formed a team with other former NFL players.
Early life
Allen was born in Dallas, Texas, and raised on a horse ranch in Morgan Hill, California.
Allen first attended Live Oak High School in Morgan Hill, but transferred to Los Gatos High School in Los Gatos for his senior year. By then, Allen had lost many of his athletic scholarship offers, including from the University of Washington where he had already verbally committed. As a senior at Los Gatos, he was named First-team All-League and Defensive Player of the Year. He was also a First-team All-Central Coast Section selection, and a member of "Who's Who" in Sports Illustrated. Allen was selected by the North squad for the North vs. South San Jose Charlie Wedemeyer All-Star football game, after a senior season where he racked up 96 tackles, 12 sacks, five forced fumbles, and five fumble recoveries.
College career
Allen attended Idaho State University, where he started 33 of 41 games for the Idaho State Bengals football team. The three-time All-Big Sky Conference selection finished his career with 250 tackles, 38.5 sacks, 73 stops for losses, seven fumble recoveries, three touchdowns, 13 forced fumbles, three interceptions, 26 pass deflections, and one blocked kick.
As a freshman in 2000, Allen was originally slated to redshirt the season, but this was reconsidered, and he eventually played in eight games for the Bengals and earned honorable mention All-Big Sky honors without ever being a starter. In 2001 Allen earned First-team All-Big Sky honors, and led the Bengals with 16 tackles for loss and 6.5 sacks. As a junior in 2002, Allen was named Second-team Division I-AA All-American by the Associated Press, and was also named first-team All-Big Sky for the second consecutive season. He led the team in sacks, tackles for loss (with 18), and also led all Bengal linemen with 63 tackles.
In 2003, as a senior, Allen won the Buck Buchanan Award, recording 17.5 sacks, 102 tackles, 28 tackles for loss, six forced fumbles, three recovered fumbles, and nine pass deflections during 2003, ranking among the Big Sky Conference leaders in several defensive categories. Allen, a first-team Division I-AA All-American and a first-team All-Big Sky selection for the third straight season, led ISU to an 8–4 record that season, helping the school post its first back-to-back eight win seasons in school history. Idaho State finished the regular season ranked No. 21 in the nation.
Statistics
Season
GP
Tackles
Int
Fum
Cmb
Solo
Ast
TfL
Sck
PD
Int
FF
FR
2000
8
39
13
26
11
4.0
0
1
0
0
2001
10
49
24
25
16
6.5
2
1
3
3
2002
11
63
30
33
18
10.5
7
1
4
1
2003
12
102
48
54
28
17.5
9
0
6
3
Career
41
250
115
112
71
38.5
26
3
13
7
Professional career
2004 NFL Draft
Pre-draft measurables
Height
Weight
Arm length
Hand span
40-yard dash
10-yard split
20-yard split
20-yard shuttle
Three-cone drill
Vertical jump
Broad jump
Bench press
6 ft 6 in(1.98 m)
265 lb(120 kg)
32 in(0.81 m)
9+3⁄8 in(0.24 m)
4.70 s
1.64 s
2.75 s
4.34 s
7.11 s
33 in(0.84 m)
10 ft 0 in(3.05 m)
13 reps
All values from NFL Combine
Before the draft, Allen was projected as a sixth or seventh round prospect; NFL columnist Rick Gosselin ranked Allen as the 19th-best defensive end in the draft. Scouts rated his prospects better as a long snapper than on defense, with some calling him the best snapper in the class. He ended up being taken by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fourth round.
Kansas City Chiefs
Allen was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fourth round (126th overall) of the 2004 NFL draft, and made the league minimum salary his first three years. During his rookie season, Allen played 15 games, starting 10 of them, and made 9 sacks on 31 tackles. In 2005, Allen appeared in all 16 games (starting 15) with 55 tackles, 11 sacks, 5 passes defended, 6 forced fumbles and 2 fumble recoveries. In 2006, Allen started all 16 games with 77 tackles, 7.5 sacks, 1 interception, 10 passes defended, 5 forced fumbles and 6 fumble recoveries (joint most in the AFC). On May 21, 2007, Allen, as a restricted free agent, signed the Chiefs' one-year tender offer of US$2.35 million for the 2007 season. Allen credited his early season success to his mullet; with every sack Allen made, he was expected to shave a "racing stripe" into his hairstyle. On December 2, 2007, Allen caught a touchdown pass against division rival San Diego. On December 23, 2007, Allen caught another touchdown pass against the Detroit Lions.
After leading the NFL in sacks in 2007 with 15.5, Allen was selected as a starting defensive end for the AFC in the 2007 Pro Bowl and was also named in the All-Pro team for 2007.
In February 2008, the Chiefs placed the franchise tag on Allen, giving him a one-year, $8.8 million contract for 2008.
Minnesota Vikings
Allen with the Vikings in 2011.
On April 22, 2008, the Chiefs traded Allen to the Minnesota Vikings in exchange for a first-round pick and two third-round picks (one of which was used to select Jamaal Charles), and the teams swapped sixth-round picks in the 2008 NFL draft. The Vikings then signed Allen to a six-year contract, which at the time was the richest contract for a defensive player in NFL history. Allen was due an $8 million roster bonus in 2010, per the six-year, $72.36 million contract he signed with the Vikings, and his signing bonus was $15.5 million.
During the 2008 season, Allen recorded 54 tackles, along with 14.5 sacks, 3, passes defended, 3 forced fumbles, and 2 enforced safeties, while battling both knee and shoulder injuries throughout the season. He was named First-team All-Pro and selected to his second Pro Bowl. His first sack as a Viking was in a game against the Indianapolis Colts, when he sacked quarterback Peyton Manning. In his first playoff game as a Viking, Allen recorded three tackles, along with two sacks and a forced fumble. Allen also forced a safety when he chased Dan Orlovsky out of the end zone during a game against the Detroit Lions, and he forced another safety in the week 10 game against the Green Bay Packers, when he sacked Aaron Rodgers in the end zone.
On October 5, 2009, against the Green Bay Packers, Allen set a career-high with 4.5 sacks, as well as having his third safety in the previous two years. A week later, against the St. Louis Rams, he returned a fumble 52 yards, for the first defensive touchdown of his career. He also made the 2009 Pro Bowl, as the starting defensive end for the NFC team. For the 2009 year, Allen made 51 tackles with 14.5 sacks, an interception, 4 passes defended, 5 forced fumbles, 3 fumble recoveries, a defensive touchdown, and a safety enforced.
Allen started the 2010 season slowly, having only one sack in the first 7 games, but had 10 sacks in the next 9 games, making him 10th in the league with 11 sacks. In the season finale against the Detroit Lions, Allen scored his second career defensive touchdown, a 36-yard interception return. Overall in 2010, Allen finished with 60 tackles, 11 sacks, 2 interceptions (one returned for a touchdown), 6 passes defended, a forced fumble, and a fumble recovery. He was ranked 80th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.
In 2011, Allen returned to Kansas City. The Vikings lost the game 22–17. On January 1, 2012, Allen set the single-season franchise record for most sacks by a Viking, with 22 sacks. In Week 17 against the Chicago Bears, Allen sacked Josh McCown 3.5 times, but fell a half sack short of the NFL record held by former New York Giants defensive end Michael Strahan. Allen appeared on NFL's Top 100 players of 2012, and was ranked #13. Allen was voted 67 spots higher than last year, the biggest leap on the list. Allen fell seven votes short of winning AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year. On October 2, 2012, Allen was fined $7,875 for grabbing Tampa Bay Buccaneers lineman Donald Penn's facemask.
Chicago Bears
Allen participating in Bears training camp in 2014.
On March 26, 2014, Allen signed a four-year deal with the Chicago Bears worth $32 million, of which $15.5 million is guaranteed, that could void down to three years and $24 million. Allen missed the week three game against the Green Bay Packers due to suffering from pneumonia and having lost 18 pounds. As a result, his streak of games played dating back to week two of 2007 ended. He finished 2014 with 52 tackles, 5.5 sacks, 4 passes defended, 2 forced fumbles, and 2 fumble recoveries.
With the Bears using a 3-4 defense for the 2015 season, Allen was transitioned to the outside linebacker position.
Carolina Panthers
Allen playing for the Panthers in 2015.
On September 28, 2015, Allen was traded to the Carolina Panthers for a conditional sixth-round pick in the 2016 NFL draft. Allen recorded his first sack for the Panthers during their 27–16 win over the Philadelphia Eagles; he recorded one tackle-for-loss, two quarterback pressures, and a pass deflection during the game. During a Monday Night Football victory over the Indianapolis Colts, Allen had his first sack as a member of the Panthers on quarterback Andrew Luck to go along with five total tackles. On February 7, 2016, Allen was part of the Panthers team that played in Super Bowl 50. In the game, the Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24–10. In the loss, Allen recorded one tackle.
Retirement
On February 18, 2016, Allen announced his retirement by posting a video to his Twitter account of him riding his horse "into the sunset." On April 14, 2016, Allen signed a one-day contract with Minnesota so he could retire as a Viking.
Allen first came up for Pro Football Hall of Fame eligibility in 2021, but failed to get inducted on the first ballot, as he was passed over in favor of fellow first-year eligibility mates Peyton Manning, Charles Woodson and Calvin Johnson.
On July 29, 2022, Allen was announced as the 27th inductee of the Minnesota Vikings Ring of Honor. On October 30, 2022, Allen was formally inducted into the Ring of Honor, riding into U.S. Bank Stadium on a horse.
NFL career statistics
Legend
NFL record
Led the league
Bold
Career high
Year
Team
Games
Tackles
Fumbles
Interceptions
GP
GS
Cmb
Solo
Ast
Sck
Sfty
FF
FR
Yds
TD
PD
Int
Yds
Avg
Lng
TD
2004
KC
15
10
31
29
2
9.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0
0
2005
KC
16
15
55
48
7
11.0
0
6
2
0
0
5
0
0
0.0
0
0
2006
KC
16
16
77
65
12
7.5
0
5
6
24
0
10
1
3
3.0
3
0
2007
KC
14
14
64
55
9
15.5
0
3
0
0
0
11
0
0
0.0
0
0
2008
MIN
16
16
54
41
13
14.5
2
3
0
0
0
3
0
0
0.0
0
0
2009
MIN
16
16
51
43
8
14.5
1
5
3
54
1
4
1
−4
−4.0
−4
0
2010
MIN
16
16
60
45
15
11.0
0
1
1
0
0
6
2
40
20.0
36
1
2011
MIN
16
16
66
48
18
22.0
1
4
4
6
0
3
1
14
14.0
14
0
2012
MIN
16
16
45
35
10
12.0
0
1
1
0
0
3
0
0
0.0
0
0
2013
MIN
16
16
52
33
19
11.5
0
2
0
0
0
6
0
0
0.0
0
0
2014
CHI
15
15
56
37
19
5.5
0
2
2
0
0
4
0
0
0.0
0
0
2015
CHI
3
3
5
4
1
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2.0
2
0
CAR
12
12
27
15
12
2.0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0.0
0
0
Career
187
181
643
498
145
136.0
4
32
19
84
1
58
6
55
9.2
36
1
NFL records
Most consecutive games with at least .5 sack: 11 (2010–2011, tied with Chris Jones)
Times leading the league in sacks: 2 (tied with seven other players)
Most safeties in a career: 4 (tied with Ted Hendricks, Doug English, and Justin Houston)
Vikings franchise records
Most sacks in a season: 22 (2011)
Most safeties in a season: 2 (2008)
Curling
Since his retirement from football, Allen has picked up the sport of curling. In March 2018 he recruited fellow retired NFL players Marc Bulger, Keith Bulluck, and Michael Roos to form a competitive curling team. He first competed in a World Curling Tour event, the 2018 Curl Mesabi Classic, losing all four games, including one against the 2018 Olympics gold medal-winning team, 11–3. His team then played in the 2019 US Men's Challenge Round (a qualifying event for the United States Men's Curling Championship), losing all three of their games, by a combined score of 27–3. The team then played in the Ed Werenich Golden Wrench Classic, again going winless.
Allen played in the 2021 United States Men's Curling Championship playing second for 2007 US Champion Todd Birr. At nationals, the team went 0–9.
Allen competed in the 2024 United States Men's Curling Championship with Team Ruohonen led by skip Rich Ruohonen. Allen played lead.
Legal issues
Allen has been arrested/charged for DUI a total of three times. The first was in Pocatello, Idaho, on May 11, 2002. He was then arrested twice within five months in Leawood, Kansas, on May 11, 2006, and on September 26, 2006. He was sentenced to 48 hours in jail as a result of the latter arrest.
Personal life
Allen is a Christian. Allen has spoken about his faith saying, "My Bible's my playbook for life" and "My ultimate goal is when I die, for Him to say, 'Welcome home, you good and faithful servant.' That’s how I try to gear my life and focus on Him."
Allen serves as an advocate for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, and raises funds through his "Sack Diabetes" program. Allen was also an active role model in the JDRF's Children's Congress 2009. He is an avid hunter, and has been interviewed by Field & Stream.
Allen was among four NFL players who were sent overseas on an NFL-USO tour to visit with U.S. military troops: "It has been one of the best experiences of my life – something that I'll never forget. We as players probably get more out of it than you do as soldiers and Marines." He created his own charity, the Jared Allen's Homes for Wounded Warriors (JAH4WW), in October 2009, in order to build handicapped-accessible homes for severely wounded military personnel returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. His grandfather and younger brother also served in the Marines.
In September 2010, Allen contributed $3,000 to Downey, California, animal shelter SEACCA's reward fund for information leading to an arrest, in connection to a horse being starved and abandoned on a Los Angeles city street.
Allen was featured in the 2010 film Jackass 3D, doing a stunt, alongside Erik Ainge, which features him blindsiding Johnny Knoxville.
On October 27, 2011, Allen's wife, Amy, gave birth to their first child, a girl named Brinley Noelle Allen.
The Alliance of American Football named Allen as an investor and player relations executive in 2018.
References
^ "Jared Allen". NFL.com. National Football League. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
^ Stone, Larry (October 31, 2012). "Vikings' Jared Allen channels his inner beast". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
^ ""Personal". JaredAllen69.com. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
^ Sports Network.com Archived April 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ "2004 Draft Scout Jared Allen, Idaho State NFL Draft Scout College Football Profile". draftscout.com. Retrieved April 15, 2009.
^ Morris, Austin (November 19, 2021). "GEMS OF DRAFTS PAST: JARED ALLEN". Neptune Scouting. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
^ Gosselin, Rick (June 18, 2021). "Draft Review: Jared Allen, the longest path to Canton". SI.com. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
^ "2004 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
^ Usatoday.com. "NFL Player Salaries - Jared Allen". USA Today. Retrieved August 12, 2012.
^ "Green expresses frustration; Chiefs re-sign Allen". Kansas City Star, May 22, 2007.
^ NFL - San Diego Chargers/Kansas City Chiefs Box Score Sunday December 2, 2007 - Yahoo! Sports
^ "Kansas City Chiefs at Detroit Lions - December 23rd, 2007". Pro-Football Reference.com. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
^ Associated Press. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=3188207 LT, Moss, Brady named to AP All-Pro Team Archived January 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ESPN.com, January 9, 2008
^ Clayton, John. Chiefs to put franchise tag on Allen, who wants to stay Archived January 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ESPN.com, February 18, 2008.
^ "The Associated Press: Chiefs trade Allen to Vikings". Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
^ VIKES BUILD SOME PROTECTION INTO ALLEN DEAL Archived April 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ Hendricks, Maggie (February 19, 2016). "Dan Orlovsky congratulates Jared Allen with picture of classic screw-up". For The Win. USA Today Sports. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "Vikings make an impression on Rodgers". TwinCities.com. Digital First Media. November 8, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ Minnesota Vikings at St. Louis Rams - October 11th, 2009 - Pro-Football-Reference.com Archived July 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ "2011 NFL Top 100". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
^ "Blog Archive » Jared Allen on Finishing with 22 sacks: "Hopefully I can come back and one of these years get close to it again."". Sports Radio Interviews. January 3, 2012. Archived from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
^ "Ravens' Suggs wins AP Defensive Player of the Year". NFL.com. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
^ "Fines roundup: Richard Seymour docked for hit on Matt Cassel". National Football League. November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
^ Goessling, Ben (March 26, 2014). "Jared Allen heading to Bears". ESPN. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
^ Florio, Mike (September 28, 2014). "Pneumonia knocks out Jared Allen". ProFootballTalk. NBCSports.com. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
^ Edholm, Ed (September 28, 2014). "Week 4 Injury Report: Jared Allen to miss first game since 2007; Locker out". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
^ Alper, Josh (June 3, 2015). "Jared Allen "having fun" with move to linebacker". ProFootballTalk. NBCSports.com. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
^ Patra, Kevin (September 28, 2015). "Panthers agree to trade for Bears' Jared Allen". NFL.com. National Football League. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
^ "NFL Football Scores - NFL Scoreboard - ESPN". Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
^ "Super Bowl 50 - Denver Broncos vs. Carolina Panthers - February 7th, 2016". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ "Super Bowl 50 - National Football League Game Summary" (PDF). NFL.com. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
^ Allen, Jared (February 18, 2016). "Riding off into the sunset".
^ ESPN.com (February 19, 2016). "Julian Edelman salutes Jared Allen's career ... and mullet". Retrieved February 19, 2016.
^ Reed, Steve (February 18, 2016). "Panthers DE Jared Allen retires after 12 NFL seasons". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on February 28, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
^ "Jared Allen signs one-day contract to retire with Vikings | SI Kids". Si Kids: Sports News for Kids, Kids Games and More. April 14, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
^ "Five modern-era players named to NFL Hall of Fame class; former Vikings defensive end Jared Allen falls well short". Star Tribune.
^ Peters, Craig (July 29, 2022). "Viking Okey Doke Jared Allen with Ring of Honor Surprise". vikings.com. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
^ Florio, Mike (October 30, 2022). "Jared Allen rides horse onto field for Ring of Honor ceremony". ProFootballTalk. NBCSports.com. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
^ Zimmer, John; Marini, Matt, eds. (2013). Official 2013 National Football League Record & Fact Book (PDF). New York: National Football League. ISBN 978-1-603-20980-9. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
^ "Jared Allen was evidently serious about winning a curling medal in Olympics". November 28, 2018.
^ "Ex-NFL Pro Bowl players try curling with 2022 Olympic goal". USA Today.
^ CurlingZone
^ "CurlingZone – Everything Curling".
^ "FIELD FOR 2024 USA CURLING NATIONALS INCLUDES OLYMPIC GOLD MEDALISTS AND FORMER NFL ALL-PRO". USA CURLING. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
^ Chiefs DE Allen to serve jail time for DUI in February Archived January 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine January 4, 2007.
^ "NFL Award Winner Talks Faith and Football".
^ Jared Allen #69 Archived August 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ O'Brien, Ben (July 31, 2009). "Spear Hunting with Minnesota Vikings DE Jared Allen". Americanhunter.org. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
^ Ronkowski, Steve (November 12, 2014). "Jared Allen's Homes For Wounded Warriors Q&A". Windy City Gridiron. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
^ SEACCA.org Archived November 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Johnny Knoxville Risks More Than Ever In 'Jackass 3D'". Starpulse.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
^ Fowler, Jeremy (October 28, 2011). "Vikings report: Jared Allen all smiles after wife gives birth to first child". Pioneer Press. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
^ "Former ISU Bengal Jared Allen involved with new football league". KPVI. March 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jared Allen.
Official website
Chicago Bears bio
Minnesota Vikings bio
Jared Allen at ESPN.com (NFL)
Jared Allen at Pro-Football-Reference.com
vteBuck Buchanan Award winners
1995: Coakley
1996: Coakley
1997: McNeil
1998: Milton
1999: Lucas
2000: Hartwell
2001: Lloyd
2002: Mathis
2003: J. Allen
2004: Beck
2005: Gocong
2006: Shotwell
2007: Biermann
2008: Peach
2009: Moats
2010: Sherritt
2011: Evans
2012: Schreibeis
2013: Daly
2014: Emanuel
2015: King
2016: Schult
2017: Jackson
2018: Hall
2019: Olson
2020: Lewis
2021: Land
2022: Vandenburgh
2023: T. Allen
vteKansas City Chiefs 2004 NFL draft selections
Junior Siavii
Kris Wilson
Keyaron Fox
Samie Parker
Jared Allen
Jeris McIntyre
Kevin Sampson
vteNFL annual sacks leaders (Deacon Jones Award)
1982: Martin
1983: Gastineau
1984: Gastineau
1985: Dent
1986: L. Taylor
1987: White
1988: White
1989: Doleman
1990: Thomas
1991: Swilling
1992: Simmons
1993: Smith
1994: Greene
1995: Paup
1996: Greene
1997: Randle
1998: Sinclair
1999: Carter
2000: Glover
2001: Strahan
2002: J. Taylor
2003: Strahan
2004: Freeney
2005: Burgess
2006: Merriman
2007: Allen
2008: Ware
2009: Dumervil
2010: Ware
2011: Allen
2012: J. Watt
2013: Mathis
2014: Houston
2015: J. Watt
2016: Beasley
2017: Jones
2018: Donald
2019: Barrett
2020: T. Watt
2021: T. Watt
2022: Bosa
2023: T. Watt
Sack totals from 1960 to 1981 are considered unofficial by the NFL. Starting in 2013, the sack leader is officially given the Deacon Jones Award
vte100 sacks club
Bruce Smith
Reggie White
Kevin Greene
Julius Peppers
Chris Doleman
Michael Strahan
Jason Taylor
Terrell Suggs
DeMarcus Ware
Richard Dent
John Randle
Jared Allen
John Abraham
Leslie O'Neal
Lawrence Taylor
Rickey Jackson
Derrick Thomas
Dwight Freeney
Von Miller
Robert Mathis
Simeon Rice
Clyde Simmons
Cameron Jordan
J. J. Watt
Sean Jones
Chandler Jones
Justin Houston
Aaron Donald
Greg Townsend
Pat Swilling
Trace Armstrong
Elvis Dumervil
Calais Campbell
Kevin Carter
Neil Smith
Jim Jeffcoat
Robert Quinn
Khalil Mack
William Fuller
Charles Haley
Cameron Wake
Carlos Dunlap
Andre Tippett
Italics denotes active player
vteMinnesota Vikings Ring of Honor
Jared Allen
Matt Blair
Bill Brown
Joey Browner
Jerry Burns
Cris Carter
Chris Doleman
Carl Eller
Jim Finks
Chuck Foreman
Bud Grant
Dennis Green
Steve Jordan
Paul Krause
Jim Marshall
Randall McDaniel
Randy Moss
Alan Page
John Randle
Ahmad Rashad
Korey Stringer
Scott Studwell
Fran Tarkenton
Mick Tingelhoff
Kevin Williams
Ron Yary
Fred Zamberletti | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jared Allen (quarterback)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Allen_(quarterback)"},{"link_name":"Jarrett Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrett_Allen"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"defensive end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Idaho State Bengals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_State_Bengals_football"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"2004 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_50"},{"link_name":"Pro Bowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"All-Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Pro"},{"link_name":"quarterback sacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback_sack"},{"link_name":"curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling"}],"text":"For the American football coach and former quarterback, see Jared Allen (quarterback). For the American basketball player, see Jarrett Allen.American football playerJared Scot Allen (born April 3, 1982) is an American former football defensive end who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons. He played college football for the Idaho State Bengals and was selected by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fourth round of the 2004 NFL draft. After four years with the Chiefs, Allen was traded to the Minnesota Vikings in exchange for three draft picks, including a first-rounder. He spent six years with the Vikings before joining the Chicago Bears as a free agent in 2014.He was traded to the Carolina Panthers during the 2015 season, with whom he played in Super Bowl 50. A five-time Pro Bowler and four-time All-Pro selection, Allen recorded 136 quarterback sacks during his 12-year career. After retiring from the NFL, Allen took up curling and formed a team with other former NFL players.","title":"Jared Allen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Morgan Hill, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Hill,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL.com-1"},{"link_name":"Live Oak High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Oak_High_School_(Morgan_Hill,_California)"},{"link_name":"Los Gatos High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Gatos_High_School"},{"link_name":"Los Gatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Gatos,_California"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seattle_Times_2012-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JaredAllen69-3"}],"text":"Allen was born in Dallas, Texas, and raised on a horse ranch in Morgan Hill, California.[1]Allen first attended Live Oak High School in Morgan Hill, but transferred to Los Gatos High School in Los Gatos for his senior year. By then, Allen had lost many of his athletic scholarship offers, including from the University of Washington where he had already verbally committed.[2] As a senior at Los Gatos, he was named First-team All-League and Defensive Player of the Year. He was also a First-team All-Central Coast Section selection, and a member of \"Who's Who\" in Sports Illustrated. Allen was selected by the North squad for the North vs. South San Jose Charlie Wedemeyer All-Star football game, after a senior season where he racked up 96 tackles, 12 sacks, five forced fumbles, and five fumble recoveries.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Idaho State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_State_University"},{"link_name":"Idaho State Bengals football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_State_Bengals_football"},{"link_name":"Big Sky Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference"},{"link_name":"tackles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackle_(football_move)"},{"link_name":"sacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback_sack"},{"link_name":"fumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumble"},{"link_name":"touchdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdowns"},{"link_name":"interceptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interception"},{"link_name":"pass deflections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_deflected"},{"link_name":"redshirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirt_(college_sports)"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"Buck Buchanan Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Buchanan_Award"},{"link_name":"Big Sky Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Allen attended Idaho State University, where he started 33 of 41 games for the Idaho State Bengals football team. The three-time All-Big Sky Conference selection finished his career with 250 tackles, 38.5 sacks, 73 stops for losses, seven fumble recoveries, three touchdowns, 13 forced fumbles, three interceptions, 26 pass deflections, and one blocked kick.As a freshman in 2000, Allen was originally slated to redshirt the season, but this was reconsidered, and he eventually played in eight games for the Bengals and earned honorable mention All-Big Sky honors without ever being a starter. In 2001 Allen earned First-team All-Big Sky honors, and led the Bengals with 16 tackles for loss and 6.5 sacks. As a junior in 2002, Allen was named Second-team Division I-AA All-American by the Associated Press, and was also named first-team All-Big Sky for the second consecutive season. He led the team in sacks, tackles for loss (with 18), and also led all Bengal linemen with 63 tackles.In 2003, as a senior, Allen won the Buck Buchanan Award, recording 17.5 sacks, 102 tackles, 28 tackles for loss, six forced fumbles, three recovered fumbles, and nine pass deflections during 2003, ranking among the Big Sky Conference leaders in several defensive categories. Allen, a first-team Division I-AA All-American and a first-team All-Big Sky selection for the third straight season, led ISU to an 8–4 record that season, helping the school post its first back-to-back eight win seasons in school history. Idaho State finished the regular season ranked No. 21 in the nation.[4]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Statistics","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long snapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_snapper"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"2004 NFL Draft","text":"Before the draft, Allen was projected as a sixth or seventh round prospect; NFL columnist Rick Gosselin ranked Allen as the 19th-best defensive end in the draft. Scouts rated his prospects better as a long snapper than on defense, with some calling him the best snapper in the class.[6][7] He ended up being taken by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fourth round.[8]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"2004 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"rookie season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season"},{"link_name":"2007 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"mullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)"},{"link_name":"racing stripe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-faster_stripe"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_San_Diego_Chargers_season"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Detroit_Lions_season"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2007 Pro Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"All-Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_All-Pro_Team"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"franchise tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchise_tag"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tag_on_Allen-14"}],"sub_title":"Kansas City Chiefs","text":"Allen was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fourth round (126th overall) of the 2004 NFL draft, and made the league minimum salary his first three years.[9] During his rookie season, Allen played 15 games, starting 10 of them, and made 9 sacks on 31 tackles. In 2005, Allen appeared in all 16 games (starting 15) with 55 tackles, 11 sacks, 5 passes defended, 6 forced fumbles and 2 fumble recoveries. In 2006, Allen started all 16 games with 77 tackles, 7.5 sacks, 1 interception, 10 passes defended, 5 forced fumbles and 6 fumble recoveries (joint most in the AFC). On May 21, 2007, Allen, as a restricted free agent, signed the Chiefs' one-year tender offer of US$2.35 million for the 2007 season.[10] Allen credited his early season success to his mullet; with every sack Allen made, he was expected to shave a \"racing stripe\" into his hairstyle. On December 2, 2007, Allen caught a touchdown pass against division rival San Diego.[11] On December 23, 2007, Allen caught another touchdown pass against the Detroit Lions.[12]After leading the NFL in sacks in 2007 with 15.5, Allen was selected as a starting defensive end for the AFC in the 2007 Pro Bowl and was also named in the All-Pro team for 2007.[13]In February 2008, the Chiefs placed the franchise tag on Allen, giving him a one-year, $8.8 million contract for 2008.[14]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jared_Allen.jpg"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Minnesota_Vikings_season"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Jamaal Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaal_Charles"},{"link_name":"2008 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2008 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Minnesota_Vikings_season"},{"link_name":"All-Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_All-Pro_Team"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Indianapolis_Colts_season"},{"link_name":"Peyton Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Manning"},{"link_name":"Dan Orlovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Orlovsky"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Detroit_Lions_season"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Green_Bay_Packers_season"},{"link_name":"Aaron Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Green_Bay_Packers_season"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_St._Louis_Rams_season"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2010 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Minnesota_Vikings_season"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Detroit_Lions_season"},{"link_name":"NFL Top 100 Players of 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Top_100_Players_of_2011"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Chicago_Bears_season"},{"link_name":"Josh McCown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_McCown"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"Michael Strahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Strahan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"NFL's Top 100 players of 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Top_100#2012"},{"link_name":"AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_NFL_Defensive_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_season"},{"link_name":"Donald Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Penn"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Minnesota Vikings","text":"Allen with the Vikings in 2011.On April 22, 2008, the Chiefs traded Allen to the Minnesota Vikings in exchange for a first-round pick and two third-round picks (one of which was used to select Jamaal Charles), and the teams swapped sixth-round picks in the 2008 NFL draft. The Vikings then signed Allen to a six-year contract, which at the time was the richest contract for a defensive player in NFL history.[15] Allen was due an $8 million roster bonus in 2010, per the six-year, $72.36 million contract he signed with the Vikings, and his signing bonus was $15.5 million.[16]During the 2008 season, Allen recorded 54 tackles, along with 14.5 sacks, 3, passes defended, 3 forced fumbles, and 2 enforced safeties, while battling both knee and shoulder injuries throughout the season. He was named First-team All-Pro and selected to his second Pro Bowl. His first sack as a Viking was in a game against the Indianapolis Colts, when he sacked quarterback Peyton Manning. In his first playoff game as a Viking, Allen recorded three tackles, along with two sacks and a forced fumble. Allen also forced a safety when he chased Dan Orlovsky out of the end zone during a game against the Detroit Lions,[17] and he forced another safety in the week 10 game against the Green Bay Packers, when he sacked Aaron Rodgers in the end zone.[18]On October 5, 2009, against the Green Bay Packers, Allen set a career-high with 4.5 sacks, as well as having his third safety in the previous two years. A week later, against the St. Louis Rams, he returned a fumble 52 yards, for the first defensive touchdown of his career.[19] He also made the 2009 Pro Bowl, as the starting defensive end for the NFC team. For the 2009 year, Allen made 51 tackles with 14.5 sacks, an interception, 4 passes defended, 5 forced fumbles, 3 fumble recoveries, a defensive touchdown, and a safety enforced.Allen started the 2010 season slowly, having only one sack in the first 7 games, but had 10 sacks in the next 9 games, making him 10th in the league with 11 sacks. In the season finale against the Detroit Lions, Allen scored his second career defensive touchdown, a 36-yard interception return. Overall in 2010, Allen finished with 60 tackles, 11 sacks, 2 interceptions (one returned for a touchdown), 6 passes defended, a forced fumble, and a fumble recovery. He was ranked 80th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.[20]In 2011, Allen returned to Kansas City. The Vikings lost the game 22–17. On January 1, 2012, Allen set the single-season franchise record for most sacks by a Viking, with 22 sacks. In Week 17 against the Chicago Bears, Allen sacked Josh McCown 3.5 times, but fell a half sack short of the NFL record held by former New York Giants defensive end Michael Strahan.[21] Allen appeared on NFL's Top 100 players of 2012, and was ranked #13. Allen was voted 67 spots higher than last year, the biggest leap on the list. Allen fell seven votes short of winning AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year.[22] On October 2, 2012, Allen was fined $7,875 for grabbing Tampa Bay Buccaneers lineman Donald Penn's facemask.[23]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JA_Bears.jpg"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Chicago_Bears_season"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Green_Bay_Packers_season"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"2015 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Chicago_Bears_season"},{"link_name":"outside linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker#Outside_linebacker"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Chicago Bears","text":"Allen participating in Bears training camp in 2014.On March 26, 2014, Allen signed a four-year deal with the Chicago Bears worth $32 million, of which $15.5 million is guaranteed, that could void down to three years and $24 million.[24] Allen missed the week three game against the Green Bay Packers due to suffering from pneumonia and having lost 18 pounds.[25] As a result, his streak of games played dating back to week two of 2007 ended.[26] He finished 2014 with 52 tackles, 5.5 sacks, 4 passes defended, 2 forced fumbles, and 2 fumble recoveries.With the Bears using a 3-4 defense for the 2015 season, Allen was transitioned to the outside linebacker position.[27]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saints_vs_Panthers_12.6.15_090.jpg"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Carolina_Panthers_season"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"2016 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Philadelphia_Eagles_season"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Indianapolis_Colts_season"},{"link_name":"Andrew Luck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Luck"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_50"},{"link_name":"Denver Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Denver_Broncos_season"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Carolina Panthers","text":"Allen playing for the Panthers in 2015.On September 28, 2015, Allen was traded to the Carolina Panthers for a conditional sixth-round pick in the 2016 NFL draft.[28] Allen recorded his first sack for the Panthers during their 27–16 win over the Philadelphia Eagles; he recorded one tackle-for-loss, two quarterback pressures, and a pass deflection during the game.[29] During a Monday Night Football victory over the Indianapolis Colts, Allen had his first sack as a member of the Panthers on quarterback Andrew Luck to go along with five total tackles. On February 7, 2016, Allen was part of the Panthers team that played in Super Bowl 50. In the game, the Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24–10.[30] In the loss, Allen recorded one tackle.[31]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Peyton Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Manning"},{"link_name":"Charles Woodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Woodson"},{"link_name":"Calvin Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings Ring of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings#Ring_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"U.S. Bank Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bank_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"On February 18, 2016, Allen announced his retirement by posting a video to his Twitter account of him riding his horse \"into the sunset.\"[32][33][34] On April 14, 2016, Allen signed a one-day contract with Minnesota so he could retire as a Viking.