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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_Faculty_of_Medicine	Imperial College Faculty of Medicine	["1 History","2 Campuses","3 Academics","3.1 Department of Brain Sciences","3.2 School of Public Health","3.3 Medical school","3.4 National Heart and Lung Institute","3.5 Rankings","4 See also","5 References"]	Coordinates: 51°29′52″N 0°10′35″W / 51.49778°N 0.17639°W / 51.49778; -0.17639Faculty of medicine in London, England Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonSir Alexander Fleming BuildingFormer namesImperial College School of MedicineEstablished2001 (2001)DeanJonathan WeberAcademic staff450Administrative staff1,114Undergraduates2,188Postgraduates1,927LocationLondon, United KingdomCampusSouth Kensington, Hammersmith, Chelsea and Westminster, St Mary's, Charing Cross, Royal BromptonColours Websitewww.imperial.ac.uk/medicine The Faculty of Medicine is the academic centre for medical and clinical research and teaching at Imperial College London. It contains the Imperial College School of Medicine, which is the college's undergraduate medical school. History Medical teaching at Imperial dates back to the founding of Charing Cross Hospital Medical School in 1823, which was followed by other medical schools including Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Medical School, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School. These preceding medical schools were home to numerous medical researchers, including Sir Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin whilst working at St Mary's. St Mary's became part of Imperial in 1988, with the rest merging to form Imperial College School of Medicine in 1995. To accommodate medical activities at South Kensington, the Sir Alexander Fleming building was opened in October 1998, designed by Foster + Partners and costing £65m. Queen Elizabeth II opening the Sir Alexander Fleming Building The Faculty of Medicine was created as part of a college-wide restructuring announced in 2001, taking over research responsibilities from the School of Medicine, which in turn was restricted to only teaching the undergraduate course. The faculty has since had input on biomaterials and bioengineering courses across the college, and been reorganised into 8 academic departments. In early 2020, immunology research focused on finding a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 as part of the inter-departmental COVID-19 Response Team, led by the faculty. Under the leadership of professor Robin Shattock, the team made a significant breakthrough by reducing a part of the normal development time to develop the vaccine from "two to three years to just 14 days." By February 2020 the research team was at the stage of testing the vaccine on animals. The faculty's 16 March 2020 report entitled "Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand" was described in a March 17 The New York Times article, as the coronavirus "report that jarred the U.S. and the U.K. to action". Campuses The medical school is based at the Sir Alexander Fleming Building on Imperial College Road in South Kensington. It also has many hospital campuses across London with teaching, research and library facilities: Hammersmith Hospital St Mary's Hospital Charing Cross Hospital Royal Brompton Hospital Chelsea and Westminster Hospital The faculty also has a presence at its many other associated hospitals across London. Academics The faculty is closely linked to the National Health Service, and organises research and clinical teaching through its Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust hospitals, which is among the largest in the country, and other affiliated hospitals around London. It has also conducted studies on strategies for improving medical teaching and student preparation. The faculty is home to many research institutes, including the Partnership for Child Development and the London Institute of Medical Sciences, which is also a Medical Research Council institute. It is also one of the founding institutions of the Francis Crick Institute, an inter-university medical research centre in London, and the largest biomedical laboratory in Europe. Department of Brain Sciences The Department of Brain Sciences is the centre of research and teaching in neuroscience and mental health at Imperial College London. It is one of eight academic departments within the College's Faculty of Medicine and was established following a Faculty reorganisation in 2019. The department also comprises the Centre for Psychedelic Research and leads the UK DRI Centre at Imperial and the UK DRI Care Research & Technology Centre. The department is led by Professor Paul M. Matthews and is centred at Imperial's Hammersmith Campus, with research groups also based at the White City and Charing Cross Campuses. The department hosts the Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Tissue Bank, a national collection of central nervous system tissue samples donated by individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease and related conditions. The facility is funded by the Multiple Sclerosis Society and Parkinson's UK. In 2019-20, the department's academic expenditure was £20.8 million, with a research income of £17.7 million. It comprises three main research Divisions - Neurology, Neuroscience and Psychiatry - in addition to the Centre for Psychedelic Research, the world's first official centre for psychedelic research, led by Professor David Nutt. The department leads two UK Dementia Research Institute (DRI) centres: the UK DRI Centre at Imperial, directed by Professor Paul M. Matthews, and the UK DRI Care Research & Technology Centre, directed by Professor David Sharp in partnership with the University of Surrey. The department also hosts the Imperial College Brain Tumour Research Centre of Excellence, led by Dr Nelofer Syed. In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework (REF), Imperial College London was ranked first for psychology, psychiatry and neuroscience. School of Public Health The School of Public Health is the faculty's research centre for epidemiology and public health, and includes the Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (established with support from Community Jameel, and led by Neil Ferguson), and the Medical Research Council's Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis. The school also offers postgraduate and intercalated undergraduate courses. The school is to move to premises at the college's new White City campus once construction is complete. Medical school Main article: Imperial College School of Medicine The faculty offers a 6-year MBBS course through its School of Medicine, which includes an intercalated year leading to a BSc. The school also offers intercalated programmes for external students, and has partnered with Nanyang Technological University in Singapore to run its Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, for which it has developed the medical curriculum. National Heart and Lung Institute National Heart and Lung Institute, Guy Scadding Building Based across multiple Imperial College campuses, but primarily at the Hammersmith Hospital Campus, the National Heart and Lung Institute had been part of the British Postgraduate Medical Federation, within the University of London. The National Heart and Lung Institute was the highest ranked of Imperial's medical departments in Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2014. It eventually joined Imperial in 1995, becoming part of the then School of Medicine two years thereafter. Rankings The faculty ranks 3rd in the world for Clinical and Health in the 2022 Times Higher Education rankings. Tied 11th (with UCSF) in the QS World University Rankings 2018. It is ranked 3rd for medicine in the 2018 Complete University Guide rankings, 11th in the UK by the Guardian University Guide 2018, and 2nd in the UK for research in the latest RAE in 2008, behind Edinburgh. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Imperial College Faculty of Medicine. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust United Hospitals References ^ a b c Gay, Hannah (2007). The History of Imperial College London, 1907-2007. Imperial College Press. pp. 628, 669, 757. ISBN 9781860947087. ^ "New Dean of Faculty of Medicine announced". Felix. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2019. ^ "Statistics Pocket Guide 2018–19" (PDF). Imperial College London. Retrieved 11 December 2019. ^ a b "Campus Information". Imperial College London. Retrieved 11 December 2019. ^ "Discovery and Development of Penicillin". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 11 December 2019. ^ "A timeline of College developments". www.imperial.ac.uk. Imperial College London. Retrieved 27 December 2018. ^ Live! – News: Science Faculties to Re-Merge Archived 31 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine ^ "New department structure in the Faculty of Medicine and New Heads of Department". 21 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2019. ^ Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (16 March 2020). "Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b "Coronavirus: 'Significant breakthrough' in race for vaccine made by UK scientists". Sky News. Retrieved 6 February 2020. ^ "Imperial researchers in race to develop a coronavirus vaccine \| Imperial News \| Imperial College London". Imperial News. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020. ^ Ferguson, Neil M; Laydon, Daniel; Nedjati-Gilani, Gemma; Imai, Natsuko; Ainslie, Kylie; Baguelin, Marc; Bhatia, Sangeeta; Boonyasiri, Adhiratha; Cucunubá, Zulma; Cuomo-Dannenburg, Gina; Dighe, Amy; Fu, Han; Gaythorpe, Katy; Thompson, Hayley; Verity, Robert; Volz, Erik; Wang, Haowei; Wang, Yuanrong; Walker, Patrick GT; Walters, Caroline; Winskill, Peter; Whittaker, Charles; Donnelly, Christl A; Riley, Steven; Ghani, Azra C (16 March 2020). "Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand" (PDF). Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine: 20. Retrieved 22 March 2020. ^ Landler, Mark; Castle, Stephen (17 March 2020). "Behind the Virus Report That Jarred the U.S. and the U.K. to Action - The New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 March 2020. ^ "Our NHS Trusts". Imperial College London. Retrieved 11 December 2019. ^ "Electives and Clinical Attachments, Faculty of Medicine". Imperial College London. Retrieved 14 December 2019. ^ "Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust - Chair, HM Government Public Appointments". Cabinet Office. Retrieved 14 December 2019. ^ Mohiaddin, H.; Malik, A.; Murtagh, G. M. (18 April 2019). "Maximizing the acquisition of core communication skills at the start of medical training". Advances in Medical Education and Practice. 10. Dove Press: 727–735. doi:10.2147/AMEP.S212727. PMC 6717721. PMID 31695549. S2CID 203226709. ^ Chandrashekar, A.; Mohan, J. (29 January 2019). "Preparing for the National Health Service: the importance of teamwork training in the United Kingdom medical school curriculum". Advances in Medical Education and Practice. 10. Dove Press: 679–688. doi:10.2147/AMEP.S203333. PMC 6709809. PMID 31686942. ^ "Partnership for Child Development". London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research. Retrieved 14 December 2019. ^ "LMS & Imperial College London". London Institute of Medical Sciences. ^ "Our Founders". Crick. Retrieved 11 December 2019. ^ Jha, Alok (19 June 2010). "Plans for largest biomedical research facility in Europe unveiled". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 August 2010. ^ a b c "About us". Department of Brain Sciences \| Imperial College London. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Departments". Faculty of Medicine \| Imperial College London. 22 June 2022. ^ "Vision for Medicine". Faculty of Medicine \| Imperial College London. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ a b "Our team". UK DRI Centre at Imperial. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Team". UK DRI Care Research & Technology Centre. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Professor Paul M. Matthews". Imperial College London. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ a b "New dementia research centre to pioneer transformative tech for at-home care". Imperial College London. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Centre for Vestibular Neurology". Department of Brain Sciences \| Imperial College London. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Tissue Bank". 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Statistics guide 2020-21" (PDF). Imperial College London. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Research". Department of Brain Sciences \| Imperial College London. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Imperial launches world's first Centre for Psychedelics Research". Imperial College London. 26 April 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "People". Centre for Psychedelic Research \| Imperial College London. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Professor David Sharp". Imperial College London. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Research Centres of Excellence". Brain Tumour Research. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "REF 2021: Psychology, psychiatry and neuroscience". Times Higher Education. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics". Imperial College London. Retrieved 18 November 2020. ^ "MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis". UK Research and Innovation. Retrieved 14 December 2019. ^ "Study, School of Public Health". Imperial College London. ^ "Imperial to set up disease research centre with Saudi support". Financial Times. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019. ^ "NTU Singapore scientists convert plastics into useful chemicals using sunlight". eurekalert.org. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019. ^ "Curriculum Development". Imperial College London. Retrieved 11 December 2019. ^ "About us". Imperial College London. Retrieved 16 February 2021. ^ "Our history and alumni". National Heart and Lung Institute. Retrieved 18 June 2020. ^ "Complete University Guide". Complete University Guide. Retrieved 7 May 2015. ^ "University League Tables 2018". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 September 2018. vteImperial College LondonAcademicsEngineering Chemical Engineering Civil & Environmental Engineering Computing Design Engineering Materials Mechanical Engineering Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics Medicine Medicine Jameel Institute Partnership for Child Development Schistosomiasis Control Initiative Natural Sciences Chemistry Physics Centre for Environmental Policy OPAL Soil Centre International Pesticide Application Research Consortium other Imperial College Business School Data Science Institute Grantham Institute – Climate Change and Environment London Centre for Nanotechnology Campus Albertopolis Halls of Residence Beit Hall Abdus Salam Library Exhibition Road Imperial College Road Queen's Gate Queen's Lawn Queen's Tower Silwood Park Union Concert Hall People President: Hugh Brady Provost: Ian Walmsley Visitor: Mark Spencer Academics Regius Professor of Engineering List of Imperial College London people Fellows Student life Imperial College Union City and Guilds School of Medicine Royal School of Mines Royal College of Science Bottle Match El Salvador Project Felix Boat Club Gliding Club Imperial College Radio International Volunteers (Project Nepal) History Great Exhibition of 1851 Royal College of Chemistry Royal College of Science Royal School of Mines Medical schools Charing Cross and Westminster Charing Cross Westminster Royal Postgraduate St Mary's Imperial College Act 1997 overview Related Academic dress Associateships Coat of arms Diploma of Imperial College Imperial Innovations Affiliates Association of Commonwealth Universities Association of MBAs European University Association G5 Golden triangle League of European Research Universities Oak Ridge Associated Universities Russell Group Science and Engineering South Thomas Young Centre Category Commons vteImperial College School of Medicine Imperial College Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London Predecessors Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School Charing Cross Hospital Medical School Royal Postgraduate Medical School St Mary's Hospital Medical School Westminster Hospital Medical School Hospitals Central Middlesex Hospital Charing Cross Hospital Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Ealing Hospital Hammersmith Hospital Harefield Hospital Hillingdon Hospital Mount Vernon Hospital Northwick Park Hospital Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital Royal Brompton Hospital St Mark's Hospital St Mary's Hospital St Peter's Hospital Western Eye Hospital West Middlesex University Hospital Student life The Huxley Lecture Rugby Club Students' Union United Hospitals Cup Affiliates United Hospitals Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States 51°29′52″N 0°10′35″W / 51.49778°N 0.17639°W / 51.49778; -0.17639	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"clinical research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_research"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"Imperial College School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"medical school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school"}],"text":"Faculty of medicine in London, EnglandThe Faculty of Medicine is the academic centre for medical and clinical research and teaching at Imperial College London. It contains the Imperial College School of Medicine, which is the college's undergraduate medical school.","title":"Imperial College Faculty of Medicine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charing Cross Hospital Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_Hospital_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_and_Westminster_Hospital_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Hospital Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Hospital_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"Royal Postgraduate Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Postgraduate_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"Sir Alexander Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Fleming"},{"link_name":"penicillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-6"},{"link_name":"Foster + Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_%2B_Partners"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hg-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Fleming_Building.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"bioengineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioengineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hg-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"immunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology"},{"link_name":"SARS-CoV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 Response Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Robin Shattock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Shattock"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-10"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imperialcollege_Ferguson_etal_20200316-12"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Landler_20200317-13"}],"text":"Medical teaching at Imperial dates back to the founding of Charing Cross Hospital Medical School in 1823, which was followed by other medical schools including Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Medical School, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School. These preceding medical schools were home to numerous medical researchers, including Sir Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin whilst working at St Mary's.[5] St Mary's became part of Imperial in 1988, with the rest merging to form Imperial College School of Medicine in 1995.[6] To accommodate medical activities at South Kensington, the Sir Alexander Fleming building was opened in October 1998, designed by Foster + Partners and costing £65m.[1]Queen Elizabeth II opening the Sir Alexander Fleming BuildingThe Faculty of Medicine was created as part of a college-wide restructuring announced in 2001, taking over research responsibilities from the School of Medicine, which in turn was restricted to only teaching the undergraduate course.[7] The faculty has since had input on biomaterials and bioengineering courses across the college, and been reorganised into 8 academic departments.[1][8]In early 2020, immunology research focused on finding a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 as part of the inter-departmental COVID-19 Response Team, led by the faculty.[9] Under the leadership of professor Robin Shattock, the team made a significant breakthrough by reducing a part of the normal development time to develop the vaccine from \"two to three years to just 14 days.\"[10][11] By February 2020 the research team was at the stage of testing the vaccine on animals.[10] The faculty's 16 March 2020 report entitled \"Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand\"[12] was described in a March 17 The New York Times article, as the coronavirus \"report that jarred the U.S. and the U.K. to action\".[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial College Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_Road"},{"link_name":"South Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kensington"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campuses-4"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Hospital"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Hospital,_London"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Royal Brompton Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Brompton_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Chelsea and Westminster Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_and_Westminster_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The medical school is based at the Sir Alexander Fleming Building on Imperial College Road in South Kensington. It also has many hospital campuses across London with teaching, research and library facilities:[4]Hammersmith Hospital\nSt Mary's Hospital\nCharing Cross Hospital\nRoyal Brompton Hospital\nChelsea and Westminster HospitalThe faculty also has a presence at its many other associated hospitals across London.[14]","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_Healthcare_NHS_Trust"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Partnership for Child Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_Child_Development"},{"link_name":"Medical Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Francis Crick Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick_Institute"},{"link_name":"biomedical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The faculty is closely linked to the National Health Service, and organises research and clinical teaching through its Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust hospitals, which is among the largest in the country, and other affiliated hospitals around London.[15][16] It has also conducted studies on strategies for improving medical teaching and student preparation.[17][18] The faculty is home to many research institutes, including the Partnership for Child Development and the London Institute of Medical Sciences, which is also a Medical Research Council institute.[19][20] It is also one of the founding institutions of the Francis Crick Institute, an inter-university medical research centre in London, and the largest biomedical laboratory in Europe.[21][22]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"mental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Sclerosis_Society_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_UK"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Professor David Nutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nutt"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"University of Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"},{"link_name":"Brain Tumour Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Tumour_Research"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Research Excellence Framework (REF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Department of Brain Sciences","text":"The Department of Brain Sciences is the centre of research and teaching in neuroscience and mental health at Imperial College London.[23] It is one of eight academic departments within the College's Faculty of Medicine[24] and was established following a Faculty reorganisation in 2019.[25] The department also comprises the Centre for Psychedelic Research and leads the UK DRI Centre at Imperial[26] and the UK DRI Care Research & Technology Centre.[27][23] The department is led by Professor Paul M. Matthews[28] and is centred at Imperial's Hammersmith Campus,[23] with research groups also based at the White City[29] and Charing Cross Campuses.[30]The department hosts the Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Tissue Bank, a national collection of central nervous system tissue samples donated by individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease and related conditions.[31] The facility is funded by the Multiple Sclerosis Society and Parkinson's UK.In 2019-20, the department's academic expenditure was £20.8 million, with a research income of £17.7 million.[32]It comprises three main research Divisions[33] - Neurology, Neuroscience and Psychiatry - in addition to the Centre for Psychedelic Research, the world's first official centre for psychedelic research,[34] led by Professor David Nutt.[35] The department leads two UK Dementia Research Institute (DRI) centres: the UK DRI Centre at Imperial,[26] directed by Professor Paul M. Matthews, and the UK DRI Care Research & Technology Centre, directed by Professor David Sharp[36] in partnership with the University of Surrey.[29]The department also hosts the Imperial College Brain Tumour Research Centre of Excellence, led by Dr Nelofer Syed.[37]In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework (REF), Imperial College London was ranked first for psychology, psychiatry and neuroscience.[38]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameel_Institute"},{"link_name":"Neil Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Ferguson_(epidemiologist)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"School of Public Health","text":"The School of Public Health is the faculty's research centre for epidemiology and public health, and includes the Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (established with support from Community Jameel, and led by Neil Ferguson), and the Medical Research Council's Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis.[39][40] The school also offers postgraduate and intercalated undergraduate courses.[41] The school is to move to premises at the college's new White City campus once construction is complete.[42]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanyang Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Medical school","text":"The faculty offers a 6-year MBBS course through its School of Medicine, which includes an intercalated year leading to a BSc. The school also offers intercalated programmes for external students, and has partnered with Nanyang Technological University in Singapore to run its Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, for which it has developed the medical curriculum.[43][44]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guy_Scadding_Building,_National_Heart_and_Lung_Institute,_Imperial_College_London,_Royal_Brompton_Hospital.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Hospital"},{"link_name":"British Postgraduate Medical Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Postgraduate_Medical_Federation"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"National Heart and Lung Institute","text":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Guy Scadding BuildingBased across multiple Imperial College campuses, but primarily at the Hammersmith Hospital Campus, the National Heart and Lung Institute had been part of the British Postgraduate Medical Federation, within the University of London. The National Heart and Lung Institute was the highest ranked of Imperial's medical departments in Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2014.[45] It eventually joined Imperial in 1995, becoming part of the then School of Medicine two years thereafter.[46]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Times Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"UCSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSF"},{"link_name":"QS World University Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings"},{"link_name":"Complete University Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_University_Guide"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School"}],"sub_title":"Rankings","text":"The faculty ranks 3rd in the world for Clinical and Health in the 2022 Times Higher Education rankings. Tied 11th (with UCSF) in the QS World University Rankings 2018.\nIt is ranked 3rd for medicine in the 2018 Complete University Guide rankings,[47] 11th in the UK by the Guardian University Guide 2018,[48] and 2nd in the UK for research in the latest RAE in 2008, behind Edinburgh.","title":"Academics"}]	[{"image_text":"Queen Elizabeth II opening the Sir Alexander Fleming Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Alexander_Fleming_Building.jpg/200px-Alexander_Fleming_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Guy Scadding Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Guy_Scadding_Building%2C_National_Heart_and_Lung_Institute%2C_Imperial_College_London%2C_Royal_Brompton_Hospital.jpg/220px-Guy_Scadding_Building%2C_National_Heart_and_Lung_Institute%2C_Imperial_College_London%2C_Royal_Brompton_Hospital.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Imperial College Faculty of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imperial_College_Faculty_of_Medicine"},{"title":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_Healthcare_NHS_Trust"},{"title":"United Hospitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Hospitals"}]	[{"reference":"Gay, Hannah (2007). The History of Imperial College London, 1907-2007. Imperial College Press. pp. 628, 669, 757. ISBN 9781860947087.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2BpqDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The History of Imperial College London, 1907-2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860947087","url_text":"9781860947087"}]},{"reference":"\"New Dean of Faculty of Medicine announced\". Felix. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://felixonline.co.uk/articles/2018-05-24-new-dean-of-faculty-of-medicine-announced/","url_text":"\"New Dean of Faculty of Medicine announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics Pocket Guide 2018–19\" (PDF). Imperial College London. Retrieved 11 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/administration-and-support-services/planning/public/statistics-guides/19-08-Stats-Guide_v7.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistics Pocket Guide 2018–19\""}]},{"reference":"\"Campus Information\". Imperial College London. Retrieved 11 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/about-us/campus-information/","url_text":"\"Campus Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discovery and Development of Penicillin\". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 11 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html","url_text":"\"Discovery and Development of Penicillin\""}]},{"reference":"\"A timeline of College developments\". www.imperial.ac.uk. Imperial College London. Retrieved 27 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/about/history/college-developments/","url_text":"\"A timeline of College developments\""}]},{"reference":"\"New department structure in the Faculty of Medicine and New Heads of Department\". 21 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/blog/announcements/2018/12/21/new-department-structure-in-the-faculty-of-medicine-and-new-heads-of-department/","url_text":"\"New department structure in the Faculty of Medicine and New Heads of Department\""}]},{"reference":"Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (16 March 2020). \"Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus: 'Significant breakthrough' in race for vaccine made by UK scientists\". Sky News. Retrieved 6 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-significant-breakthrough-in-race-for-vaccine-made-by-uk-scientists-11926469","url_text":"\"Coronavirus: 'Significant breakthrough' in race for vaccine made by UK scientists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imperial researchers in race to develop a coronavirus vaccine \| Imperial News \| Imperial College London\". Imperial News. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/195055/imperial-researchers-race-develop-coronavirus-vaccine/","url_text":"\"Imperial researchers in race to develop a coronavirus vaccine \| Imperial News \| Imperial College London\""}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, Neil M; Laydon, Daniel; Nedjati-Gilani, Gemma; Imai, Natsuko; Ainslie, Kylie; Baguelin, Marc; Bhatia, Sangeeta; Boonyasiri, Adhiratha; Cucunubá, Zulma; Cuomo-Dannenburg, Gina; Dighe, Amy; Fu, Han; Gaythorpe, Katy; Thompson, Hayley; Verity, Robert; Volz, Erik; Wang, Haowei; Wang, Yuanrong; Walker, Patrick GT; Walters, Caroline; Winskill, Peter; Whittaker, Charles; Donnelly, Christl A; Riley, Steven; Ghani, Azra C (16 March 2020). \"Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand\" (PDF). Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine: 20. 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Imperial College London. Retrieved 14 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/study/undergraduate/electives-and-clinical-attachments/","url_text":"\"Electives and Clinical Attachments, Faculty of Medicine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust - Chair, HM Government Public Appointments\". Cabinet Office. Retrieved 14 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicappointments.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/appointment/imperial-college-healthcare-nhs-trust-chair/","url_text":"\"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust - Chair, HM Government Public Appointments\""}]},{"reference":"Mohiaddin, H.; Malik, A.; Murtagh, G. M. (18 April 2019). \"Maximizing the acquisition of core communication skills at the start of medical training\". Advances in Medical Education and Practice. 10. Dove Press: 727–735. doi:10.2147/AMEP.S212727. PMC 6717721. PMID 31695549. S2CID 203226709.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6717721","url_text":"\"Maximizing the acquisition of core communication skills at the start of medical training\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2147%2FAMEP.S212727","url_text":"10.2147/AMEP.S212727"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6717721","url_text":"6717721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31695549","url_text":"31695549"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203226709","url_text":"203226709"}]},{"reference":"Chandrashekar, A.; Mohan, J. (29 January 2019). \"Preparing for the National Health Service: the importance of teamwork training in the United Kingdom medical school curriculum\". Advances in Medical Education and Practice. 10. Dove Press: 679–688. doi:10.2147/AMEP.S203333. PMC 6709809. PMID 31686942.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6709809","url_text":"\"Preparing for the National Health Service: the importance of teamwork training in the United Kingdom medical school curriculum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2147%2FAMEP.S203333","url_text":"10.2147/AMEP.S203333"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6709809","url_text":"6709809"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31686942","url_text":"31686942"}]},{"reference":"\"Partnership for Child Development\". London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research. 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Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/brain-sciences/about-us/","url_text":"\"About us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Departments\". Faculty of Medicine \| Imperial College London. 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/departments/","url_text":"\"Departments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vision for Medicine\". Faculty of Medicine \| Imperial College London. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/about-us/vision/","url_text":"\"Vision for Medicine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our team\". UK DRI Centre at Imperial. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/dementia-research-institute/about-us/our-team/","url_text":"\"Our team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team\". UK DRI Care Research & Technology Centre. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/uk-dri-care-research-technology/about-us/team/","url_text":"\"Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Paul M. Matthews\". Imperial College London. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/p.matthews","url_text":"\"Professor Paul M. Matthews\""}]},{"reference":"\"New dementia research centre to pioneer transformative tech for at-home care\". Imperial College London. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/236596/new-dementia-research-centre-pioneer-transformative/","url_text":"\"New dementia research centre to pioneer transformative tech for at-home care\""}]},{"reference":"\"Centre for Vestibular Neurology\". Department of Brain Sciences \| Imperial College London. Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/brain-sciences/research/neurology/vestibular-neurology/","url_text":"\"Centre for Vestibular Neurology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Tissue Bank\". 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/multiple-sclerosis-and-parkinsons-tissue-bank/","url_text":"\"Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Tissue Bank\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics guide 2020-21\" (PDF). Imperial College London. Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/administration-and-support-services/planning/public/statistics-guides/21-11-Stats-Guide.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistics guide 2020-21\""}]},{"reference":"\"Research\". Department of Brain Sciences \| Imperial College London. 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Retrieved 7 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings?s=Medicine","url_text":"\"Complete University Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"University League Tables 2018\". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/ng-interactive/2017/may/16/university-league-tables-2018","url_text":"\"University League Tables 2018\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Imperial_College_Faculty_of_Medicine&params=51_29_52_N_0_10_35_W_type:edu_region:GB-WSM","external_links_name":"51°29′52″N 0°10′35″W / 51.49778°N 0.17639°W / 51.49778; -0.17639"},{"Link":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine","external_links_name":"www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2BpqDQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The History of Imperial College London, 1907-2007"},{"Link":"http://felixonline.co.uk/articles/2018-05-24-new-dean-of-faculty-of-medicine-announced/","external_links_name":"\"New Dean of Faculty of Medicine announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/administration-and-support-services/planning/public/statistics-guides/19-08-Stats-Guide_v7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistics Pocket Guide 2018–19\""},{"Link":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/about-us/campus-information/","external_links_name":"\"Campus Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html","external_links_name":"\"Discovery and Development of Penicillin\""},{"Link":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/about/history/college-developments/","external_links_name":"\"A timeline of College developments\""},{"Link":"http://live.cgcu.net/news/?id=1138","external_links_name":"Live! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Perete	Pedro Perete	["1 Background","2 Notes","3 References","4 Bibliography"]	Spanish painter Pedro PereteBornc. 