[35]Allen first came up for Pro Football Hall of Fame eligibility in 2021, but failed to get inducted on the first ballot, as he was passed over in favor of fellow first-year eligibility mates Peyton Manning, Charles Woodson and Calvin Johnson.[36]On July 29, 2022, Allen was announced as the 27th inductee of the Minnesota Vikings Ring of Honor.[37] On October 30, 2022, Allen was formally inducted into the Ring of Honor, riding into U.S. Bank Stadium on a horse.[38]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NFL career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jones_(defensive_tackle,_born_1994)"},{"link_name":"Ted Hendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Hendricks"},{"link_name":"Doug English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_English"},{"link_name":"Justin Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Houston"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"NFL records","text":"Most consecutive games with at least .5 sack: 11 (2010–2011, tied with Chris Jones)\nTimes leading the league in sacks: 2 (tied with seven other players)\nMost safeties in a career: 4 (tied with Ted Hendricks, Doug English, and Justin Houston)[39]","title":"NFL career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vikings franchise records","text":"Most sacks in a season: 22 (2011)\nMost safeties in a season: 2 (2008)","title":"NFL career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Marc Bulger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Bulger"},{"link_name":"Keith Bulluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Bulluck"},{"link_name":"Michael Roos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Roos"},{"link_name":"World Curling Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Curling_Tour"},{"link_name":"Curl Mesabi Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl_Mesabi_Classic"},{"link_name":"2018 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"United States Men's Curling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Men%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ed Werenich Golden Wrench Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Werenich_Golden_Wrench_Classic"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"2021 United States Men's Curling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_Men%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_(curling)"},{"link_name":"Todd Birr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Birr"},{"link_name":"2024 United States Men's Curling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_Men%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Rich Ruohonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Ruohonen"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Since his retirement from football, Allen has picked up the sport of curling.[40] In March 2018 he recruited fellow retired NFL players Marc Bulger, Keith Bulluck, and Michael Roos to form a competitive curling team. He first competed in a World Curling Tour event, the 2018 Curl Mesabi Classic, losing all four games, including one against the 2018 Olympics gold medal-winning team, 11–3.[41][42] His team then played in the 2019 US Men's Challenge Round (a qualifying event for the United States Men's Curling Championship), losing all three of their games, by a combined score of 27–3. The team then played in the Ed Werenich Golden Wrench Classic, again going winless.[43]Allen played in the 2021 United States Men's Curling Championship playing second for 2007 US Champion Todd Birr. At nationals, the team went 0–9.Allen competed in the 2024 United States Men's Curling Championship with Team Ruohonen led by skip Rich Ruohonen. Allen played lead.[44]","title":"Curling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DUI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence"},{"link_name":"Pocatello, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocatello,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Leawood, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leawood,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Allen has been arrested/charged for DUI a total of three times. The first was in Pocatello, Idaho, on May 11, 2002. He was then arrested twice within five months in Leawood, Kansas, on May 11, 2006, and on September 26, 2006. He was sentenced to 48 hours in jail as a result of the latter arrest.[45]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_Diabetes_Research_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jared_Allen_#69-47"},{"link_name":"Field & Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_%26_Stream"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-windy_city_gridiron-49"},{"link_name":"Downey, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downey,_California"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seacca-50"},{"link_name":"Jackass 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackass_3D"},{"link_name":"Erik Ainge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Ainge"},{"link_name":"Johnny Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Knoxville"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Alliance of American Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kpvi-53"}],"text":"Allen is a Christian. Allen has spoken about his faith saying, \"My Bible's my playbook for life\" and \"My ultimate goal is when I die, for Him to say, 'Welcome home, you good and faithful servant.' That’s how I try to gear my life and focus on Him.\"[46]Allen serves as an advocate for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, and raises funds through his \"Sack Diabetes\" program. Allen was also an active role model in the JDRF's Children's Congress 2009.[47] He is an avid hunter, and has been interviewed by Field & Stream.[48]Allen was among four NFL players who were sent overseas on an NFL-USO tour to visit with U.S. military troops: \"It has been one of the best experiences of my life – something that I'll never forget. We as players probably get more out of it than you do as soldiers and Marines.\" He created his own charity, the Jared Allen's Homes for Wounded Warriors (JAH4WW), in October 2009, in order to build handicapped-accessible homes for severely wounded military personnel returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. His grandfather and younger brother also served in the Marines.[49]In September 2010, Allen contributed $3,000 to Downey, California, animal shelter SEACCA's reward fund for information leading to an arrest, in connection to a horse being starved and abandoned on a Los Angeles city street.[50]Allen was featured in the 2010 film Jackass 3D, doing a stunt, alongside Erik Ainge, which features him blindsiding Johnny Knoxville.[51]On October 27, 2011, Allen's wife, Amy, gave birth to their first child, a girl named Brinley Noelle Allen.[52]The Alliance of American Football named Allen as an investor and player relations executive in 2018.[53]","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_text":"Allen with the Vikings in 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Jared_Allen.jpg/300px-Jared_Allen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Allen participating in Bears training camp in 2014.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/JA_Bears.jpg/175px-JA_Bears.jpg"},{"image_text":"Allen playing for the Panthers in 2015.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Saints_vs_Panthers_12.6.15_090.jpg/200px-Saints_vs_Panthers_12.6.15_090.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jared Allen\". NFL.com. National Football League. Retrieved March 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nfl.com/player/jaredallen/2505940/profile","url_text":"\"Jared Allen\""}]},{"reference":"Stone, Larry (October 31, 2012). \"Vikings' Jared Allen channels his inner beast\". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://seattletimes.com/html/seahawks/2019572971_seahawks01.html","url_text":"\"Vikings' Jared Allen channels his inner beast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Personal\". JaredAllen69.com. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130601112747/http://jaredallen69inc.com/about_us.html","url_text":"\"Personal\""},{"url":"http://jaredallen69inc.com/about_us.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2004 Draft Scout Jared Allen, Idaho State NFL Draft Scout College Football Profile\". draftscout.com. Retrieved April 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=32&DraftYear=2004","url_text":"\"2004 Draft Scout Jared Allen, Idaho State NFL Draft Scout College Football Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Austin (November 19, 2021). \"GEMS OF DRAFTS PAST: JARED ALLEN\". Neptune Scouting. Retrieved November 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://neptunescouting.com/2021/11/19/gems-from-drafts-past-jared-allen/","url_text":"\"GEMS OF DRAFTS PAST: JARED ALLEN\""}]},{"reference":"Gosselin, Rick (June 18, 2021). \"Draft Review: Jared Allen, the longest path to Canton\". SI.com. Retrieved November 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/nfl/talkoffame/nfl/draft-review-jared-allen-the-longest-path-to-canton","url_text":"\"Draft Review: Jared Allen, the longest path to Canton\""}]},{"reference":"\"2004 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2004/draft.htm","url_text":"\"2004 NFL Draft Listing\""}]},{"reference":"Usatoday.com. \"NFL Player Salaries - Jared Allen\". USA Today. Retrieved August 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.usatoday.com/sportsdata/football/nfl/salaries/player/Jared-Allen","url_text":"\"NFL Player Salaries - Jared Allen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kansas City Chiefs at Detroit Lions - December 23rd, 2007\". Pro-Football Reference.com. Retrieved October 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712230det.htm","url_text":"\"Kansas City Chiefs at Detroit Lions - December 23rd, 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Associated Press: Chiefs trade Allen to Vikings\". Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080501051016/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hFOWi3TfU9N3zhJ9DNQetUL5meXgD907MEQ02","url_text":"\"The Associated Press: Chiefs trade Allen to Vikings\""},{"url":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hFOWi3TfU9N3zhJ9DNQetUL5meXgD907MEQ02","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hendricks, Maggie (February 19, 2016). \"Dan Orlovsky congratulates Jared Allen with picture of classic screw-up\". For The Win. USA Today Sports. Retrieved November 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/02/jared-allen-dan-orlovsky-retirement","url_text":"\"Dan Orlovsky congratulates Jared Allen with picture of classic screw-up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vikings make an impression on Rodgers\". TwinCities.com. Digital First Media. November 8, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.twincities.com/2008/11/08/vikings-make-an-impression-on-rodgers/","url_text":"\"Vikings make an impression on Rodgers\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 NFL Top 100\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/2011-nfl-top-100.htm","url_text":"\"2011 NFL Top 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blog Archive » Jared Allen on Finishing with 22 sacks: \"Hopefully I can come back and one of these years get close to it again.\"\". Sports Radio Interviews. January 3, 2012. Archived from the original on January 21, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuya_Steppe | Chuya Steppe | ["1 Major settlements","2 Geology","3 Seismicity"] | Coordinates: 49°55′N 88°30′E / 49.92°N 88.5°E / 49.92; 88.5This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chuya Steppe" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Chuya SteppeDepressionChuja steppe landscapeChuya SteppeShow map of Altai RepublicChuya SteppeShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 49°55′N 88°30′E / 49.92°N 88.5°E / 49.92; 88.5
The Chuya Steppe (Russian: Чуйская степь) in the Siberian Altai Mountains is a depression formed by tectonic movement of major faults in the Earth's crust. Its name comes from the large river which runs through the steppe, the Chuya River.
Major settlements
Yurts in the steppe
Kosh-Agach is a major village in the north of the steppe. Other large settlements include Chaganuzun and Beltir.
Geology
The Chuya Steppe is filled with Cenozoic sediments, derived from the surrounding mountains of the Chuya Belki.
Seismicity
The 7.3 Mw Altai earthquake shook South Central Siberia with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), causing $10.6–33 million in damage, three deaths, and five injuries.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolas_Glinskis | Michael Glinski | ["1 In western courts","2 Return to Lithuania","3 Glinski's rebellion","4 In Moscow's service","5 References","6 Sources","7 External links"] | Eastern European noble
Gliński coat of arms
Michael Lvovich Glinsky (Lithuanian: Mykolas Glinskis; Russian: Михаил Львович Глинский; Polish: Michał Gliński; 1460s – 24 September 1534) was a noble from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of distant Tatar extraction, who was also a tutor of his grand-nephew, Ivan the Terrible. Glinsky was born in Turov. He was a son of prince Lev Borisovich Glinsky (d. 1495), and paternal uncle of Elena Glinskaya. As a young man, Glinsky served in the court of Emperor Maximilian I and earned distinction for his military service. Around 1498 he returned to Lithuania and quickly rose in power and wealth, angering local nobles. Just after commanding the victorious Battle of Kletsk against the Crimean Khanate in August 1506, he was accused of conspiracy against the deceased Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon and lost all his wealth. Glinsky began an armed rebellion against Sigismund I, the new Grand Duke. The rebellion was unsuccessful and Glinsky retreated to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, where he served Vasili III of Russia. When the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars renewed in 1512, Glinsky was instrumental in helping Moscow to capture Smolensk, a major trading centre. However, he was not rewarded with the regency of the city. Angered, he planned to betray Vasili III, but the plot was discovered and he was imprisoned for 12 years. He was freed after his niece Elena Glinskaya, daughter of his brother Vasili Lvovich Glinsky and Ana Jakšić, married Vasili III in 1526. Before his death in 1533, Vasili appointed Elena as regent for his underage sons Ivan and Yuri. Elena disapproved of Glinsky's influence in state affairs and had him sent to prison, where he soon died of starvation.
In western courts
The Glinsky family claimed descent from Orthodox Hungarian nobles and Emir Mamai. As a young man Glinsky was sent to the court of Emperor Maximilian I and served in the emperor's army. He won distinction during Maximilian's campaigns against Friesland in 1498 and was awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece. In the service of Albrecht of Saxony during the Italian Wars, he converted to Roman Catholicism. Glinsky travelled extensively in Austria, Italy, and Spain. He also studied medicine at the University of Bologna; this fact was used against him in later life as such education introduced him to poisons. During his twelve-year tour of western courts, Glinsky could boast of personal connections and relationships with many members of the nobility, including Emperor Maximilian I.
Return to Lithuania
In late 1498, Glinsky returned to Lithuania, where he quickly became a favourite and personal friend of Alexander Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania. Almost immediately upon return, Glinsky became Grand Duke's vice-regent in Utena. He was appointed Court Marshal of Lithuania and became a member of the Lithuanian Council of Lords in 1500. The following year he was granted privileges to conduct lucrative trade in wax and oversee the coin mint in Vilnius. Due to his connections with western Europe and knowledge of foreign languages, Glinsky often acted as a foreign minister. Such a quick rise of a young man stirred up resentment among the local nobility. The greatest rivalry developed between Glinsky and Jan Zabrzeziński, Voivode of Trakai. In 1504, Grand Duke Alexander, urged by Glinsky, confiscated land possessions of Zabrzeziński's son-in-law. The following year, Zabrzeziński was fined, stripped of his titles, and banished from the Council of Lords along with his supporters. However, shortly Zabrzeziński reconciled with Alexander and was reinstated as the Grand Marshal of Lithuania. In August 1506, Glinsky replaced Stanisław Kiszka, the Great Hetman of Lithuania, who had fallen ill, as the commander of the Lithuanian army during the Battle of Kleck. He led the Lithuanians to a decisive victory against the Crimean Khanate.
Glinski's rebellion
Main article: Glinski rebellion
Alexander Jagiellon died in August 1506 and was succeeded by his brother Sigismund I. Even before Alexander's death, Zabrzeziński renewed the rivalry and spread rumours that Glinski planned to poison Alexander and even hoped to seize the throne himself. Such rumours were effective: Glinski lost his privileges and titles, while his brother Ivan lost Kiev Voivodeship. As his trial was postponed and Sigismund I travelled to Poland to settle his coronation as King of Poland, Glinski, and his relatives began an armed rebellion against Sigismund I. On 7 February 1508 Glinski attacked Hrodna and decapitated Zabrzeziński. His men then unsuccessfully attacked Kaunas Castle in an attempt to liberate imprisoned Sheikh Ahmed, the deposed Khan of the Great Horde. He then planned but never began an attack on Vilnius. Glinski proclaimed himself a defender of the discriminated Eastern Orthodox believers and envisioned the establishment of the Duchy of Boristen (ancient name for the Dnieper River) with capital in Smolensk. Glinski's rebellion gained limited support among Orthodox nobility and became intertwined with the Muscovite–Lithuanian War of 1507–1508. Despite support from the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Glinski failed to capture Minsk, Slutsk, Orsha, Mstsislaw, Krychaw. By 1508, Glinski retreated to Moscow and pledged allegiance to Vasili III of Russia.
In Moscow's service
In 1512, Muscovy resumed war with Lithuania and besieged Smolensk three times. Glinski used his Western connections to bring a number of artillerymen, who were instrumental in capturing the city in July 1514. Glinski expected that for his services he would become a vice-regent of Smolensk. However, Vasili III chose Vasily Nemoy Shuysky. Enraged Glinski opened negotiations with Sigismund I – Glinski would return to Lithuania and help to recapture Smolensk if the Grand Duke guaranteed him immunity. The negotiations were discovered by the Russians and Glinski was arrested. Imprisoned and awaiting execution, he converted back to Eastern Orthodoxy. This move possibly softened Vasili's resolve and Glinski was pardoned.
Glinski spent 12 years in prison until 1526 when Vasili III married his niece Elena Glinskaya. Glinski regained some of his former wealth and power as a loyal servant of Vasili III. In 1533, Vasili III died of an infection to a leg wound. Before his death, Vasili appointed Elena as regent for his underage sons Ivan and Yuri. Glinski became a member of the regency council, and soon proved to be a political rival of Elena and her lover Prince Obolensky for the influence in the regency council. Elena spread rumours that Glinski quickened Vasili's death with poison as he did to Alexander Jagiellon in Lithuania. In August 1534, he was again taken to prison, where he died on 24 September of starvation.
References
^ Payne & Romanoff 2002.
^ a b c Madariaga, Isabel De (2006). Ivan the Terrible. Yale University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-300-11973-2.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kulikauskas, Gediminas (2008-10-30). "Garsiausias Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštytės maištininkas" (in Lithuanian). Verslo žinios. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22.
^ Halecki, Oskar; F. Reddaway; J. H. Penson (1950). The Cambridge History of Poland. From the Origins to Sobieski (To 1696). Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 9781001288024. OCLC 8124326.
^ a b Petrauskas, Rimvydas; Jūratė Kiaupienė (2009). Lietuvos istorija. Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visoumenė, valstybė (in Lithuanian). Vol. IV. Baltos lankos. p. 465. ISBN 978-9955-23-239-1.
^ Pushkareva 1997, p. 65-68.
^ a b Duffy, James P.; Vincent L. Ricci (2002). Czars: Russia's rulers for over one thousand years. Barnes & Noble Publishing. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-7607-2673-0.
Sources
Payne, Robert; Romanoff, Nikita (2002) . Ivan the Terrible. New York: Cooper Square Press. ISBN 9780815412298.
Pushkareva, Natalia (1997). Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century. Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe. ISBN 9780765632708.
External links
vteLithuanian Court Marshals16th century
Michael Glinski
Jerzy Iwan Ilinicz
Jerzy Radziwiłł
Iwan Hornostaj
Ostafi Wołłowicz
Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł
Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł
Mikołaj Talwosz
Krzysztof Monwind Drohostajski
17th century
Piotr Wiesiołowski
Jan Stanisław Sapieha
Krzysztof Wiesiołowski
Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł
Kazimierz Leon Sapieha
Antoni Jan Tyszkiewicz
Krzysztof Zawisza
Teodor Aleksander Lacki
Józef Bogusław Słuszka
Jan Karol Dolski
Aleksander Paweł Sapieha
Michał Kazimierz Pac
Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki
18th century
Józef Wandalin Mniszek
Michał Kazimierz Pac
Paweł Karol Sapieha
Michał "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł
Ignacy Anicenta Kieżgajło Zawisza
Ferdynand Fabian Plater
Józef Scipo del Campio
Ignacy Ogiński
Janusz Aleksander Sanguszko
Józef Paulin Sanguszko
Władysław Roch Gurowski
Michał Jerzy Mniszech
Roman Ignacy Potocki
Stanisław Pereświet Sołtan
Michał Gielgud
Authority control databases International
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Germany
Poland | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herb_Glinski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gliński coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gli%C5%84ski_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar"},{"link_name":"Ivan the Terrible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible"},{"link_name":"Turov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turov,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Elena Glinskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Glinskaya"},{"link_name":"Maximilian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kletsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kletsk"},{"link_name":"Crimean Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Alexander Jagiellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon"},{"link_name":"Sigismund I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Vasili III of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars"},{"link_name":"capture Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Smolensk_(1514)"},{"link_name":"Elena Glinskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Glinskaya"},{"link_name":"Ana Jakšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible"},{"link_name":"Yuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_of_Uglich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayneRomanoff2002-1"}],"text":"Gliński coat of armsMichael Lvovich Glinsky (Lithuanian: Mykolas Glinskis; Russian: Михаил Львович Глинский; Polish: Michał Gliński; 1460s – 24 September 1534) was a noble from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of distant Tatar extraction, who was also a tutor of his grand-nephew, Ivan the Terrible. Glinsky was born in Turov. He was a son of prince Lev Borisovich Glinsky (d. 1495), and paternal uncle of Elena Glinskaya. As a young man, Glinsky served in the court of Emperor Maximilian I and earned distinction for his military service. Around 1498 he returned to Lithuania and quickly rose in power and wealth, angering local nobles. Just after commanding the victorious Battle of Kletsk against the Crimean Khanate in August 1506, he was accused of conspiracy against the deceased Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon and lost all his wealth. Glinsky began an armed rebellion against Sigismund I, the new Grand Duke. The rebellion was unsuccessful and Glinsky retreated to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, where he served Vasili III of Russia. When the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars renewed in 1512, Glinsky was instrumental in helping Moscow to capture Smolensk, a major trading centre. However, he was not rewarded with the regency of the city. Angered, he planned to betray Vasili III, but the plot was discovered and he was imprisoned for 12 years. He was freed after his niece Elena Glinskaya, daughter of his brother Vasili Lvovich Glinsky and Ana Jakšić, married Vasili III in 1526. Before his death in 1533, Vasili appointed Elena as regent for his underage sons Ivan and Yuri. Elena disapproved of Glinsky's influence in state affairs and had him sent to prison, where he soon died of starvation.[1]","title":"Michael Glinski"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glinsky family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glinsky_family&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hungarian nobles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_nobles"},{"link_name":"Mamai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madar-2"},{"link_name":"Emperor Maximilian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Maximilian_I"},{"link_name":"Friesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesland"},{"link_name":"Order of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuli-3"},{"link_name":"Albrecht of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_III,_Duke_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Italian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"University of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuli-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuli-3"}],"text":"The Glinsky family claimed descent from Orthodox Hungarian nobles and Emir Mamai.[2] As a young man Glinsky was sent to the court of Emperor Maximilian I and served in the emperor's army. He won distinction during Maximilian's campaigns against Friesland in 1498 and was awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece.[3] In the service of Albrecht of Saxony during the Italian Wars, he converted to Roman Catholicism. Glinsky travelled extensively in Austria, Italy, and Spain. He also studied medicine at the University of Bologna; this fact was used against him in later life as such education introduced him to poisons.[3] During his twelve-year tour of western courts, Glinsky could boast of personal connections and relationships with many members of the nobility, including Emperor Maximilian I.[3]","title":"In western courts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Jagiellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Utena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utena,_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuli-3"},{"link_name":"Court Marshal of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Marshal_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Council of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Council_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuli-3"},{"link_name":"Jan Zabrzeziński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Zabrzezi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Voivode of Trakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode_of_Trakai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuli-3"},{"link_name":"Grand Marshal of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Marshal_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Kiszka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kiszka"},{"link_name":"Great Hetman of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hetman_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kleck"},{"link_name":"Crimean Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Khanate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuli-3"}],"text":"In late 1498, Glinsky returned to Lithuania, where he quickly became a favourite and personal friend of Alexander Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania. Almost immediately upon return, Glinsky became Grand Duke's vice-regent in Utena.[3] He was appointed Court Marshal of Lithuania and became a member of the Lithuanian Council of Lords in 1500. The following year he was granted privileges to conduct lucrative trade in wax and oversee the coin mint in Vilnius.[3] Due to his connections with western Europe and knowledge of foreign languages, Glinsky often acted as a foreign minister. Such a quick rise of a young man stirred up resentment among the local nobility. The greatest rivalry developed between Glinsky and Jan Zabrzeziński, Voivode of Trakai. In 1504, Grand Duke Alexander, urged by Glinsky, confiscated land possessions of Zabrzeziński's son-in-law.[3] The following year, Zabrzeziński was fined, stripped of his titles, and banished from the Council of Lords along with his supporters. However, shortly Zabrzeziński reconciled with Alexander and was reinstated as the Grand Marshal of Lithuania. In August 1506, Glinsky replaced Stanisław Kiszka, the Great Hetman of Lithuania, who had fallen ill, as the commander of the Lithuanian army during the Battle of Kleck. He led the Lithuanians to a decisive victory against the Crimean Khanate.[3]","title":"Return to Lithuania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sigismund I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old"},{"link_name":"Kiev Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuli-3"},{"link_name":"Hrodna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hale-4"},{"link_name":"Kaunas Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas_Castle"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Great Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Horde"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petra-5"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox believers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Dnieper River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_River"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuli-3"},{"link_name":"Muscovite–Lithuanian War of 1507–1508","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Slutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slutsk"},{"link_name":"Orsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsha"},{"link_name":"Mstsislaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstsislaw"},{"link_name":"Krychaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krychaw"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petra-5"},{"link_name":"Vasili III of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia"}],"text":"Alexander Jagiellon died in August 1506 and was succeeded by his brother Sigismund I. Even before Alexander's death, Zabrzeziński renewed the rivalry and spread rumours that Glinski planned to poison Alexander and even hoped to seize the throne himself. Such rumours were effective: Glinski lost his privileges and titles, while his brother Ivan lost Kiev Voivodeship.[3] As his trial was postponed and Sigismund I travelled to Poland to settle his coronation as King of Poland, Glinski, and his relatives began an armed rebellion against Sigismund I. On 7 February 1508 Glinski attacked Hrodna and decapitated Zabrzeziński.[4] His men then unsuccessfully attacked Kaunas Castle in an attempt to liberate imprisoned Sheikh Ahmed, the deposed Khan of the Great Horde.[5] He then planned but never began an attack on Vilnius. Glinski proclaimed himself a defender of the discriminated Eastern Orthodox believers and envisioned the establishment of the Duchy of Boristen (ancient name for the Dnieper River) with capital in Smolensk.[3] Glinski's rebellion gained limited support among Orthodox nobility and became intertwined with the Muscovite–Lithuanian War of 1507–1508. Despite support from the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Glinski failed to capture Minsk, Slutsk, Orsha, Mstsislaw, Krychaw.[5] By 1508, Glinski retreated to Moscow and pledged allegiance to Vasili III of Russia.","title":"Glinski's rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"besieged Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Smolensk_(1514)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuli-3"},{"link_name":"Vasily Nemoy Shuysky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Nemoy_Shuysky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madar-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuli-3"},{"link_name":"Elena Glinskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Glinskaya"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushkareva199765-68-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madar-2"},{"link_name":"Ivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Yuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Vasilevich_(son_of_Vasili_III)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duffy-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duffy-7"}],"text":"In 1512, Muscovy resumed war with Lithuania and besieged Smolensk three times. Glinski used his Western connections to bring a number of artillerymen, who were instrumental in capturing the city in July 1514.[3] Glinski expected that for his services he would become a vice-regent of Smolensk. However, Vasili III chose Vasily Nemoy Shuysky. Enraged Glinski opened negotiations with Sigismund I – Glinski would return to Lithuania and help to recapture Smolensk if the Grand Duke guaranteed him immunity. The negotiations were discovered by the Russians and Glinski was arrested.[2] Imprisoned and awaiting execution, he converted back to Eastern Orthodoxy. This move possibly softened Vasili's resolve and Glinski was pardoned.[3]Glinski spent 12 years in prison until 1526 when Vasili III married his niece Elena Glinskaya.[6][2] Glinski regained some of his former wealth and power as a loyal servant of Vasili III. In 1533, Vasili III died of an infection to a leg wound. Before his death, Vasili appointed Elena as regent for his underage sons Ivan and Yuri.[7] Glinski became a member of the regency council, and soon proved to be a political rival of Elena and her lover Prince Obolensky for the influence in the regency council. Elena spread rumours that Glinski quickened Vasili's death with poison as he did to Alexander Jagiellon in Lithuania. In August 1534, he was again taken to prison, where he died on 24 September of starvation.[7]","title":"In Moscow's service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Payne, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Payne_(author)"},{"link_name":"Romanoff, Nikita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nikita_Romanov"},{"link_name":"Ivan the Terrible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=x_qvZqDrqjMC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780815412298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815412298"},{"link_name":"Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8sfJb6nFFmUC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780765632708","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765632708"}],"text":"Payne, Robert; Romanoff, Nikita (2002) [1975]. Ivan the Terrible. New York: Cooper Square Press. ISBN 9780815412298.\nPushkareva, Natalia (1997). Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century. Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe. ISBN 9780765632708.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Gliński coat of arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Herb_Glinski.jpg/220px-Herb_Glinski.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Madariaga, Isabel De (2006). Ivan the Terrible. Yale University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-300-11973-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFVn1v3FMUC&pg=PA31","url_text":"Ivan the Terrible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11973-2","url_text":"978-0-300-11973-2"}]},{"reference":"Kulikauskas, Gediminas (2008-10-30). \"Garsiausias Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštytės maištininkas\" (in Lithuanian). Verslo žinios. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722154901/http://archyvas.vz.lt/news.php?id=2269742&strid=1050&rs=0&ss=1&y=2008%2010%2030","url_text":"\"Garsiausias Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštytės maištininkas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verslo_%C5%BEinios","url_text":"Verslo žinios"},{"url":"http://archyvas.vz.lt/news.php?id=2269742&strid=1050&rs=0&ss=1&y=2008%2010%2030","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Halecki, Oskar; F. Reddaway; J. H. Penson (1950). The Cambridge History of Poland. From the Origins to Sobieski (To 1696). Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 9781001288024. OCLC 8124326.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA301","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Poland. From the Origins to Sobieski (To 1696)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781001288024","url_text":"9781001288024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8124326","url_text":"8124326"}]},{"reference":"Petrauskas, Rimvydas; Jūratė Kiaupienė (2009). Lietuvos istorija. Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visoumenė, valstybė (in Lithuanian). Vol. IV. Baltos lankos. p. 465. ISBN 978-9955-23-239-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lithuania_(book)","url_text":"Lietuvos istorija"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltos_lankos","url_text":"Baltos lankos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9955-23-239-1","url_text":"978-9955-23-239-1"}]},{"reference":"Duffy, James P.; Vincent L. Ricci (2002). Czars: Russia's rulers for over one thousand years. Barnes & Noble Publishing. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-7607-2673-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5aDCySDCuHgC&pg=PA122","url_text":"Czars: Russia's rulers for over one thousand years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-2673-0","url_text":"978-0-7607-2673-0"}]},{"reference":"Payne, Robert; Romanoff, Nikita (2002) [1975]. Ivan the Terrible. New York: Cooper Square Press. ISBN 9780815412298.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Payne_(author)","url_text":"Payne, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nikita_Romanov","url_text":"Romanoff, Nikita"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x_qvZqDrqjMC","url_text":"Ivan the Terrible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815412298","url_text":"9780815412298"}]},{"reference":"Pushkareva, Natalia (1997). Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century. Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe. ISBN 9780765632708.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8sfJb6nFFmUC","url_text":"Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765632708","url_text":"9780765632708"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFVn1v3FMUC&pg=PA31","external_links_name":"Ivan the Terrible"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722154901/http://archyvas.vz.lt/news.php?id=2269742&strid=1050&rs=0&ss=1&y=2008%2010%2030","external_links_name":"\"Garsiausias Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštytės maištininkas\""},{"Link":"http://archyvas.vz.lt/news.php?id=2269742&strid=1050&rs=0&ss=1&y=2008%2010%2030","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA301","external_links_name":"The Cambridge History of Poland. From the Origins to Sobieski (To 1696)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8124326","external_links_name":"8124326"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5aDCySDCuHgC&pg=PA122","external_links_name":"Czars: Russia's rulers for over one thousand years"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x_qvZqDrqjMC","external_links_name":"Ivan the Terrible"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8sfJb6nFFmUC","external_links_name":"Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/304236880","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbttGvpDDpqTgDQMw86Kd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1036253740","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810557989405606","external_links_name":"Poland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Oil_Company_(Qatar) | North Oil Company (Qatar) | ["1 History","2 Corporate structure","3 Operations","4 References","5 External links"] | Joint venture between Qatar Petroleum and TotalEnergies
North Oil Company (NOC) is a crude oil and natural gas company based in Qatar.
History
The creation of the North Oil Company (NOC) was announced in June 2016 by QatarEnergy as a joint venture with TotalEnergies (30%), to develop and operate the Al Shaheen oil field for 25 years.
Operations, along with production, sale, and export of crude oil started on July 14, 2017. TotalEnergies announced an investmeant of around $2 billion into the oil field between 2017 and 2022, and QatarEnergy announced that total investments into the field would be around $3.5 billion.
From 1992 – 2017, the Al Shaheen Oil Field was developed and operated by Maersk Oil.
In July 2017, the first crude tanker from Al Shaheen was loaded. In November 2018, it was announced that PetroVietnam was contracted by NOC to further develop the second phase of the field up to 2020, including the erection of three new wellhead platforms and three bridges.
Corporate structure
NOC is led by chief executive officer Frederic Paux. Khalid al Rumaihi is chairman of the board of directors. Other members of the board are Abdulaziz Al-Mannai, Jassim Al-Marzouqi, Mohammed Al Ghanem, Rashid Al Fehaidi, Hamad Al-Baker, Lionel Levha, Pierre Ranger and Laurent Wolffsheim.
Operations
North Oil operates the Al Shaheen Oil Field. The field is situated in Qatari waters, around 180 kilometers north from Doha, 80 kilometers north of Ras Laffan and the north-east coast of Qatar. Al Shaheen is the largest offshore field in Qatar and is part of the South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field, stretching across 9,700 square kilometres in Iranian and Qatari waters. The field is considered one of the largest and most complex oilfields in the world.
Current production of the field was 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m3/d) in 2017, produced by 33 platforms and close to 400 wells. The field yields more than 100 million barrels per year, 45% of Qatar's total oil production.
NOC's current goal is to maintain current production and output levels from the field, which is considered difficult in complex fields like Al Shaheen, given the natural decrease of pressure and resources. In order to achieve their current goal, the company plans to drill more than 100 new wells up to 2022.
References
^ "North Oil Co. takes over as operator of giant Al-Shaheen oil field in Qatar". World Oil. December 7, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
^ "QP-Total JV North Oil Company to be inaugurated on July 14". Gulf Times. July 4, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
^ a b c "Ex-Ivory Coast leader Gbagbo intends to return home: daughter". Reuters. January 16, 2019. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
^ a b c "North Oil Company loads crude tanker from Al-Shaheen field". Gulf Times. July 26, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
^ a b c "Total seeks exit from Dutch upstream with gas fields sale -sources". Reuters. January 15, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
^ "Total to invest over $2 bln in Qatar's Al-Shaheen oilfield development -CEO". Reuters. June 27, 2016. Archived from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
^ "Qatari-French ties marked by continuous co-operation". Gulf Times. December 8, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
^ "Qatar: Advantages in Adversity". The Oil & Gas Year. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
^ "Total lands stake in Qatar's Al Shaheen". The Oil & Gas Year. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
^ "PetroVietnam lands Qatar contract". The Oil & Gas Year. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
^ "A joint-venture between two world-renowned organisations". North Oil Company. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
^ "Al Shaheen Oil Field". Offshore Technology. 1992. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
^ a b "North Oil Co. takes over as operator of giant Al-Shaheen oil field in Qatar". World Oil. December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
^ "Al.Shaheen". North Oil Company. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
^ "Ramboll wins Al-Shaheen pre-Feed". Offshore Magazine. May 19, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
External links
Energy portal
"Qatar Petroleum Establishes “NORTH OIL COMPANY” for the Future Development and Operation of Al-Shaheen Oil Field and Selects Total as its Partner"
Company web Site | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crude oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"}],"text":"North Oil Company (NOC) is a crude oil and natural gas company based in Qatar.","title":"North Oil Company (Qatar)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QatarEnergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QatarEnergy"},{"link_name":"TotalEnergies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TotalEnergies"},{"link_name":"Al Shaheen oil field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Shaheen_oil_field"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sale-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oil-4"},{"link_name":"QatarEnergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QatarEnergy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-field-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Maersk Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maersk_Oil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-field-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oil-4"},{"link_name":"PetroVietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PetroVietnam"},{"link_name":"wellhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellhead"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The creation of the North Oil Company (NOC) was announced in June 2016 by QatarEnergy as a joint venture with TotalEnergies (30%), to develop and operate the Al Shaheen oil field for 25 years.[1]\nOperations, along with production, sale, and export of crude oil started on July 14, 2017.[2][3][4] TotalEnergies announced an investmeant of around $2 billion into the oil field between 2017 and 2022, and QatarEnergy announced that total investments into the field would be around $3.5 billion.[5][6][7]From 1992 – 2017, the Al Shaheen Oil Field was developed and operated by Maersk Oil.[5][8][9]In July 2017, the first crude tanker from Al Shaheen was loaded.[4] In November 2018, it was announced that PetroVietnam was contracted by NOC to further develop the second phase of the field up to 2020, including the erection of three new wellhead platforms and three bridges.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"NOC is led by chief executive officer Frederic Paux. Khalid al Rumaihi is chairman of the board of directors. Other members of the board are Abdulaziz Al-Mannai, Jassim Al-Marzouqi, Mohammed Al Ghanem, Rashid Al Fehaidi, Hamad Al-Baker, Lionel Levha, Pierre Ranger and Laurent Wolffsheim.[11]","title":"Corporate structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha"},{"link_name":"Ras Laffan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Laffan_Industrial_City"},{"link_name":"South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pars/North_Dome_Gas-Condensate_field"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sale-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-water-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform"},{"link_name":"wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sale-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-field-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-water-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oil-4"}],"text":"North Oil operates the Al Shaheen Oil Field. The field is situated in Qatari waters, around 180 kilometers north from Doha, 80 kilometers north of Ras Laffan and the north-east coast of Qatar. Al Shaheen is the largest offshore field in Qatar and is part of the South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field, stretching across 9,700 square kilometres in Iranian and Qatari waters. The field is considered one of the largest and most complex oilfields in the world.[3][12][13][14]Current production of the field was 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m3/d) in 2017, produced by 33 platforms and close to 400 wells. The field yields more than 100 million barrels per year, 45% of Qatar's total oil production.[15]NOC's current goal is to maintain current production and output levels from the field, which is considered difficult in complex fields like Al Shaheen, given the natural decrease of pressure and resources.[3][5][13] In order to achieve their current goal, the company plans to drill more than 100 new wells up to 2022.[4]","title":"Operations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"North Oil Co. takes over as operator of giant Al-Shaheen oil field in Qatar\". World Oil. December 7, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldoil.com/news/2017/7/12/north-oil-co-takes-over-as-operator-of-giant-al-shaheen-oil-field-in-qatar","url_text":"\"North Oil Co. takes over as operator of giant Al-Shaheen oil field in Qatar\""}]},{"reference":"\"QP-Total JV North Oil Company to be inaugurated on July 14\". Gulf Times. July 4, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gulf-times.com/story/555513/QP-Total-JV-North-Oil-Company-to-be-inaugurated-on","url_text":"\"QP-Total JV North Oil Company to be inaugurated on July 14\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Ivory Coast leader Gbagbo intends to return home: daughter\". Reuters. January 16, 2019. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190116174524/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1PA1J9-OZATP","url_text":"\"Ex-Ivory Coast leader Gbagbo intends to return home: daughter\""},{"url":"https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1PA1J9-OZATP","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"North Oil Company loads crude tanker from Al-Shaheen field\". Gulf Times. July 26, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gulf-times.com/story/557966/North-Oil-Company-loads-first-crude-tanker-from-Al","url_text":"\"North Oil Company loads crude tanker from Al-Shaheen field\""}]},{"reference":"\"Total seeks exit from Dutch upstream with gas fields sale -sources\". Reuters. January 15, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.reuters.com/article/total-ma-dutch/total-seeks-exit-from-dutch-upstream-with-gas-fields-sale-sources-idUKL8N1ZF3XI","url_text":"\"Total seeks exit from Dutch upstream with gas fields sale -sources\""}]},{"reference":"\"Total to invest over $2 bln in Qatar's Al-Shaheen oilfield development -CEO\". Reuters. June 27, 2016. Archived from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191128172445/https://af.reuters.com/article/africaTech/idAFL8N19J5BN","url_text":"\"Total to invest over $2 bln in Qatar's Al-Shaheen oilfield development -CEO\""},{"url":"https://af.reuters.com/article/africaTech/idAFL8N19J5BN","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Qatari-French ties marked by continuous co-operation\". Gulf Times. December 8, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gulf-times.com/story/574054/Qatari-French-ties-marked-by-continuous-co-operati","url_text":"\"Qatari-French ties marked by continuous co-operation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Qatar: Advantages in Adversity\". The Oil & Gas Year. Retrieved November 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theoilandgasyear.com/market/qatar/","url_text":"\"Qatar: Advantages in Adversity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Total lands stake in Qatar's Al Shaheen\". The Oil & Gas Year. Retrieved November 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theoilandgasyear.com/news/total-lands-stake-in-qatars-al-shaheen/","url_text":"\"Total lands stake in Qatar's Al Shaheen\""}]},{"reference":"\"PetroVietnam lands Qatar contract\". The Oil & Gas Year. Retrieved November 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theoilandgasyear.com/news/petrovietnam-lands-qatar-contract/","url_text":"\"PetroVietnam lands Qatar contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"A joint-venture between two world-renowned organisations\". North Oil Company. Retrieved December 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://noc.qa/about-north-oil-company/","url_text":"\"A joint-venture between two world-renowned organisations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Al Shaheen Oil Field\". Offshore Technology. 1992. Retrieved December 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/alshaheen/","url_text":"\"Al Shaheen Oil Field\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Oil Co. takes over as operator of giant Al-Shaheen oil field in Qatar\". World Oil. December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldoil.com/news/2017/7/12/north-oil-co-takes-over-as-operator-of-giant-al-shaheen-oil-field-in-qatar","url_text":"\"North Oil Co. takes over as operator of giant Al-Shaheen oil field in Qatar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Al.Shaheen\". North Oil Company. Retrieved December 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://noc.qa/al-shaheen/","url_text":"\"Al.Shaheen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ramboll wins Al-Shaheen pre-Feed\". Offshore Magazine. May 19, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/2017/05/ramboll-wins-al-shaheen-pre-feed.html","url_text":"\"Ramboll wins Al-Shaheen pre-Feed\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldoil.com/news/2017/7/12/north-oil-co-takes-over-as-operator-of-giant-al-shaheen-oil-field-in-qatar","external_links_name":"\"North Oil Co. takes over as operator of giant Al-Shaheen oil field in Qatar\""},{"Link":"http://www.gulf-times.com/story/555513/QP-Total-JV-North-Oil-Company-to-be-inaugurated-on","external_links_name":"\"QP-Total JV North Oil Company to be inaugurated on July 14\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190116174524/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1PA1J9-OZATP","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Ivory Coast leader Gbagbo intends to return home: daughter\""},{"Link":"https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1PA1J9-OZATP","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gulf-times.com/story/557966/North-Oil-Company-loads-first-crude-tanker-from-Al","external_links_name":"\"North Oil Company loads crude tanker from Al-Shaheen field\""},{"Link":"https://uk.reuters.com/article/total-ma-dutch/total-seeks-exit-from-dutch-upstream-with-gas-fields-sale-sources-idUKL8N1ZF3XI","external_links_name":"\"Total seeks exit from Dutch upstream with gas fields sale -sources\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191128172445/https://af.reuters.com/article/africaTech/idAFL8N19J5BN","external_links_name":"\"Total to invest over $2 bln in Qatar's Al-Shaheen oilfield development -CEO\""},{"Link":"https://af.reuters.com/article/africaTech/idAFL8N19J5BN","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gulf-times.com/story/574054/Qatari-French-ties-marked-by-continuous-co-operati","external_links_name":"\"Qatari-French ties marked by continuous co-operation\""},{"Link":"https://www.theoilandgasyear.com/market/qatar/","external_links_name":"\"Qatar: Advantages in Adversity\""},{"Link":"https://www.theoilandgasyear.com/news/total-lands-stake-in-qatars-al-shaheen/","external_links_name":"\"Total lands stake in Qatar's Al Shaheen\""},{"Link":"https://www.theoilandgasyear.com/news/petrovietnam-lands-qatar-contract/","external_links_name":"\"PetroVietnam lands Qatar contract\""},{"Link":"https://noc.qa/about-north-oil-company/","external_links_name":"\"A joint-venture between two world-renowned organisations\""},{"Link":"https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/alshaheen/","external_links_name":"\"Al Shaheen Oil Field\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldoil.com/news/2017/7/12/north-oil-co-takes-over-as-operator-of-giant-al-shaheen-oil-field-in-qatar","external_links_name":"\"North Oil Co. takes over as operator of giant Al-Shaheen oil field in Qatar\""},{"Link":"https://noc.qa/al-shaheen/","external_links_name":"\"Al.Shaheen\""},{"Link":"https://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/2017/05/ramboll-wins-al-shaheen-pre-feed.html","external_links_name":"\"Ramboll wins Al-Shaheen pre-Feed\""},{"Link":"https://www.qp.com.qa/en/MediaCentre/Pages/ViewNews.aspx?NType=News","external_links_name":"\"Qatar Petroleum Establishes “NORTH OIL COMPANY” for the Future Development and Operation of Al-Shaheen Oil Field and Selects Total as its Partner\""},{"Link":"https://www.noc.qa/","external_links_name":"Company web Site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Wales | List of theatres in Wales | [] | This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2013)
The following is a list of active theatres and concert halls in Wales. They are organised alphabetically in name order.
Note that in rural areas, church halls and town halls may double up as theatres, and that many colleges and universities also have their own auditoria.
Welsh and English names are listed according to their descriptor.
Contents:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Coliseum Theatre, Aberdare
Dylan Thomas Theatre
Theatr Clwyd
The Grand Pavilion
Riverfront Arts Centre
Wales Millennium Centre
A
Aberystwyth Arts Centre
Adelina Patti Theatre, Craig-y-Nos Castle near Swansea
The Albert Hall, Llandrindod Wells
B
Beaufort Theatre, Blaenau Gwent
Borough Theatre, Abergavenny
Brangwyn Hall, Swansea
Theatr Brycheiniog, Brecon
C
Caerleon amphitheatre, a ruined Roman venue
Canolfan Soar, Merthyr Tydfil
Capitol Theatre, Cardiff
Cardiff Empire
Carmarthen Public Rooms
Chapter Arts Centre, Cardiff
Coliseum Theatre, Aberdare
Congress Theatre, Torfaen
D
Dirty Protest Theatre
Dolman Theatre, Newport
Dylan Thomas Theatre, Swansea
F
Theatr Felinfach, Ystrad Aeron near Lampeter
G
The Gate Arts Centre, Cardiff
Grand Pavilion, Porthcawl
Grand Theatre, Swansea
Theatr Gwaun, Fishguard
H
Halliwell Theatre, Carmarthen
Theatr Hafren, Newtown, Powys
L
The Little Theatre, Tredegar
Llandudno Pier Pavilion Theatre
Lyric Theatre, Carmarthen
The Little Theatre Rhyl
N
New Theatre, Cardiff
P
Parc and Dare Hall, Treorchy
Patti Pavilion, Swansea
The Princess Royal Theatre, Port Talbot
The Point, Cardiff
Q
Queens Hall, Narberth
R
Riverfront Arts Centre, Newport
S
Savoy Theatre, Monmouth
Sherman Cymru, Cardiff
St David's Hall, Cardiff
T
The Tabernacle, Machynlleth
Taliesin Arts Centre, Swansea
Theatr Clwyd, Mold, Flintshire
Torch Theatre, Milford Haven
Townhill Theatre, Swansea
V
Venue Cymru, Llandudno
W
Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff
Willow Globe Theatre, Powys
See also
Theatre of Wales
vteTheatres in Wales
Theatre of Wales
Culture of Wales
Theatre of the United Kingdom
list
Active
Aberystwyth Arts Centre
Albert Hall
Beaufort Theatre
Borough Theatre
Carmarthen Public Rooms (The Lyric)
Chapter Arts Centre
Coliseum Theatre
Congress Theatre
Dolman Theatre
Dylan Thomas Theatre
Theatr Felinfach
The Gate Arts Centre
Grand Pavilion
Harlequin Puppet Theatre
New Theatre
Parc and Dare Hall
Patti Pavilion
Phyllis Maud Performance Space
Riverfront Arts Centre
Savoy Theatre
St David's Hall
Sherman Theatre
Swansea Grand Theatre
The Tabernacle
Taliesin Arts Centre
Theatr Brycheiniog
Theatr Clwyd
Theatr Gwaun
Theatr Soar
Torch Theatre
Venue Cymru
Wales Millennium Centre
Willow Globe Theatre
Defunct
Capitol Theatre
Cardiff Empire
Ceredigion Museum (repurposed)
Llandudno Pier Pavilion Theatre
Palladium
The Point
Prince of Wales Theatre
Opera houses
Adelina Patti Theatre
Cardiff Bay Opera House (proposed)
Venue Cymru
Wales Millennium Centre
Concert venues
Brangwyn Hall
Tŷ Pawb (partly)
Theatre
Wales
Category
Commons
vteList of theatres in EuropeSovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
States with limitedrecognition
Abkhazia
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"0–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#0%E2%80%939"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coliseum_Theatre_Aberdare_Blog.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dylan_Thomas_Theatre,_Swansea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_220927.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theatre_Clwyd.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandPavilion.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riverfront.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardiff_Bay_WMC.jpg"}],"text":"The following is a list of active theatres and concert halls in Wales. They are organised alphabetically in name order.Note that in rural areas, church halls and town halls may double up as theatres, and that many colleges and universities also have their own auditoria.Welsh and English names are listed according to their descriptor.Contents: \n\nTop\n0–9\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZColiseum Theatre, AberdareDylan Thomas TheatreTheatr ClwydThe Grand PavilionRiverfront Arts CentreWales Millennium Centre","title":"List of theatres in Wales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberystwyth Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth_Arts_Centre"},{"link_name":"Adelina Patti Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelina_Patti_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Craig-y-Nos Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig-y-Nos_Castle"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea"},{"link_name":"The Albert Hall, Llandrindod Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hall,_Llandrindod_Wells"}],"text":"Aberystwyth Arts Centre\nAdelina Patti Theatre, Craig-y-Nos Castle near Swansea\n The Albert Hall, Llandrindod Wells","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beaufort Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Gwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent"},{"link_name":"Borough Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Abergavenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abergavenny"},{"link_name":"Brangwyn Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brangwyn_Hall"},{"link_name":"Theatr Brycheiniog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatr_Brycheiniog"},{"link_name":"Brecon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecon"}],"text":"Beaufort Theatre, Blaenau Gwent\nBorough Theatre, Abergavenny\nBrangwyn Hall, Swansea\nTheatr Brycheiniog, Brecon","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caerleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerleon"},{"link_name":"Canolfan Soar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canolfan_Soar"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil"},{"link_name":"Capitol Theatre, Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Theatre,_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Empire"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen Public Rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_Public_Rooms"},{"link_name":"Chapter Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_Arts_Centre"},{"link_name":"Coliseum Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliseum_Theatre_(Aberdare)"},{"link_name":"Aberdare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare"},{"link_name":"Congress Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Theatre_(Torfaen)"},{"link_name":"Torfaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfaen"}],"text":"Caerleon amphitheatre, a ruined Roman venue\nCanolfan Soar, Merthyr Tydfil\nCapitol Theatre, Cardiff\nCardiff Empire\nCarmarthen Public Rooms\nChapter Arts Centre, Cardiff\nColiseum Theatre, Aberdare\nCongress Theatre, Torfaen","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dolman Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolman_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"},{"link_name":"Dylan Thomas Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Thomas_Theatre"}],"text":"Dirty Protest Theatre\nDolman Theatre, Newport\nDylan Thomas Theatre, Swansea","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theatr Felinfach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatr_Felinfach"},{"link_name":"Ystrad Aeron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ystrad_Aeron"},{"link_name":"Lampeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampeter"}],"text":"Theatr Felinfach, Ystrad Aeron near Lampeter","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Gate Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gate_Arts_Centre"},{"link_name":"Grand Pavilion, Porthcawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Pavilion,_Porthcawl"},{"link_name":"Grand Theatre, Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Swansea"},{"link_name":"Theatr Gwaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatr_Gwaun"},{"link_name":"Fishguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishguard"}],"text":"The Gate Arts Centre, Cardiff\nGrand Pavilion, Porthcawl\nGrand Theatre, Swansea\nTheatr Gwaun, Fishguard","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halliwell Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halliwell_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Newtown, Powys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown,_Powys"}],"text":"Halliwell Theatre, Carmarthen\nTheatr Hafren, Newtown, Powys","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llandudno Pier Pavilion Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandudno_Pier_Pavilion_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Lyric Theatre, Carmarthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_Theatre,_Carmarthen"},{"link_name":"The Little Theatre Rhyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rhyllittletheatre.co.uk/"}],"text":"The Little Theatre, Tredegar\nLlandudno Pier Pavilion Theatre\nLyric Theatre, Carmarthen\nThe Little Theatre Rhyl","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Theatre, Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Theatre,_Cardiff"}],"text":"New Theatre, Cardiff","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parc and Dare Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_and_Dare_Hall"},{"link_name":"Treorchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treorchy"},{"link_name":"Patti Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"The Princess Royal Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Princess_Royal_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Port Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Talbot"},{"link_name":"The Point, Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Point,_Cardiff"}],"text":"Parc and Dare Hall, Treorchy\nPatti Pavilion, Swansea\nThe Princess Royal Theatre, Port Talbot\nThe Point, Cardiff","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Queens Hall, Narberth","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riverfront Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverfront_Arts_Centre"}],"text":"Riverfront Arts Centre, Newport","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savoy Theatre, Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Theatre,_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Sherman Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Cymru"},{"link_name":"St David's Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_David%27s_Hall"}],"text":"Savoy Theatre, Monmouth\nSherman Cymru, Cardiff\nSt David's Hall, Cardiff","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Tabernacle, Machynlleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tabernacle,_Machynlleth"},{"link_name":"Taliesin Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesin_Arts_Centre"},{"link_name":"Theatr Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatr_Clwyd"},{"link_name":"Mold, Flintshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold,_Flintshire"},{"link_name":"Torch Theatre, Milford Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torch_Theatre,_Milford_Haven"}],"text":"The Tabernacle, Machynlleth\nTaliesin Arts Centre, Swansea\nTheatr Clwyd, Mold, Flintshire\nTorch Theatre, Milford Haven\nTownhill Theatre, Swansea","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venue Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venue_Cymru"},{"link_name":"Llandudno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandudno"}],"text":"Venue Cymru, Llandudno","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wales Millennium Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Millennium_Centre"},{"link_name":"Willow Globe Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Globe_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Powys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powys"}],"text":"Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff\nWillow Globe Theatre, Powys","title":"W"}] | [{"image_text":"Coliseum Theatre, Aberdare","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Coliseum_Theatre_Aberdare_Blog.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dylan Thomas Theatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dylan_Thomas_Theatre%2C_Swansea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_220927.jpg/200px-Dylan_Thomas_Theatre%2C_Swansea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_220927.jpg"},{"image_text":"Theatr Clwyd","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Theatre_Clwyd.jpg/200px-Theatre_Clwyd.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Grand Pavilion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GrandPavilion.jpg/200px-GrandPavilion.jpg"},{"image_text":"Riverfront Arts Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Riverfront.JPG/200px-Riverfront.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wales Millennium Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cardiff_Bay_WMC.jpg/200px-Cardiff_Bay_WMC.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Theatre of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Theatres_in_Wales"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Theatres_in_Wales"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theatres_in_Wales"},{"title":"Theatres in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Theatre of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales"},{"title":"Culture of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Wales"},{"title":"Theatre of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Aberystwyth Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth_Arts_Centre"},{"title":"Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hall,_Llandrindod_Wells"},{"title":"Beaufort Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Theatre"},{"title":"Borough Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_Theatre"},{"title":"Carmarthen Public Rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_Public_Rooms"},{"title":"Chapter Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_Arts_Centre"},{"title":"Coliseum Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliseum_Theatre_(Aberdare)"},{"title":"Congress Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Theatre_(Torfaen)"},{"title":"Dolman Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolman_Theatre"},{"title":"Dylan Thomas Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Thomas_Theatre"},{"title":"Theatr Felinfach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatr_Felinfach"},{"title":"The Gate Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gate_Arts_Centre"},{"title":"Grand Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Pavilion,_Porthcawl"},{"title":"Harlequin Puppet Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_Puppet_Theatre"},{"title":"New Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Theatre,_Cardiff"},{"title":"Parc and Dare Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_and_Dare_Hall"},{"title":"Patti Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Pavilion"},{"title":"Phyllis Maud Performance Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Maud_Performance_Space"},{"title":"Riverfront Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverfront_Arts_Centre"},{"title":"Savoy Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Theatre,_Monmouth"},{"title":"St David's Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_David%27s_Hall"},{"title":"Sherman Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Theatre"},{"title":"Swansea Grand Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_Grand_Theatre"},{"title":"The Tabernacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tabernacle,_Machynlleth"},{"title":"Taliesin Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesin_Arts_Centre"},{"title":"Theatr Brycheiniog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatr_Brycheiniog"},{"title":"Theatr Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatr_Clwyd"},{"title":"Theatr Gwaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatr_Gwaun"},{"title":"Theatr Soar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canolfan_Soar"},{"title":"Torch Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torch_Theatre,_Milford_Haven"},{"title":"Venue Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venue_Cymru"},{"title":"Wales Millennium Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Millennium_Centre"},{"title":"Willow Globe Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Globe_Theatre"},{"title":"Capitol Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Theatre,_Cardiff"},{"title":"Cardiff Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Empire"},{"title":"Ceredigion Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion_Museum"},{"title":"Llandudno Pier Pavilion Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandudno_Pier_Pavilion_Theatre"},{"title":"Palladium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium,_Llandudno"},{"title":"The Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Point,_Cardiff"},{"title":"Prince of Wales Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Theatre,_Cardiff"},{"title":"Adelina Patti Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelina_Patti_Theatre"},{"title":"Cardiff Bay Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Bay_Opera_House"},{"title":"Venue Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venue_Cymru"},{"title":"Wales Millennium Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Millennium_Centre"},{"title":"Brangwyn Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brangwyn_Hall"},{"title":"Tŷ Pawb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B7_Pawb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_culture.svg"},{"title":"Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Theatre"},{"title":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wales"},{"title":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Theatres_in_Wales"},{"title":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Theatres_in_Wales"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Europe_topic"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic"},{"title":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania"},{"title":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Bosnia 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Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Estonia"},{"title":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hungary"},{"title":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"North 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Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Transnistria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_theatres_in_Wales&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://www.rhyllittletheatre.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The Little Theatre Rhyl"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa_(company) | Desa (company) | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | DESA DERİ SANAYİ VE TİCARET A.Ş.Traded asBİST: DESAIndustryLeather goods.Founded1972HeadquartersIstanbul, TurkeyArea servedTurkey and the UKKey peopleMelih Çelet (founder)Number of employees1,600Websitewww.desa.com.tr
Desa is a Turkish leather goods producer and retailer.