1610MadridDied8 April 1639 (aged 28–29)MadridOther namesSpanish: Pedro PerretOccupationEngraverParentPeter Perret (father) Pedro Perete, (c. 1610 – 8 April 1639) was a seventeenth-century Baroque engraver and painter in Madrid. He was the son, and pupil, of engraver Peter Perret. Perete Hispanicized the family name from the Dutch "Perret". Many of his works have been attributed to or confused with those by his father. Background The son of Peter Perret and Isabel de Faria, it is believed he was born in Madrid in 1610, where his father was working for Philip III. In 1622, the elder Perret received from Philip IV a grant of 200 ducats "con cargo de enseñar su arte con toda perfección a un hijo suyo que ha empezado a aprenderla" ("with the charge of teaching his art with all perfection to a son of his who has begun to learn it"). His father's death in 1625 left the family impoverished as Perete and his sister Josefa had to ask the king for assistance. Cover of DISPUTATIO DE VERA NATURALIS ET LEGITIMI PARTUS DESIGNATIONE... ALPHONSI A CARANZA / Don Iuan de Iauregui inventor Matriti Anno 1628 His earliest known works date from 1628, the allegory of the portraits of Philip I, Charles V, and Philip II drawn by Cornelius de Beer , and the cover and front page of Alfonso Carranza's, Disputatio de vera naturalis et legitimi partus designatione (Discussion on the True Designation of Natural and Legitimate Offspring), with the portrait of the author and allegorical verses by Juan de Jáuregui. His best-known work, which he signed as an engraver, are the illustrations of Origen y dignidad de la caça (Origin and Dignity of Hunting) by Juan Mateos, printed in Madrid in 1634, with the portrait of the author on the cover. Based on that engraving, art historian Carl Justi identified Mateos as the model of an unfinished portrait of a gentleman cut below the waist painted by Velázquez, Don Juan Mateos. Other works include an equestrian portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares and an interior illustration representing a "cloth of wild boar", executed by means of a drawing by Francisco Collantes; prints dedicated to religious life included in the work of Juan de Palma, "Vida de la sereníssima infanta sor Margarita de la Cruz, religiosa descalza de Sta. Clara" (Life of the most serene Infanta Sister Margarita de la Cruz, barefoot nun of Sta. Clara), printed in Madrid, 1636, in the Royal Printing Office, with a front cover print representing the nun, accompanied by allegories of Pobreza and Oración, and a portrait of Philip IV, inspired by one of Velázquez's portraits of the monarch. In his later years he reverse-engraved the portrait of Count-Duke of Olivares originally made by Rubens and engraved by Paulus Pontius, engraved eighteen busts of the heroes published in the Ilustración del renombre de Grande by Juan Antonio de Tapia y Robles, printed in Madrid in 1638, and engraved a portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares made by Herman Panneels . Of his work as a painter, only two canvases are known to exist. The first is a portrayal of the parable of the rich man and Lazarus (Spanish: Lázaro y el rico Epulón) and the Raising of Lazarus (Spanish: Resurrección de Lázaro), the first signed by P. Peret, in the sotacoro or "area below the choir" of the Church of the Saviour in Herrín de Campos. He died in Madrid on 8 April 1639, on Calle del Príncipe , and was buried in the parish of St Sebastian's Church in Madrid. His successor as the king's engraver was his pupil, Pedro de Villafranca . Notes ^ Zarco del Valle, published Perete's death certificate, believing it to be the father's. He also assigned the son's works to the father; the confusion of identities was carried on by Barrio Moya in 1982, and even at later dates the error was found repeated. References ^ Gallego, page 165 ^ Zarco del Valle, page 586 ^ a b Ceán Bermúdez, 1800, pp. 87–93 ^ Lopez, 2014 ^ File:Rubens - Portrait of El Conde - Duque de Olivares 64.11.24-1680.jpg ^ a b c Barrio Moya, 1998 ^ Barrio Moya, 1982, page 107 Bibliography Barrio Moya, José Luis (1998). Aportaciones a la biografía de Juan Mateos, ballestero mayor de Felipe IV, retratado por Velázquez. Asociación Cultural. pp. 107–122. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) Barrio Moya, José Luis (1982). Pedro de Villafranca y Malagón, pintor y grabador manchego del siglo XVII. Vol. 13. pp. 107–122. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) Ceán Bermúdez, Juan Agustín (1800). Diccionario histórico de los más ilustres profesores de la Bellas Artes en España (in Spanish). Vol. IV. Madrid. pp. 87–93. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2020. Gallego, Antonio (1999). Historia del grabado en España (in Spanish). Ediciones Cátedra. ISBN 84-376-0209-2. López Rey, José (2014). Velázquez. Obra completa (in Spanish). Colonia, Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8365-5014-7. Zarco del Valle-Conde las Navas (Espinosa Quesada), "Pedro Perret (1555-1639)" (in Spanish). Vol. I. Madrid. 1899. pp. 582–587. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National Spain Germany Artists RKD Artists ULAN	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Peter Perret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Perret"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Pedro Perete, (c. 1610 – 8 April 1639) was a seventeenth-century Baroque engraver and painter in Madrid. He was the son, and pupil, of engraver Peter Perret. Perete Hispanicized the family name from the Dutch \"Perret\". Many of his works have been attributed to or confused with those by his father.[1][a]","title":"Pedro Perete"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Perret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Perret"},{"link_name":"Philip III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Philip IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"ducats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perete-carranza.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cornelius de Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_de_Beer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelio_de_Beer"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Carranza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Carranza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan de Jáuregui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_J%C3%A1uregui"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CB-4"},{"link_name":"Juan Mateos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mateos_(courtier)"},{"link_name":"Carl Justi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Justi"},{"link_name":"Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"Don Juan Mateos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_Mateos"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Count-Duke of Olivares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivares"},{"link_name":"Francisco Collantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Collantes"},{"link_name":"Pobreza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"Oración","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer"},{"link_name":"Philip IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CB-4"},{"link_name":"Count-Duke of Olivares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count-Duke_of_Olivares"},{"link_name":"Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Paulus Pontius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Pontius"},{"link_name":"Herman Panneels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herman_Panneels&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Panneels"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrio_Moya_98-7"},{"link_name":"rich man and Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Raising of Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Church of the Saviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Saviour_(Herr%C3%ADn_de_Campos)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_El_Salvador_(Herr%C3%ADn_de_Campos)"},{"link_name":"Herrín de Campos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herr%C3%ADn_de_Campos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrio_Moya_98-7"},{"link_name":"Calle del Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calle_del_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calle_del_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"St Sebastian's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Sebastian%27s_Church,_Madrid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrio_Moya_98-7"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Villafranca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_Villafranca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Villafranca"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrio_Moya_82-8"}],"text":"The son of Peter Perret and Isabel de Faria, it is believed he was born in Madrid in 1610, where his father was working for Philip III. In 1622, the elder Perret received from Philip IV a grant of 200 ducats \"con cargo de enseñar su arte con toda perfección a un hijo suyo que ha empezado a aprenderla\" (\"with the charge of teaching his art with all perfection to a son of his who has begun to learn it\").[2] His father's death in 1625 left the family impoverished as Perete and his sister Josefa had to ask the king for assistance.Cover of DISPUTATIO DE VERA NATURALIS ET LEGITIMI PARTUS DESIGNATIONE... ALPHONSI A CARANZA / Don Iuan de Iauregui inventor Matriti Anno 1628His earliest known works date from 1628, the allegory of the portraits of Philip I, Charles V, and Philip II drawn by Cornelius de Beer [es], and the cover and front page of Alfonso Carranza's, Disputatio de vera naturalis et legitimi partus designatione (Discussion on the True Designation of Natural and Legitimate Offspring), with the portrait of the author and allegorical verses by Juan de Jáuregui.[3] His best-known work, which he signed as an engraver, are the illustrations of Origen y dignidad de la caça (Origin and Dignity of Hunting) by Juan Mateos, printed in Madrid in 1634, with the portrait of the author on the cover. Based on that engraving, art historian Carl Justi identified Mateos as the model of an unfinished portrait of a gentleman cut below the waist painted by Velázquez, Don Juan Mateos.[4] Other works include an equestrian portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares and an interior illustration representing a \"cloth of wild boar\", executed by means of a drawing by Francisco Collantes; prints dedicated to religious life included in the work of Juan de Palma, \"Vida de la sereníssima infanta sor Margarita de la Cruz, religiosa descalza de Sta. Clara\" (Life of the most serene Infanta Sister Margarita de la Cruz, barefoot nun of Sta. Clara), printed in Madrid, 1636, in the Royal Printing Office, with a front cover print representing the nun, accompanied by allegories of Pobreza and Oración, and a portrait of Philip IV, inspired by one of Velázquez's portraits of the monarch.[3]In his later years he reverse-engraved the portrait of Count-Duke of Olivares originally made by Rubens[5] and engraved by Paulus Pontius, engraved eighteen busts of the heroes published in the Ilustración del renombre de Grande by Juan Antonio de Tapia y Robles, printed in Madrid in 1638, and engraved a portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares made by Herman Panneels [es].[6]Of his work as a painter, only two canvases are known to exist. The first is a portrayal of the parable of the rich man and Lazarus (Spanish: Lázaro y el rico Epulón) and the Raising of Lazarus (Spanish: Resurrección de Lázaro), the first signed by P. Peret, in the sotacoro or \"area below the choir\" of the Church of the Saviour [es] in Herrín de Campos.[6]He died in Madrid on 8 April 1639, on Calle del Príncipe [es], and was buried in the parish of St Sebastian's Church in Madrid.[6] His successor as the king's engraver was his pupil, Pedro de Villafranca [es].[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Zarco del Valle, published Perete's death certificate, believing it to be the father's. He also assigned the son's works to the father; the confusion of identities was carried on by Barrio Moya in 1982, and even at later dates the error was found repeated.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aportaciones a la biografía de Juan Mateos, ballestero mayor de Felipe IV, retratado por Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chdetrujillo.com/aportaciones-a-la-biografia-de-juan-mateos-ballestero-mayos-de-felipe-iv-retratado-por-velazquez"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Villafranca y Malagón, pintor y grabador manchego del siglo XVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2930298"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"Diccionario histórico de los más ilustres profesores de la Bellas Artes en España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160309162030/http://ceanbermudez.es/cean.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ceanbermudez.es/cean.asp"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-376-0209-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-376-0209-2"},{"link_name":"López Rey, José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez-Rey"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8365-5014-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-5014-7"},{"link_name":"Zarco del Valle-Conde las Navas (Espinosa Quesada), \"Pedro Perret (1555-1639)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/homenajemennde02menuoft/page/583/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5855183#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/86870550"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/306377372"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX833671"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1048256723"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/486696"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500121884"}],"text":"Barrio Moya, José Luis (1998). Aportaciones a la biografía de Juan Mateos, ballestero mayor de Felipe IV, retratado por Velázquez. Asociación Cultural. pp. 107–122. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)\nBarrio Moya, José Luis (1982). Pedro de Villafranca y Malagón, pintor y grabador manchego del siglo XVII. Vol. 13. pp. 107–122. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)\nCeán Bermúdez, Juan Agustín (1800). Diccionario histórico de los más ilustres profesores de la Bellas Artes en España (in Spanish). Vol. IV. Madrid. pp. 87–93. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2020.\nGallego, Antonio (1999). Historia del grabado en España (in Spanish). Ediciones Cátedra. ISBN 84-376-0209-2.\nLópez Rey, José [in Spanish] (2014). Velázquez. Obra completa (in Spanish). Colonia, Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8365-5014-7.\nZarco del Valle-Conde las Navas (Espinosa Quesada), \"Pedro Perret (1555-1639)\" (in Spanish). Vol. I. Madrid. 1899. pp. 582–587. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Authority control databases International\nVIAF\n2\nNational\nSpain\nGermany\nArtists\nRKD Artists\nULAN","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Cover of DISPUTATIO DE VERA NATURALIS ET LEGITIMI PARTUS DESIGNATIONE... ALPHONSI A CARANZA / Don Iuan de Iauregui inventor Matriti Anno 1628","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Perete-carranza.jpg/220px-Perete-carranza.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Barrio Moya, José Luis (1998). Aportaciones a la biografía de Juan Mateos, ballestero mayor de Felipe IV, retratado por Velázquez. Asociación Cultural. pp. 107–122.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chdetrujillo.com/aportaciones-a-la-biografia-de-juan-mateos-ballestero-mayos-de-felipe-iv-retratado-por-velazquez","url_text":"Aportaciones a la biografía de Juan Mateos, ballestero mayor de Felipe IV, retratado por Velázquez"}]},{"reference":"Barrio Moya, José Luis (1982). Pedro de Villafranca y Malagón, pintor y grabador manchego del siglo XVII. Vol. 13. pp. 107–122.","urls":[{"url":"http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2930298","url_text":"Pedro de Villafranca y Malagón, pintor y grabador manchego del siglo XVII"}]},{"reference":"Ceán Bermúdez, Juan Agustín (1800). Diccionario histórico de los más ilustres profesores de la Bellas Artes en España (in Spanish). Vol. IV. Madrid. pp. 87–93. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309162030/http://ceanbermudez.es/cean.asp","url_text":"Diccionario histórico de los más ilustres profesores de la Bellas Artes en España"},{"url":"http://www.ceanbermudez.es/cean.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gallego, Antonio (1999). Historia del grabado en España (in Spanish). Ediciones Cátedra. ISBN 84-376-0209-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-376-0209-2","url_text":"84-376-0209-2"}]},{"reference":"López Rey, José [in Spanish] (2014). Velázquez. Obra completa (in Spanish). Colonia, Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8365-5014-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez-Rey","url_text":"López Rey, José"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-5014-7","url_text":"978-3-8365-5014-7"}]},{"reference":"Zarco del Valle-Conde las Navas (Espinosa Quesada), \"Pedro Perret (1555-1639)\" (in Spanish). Vol. I. Madrid. 1899. pp. 582–587.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/homenajemennde02menuoft/page/583/mode/2up","url_text":"Zarco del Valle-Conde las Navas (Espinosa Quesada), \"Pedro Perret (1555-1639)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.chdetrujillo.com/aportaciones-a-la-biografia-de-juan-mateos-ballestero-mayos-de-felipe-iv-retratado-por-velazquez","external_links_name":"Aportaciones a la biografía de Juan Mateos, ballestero mayor de Felipe IV, retratado por Velázquez"},{"Link":"http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2930298","external_links_name":"Pedro de Villafranca y Malagón, pintor y grabador manchego del siglo XVII"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309162030/http://ceanbermudez.es/cean.asp","external_links_name":"Diccionario histórico de los más ilustres profesores de la Bellas Artes en España"},{"Link":"http://www.ceanbermudez.es/cean.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/homenajemennde02menuoft/page/583/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Zarco del Valle-Conde las Navas (Espinosa Quesada), \"Pedro Perret (1555-1639)\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/86870550","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/306377372","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX833671","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1048256723","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/486696","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500121884","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_recommendation	Recommendation (European Union)	["1 Common market","2 Examples","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Recommendation" European Union – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is part of a series onPolitics of the European Union Member states (27) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Candidate countries Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Moldova Montenegro North Macedonia Serbia Ukraine Accession negotiations suspended countries Turkey Applicant countries Kosovo Special territories Belgium–Germany relations France–Germany relations Germany–Netherlands relations EU 3 Withdrawal from the European Union Treaties and Declarations Schuman Declaration (1950) Treaty of Paris (1951) Europe Declaration (1951) Spaak Report (1956) Treaty of Rome (1957) Euratom Treaty 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Action Service Foreign Policy Defence Policy Foreign relations of EU member states Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Argentina–European Union relations Armenia–European Union relations Australia–European Union relations Brazil–European Union relations Canada–European Union relations China–European Union relations European Union–NATO relations Georgia–European Union relations Iceland–European Union relations Kazakhstan–European Union relations Japan–European Union relations Mexico–European Union relations Moldova–European Union relations Norway–European Union relations Russia–European Union relations Switzerland–European Union relations Turkey–European Union relations Ukraine–European Union relations United Kingdom–European Union relations (History) Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union Brexit United States–European Union relations Common Travel Area (Ireland) Microstates and the European Union European Union and the United Nations European Union Association Agreement G7 G20 Defunct bodies European Communities (1958–1993) European Coal and Steel Community European Economic Community European Community Western European Union Convention on the Future of Europe European Union portal Other countries vte A recommendation in the European Union, according to Article 288 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (formerly Article 249 TEC), is one of two kinds of non-legal binding acts cited in the Treaty of Rome, the other being an opinion. Recommendations are without legal force but are negotiated and voted on according to the appropriate procedure. Recommendations differ from regulations, directives and decisions, in that they are not binding for Member States. Though without legal force, they do have a political weight. The recommendation is an instrument of indirect action aiming at preparation of legislation in Member States, differing from the Directive only by the absence of obligatory power. Article 292 notes that the European Commission may make recommendations, and in specific cases the European Central Bank may also make recommendations. Common market According to the terms of the Treaty on European Union "In order to ensure the proper functioning and development of the common market, the Commission (…) formulate recommendations or deliver opinions on matters dealt with in this Treaty, if it expressively so provides or if the Commission considers it necessary." Concretely, recommendations can be used by the commission to raze barriers of competition caused by the establishment or the modification of internal norms of a Member State. If a country does not conform to a recommendation, the Commission cannot propose the adoption of a Directive aimed at other Member Countries, in order to elide this distortion. Examples The European Council issued a recommendation on the promotion of positive action for women at work on 13 December 1984, and the European Commission issued a recommendation on the protection of the dignity of women and men at work on 27 November 1991. A code of practice on measures to combat sexual harassment was appended to the latter recommendation, which put forward recommended actions for employers, trade unions and employees in the public and private sectors in all member states. See also EUR-Lex References ^ "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union". EUR-Lex. EU. ^ Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union: Article 292, accessed 12 October 2022 ^ EUR-Lex, 92/131/EEC: Commission Recommendation of 27 November 1991 on the protection of the dignity of women and men at work, accessed 31 December 2023 External links EUROPA Craig, Paul; De Burca, Grainne (2007). EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 83–85. ISBN 978-0-19-927389-8. vte Judiciary and law of the European UnionJudiciary Court of Justice of the European Union European Court of Justice members Advocates General General Court Civil Service Tribunal European lawyer Relationship with ECHR Public Prosecutor European civil code Treaties Rome Treaty Merger Treaty Single European Act Maastricht Treaty Amsterdam Treaty Nice Treaty Lisbon Treaty Charter of Fundamental Rights Opt-outs Acts Acquis: Regulation Directive Framework Directive Decision Recommendation Digital Services Act Procedures Ordinary legislative procedure Consultation procedure Consent procedure Commission and Council acting alone Commission acting alone Principlesand terms Acquis communautaire EUR-Lex Direct applicability Direct effect European labour law European Enforcement Order Gold-plating Four freedoms Home state regulation Indirect effect Incidental effect Minimum harmonisation Maximum harmonisation Preliminary ruling Precautionary principle Principle of legal certainty Recasting Principle of conferral Proportionality Staatenverbund State liability Subsidiarity Supremacy Regulations Council Regulation (EC) No. 1206/2001 Council Regulation (EC) No. 1348/2000 Customs Regulation 1383/2003 Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 EU-Eco-regulation Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94 Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1170/2011 Customs Regulation 3295/94 Regulation on roaming charges Brussels Regime CLP Regulation Regulation on Community designs Societas Europaea European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances Commission Regulation (EC) No 474/2006 REACH Rome II Regulation Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation Directives Good Clinical Practice Directive Data Protection Directive ATEX directive Battery Directive Best available technology Biocidal Products Directive Birds Directive Capital Requirements Directives Clinical Trials Directive Computer Programs Directive Conditional Access Directive Copyright Duration Directive (93/98/EEC) Copyright Term Directive (2006/116/EC) Cosmetics Directive Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC) Dangerous Preparations Directive Data Retention Directive Database Directive Database right Directive 2000/43/EC on Anti-discrimination Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation Information Society Directive (first Copyright directive) Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport Directive on the re-use of public sector information Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources End of Life Vehicles Directive CHP Directive Directive on the energy performance of buildings Directive on the enforcement of intellectual property rights Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely Environmental liability directive European SEA Directive 2001/42/EC European units of measurement directives Habitats Directive Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Internal Market in Electricity Directive Landfill Directive Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions Directive on the legal protection of designs Markets in Financial Instruments Directive Measuring Instruments Directive Medical Devices Directive Posted Workers Directive Pressure Equipment Directive Rental Directive Resale Rights Directive Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive Satellite and Cable Directive Directive on services in the internal market Temporary and Agency Work Directive Trade Marks Directive European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Unfair Commercial Practices Directive Universal Service Directive Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive Waste Incineration Directive Waste framework directive Water Framework Directive Working Time Directive Cases ECJ Rulings (Caselex): Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College Apostolides v Orams Bosman Cassis de Dijon Chacón Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA Chen Ciarán Tobin Coleman v Attridge Law Costa v ENEL Factortame Francovich Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd Kolpak Microsoft Corp. v. Commission Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA Metock Nordsee Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA Peter Paul and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland Procureur du Roi v Dassonville Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und Markenamt Tanja Kreil Van Duyn v Home Office Van Gend en Loos Fraud Court of Auditors European Anti-Fraud Office Accountability in the European Union European Union portal Law portal This article about the European Union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"TEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Community"},{"link_name":"legal binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_law"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"legal force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_force"},{"link_name":"appropriate procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure"},{"link_name":"regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)"},{"link_name":"directives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)"},{"link_name":"decisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_(European_Union)"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"European Central Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Central_Bank"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A recommendation in the European Union, according to Article 288 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union[1] (formerly Article 249 TEC), is one of two kinds of non-legal binding acts cited in the Treaty of Rome, the other being an opinion.Recommendations are without legal force but are negotiated and voted on according to the appropriate procedure. Recommendations differ from regulations, directives and decisions, in that they are not binding for Member States. Though without legal force, they do have a political weight. The recommendation is an instrument of indirect action aiming at preparation of legislation in Member States, differing from the Directive only by the absence of obligatory power.Article 292 notes that the European Commission may make recommendations, and in specific cases the European Central Bank may also make recommendations.[2]","title":"Recommendation (European Union)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty on European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty"},{"link_name":"opinions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_opinion"},{"link_name":"competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition"},{"link_name":"Member State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states"}],"text":"According to the terms of the Treaty on European Union \"In order to ensure the proper functioning and development of the common market, the Commission (…) formulate recommendations or deliver opinions on matters dealt with in this Treaty, if it expressively so provides or if the Commission considers it necessary.\"Concretely, recommendations can be used by the commission to raze barriers of competition caused by the establishment or the modification of internal norms of a Member State. If a country does not conform to a recommendation, the Commission cannot propose the adoption of a Directive aimed at other Member Countries, in order to elide this distortion.","title":"Common market"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council"},{"link_name":"sexual harassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The European Council issued a recommendation on the promotion of positive action for women at work on 13 December 1984, and the European Commission issued a recommendation on the protection of the dignity of women and men at work on 27 November 1991. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Nasrallah	June Nasrallah	["1 Education","2 Career and research","3 Honors and awards","4 References"]	Lebanese-American plant scientist June Nasrallah is Barbara McClintock Professor in the Plant Biology Section of the School of Integrative Plant Science at Cornell University. Her research focuses on plant reproductive biology and the cell-cell interactions that underlie self-incompatibility in plants belonging to the mustard (Brassicaceae) family. She was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences in 2003 for this work and her contributions generally to our understanding of receptor-based signaling in plants. Education Nasrallah received her B.Sc. degree in Biology from the American University of Beirut, Lebanon and her Ph.D. in Genetics from Cornell University, where her doctoral research focused on the characterization of Neurospora genes involved in fungal reproduction. Career and research Nasrallah, in collaboration with Mikhail Nasrallah, also a member of the faculty at Cornell University, initiated a research program in plant reproduction aimed at understanding the highly specific cell-cell interactions between pollen and pistil (the female reproductive structure) that ultimately lead either to successful pollination and seed production or to inhibition of pollen tube growth and failure to set seed. The focus of their research is self-incompatibility, a general term that encompasses several independently-evolved pre-zygotic genetic mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization when a pollination involves pistil and pollen that express the same variant of one or more self-incompatibility loci. Self-incompatibility is manifested by the lack of seed set resulting from disruption of germination of pollen grains or growth of pollen tubes within the pistil as they proceed from the stigma towards the ovules. In essence, self-incompatibility mechanisms are highly specific self/nonself mate recognition systems which confer on cells of the pistil the ability to discriminate between pollen grains that are defined as “self” and “nonself” on the basis of genetic identity at self-incompatibility loci, resulting in specific inhibition of “self” pollen. The existence of self-incompatibility was appreciated by early scientists, including Charles Darwin, who recognized it as a natural system that serves to promote hybrid vigor in several plant species and as a major driver of plant evolution. The genetics and cytological manifestations of self-incompatibility were well worked out for several plant families by the middle of the twentieth century. However, a mechanistic understanding of self-incompatibility had to await the advent of molecular approaches in the 1980s. The Nasrallah laboratory applied these approaches to investigate the self-incompatibility system of the Brassicaceae. It had been shown that specificity of the self-incompatibility response in this family is controlled by a single locus called the S locus and that “self” pollen is arrested at the surface of stigma epidermal cells resulting in the failure of pollen germination and pollen tube growth into the pistil. By analyzing self-incompatibility in Brassica species and building on the immunochemical identification of stigma proteins that segregated with the S locus, the Nasrallah group demonstrated that the recognition of “self” pollen is based on the activity of two highly polymorphic, co-adapted, and tightly-linked genes contained within the S locus. One gene encodes the S-locus receptor kinase (SRK), a transmembrane protein expressed in stigma epidermal cells, and the second gene encodes the S-locus cystine-rich (SCR), a small diffusible peptide component of the outer pollen coating. Thus, the S locus was shown to be a complex locus and its variants, which had been called S alleles, are now more appropriately referred to as S haplotypes. Subsequent biochemical experiments demonstrated that SCR is the ligand for the SRK receptor and that the SRK-SCR interaction is S-haplotype specific (i.e. it only occurs when the SRK and SCR proteins are encoded in the same S haplotype). Consequently, it is only when the stigma is pollinated with “self” pollen that SCR can bind and activate its cognate SRK, thus triggering a signaling cascade within stigma epidermal cells that ultimately leads to arrest of pollen germination and tube growth. An important development in the study of self-incompatibility in the Brassicaceae was the successful transfer of the SI trait into the normally self-fertile model plant Arabidopsis thaliana by transformation with SRK-SCR gene pairs from self-incompatible A. lyrata and Capsella grandiflora. Not only did this successful experiment provide proof that the SRK and SCR genes are the sole determinants of self-incompatibility specificity, but it also opened novel avenues of research. The introduction of several SI specificities into A. thaliana allowed in planta functional analysis of in vitro-generated receptor and ligand variants and identification of the specific amino-acid residues responsible for productive SRK-SCR interactions, results that were confirmed by high-resolution structural analysis of the SRK-SCR complex in Jijie Chai’s laboratory. Additionally, analysis of SRK-SCR transformants of various Arabidopsis thaliana accessions identified the genetic basis of some of the processes responsible for transitions from out-crossing to self-fertilizing modes of mating in Arabidopsis thaliana and more generally in the Brassicaceae family. Honors and awards This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "June Nasrallah" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the American University of Beirut (2023) for her significant contribution to the study of plant self-incompatibility and evolutionary transitions to self-fertility in the Brassicaceae Elected member of the US National Academy of Sciences (2003) Recipient of the Martin Gibbs Medal from the American Society of Plant Biologists (2003) President and Founding Member of the Lebanese Academy of Sciences References ^ a b "June Nasrallah \| Plant Biology Section". plantbio.cals.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-09. ^ a b "June Nasrallah". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2020-11-09. ^ Brownlee, C. (2004-01-19). "Biography of June B. Nasrallah". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (4): 909–910. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400056101. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 330090. PMID 16576757. ^ Nasrallah, M. E.; Wallace, D. H. (1967). "Immunochemical Detection of Antigens in Self-incompatibility Genotypes of Cabbage". Nature. 213 (5077): 700–701. Bibcode:1967Natur.213..700N. doi:10.1038/213700a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4174539. ^ Hinata, K.; Nishio, T.; Kimura, J. (1982). "Comparative Studies on S-Glycoproteins Purified from Different S-Genotypes in Self-Incompatible BRASSICA Species II. Immunological Specificities". Genetics. 100 (4): 649–657. doi:10.1093/genetics/100.4.649 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1201839. PMID 17246075.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link) ^ Nasrallah, J. B.; Stein, J. C.; Kandasamy, M. K.; Nasrallah, M. E. (1994-12-02). "Signaling the arrest of pollen tube development in self-incompatible plants". Science. 266 (5190): 1505–1508. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1505N. doi:10.1126/science.266.5190.1505. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17841712. S2CID 11914223. ^ Schopfer, C. R.; Nasrallah, M. E.; Nasrallah, J. B. (1999-11-26). "The male determinant of self-incompatibility in Brassica". Science. 286 (5445): 1697–1700. doi:10.1126/science.286.5445.1697. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10576728. ^ Kachroo, A.; Schopfer, C. R.; Nasrallah, M. E.; Nasrallah, J. B. (2001-09-07). "Allele-specific receptor-ligand interactions in Brassica self-incompatibility". Science. 293 (5536): 1824–1826. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1824K. doi:10.1126/science.1062509. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11546871. S2CID 21033636. ^ Nasrallah, Mikhail E.; Liu, Pei; Nasrallah, June B. (2002-07-12). "Generation of Self-Incompatible Arabidopsis thaliana by Transfer of Two S Locus Genes from A. lyrata". Science. 297 (5579): 247–249. Bibcode:2002Sci...297..247N. doi:10.1126/science.1072205. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12114625. S2CID 10606974. ^ Boggs, Nathan A.; Dwyer, Kathleen G.; Shah, Paurush; McCulloch, Amanda A.; Bechsgaard, Jesper; Schierup, Mikkel H.; Nasrallah, Mikhail E.; Nasrallah, June B. (2009). "Expression of distinct self-incompatibility specificities in Arabidopsis thaliana". Genetics. 182 (4): 1313–1321. doi:10.1534/genetics.109.102442. ISSN 1943-2631. PMC 2728868. PMID 19506308. ^ Boggs, Nathan A.; Dwyer, Kathleen G.; Nasrallah, Mikhail E.; Nasrallah, June B. (2009-05-12). "In vivo detection of residues required for ligand-selective activation of the S-locus receptor in Arabidopsis". Current Biology. 19 (9): 786–791. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.037. ISSN 1879-0445. PMC 2747293. PMID 19375322. ^ Ma, Rui; Han, Zhifu; Hu, Zehan; Lin, Guangzhong; Gong, Xinqi; Zhang, Heqiao; Nasrallah, June B.; Chai, Jijie (2016). "Structural basis for specific self-incompatibility response in Brassica". Cell Research. 26 (12): 1320–1329. doi:10.1038/cr.2016.129. ISSN 1748-7838. PMC 5143417. PMID 27824028. ^ Nasrallah, M. E.; Liu, P.; Sherman-Broyles, S.; Boggs, N. A.; Nasrallah, J. B. (2004-11-09). "Natural variation in expression of self-incompatibility in Arabidopsis thaliana: implications for the evolution of selfing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (45): 16070–16074. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10116070N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406970101. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 528763. PMID 15505209. ^ Tang, Chunlao; Toomajian, Christopher; Sherman-Broyles, Susan; Plagnol, Vincent; Guo, Ya-Long; Hu, Tina T.; Clark, Richard M.; Nasrallah, June B.; Weigel, Detlef; Nordborg, Magnus (2007-08-24). "The evolution of selfing in Arabidopsis thaliana". Science. 317 (5841): 1070–1072. Bibcode:2007Sci...317.1070T. doi:10.1126/science.1143153. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 17656687. S2CID 45853624. ^ Liu, Pei; Sherman-Broyles, Susan; Nasrallah, Mikhail E.; Nasrallah, June B. (2007-04-17). "A cryptic modifier causing transient self-incompatibility in Arabidopsis thaliana". Current Biology. 17 (8): 734–740. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.022. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 1861850. PMID 17412590. ^ Boggs, Nathan A.; Nasrallah, June B.; Nasrallah, Mikhail E. (2009). "Independent S-locus mutations caused self-fertility in Arabidopsis thaliana". PLOS Genetics. 5 (3): e1000426. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000426. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 2650789. PMID 19300485. ^ Nasrallah, June B. (2017). "Plant mating systems: self-incompatibility and evolutionary transitions to self-fertility in the mustard family". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 47: 54–60. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2017.08.005. ISSN 1879-0380. PMID 28915488.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbara McClintock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_McClintock"},{"link_name":"Plant Biology Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cals.cornell.edu/school-integrative-plant-science/school-sections/sips-plant-biology-section"},{"link_name":"School of Integrative Plant Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cals.cornell.edu/school-integrative-plant-science"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"self-incompatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incompatibility"},{"link_name":"Brassicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"June Nasrallah is Barbara McClintock Professor in the Plant Biology Section of the School of Integrative Plant Science at Cornell University.[1] Her research focuses on plant reproductive biology and the cell-cell interactions that underlie self-incompatibility in plants belonging to the mustard (Brassicaceae) family.[2] She was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences in 2003 for this work and her contributions generally to our understanding of receptor-based signaling in plants.[2][3]","title":"June Nasrallah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American University of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Neurospora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurospora"}],"text":"Nasrallah received her B.Sc. degree in Biology from the American University of Beirut, Lebanon and her Ph.D. in Genetics from Cornell University,[1] where her doctoral research focused on the characterization of Neurospora genes involved in fungal reproduction.