History
The company was founded in Istanbul by chemistry student Melih Çelet in the early 70s to produce leather goods for export and the local market through Desa's own retail outlets. The New York office was opened in 1986 and today Desa exports leather clothing and accessories to the US and Europe. Today Desa has factories in Istanbul and Düzce, their own tannery in Çorlu, 70 retail stores in Turkey. As well as their own brands Desa also produces goods for international brands.
The company has also been a Turkish distributor of the Samsonite brand since the 1980s.
A 30% share of Desa was floated on the Istanbul Stock Exchange in 2004.
References
^ "DESA CEO Melih Çelet: To succeed, we must be distinctive". Archived from the original on 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
^ "Turkey's Desa seeks partner in drive to be global luxury brand". Apr 18, 2014. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020 – via www.reuters.com.
^ "Desa - About Us". Archived from the original on 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
^ "Desa Faaliyet Raporu 2011 Eng". Mar 23, 2013. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020.
External links
DESA | Deri Mont, Deri Ceket, Çanta ve Ayakkabı Modelleri
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Yapı Kredi | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Desa is a Turkish leather goods producer and retailer.","title":"Desa (company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Düzce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCzce"},{"link_name":"Çorlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87orlu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Samsonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsonite"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The company was founded in Istanbul by chemistry student Melih Çelet in the early 70s to produce leather goods for export and the local market through Desa's own retail outlets. The New York office was opened in 1986 and today Desa exports leather clothing and accessories to the US and Europe. Today Desa has factories in Istanbul and Düzce, their own tannery in Çorlu, 70 retail stores in Turkey. As well as their own brands Desa also produces goods for international brands.[1][2]\nThe company has also been a Turkish distributor of the Samsonite brand since the 1980s.[3][4]\nA 30% share of Desa was floated on the Istanbul Stock Exchange in 2004.","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"DESA CEO Melih Çelet: To succeed, we must be distinctive\". Archived from the original on 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2014-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140725183833/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-139376-desa-ceo-melih-celet-to-succeed-we-must-be-distinctive.html","url_text":"\"DESA CEO Melih Çelet: To succeed, we must be distinctive\""},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-139376-desa-ceo-melih-celet-to-succeed-we-must-be-distinctive.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey's Desa seeks partner in drive to be global luxury brand\". Apr 18, 2014. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020 – via www.reuters.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/turkey-desa-idUSL6N0NA0UK20140418","url_text":"\"Turkey's Desa seeks partner in drive to be global luxury brand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Desa - About Us\". Archived from the original on 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2014-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140725162648/http://www.desa.uk.com/About.aspx","url_text":"\"Desa - About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.desa.uk.com/About.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Desa Faaliyet Raporu 2011 Eng\". Mar 23, 2013. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/Desafashion/desa-faaliyet-raporu-2011-eng","url_text":"\"Desa Faaliyet Raporu 2011 Eng\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.borsaistanbul.com/en/","external_links_name":"DESA"},{"Link":"http://www.desa.com.tr/","external_links_name":"www.desa.com.tr"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140725183833/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-139376-desa-ceo-melih-celet-to-succeed-we-must-be-distinctive.html","external_links_name":"\"DESA CEO Melih Çelet: To succeed, we must be distinctive\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-139376-desa-ceo-melih-celet-to-succeed-we-must-be-distinctive.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/turkey-desa-idUSL6N0NA0UK20140418","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's Desa seeks partner in drive to be global luxury brand\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140725162648/http://www.desa.uk.com/About.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Desa - About Us\""},{"Link":"http://www.desa.uk.com/About.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.slideshare.net/Desafashion/desa-faaliyet-raporu-2011-eng","external_links_name":"\"Desa Faaliyet Raporu 2011 Eng\""},{"Link":"http://www.desa.com.tr/","external_links_name":"DESA | Deri Mont, Deri Ceket, Çanta ve Ayakkabı Modelleri"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Scott | Felix Scott | ["1 References","2 External links"] | British actor
Felix ScottOccupationActorYears active2005–present
Felix Scott is a British actor who has played the role of Charlie Thomas in the BBC Radio 4 soap The Archers since 2014.
He has also appeared in the television series Holby City, Doc Martin, Wolf Hall, No Offence, and Missing, as well as in the 2010 film Inception.
In 2017 he starred along Ayesha Antoine in the play "Dirty Great Love Story" at the Arts Theatre in London.
He portrays Buzz Aldrin in The Crown.
He portrays Patrick Nash in Miss Scarlet and the Duke.
References
^ a b BBC Radio 4 - The Archers - "Charlie Thomas", 5 December 2014
^ "Apollo 11 first moon landing receives royal treatment in 'The Crown'". collectSPACE. 18 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
^ "Miss Scarlet and the Duke - Episode Four: Angel of Inferno | Miss Scarlet and the Duke S2 | Alibi Channel".
External links
Felix Scott at IMDb
This article about a British actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlie Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Archers_characters#Charlie_Thomas"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"The Archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archers-1"},{"link_name":"Holby City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holby_City"},{"link_name":"Doc Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Martin"},{"link_name":"Wolf Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Hall_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"No Offence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Offence"},{"link_name":"Missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_(2009_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Inception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inception"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archers-1"},{"link_name":"Ayesha Antoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha_Antoine"},{"link_name":"Arts Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Buzz Aldrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin"},{"link_name":"The Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Miss Scarlet and the Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Scarlet_and_the_Duke"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Felix Scott is a British actor who has played the role of Charlie Thomas in the BBC Radio 4 soap The Archers since 2014.[1]He has also appeared in the television series Holby City, Doc Martin, Wolf Hall, No Offence, and Missing, as well as in the 2010 film Inception.[1]In 2017 he starred along Ayesha Antoine in the play \"Dirty Great Love Story\" at the Arts Theatre in London.He portrays Buzz Aldrin in The Crown.[2]He portrays Patrick Nash in Miss Scarlet and the Duke.[3]","title":"Felix Scott"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Apollo 11 first moon landing receives royal treatment in 'The Crown'\". collectSPACE. 18 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-111819a-the-crown-apollo11-moon-landing.html","url_text":"\"Apollo 11 first moon landing receives royal treatment in 'The Crown'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miss Scarlet and the Duke - Episode Four: Angel of Inferno | Miss Scarlet and the Duke S2 | Alibi Channel\".","urls":[{"url":"https://alibi.uktv.co.uk/miss-scarlet-and-duke/article/miss-scarlet-and-duke-episode-four-guide/","url_text":"\"Miss Scarlet and the Duke - Episode Four: Angel of Inferno | Miss Scarlet and the Duke S2 | Alibi Channel\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/4n4VjNQsl5Tp1wsGtGDC9dm/charlie-thomas","external_links_name":"Charlie Thomas"},{"Link":"http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-111819a-the-crown-apollo11-moon-landing.html","external_links_name":"\"Apollo 11 first moon landing receives royal treatment in 'The Crown'\""},{"Link":"https://alibi.uktv.co.uk/miss-scarlet-and-duke/article/miss-scarlet-and-duke-episode-four-guide/","external_links_name":"\"Miss Scarlet and the Duke - Episode Four: Angel of Inferno | Miss Scarlet and the Duke S2 | Alibi Channel\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1907658/","external_links_name":"Felix Scott"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix_Scott&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreocereus_celsianus | Oreocereus celsianus | ["1 Distribution","1.1 Ecology","2 Description","3 Taxonomy","4 Cultivation","5 References","6 External links"] | Species of cactus
Oreocereus celsianus
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Order:
Caryophyllales
Family:
Cactaceae
Subfamily:
Cactoideae
Genus:
Oreocereus
Species:
O. celsianus
Binomial name
Oreocereus celsianus(Salm-Dyck) A.Berger ex Riccob.
Synonyms
List
Cereus celsianus (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) A. Berger
Cleistocactus celesianus (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) A. Weber
Cleistocactus tupizensis (Vaupel) Backeb. & F.M. Knuth
Oreocereus bruennowii (Haage ex Rumpler) Backeb.
Oreocereus celsianus var. bruennowii (Haage ex Rumpler) Borg
Oreocereus maximus Backeb.
Oreocereus neocelsianus Backeb.
Pilocereus bruennowii Haage ex Rumpler
Pilocereus celsianus Lem. ex Salm-Dyck
Oreocereus celsianus, or the old man of the mountain is a member of the family Cactaceae native to the high lands of the Andes in South America, and is named for its fluffy white hair, which may protect it from intense sunlight and extreme temperatures.
Distribution
Oreocereus celsianus occurs in the Bolivian departments of Chuquisaca, Potosí and Tarija, Peru, and the Argentine province of Jujuy in the puna vegetation at altitudes of 2900 to 3600 meters.
Ecology
Pollinated by hummingbirds in spring.
Description
Oreocereus celsianus grows with upright, columnar shoots that branch out from the base and reaches heights of up to around 3 metres (10 ft) tall with a diameter of 8 to 12 centimeters. O. celsianus is covered in a downy white hair and thorns, with greatest density at the tips of stems receding to near-bare at the base. There are 10 to 25 rounded and tuberous ribs, typically with eleven ribs, has many long, brown spines. The large areoles on it are white, densely covered with thorns and covered with hairs up to 5 centimeters long. The strong, one to four central spines are up to 8 centimeters long, the seven to nine radial spines are up to 2 centimeters long.
The plants blooms in spring with long, tubular, bright, slightly purplish-pink flowers, appear near the tips of the shoots. They are 7 to 9 centimeters long and have a diameter of up to 3 centimeters. The fruits are spherical.
Flower
Flower closeup
Spines closeup
Tip of shoot
Taxonomy
The first description as Pilocereus celsianus was made in 1850 by Charles Lemaire in Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck's Cacteae in horto Dyckensi cultae anno 1849. The specific epithet celsianus honors the French gardener Jean-François Cels (1810-1888), who, together with his brother Auguste Cels (1809-1898), was known for growing cacti and orchids. Vincenzo Riccobono placed them in the genus Oreocereus in 1909.
Cultivation
Thrives at 10–12 °C (50–54 °F), with a frost-tolerance of down to −12 °C (10 °F) and requiring protection from hot sunlight. Prefers full sun and light watering. Propagates from seed.
Oreorcereus celsianus in pot
References
^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
^ Eggli, Urs; Newton, Leonard E. (2010-11-30). Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names. Springer. p. 43. ISBN 978-3-642-05597-3.
^ "Cacteæ in horto dyckensi cultæ anno 1849, secundum tribus et genera digestæ additis adnotationibus botanicis characteribusque specierum in enumeratione ..." HathiTrust. 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
^ Palermo, Orto botanico di (1908). "Bollettino del R. Orto Botanico di Palermo". Libreria internazionale, Alberto Reber. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
Huntington Botanical Gardens
Desert Gardening
External links
Media related to Oreocereus celsianus at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Oreocereus celsianus at Wikispecies
Taxon identifiersOreocereus celsianus
Wikidata: Q310346
Wikispecies: Oreocereus celsianus
BioLib: 400855
CoL: 74T2F
EoL: 5182002
EPPO: ORKCE
GBIF: 7282602
GRIN: 464926
iNaturalist: 205050
IPNI: 175969-2
ITIS: 907444
IUCN: 152078
NCBI: 153883
Open Tree of Life: 244722
Plant List: tro-5101201
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:175969-2
RHS: 11908
Species+: 19418
Tropicos: 5101201
WFO: wfo-0001287441
Pilocereus celsianus
Wikidata: Q12294277
CoL: 4HTYB
GBIF: 7279899
GRIN: 464928
IPNI: 1048900-2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1048900-2
Tropicos: 5101202
WFO: wfo-0001287442 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cactaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactaceae"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"}],"text":"Oreocereus celsianus, or the old man of the mountain is a member of the family Cactaceae native to the high lands of the Andes in South America, and is named for its fluffy white hair, which may protect it from intense sunlight and extreme temperatures.","title":"Oreocereus celsianus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolivian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine"}],"text":"Oreocereus celsianus occurs in the Bolivian departments of Chuquisaca, Potosí and Tarija, Peru, and the Argentine province of Jujuy in the puna vegetation at altitudes of 2900 to 3600 meters.","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hummingbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird"}],"sub_title":"Ecology","text":"Pollinated by hummingbirds in spring.","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eggli_Newton_2010_p._43-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caktus,_flowering,_SG.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cactus_Flower_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gardenology.org-IMG_2375_hunt0903.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oreocereus_celsianus_2.jpg"}],"text":"Oreocereus celsianus grows with upright, columnar shoots that branch out from the base and reaches heights of up to around 3 metres (10 ft) tall with a diameter of 8 to 12 centimeters. 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The fruits are spherical.[3]Flower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlower closeup\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpines closeup\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTip of shoot","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_zu_Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HathiTrust_2022_h843-4"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Cels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cels&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oreocereus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreocereus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palermo_1908_j623-5"}],"text":"The first description as Pilocereus celsianus was made in 1850 by Charles Lemaire in Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck's Cacteae in horto Dyckensi cultae anno 1849.[4] The specific epithet celsianus honors the French gardener Jean-François Cels (1810-1888), who, together with his brother Auguste Cels (1809-1898), was known for growing cacti and orchids. Vincenzo Riccobono placed them in the genus Oreocereus in 1909.[5]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frost-tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frost-tolerance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Propagates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oreorcereus_celsianus_3.JPG"}],"text":"Thrives at 10–12 °C (50–54 °F), with a frost-tolerance of down to −12 °C (10 °F) and requiring protection from hot sunlight. Prefers full sun and light watering. Propagates from seed.Oreorcereus celsianus in pot","title":"Cultivation"}] | [{"image_text":"Oreorcereus celsianus in pot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Oreorcereus_celsianus_3.JPG/220px-Oreorcereus_celsianus_3.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010-09-23. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobino | Bobino | ["1 History","2 Performers","3 In literature","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°50′22.88″N 2°19′24.92″E / 48.8396889°N 2.3235889°E / 48.8396889; 2.3235889Theatre and music hall in Paris, France
For the Quebec television program, see Bobino (TV series).
Bobino at 20 rue de la Gaîté, in the Montparnasse area of Paris (14th arrondissement), France, is a music hall theatre that has seen most of the biggest names of 20th century French music perform there.
During its long history it was also known as Les Folies Bobino (1873), Studio Bobino (1991), Gaieté Bobino and Bobin’o (2007).
History
Started by Lisa Bennie, Bobino began as a dance hall in 1800, became a theatre in 1873, and was converted back to a music hall in 1926.
Bobino was one of the most popular entertainment spots in France during the 1920s and 1930s. On April 8, 1975 Josephine Baker, the African American superstar of France who had appeared at Bobino beginning in the 1920s, gave her last performance there at the age of 68.
After 183 years, Bobino closed its doors in 1983, but reopened in 1991. In 2007, Gerard Louvin and Stéphane Cherki turned Bobino into a cabaret named Bobin'o.
Performers
The entertainers who have performed at Bobino include:
Charles Aznavour
Luther Allison
Josephine Baker
Guy Béart
Gilbert Bécaud
Georges Brassens
Lucienne Boyer
Jacques Brel
Annie Cordy
The Cramps
Dalida
Marie-Louise Damien (Damia)
Patachou
Lucienne Delyle
Marie Dubas
Georges Guibourg
Juliette Gréco
Léo Ferré
Pauline Julien
Alice Prin (Kiki de Montparnasse)
Daniel Lavoie
Félix Leclerc
Emma Liébel
Magma
Félix Mayol
Mireille Hartuch
Mistinguett
Yves Montand
Georges Moustaki
Édith Piaf
Henri Betti
Frida Boccara
Serge Reggiani
Amália Rodrigues
Monique Serf (Barbara)
Charles Trenet
Tereza Kesovija
Jocelyne Jocya
a-ha
Amy Winehouse
MozART group
Avenue Q (musical)
In literature
Joris-Karl Huysmans frequented the Bobino and used these experiences as a reference for his first published novel, Marthe. The Bobino is featured prominently as the lead character's place of employment.
References
^ Huysmans, J.K. Marthe. Brendan King, trans. (Dedalus: Sawtry, Cambs, United Kingdom, 2006). 135–36.
this article includes material translated from the French Wikipedia version accessed 9/21/2010
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bobino.
Bobino official website
Stéphane Cherki official website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Geographic
EUTA theatre
MusicBrainz place
48°50′22.88″N 2°19′24.92″E / 48.8396889°N 2.3235889°E / 48.8396889; 2.3235889 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobino (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobino_(TV_series)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ClubBobino.jpg"},{"link_name":"Montparnasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montparnasse"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"14th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"music hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_hall"},{"link_name":"French music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_France"}],"text":"Theatre and music hall in Paris, FranceFor the Quebec television program, see Bobino (TV series).Bobino at 20 rue de la Gaîté, in the Montparnasse area of Paris (14th arrondissement), France, is a music hall theatre that has seen most of the biggest names of 20th century French music perform there.During its long history it was also known as Les Folies Bobino (1873), Studio Bobino (1991), Gaieté Bobino and Bobin’o (2007).","title":"Bobino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dance hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_hall"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"Josephine Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret"}],"text":"Started by Lisa Bennie, Bobino began as a dance hall in 1800, became a theatre in 1873, and was converted back to a music hall in 1926.Bobino was one of the most popular entertainment spots in France during the 1920s and 1930s. On April 8, 1975 Josephine Baker, the African American superstar of France who had appeared at Bobino beginning in the 1920s, gave her last performance there at the age of 68.After 183 years, Bobino closed its doors in 1983, but reopened in 1991. In 2007, Gerard Louvin and Stéphane Cherki turned Bobino into a cabaret named Bobin'o.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Aznavour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Aznavour"},{"link_name":"Luther Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Allison"},{"link_name":"Josephine Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker"},{"link_name":"Guy Béart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_B%C3%A9art"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Bécaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_B%C3%A9caud"},{"link_name":"Georges Brassens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Brassens"},{"link_name":"Lucienne Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucienne_Boyer"},{"link_name":"Jacques Brel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Brel"},{"link_name":"Annie Cordy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Cordy"},{"link_name":"The Cramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cramps"},{"link_name":"Dalida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalida"},{"link_name":"Marie-Louise Damien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Louise_Damien"},{"link_name":"Patachou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patachou"},{"link_name":"Lucienne Delyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucienne_Delyle"},{"link_name":"Marie Dubas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Dubas"},{"link_name":"Georges Guibourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Guibourg"},{"link_name":"Juliette Gréco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliette_Gr%C3%A9co"},{"link_name":"Léo Ferré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Ferr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pauline Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Julien"},{"link_name":"Alice Prin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Prin"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lavoie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lavoie"},{"link_name":"Félix Leclerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Leclerc"},{"link_name":"Emma Liébel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Li%C3%A9bel"},{"link_name":"Magma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma_(band)"},{"link_name":"Félix Mayol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mayol"},{"link_name":"Mireille Hartuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mireille_Hartuch"},{"link_name":"Mistinguett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistinguett"},{"link_name":"Yves Montand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Montand"},{"link_name":"Georges Moustaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Moustaki"},{"link_name":"Édith Piaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf"},{"link_name":"Henri Betti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Betti"},{"link_name":"Frida Boccara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frida_Boccara"},{"link_name":"Serge Reggiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Reggiani"},{"link_name":"Amália Rodrigues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1lia_Rodrigues"},{"link_name":"Monique Serf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Serf"},{"link_name":"Charles Trenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Trenet"},{"link_name":"Tereza Kesovija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tereza_Kesovija"},{"link_name":"Jocelyne Jocya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyne_Jocya"},{"link_name":"a-ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-ha"},{"link_name":"Amy Winehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Winehouse"},{"link_name":"MozART group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MozART_group"},{"link_name":"Avenue Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_Q"}],"text":"The entertainers who have performed at Bobino include:Charles Aznavour\nLuther Allison\nJosephine Baker\nGuy Béart\nGilbert Bécaud\nGeorges Brassens\nLucienne Boyer\nJacques Brel\nAnnie Cordy\nThe Cramps\nDalida\nMarie-Louise Damien (Damia)\nPatachou\nLucienne Delyle\nMarie Dubas\nGeorges Guibourg\nJuliette Gréco\nLéo Ferré\nPauline Julien\nAlice Prin (Kiki de Montparnasse)\nDaniel Lavoie\nFélix Leclerc\nEmma Liébel\nMagma\nFélix Mayol\nMireille Hartuch\nMistinguett\nYves Montand\nGeorges Moustaki\nÉdith Piaf\nHenri Betti\nFrida Boccara\nSerge Reggiani\nAmália Rodrigues\nMonique Serf (Barbara)\nCharles Trenet\nTereza Kesovija\nJocelyne Jocya\na-ha\nAmy Winehouse\nMozART group\nAvenue Q (musical)","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joris-Karl Huysmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joris-Karl_Huysmans"},{"link_name":"Marthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marthe_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Joris-Karl Huysmans frequented the Bobino and used these experiences as a reference for his first published novel, Marthe. The Bobino is featured prominently as the lead character's place of employment.[1]","title":"In literature"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/ClubBobino.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bobino¶ms=48_50_22.88_N_2_19_24.92_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"48°50′22.88″N 2°19′24.92″E / 48.8396889°N 2.3235889°E / 48.8396889; 2.3235889"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070707102206/http://www.bobino.fr/","external_links_name":"Bobino official website"},{"Link":"http://www.stephane-cherki.com/","external_links_name":"Stéphane Cherki official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/150031999","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1209012472","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://www.theatre-architecture.eu/db/?theatreId=1183","external_links_name":"EUTA theatre"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/3c1b9066-1ee6-4fcd-af27-c50643cc9b66","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bobino¶ms=48_50_22.88_N_2_19_24.92_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"48°50′22.88″N 2°19′24.92″E / 48.8396889°N 2.3235889°E / 48.8396889; 2.3235889"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Harry_S._Truman | List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman | ["1 United States Supreme Court justices","2 Courts of appeals","3 District courts","4 Specialty courts (Article I)","4.1 United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals","4.2 United States Court of Claims","4.3 United States Customs Court","5 Notes","6 References","7 Sources"] | Harry S. Truman
Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Harry S. Truman during his presidency. In total Truman appointed 133 Article III federal judges, including 4 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States (including one Chief Justice), 27 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 102 judges to the United States district courts.
Additionally, 9 Article I federal judge appointments are listed, including 3 judges to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, 2 judges to the United States Court of Claims and 4 judges to the United States Customs Court.
Fred M. Vinson was Truman's pick for Chief Justice of the United States.
David L. Bazelon of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was Truman's longest-serving appellate appointee, with over 40 years of service.
William H. Hastie was the first African American appointed to a United States Court of Appeals, the Third Circuit.
This article is part of a series aboutHarry S. Truman
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Legacy
Truman Day
Scholarship
USS Harry S. Truman
Truman Reservoir
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Bibliography
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Senate elections
1934
1940
33rd President of the United States
Presidency
timeline
Executive actions
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Truman Doctrine
international trips
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First term
First inauguration
Atomic bombing
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NATO
Timeline
'45
'46
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'48
Second term
Second inauguration
Korean War
Housing Act
Fair Deal
Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination
Steel strike
Puerto Rican referendum
Timeline
'49
'50
'51
'52–'53
Presidential and Vice presidential campaigns
1944
campaign
convention
election
1948
primaries
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Dewey Defeats Truman
1952
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Death
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vte
United States Supreme Court justices
Main article: Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates
#
Justice
Seat
State
Former justice
Nominationdate
Confirmationdate
Beganactive service
Endedactive service
Endedretired service
1
Harold H. Burton
8
Ohio
Owen Roberts
September 18, 1945
September 19, 1945
September 22, 1945
October 13, 1958
October 28, 1964
2
Fred M. Vinson
Chief
Kentucky
Harlan F. Stone
June 6, 1946
June 20, 1946
June 21, 1946
September 8, 1953
–
3
Tom C. Clark
10
Texas
Frank Murphy
August 2, 1949
August 18, 1949
August 19, 1949
June 12, 1967
June 13, 1977
4
Sherman Minton
3
Indiana
Wiley Blount Rutledge
September 15, 1949
October 4, 1949
October 5, 1949
October 15, 1956
April 9, 1965
Courts of appeals
#
Judge
Circuit
Nominationdate
Confirmationdate
Began activeservice
Ended activeservice
Ended seniorstatus
1
Bennett Champ Clark
D.C.
September 12, 1945
September 24, 1945
September 28, 1945
July 13, 1954
–
2
Wilbur Kingsbury Miller
D.C.
September 12, 1945
September 24, 1945
September 28, 1945
October 15, 1964
January 24, 1976
3
William Edwin Orr
Ninth
September 10, 1945
September 19, 1945
September 28, 1945
January 1, 1956
October 7, 1965
4
E. Barrett Prettyman
D.C.
September 12, 1945
September 24, 1945
September 28, 1945
April 16, 1962
August 4, 1971
5
John Joseph O'Connell
Third
September 12, 1945
October 3, 1945
October 11, 1945
December 16, 1949
–
6
Shackelford Miller Jr.
Sixth
November 23, 1945
December 4, 1945
December 11, 1945
November 1, 1965
November 24, 1965
7
Harry Ellis Kalodner
Third
May 7, 1946
July 25, 1946
July 27, 1946
October 3, 1969
March 15, 1977
8
John Caskie Collet
Eighth
April 30, 1947
July 8, 1947
July 9, 1947
December 5, 1955
–
9
James McPherson Proctor
D.C.
February 2, 1948
March 2, 1948
March 5, 1948
September 17, 1953
–
10
Harold Montelle Stephens
D.C.
February 2, 1948
March 2, 1948
March 5, 1948
May 28, 1955
–
11
F. Ryan Duffy
Seventh
January 13, 1949
January 31, 1949
February 2, 1949
June 30, 1966
August 16, 1979
12
Walter Lyndon Pope
Ninth
February 14, 1949
February 25, 1949
March 1, 1949
April 1, 1961
March 27, 1969
13
Philip J. Finnegan
Seventh
April 8, 1949
May 3, 1949
May 5, 1949
January 4, 1959
–
14
Walter C. Lindley
Seventh
September 15, 1949
October 12, 1949
October 13, 1949
January 3, 1958
–
15
John Coleman Pickett
Tenth
September 23, 1949
October 12, 1949
October 13, 1949
January 1, 1966
September 1, 1983
16
Wayne G. Borah
Fifth
October 15, 1949
October 19, 1949
October 21, 1949
December 31, 1956
February 6, 1966
17
Robert Lee Russell
Fifth
October 15, 1949
October 19, 1949
October 21, 1949
January 18, 1955
–
18
David L. Bazelon
D.C.
October 15, 1949
February 8, 1950
October 21, 1949
June 30, 1979
February 19, 1993
19
Charles Fahy
D.C.
October 15, 1949
April 4, 1950
October 21, 1949
April 17, 1967
September 17, 1979
20
William H. Hastie
Third
October 15, 1949
July 19, 1950
October 21, 1949
May 31, 1971
April 14, 1976
21
Hardress Nathaniel Swaim
Seventh
October 15, 1949
February 8, 1950
October 21, 1949
July 30, 1957
–
22
George Thomas Washington
D.C.
October 15, 1949
April 28, 1950
October 21, 1949
November 10, 1965
August 21, 1971
23
Austin Leander Staley
Third
April 27, 1950
June 27, 1950
July 5, 1950
December 31, 1967
August 3, 1978
24
Louie Willard Strum
Fifth
September 14, 1950
September 23, 1950
September 26, 1950
July 26, 1954
–
25
John Patrick Hartigan
First
December 21, 1950
January 2, 1951
January 3, 1951
March 31, 1965
August 10, 1968
26
Richard Rives
Fifth / Eleventh
April 12, 1951
May 1, 1951
May 3, 1951
February 15, 1966
October 27, 1982
27
Harold Medina
Second
June 11, 1951
June 21, 1951
June 23, 1951
March 1, 1958
February 22, 1980
District courts
#
Judge
Court
Nominationdate
Confirmationdate
Began activeservice
Ended activeservice
Ended seniorstatus
1
Roger Thomas Foley
D. Nev.
March 30, 1945
April 10, 1945
May 2, 1945
April 1, 1957
October 9, 1974
2
Donnell Gilliam
E.D.N.C.
May 3, 1945
May 15, 1945
May 18, 1945
March 16, 1959
March 6, 1960
3
Dennis F. Donovan
D. Minn.
June 1, 1945
July 17, 1945
July 18, 1945
December 31, 1965
September 16, 1974
4
Arthur A. Koscinski
E.D. Mich.
June 4, 1945
July 17, 1945
July 18, 1945
April 30, 1957
November 21, 1957
5
Alexander Holtzoff
D.D.C.
September 12, 1945
September 24, 1945
September 28, 1945
December 31, 1967
September 6, 1969
6
Ben Herbert Rice Jr.
W.D. Tex.
September 10, 1945
September 19, 1945
September 28, 1945
March 14, 1964
–
7
William Carey Mathes
S.D. Cal.
September 24, 1945
October 11, 1945
October 17, 1945
June 9, 1965
July 24, 1967
8
Thomas M. Madden
D.N.J.
October 9, 1945
October 23, 1945
October 25, 1945
January 1, 1968
March 29, 1976
9
Wallace Samuel Gourley
W.D. Pa.
November 2, 1945
November 20, 1945
November 29, 1945
August 4, 1969
September 23, 1976
10
Arthur Johnson Mellott
D. Kan.
November 13, 1945
November 27, 1945
November 29, 1945
December 29, 1957
–
11
Seybourn Harris Lynne
N.D. Ala.
December 14, 1945
December 20, 1945
January 3, 1946
January 9, 1973
September 10, 2000
12
Edward S. Kampf
N.D.N.Y.
January 17, 1946
February 5, 1946
February 8, 1946
July 1, 1948
–
13
Roy Mahlon Shelbourne
W.D. Ky.
January 17, 1946
February 5, 1946
February 8, 1946
November 1, 1964
December 29, 1974
14
Francis Muir Scarlett
S.D. Ga.
January 24, 1946
February 13, 1946
February 14, 1946
August 2, 1968
November 18, 1971
15
Jacob Weinberger
S.D. Cal.
January 24, 1946
February 15, 1946
February 21, 1946
November 1, 1958
May 20, 1974
16
Samuel Marion Driver
E.D. Wash.
March 12, 1946
April 9, 1946
April 13, 1946
September 12, 1958
–
17
Howard C. Speakman
D. Ariz.
March 27, 1946
April 9, 1946
April 13, 1946
June 17, 1952
–
18
John W. Murphy
M.D. Pa.
May 7, 1946
May 21, 1946
May 27, 1946
March 28, 1962
–
19
George Bernard Harris
N.D. Cal.
June 18, 1946
June 29, 1946
July 9, 1946
July 31, 1970
October 18, 1983
20
Raymond Wesley Starr
W.D. Mich.
July 3, 1946
July 23, 1946
July 25, 1946
August 15, 1961
November 2, 1968
21
Theodore Levin
E.D. Mich.
July 3, 1946
July 25, 1946
July 27, 1946
December 31, 1970
–
22
Richard Seymour Rodney
D. Del.
July 25, 1946
July 27, 1946
July 31, 1946
January 1, 1957
December 22, 1963
23
Frederick Voris Follmer
E.D. Pa.M.D. Pa.W.D. Pa.
July 31, 1946
July 31, 1946
August 7, 1946
June 1, 1955December 30, 1967June 1, 1955
–May 3, 1971–
24
James P. McGranery
E.D. Pa.
July 31, 1946
July 31, 1946
August 7, 1946
May 26, 1952
–
25
Richmond Bowling Keech
D.D.C.
January 8, 1947
January 22, 1947
October 14, 1946
November 1, 1966
April 13, 1986
26
Edward Matthew Curran
D.D.C.
January 8, 1947
February 3, 1947
October 16, 1946
April 2, 1971
January 10, 1988
27
Dal Millington Lemmon
N.D. Cal.
January 17, 1947
February 5, 1947
February 7, 1947
May 3, 1954
Elevated
28
John David Clifford Jr.
D. Me.
January 10, 1947
March 14, 1947
March 24, 1947
November 18, 1956
–
29
Albert Vickers Bryan
E.D. Va.
May 15, 1947
June 3, 1947
June 5, 1947
August 23, 1961
Elevated
30
R. Ewing Thomason
W.D. Tex.
April 24, 1947
June 3, 1947
June 5, 1947
June 1, 1963
November 8, 1973
31
Harold Medina
S.D.N.Y.
May 15, 1947
June 18, 1947
June 20, 1947
June 23, 1951
Elevated
32
Joseph Brannon Dooley
N.D. Tex.
January 8, 1947
July 8, 1947
July 9, 1947
October 1, 1966
January 19, 1967
33
Leo F. Rayfiel
E.D.N.Y.
June 30, 1947
July 23, 1947
July 30, 1947
March 4, 1966
November 18, 1978
34
Roy Winfield Harper
E.D. Mo.W.D. Mo.
July 10, 1947
–
August 7, 1947
December 19, 1947
–
34.1
Roy Winfield Harper
E.D. Mo.W.D. Mo.
–
–
December 20, 1947
June 20, 1948
–
34.2
Roy Winfield Harper
E.D. Mo.W.D. Mo.
January 13, 1949
January 31, 1949
June 22, 1948
January 5, 1971
February 13, 1994
35
Sylvester J. Ryan
S.D.N.Y.
November 24, 1947
December 18, 1947
November 1, 1947
January 3, 1973
April 10, 1981
36
Herbert William Christenberry
E.D. La.
July 11, 1947
December 18, 1947
December 20, 1947
October 5, 1975
–
37
Samuel H. Kaufman
S.D.N.Y.
May 17, 1948
January 31, 1949
June 22, 1948
July 31, 1955
May 5, 1960
38
Edward Allen Tamm
D.D.C.
February 3, 1948
March 29, 1949
June 22, 1948
March 16, 1965
Elevated
39
David Ezekiel Henderson
W.D.N.C.
–
–
September 1, 1948
February 14, 1949
–
40
Carl Hatch
D.N.M.
January 13, 1949
January 17, 1949
January 21, 1949
April 5, 1963
September 15, 1963
41
James Thomas Foley
N.D.N.Y.
January 13, 1949
January 31, 1949
February 2, 1949
June 30, 1980
August 17, 1990
42
William T. McCarthy
D. Mass.
January 13, 1949
January 31, 1949
February 2, 1949
May 31, 1960
April 6, 1964
43
Thomas Patrick Thornton
E.D. Mich.
January 13, 1949
January 31, 1949
February 2, 1949
February 15, 1966
July 1, 1985
44
Wilson Warlick
W.D.N.C.
April 2, 1948
January 31, 1949
February 2, 1949
June 24, 1968
January 30, 1978
45
Herbert Wilson Erskine
N.D. Cal.
January 13, 1949
February 25, 1949
March 1, 1949
March 18, 1951
–
46
William Daniel Murray
D. Mont.
April 5, 1949
May 4, 1949
May 9, 1949
December 31, 1965
October 3, 1994
47
Robert Emmet Tehan
E.D. Wis.
April 5, 1949
May 17, 1949
May 19, 1949
June 30, 1971
November 27, 1975
48
Abraham Benjamin Conger
M.D. Ga.
May 19, 1949
June 2, 1949
June 6, 1949
December 9, 1953
–
49
James V. Allred
S.D. Tex.
September 23, 1949
October 12, 1949
October 13, 1949
September 24, 1959
–
50
Ben Clarkson Connally
S.D. Tex.
September 23, 1949
October 12, 1949
October 13, 1949
December 28, 1974
December 2, 1975
51
Casper Platt
E.D. Ill.
September 15, 1949
October 12, 1949
October 13, 1949
September 16, 1965
–
52
James Marshall Carter
S.D. Cal.
September 23, 1949
October 15, 1949
October 18, 1949
December 1, 1967
Elevated
53
Ernest W. Gibson Jr.
D. Vt.
September 15, 1949
October 15, 1949
October 18, 1949
November 4, 1969
–
54
Harry Clay Westover
S.D. Cal.
September 23, 1949
October 15, 1949
October 18, 1949
December 31, 1965
April 14, 1983
55
M. Neil Andrews
N.D. Ga.
October 15, 1949
–
October 21, 1949
October 31, 1950
–
56
Owen McIntosh Burns
W.D. Pa.
October 15, 1949
March 8, 1950
October 21, 1949
October 26, 1952
–
57
Thomas James Clary
E.D. Pa.
October 15, 1949
March 8, 1950
October 21, 1949
March 1, 1969
August 1, 1977
58
Delmas Carl Hill
D. Kan.
October 15, 1949
March 8, 1950
October 21, 1949
September 28, 1961
Elevated
59
James Robert Kirkland
D.D.C.
October 15, 1949
March 8, 1950
October 21, 1949
February 25, 1958
–
60
John F. X. McGohey
S.D.N.Y.
October 15, 1949
March 8, 1950
October 21, 1949
March 17, 1970
July 7, 1972
61
J. Skelly Wright
E.D. La.
October 15, 1949
March 8, 1950
October 21, 1949
April 15, 1962
Elevated
62
Frank Arthur Hooper
N.D. Ga.
October 15, 1949
February 21, 1950
October 21, 1949
June 29, 1967
February 11, 1985
63
Charles F. McLaughlin
D.D.C.
October 15, 1949
February 27, 1950
October 21, 1949
December 31, 1964
February 5, 1976
64
Gregory Francis Noonan
S.D.N.Y.
October 15, 1949
April 25, 1950
October 21, 1949
May 1, 1964
–
65
Willis William Ritter
D. Utah
August 25, 1949
June 29, 1950
October 21, 1949
March 4, 1978
–
66
Gus J. Solomon
D. Ore.
October 15, 1949
June 27, 1950
October 21, 1949
September 1, 1971
February 15, 1987
67
Carroll O. Switzer
S.D. Iowa
October 15, 1949
–
October 21, 1949
August 9, 1950
–
68
Allan Kuhn Grim
E.D. Pa.
October 15, 1949
April 4, 1950
October 21, 1949
November 1, 1961
December 7, 1965
69
Irving Kaufman
S.D.N.Y.
October 15, 1949
April 4, 1950
October 21, 1949
September 22, 1961
Elevated
70
Burnita Shelton Matthews
D.D.C.
October 15, 1949
April 4, 1950
October 21, 1949
March 1, 1968
April 25, 1988
71
Sidney Sugarman
S.D.N.Y.
October 15, 1949
April 28, 1950
October 21, 1949
June 30, 1971
August 9, 1974
72
Robert Love Taylor
E.D. Tenn.
January 5, 1950
March 8, 1950
November 2, 1949
January 15, 1984
July 11, 1987
73
George William Whitehurst
N.D. Fla.S.D. Fla.
January 30, 1950
February 21, 1950
February 23, 1950
June 30, 1961
January 13, 1974
74
William Lee Knous
D. Colo.
March 1, 1950
April 4, 1950
April 7, 1950
December 12, 1959
–
75
William Elwood Steckler
S.D. Ind.
February 14, 1950
April 4, 1950
April 7, 1950
December 31, 1986
March 8, 1995
76
Rabe Ferguson Marsh Jr.
W.D. Pa.
March 27, 1950
June 2, 1950
June 8, 1950
January 31, 1977
April 19, 1993
77
William Robert Wallace
E.D. Okla.N.D. Okla.W.D. Okla.
April 17, 1950
June 2, 1950
June 8, 1950
June 24, 1960
–
78
Edward Weinfeld
S.D.N.Y.
July 10, 1950
August 1, 1950
August 5, 1950
January 17, 1988
–
79
John Milton Bryan Simpson
S.D. Fla. / M.D. Fla.
September 14, 1950
September 23, 1950
September 26, 1950
November 22, 1966
Elevated
80
William Matthew Byrne Sr.
S.D. Cal. / E.D. Cal.
September 1, 1950
December 13, 1950
September 27, 1950
June 30, 1966
March 9, 1974
81
Oliver Jesse Carter
N.D. Cal.
September 1, 1950
December 13, 1950
September 27, 1950
April 7, 1976
June 14, 1976
82
Walter M. Bastian
D.D.C.
November 27, 1950
December 14, 1950
October 23, 1950
December 15, 1954
Elevated
83
Edward Preston Murphy
N.D. Cal.
December 4, 1950
December 13, 1950
December 21, 1950
December 13, 1958
–
84
William F. Riley
S.D. Iowa
November 29, 1950
December 14, 1950
December 27, 1950
December 29, 1956
–
85
Edward L. Leahy
D.R.I.
December 21, 1950
January 2, 1951
January 3, 1951
July 22, 1953
–
86
Alfred Egidio Modarelli
D.N.J.
November 29, 1950
January 2, 1951
January 3, 1951
September 22, 1957
–
87
Charles Joseph McNamee
N.D. Ohio
February 8, 1951
March 6, 1951
March 9, 1951
May 2, 1964
–
88
Daniel Holcombe Thomas
S.D. Ala.
January 29, 1951
March 6, 1951
March 9, 1951
August 25, 1971
April 13, 2000
89
William Boyd Sloan
N.D. Ga.
February 19, 1951
March 20, 1951
March 23, 1951
August 1, 1965
October 22, 1970
90
William James Lindberg
E.D. Wash.W.D. Wash.
March 12, 1951
April 24, 1951
April 25, 1951
May 19, 1961March 1, 1971
–December 15, 1981
91
William Alvah Stewart
W.D. Pa.
February 27, 1951
April 24, 1951
April 25, 1951
April 9, 1953
–
92
Joseph Warren Sheehy
E.D. Tex.
May 16, 1951
June 7, 1951
June 8, 1951
February 23, 1967
–
93
Thomas Francis Murphy
S.D.N.Y.
June 11, 1951
June 29, 1951
July 2, 1951
December 3, 1970
October 26, 1995
94
Edward Jordan Dimock
S.D.N.Y.
June 11, 1951
July 10, 1951
July 11, 1951
July 28, 1961
March 17, 1986
95
Joseph Sam Perry
N.D. Ill.
July 13, 1951
August 21, 1951
August 22, 1951
November 29, 1971
February 18, 1984
96
Luther Youngdahl
D.D.C.
July 6, 1951
August 28, 1951
August 29, 1951
May 29, 1966
June 21, 1978
97
Richard Hartshorne
D.N.J.
October 17, 1951
October 19, 1951
October 20, 1951
October 29, 1961
September 14, 1975
98
Ernest Allen Tolin
S.D. Cal.
October 18, 1951
June 10, 1952
October 30, 1951
June 11, 1961
–
99
David Norton Edelstein
S.D.N.Y.
January 30, 1952
April 7, 1952
November 1, 1951
November 1, 1994
August 19, 2000
100
Ashton Hilliard Williams
E.D.S.C.
June 17, 1952
July 2, 1952
July 3, 1952
February 25, 1962
–
101
James Augustine Walsh
D. Ariz.
July 3, 1952
July 5, 1952
July 7, 1952
July 9, 1976
May 2, 1991
102
Monroe Mark Friedman
N.D. Cal.
June 27, 1952
–
July 17, 1952
August 3, 1953
–
Specialty courts (Article I)
United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals
#
Judge
Nominationdate
Confirmationdate
Began activeservice
Ended activeservice
Ended seniorstatus
1
Noble J. Johnson
May 28, 1948
June 8, 1948
June 10, 1948
July 19, 1956
–
2
Eugene Worley
February 24, 1950
March 8, 1950
March 9, 1950
April 30, 1959
–
3
William Purington Cole Jr.
July 4, 1952
July 5, 1952
July 7, 1952
September 22, 1957
–
United States Court of Claims
#
Judge
Nominationdate
Confirmationdate
Began activeservice
Ended activeservice
Ended seniorstatus
1
John Marvin Jones
January 20, 1947
July 8, 1947
July 9, 1947
July 14, 1964
March 4, 1976
2
George Evan Howell
July 18, 1947
July 23, 1947
July 30, 1947
September 30, 1953
–
United States Customs Court
#
Judge
Nominationdate
Confirmationdate
Began activeservice
Ended activeservice
Ended seniorstatus
1
Irvin C. Mollison
October 3, 1945
October 26, 1945
October 29, 1945
May 5, 1962
–
2
Jed Johnson
April 7, 1947
June 23, 1947
June 25, 1947
May 8, 1963
–
3
Paul Peter Rao
June 22, 1948
January 31, 1949
June 22, 1948
November 30, 1988
–
4
Morgan Ford
June 22, 1949
July 12, 1949
July 15, 1949
December 31, 1985
January 2, 1992
Notes
^ See List of United States district and territorial courts
Renominations
^ Initially nominated on May 7, 1946. Nomination withdrawn and renominated on May 21, 1946.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Renominated on January 5, 1950.
^ Renominated on November 24, 1947.
^ a b c Renominated on July 29, 1948 and January 13, 1949.
^ Renominated on January 13, 1949.
^ a b Renominated on November 27, 1950.
^ Renominated on March 3, 1952.
^ Renominated on January 9, 1953. Withdrawn by President Eisenhower on July 24, 1953.
^ Initially nominated on March 29, 1945 by President Roosevelt to a different seat on the same court. Nomination confirmed on April 3, 1945, but Johnson declined the appointment. Renominated to a different seat on the same court by President Truman on April 7, 1947.
References
General
"Judges of the United States Courts". Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Specific
^ All information on the names, terms of service, and details of appointment of federal judges is derived from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public-domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
^ a b Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 8, 1950, and received commission on February 10, 1950.
^ a b c d Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on April 4, 1950, and received commission on April 7, 1950.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on July 19, 1950, and received commission on July 22, 1950.
^ a b Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on April 28, 1950, and received commission on May 1, 1950.
^ Originally appointed to the Fifth Circuit, but reassigned by operation of law to the newly created Eleventh Circuit on October 1, 1981.
^ Nominated by Franklin D. Roosevelt but appointed by Harry S. Truman.
^ a b On June 1, 1955, Follmer was reassigned to only the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 8, 1947, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 22, 1947, and received commission on January 24, 1947.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 8, 1947, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 3, 1947, and received commission on February 5, 1947.
^ a b c Harper received three consecutive recess appointments to the same court; his formal nomination was not acted on by the United States Senate the first two times, but after the third recess appointment, Harper was confirmed by the Senate.
^ Recess appointment; the nomination expired without action by the United States Senate.
^ Recess appointment; the nomination of November 24, 1947 was still pending and later expired without action by the United States Senate.
^ a b c Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 13, 1949, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 31, 1949, and received commission on February 2, 1949.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on November 24, 1947, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 18, 1947, and received commission on December 20, 1947.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 13, 1949, confirmed by the United States Senate on March 29, 1949, and received commission on April 1, 1949.
^ Recess appointment; nomination never sent to the United States Senate.
^ Allred had earlier been appointed to a different seat on the same court by President Franklin D. Roosevelt; Allred resigned to seek elected office, and, unsuccessful in that endeavor, was later reappointed to the court by Truman.
^ Recess appointment; the United States Senate later rejected the appointment on August 9, 1950.
^ a b c d e f g Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on March 8, 1950, and received commission on March 9, 1950.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 21, 1950, and received commission on February 23, 1950.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 27, 1950, and received commission on March 1, 1950.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on April 25, 1950, and received commission on April 26, 1950.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on June 29, 1950, and received commission on July 7, 1950.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on June 27, 1950, and received commission on July 5, 1950.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 5, 1950, but the United States Senate rejected the appointment on August 9, 1950.
^ Reassigned by operation of law to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida on October 29, 1962
^ a b Recess appointment; formally nominated on November 27, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 13, 1950, and received commission on December 21, 1950.
^ Reassigned by operation of law to the United States District Court for the Central District of California on September 18, 1966.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on November 27, 1950, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 14, 1950, and received commission on December 22, 1950.
^ Reassigned by operation of law to only the Western District on May 19, 1961.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on March 3, 1952, confirmed by the United States Senate on June 10, 1952, and received commission on June 11, 1952.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 30, 1952, confirmed by the United States Senate on April 7, 1952, and received commission on April 8, 1952.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 9, 1953, but the United States Senate rejected the appointment.
^ Laterally appointed to Chief Judge seat on the same court on July 19, 1956.
^ Laterally appointed to Chief Judge seat on the same court on April 30, 1959.
^ Laterally appointed to serve as Chief Justice, after serving as a judge on the same court.
^ Chief Justice seat reassigned as Chief Judge.
^ a b Reassigned by operation of law to the United States Court of International Trade on November 1, 1980.
Sources
Federal Judicial Center
vteHarry S. Truman
33rd President of the United States (1945–1953)
34th Vice President of the United States (1945)
U.S. Senator from Missouri (1935–1945)
Presidency
Timeline
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first
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Assassination attempt
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1952)
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1945; Agreement on Europe
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Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)
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Luce–Celler Act (1946)
Executive Order 9835 (1947)
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947)
Hoover Commission (1947)
National Security Act of 1947
U.S. Department of Defense
Joint Chiefs of Staff
National Security Council
National Security Resources Board
Air Force/Department
Central Intelligence Agency
Displaced Persons Act (1948)
Key West Agreement (1948)
Marshall Plan (1948)
Joint Long Range Proving Grounds (1949)
North Atlantic Treaty
1949; NATO
Revolt of the Admirals (1949)
Korean War
1950–1953; U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82, 83
Defense Production Act of 1950
Relief of Douglas MacArthur
Office of Defense Mobilization
1950; Science Advisory Committee, 1951
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
National Security Agency (1952)
Fair Deal
Medal of Freedom (1945)
Revenue Act of 1945
National Mental Health Act
1946; National Institute of Mental Health
Atomic Energy Act of 1946
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
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Council of Economic Advisers
Flood Control Acts
1946
1948
1950
Fulbright Program (1946)
Hill–Burton Act (1946)
Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946
Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946
Federal Tort Claims Act
Legislative Reference Service
National School Lunch Act (1946)
President's Committee on Civil Rights (1946)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947)
Housing and Home Finance Agency (1947)
Presidential Succession Act of 1947
Taft–Hartley Act (1947)
Agricultural Act of 1948
Executive Order 9981 (1948)
Revenue Act of 1948
Agricultural Act of 1949
Housing Act of 1949
Dingell–Johnson Act (1950)
Revenue Act of 1950
Excess profits tax
Unrelated Business Income Tax
Revenue Act of 1951
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952
1952 steel strike
Life
Early life and career
Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite
Missouri Office and Courtroom
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1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
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Birthplace
Harry S. Truman Farm Home
Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site
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Elections
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1948
1944 United States presidential election
1948
campaign
"Dewey Defeats Truman"
campaign song
1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries
Legacy
Bibliography
Truman Day
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Harry S. Truman Scholarship
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Public image
Give 'em Hell, Harry! (1975 play and film)
Harry Truman (1975 song by Chicago)
Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur (1976 film)
Backstairs at the White House (1979 miniseries)
Truman (1995 film)
Truman (1997 documentary film)
The First Lady (2022 TV series)
Oppenheimer (2023 film)
Family
Bess Wallace Truman (wife)
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Clifton Truman Daniel (grandson)
← Franklin D. Roosevelt
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← Henry A. Wallace
Alben W. Barkley →
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List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments • Supreme Court demographics | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HarryTruman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Article III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_III_of_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"United States federal judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Courts of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Courts_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"United States district courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_courts"},{"link_name":"Article I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_I_of_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Claims"},{"link_name":"United States Customs Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Customs_Court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fred_m_vinson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fred M. Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davidlbazelon.jpg"},{"link_name":"David L. Bazelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Bazelon"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_H._Hastie_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20587.jpg"},{"link_name":"William H. Hastie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Hastie"},{"link_name":"Third Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit"}],"text":"Harry S. TrumanFollowing is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Harry S. Truman during his presidency.[1] In total Truman appointed 133 Article III federal judges, including 4 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States (including one Chief Justice), 27 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 102 judges to the United States district courts.Additionally, 9 Article I federal judge appointments are listed, including 3 judges to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, 2 judges to the United States Court of Claims and 4 judges to the United States Customs Court.Fred M. Vinson was Truman's pick for Chief Justice of the United States.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDavid L. Bazelon of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was Truman's longest-serving appellate appointee, with over 40 years of service.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam H. Hastie was the first African American appointed to a United States Court of Appeals, the Third Circuit.","title":"List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United States Supreme Court justices"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Courts of appeals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"District courts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specialty courts (Article I)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals","title":"Specialty courts (Article I)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"United States Court of Claims","title":"Specialty courts (Article I)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"United States Customs Court","title":"Specialty courts (Article I)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-courts_9-0"},{"link_name":"List of United States district and territorial courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-19"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-20"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-01-05_3-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1947-11-24_15-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1948+1949_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1948+1949_20-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1948+1949_20-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1949-01-13_23-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-11-27_34-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1950-11-27_34-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1952-03-03_39-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"}],"text":"^ See List of United States district and territorial courtsRenominations\n\n^ Initially nominated on May 7, 1946. Nomination withdrawn and renominated on May 21, 1946.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Renominated on January 5, 1950.\n\n^ Renominated on November 24, 1947.\n\n^ a b c Renominated on July 29, 1948 and January 13, 1949.\n\n^ Renominated on January 13, 1949.\n\n^ a b Renominated on November 27, 1950.\n\n^ Renominated on March 3, 1952.\n\n^ Renominated on January 9, 1953. Withdrawn by President Eisenhower on July 24, 1953.\n\n^ Initially nominated on March 29, 1945 by President Roosevelt to a different seat on the same court. Nomination confirmed on April 3, 1945, but Johnson declined the appointment. Renominated to a different seat on the same court by President Truman on April 7, 1947.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Judicial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"Harry S. 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Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Adams"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Madison"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"J. Q. Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Quincy_Adams"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Martin_Van_Buren"},{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Millard_Fillmore"},{"link_name":"Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"A. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Rutherford_B._Hayes"},{"link_name":"Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_A._Garfield"},{"link_name":"Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Chester_A._Arthur"},{"link_name":"Cleveland (I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"B. Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Benjamin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Cleveland (II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"T. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Warren_G._Harding"},{"link_name":"Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"F. D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"L. B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"G. H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"G. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"L. B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"G. H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"G. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_judicial_appointments"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"}],"text":"Federal Judicial CentervteHarry S. Truman\n33rd President of the United States (1945–1953)\n34th Vice President of the United States (1945)\nU.S. Senator from Missouri (1935–1945)\nPresidency\nTimeline\nInaugurations\nfirst\nsecond\nAssassination attempt\n1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum\nState of the Union Address (1946\n1950\n1952)\nJudicial appointments\nSupreme Court\nSherman Minton Supreme Court nomination\nCabinet\nTruman Balcony\n\"The buck stops here\"\nExecutive Orders\nPresidential Proclamations\nEisenhower transition\nForeign policy\nTruman Doctrine\nPotsdam Conference\n1945; Agreement on Europe\nDeclaration to Japan\nAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)\nWar Brides Act (1945)\nAlien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)\nLuce–Celler Act (1946)\nExecutive Order 9835 (1947)\nGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947)\nHoover Commission (1947)\nNational Security Act of 1947\nU.S. Department of Defense\nJoint Chiefs of Staff\nNational Security Council\nNational Security Resources Board\nAir Force/Department\nCentral Intelligence Agency\nDisplaced Persons Act (1948)\nKey West Agreement (1948)\nMarshall Plan (1948)\nJoint Long Range Proving Grounds (1949)\nNorth Atlantic Treaty\n1949; NATO\nRevolt of the Admirals (1949)\nKorean War\n1950–1953; U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82, 83\nDefense Production Act of 1950\nRelief of Douglas MacArthur\nOffice of Defense Mobilization\n1950; Science Advisory Committee, 1951\nImmigration and Nationality Act of 1952\nNational Security Agency (1952)\nFair Deal\nMedal of Freedom (1945)\nRevenue Act of 1945\nNational Mental Health Act\n1946; National Institute of Mental Health\nAtomic Energy Act of 1946\nU.S. Atomic Energy Commission\nEmployment Act of 1946\nCouncil of Economic Advisers\nFlood Control Acts\n1946\n1948\n1950\nFulbright Program (1946)\nHill–Burton Act (1946)\nLegislative Reorganization Act of 1946\nFederal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946\nFederal Tort Claims Act\nLegislative Reference Service\nNational School Lunch Act (1946)\nPresident's Committee on Civil Rights (1946)\nFederal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947)\nHousing and Home Finance Agency (1947)\nPresidential Succession Act of 1947\nTaft–Hartley Act (1947)\nAgricultural Act of 1948\nExecutive Order 9981 (1948)\nRevenue Act of 1948\nAgricultural Act of 1949\nHousing Act of 1949\nDingell–Johnson Act (1950)\nRevenue Act of 1950\nExcess profits tax\nUnrelated Business Income Tax\nRevenue Act of 1951\nFederal-Aid Highway Act of 1952\n1952 steel strike\n\nLife\nEarly life and career\nPresidential Library, Museum, and gravesite\nMissouri Office and Courtroom\nTruman Committee\n1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection\nHomes\nBirthplace\nHarry S. Truman Farm Home\nHarry S. Truman home and National Historic Site\nHistoric District\nBlair House\nTruman Little White House\nElections\nUnited States Senate election in Missouri, 1934\n1940\nDemocratic National Convention 1944\n1948\n1944 United States presidential election\n1948\ncampaign\n\"Dewey Defeats Truman\"\ncampaign song\n1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries\nLegacy\nBibliography\nTruman Day\nHarry S Truman Building\nTruman Dam and Reservoir\nHarry S. Truman Scholarship\nTruman Sports Complex\nU.S. Postage stamps\nStatue of Harry S. Truman\nPublic image\nGive 'em Hell, Harry! (1975 play and film)\nHarry Truman (1975 song by Chicago)\nCollision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur (1976 film)\nBackstairs at the White House (1979 miniseries)\nTruman (1995 film)\nTruman (1997 documentary film)\nThe First Lady (2022 TV series)\nOppenheimer (2023 film)\nFamily\nBess Wallace Truman (wife)\nMargaret Truman (daughter)\nMartha Ellen Young Truman (mother)\nClifton Truman Daniel (grandson)\n\n← Franklin D. Roosevelt\nDwight D. Eisenhower →\n← Henry A. Wallace\nAlben W. Barkley →\n CategoryvtePresidents and the federal judiciary of the United StatesSupreme Court candidatesand nomination resultsAll Supreme Court nominations\nWilson\nHarding\nCoolidge\nHoover\nF. D. Roosevelt\nTruman\nEisenhower\nKennedy\nL. B. Johnson\nNixon\nFord\nCarter\nReagan\nG. H. W. Bush\nClinton\nG. W. Bush\nObama\nTrump\nBidenAll presidentialjudicial appointmentsJudicial appointment history for United States federal courts\nWashington\nJ. Adams\nJefferson\nMadison\nMonroe\nJ. Q. Adams\nJackson\nVan Buren\nTyler\nPolk\nTaylor\nFillmore\nPierce\nBuchanan\nLincoln\nA. Johnson\nGrant\nHayes\nGarfield\nArthur\nCleveland (I)\nB. Harrison\nCleveland (II)\nMcKinley\nT. Roosevelt\nTaft\nWilson\nHarding\nCoolidge\nHoover\nF. D. Roosevelt\nTruman\nEisenhower\nKennedy\nL. B. Johnson\nNixon\nFord\nCarter\nReagan\nG. H. W. Bush\nClinton\nG. W. Bush\nObama\nTrump\nBidenAppointment controversies\nL. B. Johnson\nNixon\nFord\nCarter\nReagan\nG. H. W. Bush\nClinton\nG. W. Bush\nObama\nTrump\nBiden\nList of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments • Supreme Court demographics","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Harry S. Truman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/HarryTruman.jpg/220px-HarryTruman.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Judges of the United States Courts\". Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2009-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160730115701/http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj","url_text":"\"Judges of the United States Courts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges","url_text":"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center","url_text":"Federal Judicial Center"},{"url":"http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160730115701/http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj","external_links_name":"\"Judges of the United States Courts\""},{"Link":"http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsombor_Berecz_(footballer) | Zsombor Berecz (footballer) | ["1 International career","2 Club statistics","3 References","4 External links"] | Hungarian footballer
The native form of this personal name is Berecz Zsombor. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Zsombor BereczPersonal informationDate of birth
(1995-12-13) 13 December 1995 (age 28)Place of birth
Miskolc, HungaryHeight
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s)
MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team
VasasNumber
13Youth career2006–2009
Diósgyőr2009–2012
VasasSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2012–2018
Vasas
136
(15)2018–2020
Fehérvár
9
(0)2019–2020
→ Mezőkövesd (loan)
28
(4)2020–2021
Mezőkövesd
21
(4)2021–
Vasas
77
(12)International career‡2014
Hungary U19
1
(0)2014–2015
Hungary U20
6
(0)2015–2016
Hungary U21
3
(1)2016
Hungary
1
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 21 December 2023‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 17 November 2016
Zsombor Berecz (born 13 December 1995) is a Hungarian football player who plays for Vasas. He was also part of the Hungarian U-20 team at the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
International career
In November 2016 Berecz received his first call-up to the senior Hungary squad for matches against Andorra and Sweden.