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"pistil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistil"},{"link_name":"pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(botany)#Pollination"},{"link_name":"pollen tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_tube"},{"link_name":"self-incompatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incompatibility"},{"link_name":"fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"},{"link_name":"pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(botany)#Pollination"},{"link_name":"pistil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistil"},{"link_name":"Self-incompatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incompatibility"},{"link_name":"pollen grains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_grain"},{"link_name":"pollen tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_tube"},{"link_name":"pistil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistil"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(botany)"},{"link_name":"ovules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovule"},{"link_name":"self-incompatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incompatibility"},{"link_name":"pollen grains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_grain"},{"link_name":"self-incompatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incompatibility"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"self-incompatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incompatibility"},{"link_name":"self-incompatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incompatibility"},{"link_name":"self-incompatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incompatibility"},{"link_name":"Brassicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae"},{"link_name":"self-incompatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incompatibility"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(botany)"},{"link_name":"pollen 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thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"},{"link_name":"A. lyrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_lyrata"},{"link_name":"Capsella grandiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsella_grandiflora"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"self-incompatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incompatibility"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Brassicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Nasrallah, in collaboration with Mikhail Nasrallah, also a member of the faculty at Cornell University, initiated a research program in plant reproduction aimed at understanding the highly specific cell-cell interactions between pollen and pistil (the female reproductive structure) that ultimately lead either to successful pollination and seed production or to inhibition of pollen tube growth and failure to set seed. The focus of their research is self-incompatibility, a general term that encompasses several independently-evolved pre-zygotic genetic mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization when a pollination involves pistil and pollen that express the same variant of one or more self-incompatibility loci. Self-incompatibility is manifested by the lack of seed set resulting from disruption of germination of pollen grains or growth of pollen tubes within the pistil as they proceed from the stigma towards the ovules. In essence, self-incompatibility mechanisms are highly specific self/nonself mate recognition systems which confer on cells of the pistil the ability to discriminate between pollen grains that are defined as “self” and “nonself” on the basis of genetic identity at self-incompatibility loci, resulting in specific inhibition of “self” pollen.The existence of self-incompatibility was appreciated by early scientists, including Charles Darwin, who recognized it as a natural system that serves to promote hybrid vigor in several plant species and as a major driver of plant evolution. The genetics and cytological manifestations of self-incompatibility were well worked out for several plant families by the middle of the twentieth century. However, a mechanistic understanding of self-incompatibility had to await the advent of molecular approaches in the 1980s. The Nasrallah laboratory applied these approaches to investigate the self-incompatibility system of the Brassicaceae. It had been shown that specificity of the self-incompatibility response in this family is controlled by a single locus called the S locus and that “self” pollen is arrested at the surface of stigma epidermal cells resulting in the failure of pollen germination and pollen tube growth into the pistil. By analyzing self-incompatibility in Brassica species and building on the immunochemical identification of stigma proteins that segregated with the S locus,[4][5] the Nasrallah group demonstrated that the recognition of “self” pollen is based on the activity of two highly polymorphic, co-adapted, and tightly-linked genes contained within the S locus. One gene encodes the S-locus receptor kinase (SRK),[6] a transmembrane protein expressed in stigma epidermal cells, and the second gene encodes the S-locus cystine-rich (SCR),[7] a small diffusible peptide component of the outer pollen coating. Thus, the S locus was shown to be a complex locus and its variants, which had been called S alleles, are now more appropriately referred to as S haplotypes.Subsequent biochemical experiments demonstrated that SCR is the ligand for the SRK receptor and that the SRK-SCR interaction is S-haplotype specific (i.e. it only occurs when the SRK and SCR proteins are encoded in the same S haplotype).[8] Consequently, it is only when the stigma is pollinated with “self” pollen that SCR can bind and activate its cognate SRK, thus triggering a signaling cascade within stigma epidermal cells that ultimately leads to arrest of pollen germination and tube growth.An important development in the study of self-incompatibility in the Brassicaceae was the successful transfer of the SI trait into the normally self-fertile model plant Arabidopsis thaliana by transformation with SRK-SCR gene pairs from self-incompatible A. lyrata and Capsella grandiflora.[9] Not only did this successful experiment provide proof that the SRK and SCR genes are the sole determinants of self-incompatibility specificity, but it also opened novel avenues of research. The introduction of several SI specificities into A. thaliana[10] allowed in planta functional analysis of in vitro-generated receptor and ligand variants and identification of the specific amino-acid residues responsible for productive SRK-SCR interactions,[11] results that were confirmed by high-resolution structural analysis of the SRK-SCR complex in Jijie Chai’s laboratory.[12] Additionally, analysis of SRK-SCR transformants of various Arabidopsis thaliana accessions[13] identified the genetic basis of some of the processes responsible for transitions from out-crossing to self-fertilizing modes of mating in Arabidopsis thaliana[14][15][16] and more generally in the Brassicaceae family.[17]","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aub.edu.lb/doctorates/recipients/Pages/default.aspx"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20004799.html"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aspb.org/awards-funding/aspb-awards/martin-gibbs-medal/#tab-id-3"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.asduliban.org/"}],"text":"Awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the American University of Beirut (2023) for her significant contribution to the study of plant self-incompatibility and evolutionary transitions to self-fertility in the Brassicaceae [1]\nElected member of the US National Academy of Sciences (2003)[2]\nRecipient of the Martin Gibbs Medal from the American Society of Plant Biologists (2003)[3]\nPresident and Founding Member of the Lebanese Academy of Sciences","title":"Honors and awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"June Nasrallah \| Plant Biology Section\". plantbio.cals.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://plantbio.cals.cornell.edu/people/june-nasrallah/","url_text":"\"June Nasrallah \| Plant Biology Section\""}]},{"reference":"\"June Nasrallah\". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2020-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20004799.html","url_text":"\"June Nasrallah\""}]},{"reference":"Brownlee, C. (2004-01-19). \"Biography of June B. Nasrallah\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (4): 909–910. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400056101. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 330090. PMID 16576757.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC330090","url_text":"\"Biography of June B. 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S2CID 4174539.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/213700a0","url_text":"\"Immunochemical Detection of Antigens in Self-incompatibility Genotypes of Cabbage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967Natur.213..700N","url_text":"1967Natur.213..700N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F213700a0","url_text":"10.1038/213700a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","url_text":"1476-4687"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4174539","url_text":"4174539"}]},{"reference":"Hinata, K.; Nishio, T.; Kimura, J. (1982). \"Comparative Studies on S-Glycoproteins Purified from Different S-Genotypes in Self-Incompatible BRASSICA Species II. Immunological Specificities\". Genetics. 100 (4): 649–657. doi:10.1093/genetics/100.4.649 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1201839. PMID 17246075.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1201839","url_text":"\"Comparative Studies on S-Glycoproteins Purified from Different S-Genotypes in Self-Incompatible BRASSICA Species II. 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R.; Nasrallah, M. E.; Nasrallah, J. B. (1999-11-26). \"The male determinant of self-incompatibility in Brassica\". Science. 286 (5445): 1697–1700. doi:10.1126/science.286.5445.1697. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10576728.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10576728/","url_text":"\"The male determinant of self-incompatibility in Brassica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.286.5445.1697","url_text":"10.1126/science.286.5445.1697"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10576728","url_text":"10576728"}]},{"reference":"Kachroo, A.; Schopfer, C. R.; Nasrallah, M. E.; Nasrallah, J. B. (2001-09-07). \"Allele-specific receptor-ligand interactions in Brassica self-incompatibility\". Science. 293 (5536): 1824–1826. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.1824K. doi:10.1126/science.1062509. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11546871. 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(2002-07-12). \"Generation of Self-Incompatible Arabidopsis thaliana by Transfer of Two S Locus Genes from A. lyrata\". Science. 297 (5579): 247–249. Bibcode:2002Sci...297..247N. doi:10.1126/science.1072205. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12114625. S2CID 10606974.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1072205","url_text":"\"Generation of Self-Incompatible Arabidopsis thaliana by Transfer of Two S Locus Genes from A. lyrata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...297..247N","url_text":"2002Sci...297..247N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1072205","url_text":"10.1126/science.1072205"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12114625","url_text":"12114625"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10606974","url_text":"10606974"}]},{"reference":"Boggs, Nathan A.; Dwyer, Kathleen G.; Shah, Paurush; McCulloch, Amanda A.; Bechsgaard, Jesper; Schierup, Mikkel H.; Nasrallah, Mikhail E.; Nasrallah, June B. (2009). \"Expression of distinct self-incompatibility specificities in Arabidopsis thaliana\". Genetics. 182 (4): 1313–1321. doi:10.1534/genetics.109.102442. ISSN 1943-2631. PMC 2728868. PMID 19506308.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728868","url_text":"\"Expression of distinct self-incompatibility specificities in Arabidopsis thaliana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.109.102442","url_text":"10.1534/genetics.109.102442"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1943-2631","url_text":"1943-2631"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728868","url_text":"2728868"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19506308","url_text":"19506308"}]},{"reference":"Boggs, Nathan A.; Dwyer, Kathleen G.; Nasrallah, Mikhail E.; Nasrallah, June B. (2009-05-12). \"In vivo detection of residues required for ligand-selective activation of the S-locus receptor in Arabidopsis\". Current Biology. 19 (9): 786–791. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.037. ISSN 1879-0445. PMC 2747293. PMID 19375322.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2747293","url_text":"\"In vivo detection of residues required for ligand-selective activation of the S-locus receptor in Arabidopsis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.03.037","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.037"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1879-0445","url_text":"1879-0445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2747293","url_text":"2747293"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19375322","url_text":"19375322"}]},{"reference":"Ma, Rui; Han, Zhifu; Hu, Zehan; Lin, Guangzhong; Gong, Xinqi; Zhang, Heqiao; Nasrallah, June B.; Chai, Jijie (2016). \"Structural basis for specific self-incompatibility response in Brassica\". Cell Research. 26 (12): 1320–1329. doi:10.1038/cr.2016.129. ISSN 1748-7838. PMC 5143417. PMID 27824028.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5143417","url_text":"\"Structural basis for specific self-incompatibility response in Brassica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fcr.2016.129","url_text":"10.1038/cr.2016.129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1748-7838","url_text":"1748-7838"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5143417","url_text":"5143417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27824028","url_text":"27824028"}]},{"reference":"Nasrallah, M. E.; Liu, P.; Sherman-Broyles, S.; Boggs, N. A.; Nasrallah, J. B. (2004-11-09). \"Natural variation in expression of self-incompatibility in Arabidopsis thaliana: implications for the evolution of selfing\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (45): 16070–16074. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10116070N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406970101. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 528763. PMID 15505209.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528763","url_text":"\"Natural variation in expression of self-incompatibility in Arabidopsis thaliana: implications for the evolution of selfing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10116070N","url_text":"2004PNAS..10116070N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0406970101","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0406970101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424","url_text":"0027-8424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528763","url_text":"528763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15505209","url_text":"15505209"}]},{"reference":"Tang, Chunlao; Toomajian, Christopher; Sherman-Broyles, Susan; Plagnol, Vincent; Guo, Ya-Long; Hu, Tina T.; Clark, Richard M.; Nasrallah, June B.; Weigel, Detlef; Nordborg, Magnus (2007-08-24). \"The evolution of selfing in Arabidopsis thaliana\". Science. 317 (5841): 1070–1072. Bibcode:2007Sci...317.1070T. doi:10.1126/science.1143153. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 17656687. S2CID 45853624.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17656687/","url_text":"\"The evolution of selfing in Arabidopsis thaliana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...317.1070T","url_text":"2007Sci...317.1070T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1143153","url_text":"10.1126/science.1143153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1095-9203","url_text":"1095-9203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17656687","url_text":"17656687"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45853624","url_text":"45853624"}]},{"reference":"Liu, Pei; Sherman-Broyles, Susan; Nasrallah, Mikhail E.; Nasrallah, June B. (2007-04-17). \"A cryptic modifier causing transient self-incompatibility in Arabidopsis thaliana\". Current Biology. 17 (8): 734–740. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.022. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 1861850. PMID 17412590.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1861850","url_text":"\"A cryptic modifier causing transient self-incompatibility in Arabidopsis thaliana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.03.022","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822","url_text":"0960-9822"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1861850","url_text":"1861850"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17412590","url_text":"17412590"}]},{"reference":"Boggs, Nathan A.; Nasrallah, June B.; Nasrallah, Mikhail E. (2009). \"Independent S-locus mutations caused self-fertility in Arabidopsis thaliana\". PLOS Genetics. 5 (3): e1000426. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000426. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 2650789. PMID 19300485.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2650789","url_text":"\"Independent S-locus mutations caused self-fertility in Arabidopsis thaliana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000426","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pgen.1000426"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7404","url_text":"1553-7404"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2650789","url_text":"2650789"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19300485","url_text":"19300485"}]},{"reference":"Nasrallah, June B. (2017). \"Plant mating systems: self-incompatibility and evolutionary transitions to self-fertility in the mustard family\". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 47: 54–60. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2017.08.005. ISSN 1879-0380. PMID 28915488.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2017.08.005","url_text":"\"Plant mating systems: self-incompatibility and evolutionary transitions to self-fertility in the mustard family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2017.08.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.gde.2017.08.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1879-0380","url_text":"1879-0380"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28915488","url_text":"28915488"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://cals.cornell.edu/school-integrative-plant-science/school-sections/sips-plant-biology-section","external_links_name":"Plant Biology Section"},{"Link":"https://cals.cornell.edu/school-integrative-plant-science","external_links_name":"School of Integrative Plant Science"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22June+Nasrallah%22","external_links_name":"\"June Nasrallah\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22June+Nasrallah%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22June+Nasrallah%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22June+Nasrallah%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22June+Nasrallah%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22June+Nasrallah%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.aub.edu.lb/doctorates/recipients/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20004799.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://aspb.org/awards-funding/aspb-awards/martin-gibbs-medal/#tab-id-3","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.asduliban.org/","external_links_name":"Lebanese Academy of Sciences"},{"Link":"https://plantbio.cals.cornell.edu/people/june-nasrallah/","external_links_name":"\"June Nasrallah \| Plant Biology Section\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20004799.html","external_links_name":"\"June Nasrallah\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC330090","external_links_name":"\"Biography of June B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_1100	BMC ADO16	["1 Naming","2 Design and development","3 Mark I (1962–1967)","3.1 Engine","4 Mark II (1967–1971)","4.1 Engine","5 Mark III (1971–1974)","5.1 Engine","6 ADO16 timeline","7 Gallery","8 Legacy","9 ADO16 overseas","10 BMC 1100 Aerodinamica","11 References","11.1 Bibliography","12 External links"]	Motor vehicle BMC ADO16Morris 1100 Mk.II four-door saloonOverviewManufacturer British Motor Corporation (1963–1968) British Leyland (1968–1974) ProductionOverall: 1963–1974Austin: 1963–1974 MG: 1962–1971 Morris: 1962–1971 Riley: 1965–1969 Vanden Plas: 1964–1974 Wolseley: 1965–1973AssemblyLongbridge, Birmingham, United KingdomCowley, Oxford, United Kingdom Australia Belgium Chile Ireland Italy - Innocenti Malta New Zealand Portugal Rhodesia South Africa Spain - Authi Trinidad and Tobago YugoslaviaDesignerSir Alec Issigonis body design: PininfarinaBody and chassisClassSmall family carBody style Four-door saloon Two-door saloon Three-door estate LayoutFront engine, front-wheel drivePowertrainEngine 1.1 L A-Series I4 (1100) 1.3 L A-Series I4 (1300) DimensionsWheelbase93.5 in (2,375 mm)Length146.65 in (3,725 mm) (saloon & estate)Width60.38 in (1,534 mm)Height53 in (1,346 mm)Kerb weight1,834 lb (832 kg) approxChronologyPredecessorAustin A40 Farina Riley One-Point-Five Wolseley 1500SuccessorAustin AllegroMorris MarinaVanden Plas 1500 The BMC ADO16 is a range of small family cars built by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and, later, British Leyland. Launched in 1962, it was Britain's best-selling car from 1963 to 1966 and from 1968 to 1971. The ADO16 was marketed under various make and model names; however, the Austin 1100 and Morris 1100 were the most prolific of all the ADO16 variants. The car's ubiquity at the height of its popularity led to it simply being known as the 1100 (eleven-hundred) in its home market. Also made with a 1300cc engine, it was then typically called 1300. In production for 12 years, the ADO16 range sold 2.1 million units between 1962 and 1974, more than half of those being sold on the UK home market. British Leyland phased out the 1100/1300 between 1971 and 1974 in favour of the Morris Marina and the Austin Allegro. Naming The ADO16 was marketed under the following make and model names: Austin: 1100, 1300 and 1300GT Austin: 11/55, America, Apache, De Luxe, Glider and Victoria Innocenti: Austin I4 and Austin I4S Innocenti: Morris IM3 and Morris IM3S Innocenti I5 MG: 1100, 1275 and 1300 MG: Princess, Sports Sedan, 1100S and MG-S 1300 Morris: 1100, 1300 and 1300GT Morris: 11/55, 1100S, Marina and Marina GT Riley: Kestrel, Kestrel 1275, Kestrel 1300 and 1300 Vanden Plas: Princess 1100, Princess 1275 and Princess 1300 Wolseley: 1100, 1275 and 1300 Wolseley: 11/55 & Wesp In line with BMC's policy at the time, Austin badged versions of the ADO16 were built at Longbridge, whilst Morris and MG versions were assembled at Cowley. However, some were also built in Spain by Authi, in Italy by Innocenti, in Yugoslavia (Slovenia) by IMV, and at the company's own plant in Belgium. It was the basis for locally adapted similar cars manufactured in Australia and South Africa. Various versions including Austin, Morris, MG, Wolseley and Riley were assembled in New Zealand and Malta from CKD kits from 1963 until the final Austin/Morris versions were discontinued in 1974, a year after the launch of its replacement, the Austin Allegro. The vehicle was launched as the Morris 1100 on 15 August 1962. The range was expanded to include several rebadged versions, including the twin-carburettor MG 1100 (introduced at the end of September 1962), the Austin 1100 (August 1963), the Vanden Plas Princess 1100 (October 1963) and finally the Wolseley 1100 (1965) and Riley Kestrel (1965). The Morris badged 1100/1300 models were discontinued on the launch of the Morris Marina in 1971, but the Austin and Vanden Plas versions remained in production in the UK until June 1974. The three-door estate version followed in 1966, called Countryman in the Austin version and Traveller in the Morris one, continuing the established naming scheme. The Austin 1100 Countryman appeared in the Fawlty Towers episode "Gourmet Night", in which the short-tempered owner of Fawlty Towers Basil Fawlty (John Cleese) gave it a "damn good thrashing". This episode was first shown in October 1975, by that time it was already out of production. In 1964, the 1100 was Wheels magazine's Car of the Year. For most of its production life, the ADO16 was Britain's best selling car, holding around 15% of the new car market at its peak, before finally being outsold by the Ford Cortina in 1972. Design and development The ADO16 (Amalgamated Drawing Office project number 16) was designed by Sir Alec Issigonis. Following his success with the Mini, Issigonis set out to design a larger and more sophisticated car which incorporated more advanced features and innovations. Pininfarina, the Italian styling studio that had worked with BMC before on the Austin A40 Farina, was commissioned to style the car. ADO16 had comparable interior space to the larger Ford Cortina. In common with the Mini, the ADO16 was designed around the BMC A-Series engine, mounted transversely and driving the front wheels. As well as single piston swinging caliper disc brakes at the front, which were not common on mass-produced cars in the early 1960s, the ADO16 featured a Hydrolastic interconnected fluid suspension system designed by Alex Moulton. The mechanically interconnected Citroen 2CV suspension was assessed in the mid-1950s by Alec Issigonis and Alex Moulton (according to an interview by Moulton with Car magazine in the late 1990s), and was an inspiration in the design of the Hydrolastic suspension system for the Mini and Austin 1100, to try to keep the benefits of the 2CV system (ride comfort, body levelling, keeping the tyres in contact with the road), but with added roll stiffness that the 2CV lacked. BMC engineer Charles Griffin took over development work from Issigonis at the end of the 1950s while Issigonis completed work on the Mini. Griffin ensured the 1100 had high levels of refinement, comfort and presentation. Griffin would later have overall responsibility for the Princess, Metro, Maestro and Montego ranges. Autocar reports in October 1973, while the car was still in production, that approximately 2,365,420 ADO16s had been produced. Mark I (1962–1967) The original Mark I models were distinctive for their use of a Hydrolastic suspension. Marketing material highlighted the spacious cabin when compared to competitor models which in the UK by 1964 included the more conservatively configured Ford Anglia, Vauxhall Viva and BMC's own still popular Morris Minor. Unlike almost all of its competitors, the AD016 featured front-wheel drive instead of rear-wheel drive. The Mark I Austin / Morris 1100 was available, initially, only as a four-door saloon. In March 1966 a three-door estate became available, badged as the Morris 1100 Traveller or the Austin 1100 Countryman. Domestic market customers looking for a two-door saloon would have to await the arrival in 1967 of the Mark II version, although the two-door 1100 saloon had by now been introduced to certain overseas markets, including the United States where a two-door MG 1100 was offered. An Automotive Products (AP) four-speed automatic transmission was added as an option in November 1965. In order to avoid the serious levels of power loss then typical in small-engined cars with automatic transmission the manufacturers incorporated a new carburettor and a higher compression ratio in the new 1965 automatic transmission cars: indeed a press report of the time found very little power loss in the automatic 1100, though the same report expressed the suspicion that this might in part reflect the unusually high level of power loss resulting from the way in which the installation of the transversely-mounted "normal" manual gearbox had been engineered. Morris 1100 Mk.I four-door saloon Morris 1100 Mk.I four-door saloon Austin 1100 Mk.I four-door saloon Austin 1100 Mk.I four-door saloon Engine 1962–1974: 1098 cc A-Series I4 Mark II (1967–1971) At the end of May 1967, BMC announced the fitting of a larger 1275 cc engine to the MG, Riley Kestrel, Vanden Plas and Wolseley variants. The new car combined the 1275 cc engine block already familiar to drivers of newer Mini Cooper S and Austin-Healey Sprite models with the 1100 transmission, its gear ratios remaining unchanged for the larger engine, but the final-drive being significantly more highly geared. The Mark II versions of the Austin and Morris models were announced, with the larger engine making it into these two makes' UK market ranges in October 1967 (as the Austin 1300 and Morris 1300). An 1100 version of the Mark II continued alongside the larger-engined models. Unusually for cars at this end of the market, domestic market waiting lists of several months accumulated for the 1300-engined cars during the closing months of 1967 and well into 1968. The manufacturers explained that following the devaluation of the British Pound in the Fall / Autumn of 1967 they were working flat out to satisfy export market demand, but impatient British would-be customers could be reassured that export sales of the 1300s were "going very well". MG, Wolseley, Riley and Vanden Plas variants with the 1300 engines were already available on the home market in very limited quantities, and Austin and Morris versions would begin to be "available here in small quantities in March 1968". The addition of a larger engined model to the ADO16 range came at a time when most cars of this size were now available with larger engines than the 1100 cc unit which until then had been the only engine available in the whole range. Its key rivals in the 1960s were the Vauxhall Viva (in HA form from 1963 and HB form from 1966) and the Ford Anglia (and from the end of 1967, the Anglia's successor, the Escort). From 1970, it had gained another fresh rival in the form of the HC Viva, and also from a new Rootes Group model, the Hillman Avenger. On the outside, a slightly wider front grille, extending a little beneath the headlights, and with a fussier detailing, differentiated Austin / Morris Mark IIs from their Mark I predecessors, along with a slightly smoother tail light fitting which also found its way onto the FX4 London taxi of the time. Austin and Morris grilles were again differentiated, the Austin having wavy bars and the Morris straight ones. The 1100 had been introduced with synchromesh on the top three ratios: all synchromesh manual gearboxes were introduced with the 1275 cc models at the end of 1967 and found their way into 1098 cc cars a few months later. Mark II versions of the MG, Riley, Vanden Plas and Wolseley were introduced in October 1968, at which time Riley abandoned the Kestrel name. The Riley 1300 Mark II was discontinued in July 1969, and signalled the demise of the Riley marque, proving to be a shade of things to come as the 1970s would see British Leyland discontinue the Wolseley marque and sell most of its model ranges under a solitary brand. At the London Motor Show in October 1969 the manufacturers introduced the Austin / Morris 1300 GT, featuring the same 1275 cc twin carburetter engine as that installed in the MG 1300, but with a black full width grille, a black vinyl roof and a thick black metal strip along the side. This was BMC's answer to the Ford Escort GT and its Vauxhall counterpart. Ride height on the Austin / Morris 1300 GT was fractionally lowered through the reduction of the Hydrolastic fluid pressure from 225 to 205 psi. Austin 1100 Mk.II four-door saloon (Note the slightly wider grille) 1969 MG 1300 Mk.II two-door saloon 1970 Morris 1100 MK.II four-door saloon Riley Kestrel four-door saloon Engine 1967–1971: 1098 cc A-Series I4 1967–1971: 1275 cc A-Series I4 During 1970, despite being fundamentally little changed since the introduction of the Morris 1100 in 1962, the Austin/Morris 1100/1300 retained its position as Britain's top-selling car, with 132,965 vehicles registered as against 123,025 for the Ford Cortina, in that year entering its third incarnation. By the time the two millionth ADO16 was produced, at the end of June 1971, the Morris-badged version of the car had been withdrawn in order to create space in the range and in the showrooms for the Morris Marina. 1971 turned out to be the 1100/1300's last year at the top of the UK charts. Mark III (1971–1974) The Mark III models were introduced in September 1971. At the launch of the Morris 1100 in 1962 the manufacturer stated that they intended for the ADO16 models to remain in production for at least ten years, which despite BMC's vicissitudes through the 1960s turned out to be reasonably prescient. The range was gradually reduced, with the MG 1300 dropped in 1971 and the Wolseley 1300 in 1973. The final British ADO16, a Vanden Plas Princess 1300, left the factory on 19 June 1974. When British Leyland replaced the ADO16, it was replaced variously by the Austin Maxi (1969), the Morris Marina (1971), and the Austin Allegro (1973). The luxury Vanden Plas 1500 version of the Allegro debuted in 1975. By this time, its original rival, the Ford Cortina, had long since grown larger, putting ADO16 into the small, rather than medium-sized class, which British Leyland was now competing in with the Austin Maxi, Morris Marina as well as the long-running Austin 1800 saloons. The ADO16's final key rivals were the Ford Escort, Vauxhall Viva and Hillman Avenger. Foreign cars were also becoming increasingly popular on the UK market during the early 1970s, with perhaps the biggest imported rival to the ADO16 being the Datsun Sunny from Japan. Austin 1300 Mk.III four-door saloon Austin 1100 automatic Mk.III four-door saloon Austin 1300 GT Mk.III four-door saloon Morris 1100 Mk.III four-door saloon Engine 1971–1974: 1098 cc A-Series I4 1971–1974: 1275 cc A-Series I4 ADO16 timeline March 1962 – United Kingdom: The first Morris 1100 and MG 1100 cars were produced at Cowley. 15 August 1962 – United Kingdom: Launch of the Morris 1100 four-door saloon in Britain with the two-door saloon for export only. Available in two levels of trim: Standard and Deluxe. August 1962 – Denmark: The Morris 1100 four-door saloon is introduced to Denmark where it went on sale as the "Morris Marina" (ADO16). It was initially a slow seller due to a new tax regime that had been introduced in Denmark. Cars were imported by Dansk Oversøisk Motor Industri A/S (DOMI), the Danish Morris agent and given an extensive pre-delivery inspection and side indicators (a local requirement) before shipping out to dealers. 2 October 1962 – United Kingdom: Launch of the MG 1100 four-door saloon in Britain. Like the Morris 1100, the two-door saloon was reserved for export only. The MG 1100 had a more powerful 55 bhp (41 kW) twin carburettor version of the A Series engine and a more luxurious interior. November 1962 – United Kingdom: Both models now have rear mud flaps. January 1963 – Denmark: Sales for the Morris Marina (ADO16) begin to improve. February 1963 – New Zealand: CKD Morris 1100 Deluxe four-door sedan assembly starts at Dominion Motors, Newmarket, Auckland. April 1963 – USA: MG 1100 launched at the International Auto Show, New York and marketed as the MG Sports Sedan. 1100cc 55 bhp engine, available in two- or four-door saloon versions. Available in showrooms before launch. April 1963 – Italy: Introduction of the Innocenti Morris IM3 four-door saloon. This was an ADO16 assembled in Milan, with different front end styling, petrol flap, different bumpers and higher quality interior trim, 1100cc with twin S.U. HS2 carburettors. "IM" was short for "Innocenti-Morris" The '3' as it was the third BMC model adapted and assembled in Italy by Innocenti. May 1963 – South Africa: Morris 1100 four-door saloon introduced in Standard and Deluxe trim, identical to UK. Built at Blackheath, Cape Town. August 1963 – South Africa: MG 1100 four-door saloon introduced. identical to UK. September 1963 – United Kingdom: Introduction of the Austin 1100 four-door saloon, similar to the Morris 1100 but with the traditional eight wavy bar grille with Austin coat of arms on the bonnet and different interior trim and dashboard. October 1963 – Denmark: The Austin 1100 four-door saloon introduced to Denmark where it went on sale. Cars were imported by De Forenede Automobilfabrikker A/S (DFA), the Danish Austin agent and given an extensive pre-delivery inspection and side indicators (a local requirement) before shipping to dealers. October 1963 – United Kingdom: Vanden Plas Princess 1100 four-door saloon is presented at the London Motor Show to gauge public reaction. At the same time, all models had the windscreen washer bottle relocated to prevent it from freezing up. October 1963 – New Zealand: CBU Austin 1100 Deluxe four-door saloons appear in showrooms. Available early 1964. Initial imports by the Austin Distributors' Federation were assembled in the UK. November 1963 – Carpets were replaced by rubber mats. 17 February 1964 – Australia: Launch of the Morris 1100 Deluxe four-door sedan. It had a total of thirty-seven different modifications to make it suitable for Australian terrain, including a modified interior for greater comfort. A bench front seat was fitted, with the handbrake moved to a position between the driver's side of the seat and the door. A long, bent gear lever was used to clear the middle of the seat. Externally, over-riders were fitted to both the front and rear bumper bars and, as an optional extra, a solid or metal mesh sun visor could be fitted to the top windscreen arch to help "protect the front seat occupants from eye strain caused by direct sun rays." Another optional extra was a horizontally slatted metal "Venetian Shade" which could be fitted internally to the back window. This was intended to prevent the interior becoming too hot. February 1964 – Ireland: CKD Austin 1100 Deluxe four-door saloon assembly starts at Lincoln & Nolan, East Road, East Wall, Dublin. May 1964 – South Africa: Austin 1100 four-door saloon introduced in Standard and Deluxe trim, identical to UK-spec cars. Spring 1964 – United Kingdom: Vanden Plas Princess 1100 four-door saloon enters production It was the top of the range model with walnut-veneer dashboard, door cappings, picnic tables in the back of the front seats, Connolly Leather hide upholstery, Wilton carpets and West of England cloth headlining. Summer 1964 – United Kingdom: Petrol pump relocated from under body where it was vulnerable to stone damage to partly inside boot. September 1964 – Revisions: all models have diaphragm spring clutch, improved heater, crush-style sun visors and plastic-framed rear-view mirror. November 1964 – Italy: Introduction of the Innocenti Austin i4 four-door saloon at the Turin Motor Show. The front end styling was very similar to the Morris 1100 sold in the UK. It was fitted with the straight eight bar grille and similar side lamps, but with clear lenses. Late 1964/Early 1965 – USA: Launch of the MG Princess four-door saloon. 154 cars were sold. Vanden Plas Princess 1100 badged and marketed as a MG. January 1965 – United Kingdom: Introduction of the Crayford estate conversions of the ADO16. March 1965 – United Kingdom: Heater was standardised on Austin/Morris Deluxe model. June 1965 – Spain: British Motor Corporation and Nueva Montaña Quijano (NMQ) form 50% partnership in Automoviles de Turismo Hispano Ingleses (Authi). August 1965 – USA: MG Sports Sedan two- and four-door versions updated with faux wood Austin style fascia. September 1965 – United Kingdom: Introduction of the Wolseley 1100 four-door saloon and Riley Kestrel four-door saloon, both of which were mechanically similar to the MG 1100. The Wolseley had a strip speedometer in a wooden fascia as per the MG, while the Riley Kestrel had three round dials including a rev counter in a wooden fascia. Both were offered with leather seats as standard. October 1965 – United Kingdom: Optional four-speed automatic transmission available on the Austin and Morris versions. Late 1965 – United Kingdom: Introduction of the Mystique conversion by Creech Motors in Somerset. 1965 – Italy: Twin Dell’Orto FZD carburettors introduced on Innocenti Morris IM3, twin S.U. HS2 carburettors are still available, but rare. January 1966 – South Africa: Morris 1100 Deluxe receives Austin fascia. Morris 1100 Standard retains original fascia. March 1966 – United Kingdom: Morris 1100 Traveller and Austin 1100 Countryman three-door estates launched at the Geneva Motor Show. May 1966 – United Kingdom: Reclining front seats become available on all 1100s. When specified on the Traveller and Countryman, the interior could be converted into a double bed. May 1966 – Italy: The Innocenti Austin i4S four-door saloon launched. Innocenti Austin i4 with twin carburettors and more trim. August 1966 – Italy: The Innocenti IM3S four-door saloon launched. The model lost over-riders and was fitted with a different grille. Mid-1966 – United Kingdom: Longbridge had developed a five-door hatchback version of the Australian Morris 1500 known as the Nomad. This model would be launched in Australia in June 1969, but it would never be sold in the UK. Instead, the Austin Maxi would be offered. Spring 1966 – Denmark: Morris Marina (ADO16) two-door saloon introduced. December 1966 – United Kingdom: British Motor Holdings Limited (BMH) was formed following the British Motor Corporation takeover of both Jaguar Cars and the Pressed Steel Company. December 1966 – Spain: Authi Morris 1100 four-door saloon production begins using Austin rather than Morris fascia, available in showrooms from January 1967. Early 1967 – Ireland: 264 MG 1100 two-door saloons sent in CKD form. Assembled by Booth Poole & Co. Ltd. Islandbridge, Dublin. March 1967 – United Kingdom: 1 Millionth ADO16 produced. May 1967 – South Africa: Wolseley 1100 four-door saloon introduced with 50 bhp, single SU HS2, 1098 cc engine. Austin 1100 Countryman and Morris 1100 Traveller three-door estates introduced, identical to UK-spec cars. June 1967 – United Kingdom: The 1275 cc engine became an optional extra on the MG, Riley, Vanden Plas and Wolseley versions, in single carburettor 58 bhp (43 kW) form. These models were specifically badged up using the 1275 cc badging. 