Club statistics
Club
Season
League
Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Vasas
2012–13
2
0
2
1
–
–
–
–
4
1
2013–14
22
4
0
0
4
1
–
–
26
5
2014–15
27
2
1
0
3
0
–
–
31
2
2015–16
29
0
3
1
–
–
–
–
32
1
2016–17
32
6
9
4
–
–
–
–
41
10
2017–18
24
3
2
0
–
–
–
–
26
3
Total
136
15
17
6
7
1
–
–
160
22
MOL Vidi
2018–19
9
0
5
0
–
–
1
0
15
0
Total
9
0
5
0
–
–
1
0
15
0
Mezőkövesd
2019–20
28
4
9
2
–
–
–
–
37
6
2020–21
21
4
3
3
–
–
–
–
24
7
Total
49
8
12
5
–
–
0
0
61
13
Career Total
194
23
34
11
7
1
1
0
236
35
Updated to games played as of 15 January 2021.
References
^ Fifa u20 world cup squad (hungarian)
^ "Négy utánpótláskorú focista a Storck-keretben". mno.hu. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
External links
(in Hungarian)
(in Hungarian)
vteVasas SC – current squad
4 Pávkovics
5 Litauszki
6 Sztojka
7 Bakti
10 Holender
13 Berecz
14 Doktorics
15 Hidi
16 Rab
17 Hinora
19 Deutsch
20 Ódor
22 Faragó
23 Vida
26 Uram
34 Otigba
36 Baráth
44 Szalay
55 Jova
70 Radó
71 Papp
77 Tóth
88 Urblík
97 Zimonyi
Szánthó
Manager: Desits
This biographical article related to association football in Hungary, about a midfielder, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name"},{"link_name":"Western name order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Vasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasas_SC"},{"link_name":"2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The native form of this personal name is Berecz Zsombor. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.Zsombor Berecz (born 13 December 1995) is a Hungarian football player who plays for Vasas. He was also part of the Hungarian U-20 team at the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup.[1]","title":"Zsombor Berecz (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungary squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In November 2016 Berecz received his first call-up to the senior Hungary squad for matches against Andorra and Sweden.[2]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Updated to games played as of 15 January 2021.","title":"Club statistics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Négy utánpótláskorú focista a Storck-keretben\". mno.hu. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mno.hu/foci/negy-utanpotlaskoru-focista-a-storck-keretben-1369657","url_text":"\"Négy utánpótláskorú focista a Storck-keretben\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/magyar_valogatott/u20-as-vb-kalmar-utazik-balogh-es-haris-nem-21-fos-keret-2413595","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://mno.hu/foci/negy-utanpotlaskoru-focista-a-storck-keretben-1369657","external_links_name":"\"Négy utánpótláskorú focista a Storck-keretben\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20161013204332/http://www.mlsz.hu/player/?itemId=151417","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.hlsz.hu/index.php?mod=hlszwidgets&cla=hlszwidgets&fun=search&submitSearchName=&searchName=berecz+zsombor","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zsombor_Berecz_(footballer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_of_Democracy | Path of Democracy | ["1 Background","2 Beliefs","3 Performance in elections","3.1 Legislative council elections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Political party in Hong Kong
Path of Democracy 民主思路ConvenorRonny TongFounded8 June 2015Split fromCivic PartyIdeologyLiberalism (HK)Regional affiliationCentrist campColours VioletLegislative Council0 / 90District Councils1 / 470Websitepathofdemocracy.hkPolitics of Hong KongPolitical partiesElections
Path of Democracy (Chinese: 民主思路) is a political group and think tank established in 2015 in Hong Kong. It is led by former Civic Party legislator Ronny Tong, who joined the Executive Council on 1 July 2017. Although officially unaligned with either the pro-Beijing camp or the pro-democracy camp, the group has been supportive of the policies and legislation put forward by the former, and was considered by the media to be pro-Beijing by 2021.
Background
Path of Democracy was founded by Ronny Tong Ka-wah, a barrister, the founding member of the pro-democracy Civic Party, and member of Legislative Council, who was disillusioned with pan-democrats' uncompromising approach toward Beijing on democratic reform. Tong came up with his own moderate proposal in October 2013 as opposed to pan-democrats' Alliance for True Democracy proposal. Tong's proposal failed to be adopted by the government as the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) set limits on the electoral reform on 31 August 2014 which eventually led to the ultimate veto by the pan-democrats in the Legislative Council in June 2015, in which Tong voted against the proposal with the Civic Party. On 8 June 2015, before the vote, he set up a think tank Path of Democracy, composed of moderate democrats. After the vote, he announced his resignation from both the Civic Party and the Legislative Council.
The group was set up on 8 June 2015 with 18 founding members from a wide range of sectors, including political science professors Joseph Chan Cho-wai and Ray Yep Kin-man who would conduct research. Former Secretary for Civil Service Joseph Wong Wing-ping, barrister Jat Sew-tong, Centaline founder Shih Wing-ching, businessman Allan Zeman were the four honorary advisers to the think tank. Scholars Cheung Chor-yung and Derek Yuen became the Secretary General and Chief Executive Officer of the group. Other members included former chairman of the Hong Kong Democratic Foundation Alan Lung, economists Sung Yun-wing and Richard Wong and Southern District Councillor Paul Zimmerman.
The party joined the 2016 Legislative Council election, but failed to get any of its candidates elected. 5 years later the party also did not manage to win a seat in the legislature. Ronny Tong, the founder and convenor, has been an Executive Council member of the government since 2017.
Beliefs
The group states that it seeks to maximise democratic development within the limits of the "one country, two systems" principle of Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong and a high degree of autonomy, by a moderate approach, which includes:
To consolidate the majority of supporters of the democratic camp in the society;
To promote a moderate political approach in a proactive manner, and to carve out new political horizon in the society;
To formulate agenda and construct systematic political discourse;
To establish new ideological dimensions in the politics, society, economics and culture of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region together with different stakeholders through research, dialogue and engagement.
In September 2022, it lobbied the government to:
Enact laws against "fake news",
Provide HK$5000/month in housing subsidies to mainland Chinese students who graduate from a Hong Kong university and wish to settle in Hong Kong,
Offer "professional development courses" to Hong Kong teachers to be trained in mainland China, and
To introduce Simplified Chinese in schools, verses the current Traditional Chinese
Performance in elections
Legislative council elections
Election
Number ofpopular votes
% ofpopular votes
GCseats
FCseats
ECseats
Total seats
+/−
Position
2016
18,112
0.84
0
0
0 / 70
–
–
2021
8,159
0.62
0
0
0
0 / 90
See also
Third Side
Civic Party
Professional Power
References
^ Tong, Elson (22 June 2017). "Centrist former lawmaker Ronny Tong named adviser to Hong Kong's incoming leader Carrie Lam". Hong Kong Free Press.
^ Chau, Candice (10 November 2021). "Hong Kong 'non-pro-establishment' party Path of Democracy secure spots in 'patriots only' legislative race". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
^ "香港產生新一屆選委會 1488人中只有一人不屬建制派". BBC News 中文 (in Traditional Chinese). 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
^ "Ronny Tong think tank Path of Democracy mulls visit to Beijing". South China Morning Post. 13 July 2015.
^ Cheung, Tony (27 May 2016). "Moderate Hong Kong group Path of Democracy set to field three candidates in Legislative Council elections". South China Morning Post.
^ "Our Mission". Path of Democracy.
^ Leung, Hillary (27 September 2022). "Hong Kong Policy Address: Enact fake news law and give subsidies to mainland graduates, says centrist party". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
External links
Path of Democracy Website
vte Political parties in Hong KongParties represented in Legislative CouncilPro-Beijing (89)
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List of political parties by country | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"think tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Civic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Party"},{"link_name":"Ronny Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronny_Tong"},{"link_name":"Executive Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"pro-Beijing camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"pro-democracy camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Political party in Hong KongPath of Democracy (Chinese: 民主思路) is a political group and think tank established in 2015 in Hong Kong. It is led by former Civic Party legislator Ronny Tong, who joined the Executive Council on 1 July 2017. Although officially unaligned with either the pro-Beijing camp or the pro-democracy camp, the group has been supportive of the policies and legislation put forward by the former,[2] and was considered by the media to be pro-Beijing by 2021.[3]","title":"Path of Democracy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronny Tong Ka-wah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronny_Tong_Ka-wah"},{"link_name":"pro-democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp"},{"link_name":"Civic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Party"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"pan-democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"moderate proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform#Ronny_Tong's_proposal"},{"link_name":"Alliance for True Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_True_Democracy"},{"link_name":"National People's Congress Standing Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress_Standing_Committee"},{"link_name":"Secretary for Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_for_Civil_Service"},{"link_name":"Joseph Wong Wing-ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wong_Wing-ping"},{"link_name":"Centaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaline"},{"link_name":"Shih Wing-ching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shih_Wing-ching"},{"link_name":"Allan Zeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Zeman"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Democratic Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Democratic_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Southern District Councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_District_Council"},{"link_name":"Paul Zimmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Zimmerman_(politician)"},{"link_name":"2016 Legislative Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"5 years later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_legislative_election"}],"text":"Path of Democracy was founded by Ronny Tong Ka-wah, a barrister, the founding member of the pro-democracy Civic Party, and member of Legislative Council, who was disillusioned with pan-democrats' uncompromising approach toward Beijing on democratic reform.[4] Tong came up with his own moderate proposal in October 2013 as opposed to pan-democrats' Alliance for True Democracy proposal. Tong's proposal failed to be adopted by the government as the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) set limits on the electoral reform on 31 August 2014 which eventually led to the ultimate veto by the pan-democrats in the Legislative Council in June 2015, in which Tong voted against the proposal with the Civic Party. On 8 June 2015, before the vote, he set up a think tank Path of Democracy, composed of moderate democrats. After the vote, he announced his resignation from both the Civic Party and the Legislative Council.The group was set up on 8 June 2015 with 18 founding members from a wide range of sectors, including political science professors Joseph Chan Cho-wai and Ray Yep Kin-man who would conduct research. Former Secretary for Civil Service Joseph Wong Wing-ping, barrister Jat Sew-tong, Centaline founder Shih Wing-ching, businessman Allan Zeman were the four honorary advisers to the think tank. Scholars Cheung Chor-yung and Derek Yuen became the Secretary General and Chief Executive Officer of the group. Other members included former chairman of the Hong Kong Democratic Foundation Alan Lung, economists Sung Yun-wing and Richard Wong and Southern District Councillor Paul Zimmerman.The party joined the 2016 Legislative Council election,[5] but failed to get any of its candidates elected. 5 years later the party also did not manage to win a seat in the legislature. Ronny Tong, the founder and convenor, has been an Executive Council member of the government since 2017.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"one country, two systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"}],"text":"The group states that it seeks to maximise democratic development within the limits of the \"one country, two systems\" principle of Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong and a high degree of autonomy, by a moderate approach, which includes:To consolidate the majority of supporters of the democratic camp in the society;\nTo promote a moderate political approach in a proactive manner, and to carve out new political horizon in the society;\nTo formulate agenda and construct systematic political discourse;\nTo establish new ideological dimensions in the politics, society, economics and culture of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region together with different stakeholders through research, dialogue and engagement.[6]In September 2022, it lobbied the government to:[7]Enact laws against \"fake news\",\nProvide HK$5000/month in housing subsidies to mainland Chinese students who graduate from a Hong Kong university and wish to settle in Hong Kong,\nOffer \"professional development courses\" to Hong Kong teachers to be trained in mainland China, and\nTo introduce Simplified Chinese in schools, verses the current Traditional Chinese","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Performance in elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Legislative council elections","title":"Performance in elections"}] | [] | [{"title":"Third Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Side"},{"title":"Civic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Party"},{"title":"Professional Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Power"}] | [{"reference":"Tong, Elson (22 June 2017). \"Centrist former lawmaker Ronny Tong named adviser to Hong Kong's incoming leader Carrie Lam\". Hong Kong Free Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://hongkongfp.com/2017/06/22/just-centrist-former-lawmaker-ronny-tong-named-adviser-hong-kongs-incoming-leader-carrie-lam/","url_text":"\"Centrist former lawmaker Ronny Tong named adviser to Hong Kong's incoming leader Carrie Lam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press","url_text":"Hong Kong Free Press"}]},{"reference":"Chau, Candice (10 November 2021). \"Hong Kong 'non-pro-establishment' party Path of Democracy secure spots in 'patriots only' legislative race\". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 16 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hongkongfp.com/2021/11/10/hong-kong-non-pro-establishment-party-path-of-democracy-secures-spots-in-patriots-only-legislative-race/","url_text":"\"Hong Kong 'non-pro-establishment' party Path of Democracy secure spots in 'patriots only' legislative race\""}]},{"reference":"\"香港產生新一屆選委會 1488人中只有一人不屬建制派\". BBC News 中文 (in Traditional Chinese). 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-58621729","url_text":"\"香港產生新一屆選委會 1488人中只有一人不屬建制派\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronny Tong think tank Path of Democracy mulls visit to Beijing\". South China Morning Post. 13 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1838097/ronny-tong-think-tank-path-democracy-mulls-visit-beijing","url_text":"\"Ronny Tong think tank Path of Democracy mulls visit to Beijing\""}]},{"reference":"Cheung, Tony (27 May 2016). \"Moderate Hong Kong group Path of Democracy set to field three candidates in Legislative Council elections\". South China Morning Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1956740/moderate-hong-kong-group-path-democracy-set-field-three","url_text":"\"Moderate Hong Kong group Path of Democracy set to field three candidates in Legislative Council elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Mission\". Path of Democracy.","urls":[{"url":"http://pathofdemocracy.org/mission/","url_text":"\"Our Mission\""}]},{"reference":"Leung, Hillary (27 September 2022). \"Hong Kong Policy Address: Enact fake news law and give subsidies to mainland graduates, says centrist party\". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. Retrieved 27 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hongkongfp.com/2022/09/27/hong-kong-policy-address-enact-fake-news-law-and-give-subsidies-to-mainland-graduates-says-centrist-party/","url_text":"\"Hong Kong Policy Address: Enact fake news law and give subsidies to mainland graduates, says centrist party\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://pathofdemocracy.hk/","external_links_name":"pathofdemocracy.hk"},{"Link":"https://hongkongfp.com/2017/06/22/just-centrist-former-lawmaker-ronny-tong-named-adviser-hong-kongs-incoming-leader-carrie-lam/","external_links_name":"\"Centrist former lawmaker Ronny Tong named adviser to Hong Kong's incoming leader Carrie Lam\""},{"Link":"https://hongkongfp.com/2021/11/10/hong-kong-non-pro-establishment-party-path-of-democracy-secures-spots-in-patriots-only-legislative-race/","external_links_name":"\"Hong Kong 'non-pro-establishment' party Path of Democracy secure spots in 'patriots only' legislative race\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-58621729","external_links_name":"\"香港產生新一屆選委會 1488人中只有一人不屬建制派\""},{"Link":"http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1838097/ronny-tong-think-tank-path-democracy-mulls-visit-beijing","external_links_name":"\"Ronny Tong think tank Path of Democracy mulls visit to Beijing\""},{"Link":"http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1956740/moderate-hong-kong-group-path-democracy-set-field-three","external_links_name":"\"Moderate Hong Kong group Path of Democracy set to field three candidates in Legislative Council elections\""},{"Link":"http://pathofdemocracy.org/mission/","external_links_name":"\"Our Mission\""},{"Link":"https://hongkongfp.com/2022/09/27/hong-kong-policy-address-enact-fake-news-law-and-give-subsidies-to-mainland-graduates-says-centrist-party/","external_links_name":"\"Hong Kong Policy Address: Enact fake news law and give subsidies to mainland graduates, says centrist party\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160503005528/http://pathofdemocracy.org/","external_links_name":"Path of Democracy Website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhangi_Misl | Bhangi Misl | ["1 List of Sardars (Chiefs)","2 Expanse of Bhangi Misl","3 Decline of power","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References"] | Bhangi Misl at its territorial zenith
Sovereign state of the Sikh Confederacy
Misls of the Sikh ConfederacyA 1780 map of the Punjab Region shows the relative positions of the Sikh Misls and other states.
Phulkian Misl
Ahluwalia Misl
Bhangi Misl
Kanhaiya Misl
Ramgarhia Misl
Singhpuria Misl
Panjgarhia Misl
Nishanwalia Misl
Sukerchakia Misl
Dallewalia Misl
Nakai Misl
Shaheedan Misl
vte
The Bhangi Misl (Punjabi pronunciation: ) was a large and powerful Sikh Misl headquartered in Amritsar. It was founded in the early 18th century by Sardar Chhajja Singh Dhillon, who was baptised by Banda Singh Bahadur. The misl received its name "Bhangi" because Chhajja Singh and his soldiers frequently used the herbal intoxicant bhang (drink made from cannabis sativa). It was a first misl to established a Khalsa Raj and publish Khalsa currency coins. The Bhangi Kingdom/Misl was founded by Dhillon Jats.
List of Sardars (Chiefs)
Chhajja Singh Bhangi
Bhima (Bhuma) Singh
Hari Singh
Jhanda Singh
Ganda Singh
Charhat Singh Dhillon (died nearly immediately)
Desu Singh Dhillon
Gulab Singh Dhillon
Gurdit Singh Dhillon
Expanse of Bhangi Misl
It grew in strength and territory to cover an area from Gujrat to Multan and emerged as the strongest power in the western Punjab region. The Misl went north into Jammu until Poonch, west to the Indus River, south to the Multan, and east to central modern day Punjab, India. However, deaths among the leadership during the late 1760s reduced the Misl's power. On 16 April 1765, the Bhangi sardars Gujjar Singh and Lehna Singh Kahlon, allied with Sobha Singh of the Kanhaiya Misl, conquered Lahore. They did not plunder the city as it was the birthplace of Guru Ram Das, the fourth Sikh guru.
Decline of power
The Bhangi misl engaged in numerous power struggles with the Sukerchakia Misl until they were severely weakened at the Siege of Lahore and the loss of Lahore to Ranjit Singh in 1799.
Bhangi Misl held the possession of Zamzama, the famous cannon, which was at the time named Bhangi Toap, Bhangianwala Toap and Bhangian di Top, names it retains to this day.
Gallery
Miniature painting of Gujjar Singh Banghi, circa late 18th century
Detail of Lehna Singh Kahlon of the Bhangi Misl from a painting three seated Sikh sardars, circa late 18th century. He was one of the triumvirate rulers of Lahore in the mid-to-late-18th century
Jhanda Bunga of Amritsar in the 1920's. A building constructed by the Bhangi Misl, now demolished.
Photograph of the Zamzama cannon or Bhangi Toap
See also
Bhang
Cannabis and Sikhism
References
^ a b Sikh History (2004). "The Bhangi Misal" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, History of the Sikhs, 2004. Retrieved on 7 September 2016
^ Singh, Rishi (2015). State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony:Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab. India: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 23 April 2015. ISBN 9789351500759
^ Dhavan, Purnima (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799, p.60. OUP USA Publisher, 3 November 2011.
^ Jaspreet Kaur (2000). Sikh Ethos: Eighteenth Century Perspective, p.99. Vision & Venture, Patiala, 2000.
^ Jain, Harish (2003). The Making of Punjab, p. 201. Unistar Books Pvt. Ltd, Chandigarh.
^ Singh, Bhagata (1993). A History of The Sikh Misals, p. 89. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1993.
^ Seetal, Sohan Singh (1981). The Sikh Misals and the Punjab States, p.11. India: Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana, 1981.
^ Sidhu, Kuldip Singh (1994). Ranjit Singh's Khalsa Raj and Attariwala Sardars. National Book Shop. ISBN 978-81-7116-165-2.
^ Singh, Bhagat (1993). A History Of Sikh Misals (1st ed.). Publication Bureau Punjabi University, Patiala. pp. 89–102.
^ a b McLeod, W. H. (2005). Historical dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8108-5088-0.
^ Singh, Dr. Sukhdial (2010). Rise Growth And Fall Of The Bhangi Misal. Punjabi University.
^ Chowdhry, Mohindra S. (2018). Defence of Europe by Sikh soldiers in the World Wars. Kibworth Beauchamp. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-78901-098-5. OCLC 1032183994.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Chowdhry, Mohindra S. (2018). Defence of Europe by Sikh soldiers in the World Wars. Kibworth Beauchamp. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-78901-098-5. OCLC 1032183994.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Ranjit Singh | Maharaja, Biography, Family, & History | Britannica".
^ Singh, Khushwant A History of the Sikhs, Volume 1: 1469-1839. Oxford University Press, 2004, Page 198, Footnote 11
This Sikhism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"[pə̃˨ŋɡiː mɪsəl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"Misl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BhangiMisl-1"},{"link_name":"Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar"},{"link_name":"Sardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar"},{"link_name":"Chhajja Singh Dhillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhajja_Singh_Dhillon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BhangiMisl-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Banda Singh Bahadur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaspreet-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"bhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhang"},{"link_name":"cannabis sativa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_sativa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dhillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhillon"},{"link_name":"Jats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jats"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Sovereign state of the Sikh ConfederacyThe Bhangi Misl (Punjabi pronunciation: [pə̃˨ŋɡiː mɪsəl]) was a large and powerful Sikh Misl[1] headquartered in Amritsar. It was founded in the early 18th century by Sardar Chhajja Singh Dhillon,[1][2][3] who was baptised by Banda Singh Bahadur.[4][5] The misl received its name \"Bhangi\" because Chhajja Singh and his soldiers frequently used the herbal intoxicant bhang (drink made from cannabis sativa).[6][7] It was a first misl to established a Khalsa Raj and publish Khalsa currency coins.[citation needed] The Bhangi Kingdom/Misl was founded by Dhillon Jats.[8]","title":"Bhangi Misl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chhajja Singh Bhangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhajja_Singh_Dhillon"},{"link_name":"Bhima (Bhuma) Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuma_Singh_Dhillon"},{"link_name":"Hari Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Singh_Dhillon"},{"link_name":"Jhanda Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhanda_Singh_Dhillon"},{"link_name":"Ganda Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganda_Singh_Dhillon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Chhajja Singh Bhangi\nBhima (Bhuma) Singh\nHari Singh\nJhanda Singh\nGanda Singh\nCharhat Singh Dhillon (died nearly immediately)\nDesu Singh Dhillon\nGulab Singh Dhillon\nGurdit Singh Dhillon[9]","title":"List of Sardars (Chiefs)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gujrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujrat,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan"},{"link_name":"Punjab region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLeod2005-10"},{"link_name":"Jammu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu"},{"link_name":"Poonch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonch_district,_India"},{"link_name":"Indus 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grew in strength and territory to cover an area from Gujrat to Multan and emerged as the strongest power in the western Punjab region.[10] The Misl went north into Jammu until Poonch, west to the Indus River, south to the Multan, and east to central modern day Punjab, India.[11] However, deaths among the leadership during the late 1760s reduced the Misl's power.[10] On 16 April 1765, the Bhangi sardars Gujjar Singh and Lehna Singh Kahlon, allied with Sobha Singh of the Kanhaiya Misl, conquered Lahore.[12] They did not plunder the city as it was the birthplace of Guru Ram Das, the fourth Sikh guru.[13]","title":"Expanse of Bhangi Misl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sukerchakia Misl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukerchakia_Misl"},{"link_name":"Siege of Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lahore_(1761)"},{"link_name":"Ranjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Zamzama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzama"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Bhangi misl engaged in numerous power struggles with the Sukerchakia Misl until they were severely weakened at the Siege of Lahore and the loss of Lahore to Ranjit Singh in 1799[14].[citation needed]Bhangi Misl held the possession of Zamzama, the famous cannon, which was at the time named Bhangi Toap, Bhangianwala Toap and Bhangian di Top, names it retains to this day.[15]","title":"Decline of power"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gujjar_Singh_Banghi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gujjar Singh Banghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujjar_Singh_Banghi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_Lehna_Singh_Kahlon_of_the_Bhangi_Misl_from_a_painting_three_seated_Sikh_sardars,_circa_late_18th_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lehna Singh Kahlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Bhangi"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jhanda_Bunga,_Golden_Temple_complex,_Amritsar,_late_1920%27s.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_the_Zamzama_gun_or_Bhangi_Toap.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zamzama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzama"}],"text":"Miniature painting of Gujjar Singh Banghi, circa late 18th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDetail of Lehna Singh Kahlon of the Bhangi Misl from a painting three seated Sikh sardars, circa late 18th century. He was one of the triumvirate rulers of Lahore in the mid-to-late-18th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJhanda Bunga of Amritsar in the 1920's. A building constructed by the Bhangi Misl, now demolished.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhotograph of the Zamzama cannon or Bhangi Toap","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Bhangi Misl at its territorial zenith","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BhangiMislpeak.webp/220px-BhangiMislpeak.webp.png"},{"image_text":"A 1780 map of the Punjab Region shows the relative positions of the Sikh Misls and other states.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/NORTHERN_INDIA_1780_by_hellbat.jpg/220px-NORTHERN_INDIA_1780_by_hellbat.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Bhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhang"},{"title":"Cannabis and Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism"}] | [{"reference":"Sidhu, Kuldip Singh (1994). Ranjit Singh's Khalsa Raj and Attariwala Sardars. National Book Shop. ISBN 978-81-7116-165-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oFFuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Ranjit Singh's Khalsa Raj and Attariwala Sardars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7116-165-2","url_text":"978-81-7116-165-2"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Bhagat (1993). A History Of Sikh Misals (1st ed.). Publication Bureau Punjabi University, Patiala. pp. 89–102.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McLeod, W. H. (2005). Historical dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8108-5088-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC&pg=PA35","url_text":"Historical dictionary of Sikhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5088-0","url_text":"978-0-8108-5088-0"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Dr. Sukhdial (2010). Rise Growth And Fall Of The Bhangi Misal. Punjabi University.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_University","url_text":"Punjabi University"}]},{"reference":"Chowdhry, Mohindra S. (2018). Defence of Europe by Sikh soldiers in the World Wars. Kibworth Beauchamp. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-78901-098-5. OCLC 1032183994.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032183994","url_text":"Defence of Europe by Sikh soldiers in the World Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78901-098-5","url_text":"978-1-78901-098-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032183994","url_text":"1032183994"}]},{"reference":"Chowdhry, Mohindra S. (2018). Defence of Europe by Sikh soldiers in the World Wars. Kibworth Beauchamp. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-78901-098-5. OCLC 1032183994.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032183994","url_text":"Defence of Europe by Sikh soldiers in the World Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78901-098-5","url_text":"978-1-78901-098-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032183994","url_text":"1032183994"}]},{"reference":"\"Ranjit Singh | Maharaja, Biography, Family, & History | Britannica\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ranjit-Singh-Sikh-maharaja","url_text":"\"Ranjit Singh | Maharaja, Biography, Family, & History | Britannica\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/bhangi.html","external_links_name":"\"The Bhangi Misal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135121/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/bhangi.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oFFuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Ranjit Singh's Khalsa Raj and Attariwala Sardars"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC&pg=PA35","external_links_name":"Historical dictionary of Sikhism"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032183994","external_links_name":"Defence of Europe by Sikh soldiers in the World Wars"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032183994","external_links_name":"1032183994"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032183994","external_links_name":"Defence of Europe by Sikh soldiers in the World Wars"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032183994","external_links_name":"1032183994"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ranjit-Singh-Sikh-maharaja","external_links_name":"\"Ranjit Singh | Maharaja, Biography, Family, & History | Britannica\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhangi_Misl&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Matou | Sakura Matou | ["1 Creation and conception","2 Appearances","3 Reception","4 References"] | Fictional character in the Fate series
Fictional character
Sakura MatouFate characterFirst appearanceFate/stay night (2004)Created byKinoko NasuVoiced by
English
Sherry Lynn (Fate/stay night and Unlimited Blade Works movie) Cristina Vee (Fate/Zero onwards)
Japanese
Noriko Shitaya
Sakura Matou (Japanese: 間桐 桜, Hepburn: Matō Sakura) is a fictional character who was first introduced in the visual novel Fate/stay night by Type-Moon from 2004. Sakura is introduced as a friend of the main character Shirou Emiya, on whom she has a crush but remains a minor character in the first two routes of the novel. In the third route "Heaven's Feel", where she serves as the route's heroine, Sakura reveals her darker characterization and bonds with Shirou. Sakura is a participant of the Holy Grail War, a battle between mages who fight alongside warriors known as Servants. She is corrupted through a mysterious shadow and Shirou must decide whether or not he should kill her. Besides Fate/stay night, Sakura has appeared in the sequel Fate/hollow ataraxia, the prequel light novel Fate/Zero and multiple spin-offs and adaptations of Type-Moon works.