402 MG 1275 four-door, 162 MG 1275 two-door and 825 Vanden Plas Princess 1275 are reported to have been produced. June 1967 – USA: MG Sports Sedan two- and four-door versions fitted with the 1275 cc 58 bhp engine as standard. Austin 1100 two-door saloon launched. The Austin 1100 featured a single large speedometer fitted in the centre of dashboard, similar to that fitted in Deluxe versions of the Morris / Austin 1100 Mark II. Both cars would be replaced by the Austin America in 1968. August 1967 – Australia: Launch of the Morris 1100S four-door saloon, with the 1275 cc engine. Autumn 1967 – United Kingdom: The Vanden Plas Princess 1275 is replaced after only a few months by the Vanden Plas Princess 1300. October 1967 – United Kingdom: Launch of the 1100 Mark II models, with cropped rear fins (saloon models only), ventilated wheels, indicator side repeater lamps fitted to the front wings. A revised interior was also fitted. Austin and Morris versions had revised styling at the front end being fitted with a wider grille. Austin and Morris badges were relocated from the bonnet to the grille. Morris model now fitted with black crackle dashboard similar to the Austin. Rocker switches fitted instead of toggle switches on both models. Estate versions gain a simulated wood effect side trim. Still have Mark I styling at the rear. Introduction of the 1300 models, similar to the 1100 Mark II but with 1275 cc, 58 bhp (43 kW) engine and different front grilles. Morris, Austin and MG 1300 available in two- and four-door, while the Riley, Vanden Plas and Wolseley continued in four-door. MG, Riley, Vanden Plas, Wolseley models were available with automatic transmission. Jensen convertible shown at the London Motor Show. It was based around an Austin 1100 Countryman. The range of models available in the United Kingdom more than doubled to twenty nine. Models available: Austin two-door: 1100 or 1300, Deluxe or Super Deluxe (4). Austin four-door: 1100 or 1300, Deluxe or Super Deluxe (4). Austin Countryman estate: 1100 or 1300 (Super Deluxe) (2). MG two-door: 1300 (1). MG four-door: 1100 or 1300 (2). Morris two-door: 1100 or 1300, Deluxe or Super Deluxe (4). Morris four-door: 1100 or 1300, Deluxe or Super Deluxe (4). Morris Traveller estate: 1100 or 1300 (Super Deluxe) (2). Riley Kestrel four-door: 1100 or 1300 (2). Wolseley four-door: 1100 or 1300 (2). Vanden Plas Princess four-door: 1100 or 1300 (2). October 1967 – USA: Production of MG Sports sedan and Austin 1100 discontinued in the United Kingdom. Available in showrooms until early 1968. November 1967 – United Kingdom: A batch of fifty 1100 vans had been produced, but the model never made it into production. Late 1967 – Rhodesia: Production of the CKD Morris 1100 at the BMC assembly plant in Umtali is discontinued due to the imposition of mandatory United Nations economic sanctions against the country in 1965 when it declared independence unilaterally in order to maintain white minority rule. January 1968 – United Kingdom: British Leyland (BL) takes over British Motor Holdings Limited. British Leyland starts to cull the range, first model to be discontinued is the Riley Kestrel 1100. January 1968 – Denmark: Morris Marina (ADO16) 1098 cc, 48 bhp (36 kW) engine, two-door saloon and Morris Marina GT (ADO16) with 1275 cc, 58 bhp (43 kW) engine, two-door and four-door saloon with Mk.II body introduced. January 1968 – South Africa: Austin 11/55, Morris 11/55 and Wolseley 11/55 four-door saloons introduced with 54 bhp, single SU HS2, 1098 cc engine, replacing Austin and Morris 1100 Deluxe and Wolseley 1100. Austin 1100 Countryman estate, Morris 1100 Traveller estate, Austin and Morris 1100 Standard, retain 50 bhp 1098 cc engine. January 1968 – Spain: Authi MG 1100 four-door saloon launched. Twin carburettor 55 bhp engine, strip speedometer and Innocenti designed interior introduced. February 1968 – United Kingdom: Austin/Morris range each reduced from ten to eight models, Models discontinued: 1300 two-door Deluxe, 1300 four-door Deluxe. Wolseley 1100 discontinued. March 1968 – United Kingdom: Austin/Morris range each reduced from eight to five models, Models discontinued: 1100 two-door Super Deluxe, 1100 four-door Deluxe, 1100 Estate. Vanden Plas Princess 1100 and MG 1100 four-door models discontinued. March 1968 – Spain: Authi Morris 1100 Traveller three-door estate launched. April 1968 – United Kingdom: MG 1300 two-door, Riley Kestrel 1300 four-door, Wolseley 1300 four-door with twin SU 65 bhp engine introduced replacing single 56 bhp engine. MG 1300 four-door models discontinued. May 1968 – USA: Austin America two-door sedan launched, with 1275 cc 58 bhp Automatic. Manual available only on request. June 1968 – United Kingdom: without any formal announcement, a more powerful twin carburettor version of BMC's 1,275 cc engine is fitted to manual gearbox versions of the MG, Riley, Wolseley and Vanden Plas models: automatic transmission versions retained the single carburettor engine. July 1968 – New Zealand: Morris 1100 and 1300 four-door saloon with Mk.II body introduced. July 1968 – South Africa: MG 1100S four-door saloon with 58 bhp, twin SU HS2, 1098 cc engine replaces MG 1100. Rev counter and oil cooler fitted as standard. September 1968 – Spain: Authi Morris 1300 four-door saloon with Mark II body introduced, replacing Authi Morris 1100. September 1968 – South Africa: Mark II body introduced to Austin 11/55 and Wolseley 11/55. Austin 1100 Countryman estate, Morris 1100 Traveller estate, Morris 11/55, Austin and Morris 1100 Standard discontinued. September 1968 – USA: Austin America (1969 model) updated with minor cosmetic changes. October 1968 – United Kingdom: MG 1300 Mk.II and Riley 1300 Mk.II introduced with twin-SU 70 bhp engine replacing the twin-SU 65 bhp engine. The Kestrel name is dropped from the Riley model and it is now named Riley 1300 Mk.II. Wolseley 1300 Mk.II and Vanden Plas Princess 1300 introduced with twin-SU 65 bhp engine. The MG, Riley & Wolseley models are updated with a new interior which includes rocker switches fitted instead of toggle switches and a central armrest in the rear seat. The MG receives the same three dial dashboard as the Riley, while the Wolseley retains the strip speedometer. October 1968 – Spain: Authi MG 1300 four-door saloon introduced with twin carburettor 65 bhp engine and Mark II body, replacing Authi MG 1100. January 1969 – South Africa: Mark II body introduced to MG1100S. February 1969 – Spain: Authi Morris 1300 Traveller three-door estate introduced, replacing Authi Morris 1100 Traveller. April 1969 – Spain: 4 gear synchromesh gearbox introduced to Authi range. June 1969 – Australia: Morris 1100 production ended, being replaced by the Morris 1300 automatic four-door sedan, Morris 1500 four-door sedan with Mark II body and Morris Nomad five-door hatchback. Approximately 90,000 had been built, all at the BMC Zetland, New South Wales factory. 1300 & 1500 Sedans were coded YDO15 and the Nomad models were designated YDO9. July 1969 – United Kingdom: Riley 1300 Mk.II discontinued, along with the Riley name. July 1969 – Spain: BL buys 51% stake in NMQ - 76% share in Authi. September 1969 – South Africa: Automatic Austin 11/55 & Wolseley 11/55 introduced. September 1969 – USA: Austin America (1970 model) updated with rubber faced over-riders, alternator and other improvements. September 1969 – Chile: Production by British Leyland Automotores de Chile, S.A. begins of fibre-glass body MG 1300 two-door saloon at Arica, Chile. Available in showrooms late 1970. October 1969 – United Kingdom: Austin 1300GT and Morris 1300GT four-door saloons introduced at the London Motor Show. Featuring the same 1275cc twin carburetter 70 bhp engine as installed in the MG 1300 Mk.II. Body as per Austin/Morris saloons but with a black full width grille with twin chrome trim, a black vinyl roof, a thick black metal trim along the swage line and sporty hubcaps. Interior featured black vinyl covered three dial fascia, alloy steering wheel, sportier seats and centre armrest in rear. October 1969 – Yugoslavia: CKD Austin 1300 Super Deluxe four-door saloon assembly starts at IMV (Industrija Motornih Vozil), Novo Mesto, now Slovenia. December 1969 – South Africa: MG 1100S discontinued. July 1970 – Italy: The Innocenti i5 four-door saloon launched, 1098 cc with twin S.U. HS2 Carburettors, replacing Innocenti Morris IM3S, Innocenti Austin i4 & i4S. October 1970 – USA: Austin America (1971 model) updated with new GT-style grille and other improvements. October 1970 – New Zealand: New Zealand Motor Corporation (NZMC) formed from a merger of five companies: Dominion Motors Ltd, Magnus Motors Ltd, Seabrook Fowlds Ltd, David Crozier Ltd and P.H. Vickery Ltd. January 1971 – Spain: Austin 1300 Mk.II four-door saloon introduced, replacing Authi Morris 1300. Austin 1300 Countryman three-door estate introduced, replacing Authi Morris 1300 Traveller estate. Authi and Morris names now dropped. April 1971 – Yugoslavia: IMV 1300 Special introduced, based on the Austin 1300 Super Deluxe with twin SU's, metallic paint and cloth upholstery. July 1971 – United Kingdom: two-millionth ADO16 produced. August 1971 – United Kingdom: Morris 1100 and 1300GT discontinued in the UK, following the launch of the Morris Marina in April 1971. Morris 1300 and Traveller continued. September 1971 – United Kingdom: Mark III models are introduced. Morris 1300 and MG 1300 MkII discontinued in the UK. Models available: Austin 1100 two-door Deluxe, 1100 four-door Super Deluxe, 1300 two-door Super Deluxe, 1300 four-door Super Deluxe, 1300GT and 1300 Countryman estate. Morris 1300 Traveller estate, Wolseley 1300 Mk.II and Vanden Plas Princess 1300. Morris 1100 and 1300 branded saloons identical to Austin models and MG 1300 available for export. September 1971 – Spain: MG-S 1300 four-door saloon introduced. Updated with the 3 dial fascia as per UK MG 1300 Mk.II, Innocenti designed interior and 65 bhp engine, replacing Authi MG 1300. September 1971 – USA: Austin America discontinued, replaced by Austin badged Morris Marina. November 1971 – South Africa: Austin Apache four-door saloon styled by Michelotti introduced with 62 bhp, single SU HS4, 1275 cc engine, replacing Austin 11/55 and Wolseley 11/55. December 1971 – Australia: Production of the Morris 1300 automatic four-door sedan, Morris 1500 four-door sedan and Morris Nomad five-door hatchback discontinued. Available in showrooms during 1972. Approximately 29,000 had been built. Replaced by Morris Marina. Approximately a total 119,000 ADO16 variants were built in Australia. March 1972 – Denmark: Morris Marina (ADO16) two-door saloon and Morris Marina GT (ADO16) two-door and four-door saloon discontinued, replaced by Morris Marina (ADO28). April 1972 – Spain: Austin 1100 four-door saloon with Mark III body launched. May 1972 – Italy: British Leyland takes over Innocenti and axes the Innocenti i5 soon after. A total 65,808 ADO16 variants were built by Innocenti in Italy. September 1972 – New Zealand: Mark III Austin & Morris four-door saloons introduced. Available Super Deluxe 1100, 1300 and 1300 Automatic. Assembled at NZMC, Newmarket, Auckland. October 1972 – Spain: Austin Victoria four-door saloon, styling based on the Austin Apache, introduced with two levels of trim, Standard or De Luxe, replacing Austin 1300. Austin 1300 Countryman estate & MG-S 1300 discontinued. December 1972 – Yugoslavia: Austin 1300 Super Deluxe four-door saloon production ends at IMV (Industrija Motornih Vozil) as the company switches to Renault vehicles. Available in showrooms until mid-1973. 13,550 CKD Austin 1300 Super Deluxe four-door saloon kits and 485 IMV 1300 special kits were assembled in Novo Mesto, Yugoslavia. January 1973 – United Kingdom: Introduction of the rod change gearbox and pot joint inner CV joints. April 1973 – United Kingdom: Launch of the Austin Allegro, replacement for the ADO16 models, in the United Kingdom. However, the ADO16 models remain in production alongside the Allegro for the time being. Morris 1300 Traveller estate discontinued, MG 1300 discontinued for export. May 1973 – Spain: BL buys 98% share in Authi. July 1973 – South Africa: Austin Apache TC four-door saloon introduced with 70 bhp, twin SU HS2, 1275 cc engine. Austin Apache updated with new fascia from MkIII. Rod gearbox. August 1973 – United Kingdom: Wolseley 1300 Mk.II discontinued. September 1973 – Chile: The Military government comes to power after the coup which overthrew President Allende. In 1974, following the Free Trade plan that deregulated imports, British Leyland closes the Arica plant, but remains an importer until 1984. With the factory closed, the MG 1300 is discontinued. Available in showrooms until late 1974. A total of 3,647 MG 1300's were built in Arica, Chile. Replaced by imported Austin Allegro. February 1974 – United Kingdom: Austin 1300 Countryman estate discontinued. February 1974 – Spain: Austin De Luxe four-door saloon introduced with 54 bhp 998 cc engine, replacing Austin 1100. June 1974 – United Kingdom: Production of the remaining ADO16 models in the United Kingdom is discontinued. October 1974 – Spain: A destructive fire at the factory results in BL deciding to close it. Negotiations with GM to buy the factory had fallen through earlier in the year. May 1975 – Spain: Production ends for Austin Victoria and Austin De Luxe. A total 95,355 ADO16 variants were built by Authi in Spain. November 1975 – New Zealand: Austin & Morris Mk.III models discontinued, replaced by Austin Allegro. A total 42,357 CKD kits were assembled in New Zealand at Newmarket, Auckland (Dominion Motors, NZMC) and Petone, Wellington (Associated Motor Industries a company owned by the Austin Distributors' Federation). May 1976 – South Africa: Austin Apache 35 Automatic limited edition four-door saloon introduced. Limited to 300 units. April 1977 – South Africa: Austin Apache Automatic discontinued. 1977 – South Africa: Production of the Austin Apache and Austin Apache TC discontinued. Available in showrooms until 1978. A total 55,409 ADO16 variants were built in South Africa, signalling the end of all AD016 derived products after 15 years. Gallery Austin 1100 Mk.I Countryman (three-door estate ) 1967. A red 1100 Countryman was immortalised in the Fawlty Towers episode "Gourmet Night" 1970 Austin 1300 Countryman three-door estate Rear view of a Maltese-assembled Austin 1100 Mk.III four-door saloon Morris 1300 Mk.II Traveller (three-door estate ) 1969 Legacy As of February 2016 according to DVLA data there were 640 examples that were taxed and on UK roads. During the Worboys Committee in the 1960s when the British road signage system was being redesigned, the silhouette of the ADO16 (since it was the UK's best selling car of the time) was used in many of the new road sign designs which are all still in use. ADO16 overseas The Austin Victoria was a Pamplona assembled ADO16, introduced in 1972 with a restyled front end and a lengthened rear luggage compartment. The car was sold with various names in different markets. In Spain it was sold as Morris, Austin and MG, starting production in the Pamplona Authi (Automóviles de Turismo Hispano Ingleses) factory in 1966, and evolving by 1972 into the Austin Victoria. In Denmark the ADO16 bore the Morris Marina name from 1962 to 1972 - the same name as the British-built and better-known range of saloons produced in the British Leyland range from 1971 to 1980. The MG models were sold as the MG Sports Sedan there, as it was in North America from 1962, and was available with a two-door bodyshell that was unavailable in the UK until 1968. The Vanden Plas Princess was briefly the MG Princess 1100 in North America, while that market also saw an unusual two-door Austin 1100 (with a hybrid of Mark I and Mark II components). The ADO16 was not a strong seller in the Northern American markets - particularly in the USA where it was by far one of the smallest cars on sale. In the Netherlands the Austin version was sold as the Austin Glider. The Austin America was sold in the US, Canada and Switzerland between 1968 and 1972. This two-door version of the car featured a 60 bhp (45 kW) 1275 cc engine. Various modifications were made to suit the US market including an "anti-pollution air injection system", a split circuit braking system, rocker switches in place of some of the dashboard mounted knobs, a "hazard warning system" and flush door locks. The ADO16 also formed the basis of the Australian Morris 1500 sedan (coded YDO15 ), Morris 1300 sedan (YDO15 ) and Morris Nomad five-door (YDO9 ), the Italian Innocenti Morris IM3 and Austin I4 and I5, the more powerful South African Austin, Morris and Wolseley 11/55 and Austin Apache and the Spanish Austin Victoria and the Austin de Luxe of 1974 to 1977, which had a 998 cc engine. The Austin Apache was produced until 1977, the last of the ADO16 line, ending a production run of 15 years. BMC 1100 Aerodinamica In 1967 Pininfarina unveiled at the Turin Motor Show a concept car based on the Landcrab called the BMC 1800 Aerodinamica. The sleek design previewed the Citroen CX by some seven years. The car was evaluated by BMC, and Pininfarina developed a further smaller model based on the BMC ADO16 model, but the design was not taken up by the then merged British Leyland. This was after BMC had investigated a Mini shaped version. The 1800 version was however used by chief engineer Harry Webster and was known within the Austin Morris division as the Yellow Peril. References ^ Development History, www.elevenhundred.com Retrieved 3 September 2017 ^ BMC’s overseas launches, www.aronline.co.uk Retrieved 3 September 2017 ^ Buyer’s Guide BMC 1100 & 1300 / ADO16 Britain’s best-selling, drive-my.com Retrieved 4 January 2018 ^ a b Obituary. Charles Griffin, The Times, Friday, 26 November 1999; pg. 31; Issue 66682 ^ a b c d e Also known as : BMC 1100/1300, www.aronline.co.uk Retrieved on 3 November 2016 ^ a b BMC 1100/1300 : Italian variations, www.aronline.co.uk Retrieved 3 November 2016 ^ MG Princess, www.ado16.info Archived 3 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 3 November 2016 ^ a b c Timeline 1968, www.ado16.info Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 3 November 2016 ^ Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, Temple Press, 1986, page 165 ^ SFRJ četvorotočkaši: Šta su pravili i vozili Jugosloveni? at ba.n1info.com, 23-12-2015 (in Serbian) ^ Blunsden, John (October 1962). "MGB och 1100". Illustrerad Motor Sport (in Swedish). No. 10. Lerum, Sweden. p. 28. ^ a b Austin. The Times, Friday, 6 September 1963; pg. 9; Issue 55799. ^ a b c Princess 1100. The Times, Wednesday, 16 October 1963; pg. 15; Issue 55833 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Autocar, Used Car Choice, BLMC 1100/1300, 4 October 1973 ^ "1966 New Models". Autocar. 124. Vol. (nbr 3656). 11 March 1966. pp. 484–486. ^ a b c "Motorweek: Ado 16 – 2 million". The Motor. nbr. Vol. 3609. 3 July 1971. p. 49. ^ "News desk: ADO Automatic". CAR (Incorporating Small CAR): 1. November 1965. ^ a b "Autocar Road Test: Riley Kestrel 1275. Familiar BMC model with latest engine option. Only 3 more peak bhp, but much improved torque... Increased performance throughout range. Higher overall gearing gives more restful cruising, less mechanical noise and much improved fuel consumption. Ride and handling as excellent as ever". Autocar. 126. Vol. (nbr 3721). 8 June 1967. pp. 13–16. ^ a b c "News and views: Those BMC 1300s". Autocar. 8 February 1968. p. 59. ^ "Morris 1300 impressions". Autocar. 127. Vol. nbr 3749. 21 December 1967. pp. 14–16. ^ Sedgwick, M.; Gillies (1986). A–Z of cars 1945–1970. UK: Bay View Books. ISBN 1-870979-39-7. ^ a b c "Motor Brief Test 55/69: Morris 1300GT". Motor. nbr. Vol. 3518. 22 November 1969. pp. 17–19. ^ "British Cars". Autocar. 134. Vol. (nbr 3920). 13 May 1971. pp. 42–45. ^ "Used cars on test: 1963 Morris 1100". Autocar. 125. Vol. nbr 3681. 2 September 1966. pp. 514–516. ^ Idle Chatter, February 2005 ^ though the alternative initials "JM" were often used, reflecting those writing styles in which a long 'i' and 'j' can become indistinguishable. ^ Car (South Africa) July 1963 ^ Car (South Africa) August 1963 ^ South Auckland Courier, 23 October 1963, p. 4 ^ Austin 1100 Deluxe preliminary specifications, J.G. Ingram & Co. Ltd. Nelson ^ Australian Morris 1100 features Retrieved: 10 November 2008 ^ BMC 12/12 Warranted Accessories catalogue. Retrieved: 10 November 2008 ^ "1964 - Lincoln and Nolan new car assembly shop, East Road, Dublin - Images \| Irish Photo Archive". irishphotoarchive.photoshelter.com. ^ Ullyett, Kenneth. The 1100 Companion. ^ a b Nye, Doug. British Cars of the Sixties. ^ Nye, Doug. British Cars of the Sixties. ^ Car (South Africa) September 1966 ^ Federation Internationale De L'Automobile, Homologation #5266 ^ Ditlev Clausager, Anders (1998). MG Saloon Cars from the 1920s to the 1970s. Bideford, Devon, UK: Bay View Books. ISBN 1-90143-206-8. ^ "MG 1100/1300 \| MG Car Club Danish Centre". www.mgklub.dk. ^ "Vanden Plas Princess 1275 \| Vanden Plas Owners Club". www.vpoc.info. ^ Safety Fast September 1967 ^ Marques : Vanden Plas, www.aronline.co.uk Archived 29 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 11 January 2012 ^ a b Car (South Africa) April 1968 ^ Federation Internationale De L'Automobile, Homologation #1554 ^ Glass's Car Check Book 1963-71 ^ Safety Fast May 1968 ^ "Twin SUs again on BMC 1300s". Autocar. 128. Vol. (nbr 3775). 20 June 1968. p. 23. ^ New Zealand Motor World, June/July 1968 ^ Car (South Africa) December 1968 ^ Autocar, Autotest 2209 - MG 1300 Mk.II, 17 October 1968 ^ Motor, Test 8/69 MG 1300 Mk.II, 22 February 1969 ^ Federation Internationale De L'Automobile, Homologation #1553 ^ Development history, www.elevenhundred.com Retrieved 11 April 2015 ^ Australian 1100 production Retrieved: 10 November 2008, Sales from 1964 to 1968 were 83,203, 1969 six months approximately 7,000 ^ a b c d BMC-Leyland Australia Heritage Group, Building Cars in Australia - Morris. Austin, BMC and Leyland 1950-1975, page 216 ^ Car (South Africa) September 1969 ^ July–August, 1970 Innocenti in-house magazine, Tre I ^ a b Assembly, New Zealand Car Production 1921-98, Mark Webster, ISBN 0 7900 0846 7 ^ a b Motorman Sept 1972 ^ a b Glass's Car Check Book, 1967-76 ^ Austin 1300, www.classiccars.co.uk Retrieved 5 July 2016 ^ "Morris 1100 - History in Australia". www.elevenhundred.com. ^ a b "The best of the British car industry". AROnline. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012. ^ The story of the BMC 1100 ^ Motorman November 1975 ^ Car (South Africa) May 1976 ^ Braithwaite-Smith, Gavin (23 September 2016), 100 popular cars vanishing from our roads, MSN ^ "Spanish Morris 1100" (in Spanish). Pruebas.pieldetoro.net. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2010. ^ "Spanish Austin de luxe" (in Spanish). Pruebas.pieldetoro.net. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2010. ^ "Spanish Austin 1300" (in Spanish). Pruebas.pieldetoro.net. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2010. ^ "Spanish MG 1300" (in Spanish). Pruebas.pieldetoro.net. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2010. ^ "Austin America: Automatic 1300 tailored exclusively to US requirements". Autocar. 128. Vol. (nbr 3762). 21 March 1968. pp. 24–25. ^ Austin 11/55, www.aronline.co.uk Retrieved on 26 September 2013 ^ "Pininfarina BMC 1800 Aerodinamica". aronline.co.uk. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2020. ^ "Carrozzeria designs: Pininfarina 1100". aronline.co.uk. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2020. ^ "Pininfarina BMC 1000". aronline.co.uk. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2020. Bibliography Holloway, Hilton; Buckley, Martin (7 April 2003). 20th Century Car Design Car Design. Carlton Books. ISBN 1-84222-835-8. Adams, Keith. "The Unofficial Austin Rover web resource – ADO16 section". Archived from the original on 31 August 2004. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to BMC ADO16. ado16.info car club, archive, technical resource + more! An international car club and archive for all BMC 1100/1300 marques BMC 1100/1300 development history The 1100 Club \| Official Website The original UK based ADO16 club established in 1985 with worldwide membership authi.net: available for sale Website of Authi enthusiasts (in Spanish) vteBritish Motor Corporation cars, 1952–1966 Austin Austin-Healey MG Morris Princess Riley Vanden Plas Wolseley Austin Sheerline Princess A40 A40 Sports A70 Hereford Cambridge Westminster A30 A35 Metropolitan Gipsy A40 Farina Seven Mini Mini Moke 1100 1800 Lancer Freeway Austin-Healey 100 3000 Sprite MG YB Magnette TD & TF Midget MGA MGB Midget 1100 Morris Minor Morris Oxford MO Morris Oxford Series II Morris Oxford Series III Morris Oxford Farina Cowley Six MS Isis Mini 850 Mini Moke 1100 1800 Marshal Major Princess Limousine IV 3-litre Riley 1½ Litre 2½ Litre Pathfinder 2.6 1.5 4/68 and 4/72 Elf Kestrel Vanden Plas Princess Limousine Princess 3-litre Princess 4-litre "R" Princess 1100 Wolseley 4/50 6/80 4/44 6/90 15/50 15/60 1500 16/60 6/99 6/110 24/80 Hornet 1100 18/85 vteBritish Motor Holdings and British Leyland cars, 1966–1986 Austin Austin-Healey Daimler Jaguar Land Rover† Leyland Mini MG Morris Princess Riley Rover† Triumph† Vanden Plas Wolseley Austin A40 Farina A60 Cambridge A110 Westminster Gipsy Mini Mini Moke 1100 / 1300 1800 / 2200 (ADO17) Sprite 1800 / 2200 (ADO71) 3-Litre Maxi Allegro Ambassador Mini Metro Maestro Montego Tasman Kimberley Apache Austin-Healey 3000 Sprite Mk IV Daimler Majestic Major DR450 2.5 V8 & V8-250 Sovereign Double Six DS420 Jaguar 2.4, 3.4 & 3.8 Litre 240 & 340 S-Type 420 420G E-Type XJ6 XJ12 XJS Land Rover† Series II & III 90, 110 and 127 Range Rover Leyland Mini Moke Marina P76 MG Magnette Mark IV MGB MGC Midget 1100/1300 Metro Maestro Montego Mini 850 1000 1275GT Clubman Cooper Moke Morris Minor Morris Oxford Farina Mini 850 Mini Moke 1100 / 1300 1800 / 2200 (ADO17) 1800 / 2200 (ADO71) Marina Ital 1500 Nomad Princess 1700 / 1800 / 2000 / 2200 Riley Elf 4/72 Kestrel / 1300 Rover† 3.5 Litre / 3½ Litre (P5) 2000 / 2200 / 3500 (P6) 2000 / 2300 / 2400 / 3500 / V8-S / Vitesse (SD1) Quintet 213 & 216 Triumph† Herald Spitfire Vitesse GT6 Stag TR5 TR250 TR6 TR7 TR8 Toledo 1300 1500 2000 2.5 & 2500 Dolomite Acclaim Vanden Plas 4-Litre Princess Limousine Princess 4-litre "R" Princess 1100/1275/1300 1500/1.5/1.7 Wolseley 16/60 6/110 Hornet 1100 / 1300 18/85 / Six Saloon †Rover, Land Rover, and Triumph were not part of British Motor Holdings but became part of British Leyland in 1968.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"small family cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-segment"},{"link_name":"British Motor Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation"},{"link_name":"British Leyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leyland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOCG-4"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"Austin Allegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Allegro"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe BMC ADO16 is a range of small family cars built by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and, later, British Leyland. Launched in 1962, it was Britain's best-selling car from 1963 to 1966 and from 1968 to 1971.[3] The ADO16 was marketed under various make and model names; however, the Austin 1100 and Morris 1100 were the most prolific of all the ADO16 variants. The car's ubiquity at the height of its popularity led to it simply being known as the 1100 (eleven-hundred) in its home market. Also made with a 1300cc engine, it was then typically called 1300.In production for 12 years, the ADO16 range sold 2.1 million units between 1962 and 1974, more than half of those being sold on the UK home market.[4] British Leyland phased out the 1100/1300 between 1971 and 1974 in favour of the Morris Marina and the Austin Allegro.","title":"BMC ADO16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aronline_1100/1300-5"},{"link_name":"De Luxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_de_Luxe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aronline_Italian-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aronline_Italian-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aronline_1100/1300-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ado16.info-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aronline_1100/1300-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aronline_1100/1300-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aronline_1100/1300-5"},{"link_name":"Authi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authi"},{"link_name":"Innocenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocenti"},{"link_name":"IMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrija_Motornih_Vozil"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravilivozili-10"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Austin Allegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Allegro"},{"link_name":"rebadged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebadged"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMS1062-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT55799-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT55833-13"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_car"},{"link_name":"Fawlty Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawlty_Towers"},{"link_name":"Gourmet Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourmet_Night"},{"link_name":"Basil Fawlty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Fawlty"},{"link_name":"John Cleese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cleese"},{"link_name":"Wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels_magazine"},{"link_name":"Car of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Ford Cortina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Cortina"}],"text":"The ADO16 was marketed under the following make and model names:Austin: 1100, 1300 and 1300GT\nAustin: 11/55,[5] America, Apache, De Luxe, Glider and Victoria\nInnocenti: Austin I4 and Austin I4S [6]\nInnocenti: Morris IM3 and Morris IM3S [6]\nInnocenti I5\nMG: 1100, 1275 and 1300\nMG: Princess,[7] Sports Sedan,[5] 1100S and MG-S 1300\nMorris: 1100, 1300 and 1300GT\nMorris: 11/55,[8] 1100S, Marina [5] and Marina GT\nRiley: Kestrel, Kestrel 1275, Kestrel 1300 and 1300 [9]\nVanden Plas: Princess 1100, Princess 1275 and Princess 1300\nWolseley: 1100, 1275 and 1300\nWolseley: 11/55 [5] & Wesp [5]In line with BMC's policy at the time, Austin badged versions of the ADO16 were built at Longbridge, whilst Morris and MG versions were assembled at Cowley. However, some were also built in Spain by Authi, in Italy by Innocenti, in Yugoslavia (Slovenia) by IMV,[10] and at the company's own plant in Belgium. It was the basis for locally adapted similar cars manufactured in Australia and South Africa. Various versions including Austin, Morris, MG, Wolseley and Riley were assembled in New Zealand and Malta from CKD kits from 1963 until the final Austin/Morris versions were discontinued in 1974, a year after the launch of its replacement, the Austin Allegro.The vehicle was launched as the Morris 1100 on 15 August 1962. The range was expanded to include several rebadged versions, including the twin-carburettor MG 1100 (introduced at the end of September 1962),[11] the Austin 1100 (August 1963),[12] the Vanden Plas Princess 1100 (October 1963)[13] and finally the Wolseley 1100 (1965) and Riley Kestrel (1965). The Morris badged 1100/1300 models were discontinued on the launch of the Morris Marina in 1971, but the Austin and Vanden Plas versions remained in production in the UK until June 1974.The three-door estate version followed in 1966, called Countryman in the Austin version and Traveller in the Morris one, continuing the established naming scheme. The Austin 1100 Countryman appeared in the Fawlty Towers episode \"Gourmet Night\", in which the short-tempered owner of Fawlty Towers Basil Fawlty (John Cleese) gave it a \"damn good thrashing\". This episode was first shown in October 1975, by that time it was already out of production.In 1964, the 1100 was Wheels magazine's Car of the Year.For most of its production life, the ADO16 was Britain's best selling car, holding around 15% of the new car market at its peak, before finally being outsold by the Ford Cortina in 1972.","title":"Naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amalgamated Drawing Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated_Drawing_Office"},{"link_name":"Alec Issigonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Issigonis"},{"link_name":"Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini"},{"link_name":"Pininfarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininfarina"},{"link_name":"Austin A40 Farina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_A40_Farina"},{"link_name":"Ford Cortina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Cortina"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BMC A-Series engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_A-Series_engine"},{"link_name":"driving the front wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"disc brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brake"},{"link_name":"Hydrolastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolastic"},{"link_name":"Alex Moulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Moulton"},{"link_name":"Citroen 2CV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citroen_2CV"},{"link_name":"Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Princess"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Metro"},{"link_name":"Maestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Maestro"},{"link_name":"Montego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Montego"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOCG-4"},{"link_name":"Autocar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar,_Used_Car_Choice_1300-14"}],"text":"The ADO16 (Amalgamated Drawing Office project number 16) was designed by Sir Alec Issigonis. Following his success with the Mini, Issigonis set out to design a larger and more sophisticated car which incorporated more advanced features and innovations. Pininfarina, the Italian styling studio that had worked with BMC before on the Austin A40 Farina, was commissioned to style the car. ADO16 had comparable interior space to the larger Ford Cortina.[citation needed]In common with the Mini, the ADO16 was designed around the BMC A-Series engine, mounted transversely and driving the front wheels. As well as single piston swinging caliper disc brakes at the front, which were not common on mass-produced cars in the early 1960s, the ADO16 featured a Hydrolastic interconnected fluid suspension system designed by Alex Moulton. The mechanically interconnected Citroen 2CV suspension was assessed in the mid-1950s by Alec Issigonis and Alex Moulton (according to an interview by Moulton with Car magazine in the late 1990s),[citation needed] and was an inspiration in the design of the Hydrolastic suspension system for the Mini and Austin 1100, to try to keep the benefits of the 2CV system (ride comfort, body levelling, keeping the tyres in contact with the road), but with added roll stiffness that the 2CV lacked.BMC engineer Charles Griffin took over development work from Issigonis at the end of the 1950s while Issigonis completed work on the Mini. Griffin ensured the 1100 had high levels of refinement, comfort and presentation. Griffin would later have overall responsibility for the Princess, Metro, Maestro and Montego ranges.[4]Autocar reports in October 1973, while the car was still in production, that approximately 2,365,420 ADO16s had been produced.[14]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hydrolastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolastic"},{"link_name":"Ford Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall Viva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Viva_(1963%E2%80%931979)"},{"link_name":"Morris Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Minor"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar196603-15"},{"link_name":"Automotive Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_Products"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Motor197107-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAR196511-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1966_Morris_1100_(11202734056).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1965_Morris_1100_(6403667963).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_1100_MkI_registered_1964_1098cc_photographed_at_Knebworth_2012.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1967_Austin_1100_Heritage_Motor_Centre,_Gaydon_(1).jpg"}],"text":"The original Mark I models were distinctive for their use of a Hydrolastic suspension. Marketing material highlighted the spacious cabin when compared to competitor models which in the UK by 1964 included the more conservatively configured Ford Anglia, Vauxhall Viva and BMC's own still popular Morris Minor. Unlike almost all of its competitors, the AD016 featured front-wheel drive instead of rear-wheel drive.The Mark I Austin / Morris 1100 was available, initially, only as a four-door saloon. In March 1966 a three-door estate became available, badged as the Morris 1100 Traveller or the Austin 1100 Countryman.[15] Domestic market customers looking for a two-door saloon would have to await the arrival in 1967 of the Mark II version, although the two-door 1100 saloon had by now been introduced to certain overseas markets, including the United States where a two-door MG 1100 was offered.An Automotive Products (AP) four-speed automatic transmission was added as an option in November 1965.[16] In order to avoid the serious levels of power loss then typical in small-engined cars with automatic transmission the manufacturers incorporated a new carburettor and a higher compression ratio in the new 1965 automatic transmission cars: indeed a press report of the time found very little power loss in the automatic 1100, though the same report expressed the suspicion that this might in part reflect the unusually high level of power loss resulting from the way in which the installation of the transversely-mounted \"normal\" manual gearbox had been engineered.[17]Morris 1100 Mk.I four-door saloon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMorris 1100 Mk.I four-door saloon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAustin 1100 Mk.I four-door saloon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAustin 1100 Mk.I four-door saloon","title":"Mark I (1962–1967)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A-Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_A-Series_engine#1098"},{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline-four_engine"}],"sub_title":"Engine","text":"1962–1974: 1098 cc A-Series I4","title":"Mark I (1962–1967)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_(car)"},{"link_name":"Riley Kestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Vanden Plas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanden_Plas"},{"link_name":"Wolseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolseley_Motors"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar1967-18"},{"link_name":"Mini Cooper S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini"},{"link_name":"Austin-Healey Sprite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin-Healey_Sprite"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar1967-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar196802-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar196802-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar196802-19"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall Viva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Viva"},{"link_name":"Ford Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)"},{"link_name":"Rootes Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootes_Group"},{"link_name":"Hillman Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillman_Avenger"},{"link_name":"FX4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_FX4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar196712-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZ1945-21"},{"link_name":"British Leyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leyland"},{"link_name":"London Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Motor1969-22"},{"link_name":"Ford Escort GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall counterpart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Viva_(1963%E2%80%931979)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Motor1969-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Motor1969-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_1100_registered_June_1971_1098cc.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MG_1300_ca_1968_Castle_Hedingham_2008.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1970_Morris_1100_(31126815671).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riley_Kestrel_1300_1275cc_October_1968.JPG"}],"text":"At the end of May 1967, BMC announced the fitting of a larger 1275 cc engine to the MG, Riley Kestrel, Vanden Plas and Wolseley variants.[18] The new car combined the 1275 cc engine block already familiar to drivers of newer Mini Cooper S and Austin-Healey Sprite models with the 1100 transmission, its gear ratios remaining unchanged for the larger engine, but the final-drive being significantly more highly geared.[18]The Mark II versions of the Austin and Morris models were announced, with the larger engine making it into these two makes' UK market ranges in October 1967 (as the Austin 1300 and Morris 1300). An 1100 version of the Mark II continued alongside the larger-engined models.Unusually for cars at this end of the market, domestic market waiting lists of several months accumulated for the 1300-engined cars during the closing months of 1967 and well into 1968.[19] The manufacturers explained that following the devaluation of the British Pound in the Fall / Autumn of 1967 they were working flat out to satisfy export market demand, but impatient British would-be customers could be reassured that export sales of the 1300s were \"going very well\".[19] MG, Wolseley, Riley and Vanden Plas variants with the 1300 engines were already available on the home market in very limited quantities, and Austin and Morris versions would begin to be \"available here in small quantities in March 1968\".[19]The addition of a larger engined model to the ADO16 range came at a time when most cars of this size were now available with larger engines than the 1100 cc unit which until then had been the only engine available in the whole range. Its key rivals in the 1960s were the Vauxhall Viva (in HA form from 1963 and HB form from 1966) and the Ford Anglia (and from the end of 1967, the Anglia's successor, the Escort). From 1970, it had gained another fresh rival in the form of the HC Viva, and also from a new Rootes Group model, the Hillman Avenger.On the outside, a slightly wider front grille, extending a little beneath the headlights, and with a fussier detailing, differentiated Austin / Morris Mark IIs from their Mark I predecessors, along with a slightly smoother tail light fitting which also found its way onto the FX4 London taxi of the time. Austin and Morris grilles were again differentiated, the Austin having wavy bars and the Morris straight ones. The 1100 had been introduced with synchromesh on the top three ratios: all synchromesh manual gearboxes were introduced with the 1275 cc models at the end of 1967 and found their way into 1098 cc cars a few months later.[20]Mark II versions of the MG, Riley, Vanden Plas and Wolseley were introduced in October 1968, at which time Riley abandoned the Kestrel name. The Riley 1300 Mark II was discontinued in July 1969,[21] and signalled the demise of the Riley marque, proving to be a shade of things to come as the 1970s would see British Leyland discontinue the Wolseley marque and sell most of its model ranges under a solitary brand.At the London Motor Show in October 1969 the manufacturers introduced the Austin / Morris 1300 GT, featuring the same 1275 cc twin carburetter engine as that installed in the MG 1300, but with a black full width grille, a black vinyl roof and a thick black metal strip along the side.[22] This was BMC's answer to the Ford Escort GT and its Vauxhall counterpart.[22] Ride height on the Austin / Morris 1300 GT was fractionally lowered through the reduction of the Hydrolastic fluid pressure from 225 to 205 psi.[22]Austin 1100 Mk.II four-door saloon (Note the slightly wider grille)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1969 MG 1300 Mk.II two-door saloon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1970 Morris 1100 MK.II four-door saloon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRiley Kestrel four-door saloon","title":"Mark II (1967–1971)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A-Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_A-Series_engine#1098"},{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline-four_engine"},{"link_name":"A-Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_A-Series_engine#1275"},{"link_name":"Ford Cortina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Cortina"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar1971-23"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Motor197107-16"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Motor197107-16"}],"sub_title":"Engine","text":"1967–1971: 1098 cc A-Series I4\n1967–1971: 1275 cc A-Series I4During 1970, despite being fundamentally little changed since the introduction of the Morris 1100 in 1962, the Austin/Morris 1100/1300 retained its position as Britain's top-selling car, with 132,965 vehicles registered as against 123,025 for the Ford Cortina, in that year entering its third incarnation.[23] By the time the two millionth ADO16 was produced, at the end of June 1971,[16] the Morris-badged version of the car had been withdrawn in order to create space in the range and in the showrooms for the Morris Marina.[16] 1971 turned out to be the 1100/1300's last year at the top of the UK charts.","title":"Mark II (1967–1971)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar196609-24"},{"link_name":"Austin Maxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Maxi"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"Austin Allegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Allegro"},{"link_name":"Ford Cortina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Cortina"},{"link_name":"Austin Maxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Maxi"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"Austin 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_1800"},{"link_name":"Ford Escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall Viva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Viva"},{"link_name":"Hillman Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillman_Avenger"},{"link_name":"Datsun Sunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Sunny"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_1300_in_Langen_(adjusted_version).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1972_Austin_1100_automatic_(14579580093)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1972_Austin_1300_GT.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1972_Morris_1100_(34674640090).jpg"}],"text":"The Mark III models were introduced in September 1971. At the launch of the Morris 1100 in 1962 the manufacturer stated that they intended for the ADO16 models to remain in production for at least ten years,[24] which despite BMC's vicissitudes through the 1960s turned out to be reasonably prescient. The range was gradually reduced, with the MG 1300 dropped in 1971 and the Wolseley 1300 in 1973. The final British ADO16, a Vanden Plas Princess 1300, left the factory on 19 June 1974. When British Leyland replaced the ADO16, it was replaced variously by the Austin Maxi (1969), the Morris Marina (1971), and the Austin Allegro (1973). The luxury Vanden Plas 1500 version of the Allegro debuted in 1975.By this time, its original rival, the Ford Cortina, had long since grown larger, putting ADO16 into the small, rather than medium-sized class, which British Leyland was now competing in with the Austin Maxi, Morris Marina as well as the long-running Austin 1800 saloons. The ADO16's final key rivals were the Ford Escort, Vauxhall Viva and Hillman Avenger. Foreign cars were also becoming increasingly popular on the UK market during the early 1970s, with perhaps the biggest imported rival to the ADO16 being the Datsun Sunny from Japan.Austin 1300 Mk.III four-door saloon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAustin 1100 automatic Mk.III four-door saloon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAustin 1300 GT Mk.III four-door saloon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMorris 1100 Mk.III four-door saloon","title":"Mark III (1971–1974)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A-Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_A-Series_engine#1275"},{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4"}],"sub_title":"Engine","text":"1971–1974: 1098 cc A-Series I4\n1971–1974: 1275 cc A-Series I4","title":"Mark III (1971–1974)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowley,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"mud flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_flap"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Innocenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocenti"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"S.U. HS2 carburettors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU_carburettor"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT55799-12"},{"link_name":"London Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT55833-13"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT55833-13"},{"link_name":"Connolly Leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connolly_Leather"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-35"},{"link_name":"Turin Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"British Motor Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Automoviles de Turismo Hispano Ingleses (Authi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authi"},{"link_name":"Dell’Orto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dell%E2%80%99Orto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Geneva Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"British Motor Holdings Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Motor_Holdings_Limited"},{"link_name":"British Motor Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"London Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Umtali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umtali"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"declared independence unilaterally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"British Leyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leyland"},{"link_name":"British Motor Holdings Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Motor_Holdings_Limited"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar,_Used_Car_Choice_1300-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ado16.info-8"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Car_South_Africa_April_1968-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar,_Used_Car_Choice_1300-14"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-35"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar,_Used_Car_Choice_1300-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar,_Used_Car_Choice_1300-14"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar1968-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Car_South_Africa_April_1968-44"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar,_Used_Car_Choice_1300-14"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Morris Nomad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Nomad"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Zetland, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetland,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heritage-56"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar,_Used_Car_Choice_1300-14"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"alternator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternator"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar,_Used_Car_Choice_1300-14"},{"link_name":"Novo Mesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Mesto"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Motorman_Sept_1972-60"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar,_Used_Car_Choice_1300-14"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glass's_Car_Check_Book,_1967%E2%80%9376-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glass's_Car_Check_Book,_1967%E2%80%9376-61"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar,_Used_Car_Choice_1300-14"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"Morris Nomad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Nomad"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"Innocenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocenti"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Motorman_Sept_1972-60"},{"link_name":"Austin Allegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Allegro"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aronline1-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar,_Used_Car_Choice_1300-14"},{"link_name":"Austin Allegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Allegro"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aronline1-64"},{"link_name":"Austin Allegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Allegro"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-59"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"text":"March 1962 – United Kingdom: The first Morris 1100 and MG 1100 cars were produced at Cowley.\n15 August 1962 – United Kingdom: Launch of the Morris 1100 four-door saloon in Britain with the two-door saloon for export only. Available in two levels of trim: Standard and Deluxe.\nAugust 1962 – Denmark: The Morris 1100 four-door saloon is introduced to Denmark where it went on sale as the \"Morris Marina\" (ADO16). It was initially a slow seller due to a new tax regime that had been introduced in Denmark. Cars were imported by Dansk Oversøisk Motor Industri A/S (DOMI), the Danish Morris agent and given an extensive pre-delivery inspection and side indicators (a local requirement) before shipping out to dealers.\n2 October 1962 – United Kingdom: Launch of the MG 1100 four-door saloon in Britain. Like the Morris 1100, the two-door saloon was reserved for export only. The MG 1100 had a more powerful 55 bhp (41 kW) twin carburettor version of the A Series engine and a more luxurious interior.\nNovember 1962 – United Kingdom: Both models now have rear mud flaps.\nJanuary 1963 – Denmark: Sales for the Morris Marina (ADO16) begin to improve.\nFebruary 1963 – New Zealand: CKD Morris 1100 Deluxe four-door sedan assembly starts at Dominion Motors, Newmarket, Auckland.\nApril 1963 – USA: MG 1100 launched at the International Auto Show, New York and marketed as the MG Sports Sedan. 1100cc 55 bhp engine, available in two- or four-door saloon versions. Available in showrooms before launch.[25]\nApril 1963 – Italy: Introduction of the Innocenti Morris IM3 four-door saloon. This was an ADO16 assembled in Milan, with different front end styling, petrol flap, different bumpers and higher quality interior trim, 1100cc with twin S.U. HS2 carburettors. \"IM\" was short for \"Innocenti-Morris\"[26] The '3' as it was the third BMC model adapted and assembled in Italy by Innocenti.\nMay 1963 – South Africa: Morris 1100 four-door saloon introduced in Standard and Deluxe trim, identical to UK. Built at Blackheath, Cape Town.[27]\nAugust 1963 – South Africa: MG 1100 four-door saloon introduced. identical to UK.[28]\nSeptember 1963 – United Kingdom: Introduction of the Austin 1100 four-door saloon, similar to the Morris 1100 but with the traditional eight wavy bar grille with Austin coat of arms on the bonnet and different interior trim and dashboard.[12]\nOctober 1963 – Denmark: The Austin 1100 four-door saloon introduced to Denmark where it went on sale. Cars were imported by De Forenede Automobilfabrikker A/S (DFA), the Danish Austin agent and given an extensive pre-delivery inspection and side indicators (a local requirement) before shipping to dealers.\nOctober 1963 – United Kingdom: Vanden Plas Princess 1100 four-door saloon is presented at the London Motor Show to gauge public reaction.[13] At the same time, all models had the windscreen washer bottle relocated to prevent it from freezing up.\nOctober 1963 – New Zealand: CBU Austin 1100 Deluxe four-door saloons appear in showrooms.[29] Available early 1964. Initial imports by the Austin Distributors' Federation were assembled in the UK.[30]\nNovember 1963 – Carpets were replaced by rubber mats.\n17 February 1964 – Australia: Launch of the Morris 1100 Deluxe four-door sedan. It had a total of thirty-seven different modifications to make it suitable for Australian terrain, including a modified interior for greater comfort. A bench front seat was fitted, with the handbrake moved to a position between the driver's side of the seat and the door. A long, bent gear lever was used to clear the middle of the seat.[31] Externally, over-riders were fitted to both the front and rear bumper bars and, as an optional extra, a solid or metal mesh sun visor could be fitted to the top windscreen arch to help \"protect the front seat occupants from eye strain caused by direct sun rays.\" Another optional extra was a horizontally slatted metal \"Venetian Shade\" which could be fitted internally to the back window. This was intended to prevent the interior becoming too hot.[32]\nFebruary 1964 – Ireland: CKD Austin 1100 Deluxe four-door saloon assembly starts at Lincoln & Nolan, East Road, East Wall, Dublin.[33]\nMay 1964 – South Africa: Austin 1100 four-door saloon introduced in Standard and Deluxe trim, identical to UK-spec cars.\nSpring 1964 – United Kingdom: Vanden Plas Princess 1100 four-door saloon enters production[13] It was the top of the range model with walnut-veneer dashboard, door cappings, picnic tables in the back of the front seats, Connolly Leather hide upholstery, Wilton carpets and West of England cloth headlining.\nSummer 1964 – United Kingdom: Petrol pump relocated from under body where it was vulnerable to stone damage to partly inside boot.[34]\nSeptember 1964 – Revisions: all models have diaphragm spring clutch, improved heater, crush-style sun visors and plastic-framed rear-view mirror.[35]\nNovember 1964 – Italy: Introduction of the Innocenti Austin i4 four-door saloon at the Turin Motor Show. The front end styling was very similar to the Morris 1100 sold in the UK. It was fitted with the straight eight bar grille and similar side lamps, but with clear lenses.\nLate 1964/Early 1965 – USA: Launch of the MG Princess four-door saloon. 154 cars were sold. Vanden Plas Princess 1100 badged and marketed as a MG.\nJanuary 1965 – United Kingdom: Introduction of the Crayford estate conversions of the ADO16.\nMarch 1965 – United Kingdom: Heater was standardised on Austin/Morris Deluxe model.[36]\nJune 1965 – Spain: British Motor Corporation and Nueva Montaña Quijano (NMQ) form 50% partnership in Automoviles de Turismo Hispano Ingleses (Authi).\nAugust 1965 – USA: MG Sports Sedan two- and four-door versions updated with faux wood Austin style fascia.\nSeptember 1965 – United Kingdom: Introduction of the Wolseley 1100 four-door saloon and Riley Kestrel four-door saloon, both of which were mechanically similar to the MG 1100. The Wolseley had a strip speedometer in a wooden fascia as per the MG, while the Riley Kestrel had three round dials including a rev counter in a wooden fascia. Both were offered with leather seats as standard.\nOctober 1965 – United Kingdom: Optional four-speed automatic transmission available on the Austin and Morris versions.\nLate 1965 – United Kingdom: Introduction of the Mystique conversion by Creech Motors in Somerset.\n1965 – Italy: Twin Dell’Orto FZD carburettors introduced on Innocenti Morris IM3, twin S.U. HS2 carburettors are still available, but rare.\nJanuary 1966 – South Africa: Morris 1100 Deluxe receives Austin fascia. Morris 1100 Standard retains original fascia.[37]\nMarch 1966 – United Kingdom: Morris 1100 Traveller and Austin 1100 Countryman three-door estates launched at the Geneva Motor Show.\nMay 1966 – United Kingdom: Reclining front seats become available on all 1100s. When specified on the Traveller and Countryman, the interior could be converted into a double bed.\nMay 1966 – Italy: The Innocenti Austin i4S four-door saloon launched. Innocenti Austin i4 with twin carburettors and more trim.\nAugust 1966 – Italy: The Innocenti IM3S four-door saloon launched. The model lost over-riders and was fitted with a different grille.\nMid-1966 – United Kingdom: Longbridge had developed a five-door hatchback version of the Australian Morris 1500 known as the Nomad. This model would be launched in Australia in June 1969, but it would never be sold in the UK. Instead, the Austin Maxi would be offered.\nSpring 1966 – Denmark: Morris Marina (ADO16) two-door saloon introduced.\nDecember 1966 – United Kingdom: British Motor Holdings Limited (BMH) was formed following the British Motor Corporation takeover of both Jaguar Cars and the Pressed Steel Company.\nDecember 1966 – Spain: Authi Morris 1100 four-door saloon production begins using Austin rather than Morris fascia, available in showrooms from January 1967.[38]\nEarly 1967 – Ireland: 264 MG 1100 two-door saloons sent in CKD form.[39] Assembled by Booth Poole & Co. Ltd. Islandbridge, Dublin.\nMarch 1967 – United Kingdom: 1 Millionth ADO16 produced.\nMay 1967 – South Africa: Wolseley 1100 four-door saloon introduced with 50 bhp, single SU HS2, 1098 cc engine. Austin 1100 Countryman and Morris 1100 Traveller three-door estates introduced, identical to UK-spec cars.\nJune 1967 – United Kingdom: The 1275 cc engine became an optional extra on the MG, Riley, Vanden Plas and Wolseley versions, in single carburettor 58 bhp (43 kW) form. These models were specifically badged up using the 1275 cc badging. 402 MG 1275 four-door, 162 MG 1275 two-door[40] and 825 Vanden Plas Princess 1275[41] are reported to have been produced.\nJune 1967 – USA: MG Sports Sedan two- and four-door versions fitted with the 1275 cc 58 bhp engine as standard.[42] Austin 1100 two-door saloon launched. The Austin 1100 featured a single large speedometer fitted in the centre of dashboard, similar to that fitted in Deluxe versions of the Morris / Austin 1100 Mark II. Both cars would be replaced by the Austin America in 1968.\nAugust 1967 – Australia: Launch of the Morris 1100S four-door saloon, with the 1275 cc engine.\nAutumn 1967 – United Kingdom: The Vanden Plas Princess 1275 is replaced after only a few months by the Vanden Plas Princess 1300.[43]\nOctober 1967 – United Kingdom: Launch of the 1100 Mark II models, with cropped rear fins (saloon models only), ventilated wheels, indicator side repeater lamps fitted to the front wings. A revised interior was also fitted. Austin and Morris versions had revised styling at the front end being fitted with a wider grille. Austin and Morris badges were relocated from the bonnet to the grille. Morris model now fitted with black crackle dashboard similar to the Austin. Rocker switches fitted instead of toggle switches on both models. Estate versions gain a simulated wood effect side trim. Still have Mark I styling at the rear. Introduction of the 1300 models, similar to the 1100 Mark II but with 1275 cc, 58 bhp (43 kW) engine and different front grilles. Morris, Austin and MG 1300 available in two- and four-door, while the Riley, Vanden Plas and Wolseley continued in four-door. MG, Riley, Vanden Plas, Wolseley models were available with automatic transmission. Jensen convertible shown at the London Motor Show. It was based around an Austin 1100 Countryman.The range of models available in the United Kingdom more than doubled to twenty nine. Models available:\nAustin two-door: 1100 or 1300, Deluxe or Super Deluxe (4).\nAustin four-door: 1100 or 1300, Deluxe or Super Deluxe (4).\nAustin Countryman estate: 1100 or 1300 (Super Deluxe) (2).\nMG two-door: 1300 (1).\nMG four-door: 1100 or 1300 (2).\nMorris two-door: 1100 or 1300, Deluxe or Super Deluxe (4).\nMorris four-door: 1100 or 1300, Deluxe or Super Deluxe (4).\nMorris Traveller estate: 1100 or 1300 (Super Deluxe) (2).\nRiley Kestrel four-door: 1100 or 1300 (2).\nWolseley four-door: 1100 or 1300 (2).\nVanden Plas Princess four-door: 1100 or 1300 (2).October 1967 – USA: Production of MG Sports sedan and Austin 1100 discontinued in the United Kingdom. Available in showrooms until early 1968.\nNovember 1967 – United Kingdom: A batch of fifty 1100 vans had been produced, but the model never made it into production.\nLate 1967 – Rhodesia: Production of the CKD Morris 1100 at the BMC assembly plant in Umtali is discontinued due to the imposition of mandatory United Nations economic sanctions against the country in 1965 when it declared independence unilaterally in order to maintain white minority rule.\nJanuary 1968 – United Kingdom: British Leyland (BL) takes over British Motor Holdings Limited. British Leyland starts to cull the range, first model to be discontinued is the Riley Kestrel 1100.[14]\nJanuary 1968 – Denmark: Morris Marina (ADO16) 1098 cc, 48 bhp (36 kW) engine, two-door saloon and Morris Marina GT (ADO16) with 1275 cc, 58 bhp (43 kW) engine, two-door and four-door saloon with Mk.II body introduced.\nJanuary 1968 – South Africa: Austin 11/55, Morris 11/55 and Wolseley 11/55 four-door saloons introduced with 54 bhp, single SU HS2, 1098 cc engine, replacing Austin and Morris 1100 Deluxe and Wolseley 1100. Austin 1100 Countryman estate, Morris 1100 Traveller estate, Austin and Morris 1100 Standard, retain 50 bhp 1098 cc engine.[8][44]\nJanuary 1968 – Spain: Authi MG 1100 four-door saloon launched. Twin carburettor 55 bhp engine, strip speedometer and Innocenti designed interior introduced.[45]\nFebruary 1968 – United Kingdom: Austin/Morris range each reduced from ten to eight models, Models discontinued: 1300 two-door Deluxe, 1300 four-door Deluxe.[46] Wolseley 1100 discontinued.[14]\nMarch 1968 – United Kingdom: Austin/Morris range each reduced from eight to five models, Models discontinued: 1100 two-door Super Deluxe, 1100 four-door Deluxe, 1100 Estate.[35] Vanden Plas Princess 1100 and MG 1100 four-door models discontinued.[14]\nMarch 1968 – Spain: Authi Morris 1100 Traveller three-door estate launched.\nApril 1968 – United Kingdom: MG 1300 two-door, Riley Kestrel 1300 four-door, Wolseley 1300 four-door with twin SU 65 bhp engine introduced replacing single 56 bhp engine.[14] MG 1300 four-door models discontinued.\nMay 1968 – USA: Austin America two-door sedan launched, with 1275 cc 58 bhp Automatic. Manual available only on request.[47]\nJune 1968 – United Kingdom: without any formal announcement, a more powerful twin carburettor version of BMC's 1,275 cc engine is fitted to manual gearbox versions of the MG, Riley, Wolseley and Vanden Plas models: automatic transmission versions retained the single carburettor engine.[48]\nJuly 1968 – New Zealand: Morris 1100 and 1300 four-door saloon with Mk.II body introduced.[49]\nJuly 1968 – South Africa: MG 1100S four-door saloon with 58 bhp, twin SU HS2, 1098 cc engine replaces MG 1100. Rev counter and oil cooler fitted as standard.[44][50]\nSeptember 1968 – Spain: Authi Morris 1300 four-door saloon with Mark II body introduced, replacing Authi Morris 1100.\nSeptember 1968 – South Africa: Mark II body introduced to Austin 11/55 and Wolseley 11/55. Austin 1100 Countryman estate, Morris 1100 Traveller estate, Morris 11/55, Austin and Morris 1100 Standard discontinued.\nSeptember 1968 – USA: Austin America (1969 model) updated with minor cosmetic changes.\nOctober 1968 – United Kingdom: MG 1300 Mk.II[51][52] and Riley 1300 Mk.II introduced with twin-SU 70 bhp engine replacing the twin-SU 65 bhp engine. The Kestrel name is dropped from the Riley model and it is now named Riley 1300 Mk.II. Wolseley 1300 Mk.II and Vanden Plas Princess 1300 introduced with twin-SU 65 bhp engine.[14] The MG, Riley & Wolseley models are updated with a new interior which includes rocker switches fitted instead of toggle switches and a central armrest in the rear seat. The MG receives the same three dial dashboard as the Riley, while the Wolseley retains the strip speedometer.\nOctober 1968 – Spain: Authi MG 1300 four-door saloon introduced with twin carburettor 65 bhp engine and Mark II body, replacing Authi MG 1100.[53]\nJanuary 1969 – South Africa: Mark II body introduced to MG1100S.\nFebruary 1969 – Spain: Authi Morris 1300 Traveller three-door estate introduced, replacing Authi Morris 1100 Traveller.\nApril 1969 – Spain: 4 gear synchromesh gearbox introduced to Authi range.\nJune 1969 – Australia: Morris 1100 production ended, being replaced by the Morris 1300 automatic four-door sedan, Morris 1500 four-door sedan with Mark II body and Morris Nomad five-door hatchback.[54] Approximately 90,000 had been built, all at the BMC Zetland, New South Wales factory.[55] 1300 & 1500 Sedans were coded YDO15 and the Nomad models were designated YDO9.[56]\nJuly 1969 – United Kingdom: Riley 1300 Mk.II discontinued, along with the Riley name.[14]\nJuly 1969 – Spain: BL buys 51% stake in NMQ - 76% share in Authi.\nSeptember 1969 – South Africa: Automatic Austin 11/55 & Wolseley 11/55 introduced.[57]\nSeptember 1969 – USA: Austin America (1970 model) updated with rubber faced over-riders, alternator and other improvements.\nSeptember 1969 – Chile: Production by British Leyland Automotores de Chile, S.A. begins of fibre-glass body MG 1300 two-door saloon at Arica, Chile. Available in showrooms late 1970.\nOctober 1969 – United Kingdom: Austin 1300GT and Morris 1300GT four-door saloons introduced at the London Motor Show. Featuring the same 1275cc twin carburetter 70 bhp engine as installed in the MG 1300 Mk.II. Body as per Austin/Morris saloons but with a black full width grille with twin chrome trim, a black vinyl roof, a thick black metal trim along the swage line and sporty hubcaps. Interior featured black vinyl covered three dial fascia, alloy steering wheel, sportier seats and centre armrest in rear.[14]\nOctober 1969 – Yugoslavia: CKD Austin 1300 Super Deluxe four-door saloon assembly starts at IMV (Industrija Motornih Vozil), Novo Mesto, now Slovenia.\nDecember 1969 – South Africa: MG 1100S discontinued.\nJuly 1970 – Italy: The Innocenti i5 four-door saloon launched, 1098 cc with twin S.U. HS2 Carburettors, replacing Innocenti Morris IM3S, Innocenti Austin i4 & i4S.[58]\nOctober 1970 – USA: Austin America (1971 model) updated with new GT-style grille and other improvements.\nOctober 1970 – New Zealand: New Zealand Motor Corporation (NZMC) formed from a merger of five companies: Dominion Motors Ltd, Magnus Motors Ltd, Seabrook Fowlds Ltd, David Crozier Ltd and P.H. Vickery Ltd.[59]\nJanuary 1971 – Spain: Austin 1300 Mk.II four-door saloon introduced, replacing Authi Morris 1300. Austin 1300 Countryman three-door estate introduced, replacing Authi Morris 1300 Traveller estate. Authi and Morris names now dropped.\nApril 1971 – Yugoslavia: IMV 1300 Special introduced, based on the Austin 1300 Super Deluxe with twin SU's, metallic paint and cloth upholstery.\nJuly 1971 – United Kingdom: two-millionth ADO16 produced.[60]\nAugust 1971 – United Kingdom: Morris 1100 and 1300GT discontinued in the UK, following the launch of the Morris Marina in April 1971. Morris 1300 and Traveller continued.[14][61]\nSeptember 1971 – United Kingdom: Mark III models are introduced.[62] Morris 1300[61] and MG 1300 MkII discontinued in the UK.[14] Models available: Austin 1100 two-door Deluxe, 1100 four-door Super Deluxe, 1300 two-door Super Deluxe, 1300 four-door Super Deluxe, 1300GT and 1300 Countryman estate. Morris 1300 Traveller estate, Wolseley 1300 Mk.II and Vanden Plas Princess 1300. Morris 1100 and 1300 branded saloons identical to Austin models and MG 1300 available for export.\nSeptember 1971 – Spain: MG-S 1300 four-door saloon introduced. Updated with the 3 dial fascia as per UK MG 1300 Mk.II, Innocenti designed interior and 65 bhp engine, replacing Authi MG 1300.\nSeptember 1971 – USA: Austin America discontinued, replaced by Austin badged Morris Marina.\nNovember 1971 – South Africa: Austin Apache four-door saloon styled by Michelotti introduced with 62 bhp, single SU HS4, 1275 cc engine, replacing Austin 11/55 and Wolseley 11/55.\nDecember 1971 – Australia: Production of the Morris 1300 automatic four-door sedan, Morris 1500 four-door sedan and Morris Nomad five-door hatchback discontinued. Available in showrooms during 1972. Approximately 29,000 had been built.[63] Replaced by Morris Marina. Approximately a total 119,000 ADO16 variants were built in Australia.\nMarch 1972 – Denmark: Morris Marina (ADO16) two-door saloon and Morris Marina GT (ADO16) two-door and four-door saloon discontinued, replaced by Morris Marina (ADO28).\nApril 1972 – Spain: Austin 1100 four-door saloon with Mark III body launched.\nMay 1972 – Italy: British Leyland takes over Innocenti and axes the Innocenti i5 soon after. A total 65,808 ADO16 variants were built by Innocenti in Italy.\nSeptember 1972 – New Zealand: Mark III Austin & Morris four-door saloons introduced. Available Super Deluxe 1100, 1300 and 1300 Automatic. Assembled at NZMC, Newmarket, Auckland.[60]\nOctober 1972 – Spain: Austin Victoria four-door saloon, styling based on the Austin Apache, introduced with two levels of trim, Standard or De Luxe, replacing Austin 1300. Austin 1300 Countryman estate & MG-S 1300 discontinued.\nDecember 1972 – Yugoslavia: Austin 1300 Super Deluxe four-door saloon production ends at IMV (Industrija Motornih Vozil) as the company switches to Renault vehicles. Available in showrooms until mid-1973. 13,550 CKD Austin 1300 Super Deluxe four-door saloon kits and 485 IMV 1300 special kits were assembled in Novo Mesto, Yugoslavia.\nJanuary 1973 – United Kingdom: Introduction of the rod change gearbox and pot joint inner CV joints.\nApril 1973 – United Kingdom: Launch of the Austin Allegro, replacement for the ADO16 models, in the United Kingdom. However, the ADO16 models remain in production alongside the Allegro for the time being.[64] Morris 1300 Traveller estate discontinued, MG 1300 discontinued for export.[65]\nMay 1973 – Spain: BL buys 98% share in Authi.\nJuly 1973 – South Africa: Austin Apache TC four-door saloon introduced with 70 bhp, twin SU HS2, 1275 cc engine. Austin Apache updated with new fascia from MkIII. Rod gearbox.\nAugust 1973 – United Kingdom: Wolseley 1300 Mk.II discontinued.[14]\nSeptember 1973 – Chile: The Military government comes to power after the coup which overthrew President Allende. In 1974, following the Free Trade plan that deregulated imports, British Leyland closes the Arica plant, but remains an importer until 1984. With the factory closed, the MG 1300 is discontinued. Available in showrooms until late 1974. A total of 3,647 MG 1300's were built in Arica, Chile. Replaced by imported Austin Allegro.\nFebruary 1974 – United Kingdom: Austin 1300 Countryman estate discontinued.\nFebruary 1974 – Spain: Austin De Luxe four-door saloon introduced with 54 bhp 998 cc engine, replacing Austin 1100.\nJune 1974 – United Kingdom: Production of the remaining ADO16 models in the United Kingdom is discontinued.[64]\nOctober 1974 – Spain: A destructive fire at the factory results in BL deciding to close it. Negotiations with GM to buy the factory had fallen through earlier in the year.\nMay 1975 – Spain: Production ends for Austin Victoria and Austin De Luxe. A total 95,355 ADO16 variants were built by Authi in Spain.\nNovember 1975 – New Zealand: Austin & Morris Mk.III models discontinued, replaced by Austin Allegro.[66] A total 42,357 CKD kits were assembled in New Zealand at Newmarket, Auckland (Dominion Motors, NZMC) and Petone, Wellington (Associated Motor Industries a company owned by the Austin Distributors' Federation).[59]\nMay 1976 – South Africa: Austin Apache 35 Automatic limited edition four-door saloon introduced. Limited to 300 units.[67]\nApril 1977 – South Africa: Austin Apache Automatic discontinued.\n1977 – South Africa: Production of the Austin Apache and Austin Apache TC discontinued. Available in showrooms until 1978. A total 55,409 ADO16 variants were built in South Africa, signalling the end of all AD016 derived products after 15 years.","title":"ADO16 timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_1100_MkI_Countryman_(estate)_1098cc_Nov_1967.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fawlty Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawlty_Towers"},{"link_name":"Gourmet Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourmet_Night"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_1300_Countryman_1970.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MHV_Morris_1100_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morris_1300_MkII_Traveller_registered_September_1969_1275cc_at_Knebworth_2013.JPG"}],"text":"Austin 1100 Mk.I Countryman (three-door estate ) 1967. A red 1100 Countryman was immortalised in the Fawlty Towers episode \"Gourmet Night\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1970 Austin 1300 Countryman three-door estate\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRear view of a Maltese-assembled Austin 1100 Mk.III four-door saloon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMorris 1300 Mk.II Traveller (three-door estate ) 1969","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Worboys Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worboys_Committee"}],"text":"As of February 2016 according to DVLA data there were 640 examples that were taxed and on UK roads.[68]During the Worboys Committee in the 1960s when the British road signage system was being redesigned, the silhouette of the ADO16 (since it was the UK's best selling car of the time) was used in many of the new road sign designs which are all still in use.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austin_Victoria_MKII_De_Luxe_1973_rear_iso_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Austin Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autocar196803-73"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heritage-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heritage-56"},{"link_name":"Morris Nomad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Nomad"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heritage-56"},{"link_name":"Innocenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocenti"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ado16.info-8"},{"link_name":"Austin Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Apache"},{"link_name":"Austin Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Victoria"}],"text":"The Austin Victoria was a Pamplona assembled ADO16, introduced in 1972 with a restyled front end and a lengthened rear luggage compartment.The car was sold with various names in different markets.In Spain it was sold as Morris, Austin and MG, starting production in the Pamplona Authi (Automóviles de Turismo Hispano Ingleses) factory in 1966,[69][70][71][72] and evolving by 1972 into the Austin Victoria.In Denmark the ADO16 bore the Morris Marina name from 1962 to 1972 - the same name as the British-built and better-known range of saloons produced in the British Leyland range from 1971 to 1980. The MG models were sold as the MG Sports Sedan there, as it was in North America from 1962, and was available with a two-door bodyshell that was unavailable in the UK until 1968. The Vanden Plas Princess was briefly the MG Princess 1100 in North America, while that market also saw an unusual two-door Austin 1100 (with a hybrid of Mark I and Mark II components). The ADO16 was not a strong seller in the Northern American markets - particularly in the USA where it was by far one of the smallest cars on sale. In the Netherlands the Austin version was sold as the Austin Glider.The Austin America was sold in the US, Canada and Switzerland between 1968 and 1972. This two-door version of the car featured a 60 bhp (45 kW) 1275 cc engine. Various modifications were made to suit the US market including an \"anti-pollution air injection system\", a split circuit braking system, rocker switches in place of some of the dashboard mounted knobs, a \"hazard warning system\" and flush door locks.[73]The ADO16 also formed the basis of the Australian Morris 1500 sedan (coded YDO15 [56]), Morris 1300 sedan (YDO15 [56]) and Morris Nomad five-door (YDO9 [56]), the Italian Innocenti Morris IM3 and Austin I4 and I5, the more powerful South African [74] Austin, Morris and Wolseley 11/55 [8] and Austin Apache and the Spanish Austin Victoria and the Austin de Luxe of 1974 to 1977, which had a 998 cc engine.The Austin Apache was produced until 1977, the last of the ADO16 line, ending a production run of 15 years.","title":"ADO16 overseas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pininfarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininfarina"},{"link_name":"Citroen CX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citroen_CX"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"British Leyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leyland"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Harry Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Webster"}],"text":"In 1967 Pininfarina unveiled at the Turin Motor Show a concept car based on the Landcrab called the BMC 1800 Aerodinamica. The sleek design previewed the Citroen CX by some seven years.[75] The car was evaluated by BMC, and Pininfarina developed a further smaller model based on the BMC ADO16 model, but the design was not taken up by the then merged British Leyland.[76] This was after BMC had investigated a Mini shaped version.[77] The 1800 version was however used by chief engineer Harry Webster and was known within the Austin Morris division as the Yellow Peril.","title":"BMC 1100 Aerodinamica"}]	[{"image_text":"The Austin Victoria was a Pamplona assembled ADO16, introduced in 1972 with a restyled front end and a lengthened rear luggage compartment.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Austin_Victoria_MKII_De_Luxe_1973_rear_iso_view.jpg/220px-Austin_Victoria_MKII_De_Luxe_1973_rear_iso_view.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Blunsden, John (October 1962). \"MGB och 1100\". Illustrerad Motor Sport (in Swedish). No. 10. Lerum, Sweden. p. 28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"1966 New Models\". Autocar. 124. Vol. (nbr 3656). 11 March 1966. pp. 484–486.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)","url_text":"Autocar"}]},{"reference":"\"Motorweek: Ado 16 – 2 million\". The Motor. nbr. Vol. 3609. 3 July 1971. p. 49.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Motor_(magazine)","url_text":"The Motor"}]},{"reference":"\"News desk: ADO Automatic\". CAR (Incorporating Small CAR): 1. November 1965.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Autocar Road Test: Riley Kestrel 1275. Familiar BMC model with latest engine option. Only 3 more peak bhp, but much improved torque... Increased performance throughout range. Higher overall gearing gives more restful cruising, less mechanical noise and much improved fuel consumption. Ride and handling as excellent as ever\". Autocar. 126. Vol. (nbr 3721). 8 June 1967. pp. 13–16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)","url_text":"Autocar"}]},{"reference":"\"News and views: Those BMC 1300s\". Autocar. 8 February 1968. p. 59.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)","url_text":"Autocar"}]},{"reference":"\"Morris 1300 impressions\". Autocar. 127. Vol. nbr 3749. 21 December 1967. pp. 14–16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)","url_text":"Autocar"}]},{"reference":"Sedgwick, M.; Gillies (1986). A–Z of cars 1945–1970. UK: Bay View Books. ISBN 1-870979-39-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870979-39-7","url_text":"1-870979-39-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Motor Brief Test 55/69: Morris 1300GT\". Motor. nbr. Vol. 3518. 22 November 1969. pp. 17–19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Motor_(magazine)","url_text":"Motor"}]},{"reference":"\"British Cars\". Autocar. 134. Vol. (nbr 3920). 13 May 1971. pp. 42–45.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)","url_text":"Autocar"}]},{"reference":"\"Used cars on test: 1963 Morris 1100\". Autocar. 125. Vol. nbr 3681. 2 September 1966. pp. 514–516.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)","url_text":"Autocar"}]},{"reference":"\"1964 - Lincoln and Nolan new car assembly shop, East Road, Dublin - Images \| Irish Photo Archive\". irishphotoarchive.photoshelter.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://irishphotoarchive.photoshelter.com/gallery/1964-Lincoln-and-Nolan-new-car-assembly-shop-East-Road-Dublin/G0000IEIJcJpn72Q/C0000xYCLIfsv0q4","url_text":"\"1964 - Lincoln and Nolan new car assembly shop, East Road, Dublin - Images \| Irish Photo Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Ullyett, Kenneth. The 1100 Companion.