Sakura was created by Kinoko Nasu, who wanted to create a heroine who would contrast with the previous heroine Rin Tohsaka, while character designer Takashi Takeuchi wanted her to be a beautiful, popular teenager. The staff members of studio Ufotable in charge of creating the Heaven's Feel films wanted to expand on her characterization by creating new scenes in which she interacts with Shirou after their first meeting. Sakura is voiced by Noriko Shitaya in Japanese. In English, she is voiced by Sherry Lynn in the anime adaptations by Studio DEEN, and by Cristina Vee from Fate/Zero onwards.
Critical reception to Sakura's character has been generally positive; critics praised the complexity and depth to the character in the Heaven's Feel route as well as her connections with Shirou and her adoptive brother Shinji Matou. Her dark past, in which she experienced physical and sexual abuse, however, received a mixed reception. Sakura is also often used for marketing and has appeared in several character-popularity polls.
Creation and conception
Sakura Matou was created by concept artist Takashi Takeuchi during the early stages of making Fate/stay night. Takeuchi wanted to create an attractive heroine with a quiet personality who would be popular with the audience. He considered Sakura to be a typical eroge heroine; more scenes of erotic content were created for her compared to the game's other female characters. The game's creators considered her as a woman who loves sex, and the player's perception of her is supposed to be that of a bride before the wedding. Writer Kinoko Nasu wanted Sakura to contrast with Rin Tohsaka, the heroine of another route in the visual novel, based on their different pasts. During the story Sakura is corrupted by a shadow, which Takeuchi designed for this incarnation. The idea of Dark Sakura was created; a character who would frighten players because of her darker tone. Nasu liked Takeuchi's design. Sakura's initial concept was based on Fujino Asagami from Kara no Kyoukai, which Nasu accepted when Takeuchi first showed him the sketches. In the following game, Sakura was reworked to have a lighter-hearted personality that contrasts with her dark past.
According to Type Moon, Sakura is their most popular heroine despite her tragic nature. While making Fate/Zero, the staff favored showing more of her suffering, most notably when Kariya tries to save her, but some scenes were removed from the light novel because of the nature of the content. Nasu said he enjoyed Sakura's Japanese portrayal by Noriko Shitaya, who made her sound appealing.
For Ufotable's film based on Heaven's Feel, director Tomonori Sudo said he wanted to further explore the past relationship between Shirou and Sakura, which he believes is the most important part of the story. Producer Yuma Takahashi had similar opinions, believing the style of some scenes that symbolize their romance were needed. Singer Aimer wrote the theme song "Hana no Uta", which focuses on Sakura. Having not known of the character before the making of the film, Shitaya was surprised when learning of Sakura's characterization as she discovered new traits about her. Aimer's theme song "I beg you" was written to explore the relationship between these characters; Aimer wanted to show Sakura's dark personality because she wants Shirou to love her but does not want him to know about her secrets. The author of the printed adaptation of Heaven's Feel noted that for the serialization of the manga he wanted to start the story between Shirou and Sakura with the first time the latter met the former and fell for him in contrast to the original visual novel which left this scene until some scenes more in the route.
Shitaya enjoyed Shirou's noticing of Sakura's feelings. Shitaya enjoyed the exploration of Sakura's feelings towards Shirou, which she said brought a new level of depth to the character. English voice actress Cristina Vee said that in preparation for the dub of the film that Sakura is "very quiet and meek, so she's going to be very scary".
Appearances
Sakura is introduced in visual novel Fate/stay night as a first-year high-school student and the sister of Shinji Matou, a friend of the story's protagonist Shirou Emiya. After Shirou's father Kiritsugu dies, Sakura often visits Shirou's home to help him with his daily chores. Though Shinji is from a family of sorcerers, Sakura has no knowledge of her family's craft and history. Sakura is outwardly shy and has a long-standing and obvious crush on Shirou. Sakura plays a minor part in the Fate and Unlimited Blade Works routes. In the Heaven's Feel route, however, she is the story's lead heroine and her backstory is vastly expanded. In the anime-original storyline, Sakura is kidnapped by Caster as a sacrifice to summon the Holy Grail because she has latent magic circuits. During a rescue attempt, she and Rin are confirmed to be sisters who were separated in early childhood. Sakura is proven to be a powerful mage as well as Rider's true Master, having used a command spell to give control to Shinji because she had no desire to fight. Her brand of magic is unique; she cannot command any of the five traditional elements but can manipulate the very rare Imaginary Numbers, which are connected to demons.
In Heaven's Feel it is revealed that Sakura underwent years of torture and sexual abuse by Shinji and her grandfather Zōken Matō that have left her psychologically scarred and emotionally dependent on Shirou. At the end of the previous Grail War, Zōken implanted a piece of the Grail into Sakura in an attempt to recreate it, turning her into the Black Grail, the counterpart to Einzbern's White Grail. This leads a Servant from the Third Holy Grail War Angra Mainyu (also known as Avenger) to manifest itself through Sakura as "The Shadow" while she is asleep. Consequently, Sakura takes on the form of the Shadow at night, which kills hundreds of people to gain energy. As a result of the combined machinations of Zōken and magus priest Kirei Kotomine, she gradually sinks into depravity before embracing the Shadow to become the bloodthirsty Dark Sakura. Torn between her usual self and being fully consumed by her long-repressed feelings of rage and envy, Sakura initially intends to sacrifice herself in order to stop Angra Mainyu, but proceeds to seek vengeance upon the world by unleashing Angra Mainyu upon humanity after her biological sister Rin, from whom she was separated after being adopted into the Matou family, expresses her desire to kill her. She is stopped, however, when in their ensuing battle, Rin finds she cannot kill her sister and lets herself be stabbed before revealing to Sakura that she never stopped caring for her. Realizing her folly, Sakura regains control of her mind for long enough for Shirou to free her of the Shadow. In her route's Normal End, Sakura goes insane from Shirou's sacrifice during the Grail's destruction and lives alone in the Emiya household for the rest of her life, believing Shirou will return to her to take her to see the cherry blossoms. When Sakura dies, she sees Shirou waving to her in a final dream or afterlife. In the True End, Sakura lives with Shirō and Rider in peace, realizing for the first time she is truly happy.
Sakura also appears in the prequel light novel Fate/Zero as a child; Kariya Matou seeks to save her from the Matou family but fails. She is also present in Fate/hollow ataraxia. Sakura, while retaining her reticent nature throughout the game, becomes more self-confident and self-sufficient both as a mage and as a leader. She has become the captain of her school's archery club, which she leads with great skill under the tutelage of Ayako Mitsuzuri. Sakura now stays at the Emiya residence on weekends, holidays and special occasions; she also becomes the head of the Matou household, having ousted Zouken. Sakura continues to help Shirou with the cooking and housework at the Emiya household. She and Rin become sisters; Rin educates her in cooking and magecraft. Sakura maintains slight resentment and an inferiority complex towards Rin, and displays jealousy towards other women when Shirou pays them attention. Sakura's evil and sadistic side from the Heaven's Feel route of Fate/stay night manifests occasionally as comic relief in the game.
In the manga and anime series Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya 3rei!! Sakura appears as doll that is mind-controlled by the Ainsworths family. She is used to wound Shirou during a fight controlled by Julia Ainsworths. Once Shirou recovers, he tells the other characters about Sakura's past, which is also told in the movie prequel Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya: Oath Under Snow. In this spin-off, Sakura practices archery with Shirou. When the Fifth Holy Grail War starts, Sakura is outed as a fighter using the Gilgamesh class card to kill Shirou. She refuses to kill Shirou, however, and is instead killed by Shinji when his brother appears to take her place.
Sakura appears in the fighting games Fate/unlimited codes and Fate/tiger colosseum. In Fate/Grand Order, she appears as a Lancer (ランサー, Ransā)-class servant whose spirit Parvati (パールヴァティー, Pāruvatī) is possessing her body. Besides Type-Moon's works and adaptations, she also appears in the video game Divine Gate.
Reception
Sakura's darker counterpart received praise for her tragic nature and redesign
Sakura was well received by fans of the series. In the Type Moon 10th anniversary poll, Sakura was voted as the eighth-best character. In a Newtype poll, Sakura was voted the 19th-most-popular female anime character from the 2010s. In the 2017 Newtype anime award for best female character, Sakura took fifth place for her role in Presage Flower. She was also voted the second best female character of Newtype 2019 for her role in Lost Butterfly. Writer Gen Urobuchi praised Sakura's role in Heaven's Feel because the character represents a darker side of women but Shirou still accepts her.
Scenes from the original visual novel that show Shirou having sexual intercourse with the heroines are commonly censored. According to the website Kotaku, Shirou's intercourse with Sakura has become an Internet meme that replaced Sakura's nudity with multiple images. In promoting the Heaven's Feel movie, a collaboration cafe titled "Fate/stay night Heaven’s Feel Sakura Cafe", where recording of Sakura's voice could be heard, opened in 2017 in Osaka and Tokyo. Rice Digital claimed the sexual scenes were given a deep theme, most notably in Heaven's Feel when the heroine, Sakura, is treated differently due to her backstory, which makes her unease.
Voice actor Bryce Papenbrook who voices Shirou in English, told Crunchyroll he looked forward to Shirou's role in the Heaven's Feel movie because of Shirou's and Sakura's relationship. The Artifice enjoyed Sakura's character and backstory.
Critics have commented on Sakura's role in the Heaven's Feel movies. Kim Morrissy of Anime News Network enjoyed the interactions between Sakura and Shirou in the first Heaven's Feel movie. Rebecca Silverman from the same website praised "Sakura's slow growth into someone who can express her feelings" due to Shirou's help and also enjoyed their relationship, stating that both "Sakura and Shirou's growth feels more subtle than previous Fate entries". IGN noted that Sakura's story with Shirou was different from other adaptations of the visual novel. Chris Beveridge from the Fandom Post enjoyed multiple interactions between Sakura and Shirou and at the same time with Saber. Atomix noted that multiple fans wondered whether or not the sexual content from the visual novel involving Sakura would be adapted but the reviewer noted Ufotable did not show any fanservice. Atomix criticized how Sakura lacked importance in the first Heaven's Feel movie despite being its heroine. UK Anime Network questioned the connection between Sakura and Rin, and criticized that this remains as a mystery in the first film. Anime News Network noted that Sakura has one of the harshest family origins in anime because she was given up by the Tohsaka family and subsequently tortured by her adopted grandfather Zouken Matou in order to get the power to participate in the Holy Grail War.
Kim Morrissy said lost butterfly, the second film in the series, is "a story about Shirou and Sakura and how their choices affect the entire war", that their compelling relationship is more complex than a childhood friendship, and that "their chemistry in this film felt raw and more profound than any of Shirou's interactions with his other love interests". Rebecca Silverman commended the film for exploring into Sakura's hidden depths and psychological state and found her descent into darkness beautiful and understandable. Rebecca also praised "Sakura's Disney-inspired dream sequence" to which she called "fascinating on several levels". Skyler Allen praised Sakura's hidden depths in the second movie because of the revelation of her difficult childhood while wondering whether her relationship with Shirou is healthy. Because both characters endured tragic events, Sakura and Shirou mature during the second film and try comforting each other. The way the film touches on Sakura's past sexual assaults would make the viewer uncomfortable due to the way it is handled because Sakura feels shame about her rape. Nevertheless, the reviewer felt Sakura's gradual collapse into a tragic heroine was developed appropriately. IGN felt that Sakura's personality was one of the best parts of the second film due to how she suffers a darker characterization despite retaining her original wellmeaning self. Biggest In Japan said that the second Heaven's Feel makes a major impact in Shirou and Sakura's relationship to the point the former's character arc "comes full circle". As the story makes Sakura the biggest enemy in the narrative who wants to be killed by the person she loves the most, Shirou becomes conflicted between his feelings for her and whether or not he can save her until giving up on being a hero and allowing her live. The final Heaven's Feel movie received praise for Sakura's new redesign labeled as "Dark Sakura" due to its appeal created by Ufotable which was compared to Saber Alter. While critics enjoyed Shirou's quest to save Sakura from herself to the point of making the redemption quest worthwhile, the sister relationship she has with Rin Tohsaka was similarly received due to further expanding the quest of redemption.
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Witch on the Holy Night
Nitroplus Blasterz: Heroines Infinite Duel
vteType-Moon worksThe Garden of Sinners
The Garden of Sinners
Characters
Overlooking View
A Study in Murder – Part 1
Remaining Sense of Pain
The Hollow Shrine
Paradox Spiral
Oblivion Recording
A Study in Murder – Part 2
Future Gospel
Tsukihime series
Tsukihime
episodes
Melty Blood
Type Lumina
Fate series
stay night
characters
Shirou Emiya
Saber
Rin Tohsaka
Sakura Matou
episodes
Unlimited Blade Works
episodes
stay night: Unlimited Blade Works
stay night: Heaven's Feel
presage flower
lost butterfly
spring song
hollow ataraxia
Zero
characters
Kiritsugu Emiya
Waver Velvet
episodes
tiger colosseum
kaleid liner Prisma Illya
episodes
2wei!
Vow in the Snow
unlimited codes
Extra
Extella: The Umbral Star
Extra Last Encore
Apocrypha
characters
episodes
The Case Files of Lord El-Melloi II
Lord El-Melloi II
strange Fake
Grand Order
characters
Absolute Demonic Front Babylonia
Final Singularity-Grand Temple of Time: Solomon
Today's Menu for the Emiya Family
Other
Carnival Phantasm
characters
Canaan
episodes
Witch on the Holy Night
World Conquest Zvezda Plot
People
Kinoko Nasu
Takashi Takeuchi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"visual novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_novel"},{"link_name":"Fate/stay night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/stay_night"},{"link_name":"Type-Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type-Moon"},{"link_name":"Shirou Emiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirou_Emiya"},{"link_name":"Fate/hollow ataraxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/hollow_ataraxia"},{"link_name":"light novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_novel"},{"link_name":"Fate/Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/Zero"},{"link_name":"Kinoko Nasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoko_Nasu"},{"link_name":"Rin Tohsaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin_Tohsaka"},{"link_name":"Takashi Takeuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Takeuchi"},{"link_name":"Ufotable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufotable"},{"link_name":"Noriko Shitaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noriko_Shitaya"},{"link_name":"Sherry Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Studio DEEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_DEEN"},{"link_name":"Cristina Vee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Vee"},{"link_name":"Shinji Matou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinji_Matou"}],"text":"Fictional characterSakura Matou (Japanese: 間桐 桜, Hepburn: Matō Sakura) is a fictional character who was first introduced in the visual novel Fate/stay night by Type-Moon from 2004. Sakura is introduced as a friend of the main character Shirou Emiya, on whom she has a crush but remains a minor character in the first two routes of the novel. In the third route \"Heaven's Feel\", where she serves as the route's heroine, Sakura reveals her darker characterization and bonds with Shirou. Sakura is a participant of the Holy Grail War, a battle between mages who fight alongside warriors known as Servants. She is corrupted through a mysterious shadow and Shirou must decide whether or not he should kill her. Besides Fate/stay night, Sakura has appeared in the sequel Fate/hollow ataraxia, the prequel light novel Fate/Zero and multiple spin-offs and adaptations of Type-Moon works.Sakura was created by Kinoko Nasu, who wanted to create a heroine who would contrast with the previous heroine Rin Tohsaka, while character designer Takashi Takeuchi wanted her to be a beautiful, popular teenager. The staff members of studio Ufotable in charge of creating the Heaven's Feel films wanted to expand on her characterization by creating new scenes in which she interacts with Shirou after their first meeting. Sakura is voiced by Noriko Shitaya in Japanese. In English, she is voiced by Sherry Lynn in the anime adaptations by Studio DEEN, and by Cristina Vee from Fate/Zero onwards.Critical reception to Sakura's character has been generally positive; critics praised the complexity and depth to the character in the Heaven's Feel route as well as her connections with Shirou and her adoptive brother Shinji Matou. Her dark past, in which she experienced physical and sexual abuse, however, received a mixed reception. Sakura is also often used for marketing and has appeared in several character-popularity polls.","title":"Sakura Matou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takashi Takeuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Takeuchi"},{"link_name":"eroge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroge"},{"link_name":"Kinoko Nasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoko_Nasu"},{"link_name":"Rin Tohsaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin_Tohsaka"},{"link_name":"Fujino Asagami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujino_Asagami"},{"link_name":"Kara no Kyoukai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_no_Kyoukai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Type Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_Moon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Noriko Shitaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noriko_Shitaya"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ufotable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufotable"},{"link_name":"Yuma Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_Takahashi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Aimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cristina Vee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Vee"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actors-12"}],"text":"Sakura Matou was created by concept artist Takashi Takeuchi during the early stages of making Fate/stay night. Takeuchi wanted to create an attractive heroine with a quiet personality who would be popular with the audience. He considered Sakura to be a typical eroge heroine; more scenes of erotic content were created for her compared to the game's other female characters. The game's creators considered her as a woman who loves sex, and the player's perception of her is supposed to be that of a bride before the wedding. Writer Kinoko Nasu wanted Sakura to contrast with Rin Tohsaka, the heroine of another route in the visual novel, based on their different pasts. During the story Sakura is corrupted by a shadow, which Takeuchi designed for this incarnation. The idea of Dark Sakura was created; a character who would frighten players because of her darker tone. Nasu liked Takeuchi's design. Sakura's initial concept was based on Fujino Asagami from Kara no Kyoukai, which Nasu accepted when Takeuchi first showed him the sketches. In the following game, Sakura was reworked to have a lighter-hearted personality that contrasts with her dark past.[1]According to Type Moon, Sakura is their most popular heroine despite her tragic nature.[2] While making Fate/Zero, the staff favored showing more of her suffering, most notably when Kariya tries to save her, but some scenes were removed from the light novel because of the nature of the content.[3] Nasu said he enjoyed Sakura's Japanese portrayal by Noriko Shitaya, who made her sound appealing.[4]For Ufotable's film based on Heaven's Feel, director Tomonori Sudo said he wanted to further explore the past relationship between Shirou and Sakura, which he believes is the most important part of the story. Producer Yuma Takahashi had similar opinions, believing the style of some scenes that symbolize their romance were needed.[5] Singer Aimer wrote the theme song \"Hana no Uta\", which focuses on Sakura.[6] Having not known of the character before the making of the film, Shitaya was surprised when learning of Sakura's characterization as she discovered new traits about her.[7] Aimer's theme song \"I beg you\" was written to explore the relationship between these characters; Aimer wanted to show Sakura's dark personality because she wants Shirou to love her but does not want him to know about her secrets.[8] The author of the printed adaptation of Heaven's Feel noted that for the serialization of the manga he wanted to start the story between Shirou and Sakura with the first time the latter met the former and fell for him in contrast to the original visual novel which left this scene until some scenes more in the route.[9]Shitaya enjoyed Shirou's noticing of Sakura's feelings.[10] Shitaya enjoyed the exploration of Sakura's feelings towards Shirou, which she said brought a new level of depth to the character.[11] English voice actress Cristina Vee said that in preparation for the dub of the film that Sakura is \"very quiet and meek, so she's going to be very scary\".[12]","title":"Creation and conception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fate/stay night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/stay_night"},{"link_name":"Kiritsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiritsugu_Emiya"},{"link_name":"Caster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Caster"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep17-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep18-14"},{"link_name":"Zōken Matō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fate/stay_night_characters#Z%C5%8Dken_Mat%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Angra Mainyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angra_Mainyu"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kirei Kotomine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirei_Kotomine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"light novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_novel"},{"link_name":"Fate/Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/Zero"},{"link_name":"Fate/hollow ataraxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/hollow_ataraxia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-title-18"},{"link_name":"Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya 3rei!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/kaleid_liner_Prisma_Illya_3rei!!"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya: Oath Under Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/kaleid_liner_Prisma_Illya:_Oath_Under_Snow"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"fighting games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"Fate/unlimited codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/unlimited_codes"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Fate/tiger colosseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/tiger_colosseum"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Fate/Grand Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/Grand_Order"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Divine Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Gate"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Sakura is introduced in visual novel Fate/stay night as a first-year high-school student and the sister of Shinji Matou, a friend of the story's protagonist Shirou Emiya. After Shirou's father Kiritsugu dies, Sakura often visits Shirou's home to help him with his daily chores. Though Shinji is from a family of sorcerers, Sakura has no knowledge of her family's craft and history. Sakura is outwardly shy and has a long-standing and obvious crush on Shirou. Sakura plays a minor part in the Fate and Unlimited Blade Works routes. In the Heaven's Feel route, however, she is the story's lead heroine and her backstory is vastly expanded. In the anime-original storyline, Sakura is kidnapped by Caster as a sacrifice to summon the Holy Grail because she has latent magic circuits.[13] During a rescue attempt, she and Rin are confirmed to be sisters who were separated in early childhood.[14] Sakura is proven to be a powerful mage as well as Rider's true Master, having used a command spell to give control to Shinji because she had no desire to fight. Her brand of magic is unique; she cannot command any of the five traditional elements but can manipulate the very rare Imaginary Numbers, which are connected to demons.In Heaven's Feel it is revealed that Sakura underwent years of torture and sexual abuse by Shinji and her grandfather Zōken Matō that have left her psychologically scarred and emotionally dependent on Shirou. At the end of the previous Grail War, Zōken implanted a piece of the Grail into Sakura in an attempt to recreate it, turning her into the Black Grail, the counterpart to Einzbern's White Grail. This leads a Servant from the Third Holy Grail War Angra Mainyu (also known as Avenger) to manifest itself through Sakura as \"The Shadow\" while she is asleep. Consequently, Sakura takes on the form of the Shadow at night, which kills hundreds of people to gain energy.[15] As a result of the combined machinations of Zōken and magus priest Kirei Kotomine, she gradually sinks into depravity before embracing the Shadow to become the bloodthirsty Dark Sakura. Torn between her usual self and being fully consumed by her long-repressed feelings of rage and envy, Sakura initially intends to sacrifice herself in order to stop Angra Mainyu, but proceeds to seek vengeance upon the world by unleashing Angra Mainyu upon humanity after her biological sister Rin, from whom she was separated after being adopted into the Matou family, expresses her desire to kill her. She is stopped, however, when in their ensuing battle, Rin finds she cannot kill her sister and lets herself be stabbed before revealing to Sakura that she never stopped caring for her. Realizing her folly, Sakura regains control of her mind for long enough for Shirou to free her of the Shadow. In her route's Normal End, Sakura goes insane from Shirou's sacrifice during the Grail's destruction and lives alone in the Emiya household for the rest of her life, believing Shirou will return to her to take her to see the cherry blossoms. When Sakura dies, she sees Shirou waving to her in a final dream or afterlife.[16] In the True End, Sakura lives with Shirō and Rider in peace, realizing for the first time she is truly happy.[17]Sakura also appears in the prequel light novel Fate/Zero as a child; Kariya Matou seeks to save her from the Matou family but fails. She is also present in Fate/hollow ataraxia. Sakura, while retaining her reticent nature throughout the game, becomes more self-confident and self-sufficient both as a mage and as a leader. She has become the captain of her school's archery club, which she leads with great skill under the tutelage of Ayako Mitsuzuri. Sakura now stays at the Emiya residence on weekends, holidays and special occasions; she also becomes the head of the Matou household, having ousted Zouken. Sakura continues to help Shirou with the cooking and housework at the Emiya household. She and Rin become sisters; Rin educates her in cooking and magecraft. Sakura maintains slight resentment and an inferiority complex towards Rin, and displays jealousy towards other women when Shirou pays them attention. Sakura's evil and sadistic side from the Heaven's Feel route of Fate/stay night manifests occasionally as comic relief in the game.[18]In the manga and anime series Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya 3rei!! Sakura appears as doll that is mind-controlled by the Ainsworths family. She is used to wound Shirou during a fight controlled by Julia Ainsworths.[19] Once Shirou recovers, he tells the other characters about Sakura's past, which is also told in the movie prequel Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya: Oath Under Snow. In this spin-off, Sakura practices archery with Shirou. When the Fifth Holy Grail War starts, Sakura is outed as a fighter using the Gilgamesh class card to kill Shirou. She refuses to kill Shirou, however, and is instead killed by Shinji when his brother appears to take her place.[20][21]Sakura appears in the fighting games Fate/unlimited codes[22] and Fate/tiger colosseum.[23] In Fate/Grand Order, she appears as a Lancer (ランサー, Ransā)-class servant whose spirit Parvati (パールヴァティー, Pāruvatī) is possessing her body.[24] Besides Type-Moon's works and adaptations, she also appears in the video game Divine Gate.[25]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DarkSakura.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Newtype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtype"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Presage Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/stay_night:_Heaven%27s_Feel_I._presage_flower"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Lost Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/stay_night:_Heaven%27s_Feel_II._lost_butterfly"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Gen Urobuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_Urobuchi"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Kotaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Bryce Papenbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_Papenbrook"},{"link_name":"Crunchyroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actors-12"},{"link_name":"The Artifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artifice"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Anime News Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"lost butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate/stay_night:_Heaven%27s_Feel_II._lost_butterfly"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Sakura's darker counterpart received praise for her tragic nature and redesignSakura was well received by fans of the series. In the Type Moon 10th anniversary poll, Sakura was voted as the eighth-best character.[26] In a Newtype poll, Sakura was voted the 19th-most-popular female anime character from the 2010s.[27] In the 2017 Newtype anime award for best female character, Sakura took fifth place for her role in Presage Flower.[28] She was also voted the second best female character of Newtype 2019 for her role in Lost Butterfly.[29] Writer Gen Urobuchi praised Sakura's role in Heaven's Feel because the character represents a darker side of women but Shirou still accepts her.[30]Scenes from the original visual novel that show Shirou having sexual intercourse with the heroines are commonly censored. According to the website Kotaku, Shirou's intercourse with Sakura has become an Internet meme that replaced Sakura's nudity with multiple images.[31] In promoting the Heaven's Feel movie, a collaboration cafe titled \"Fate/stay night Heaven’s Feel Sakura Cafe\", where recording of Sakura's voice could be heard, opened in 2017 in Osaka and Tokyo.[32] Rice Digital claimed the sexual scenes were given a deep theme, most notably in Heaven's Feel when the heroine, Sakura, is treated differently due to her backstory, which makes her unease.[33]Voice actor Bryce Papenbrook who voices Shirou in English, told Crunchyroll he looked forward to Shirou's role in the Heaven's Feel movie because of Shirou's and Sakura's relationship.[12] The Artifice enjoyed Sakura's character and backstory.[34]Critics have commented on Sakura's role in the Heaven's Feel movies. Kim Morrissy of Anime News Network enjoyed the interactions between Sakura and Shirou in the first Heaven's Feel movie.[35] Rebecca Silverman from the same website praised \"Sakura's slow growth into someone who can express her feelings\" due to Shirou's help and also enjoyed their relationship, stating that both \"Sakura and Shirou's growth feels more subtle than previous Fate entries\".[36] IGN noted that Sakura's story with Shirou was different from other adaptations of the visual novel.[37] Chris Beveridge from the Fandom Post enjoyed multiple interactions between Sakura and Shirou and at the same time with Saber.[38] Atomix noted that multiple fans wondered whether or not the sexual content from the visual novel involving Sakura would be adapted but the reviewer noted Ufotable did not show any fanservice. Atomix criticized how Sakura lacked importance in the first Heaven's Feel movie despite being its heroine.[39] UK Anime Network questioned the connection between Sakura and Rin, and criticized that this remains as a mystery in the first film.[40] Anime News Network noted that Sakura has one of the harshest family origins in anime because she was given up by the Tohsaka family and subsequently tortured by her adopted grandfather Zouken Matou in order to get the power to participate in the Holy Grail War.[41]Kim Morrissy said lost butterfly, the second film in the series, is \"a story about Shirou and Sakura and how their choices affect the entire war\", that their compelling relationship is more complex than a childhood friendship, and that \"their chemistry in this film felt raw and more profound than any of Shirou's interactions with his other love interests\".[42] Rebecca Silverman commended the film for exploring into Sakura's hidden depths and psychological state and found her descent into darkness beautiful and understandable. Rebecca also praised \"Sakura's Disney-inspired dream sequence\" to which she called \"fascinating on several levels\".[43] Skyler Allen praised Sakura's hidden depths in the second movie because of the revelation of her difficult childhood while wondering whether her relationship with Shirou is healthy. Because both characters endured tragic events, Sakura and Shirou mature during the second film and try comforting each other. The way the film touches on Sakura's past sexual assaults would make the viewer uncomfortable due to the way it is handled because Sakura feels shame about her rape. Nevertheless, the reviewer felt Sakura's gradual collapse into a tragic heroine was developed appropriately.[44] IGN felt that Sakura's personality was one of the best parts of the second film due to how she suffers a darker characterization despite retaining her original wellmeaning self.[45] Biggest In Japan said that the second Heaven's Feel makes a major impact in Shirou and Sakura's relationship to the point the former's character arc \"comes full circle\". As the story makes Sakura the biggest enemy in the narrative who wants to be killed by the person she loves the most, Shirou becomes conflicted between his feelings for her and whether or not he can save her until giving up on being a hero and allowing her live.[46] The final Heaven's Feel movie received praise for Sakura's new redesign labeled as \"Dark Sakura\" due to its appeal created by Ufotable which was compared to Saber Alter. While critics enjoyed Shirou's quest to save Sakura from herself to the point of making the redemption quest worthwhile, the sister relationship she has with Rin Tohsaka was similarly received due to further expanding the quest of redemption.[47][48]","title":"Reception"}] | [{"image_text":"Sakura's darker counterpart received praise for her tragic nature and redesign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/DarkSakura.jpeg/220px-DarkSakura.jpeg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Fate/complete material II Character material. Type-Moon. p. 41.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nasu, Kinoko; Takeuchi, Takashi (2006). \"The Fate/stay night Staffs Interview\". website (Interview). Dengeki Online. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoko_Nasu","url_text":"Nasu, Kinoko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Takeuchi","url_text":"Takeuchi, Takashi"},{"url":"http://www.comipress.com/article/2006/06/30/386","url_text":"\"The Fate/stay night Staffs Interview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140900/http://www.comipress.com/article/2006/06/30/386","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Heaven's Feel USA Premiere Interview\". GamePress. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://grandorder.gamepress.gg/heavens-feel-usa-premiere-interview","url_text":"\"Heaven's Feel USA Premiere Interview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181225031049/https://grandorder.gamepress.gg/heavens-feel-usa-premiere-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aimer\". Animedia. 11 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cho-animedia.jp/music/26470/","url_text":"\"Aimer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427145404/https://cho-animedia.jp/music/26470/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Noriko Shitaya Interview @ Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel Premiere\". T Ono. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.t-ono.net/interview/noriko-shitaya-interview-fate/stay-night-heaven-s-feel-premiere.html","url_text":"\"Noriko Shitaya Interview @ Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel Premiere\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042804/https://www.t-ono.net/interview/noriko-shitaya-interview-fate/stay-night-heaven-s-feel-premiere.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"【Aimer／I beg you】歌詞の意味を徹底解釈！Fateの主題歌で間桐桜の暗くも切ない思いを描く！？\" (in Japanese). Salute Project. Archived from the original on November 21, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clarke%27s_All-England_Eleven | William Clarke's All-England Eleven | ["1 History","2 Notes and references","3 Bibliography"] | This article is about William Clarke's team. For the definition of the expression "All-England Eleven", see Non-international England cricket teams.