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nye, Doug. British Cars of the Sixties.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nye, Doug. British Cars of the Sixties.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ditlev Clausager, Anders (1998). MG Saloon Cars from the 1920s to the 1970s. Bideford, Devon, UK: Bay View Books. ISBN 1-90143-206-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-90143-206-8","url_text":"1-90143-206-8"}]},{"reference":"\"MG 1100/1300 \| MG Car Club Danish Centre\". www.mgklub.dk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mgklub.dk/bilmodeller/mg-11001300/","url_text":"\"MG 1100/1300 \| MG Car Club Danish Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vanden Plas Princess 1275 \| Vanden Plas Owners Club\". www.vpoc.info.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vpoc.info/cars/vanden-plas-princess-1275.php","url_text":"\"Vanden Plas Princess 1275 \| Vanden Plas Owners Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twin SUs again on BMC 1300s\". Autocar. 128. Vol. (nbr 3775). 20 June 1968. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)","url_text":"Autocar"}]},{"reference":"\"Morris 1100 - History in Australia\". www.elevenhundred.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elevenhundred.com/history.php","url_text":"\"Morris 1100 - History in Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"The best of the British car industry\". AROnline. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120718115310/http://www.aronline.co.uk/index.htm?lm10storyf.htm","url_text":"\"The best of the British car industry\""},{"url":"http://www.aronline.co.uk/index.htm?lm10storyf.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Braithwaite-Smith, Gavin (23 September 2016), 100 popular cars vanishing from our roads, MSN","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-gb/cars/enthusiasts/100-popular-cars-vanishing-from-our-roads/ss-BBpikzO#image=30","url_text":"100 popular cars vanishing from our roads"}]},{"reference":"\"Spanish Morris 1100\" (in Spanish). Pruebas.pieldetoro.net. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070101174823/http://www.pruebas.pieldetoro.net/web/pruebas/ver.php?ID=142","url_text":"\"Spanish Morris 1100\""},{"url":"http://www.pruebas.pieldetoro.net/web/pruebas/ver.php?ID=142","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Spanish Austin de luxe\" (in Spanish). Pruebas.pieldetoro.net. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070101174832/http://www.pruebas.pieldetoro.net/web/pruebas/ver.php?ID=144","url_text":"\"Spanish Austin de luxe\""},{"url":"http://www.pruebas.pieldetoro.net/web/pruebas/ver.php?ID=144","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Spanish Austin 1300\" (in Spanish). Pruebas.pieldetoro.net. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070101173327/http://www.pruebas.pieldetoro.net/web/pruebas/ver.php?ID=3","url_text":"\"Spanish Austin 1300\""},{"url":"http://www.pruebas.pieldetoro.net/web/pruebas/ver.php?ID=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Spanish MG 1300\" (in Spanish). Pruebas.pieldetoro.net. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722152744/http://www.pruebas.pieldetoro.net/web/pruebas/ver.php?ID=27","url_text":"\"Spanish MG 1300\""},{"url":"http://www.pruebas.pieldetoro.net/web/pruebas/ver.php?ID=27","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Austin America: Automatic [BMC] 1300 tailored exclusively to US requirements\". Autocar. 128. Vol. (nbr 3762). 21 March 1968. pp. 24–25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)","url_text":"Autocar"}]},{"reference":"\"Pininfarina BMC 1800 Aerodinamica\". aronline.co.uk. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/facts-and-figures/carrozzeria-designs/carrozzeria-designs-pininfarina-1800/","url_text":"\"Pininfarina BMC 1800 Aerodinamica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carrozzeria designs: Pininfarina 1100\". aronline.co.uk. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/facts-and-figures/carrozzeria-designs/carrozzeria-designs-pininfarina-1100/","url_text":"\"Carrozzeria designs: Pininfarina 1100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pininfarina BMC 1000\". aronline.co.uk. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/facts-and-figures/carrozzeria-designs/blog-mystery-pininfarina-mini/","url_text":"\"Pininfarina BMC 1000\""}]},{"reference":"Holloway, Hilton; Buckley, Martin (7 April 2003). 20th Century Car Design Car Design. Carlton Books. ISBN 1-84222-835-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84222-835-8","url_text":"1-84222-835-8"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Keith. \"The Unofficial Austin Rover web resource – ADO16 section\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_van_Est	Wim van Est	["1 Biography","2 Major results","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Dutch racing cyclist (1923-2003) Wim van EstVan Est in 1956Personal informationFull nameWillem van EstNicknameThe Executioner, Iron William, The LocomotiveBorn(1923-03-25)25 March 1923Fijnaart, NetherlandsDied1 May 2003(2003-05-01) (aged 80)Sint Willebrord, NetherlandsTeam informationDisciplineRoadRoleRiderMajor winsGrand Tours Tour de France 3 Individual Stages 1 Team Time Trial Giro d'Italia 1 Individual Stage Stage Races Ronde van Nederland (1952, 1954) Single-Day Races and Classics Dutch Road Race Champion ::(1956, 1957) Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion (1949, 1952, 1953, 1955) Tour of Flanders (1953) Bordeaux–Paris (1950, 1952, 1961) Medal record Representing Netherlands Men's track cycling World Championships 1949 Copenhagen Individual pursuit 1950 Rocourt Individual pursuit 1955 Milan Individual pursuit Willem "Wim" van Est (25 March 1923 – 1 May 2003) was a Dutch racing cyclist. He is best known for being the first Dutch cyclist to wear the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification in the Tour de France of 1951, and for falling into a ravine while wearing it. Biography Wim van Est with wife and children in 1954 Van Est was born in the town of Fijnaart, in North Brabant, the 2nd child in a family of 16 children. His family was pushed into poverty in the aftermath of World War One and growing up he lived on a makeshift farm. During this time one of his brothers died at a very young age and his father had to make a coffin for the child, and ride several miles on his bike while carrying the coffin with his son inside to the local church to give the child a proper burial. During World War 2 the teenage Van Est began riding a considerable distance into Belgium smuggling tobacco and cheese which he would either sell or trade for soap, which he would return home with in order to sell on the Black Market. He was caught doing this during the war and had to serve six months in prison. After this, while the Nazi's occupied his homeland, the teenage Van Est got the idea cycling for sport. When the war was over and races began again he saw a local race and thought he could beat everyone, but it would take him five years to reach the pro level. He started his cycling career (as an amateur) in 1946, after a professional runner had seen him race in a local competition as part of a wager. His first major victory came in 1950, when he won the 600 km Bordeaux–Paris race. In 1951, Van Est was part of the Dutch team for the Tour de France. This would be the first time in his entire life he had ever seen mountains of this caliber, let alone tried riding up or descending one. In the 12th stage, from Agen to Dax, he escaped with a small group. He won the stage and gained 19 minutes on the leader, enough to move up to first place in the general classification. As the first Dutchman to wear the accompanying yellow jersey he was praised by the public and media at home. The next day, in defence of his position, Van Est was chasing the leaders on the descent of the Col d'Aubisque. He was following Fiorenzo Magni on the descent, a very strong rider who had already won two Giro's as well as two Tour Stages, who had superior descending skill. Due to a flat tyre (according to Van Est himself), in conjunction with snow melt and many loose stones on the road he lost control of his bike and went over the cliff. He instinctively kicked his bike away as he fell and of the riders, officials and fans, Belgian rider Roger Decock was the only person to see him go over the ravine. The ravine was approximately 1,000 feet or 300 meters deep, and much of it was steep enough that a falling person would continue falling all the way to the bottom. Van Est fell about 200 feet or 70 meters trying to grab at the saplings growing on the mountainside to break his fall. Fortunately he slowed and was able to grab hold of a small tree nearby a one meter wide outcrop, which he then made his way to. Even if he wanted to he could not climb back up or down, despite the fact he did not suffer any major injury. As Van Est precariously sat overlooking a several hundred foot drop he began screaming for help. Fortunately Decock stopped when Van Est went over, giving up his 5th place in the overall standings dropping to 17th by the end of the Tour as a result of the 25 minutes he lost assisting the Dutchman. When the Dutch team car arrived and were told what happened they screamed down the mountain for him for several minutes hearing nothing but echoes. After a few minutes they were able to find his approximate location. It took the team quite some time to tie together every single tire tube they had in order to make a rope that they hoped would reach him. After a great deal of time their 75 meter "rope" reached Van Est and he was able to use the tires to rig together a hoist which he put around his chest under both arms. Helped by spectators and his manager, he managed to get back to the road. Van Est wanted to continue, but was persuaded to go to the hospital because he had just crashed down a 200 foot ravine. At home, Van Est's fame grew even more when Belgian watchmaker Pontiac, which had supplied watches to the Dutch team in the Tour de France, started an advertising campaign "Seventy meters deep I dropped, my heart stood still but my Pontiac never stopped". Later in his career, Van Est twice won the Ronde van Nederland, wore the yellow jersey again in 1955 and 1958, placed 8th in 1957 and won two more stages. Also, he won Bordeaux–Paris two more times, two national road titles, four national titles in the individual pursuit on the track, as well as three medals in the pursuit at the World Championships. Nevertheless, he remained most famous for the two days in the 1951 Tour de France. To remember this event, a monument was placed on the mountain 50 years after the event, on 17 July 2001. Wim van Est died in his hometown Sint Willebrord. His brothers Kees, Toon, Leen and Nico were also professional cyclists. His brother Piet was also a pro cyclist who rode in several Tours and won a stage in the 1961 Giro. Major results 1947 1st Saarland Rundfahrt 1949 1st Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion 1st Stage 5 Ronde van Nederland 3rd World Individual Pursuit Championships 1950 1st Bordeaux–Paris 2nd World Individual Pursuit Championships 1951 1st Stage 12 Tour de France 2nd Bordeaux–Paris 1952 1st Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion 1st Overall Ronde van Nederland 1st Stage 4a 1st Stage 7 1st Nokere Koerse 1st Bordeaux–Paris 1953 1st Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion 1st Tour of Flanders 1st Stage 1 Giro d'Italia 1st Stage 16 Tour de France 1st Stage 2b Dwars door Vlaanderen 2nd Gent–Wevelgem 2nd Bordeaux–Paris 1954 1st Overall Ronde van Nederland 1st Stage 3 1st Stage 4 1st Stage 7 1st Stage 4b Tour de France 1st Overall Driedaagse van Antwerpen 2nd Bordeaux–Paris 1955 1st Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion 1st Stage 1b (TTT) Tour de France 2nd Overall Ronde van Nederland 1st Stage 2 1st Stage 7 3rd World Individual Pursuit Championships 1956 1st Dutch Road Race Championship 1st Dutch Motor-paced Champion 2nd Overall Ronde van Nederland 1st Stage 8a 3rd Overall Driedaagse van Antwerpen 1st Stage 2b (TTT) 1st Stage 3a 1st GP Stad Vilvoorde 2nd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne 1957 1st Dutch Road Race Championship 2nd Overall Ronde van Nederland 1st Stage 4 1st Stage 6 1958 1st Dutch Motor-paced Champion 1960 1st Stage 7 Ronde van Nederland 1961 1st Bordeaux–Paris See also List of Dutch cyclists who have led the Tour de France general classification References ^ "When Van Est Plunged off the Aubisque and Koblet was King". Felix Lowe of Eurosport. 25 June 2020. ^ a b Wim van Est. cyclingarchives.com ^ "When Van Est Plunged Off The Aubisque and Koblet Was King". Felix Lowe of Eurosport. 25 June 2020. ^ "1952 Tour of Flanders Winner Roger Decock dies at 93". Cycling News. 26 June 2020. ^ The original Dutch slogan was "Zeventig meter viel ik diep, mijn hart stond stil maar mijn Pontiac liep" External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wim van Est. Official Tour de France results for Wim van Est More extensive story of Van Ests fall in 1951 "Vidéo Ina – Tour de France 1951 : Dax – Tarbes (13ème étape)". Retrieved 18 October 2021. Contemporary newsreel footage of the crash (in French) Sporting positions Preceded byThijs Roks Dutch National Road Race Champion 1956–1957 Succeeded byJef Lahaye vteTour of Flanders winners1900–1919 Paul Deman (1913) Marcel Buysse (1914) (1915–1918, not held) Henri Vanlerberghe (1919) 1920–1939 Jules Vanhevel (1920) René Vermandel (1921) Léon Devos (1922) Heiri Suter (1923) Gerard Debaets (1924) Julien Delbecque (1925) Denis Verschueren (1926) Gerard Debaets (1927) Jan Mertens (1928) Joseph Dervaes (1929) Frans Bonduel (1930) Romain Gijssels (1931–1932) Alphonse Schepers (1933) Gaston Rebry (1934) Louis Duerloo (1935) Louis Hardiquest (1936) Michel D'Hooghe (1937) Edgard De Caluwé (1938) Karel Kaers (1939) 1940–1959 Achiel Buysse (1940–1941) Briek Schotte (1942) Achiel Buysse (1943) Rik Van Steenbergen (1944) Sylvain Grysolle (1945) Rik Van Steenbergen (1946) Emiel Faignaert (1947) Briek Schotte (1948) Fiorenzo Magni (1949–1951) Roger Decock (1952) Wim van Est (1953) Raymond Impanis (1954) Louison Bobet (1955) Jean Forestier (1956) Fred De Bruyne (1957) Germain Derycke (1958) Rik Van Looy (1959) 1960–1979 Arthur Decabooter (1960) Tom Simpson (1961) Rik Van Looy (1962) Noël Foré (1963) Rudi Altig (1964) Jo de Roo (1965) Edward Sels (1966) Dino Zandegù (1967) Walter Godefroot (1968) Eddy Merckx (1969) Eric Leman (1970) Evert Dolman (1971) Eric Leman (1972–1973) Cees Bal (1974) Eddy Merckx (1975) Walter Planckaert (1976) Roger De Vlaeminck (1977) Walter Godefroot (1978) Jan Raas (1979) 1980–1999 Michel Pollentier (1980) Hennie Kuiper (1981) René Martens (1982) Jan Raas (1983) Johan Lammerts (1984) Eric Vanderaerden (1985) Adri van der Poel (1986) Claude Criquielion (1987) Eddy Planckaert (1988) Edwig Van Hooydonck (1989) Moreno Argentin (1990) Edwig Van Hooydonck (1991) Jacky Durand (1992) Johan Museeuw (1993) Gianni Bugno (1994) Johan Museeuw (1995) Michele Bartoli (1996) Rolf Sørensen (1997) Johan Museeuw (1998) Peter Van Petegem (1999) 2000–2019 Andrei Tchmil (2000) Gianluca Bortolami (2001) Andrea Tafi (2002) Peter Van Petegem (2003) Steffen Wesemann (2004) Tom Boonen (2005–2006) Alessandro Ballan (2007) Stijn Devolder (2008–2009) Fabian Cancellara (2010) Nick Nuyens (2011) Tom Boonen (2012) Fabian Cancellara (2013–2014) Alexander Kristoff (2015) Peter Sagan (2016) Philippe Gilbert (2017) Niki Terpstra (2018) Alberto Bettiol (2019) 2020–2039 Mathieu van der Poel (2020) Kasper Asgreen (2021) Mathieu van der Poel (2022) Tadej Pogačar (2023) Mathieu van der Poel (2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"racing cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_cyclist"},{"link_name":"general classification in the Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-2"}],"text":"Willem \"Wim\" van Est (25 March 1923 – 1 May 2003) was a Dutch racing cyclist. He is best known for being the first Dutch cyclist to wear the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification in the Tour de France of 1951, and for falling into a ravine while wearing it.[2]","title":"Wim van Est"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:07-01-1954_12569L_Wim_van_Est_en_gezin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fijnaart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijnaart"},{"link_name":"North Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Brabant"},{"link_name":"World War One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_One"},{"link_name":"World War 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_2"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"while the Nazi's occupied his homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux–Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux%E2%80%93Paris"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Agen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen"},{"link_name":"Dax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dax,_France"},{"link_name":"general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Col d'Aubisque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_d%27Aubisque"},{"link_name":"Fiorenzo Magni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorenzo_Magni"},{"link_name":"Giro's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Roger Decock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Decock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pontiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_(horloge)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ronde van Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_van_Nederland"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Sint Willebrord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Willebrord"},{"link_name":"Nico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_van_Est"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-2"},{"link_name":"Piet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Van_Est"},{"link_name":"1961 Giro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Giro_d%27Italia"}],"text":"Wim van Est with wife and children in 1954Van Est was born in the town of Fijnaart, in North Brabant, the 2nd child in a family of 16 children. His family was pushed into poverty in the aftermath of World War One and growing up he lived on a makeshift farm. During this time one of his brothers died at a very young age and his father had to make a coffin for the child, and ride several miles on his bike while carrying the coffin with his son inside to the local church to give the child a proper burial.During World War 2 the teenage Van Est began riding a considerable distance into Belgium smuggling tobacco and cheese which he would either sell or trade for soap, which he would return home with in order to sell on the Black Market. He was caught doing this during the war and had to serve six months in prison. After this, while the Nazi's occupied his homeland, the teenage Van Est got the idea cycling for sport. When the war was over and races began again he saw a local race and thought he could beat everyone, but it would take him five years to reach the pro level.[3]He started his cycling career (as an amateur) in 1946, after a professional runner had seen him race in a local competition as part of a wager. His first major victory came in 1950, when he won the 600 km Bordeaux–Paris race.In 1951, Van Est was part of the Dutch team for the Tour de France. This would be the first time in his entire life he had ever seen mountains of this caliber, let alone tried riding up or descending one. In the 12th stage, from Agen to Dax, he escaped with a small group. He won the stage and gained 19 minutes on the leader, enough to move up to first place in the general classification. As the first Dutchman to wear the accompanying yellow jersey he was praised by the public and media at home.The next day, in defence of his position, Van Est was chasing the leaders on the descent of the Col d'Aubisque. He was following Fiorenzo Magni on the descent, a very strong rider who had already won two Giro's as well as two Tour Stages, who had superior descending skill. Due to a flat tyre (according to Van Est himself), in conjunction with snow melt and many loose stones on the road he lost control of his bike and went over the cliff. He instinctively kicked his bike away as he fell and of the riders, officials and fans, Belgian rider Roger Decock was the only person to see him go over the ravine.The ravine was approximately 1,000 feet or 300 meters deep, and much of it was steep enough that a falling person would continue falling all the way to the bottom. Van Est fell about 200 feet or 70 meters trying to grab at the saplings growing on the mountainside to break his fall. Fortunately he slowed and was able to grab hold of a small tree nearby a one meter wide outcrop, which he then made his way to. Even if he wanted to he could not climb back up or down, despite the fact he did not suffer any major injury.As Van Est precariously sat overlooking a several hundred foot drop he began screaming for help. Fortunately Decock stopped when Van Est went over, giving up his 5th place in the overall standings dropping to 17th by the end of the Tour as a result of the 25 minutes he lost assisting the Dutchman.[4] When the Dutch team car arrived and were told what happened they screamed down the mountain for him for several minutes hearing nothing but echoes. After a few minutes they were able to find his approximate location. It took the team quite some time to tie together every single tire tube they had in order to make a rope that they hoped would reach him. After a great deal of time their 75 meter \"rope\" reached Van Est and he was able to use the tires to rig together a hoist which he put around his chest under both arms.Helped by spectators and his manager, he managed to get back to the road. Van Est wanted to continue, but was persuaded to go to the hospital because he had just crashed down a 200 foot ravine.At home, Van Est's fame grew even more when Belgian watchmaker Pontiac, which had supplied watches to the Dutch team in the Tour de France, started an advertising campaign \"Seventy meters deep I dropped, my heart stood still but my Pontiac never stopped\".[5]Later in his career, Van Est twice won the Ronde van Nederland, wore the yellow jersey again in 1955 and 1958, placed 8th in 1957 and won two more stages. Also, he won Bordeaux–Paris two more times, two national road titles, four national titles in the individual pursuit on the track, as well as three medals in the pursuit at the World Championships.Nevertheless, he remained most famous for the two days in the 1951 Tour de France. To remember this event, a monument was placed on the mountain 50 years after the event, on 17 July 2001.Wim van Est died in his hometown Sint Willebrord. His brothers Kees, Toon, Leen and Nico were also professional cyclists.[2] His brother Piet was also a pro cyclist who rode in several Tours and won a stage in the 1961 Giro.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotHolanda.PNG"},{"link_name":"Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Pursuit"},{"link_name":"Ronde van Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_van_Nederland"},{"link_name":"World Individual Pursuit Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_individual_pursuit"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux–Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux%E2%80%93Paris"},{"link_name":"World Individual Pursuit Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_individual_pursuit"},{"link_name":"Tour de 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France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Dwars door Vlaanderen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwars_door_Vlaanderen"},{"link_name":"Gent–Wevelgem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gent%E2%80%93Wevelgem"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux–Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux%E2%80%93Paris"},{"link_name":"Ronde van Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_van_Nederland"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Driedaagse van Antwerpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driedaagse_van_Antwerpen"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux–Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux%E2%80%93Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotHolanda.PNG"},{"link_name":"Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Pursuit"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Ronde van Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_van_Nederland"},{"link_name":"World Individual Pursuit Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_individual_pursuit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotHolanda.PNG"},{"link_name":"Dutch Road Race Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_road_cycling_championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotHolanda.PNG"},{"link_name":"Dutch Motor-paced Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor-paced_racing"},{"link_name":"Ronde van Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_van_Nederland"},{"link_name":"Driedaagse van Antwerpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driedaagse_van_Antwerpen"},{"link_name":"Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuurne%E2%80%93Brussels%E2%80%93Kuurne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotHolanda.PNG"},{"link_name":"Dutch Road Race Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_road_cycling_championships"},{"link_name":"Ronde van Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_van_Nederland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotHolanda.PNG"},{"link_name":"Dutch Motor-paced Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor-paced_racing"},{"link_name":"Ronde van Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_van_Nederland"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux–Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux%E2%80%93Paris"}],"text":"1947\n1st Saarland Rundfahrt\n1949\n1st Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion\n1st Stage 5 Ronde van Nederland\n3rd World Individual Pursuit Championships\n1950\n1st Bordeaux–Paris\n2nd World Individual Pursuit Championships\n1951\n1st Stage 12 Tour de France\n2nd Bordeaux–Paris\n1952\n1st Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion\n1st Overall Ronde van Nederland\n1st Stage 4a\n1st Stage 7\n1st Nokere Koerse\n1st Bordeaux–Paris\n1953\n1st Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion\n1st Tour of Flanders\n1st Stage 1 Giro d'Italia\n1st Stage 16 Tour de France\n1st Stage 2b Dwars door Vlaanderen\n2nd Gent–Wevelgem\n2nd Bordeaux–Paris\n1954\n1st Overall Ronde van Nederland\n1st Stage 3\n1st Stage 4\n1st Stage 7\n1st Stage 4b Tour de France\n1st Overall Driedaagse van Antwerpen\n2nd Bordeaux–Paris\n1955\n1st Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion\n1st Stage 1b (TTT) Tour de France\n2nd Overall Ronde van Nederland\n1st Stage 2\n1st Stage 7\n3rd World Individual Pursuit Championships\n1956\n1st Dutch Road Race Championship\n1st Dutch Motor-paced Champion\n2nd Overall Ronde van Nederland\n1st Stage 8a\n3rd Overall Driedaagse van Antwerpen\n1st Stage 2b (TTT)\n1st Stage 3a\n1st GP Stad Vilvoorde\n2nd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne\n1957\n1st Dutch Road Race Championship\n2nd Overall Ronde van Nederland\n1st Stage 4\n1st Stage 6\n1958\n1st Dutch Motor-paced Champion\n1960\n1st Stage 7 Ronde van Nederland\n1961\n1st Bordeaux–Paris","title":"Major results"}]	[{"image_text":"Wim van Est with wife and children in 1954","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/07-01-1954_12569L_Wim_van_Est_en_gezin.jpg/260px-07-01-1954_12569L_Wim_van_Est_en_gezin.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Dutch cyclists who have led the Tour de France general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dutch_cyclists_who_have_led_the_Tour_de_France_general_classification"}]	[{"reference":"\"When Van Est Plunged off the Aubisque and Koblet was King\". Felix Lowe of Eurosport. 25 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurosport.com/cycling/tour-de-france/2020/grit-and-charm-when-wim-van-est-plunged-off-the-aubisque-and-koblet-was-king-the-re-cycle_sto7785343/story.shtml","url_text":"\"When Van Est Plunged off the Aubisque and Koblet was King\""}]},{"reference":"\"When Van Est Plunged Off The Aubisque and Koblet Was King\". Felix Lowe of Eurosport. 25 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurosport.com/cycling/tour-de-france/2020/grit-and-charm-when-wim-van-est-plunged-off-the-aubisque-and-koblet-was-king-the-re-cycle_sto7785343/story.shtml","url_text":"\"When Van Est Plunged Off The Aubisque and Koblet Was King\""}]},{"reference":"\"1952 Tour of Flanders Winner Roger Decock dies at 93\". Cycling News. 26 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/1952-tour-of-flanders-winner-roger-decock-dies-aged-93/","url_text":"\"1952 Tour of Flanders Winner Roger Decock dies at 93\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vidéo Ina – Tour de France 1951 : Dax – Tarbes (13ème étape)\". Retrieved 18 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ina.fr/ina-eclaire-actu/video/caf97084659/tour-de-france-cycliste-13eme-etape-dax-tarbes","url_text":"\"Vidéo Ina – Tour de France 1951 : Dax – Tarbes (13ème étape)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.eurosport.com/cycling/tour-de-france/2020/grit-and-charm-when-wim-van-est-plunged-off-the-aubisque-and-koblet-was-king-the-re-cycle_sto7785343/story.shtml","external_links_name":"\"When Van Est Plunged off the Aubisque and Koblet was King\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=5065","external_links_name":"Wim van Est"},{"Link":"https://www.eurosport.com/cycling/tour-de-france/2020/grit-and-charm-when-wim-van-est-plunged-off-the-aubisque-and-koblet-was-king-the-re-cycle_sto7785343/story.shtml","external_links_name":"\"When Van Est Plunged Off The Aubisque and Koblet Was King\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/1952-tour-of-flanders-winner-roger-decock-dies-aged-93/","external_links_name":"\"1952 Tour of Flanders Winner Roger Decock dies at 93\""},{"Link":"http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/3219.html","external_links_name":"Official Tour de France results for Wim van Est"},{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/features/van_est.shtml","external_links_name":"More extensive story of Van Ests fall in 1951"},{"Link":"https://www.ina.fr/ina-eclaire-actu/video/caf97084659/tour-de-france-cycliste-13eme-etape-dax-tarbes","external_links_name":"\"Vidéo Ina – Tour de France 1951 : Dax – Tarbes (13ème étape)\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000394735157","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/289300232","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJfXPqMtH3qwGpQG9FKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p100853072","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suk.	Sukkah (Talmud)	["1 Mishnah","2 Tosefta","3 Talmud","4 References","5 External links and resources"]	Book of the Mishnah and Talmud SukkahSukkah in Great Synagogue of Herzliya (2007/5767)Tractate of the TalmudSeder:MoedNumber of Mishnahs:53Chapters:5Babylonian Talmud pages:56Jerusalem Talmud pages:26Tosefta chapters:4← YomaBeitza → Sukkah (Hebrew: סוכה, hut) is a tractate of the Mishnah and Talmud. Its laws are discussed as well in the Tosefta and both the Babylonian Talmud and Jerusalem Talmud. In most editions it is the sixth volume of twelve in the Order (Mishnaic section) of Moed. Sukkah deals primarily with laws relating to the Jewish holiday of Sukkot. It has five chapters. Mishnah Mishnah Sukkah contains five chapters. Chapter one begins with a discussion in the first mishnah of the maximum and minimum height of a Sukkah, the required number of walls to make it kosher, and the amount of shade required in relation to sunlight. Other mishnayot (mishnayot 2-11) in chapter one discusses the time when the sukkah should appropriately be made for the holiday and the intentionality in building the sukkah, and the materials that may be used for the s'chach, or shade covering on the roof of the sukkah. Chapter two discusses the obligation to reside in the sukkah and how one fulfills this obligation and who is exempt from the obligation. Included in the discussion of the mishnah are such subjects as sleeping in the sukkah(mishna 1), eating in the sukkah, and the extent to which inclement weather affects the mitzvah of residing in a sukkah. The mishna (5-7) notes that women, children, and slaves are exempt from the mitzvah of residing in the sukkah. Chapter three begins with a discussion of the lulav or closed frond of the date palm tree. Mishnayot 1-3 of chapter three discuss the minimum requirements for the myrtle branch and the willow to fulfill the mitzvah of lulav. This is followed by a discussion of the laws of the kosher etrog, the laws of binding the lulav, and the prayers that were said in the Temple in the ceremonies surrounding the lulav on Sukkot. Chapter four begins with the first mishnah on the number of days on which the rituals of sukkot were to be performed; i.e.,whether the mitzvah of lulav and/ or aravah should be performed also on the Sabbath day during the seven day holiday of Sukkot. The mishnah proceeds to discuss the manner in which the lulav mitzvah was performed in the Temple and then similarly discusses the aravah ceremony. The two aravot branches of the Four Species (rear), along with the lulav (center) and hadassim branches (fore). The fourth chapter concludes with a discussion of the water libation ceremony. Chapter five continues to describe the water libation ceremony in the first mishna and discusses the prohibition to play the flute on the Sabbath and on the Yom Tov or festival day. The second mishnah of the fifth chapter emphasizes the great joy of the water libation ceremony. The subsequent mishnayot deal with the shofar blasts and then the sacrifices in the Temple on Sukkot. Included in its scope are the topics of: The Sukkah, or hut, which is lived in during Sukkot Laws concerning each of the four species of vegetation which are waved during prayers over the holiday The Celebration of the Water-Drawing (Hebrew: שמחת בית השואבה, Simhat Beit Ha-Sho'evah) which took place at the Temple in Jerusalem on the nights of Sukkot. Tosefta The Tosefta of Sukkah is only four chapters. There are noteworthy aggadot included in Tosefta sukkah. Worthy of mention is the legend of the miraculous well in the desert (3:2) and likewise the description of the great synagogue of Alexandria in chapter four of the Tosefta (4:6) in which the various tradesmen in Alexandria are said to have sat alongside their colleagues during the prayers. The story of Bilga the daughter of Miriam who married a non-Jewish soldier is also told in the Tosefta (4:28). It relates that the ring of Bilgah in the Temple is stuck and closed forever because she apostasized and intermarried with a soldier from the kings of Greece. When the Gentile soldiers came and entered the Temple, Miriam struck the top of the altar. She cried out to it: "Lukos, Lukos" or "wolf, wolf," you have destroyed the wealth of Israel and do not help Israel in the time of its distress! Talmud Chapter one included discussion of the positions on the minimum and maximum height of the sukkah and the minimum requirements for its walls. The conclusion of the discussion is that the sukkah may be no less than ten tefachim, and no more than twenty amot/cubits in height. The shade in the sukkah must come from the s'chach and not the walls. The chapter includes extensive discussion of the number of walls and what constitutes a third wall. The s'chach must grow from the ground and not be an object that can become ritually impure. The rabbis note that as a result if the s'chach were branches that were manufactured for a purpose, such as using a flax plant to make linen clothing, they would be susceptible to impurity and could not be used for a sukkah covering. Chapter two of sukkah opens with a discussion of the mishna's statement about sleeping in a bed in the sukkah. The gemara proceeds to discuss the ability of a tent to serve as a barrier for ritual impurity. Thereupon there is a discussion of Tractate Parah and the means by which priestly children were able to draw water from Pool of Siloam while maintaining their purity as they sat on the backs of oxen. The Talmud connects the discussion of the red heifer's ashes to the s'chach discussion by wondering whether the ritual impurity can be blocked by an ox in the same way that a bed may serve as a tent covering which would mean that it would interfere with the fulfillment of sitting in a sukkah if one sat under a bed.(21a-b) Sukkah 22a-b discusses the suitability of a sukkah whose shade is so thick that stars are not visible from within the sukkah. Sukkah 22b-23 discusses the efficacy of using a live animal as a base for a sukkah or as a wall of a sukkah. The position of Rabbi Meir is that a live animal cannot be used for the wall of a sukkah. His position is that a live animal also cannot be used for a symbolic lehi, or post, in an eruv for carrying on the Sabbath, nor for a covering for a grave. The amora Abaye explains that Rabbi Meir is concerned that the animal may die and that is why Rabbi Meir prohibits the use of a live animal as a wall. In contrast to Rabbi Meir, the tanna Rabbi Yehuda allows for the use of a live animal as a sukkah wall. The Talmud understand this specific argument about a sukkah wall as having larger meaning regarding whether we should be concerned about changes in the status quo, as Rabbi Meir would be concerned about death or a negative change, whereas Rabbi Yehuda would not be concerned. Sukkah 23b raises objections to the position of Abaye from passages elsewhere in which Abaye explains that Rabbi Meir is concerned about change in the status quo, but Rabbi Yehuda is not, which is the opposite of their approach in Sukkah 23a according to Abaye's explanation. To answer the inconsistency in the position of Abaye, the Talmud states that we should reverse the text so that Rabbi Meir's position elsewhere is consistent with his approach in Sukkah, namely that he is concerned about negative changes in the status quo. The Talmud also raises an objection from an inconsistency in Rabbi Yehuda's position because on Yom Kippur he worries that the wife of the high priest, kohen gadol, may die, but the answer is that Yom Kippur is an exceptional case. Sukkah 24b states in the Mishna that a tree enclosure may function as kosher walls for a sukkah. The Talmud explains that this is when the tree and its leaves are securely tied in place. The third chapter of tractate sukkah is titled, "The Stolen Lulav," after the words that begin the Mishna to the third chapter. The chapter deals with the laws pertaining to the verse in Leviticus 23:40 that on the holiday one must take "the fruit of a beautiful tree, branches of a date palm, boughs of a dense-leaved tree, and willows of the brook." The Talmud seeks to determine the identity of these species to fulfill the commandment of the Torah. In addition, it discusses further laws regarding the obligation to take the species, including the number of species to take and the manner in which to take it. Branches of the date is understood to refer to the lulav, a dense leaved tree to the myrtle, and "willows of the brook" refers to the willow. The fruit of the beautiful tree is the etrog. On page 30, the Talmud discusses why a stolen lulav is unfit and explains that it is because it was acquired through transgression. As Rabbi Johanan explains the verse in Isaiah 61:8 states that the Lord hates robbery. On page 32 the story is told of Rav Nahman who was sitting in a sukkah that was built using branches taken from the property of an old lady. She said the sukkah was stolen, but he said the sukkah was valid but she has rights to the monetary value of the wood. On page 32, the Talmud continues the discussion of a lulav that was taken from the grounds of an idol worshipping city. Pursuant to the discussion, the Talmud notes that there is a dispute regarding whether a lulav, or palm branch, taken from the gates of hell, that is the valley of Hinnom by Jerusalem (Gei-Hinnom), may be used to fulfill the obligation. On 32b the Talmud proceeds with an identification of the dense-leaved tree as being synonymous with the myrtle branch. It rejects identification of this tree with an olive tree, an oriental plane tree, and oleander. References ^ "SUKKAH - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. ^ Benovitz, Moshe (January 2012). "Miriam bat Bilgah in the Temple: Self, Symbol, Substitute or Stereotype?". Introduction to Seder Qodashim: A Feminist Commentary on the Babylonian Talmud V. ^ "Sukkah 21b:3". ^ a b "The Aleph Society- Let My People Know". 26 February 2014. ^ "The Aleph Society- Let My People Know". 