Cricket team
All-England ElevenWilliam Clarke's All-England ElevenTeam informationEstablished1846Home venueno home venue (nomadic team)HistoryNotable playersWilliam ClarkeGeorge ParrWilliam CaffynJohn WisdenWilliam LillywhiteAlfred MynnNicholas Felix
The All-England Eleven (AEE) was an itinerant all-professional first-class cricket team created in 1846 by Nottinghamshire cricketer William Clarke. Widely known by its acronym AEE, it took advantage of opportunities offered by the newly developed railways to play against local teams throughout Great Britain and made its profit by receiving payments from the home clubs. In 1852, some players broke away from the AEE to form the United All-England Eleven (UEE). Similar enterprises were launched in the following years including the United North of England Eleven (UNEE) and Edgar Willsher's United South of England Eleven (USEE) which became strongly associated with WG Grace.
Clarke, as well as being the manager, was the captain of the AEE team until his death in 1856. He was succeeded by his Nottinghamshire colleague George Parr who agreed that the AEE and UEE should regularly play against each other, something that Clarke would not allow. In 1859, the first England national cricket team was formed as a composite of the AEE and the UEE to tour North America.
With the rise of county cricket and the introduction of international cricket, the travelling elevens lost influence and popularity. The AEE gradually faded from the scene and had disappeared by 1880.
History
William Clarke in 1845.
In the late 1840s, Nottinghamshire CCC player William Clarke recognised that a professional touring eleven could enhance the local and fragmented popularity of cricket. In 1846, he founded what would become known as the "All-England Eleven" as an all-professional team that played a few games in the North of England against more-than-eleven local teams. He originally called his side "Eleven of England". The squad arguably comprised the best English professional players of the time, as well as two nominally "amateur" cricketers, Alfred Mynn and Nicholas Felix. The All-England Eleven was inundated with requests for fixtures and received a payment from its opponents (who could in turn hope for a large attendance). During the following years, helped by the development of railways, the team regularly toured Great Britain, doing much to increase the popularity of the game in areas that had previously not seen high class cricket.
The first overseas English tour, in North America, comprised six "All-England Eleven" players as well as six "United All-England Eleven" professionals.
The players were better paid by Clarke than they were by the Marylebone Cricket Club or the counties, but Clarke, who was captain as well as manager of the team, received by far the largest part of the profit. In 1852 some of the professionals, led by John Wisden and Jemmy Dean, were dissatisfied by Clarke's ungenerous and undemocratic behaviour and sought larger wages. They broke away from the team and created the United All-England Eleven. Other similar teams appeared from the late 1850s.
George Parr led the team after Clarke's death in 1856. From 1857 the two main "All-England Elevens" regularly played against each other. In 1859, six members of each team composed the squad of the first ever overseas touring English team, which played several games in the United States and in Canada.
Notes and references
^ a b Ric Sissons, ‘Clarke, William (1798–1856)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
^ The expression was already in use as a generic term to denote various teams; see All-England Eleven
^ a b c d Birley (1999), p 85
^ Major (2007), p 179
^ Major (2007), p 178
^ a b Birley (1999), p 90
^ Birley (1999), p 96
^ Birley (1999), pp 96-97
Bibliography
Derek Birley, A Social History of English Cricket, Aurum, 1999
John Major, More Than A Game, HarperCollins, 2007 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-international England cricket teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-international_England_cricket_teams"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"William Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clarke_(cricketer,_born_1798)"},{"link_name":"United All-England Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_All-England_Eleven"},{"link_name":"United North of England Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_North_of_England_Eleven"},{"link_name":"Edgar Willsher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Willsher"},{"link_name":"United South of England Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_South_of_England_Eleven"},{"link_name":"WG Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WG_Grace"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"George Parr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Parr_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"England national cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"tour North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team_in_North_America_in_1859"},{"link_name":"county cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_cricket"}],"text":"This article is about William Clarke's team. For the definition of the expression \"All-England Eleven\", see Non-international England cricket teams.Cricket teamThe All-England Eleven (AEE) was an itinerant all-professional first-class cricket team created in 1846 by Nottinghamshire cricketer William Clarke. Widely known by its acronym AEE, it took advantage of opportunities offered by the newly developed railways to play against local teams throughout Great Britain and made its profit by receiving payments from the home clubs. In 1852, some players broke away from the AEE to form the United All-England Eleven (UEE). Similar enterprises were launched in the following years including the United North of England Eleven (UNEE) and Edgar Willsher's United South of England Eleven (USEE) which became strongly associated with WG Grace.Clarke, as well as being the manager, was the captain of the AEE team until his death in 1856. He was succeeded by his Nottinghamshire colleague George Parr who agreed that the AEE and UEE should regularly play against each other, something that Clarke would not allow. In 1859, the first England national cricket team was formed as a composite of the AEE and the UEE to tour North America.With the rise of county cricket and the introduction of international cricket, the travelling elevens lost influence and popularity. The AEE gradually faded from the scene and had disappeared by 1880.","title":"William Clarke's All-England Eleven"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Clarke_(cricketer).jpg"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire CCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"William Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clarke_(cricketer,_born_1798)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birley85-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birley85-3"},{"link_name":"Alfred Mynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Mynn"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Felix"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birley85-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_in_North_America_1859.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marylebone Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birley85-3"},{"link_name":"John Wisden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wisden"},{"link_name":"Jemmy Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemmy_Dean"},{"link_name":"United All-England Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_All-England_Eleven"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birley90-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"George Parr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Parr_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birley90-6"},{"link_name":"overseas touring English team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team_in_North_America_in_1859"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"William Clarke in 1845.In the late 1840s, Nottinghamshire CCC player William Clarke recognised that a professional touring eleven could enhance the local and fragmented popularity of cricket.[1] In 1846, he founded what would become known as the \"All-England Eleven\"[2] as an all-professional team that played a few games in the North of England against more-than-eleven local teams.[3] He originally called his side \"Eleven of England\".[4] The squad arguably comprised the best English professional players of the time,[3] as well as two nominally \"amateur\" cricketers, Alfred Mynn and Nicholas Felix.[5] The All-England Eleven was inundated with requests for fixtures [1] and received a payment from its opponents[3] (who could in turn hope for a large attendance). During the following years, helped by the development of railways, the team regularly toured Great Britain, doing much to increase the popularity of the game in areas that had previously not seen high class cricket.The first overseas English tour, in North America, comprised six \"All-England Eleven\" players as well as six \"United All-England Eleven\" professionals.The players were better paid by Clarke than they were by the Marylebone Cricket Club or the counties, but Clarke, who was captain as well as manager of the team, received by far the largest part of the profit.[3] In 1852 some of the professionals, led by John Wisden and Jemmy Dean, were dissatisfied by Clarke's ungenerous and undemocratic behaviour and sought larger wages. They broke away from the team and created the United All-England Eleven.[6] Other similar teams appeared from the late 1850s.[7]George Parr led the team after Clarke's death in 1856. From 1857 the two main \"All-England Elevens\" regularly played against each other.[6] In 1859, six members of each team composed the squad of the first ever overseas touring English team, which played several games in the United States and in Canada.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-1"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"All-England Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-England_Eleven"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birley85_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birley85_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birley85_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birley85_3-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birley90_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birley90_6-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ a b Ric Sissons, ‘Clarke, William (1798–1856)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004\n\n^ The expression was already in use as a generic term to denote various teams; see All-England Eleven\n\n^ a b c d Birley (1999), p 85\n\n^ Major (2007), p 179\n\n^ Major (2007), p 178\n\n^ a b Birley (1999), p 90\n\n^ Birley (1999), p 96\n\n^ Birley (1999), pp 96-97","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derek Birley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Birley"},{"link_name":"John Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major"}],"text":"Derek Birley, A Social History of English Cricket, Aurum, 1999\nJohn Major, More Than A Game, HarperCollins, 2007","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"William Clarke in 1845.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/William_Clarke_%28cricketer%29.jpg/120px-William_Clarke_%28cricketer%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first overseas English tour, in North America, comprised six \"All-England Eleven\" players as well as six \"United All-England Eleven\" professionals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/England_in_North_America_1859.jpg/180px-England_in_North_America_1859.jpg"}] | null | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_national_cricket_team | Romania national cricket team | ["1 History","1.1 2018-Present","2 International grounds","3 Tournament History","3.1 Sofia Twenty20","3.2 Continental Cup","3.3 Valletta Cup","4 Current squad","5 Records","5.1 Twenty20 International","6 See also","7 References"] | Cricket team
This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Romania women's national cricket team.
RomaniaAssociationCricket RomaniaPersonnelCaptainShantanu VashishtCoachAndrew BeggInternational Cricket CouncilICC statusAssociate member (2017)ICC regionEuropeICC Rankings
Current
Best-everT20I
58th
37th (2 May 2022)International cricketFirst internationalv Bulgaria at Berceni cricket ground, Bucharest, 27 June 2009Twenty20 InternationalsFirst T20Iv Austria at Moara Vlasiei Cricket Ground, Moara Vlăsiei; 29 August 2019Last T20Iv Italy at Simar Cricket Ground, Rome; 16 June 2024T20Is
Played
Won/LostTotal
46
31/15(0 ties, 0 no result)This year
8
6/2(0 ties, 0 no result)As of 16 June 2024
The Romania national cricket team represents the country of Romania in international cricket. Cricket was played in Romania between 1893 and 1930,after which it declined and the sport in Romania died out. In recent years the game has begun to grow again, particularly in Bucharest, Timișoara and Cluj-Napoca. In July 2010, they played in a European Twenty20 tournament which was held in Skopje, Macedonia. On 29 June 2013, Romania was granted affiliate status by the International Cricket Council (ICC) and are therefore entitled to participate in ICC official events. Since 2017, they became an associate member
As in a number of European countries, the game is dominated by expatriates from the Sub-Continent and other traditional cricket-playing countries. The main ground of the team for national and international matches is at Moara Vlăsiei, 26 km (16 miles) away from the Bucharest city centre. It was built between 2011 and 2013 and is the only turf ground in eastern and central Europe.
Romania won the 2021 Sofia Twenty20 cup, where they defeated Bulgaria in the final.
History
2018-Present
In April 2018, the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International (T20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all Twenty20 matches played between Romania and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I.
Romania played its first T20I match against Austria on 29 August 2019 during the 2019 Continental Cup in Romania.
29 August 2019 09:00 Scorecard
Romania 137/7 (20 overs)
v
Austria106 (19.4 overs)
Ijaz Hussain 35 (36) Bilal Zalmai 4/12 (4 overs)
Anthony Lark 30 (41) Ramesh Satheesan 3/14 (4 overs)
Romania won by 31 runs Moara Vlasiei Cricket Ground, Ilfov County Umpires: Mark Jameson (Ger) and Thomas Kentorp (Den)
Austria won the toss and elected to field.
First ever T20I match for Romania.
Romania are scheduled to make their debut in an ICC event, when they take part in the Europe Qualifier tournament in 2021.
International grounds
Moara Vlasieiclass=notpageimage| Locations of stadiums which have hosted international cricket matches within Romania
Tournament History
Sofia Twenty20
2021: Champions
2021: Did not enter
Continental Cup
2019: 3rd place
2021: Champions
2023: Champions
Valletta Cup
2019: Did not enter
2021: Did not enter
2022: Champions
2023: 4th
Current squad
This lists all the players who have played for Romania in the past 12 months or has been part of the latest T20I squad. Uncapped players are listed in italics.
Name
Age
Batting style
Bowling style
Notes
Batters
Ramesh Satheesan
42
Right-handed
Right-arm off break
Sivakumar Periyalwar
36
Right-handed
Right-arm medium
Rohit Kumar
34
Left-handed
Luca Petre
17
Right-handed
Right-arm medium
Kaka Vimlesh
31
Right-handed
Right-arm medium
Gohar Manan
35
Right-handed
Right-arm off break
Noman Sajid
25
Right-handed
Right-arm off break
Dussantha Arachchilage
30
Right-handed
Asad Abbas
44
Right-handed
Right-arm medium
All-rounders
Vasu Saini
34
Right-handed
Right-arm medium
Captain
Taranjeet Singh
38
Right-handed
Right-arm off break
Saeed Ullah
39
Right-handed
Right-arm medium
Kaveesha Devinda
24
Left-handed
Right-arm medium
Asif Bevinje
26
Right-handed
Right-arm medium
Wicket-keepers
Satvik Nadigotla
35
Right-handed
Abdul Shakoor
41
Right-handed
Sharat Kishore
42
Right-handed
Spin Bowlers
Sukhkaran Sahi
33
Right-handed
Right-arm off break
Mahesh Prasanna
40
Left-handed
Slow left-arm orthodox
Baljinder Singh
34
Left-handed
Slow left-arm orthodox
Tharindu Sandaruwan
24
Right-handed
Right-arm off break
Pace Bowlers
Ijaz Hussain
31
Right-handed
Right-arm medium-fast
Shantanu Vashisht
35
Right-handed
Right-arm medium-fast
Vice Captain
Manmeet Koli
27
Right-handed
Right-arm medium-fast
Gaurav Mishra
32
Right-handed
Right-arm medium-fast
Laurentiu Gherasim
20
Right-handed
Right-arm medium-fast
Ravindra Athapaththu
35
Right-handed
Right-arm medium
Pasindu Vindula
28
Right-handed
Left-arm medium
Updated as on 20 August 2023
Records
International Match Summary — Romania
Last updated 16 June 2024.
Playing Record
Format
M
W
L
T
NR
Inaugural Match
Twenty20 Internationals
46
31
15
0
0
31 August 2019
Twenty20 International
Highest team total: 226/6 v. Turkey, 29 August 2019 at Moara Vlasiei Cricket Ground, Moara Vlăsiei
Highest individual score: 110, Taranjeet Singh v. Czech Republic, 13 May 2022 at Marsa Sports Club, Marsa
Best individual bowling figures: 5/30, Asif Bevinje v. Hungary, 3 September 2021 at Moara Vlasiei Cricket Ground, Moara Vlăsiei
Most T20I runs for Romania
Player
Runs
Average
Career span
Ramesh Satheesan
1,197
38.61
2019–2023
Taranjeet Singh
1,087
36.23
2021–2024
Vasu Saini
804
30.92
2019–2024
Sivakumar Periyalwar
497
26.15
2019–2024
Satvik Nadigotla
422
15.62
2019–2024
Most T20I wickets for Romania
Player
Wickets
Average
Career span
Taranjeet Singh
35
19.11
2021–2024
Ijaz Hussain
33
17.30
2019–2024
Vasu Saini
33
27.09
2020–2024
Manmeet Koli
28
19.64
2022–2024
Shantanu Vashisht
28
19.92
2019–2024
T20I record versus other nations
Records complete to T20I #2696. Last updated 16 June 2024.
Opponent
M
W
L
T
NR
First match
First win
vs Associate Members
Austria
2
2
0
0
0
29 August 2019
29 August 2019
Bulgaria
9
8
1
0
0
16 October 2020
17 October 2020
Cyprus
1
0
1
0
0
13 July 2022
Czech Republic
3
2
1
0
0
31 August 2019
3 September 2021
France
1
0
1
0
0
13 July 2023
Gibraltar
2
1
1
0
0
14 May 2022
14 May 2022
Greece
1
1
0
0
0
24 June 2021
24 June 2021
Hungary
3
2
1
0
0
3 September 2021
3 September 2021
Isle of Man
1
0
1
0
0
15 July 2022
Israel
1
1
0
0
0
15 June 2024
15 June 2024
Italy
1
0
1
0
0
16 June 2024
Luxembourg
4
3
1
0
0
30 August 2019
30 August 2019
Malta
9
5
4
0
0
4 September 2021
4 September 2021
Portugal
1
1
0
0
0
10 June 2024
10 June 2024
Serbia
3
3
0
0
0
25 June 2021
25 June 2021
Sweden
1
0
1
0
0
19 July 2022
Switzerland
1
0
1
0
0
13 July 2023
Turkey
2
2
0
0
0
29 August 2019
29 August 2019
See also
List of Romania Twenty20 International cricketers
References
^ a b "Ireland and Afghanistan ICC newest full members amid wide-ranging governance reform". International Cricket Council. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
^ "ICC Rankings". International Cricket Council.
^ "T20I matches - Team records". ESPNcricinfo.
^ "T20I matches - 2024 Team records". ESPNcricinfo.
^
"Details of Affiliate Membership".
^ "Sofia Twenty20 Final". Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^ "All T20 matches between ICC members to get international status". International Cricket Council. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
^ "Continental Cricket Cup 2019". Facebook (Cricket Romania). Retrieved 14 August 2019.
^ "24 teams to compete in first step of Europe qualification for ICC Men's T20 world Cup 2021". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
^ a b "Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
^ "Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Highest totals". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
^ "Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / High scores". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
^ "Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Best bowling figures". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
^ "Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Most runs". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
^ "Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Most wickets". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
vteNational cricket teamsFull members (12)
Afghanistan
Australia
Bangladesh
England2
India
Ireland3
New Zealand
Pakistan
South Africa
Sri Lanka
West Indies1
Zimbabwe
Associate members (94)ODI status
Canada
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
Oman
Scotland
United Arab Emirates
United States
Other associate members
Argentina
Austria
Bahamas
Bahrain
Belgium
Belize
Bermuda
Bhutan
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Cayman Islands
Chile
China
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote D'Ivoire
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Eswatini
Falkland Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
Gambia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Guernsey
Hong Kong
Hungary
Indonesia
Iran
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Japan
Jersey
Kenya
Kuwait
Lesotho
Luxembourg
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Mexico
Mongolia
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nigeria
Norway
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Rwanda
Samoa
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovenia
South Korea
Spain
St Helena
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Turks and Caicos Islands
Turkey
Uganda
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Former members (5)
Brunei
Cuba
Morocco
Russia
Tonga
Zambia
Dissolved members (3)
East Africa
East and Central Africa
West Africa
Non-members
Egypt
Iceland
New Caledonia
Ukraine
Uruguay
Vietnam
See also
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Barbados
British Virgin Islands
Dominica
Grenada
Guyana
Jamaica
Montserrat
Nevis
Northern Ireland
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Kitts
Saint Lucia
Sint Maarten
Trinidad and Tobago
United States Virgin Islands
Wales
1 For Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Anguilla, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Montserrat, Nevis, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Sint Maarten, the British Virgin Islands and the United States Virgin Islands the national team is the West Indies. 2 For England and Wales, the national team is England. 3 For the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, the national team is Ireland.
vte National sports teams of Romania
American football
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
M
M-20
M-19
M-16
W
W-20
W-18
W-17
M 3x3
W 3x3
Beach soccer
Bobsleigh
Cricket
Football
M
M Olympic
M-21
M-20
M-19
M-17
M-16
W
W-19
W-17
Futsal
M
W
Gymnastics
Handball
M
W
W-19
W-17
Ice hockey
M
M-20
M-18
W
W-18
Korfball
Rugby union
M
M-20
M7's
W
W7's
Tennis
M
W
X
Volleyball
M
M-21
M-19
W
W-20
W-18
Water polo
M
W
Olympics
Paralympics
European Games | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romania women's national cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"international cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_cricket"},{"link_name":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Timișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"Cluj-Napoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"International Cricket Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new-5"},{"link_name":"associate member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Cricket_Council_members"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Assoc-1"},{"link_name":"main ground of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moara_Vlasiei_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Moara Vlăsiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moara_Vl%C4%83siei"},{"link_name":"2021 Sofia Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Sofia_Twenty20"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Romania women's national cricket team.The Romania national cricket team represents the country of Romania in international cricket. Cricket was played in Romania between 1893 and 1930,after which it declined and the sport in Romania died out. In recent years the game has begun to grow again, particularly in Bucharest, Timișoara and Cluj-Napoca. In July 2010, they played in a European Twenty20 tournament which was held in Skopje, Macedonia. On 29 June 2013, Romania was granted affiliate status by the International Cricket Council (ICC) and are therefore entitled to participate in ICC official events.[5] Since 2017, they became an associate member[1]As in a number of European countries, the game is dominated by expatriates from the Sub-Continent and other traditional cricket-playing countries. The main ground of the team for national and international matches is at Moara Vlăsiei, 26 km (16 miles) away from the Bucharest city centre. 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Therefore, all Twenty20 matches played between Romania and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I.[7]Romania played its first T20I match against Austria on 29 August 2019 during the 2019 Continental Cup in Romania.[8]29 August 2019 09:00 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nRomania 137/7 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\n Austria106 (19.4 overs)\n\n\nIjaz Hussain 35 (36) Bilal Zalmai 4/12 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nAnthony Lark 30 (41) Ramesh Satheesan 3/14 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nRomania won by 31 runs Moara Vlasiei Cricket Ground, Ilfov County Umpires: Mark Jameson (Ger) and Thomas Kentorp (Den) \n\n\nAustria won the toss and elected to field.\nFirst ever T20I match for Romania.Romania are scheduled to make their debut in an ICC event, when they take part in the Europe Qualifier tournament in 2021.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romania_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Moara Vlasiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moara_Vlasiei_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romania_location_map.svg"}],"text":"Moara Vlasieiclass=notpageimage| Locations of stadiums which have hosted international cricket matches within Romania","title":"International grounds"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tournament History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Sofia_Twenty20"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Sofia_Twenty20"}],"sub_title":"Sofia Twenty20","text":"2021: Champions\n2021: Did not enter","title":"Tournament History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Continental_Cup_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Continental_Cup_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Continental_Cup_(cricket)"}],"sub_title":"Continental Cup","text":"2019: 3rd place\n2021: Champions\n2023: Champions","title":"Tournament History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Valletta_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Valletta_Cup"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Valletta_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Valletta_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Valletta Cup","text":"2019: Did not enter\n2021: Did not enter\n2022: Champions\n2023: 4th","title":"Tournament History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This lists all the players who have played for Romania in the past 12 months or has been part of the latest T20I squad. Uncapped players are listed in italics.Updated as on 20 August 2023","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T20I-10"}],"text":"International Match Summary — Romania[10]Last updated 16 June 2024.","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Moara Vlasiei Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moara_Vlasiei_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Moara Vlăsiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moara_Vl%C4%83siei"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Marsa Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsa_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"Marsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsa,_Malta"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Moara Vlasiei Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moara_Vlasiei_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Moara Vlăsiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moara_Vl%C4%83siei"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T20I-10"}],"sub_title":"Twenty20 International","text":"Highest team total: 226/6 v. Turkey, 29 August 2019 at Moara Vlasiei Cricket Ground, Moara Vlăsiei[11]\nHighest individual score: 110, Taranjeet Singh v. Czech Republic, 13 May 2022 at Marsa Sports Club, Marsa[12]\nBest individual bowling figures: 5/30, Asif Bevinje v. Hungary, 3 September 2021 at Moara Vlasiei Cricket Ground, Moara Vlăsiei[13]Most T20I runs for Romania[14]\n\n\n\n\nPlayer\nRuns\nAverage\nCareer span\n\n\nRamesh Satheesan\n1,197\n38.61\n2019–2023\n\n\nTaranjeet Singh\n1,087\n36.23\n2021–2024\n\n\nVasu Saini\n804\n30.92\n2019–2024\n\n\nSivakumar Periyalwar\n497\n26.15\n2019–2024\n\n\nSatvik Nadigotla\n422\n15.62\n2019–2024\n\n\n\nMost T20I wickets for Romania[15]\n\n\n\n\nPlayer\nWickets\nAverage\nCareer span\n\n\nTaranjeet Singh\n35\n19.11\n2021–2024\n\n\nIjaz Hussain\n33\n17.30\n2019–2024\n\n\nVasu Saini\n33\n27.09\n2020–2024\n\n\nManmeet Koli\n28\n19.64\n2022–2024\n\n\nShantanu Vashisht\n28\n19.92\n2019–2024T20I record versus other nations[10]Records complete to T20I #2696. Last updated 16 June 2024.","title":"Records"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Romania Twenty20 International cricketers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romania_Twenty20_International_cricketers"}] | [{"reference":"\"Ireland and Afghanistan ICC newest full members amid wide-ranging governance reform\". International Cricket Council. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/422449","url_text":"\"Ireland and Afghanistan ICC newest full members amid wide-ranging governance reform\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council","url_text":"International Cricket Council"}]},{"reference":"\"ICC Rankings\". International Cricket Council.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings","url_text":"\"ICC Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"T20I matches - Team records\". ESPNcricinfo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/results-summary-283307","url_text":"\"T20I matches - Team records\""}]},{"reference":"\"T20I matches - 2024 Team records\". ESPNcricinfo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/year/team-results-summary/2024-2024/twenty20-internationals-3","url_text":"\"T20I matches - 2024 Team records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Details of Affiliate Membership\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icc-cricket.com/about/274/icc-members/affiliate-members/romania","url_text":"\"Details of Affiliate Membership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sofia Twenty20 Final\". Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sofia-twenty20-2021-1267300/bulgaria-vs-romania-final-1267312/full-scorecard","url_text":"\"Sofia Twenty20 Final\""}]},{"reference":"\"All T20 matches between ICC members to get international status\". International Cricket Council. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/672322","url_text":"\"All T20 matches between ICC members to get international status\""}]},{"reference":"\"Continental Cricket Cup 2019\". Facebook (Cricket Romania). Retrieved 14 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/193636663980431/posts/2747744458569626/","url_text":"\"Continental Cricket Cup 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"24 teams to compete in first step of Europe qualification for ICC Men's T20 world Cup 2021\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 28 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1591189","url_text":"\"24 teams to compete in first step of Europe qualification for ICC Men's T20 world Cup 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=3;id=188;type=team","url_text":"\"Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]},{"reference":"\"Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Highest totals\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=3;id=188;type=team","url_text":"\"Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Highest totals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]},{"reference":"\"Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / High scores\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=3;id=188;type=team","url_text":"\"Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / High scores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]},{"reference":"\"Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Best bowling figures\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=3;id=188;type=team","url_text":"\"Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Best bowling figures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]},{"reference":"\"Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Most runs\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=3;id=188;type=team","url_text":"\"Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Most runs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]},{"reference":"\"Records / Romania / Twenty20 Internationals / Most wickets\". ESPNcricinfo. 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