27 February 2014. ^ https://hadran.org.il/daf/sukkah-24/ Referenced on July 11, 2023. ^ "Sukkah 30". ^ "Sukkah 31". ^ "Sukkah 32b:16". External links and resources Mishna fulltext (Hebrew) Talmud Bavli fulltext (Hebrew) Mishna Translation with the commentary of Pinchas Kehati vteSukkot (סֻכּוֹת)Rituals Sukkah Four species Lulav Etrog Hadass Aravah Simchat Beit HaShoeivah S'chach Related days Chol HaMoed Hoshana Rabbah Shemini Atzeret Simchat Torah Isru Chag vteThe Six Orders of the Mishnah (שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה‎)Zeraim (Seeds)(זְרָעִים‎)Moed (Festival)(מוֹעֵד‎)Nashim (Women)(נָשִׁים‎)Nezikin (Damages)(נְזִיקִין‎)Kodashim (Holies)(קָדָשִׁים‎)Tohorot (Purities)(טָהֳרוֹת‎) Berakhot Pe'ah Demai Kil'ayim Shevi'it Terumot Ma'aserot Ma'aser Sheni Challah Orlah Bikkurim Shabbat Eruvin Pesahim Shekalim Yoma Sukkah Beitza Rosh Hashanah Ta'anit Megillah Mo'ed Katan Hagigah Yevamot Ketubot Nedarim Nazir Sotah Gittin Kiddushin Bava Kamma Bava Metzia Bava Batra Sanhedrin Makkot Shevu'ot Eduyot Avodah Zarah Avot Horayot Zevachim Menachot Hullin Bekhorot Arakhin Temurah Keritot Me'ilah Tamid Middot Kinnim Keilim Oholot Nega'im Parah Tohorot Mikva'ot Niddah Makhshirin Zavim Tevul Yom Yadayim Uktzim This Judaism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Mishnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"Tosefta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosefta"},{"link_name":"Babylonian Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud"},{"link_name":"Moed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moed"},{"link_name":"Jewish holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holiday"},{"link_name":"Sukkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkot"}],"text":"Sukkah (Hebrew: סוכה, hut) is a tractate of the Mishnah and Talmud. Its laws are discussed as well in the Tosefta and both the Babylonian Talmud and Jerusalem Talmud. In most editions it is the sixth volume of twelve in the Order (Mishnaic section) of Moed. Sukkah deals primarily with laws relating to the Jewish holiday of Sukkot. It has five chapters.","title":"Sukkah (Talmud)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kosher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher"},{"link_name":"s'chach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27chach"},{"link_name":"lulav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulav"},{"link_name":"etrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrog"},{"link_name":"aravah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aravos.JPG"},{"link_name":"Four Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Species"},{"link_name":"lulav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulav"},{"link_name":"hadassim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadass"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sukkah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkah"},{"link_name":"Sukkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkot"},{"link_name":"four species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Species"},{"link_name":"The Celebration of the Water-Drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simchat_Beit_HaShoeivah"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Temple in Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem"}],"text":"Mishnah Sukkah contains five chapters.Chapter one begins with a discussion in the first mishnah of the maximum and minimum height of a Sukkah, the required number of walls to make it kosher, and the amount of shade required in relation to sunlight. Other mishnayot (mishnayot 2-11) in chapter one discusses the time when the sukkah should appropriately be made for the holiday and the intentionality in building the sukkah, and the materials that may be used for the s'chach, or shade covering on the roof of the sukkah.Chapter two discusses the obligation to reside in the sukkah and how one fulfills this obligation and who is exempt from the obligation. Included in the discussion of the mishnah are such subjects as sleeping in the sukkah(mishna 1), eating in the sukkah, and the extent to which inclement weather affects the mitzvah of residing in a sukkah. The mishna (5-7) notes that women, children, and slaves are exempt from the mitzvah of residing in the sukkah.Chapter three begins with a discussion of the lulav or closed frond of the date palm tree. Mishnayot 1-3 of chapter three discuss the minimum requirements for the myrtle branch and the willow to fulfill the mitzvah of lulav. This is followed by a discussion of the laws of the kosher etrog, the laws of binding the lulav, and the prayers that were said in the Temple in the ceremonies surrounding the lulav on Sukkot.Chapter four begins with the first mishnah on the number of days on which the rituals of sukkot were to be performed; i.e.,whether the mitzvah of lulav and/ or aravah should be performed also on the Sabbath day during the seven day holiday of Sukkot. The mishnah proceeds to discuss the manner in which the lulav mitzvah was performed in the Temple and then similarly discusses the aravah ceremony.The two aravot branches of the Four Species (rear), along with the lulav (center) and hadassim branches (fore).The fourth chapter concludes with a discussion of the water libation ceremony.Chapter five continues to describe the water libation ceremony in the first mishna and discusses the prohibition to play the flute on the Sabbath and on the Yom Tov or festival day. The second mishnah of the fifth chapter emphasizes the great joy of the water libation ceremony. The subsequent mishnayot deal with the shofar blasts and then the sacrifices in the Temple on Sukkot.[1]Included in its scope are the topics of:The Sukkah, or hut, which is lived in during Sukkot\nLaws concerning each of the four species of vegetation which are waved during prayers over the holiday\nThe Celebration of the Water-Drawing (Hebrew: שמחת בית השואבה, Simhat Beit Ha-Sho'evah) which took place at the Temple in Jerusalem on the nights of Sukkot.","title":"Mishnah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Tosefta of Sukkah is only four chapters. There are noteworthy aggadot included in Tosefta sukkah. Worthy of mention is the legend of the miraculous well in the desert (3:2) and likewise the description of the great synagogue of Alexandria in chapter four of the Tosefta (4:6) in which the various tradesmen in Alexandria are said to have sat alongside their colleagues during the prayers. The story of Bilga the daughter of Miriam who married a non-Jewish soldier is also told in the Tosefta (4:28). It relates that the ring of Bilgah in the Temple is stuck and closed forever because she apostasized and intermarried with a soldier from the kings of Greece. When the Gentile soldiers came and entered the Temple, Miriam struck the top of the altar. She cried out to it: \"Lukos, Lukos\" or \"wolf, wolf,\" you have destroyed the wealth of Israel and do not help Israel in the time of its distress![2]","title":"Tosefta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tefachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefach"},{"link_name":"Pool of Siloam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_of_Siloam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"eruv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruv"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Chapter one included discussion of the positions on the minimum and maximum height of the sukkah and the minimum requirements for its walls. The conclusion of the discussion is that the sukkah may be no less than ten tefachim, and no more than twenty amot/cubits in height. The shade in the sukkah must come from the s'chach and not the walls. The chapter includes extensive discussion of the number of walls and what constitutes a third wall. The s'chach must grow from the ground and not be an object that can become ritually impure. The rabbis note that as a result if the s'chach were branches that were manufactured for a purpose, such as using a flax plant to make linen clothing, they would be susceptible to impurity and could not be used for a sukkah covering.Chapter two of sukkah opens with a discussion of the mishna's statement about sleeping in a bed in the sukkah. The gemara proceeds to discuss the ability of a tent to serve as a barrier for ritual impurity. Thereupon there is a discussion of Tractate Parah and the means by which priestly children were able to draw water from Pool of Siloam while maintaining their purity as they sat on the backs of oxen. The Talmud connects the discussion of the red heifer's ashes to the s'chach discussion by wondering whether the ritual impurity can be blocked by an ox in the same way that a bed may serve as a tent covering which would mean that it would interfere with the fulfillment of sitting in a sukkah if one sat under a bed.(21a-b)[3] Sukkah 22a-b discusses the suitability of a sukkah whose shade is so thick that stars are not visible from within the sukkah. Sukkah 22b-23 discusses the efficacy of using a live animal as a base for a sukkah or as a wall of a sukkah.[4] The position of Rabbi Meir is that a live animal cannot be used for the wall of a sukkah. His position is that a live animal also cannot be used for a symbolic lehi, or post, in an eruv for carrying on the Sabbath, nor for a covering for a grave.[4] The amora Abaye explains that Rabbi Meir is concerned that the animal may die and that is why Rabbi Meir prohibits the use of a live animal as a wall. In contrast to Rabbi Meir, the tanna Rabbi Yehuda allows for the use of a live animal as a sukkah wall. The Talmud understand this specific argument about a sukkah wall as having larger meaning regarding whether we should be concerned about changes in the status quo, as Rabbi Meir would be concerned about death or a negative change, whereas Rabbi Yehuda would not be concerned. Sukkah 23b raises objections to the position of Abaye from passages elsewhere in which Abaye explains that Rabbi Meir is concerned about change in the status quo, but Rabbi Yehuda is not, which is the opposite of their approach in Sukkah 23a according to Abaye's explanation. To answer the inconsistency in the position of Abaye, the Talmud states that we should reverse the text so that Rabbi Meir's position elsewhere is consistent with his approach in Sukkah, namely that he is concerned about negative changes in the status quo. The Talmud also raises an objection from an inconsistency in Rabbi Yehuda's position because on Yom Kippur he worries that the wife of the high priest, kohen gadol, may die, but the answer is that Yom Kippur is an exceptional case.[5] Sukkah 24b states in the Mishna that a tree enclosure may function as kosher walls for a sukkah. The Talmud explains that this is when the tree and its leaves are securely tied in place.[6]The third chapter of tractate sukkah is titled, \"The Stolen Lulav,\" after the words that begin the Mishna to the third chapter. The chapter deals with the laws pertaining to the verse in Leviticus 23:40 that on the holiday one must take \"the fruit of a beautiful tree, branches of a date palm, boughs of a dense-leaved tree, and willows of the brook.\" The Talmud seeks to determine the identity of these species to fulfill the commandment of the Torah. In addition, it discusses further laws regarding the obligation to take the species, including the number of species to take and the manner in which to take it. Branches of the date is understood to refer to the lulav, a dense leaved tree to the myrtle, and \"willows of the brook\" refers to the willow. The fruit of the beautiful tree is the etrog. On page 30, the Talmud discusses why a stolen lulav is unfit and explains that it is because it was acquired through transgression. As Rabbi Johanan explains the verse in Isaiah 61:8 states that the Lord hates robbery.[7] On page 32 the story is told of Rav Nahman who was sitting in a sukkah that was built using branches taken from the property of an old lady. She said the sukkah was stolen, but he said the sukkah was valid but she has rights to the monetary value of the wood. [8]On page 32, the Talmud continues the discussion of a lulav that was taken from the grounds of an idol worshipping city. Pursuant to the discussion, the Talmud notes that there is a dispute regarding whether a lulav, or palm branch, taken from the gates of hell, that is the valley of Hinnom by Jerusalem (Gei-Hinnom), may be used to fulfill the obligation. On 32b the Talmud proceeds with an identification of the dense-leaved tree as being synonymous with the myrtle branch. It rejects identification of this tree with an olive tree, an oriental plane tree, and oleander.[9]","title":"Talmud"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mishna fulltext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kodesh.snunit.k12.il/b/h/h26.htm"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Talmud Bavli fulltext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kodesh.snunit.k12.il/b/l/l2601_002a.htm"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Mishna Translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.moreshet.net/oldsite/mishna/9-7-00/monday.htm"},{"link_name":"Pinchas Kehati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchas_Kehati"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sukkot"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sukkot"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sukkot"},{"link_name":"Sukkot (סֻכּוֹת)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkot"},{"link_name":"Sukkah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkah"},{"link_name":"Four species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_species"},{"link_name":"Lulav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulav"},{"link_name":"Etrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrog"},{"link_name":"Hadass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadass"},{"link_name":"Aravah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)"},{"link_name":"Simchat Beit HaShoeivah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simchat_Beit_HaShoeivah"},{"link_name":"S'chach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27chach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sukkah_Roofs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chol HaMoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chol_HaMoed"},{"link_name":"Hoshana Rabbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshana_Rabbah"},{"link_name":"Shemini Atzeret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret"},{"link_name":"Simchat Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simchat_Torah"},{"link_name":"Isru Chag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isru_chag"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mishnah"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mishnah"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mishnah"},{"link_name":"Mishnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah"},{"link_name":"Zeraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeraim"},{"link_name":"Moed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moed"},{"link_name":"Nashim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashim"},{"link_name":"Nezikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezikin"},{"link_name":"Kodashim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodashim"},{"link_name":"Tohorot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohorot"},{"link_name":"Berakhot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berakhot_(tractate)"},{"link_name":"Pe'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%27ah"},{"link_name":"Demai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demai_(tractate)"},{"link_name":"Kil'ayim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kil%27ayim_(tractate)"},{"link_name":"Shevi'it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevi%27it_(tractate)"},{"link_name":"Terumot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terumot"},{"link_name":"Ma'aserot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aserot"},{"link_name":"Ma'aser Sheni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aser_Sheni"},{"link_name":"Challah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challah_(tractate)"},{"link_name":"Orlah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlah_(tractate)"},{"link_name":"Bikkurim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikkurim_(tractate)"},{"link_name":"Shabbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Eruvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruvin_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Pesahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesachim_(tractate)"},{"link_name":"Shekalim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekalim_(Tractate)"},{"link_name":"Yoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoma"},{"link_name":"Sukkah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Beitza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitza"},{"link_name":"Rosh Hashanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_(tractate)"},{"link_name":"Ta'anit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27anit_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Megillah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Mo'ed Katan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27ed_Katan"},{"link_name":"Hagigah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagigah"},{"link_name":"Yevamot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevamot"},{"link_name":"Ketubot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketubot_(tractate)"},{"link_name":"Nedarim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedarim_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Nazir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazir_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Sotah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotah_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Gittin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gittin"},{"link_name":"Kiddushin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddushin_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Bava Kamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava_Kamma"},{"link_name":"Bava Metzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava_Metzia"},{"link_name":"Bava Batra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava_Batra"},{"link_name":"Sanhedrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)"},{"link_name":"Makkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkot"},{"link_name":"Shevu'ot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevu%27ot"},{"link_name":"Eduyot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduyot_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Avodah Zarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avodah_Zarah"},{"link_name":"Avot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkei_Avot"},{"link_name":"Horayot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horayot"},{"link_name":"Zevachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zevachim"},{"link_name":"Menachot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachot"},{"link_name":"Hullin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hullin"},{"link_name":"Bekhorot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekhorot"},{"link_name":"Arakhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakhin"},{"link_name":"Temurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temurah_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Keritot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keritot"},{"link_name":"Me'ilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%27ilah"},{"link_name":"Tamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamid"},{"link_name":"Middot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middot_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Kinnim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnim"},{"link_name":"Keilim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keilim"},{"link_name":"Oholot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oholot"},{"link_name":"Nega'im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nega%27im"},{"link_name":"Parah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parah"},{"link_name":"Tohorot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohorot_(tractate)"},{"link_name":"Mikva'ot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikva%27ot"},{"link_name":"Niddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niddah_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Makhshirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhshirin"},{"link_name":"Zavim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavim"},{"link_name":"Tevul Yom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevul_Yom"},{"link_name":"Yadayim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadayim"},{"link_name":"Uktzim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uktzim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Star_of_David2.svg"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukkah_(Talmud)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Judaism-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism-stub"}],"text":"Mishna fulltext (Hebrew)\nTalmud Bavli fulltext (Hebrew)\nMishna Translation with the commentary of Pinchas KehativteSukkot (סֻכּוֹת)Rituals\nSukkah\nFour species\nLulav\nEtrog\nHadass\nAravah\nSimchat Beit HaShoeivah\nS'chach\nRelated days\nChol HaMoed\nHoshana Rabbah\nShemini Atzeret\nSimchat Torah\nIsru ChagvteThe Six Orders of the Mishnah (שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה‎)Zeraim (Seeds)(זְרָעִים‎)Moed (Festival)(מוֹעֵד‎)Nashim (Women)(נָשִׁים‎)Nezikin (Damages)(נְזִיקִין‎)Kodashim (Holies)(קָדָשִׁים‎)Tohorot (Purities)(טָהֳרוֹת‎)\nBerakhot\nPe'ah\nDemai\nKil'ayim\nShevi'it\nTerumot\nMa'aserot\nMa'aser Sheni\nChallah\nOrlah\nBikkurim\n\nShabbat\nEruvin\nPesahim\nShekalim\nYoma\nSukkah\nBeitza\nRosh Hashanah\nTa'anit\nMegillah\nMo'ed Katan\nHagigah\n\nYevamot\nKetubot\nNedarim\nNazir\nSotah\nGittin\nKiddushin\n\nBava Kamma\nBava Metzia\nBava Batra\nSanhedrin\nMakkot\nShevu'ot\nEduyot\nAvodah Zarah\nAvot\nHorayot\n\nZevachim\nMenachot\nHullin\nBekhorot\nArakhin\nTemurah\nKeritot\nMe'ilah\nTamid\nMiddot\nKinnim\n\nKeilim\nOholot\nNega'im\nParah\nTohorot\nMikva'ot\nNiddah\nMakhshirin\nZavim\nTevul Yom\nYadayim\nUktzimThis Judaism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"External links and resources"}]	[{"image_text":"The two aravot branches of the Four Species (rear), along with the lulav (center) and hadassim branches (fore).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Aravos.JPG/250px-Aravos.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"SUKKAH - JewishEncyclopedia.com\". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14102-sukkah","url_text":"\"SUKKAH - JewishEncyclopedia.com\""}]},{"reference":"Benovitz, Moshe (January 2012). \"Miriam bat Bilgah in the Temple: Self, Symbol, Substitute or Stereotype?\". Introduction to Seder Qodashim: A Feminist Commentary on the Babylonian Talmud V.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/45687983","url_text":"\"Miriam bat Bilgah in the Temple: Self, Symbol, Substitute or Stereotype?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sukkah 21b:3\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sefaria.org.il/Sukkah.21b.3?lang=bi","url_text":"\"Sukkah 21b:3\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Aleph Society- Let My People Know\". 26 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://steinsaltz.org/daf/sukka23/","url_text":"\"The Aleph Society- Let My People Know\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Aleph Society- Let My People Know\". 27 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://steinsaltz.org/daf/sukka24/","url_text":"\"The Aleph Society- Let My People Know\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sukkah 30\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/sukkah-30/","url_text":"\"Sukkah 30\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sukkah 31\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/sukkah-31/","url_text":"\"Sukkah 31\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sukkah 32b:16\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sefaria.org.il/Sukkah.32b.16?lang=bi","url_text":"\"Sukkah 32b:16\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14102-sukkah","external_links_name":"\"SUKKAH - JewishEncyclopedia.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/45687983","external_links_name":"\"Miriam bat Bilgah in the Temple: Self, Symbol, Substitute or Stereotype?\""},{"Link":"https://www.sefaria.org.il/Sukkah.21b.3?lang=bi","external_links_name":"\"Sukkah 21b:3\""},{"Link":"https://steinsaltz.org/daf/sukka23/","external_links_name":"\"The Aleph Society- Let My People Know\""},{"Link":"https://steinsaltz.org/daf/sukka24/","external_links_name":"\"The Aleph Society- Let My People Know\""},{"Link":"https://hadran.org.il/daf/sukkah-24/","external_links_name":"https://hadran.org.il/daf/sukkah-24/"},{"Link":"https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/sukkah-30/","external_links_name":"\"Sukkah 30\""},{"Link":"https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/sukkah-31/","external_links_name":"\"Sukkah 31\""},{"Link":"https://www.sefaria.org.il/Sukkah.32b.16?lang=bi","external_links_name":"\"Sukkah 32b:16\""},{"Link":"http://kodesh.snunit.k12.il/b/h/h26.htm","external_links_name":"Mishna fulltext"},{"Link":"http://kodesh.snunit.k12.il/b/l/l2601_002a.htm","external_links_name":"Talmud Bavli fulltext"},{"Link":"http://www.moreshet.net/oldsite/mishna/9-7-00/monday.htm","external_links_name":"Mishna Translation"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukkah_(Talmud)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim_(disambiguation)	Pacific Rim (disambiguation)	["1 Arts and entertainment","2 Other uses","3 See also"]	Look up Pacific Rim in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The Pacific Rim is the land around the edge of the Pacific Ocean. Pacific Rim may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Pacific Rim (franchise) Pacific Rim (film) Pacific Rim (soundtrack) Pacific Rim (video game) Pacific Rim: Uprising, the film sequel Pacific Rim: The Black, an anime series based on the films Pacific Rim Tour, Whitney Houston's concert tour Other uses Pacific Rim Championship, 2004 rugby competition Pacific Rim National Park, Canada Pacific Rim Mining Corporation, Canadian company Exercise RIMPAC, international naval combat activity See also Pacific (disambiguation) Pacific Ring of Fire Ring of Fire (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pacific Rim.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Rim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim"},{"link_name":"Pacific Rim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim"}],"text":"Look up Pacific Rim in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.The Pacific Rim is the land around the edge of the Pacific Ocean.Pacific Rim may also refer to:","title":"Pacific Rim (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Rim (franchise)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Rim (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim_(film)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Rim (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Rim (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Rim: Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim:_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Pacific Rim: The Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim:_The_Black"},{"link_name":"Pacific Rim Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim_Tour"}],"text":"Pacific Rim (franchise)\nPacific Rim (film)\nPacific Rim (soundtrack)\nPacific Rim (video game)\nPacific Rim: Uprising, the film sequel\nPacific Rim: The Black, an anime series based on the filmsPacific Rim Tour, Whitney Houston's concert tour","title":"Arts and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Rim Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim_Championship"},{"link_name":"Pacific Rim National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Pacific Rim Mining Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim_Mining_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Exercise RIMPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_RIMPAC"}],"text":"Pacific Rim Championship, 2004 rugby competition\nPacific Rim National Park, Canada\nPacific Rim Mining Corporation, Canadian company\nExercise RIMPAC, international naval combat activity","title":"Other uses"}]	[]	[{"title":"Pacific (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Pacific Ring of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire"},{"title":"Ring of Fire (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Fire_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pacific_Rim_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pacific_Rim_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_of_Islam_Brigade	Martyrs of Islam Brigade	["1 Military structure","2 History","2.1 Siege of Daraya","2.2 Post-Daraya","3 See also","4 References"]	Martyrs of Islam Brigadeلواء شهداء الإسلامLiwa Shuhada al-IslamLogo of the brigade.Leaders Captain Saeed Narqash (nom de guerre Abu Jamal) (POW) First Warrant Officer Abu Omar Osama Abu Zeid † Abu Ja’far al-Homsi (died) First Lieutenant Abu Shahin (until June 2013) Dates of operation5 March 2013—presentGroup(s) Martyrs of Daraya Battalion Martyrs of the Revolution Battalion Fayha al-Sham Battalion Lions of Tawhid Battalion Descendants of Saladin Battalion Lions of Sunna Battalion Special Task Force Battalion Artillery Company Engineering and Air Defence Company HeadquartersDarayya (until 2016)Idlib Governorate (from late 2016)Active regions Damascus and Rif Dimashq Governorate (until 2016) Idlib Governorate (since 2016) Hama Governorate (since 2016) IdeologyIslamismSize700 (2016)Part of Free Syrian Army Southern Front (February 2014–September 2016) National Front for Liberation (since May 2018) Sham Legion (since June 2018) AlliesAjnad al-Sham Islamic UnionOpponents Syrian Armed Forces National Defense Force Battles and warsSyrian Civil War Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013) Siege of Darayya and Muadamiyat 2017 Hama offensive Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War The Martyrs of Islam Brigade (Arabic: لواء شهداء الإسلام; Liwa Shuhada al-Islam) is a Syrian rebel group formed in the Damascus suburb of Darayya and was the main group that operated in the suburb. It was the only Syrian rebel group to be completely under the authority of a local city council and received U.S.-made BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missiles despite the tight siege Darayya was in between 2012 and 2016. Military structure Between 2013 and 2016, the highest level of command for the group was the Local Council of Daraya City. The group is commanded by Saeed Narqash (nom de guerre Abu Jamal), a captain who defected from the Syrian Army. The group's initial chief of staff was First Lieutenant Abu Shahin, who left the group to form another in June 2013, while its commander of operations was First Warrant Officer Abu Omar. A military academy was established in Daraya when it was controlled by the group. History Siege of Daraya The Martyrs of Islam Brigade was formed on 5 March 2013 as a merger of 9 rebel units affiliated with the Free Syrian Army in Daraya. On 14 February 2014, the group signed a convention which established the Southern Front. As part of the Southern Front's declaration of principles which the Martyrs of Islam Brigade was a signatory member of, the groups pledged to overthrow the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad and fight for human rights in Syria in accordance with the International Bill of Human Rights. Since August 2015, more than 120 rebels were killed in Daraya, and by July 2016, less than 1,000 rebels from the Martyrs of Islam Brigade and the Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union remained in the suburb. Post-Daraya Capt. Saeed Narqash in the Idlib Governorate, September 2016 In September 2016, after 4 years of siege in Daraya and an agreement with the Syrian Armed Forces, all the remaining 700 fighters from the Martyrs of Islam Brigade evacuated from Daraya to the Idlib Governorate in the north. Since then, its commander, Capt. Saeed Narqash, denounced the Southern Front and cut all links with it, with sources stating that the group was planning to join Jaysh al-Islam instead. The commander denied this and emphasized that it will become an independent faction. Immediately after the group's arrival in Idlib, some of its "best fighters" were captured by al-Qaeda's al-Nusra Front. They were eventually released, and the group gradually disintegrated. Capt. Narqash briefly participated in the Astana talks in January 2017, but soon withdrew. In March 2017, the group participated in the Tahrir al-Sham (HTS)-led Hama offensive. On 24 April 2018, Saeed Narqash was captured by unidentified assailants in the town of Sarmada. The Martyrs of Islam Brigade accused Tahrir al-Sham fighters of raiding Narqash's house, but Abu Ayman al-Shami, security official of HTS, denied involvement and stated that HTS was not notified of the incident. On 26 May, Narqash's captors released a video showing him being handcuffed and held in an unknown location, where he was forced to explain his participation in the Astana talks, and claimed that Turkish and US intelligence requested him to join the fight against HTS. HTS again denied involvement. In May 2018, along with 10 other rebel groups in northwestern Syria, the Martyrs of Islam Brigade formed the National Front for Liberation, which was officially announced on 28 May. On 5 June, the group joined the Sham Legion, also part of the National Front for Liberation. See also List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War References ^ a b "From Daria to Idlib: commander of the Martyrs of Islam reveals the full story of alienation Daria". Orient News. 5 September 2016. ^ a b c d "In an attempt to unify the ranks on the ground the Free Army in Darya is a brigade of the martyrs of Islam". Enab Baladi. 10 March 2013. ^ a b c d "About Islam Martyrs Brigade". Local Council of Daraya City. ^ "As regime drops hundreds of barrel bombs on Darayya, rebel spokesman says 'history will take note of how the revolution abandoned us'". Syria:direct. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2017. ^ Paul Antonopoulos (14 October 2016). "Photos: Prominent Liwa Shuhada al-Islam leader dies". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2017. ^ a b c d e Hasan Mustafa (5 August 2015). "The Moderate Rebels: A Complete and Growing List of Vetted Groups Fielding TOW Missiles". ^ a b c Sarah el-Deeb (1 June 2017). "Short of allies, Syria's rebels are down but not out". Associated Press. ^ a b "11 FSA Factions in New Command in of "National Front Liberation"". Syria Call. 28 May 2018. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018. ^ a b Alexander Falconer (5 June 2018). "Shuhada al-Islam Brigade Announces Integration with Faylaq al-Sham". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. Retrieved 15 February 2019. ^ a b Paul Antonopoulos (25 March 2017). "Two militants originally based in Damascus taken out by Russian airstrike in rural Hama". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2017. ^ "Implications of Darayya Exiting the Syrian Conflict Equation". Dohain Institute. 22 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017. ^ "FSA Southern Front Declaration of Principles". National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces. 7 September 2019. ^ "With fewer than 1,000 remaining, Darayya rebels 'abandoned' as regime advances". Syria:direct. 11 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2017. ^ "HTS arrests Senior Commander of Daraya rebels". Syria Call. 24 April 2018. ^ ""Liberation of the Sham" denies the arrest of leader Said Narkash". Enab Baladi. 25 April 2018. ^ "Registration of a pilot shows captive Capt. Said Narkash". Enab Baladi. 27 May 2018. vteSyrian civil warOverviewsMain overviews Syria Rojava Syrian civil war Timeline Background and causes Syrian peace process Syrian government reactions Belligerents Inter-rebel conflict Spillover Cities and towns Sectarianism and minorities Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present) Effects and ongoing concerns Casualties of the Syrian civil war Refugees of the Syrian civil war Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war Phases and processes Syrian revolution Early insurgency phase 2012–2013 escalation Ceasefires Syrian peace process World reaction International reactions to the Syrian civil war Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war Specific groups and countries Russian involvement Russian intervention Turkish involvement Turkish occupation of northern Syria Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria American intervention in the Syrian civil war 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria Kurdish Area in Syria Syrian Democratic Forces Rojava conflict U.S. task force Agreements and dialogues Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria TimelineBackground 1963 coup 1966 coup Corrective Movement Islamist uprising Latakia protests Damascus Spring Qamishli riots Syrian occupation of Lebanon Damascus Declaration Human rights in Syria 2010s in Syria political history 2011Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Syrian Revolution Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb Siege of Daraa Siege of Baniyas May Talkalakh siege Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh June Jisr ash-Shughur operation Siege of Hama Siege of Homs Jabal al-Zawiya operation Siege of Latakia Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014) Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012) Battle of Zabadani Battle of Douma Daraa Governorate clashes Battle of Rastan Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush Idlib Governorate clashes December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres 2012Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec January al-Midan bombing Battle of Rastan First Battle of Idlib Battle of al-Qusayr Idlib Governorate operation (Apr) Battle of Taftanaz May Battle of Rastan Houla massacre Battle of al-Haffah Al-Qubeir massacre Battle of Tremseh Battle of Damascus 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing Battle of Aleppo Battle of Anadan Siege of Base 46 Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013) Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct) Darayya massacre Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz Battle of Maarrat al-Numan First siege of Wadi Deif Battle of Harem Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013) Battle of Darayya Aqrab massacre Hama offensive Halfaya massacre Battle of Darayya Quneitra Governorate clashes Talbiseh bakery massacre 2013Jan–AprMay–Dec Battle of Safira Battle of Shadadeh Damascus offensive Raqqa campaign (2012–2013) Battle of Raqqa (Mar) Daraa offensive Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug) Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl Ghouta chemical attack Al-Qusayr offensive Battle of al-Qusayr Bayda and Baniyas massacres Hama offensive Hatla massacre Khan al-Assal chemical attack Khan al-Assal massacre Adra massacre Battle of Ras al-Ayn Battle of Tell Abyad Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov) Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) Battle of al-Yaarubiyah Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan) 2014Jan–JulAug–Dec First Inter-rebel conflict Battle of Markada Deir ez-Zor offensive Battle of Morek Daraa offensive (Feb–May) Maan massacre Al-Otaiba ambush Idlib offensive Battle of Hosn Latakia Offensive Battle of Al-Malihah Kafr Zita chemical attack Second siege of Wadi Deif Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug) Battle of Arsal First Battle of the Shaer gas field Eastern Syria offensive Battle of Tabqa Airbase Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul) Hama Offensive Quneitra offensive Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov) Siege of Kobanî Homs school bombing Daraa offensive (Oct) Al-Safira offensive Idlib Raid Second Inter-Rebel Conflict Second Battle of the Shaer gas field Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec) 2015Jan–JulAug–Dec Air Force An-26 crash Daraa Offensive (Jan) Southern Syria Offensive Eastern al-Hasakah offensive Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr) Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul) Battle of Bosra Idlib Offensive Second Battle of Idlib Battle of Nasib Border Crossing Battle of Yarmouk Camp Western al-Hasakah offensive Palmyra offensive (May) Qamishli bombings Tell Abyad offensive Kobanî massacre Quneitra offensive (Jun) Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug) Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep) Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov) Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) Al-Hawl offensive Homs offensive (Nov-Dec) East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016) 2015–2016 Latakia offensive Tishrin Dam offensive Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown 2016Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan) January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb) Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar) Al-Shaddadi offensive February Homs bombings February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings Khanasir offensive Battle of Tel Abyad Battle of Maarrat al-Numan Battle of Qamishli (Apr) Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun) Palmyra offensive (Mar) East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May) Northern Raqqa offensive (May) May Jableh & Tartous bombings Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun) Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct) Manbij offensive Tokhar massacre Southern Aleppo campaign Battle of al-Rai (Aug) Operation Euphrates Shield Aleppo summer campaign Western al-Bab offensive (Sep) 5 September bombings September Deir ez-Zor air raid September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct) Dabiq offensive Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov) Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov) Raqqa campaign Battle of al-Bab Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec) Palmyra offensive (Dec) 2017Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017) January Azaz bombing Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17) Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb) Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun) Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb) Qaboun offensive Palmyra offensive East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr) March Damascus bombings Al-Jinah airstrike Hama offensive (Mar–Apr) Battle of Tabqa Khan Shaykhun chemical attack Shayrat missile strike Aleppo bombing April Turkish airstrikes East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) Desert campaign (May–Jul) Maskanah Plains offensive East Hama offensive Battle of Raqqa Daraa offensive (Jun) Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun) Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug) Quneitra offensive (Jun) Idlib clashes (Jul) Central campaign Qalamoun (Jul–Aug) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18) Hama offensive (Sep) Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18) Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate Battle of Harasta Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec) Euphrates Crossing offensive Mayadin offensive Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov) Abu Kamal offensive Beit Jinn offensive 2018Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Operation Olive Branch Battle of Khasham Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr) Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb) Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict Southern Damascus offensive (Mar) Douma chemical attack Missile strikes (Apr) Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May) Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr) Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May) Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr) Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun) As-Suwayda offensive (Jun) Southern offensive As-Suwayda attacks As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov) Qamishli clashes (Sep) Missile strikes (Sep) Northern border clashes 2019Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Idlib inter-rebel conflict Manbij bombing Battle of Baghuz Fawqani ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor Dêrik prison escape attempt Tell Rifaat clashes Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug) June bombings Hass refugee camp bombing Missile strikes (Aug) Turkish offensive into northeast Barisha raid November bombings Israeli missile strikes (Nov) Qah missile strike Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20) US airstrikes 2020Jan–Dec COVID-19 pandemic Afrin bombing Idlib Governorate clashes Kafr-Takharim airstrike Ayn Issa clashes Deir ez-Zor ambush 2021Jan–Dec Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah Missile strikes (Jan) US airstrike (Feb) Battle of Qamishli (Apr) US airstrike (Jun) Daraa clashes Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict 2022Jan–Dec Battle of al-Hasakah Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes Jabal al-Bishrī clashes Jarqli airstrikes Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct) Operation Claw-Sword Northwest clashes (Dec) 2023Jan-Dec Al-Sukhnah attack Damascus airstrike Hama attack Northern border clashes SpilloverIsrael and Golan Heights: March 2017 incident February 2018 incident May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents Iraq: Akashat ambush Operation al-Shabah April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike Jordanian border incidents April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike Lebanon: Lebanese border clashes Battle of Sidon Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut North Lebanon clashes Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017) Turkey: December 2011 Turkish border clash 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown 2012 Turkish border clashes 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria Assassination of Andrei Karlov Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 2020 Balyun airstrikes Operation Spring Shield Elsewhere: Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran) BelligerentsSyriaPolitics of Syria Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Communist Party Military and militias Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Resistance PFLP-GC al-Quds Brigade Palestine Liberation Army Foreign support Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Liwa Fatemiyoun Russian involvement medical facility targeting military intervention Wagner Group Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Popular Mobilization Forces OppositionInterim government National Coalition Local Coordination Committees Syrian National Council Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian Support Group Adopt a Revolution Syrian Patriotic Group Opposition militias Syrian National Army Free Syrian Army National Front for Liberation Army of Glory Authenticity and Development Front Army of Free Tribes Revolutionary Commando Army Muslim Brotherhood in Syria Grey Wolves Foreign support American-led intervention Jordanian intervention Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey Autonomous Administrationof North and East SyriaDFNS Government Democratic Union Party Kurdish National Council Smaller political parties SDF militias People's Protection Units Women's Protection Units Anti-Terror Units Al-Sanadid Forces Army of Revolutionaries SDF military councils Syriac Military Council Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa Northern Democratic Brigade Support Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Kurdistan Workers' Party International Freedom Battalion Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units IslamistsIslamic State Military activity of ISIL Dokumacılar Khalid ibn al-Walid Army Liwa al-Aqsa Group of the One and Only Liwa Dawud al-Qaeda and allies Tahrir al-Sham Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria Caucasus Emirate Ajnad al-Kavkaz Junud al-Makhdi Malhama Tactical Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan People Ammar Abdulhamid Ali al-Abdallah Adnan al-Aroor al-Assad family Bashar Maher Rifaat Rami Makhlouf Hafez Makhlouf Riad al-Asaad Anwar al-Bunni Fahd Jassem al-Freij Suheil al-Hassan Haitham al-Maleh Moaz al-Khatib Kamal al-Labwani Hamza al-Khateeb Tal al-Mallohi Fida al-Sayed Riad al-Turk Khaled Khoja Ammar al-Qurabi Suheir Atassi Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni Aref Dalila Farid Ghadry Burhan Ghalioun Razan Ghazzawi Ghassan Hitto Salim Idris Randa Kassis Abdul Halim Khaddam Michel Kilo Bassma Kodmani Ali Habib Mahmud Ali Mahmoud Othman Ibrahim Qashoush Dawoud Rajiha Yassin al-Haj Saleh Bouthaina Shaaban Abdulbaset Sieda Riad Seif Fadwa Souleimane Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid Yaser Tabbara Razan Zaitouneh Rami Jarrah Abdurrahman Mustafa Fadlallah al-Haji RelatedElections 2011 local elections 2012 parliamentary election 2014 presidential election 2015 Northern local elections 2016 parliamentary election 2017 Northern local elections 2017 Northern regional elections 2018 local elections 2020 parliamentary election 2021 presidential election Issues Casualties Cities and towns Chemical weapons Damaged heritage sites Foreign involvement Human rights violations Humanitarian aid International demonstrations and protests International reactions Massacres Refugees Sectarianism and minorities Status of the Golan Heights Spillover in Lebanon Syrian government reactions Peace process Arab League monitors Friends of Syria Group Kofi Annan peace plan UN supervision mission Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan U.S.–Russia peace proposals 39th G8 summit UN Security Council Resolution 2118 Geneva II conference 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement Vienna talks 2016 Geneva talks Idlib demilitarization (2018–present) First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Syrian Constitutional Committee War crimes trials Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany Related topics Exclusive mandate Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference International recognition of the Syrian National Council Syria Files Syrian detainee report Syrian media coverage 2015 European migrant crisis Syrian civil war in popular culture Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Syrian rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_rebel"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Darayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darayya"},{"link_name":"city council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council"},{"link_name":"BGM-71 TOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-71_TOW"},{"link_name":"anti-tank missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_missile"},{"link_name":"siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Darayya_and_Muadamiyat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martyrs-6"}],"text":"The Martyrs of Islam Brigade (Arabic: لواء شهداء الإسلام; Liwa Shuhada al-Islam) is a Syrian rebel group formed in the Damascus suburb of Darayya and was the main group that operated in the suburb. It was the only Syrian rebel group to be completely under the authority of a local city council and received U.S.-made BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missiles despite the tight siege Darayya was in between 2012 and 2016.[6]","title":"Martyrs of Islam Brigade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nom de guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_de_guerre"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"chief of staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_staff"},{"link_name":"First Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Warrant Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_Officer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unify-2"},{"link_name":"military academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_academy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lcd-3"}],"text":"Between 2013 and 2016, the highest level of command for the group was the Local Council of Daraya City. The group is commanded by Saeed Narqash (nom de guerre Abu Jamal), a captain who defected from the Syrian Army. The group's initial chief of staff was First Lieutenant Abu Shahin, who left the group to form another in June 2013, while its commander of operations was First Warrant Officer Abu Omar.[2] A military academy was established in Daraya when it was controlled by the group.[3]","title":"Military structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unify-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lcd-3"},{"link_name":"Southern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Front_(Syrian_rebel_group)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"overthrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27etat"},{"link_name":"Syrian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_government"},{"link_name":"Bashar al-Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad"},{"link_name":"human rights in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"International Bill of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bill_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajnad_al-Sham_Islamic_Union"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Siege of Daraya","text":"The Martyrs of Islam Brigade was formed on 5 March 2013 as a merger of 9 rebel units affiliated with the Free Syrian Army in Daraya.[2][3]On 14 February 2014, the group signed a convention which established the Southern Front.[11] As part of the Southern Front's declaration of principles which the Martyrs of Islam Brigade was a signatory member of, the groups pledged to overthrow the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad and fight for human rights in Syria in accordance with the International Bill of Human Rights.[12]Since August 2015, more than 120 rebels were killed in Daraya, and by July 2016, less than 1,000 rebels from the Martyrs of Islam Brigade and the Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union remained in the suburb.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captain_Saeed_Narqash.png"},{"link_name":"Syrian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Idlib Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-7"},{"link_name":"Southern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Front_(Syrian_rebel_group)"},{"link_name":"Jaysh al-Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orient-1"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"al-Nusra Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front"},{"link_name":"Astana talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_peace_process#January_2017_Astana_talks"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-7"},{"link_name":"Tahrir al-Sham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham"},{"link_name":"Hama offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Hama_offensive"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hama-10"},{"link_name":"Sarmada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmada"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"National Front for Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-call-8"},{"link_name":"Sham Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_Legion"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sham-9"}],"sub_title":"Post-Daraya","text":"Capt. Saeed Narqash in the Idlib Governorate, September 2016In September 2016, after 4 years of siege in Daraya and an agreement with the Syrian Armed Forces, all the remaining 700 fighters from the Martyrs of Islam Brigade evacuated from Daraya to the Idlib Governorate in the north.[7] Since then, its commander, Capt. Saeed Narqash, denounced the Southern Front and cut all links with it, with sources stating that the group was planning to join Jaysh al-Islam instead. The commander denied this and emphasized that it will become an independent faction.[1] Immediately after the group's arrival in Idlib, some of its \"best fighters\" were captured by al-Qaeda's al-Nusra Front. They were eventually released, and the group gradually disintegrated. Capt. Narqash briefly participated in the Astana talks in January 2017, but soon withdrew.[7]In March 2017, the group participated in the Tahrir al-Sham (HTS)-led Hama offensive.[10]On 24 April 2018, Saeed Narqash was captured by unidentified assailants in the town of Sarmada.[14] The Martyrs of Islam Brigade accused Tahrir al-Sham fighters of raiding Narqash's house, but Abu Ayman al-Shami, security official of HTS, denied involvement and stated that HTS was not notified of the incident.[15] On 26 May, Narqash's captors released a video showing him being handcuffed and held in an unknown location, where he was forced to explain his participation in the Astana talks, and claimed that Turkish and US intelligence requested him to join the fight against HTS. HTS again denied involvement.[16]In May 2018, along with 10 other rebel groups in northwestern Syria, the Martyrs of Islam Brigade formed the National Front for Liberation, which was officially announced on 28 May.[8] On 5 June, the group joined the Sham Legion, also part of the National Front for Liberation.[9]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Capt. Saeed Narqash in the Idlib Governorate, September 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Captain_Saeed_Narqash.png/220px-Captain_Saeed_Narqash.png"}]	[{"title":"List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_armed_groups_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War"}]	[{"reference":"\"From Daria to Idlib: commander of the Martyrs of Islam reveals the full story of alienation Daria\". Orient News. 5 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orient-news.net/ar/news_show/122231/%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7","url_text":"\"From Daria to Idlib: commander of the Martyrs of Islam reveals the full story of alienation Daria\""}]},{"reference":"\"In an attempt to unify the ranks on the ground the Free Army in Darya is a brigade of the martyrs of Islam\". Enab Baladi. 10 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/7282","url_text":"\"In an attempt to unify the ranks on the ground the Free Army in Darya is a brigade of the martyrs of Islam\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Islam Martyrs Brigade\". Local Council of Daraya City.","urls":[{"url":"http://darayacouncil.org/index.php/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1.html","url_text":"\"About Islam Martyrs Brigade\""}]},{"reference":"\"As regime drops hundreds of barrel bombs on Darayya, rebel spokesman says 'history will take note of how the revolution abandoned us'\". Syria:direct. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180811064856/https://syriadirect.org/news/as-regime-drops-hundreds-of-barrel-bombs-on-darayya-rebel-spokesman-says-%E2%80%98history-will-take-note-of-how-the-revolution-abandoned-us%E2%80%99/","url_text":"\"As regime drops hundreds of barrel bombs on Darayya, rebel spokesman says 'history will take note of how the revolution abandoned us'\""},{"url":"http://syriadirect.org/news/as-regime-drops-hundreds-of-barrel-bombs-on-darayya-rebel-spokesman-says-%E2%80%98history-will-take-note-of-how-the-revolution-abandoned-us%E2%80%99/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Paul Antonopoulos (14 October 2016). \"Photos: Prominent Liwa Shuhada al-Islam leader dies\". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180811064644/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent-liwa-shuhada-al-islam-leader-dies/","url_text":"\"Photos: Prominent Liwa Shuhada al-Islam leader dies\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent-liwa-shuhada-al-islam-leader-dies/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hasan Mustafa (5 August 2015). \"The Moderate Rebels: A Complete and Growing List of Vetted Groups Fielding TOW Missiles\".","urls":[{"url":"https://hasanmustafas.wordpress.com/2015/05/08/the-moderate-rebels-a-complete-and-growing-list-of-vetted-groups-fielding-tow-missiles/","url_text":"\"The Moderate Rebels: A Complete and Growing List of Vetted Groups Fielding TOW Missiles\""}]},{"reference":"Sarah el-Deeb (1 June 2017). \"Short of allies, Syria's rebels are down but not out\". Associated Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_SYRIA_REBELS_IN_FLUX?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2017-06-01-09-19-45","url_text":"\"Short of allies, Syria's rebels are down but not out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"11 FSA Factions in New Command in of \"National Front Liberation\"\". Syria Call. 28 May 2018. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181118162023/https://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/6391","url_text":"\"11 FSA Factions in New Command in of \"National Front Liberation\"\""},{"url":"https://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/6391","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alexander Falconer (5 June 2018). \"Shuhada al-Islam Brigade Announces Integration with Faylaq al-Sham\". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. Retrieved 15 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://eldorar.com/en/node/5834","url_text":"\"Shuhada al-Islam Brigade Announces Integration with Faylaq al-Sham\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Antonopoulos (25 March 2017). \"Two militants originally based in Damascus taken out by Russian airstrike in rural Hama\". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190505130419/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/two-militants-originally-based-in-damascus-taken-out-by-russian-airstrike-in-rural-hama/","url_text":"\"Two militants originally based in Damascus taken out by Russian airstrike in rural Hama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masdar_News","url_text":"al-Masdar News"},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/two-militants-originally-based-in-damascus-taken-out-by-russian-airstrike-in-rural-hama/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Implications of Darayya Exiting the Syrian Conflict Equation\". Dohain Institute. 22 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170401054528/http://english.dohainstitute.org/home/print/5ea4b31b-155d-4a9f-8f4d-a5b428135cd5/67ac8af1-4e03-481d-855b-1abf8af1db61","url_text":"\"Implications of Darayya Exiting the Syrian Conflict Equation\""},{"url":"http://english.dohainstitute.org/home/print/5ea4b31b-155d-4a9f-8f4d-a5b428135cd5/67ac8af1-4e03-481d-855b-1abf8af1db61","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FSA Southern Front Declaration of Principles\". National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces. 7 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etilaf.us/fsa_southern_front","url_text":"\"FSA Southern Front Declaration of Principles\""}]},{"reference":"\"With fewer than 1,000 remaining, Darayya rebels 'abandoned' as regime advances\". Syria:direct. 11 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180923162635/https://syriadirect.org/news/with-fewer-than-1000-remaining-darayya-rebels-%E2%80%98abandoned%E2%80%99-as-regime-advances/","url_text":"\"With fewer than 1,000 remaining, Darayya rebels 'abandoned' as regime advances\""},{"url":"http://syriadirect.org/news/with-fewer-than-1000-remaining-darayya-rebels-%E2%80%98abandoned%E2%80%99-as-regime-advances/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HTS arrests Senior Commander of Daraya rebels\". Syria Call. 24 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/5720","url_text":"\"HTS arrests Senior Commander of Daraya rebels\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Liberation of the Sham\" denies the arrest of leader Said Narkash\". Enab Baladi. 25 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/223997","url_text":"\"\"Liberation of the Sham\" denies the arrest of leader Said Narkash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enab_Baladi","url_text":"Enab Baladi"}]},{"reference":"\"Registration of a pilot shows captive Capt. Said Narkash\". Enab Baladi. 27 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/231006","url_text":"\"Registration of a pilot shows captive Capt. Said Narkash\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.orient-news.net/ar/news_show/122231/%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7","external_links_name":"\"From Daria to Idlib: commander of the Martyrs of Islam reveals the full story of alienation Daria\""},{"Link":"https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/7282","external_links_name":"\"In an attempt to unify the ranks on the ground the Free Army in Darya is a brigade of the martyrs of Islam\""},{"Link":"http://darayacouncil.org/index.php/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1.html","external_links_name":"\"About Islam Martyrs Brigade\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180811064856/https://syriadirect.org/news/as-regime-drops-hundreds-of-barrel-bombs-on-darayya-rebel-spokesman-says-%E2%80%98history-will-take-note-of-how-the-revolution-abandoned-us%E2%80%99/","external_links_name":"\"As regime drops hundreds of barrel bombs on Darayya, rebel spokesman says 'history will take note of how the revolution abandoned us'\""},{"Link":"http://syriadirect.org/news/as-regime-drops-hundreds-of-barrel-bombs-on-darayya-rebel-spokesman-says-%E2%80%98history-will-take-note-of-how-the-revolution-abandoned-us%E2%80%99/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180811064644/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent-liwa-shuhada-al-islam-leader-dies/","external_links_name":"\"Photos: Prominent Liwa Shuhada al-Islam leader dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent-liwa-shuhada-al-islam-leader-dies/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://hasanmustafas.wordpress.com/2015/05/08/the-moderate-rebels-a-complete-and-growing-list-of-vetted-groups-fielding-tow-missiles/","external_links_name":"\"The Moderate Rebels: A Complete and Growing List of Vetted Groups Fielding TOW Missiles\""},{"Link":"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_SYRIA_REBELS_IN_FLUX?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2017-06-01-09-19-45","external_links_name":"\"Short of allies, Syria's rebels are down but not out\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181118162023/https://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/6391","external_links_name":"\"11 FSA Factions in New Command in of \"National Front Liberation\"\""},{"Link":"https://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/6391","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://eldorar.com/en/node/5834","external_links_name":"\"Shuhada al-Islam Brigade Announces Integration with Faylaq al-Sham\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190505130419/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/two-militants-originally-based-in-damascus-taken-out-by-russian-airstrike-in-rural-hama/","external_links_name":"\"Two militants originally based in Damascus taken out by Russian airstrike in rural Hama\""},{"Link":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/two-militants-originally-based-in-damascus-taken-out-by-russian-airstrike-in-rural-hama/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170401054528/http://english.dohainstitute.org/home/print/5ea4b31b-155d-4a9f-8f4d-a5b428135cd5/67ac8af1-4e03-481d-855b-1abf8af1db61","external_links_name":"\"Implications of Darayya Exiting the Syrian Conflict Equation\""},{"Link":"http://english.dohainstitute.org/home/print/5ea4b31b-155d-4a9f-8f4d-a5b428135cd5/67ac8af1-4e03-481d-855b-1abf8af1db61","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.etilaf.us/fsa_southern_front","external_links_name":"\"FSA Southern Front Declaration of Principles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180923162635/https://syriadirect.org/news/with-fewer-than-1000-remaining-darayya-rebels-%E2%80%98abandoned%E2%80%99-as-regime-advances/","external_links_name":"\"With fewer than 1,000 remaining, Darayya rebels 'abandoned' as regime advances\""},{"Link":"http://syriadirect.org/news/with-fewer-than-1000-remaining-darayya-rebels-%E2%80%98abandoned%E2%80%99-as-regime-advances/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/5720","external_links_name":"\"HTS arrests Senior Commander of Daraya rebels\""},{"Link":"https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/223997","external_links_name":"\"\"Liberation of the Sham\" denies the arrest of leader Said Narkash\""},{"Link":"https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/231006","external_links_name":"\"Registration of a pilot shows captive Capt. Said Narkash\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_World	Otherworld	["1 Indo-European reconstruction","1.1 Persian","1.2 Celtic","1.3 Germanic","1.4 Slavic","1.5 Greek","1.6 Modern depictions","2 References","2.1 Bibliography","3 External links"]	Indo-European concept of a supernatural realm For other uses, see Otherworld (disambiguation). In historical Indo-European religion, the concept of an otherworld, also known as an otherside, is reconstructed in comparative mythology. Its name is a calque of orbis alius (Latin for "other world/side"), a term used by Lucan in his description of the Celtic Otherworld. Comparable religious, mythological or metaphysical concepts, such as a realm of supernatural beings and a realm of the dead, are found in cultures throughout the world. Spirits are thought to travel between worlds or layers of existence in such traditions, usually along an axis such as a giant tree, a tent pole, a river, a rope or mountains. Indo-European reconstruction Many Indo-European mythologies show evidence for a belief in some form of "Otherworld". In many cases such as in Persian, Greek, Germanic, Celtic, Slavic and Indic mythologies, a river had to be crossed to allow entrance to it, and it is usually an old man that would transport the soul across the water. In Greek and Indic mythology the waters of this river were thought to wash away sins or memories whereas Celtic and Germanic myths feature wisdom-imparting waters, suggesting that while the memories of the deceased are washed away a drinker of the waters would gain inspiration. The wayfarer will commonly encounter a dog either in the capacity of a guardian of the Otherworld or as the wanderer's guide. Examples of this are the Greek Cerberus, the three-headed hound of Hades, and the Indic सर्वरा Sarvarā, one of the hounds of Yama, whose names may derive from an Indo-European *ḱerberos meaning "spotted". In Indo-European mythologies the Otherworld is depicted in many ways, including peaceful meadows, islands, or buildings, making it hard to determine how the original Proto-Indo-European Otherworld was viewed. The ruler of the dead was possibly Yemo, the divine twin of Manu, the first man. Persian See also: Chinvat The Chinvat Bridge (Avestan Cinvatô Peretûm, "bridge of judgement" or "beam-shaped bridge") or the Bridge of the Requiter in Zoroastrianism is the sifting bridge which separates the world of the living from the world of the dead. All souls must cross the bridge upon death. The bridge is guarded by two four-eyed dogs. A similar myth is that of Yama, the ruler of Hell in Hindu mythology, who watches the gates of underworld with his two four-eyed dogs. Celtic See also: Celtic Otherworld The Irish Otherworld is more usually described as a paradisal fairyland than a frightening place. Many Celtic Immrams or "voyage stories" and other medieval texts provide evidence of a Celtic belief in an otherworld. One example which is helpful to understand the Celtic concept of the otherworld is The Voyage of Saint Brendan. Another classic example of a Celtic "otherworld" appears in the Voyage of Bran. In Celtic oral tradition, the Otherworld is often portrayed as an island out to the west, and even appears on some maps of Ireland during the medieval era. The Celtic concept of the Otherworld became intertwined with the Christian ideas of hell and heaven, as they were explained via analogy to the Celtic Otherworld, or the Scandinavian world tree. This is likely because of Roman and Scandinavian influences on Celtic cultures. An example of Scandinavian influence is apparent in the Voyage of Saint Brendan, from the likeness of Lasconius the serpent to the Scandinavian Midgard Serpent. Red and white are the colors of animals in the Celtic Otherworld, and these colors still animate transcendent religious and political symbols today. Germanic See also: Alfheim, Asgard, Vanaheim, and Norse cosmology As was the case in the Celtic mythologies, in Germanic myths apples were particularly associated with the Otherworld. In the Scandinavian tradition mythological localities are featured, as in Irish mythology; however, unlike Irish mythology, an attempt was made to map the localities of the Otherworld rather than list locales associated with it. In the Edda, many locations are named, including the dwellings of the gods, such as Odin's hall of Valhalla, or Ullr's dwelling of Ydalar ("Yewdale"). The Gylfaginning and the later Norwegian poem the Draumkvaede feature travels into the Otherworld. Slavic See also: Vyraj The Early Slavs believed in a mythical place where birds flew for the winter and souls went after death; this realm was often identified with paradise and is called Vyraj. It was also said that spring arrived on Earth from Vyraj. The gates of Vyraj stopped mortals from entering. They were guarded by Veles, who sometimes took the animal form of a raróg, grasping in its claws the keys to the otherworlds. Vyraj was sometimes also connected to the deity known as Rod – it was apparently located far beyond the sea, at the end of the Milky Way. It was usually imagined as a garden, located in the crown of the cosmic tree. The branches were said to be nested on by the birds, who were usually identified as human souls. When the Slavic populations were gradually turning to Christianity (e.g. during the Christianization of Kievan Rus' and the Baptism of Poland), a new version of this belief became widespread in which there were two of these realms – one analogous to the original myth, a heavenly place where birds departed, and the other an underworld for snakes and zmeys, often associated with the Christian idea of hell. Greek See also: Mount Olympus, Greek Underworld, Hades, and Fortunate Isles In Greco-Roman mythology the Gods were said to dwell on Mount Olympus, whereas the dead usually went to the Underworld or Fortunate Isles after death. Modern depictions The idea of the Otherworld has been adapted and used by several modern authors. J. R. R. Tolkien drew upon the Sir Orfeo text, which depicts a journey to the Otherworld, as inspiration for the Mirkwood Elves of The Hobbit. C. S. Lewis also drew upon the tropes of the Celtic Otherworld in his creation of The Chronicles of Narnia, which depicts the journey from this world to another. References ^ a b c Gods, goddesses, and mythology, Volume 11, C. Scott Littleton, Marshall Cavendish, 2005, ISBN 0-7614-7559-1, ISBN 978-0-7614-7559-0. Pp. 1286-1287 ^ a b c d e The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe Hilda Ellis Davidson, Routledge, 2002 ISBN 0-203-40850-0, ISBN 978-0-203-40850-6. pp.67-76 ^ a b c d e Mallory & Adams 2006, p. 439. ^ a b Lincoln 1991, pp. 32–38. ^ Jackson 2002, p. 81. ^ Lincoln 1991, p. 34. ^ In J. J. C. Smart, Philip Pettit, Richard Sylvan & Jean Norman (eds.), Metaphysics and Morality: Essays in Honour of J.J.C. Smart. B. Blackwell (1987) ^ Dreams and Visions in the Anglo-Saxon Conversion to Christianity. Davis, Patricia M. Dreaming, Vol 15(2), Jun 2005, 75-88. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.2.75 ^ The Mabinogi and other Medieval Welsh Tales Patrick K. Ford, University of California Press, 1977, ISBN 978-0-520-25396-4. Page 35. ^ Людмила Викторовна Евдокимова (1998). Мифопоэтическая традиция в творчестве (in Russian). Изд-во Астраханкого пед. университета. ISBN 9785882003561. Retrieved 23 August 2014. ^ a b Kempiński, Andrzej (2001). Encyklopedia mitologii ludów indoeuropejskich (in Polish). Warszawa: Iskry. ISBN 978-83-207-1629-0. ^ a b c Szyjewski, Andrzej (2004). Religia Słowian (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM. ISBN 978-83-7318-205-9. ^ Левкиевская, Елена (13 February 2019). Мифы и легенды восточных славян. Litres. ISBN 9785457607705. ^ Елена Левкиевская (2010). Мифы и легенды восточных славян (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 9785457607705. Retrieved 23 August 2014. ^ Andoni Cossio (2021) Sir Orfeo as the Source for the Medieval Romance Topoi of Abduction and Otherworld Rampant within The Hobbit’s Mirkwood, ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews, DOI: 10.1080/0895769X.2021.1967105 Bibliography Jackson, Peter (2002). "Light from Distant Asterisks. Towards a Description of the Indo-European Religious Heritage". Numen. 49 (1): 61–102. doi:10.1163/15685270252772777. ISSN 0029-5973. JSTOR 3270472. Lincoln, Bruce (1991). Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology & Practice. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-48199-9. Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929668-2. West, Martin L. (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9. Andoni Cossio (2021) Sir Orfeo as the Source for the Medieval Romance Topoi of Abduction and Otherworld Rampant within The Hobbit’s Mirkwood, ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews, DOI: 10.1080/0895769X.2021.1967105 External links Media related to Otherworld at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases: National Germany vteProto-Indo-European mythologyDeities Dyēus Trifunctions Divine twins Mitra-Varuna Perkwunos H₂éwsōs Seh₂ul Meh₁not Dʰéǵʰōm H1n̥gʷnis H₂epom Nepōts Pehuson Fates Smith God Deh₂nu PriHyéh₂ Welnos Characters Manu Yemo Trito Ḱérberos H₂n̥gʷʰis Motifs Otherworld Horse sacrifice Indo-European cosmogony Trifunctional hypothesis Threefold death Indo European Weapon Cults Sacrifices Death of a son Cycle of Mead Binding of evil War of the foundation King and virgin Ends of the Earth	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otherworld (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherworld_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Indo-European religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_religion"},{"link_name":"comparative mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_mythology"},{"link_name":"calque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Lucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucan"},{"link_name":"Celtic Otherworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld"},{"link_name":"religious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious"},{"link_name":"mythological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology"},{"link_name":"metaphysical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical"},{"link_name":"realm of the dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_the_dead"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cavendish-1"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_mundi"},{"link_name":"giant tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_tree"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cavendish-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidson-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006439-3"}],"text":"Indo-European concept of a supernatural realmFor other uses, see Otherworld (disambiguation).In historical Indo-European religion, the concept of an otherworld, also known as an otherside, is reconstructed in comparative mythology. Its name is a calque of orbis alius (Latin for \"other world/side\"), a term used by Lucan in his description of the Celtic Otherworld.Comparable religious, mythological or metaphysical concepts, such as a realm of supernatural beings and a realm of the dead, are found in cultures throughout the world.[1] Spirits are thought to travel between worlds or layers of existence in such traditions, usually along an axis such as a giant tree, a tent pole, a river, a rope or mountains.[1][2][3]","title":"Otherworld"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indo-European mythologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_mythologies"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cavendish-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidson-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006439-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006439-3"},{"link_name":"Cerberus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerberus"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"Sarvarā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharvara"},{"link_name":"Yama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama"},{"link_name":"Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006439-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006439-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln199132%E2%80%9338-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200281-5"}],"text":"Many Indo-European mythologies show evidence for a belief in some form of \"Otherworld\". In many cases such as in Persian, Greek, Germanic, Celtic, Slavic and Indic mythologies, a river had to be crossed to allow entrance to it, and it is usually an old man that would transport the soul across the water.[1][2][3] In Greek and Indic mythology the waters of this river were thought to wash away sins or memories whereas Celtic and Germanic myths feature wisdom-imparting waters, suggesting that while the memories of the deceased are washed away a drinker of the waters would gain inspiration.[3] The wayfarer will commonly encounter a dog either in the capacity of a guardian of the Otherworld or as the wanderer's guide. Examples of this are the Greek Cerberus, the three-headed hound of Hades, and the Indic सर्वरा Sarvarā, one of the hounds of Yama, whose names may derive from an Indo-European *ḱerberos meaning \"spotted\".[3] In Indo-European mythologies the Otherworld is depicted in many ways, including peaceful meadows, islands, or buildings, making it hard to determine how the original Proto-Indo-European Otherworld was viewed.[3] The ruler of the dead was possibly Yemo, the divine twin of Manu, the first man.[4][5]","title":"Indo-European reconstruction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinvat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinvat"},{"link_name":"Yama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Hindu mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_mythology"},{"link_name":"two four-eyed dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharvara_and_Shyama"}],"sub_title":"Persian","text":"See also: ChinvatThe Chinvat Bridge (Avestan Cinvatô Peretûm, \"bridge of judgement\" or \"beam-shaped bridge\") or the Bridge of the Requiter in Zoroastrianism is the sifting bridge which separates the world of the living from the world of the dead. All souls must cross the bridge upon death. The bridge is guarded by two four-eyed dogs. A similar myth is that of Yama, the ruler of Hell in Hindu mythology, who watches the gates of underworld with his two four-eyed dogs.","title":"Indo-European reconstruction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celtic Otherworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln199134-6"},{"link_name":"Immrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immram"},{"link_name":"The Voyage of Saint Brendan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator"},{"link_name":"Voyage of Bran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voyage_of_Bran"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_mythology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Midgard Serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgard_Serpent"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Celtic","text":"See also: Celtic OtherworldThe Irish Otherworld is more usually described as a paradisal fairyland than a frightening place.[6] Many Celtic Immrams or \"voyage stories\" and other medieval texts provide evidence of a Celtic belief in an otherworld. One example which is helpful to understand the Celtic concept of the otherworld is The Voyage of Saint Brendan. Another classic example of a Celtic \"otherworld\" appears in the Voyage of Bran. In Celtic oral tradition, the Otherworld is often portrayed as an island out to the west, and even appears on some maps of Ireland during the medieval era.[7]The Celtic concept of the Otherworld became intertwined with the Christian ideas of hell and heaven, as they were explained via analogy to the Celtic Otherworld, or the Scandinavian world tree. This is likely because of Roman and Scandinavian influences on Celtic cultures.[8] An example of Scandinavian influence is apparent in the Voyage of Saint Brendan, from the likeness of Lasconius the serpent to the Scandinavian Midgard Serpent. Red and white are the colors of animals in the Celtic Otherworld,[9] and these colors still animate transcendent religious and political symbols today.[tone][citation needed]","title":"Indo-European reconstruction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfheim"},{"link_name":"Asgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgard"},{"link_name":"Vanaheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaheim"},{"link_name":"Norse cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_cosmology"},{"link_name":"Celtic mythologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_mythology"},{"link_name":"apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln199132%E2%80%9338-4"},{"link_name":"Irish mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_mythology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidson-2"},{"link_name":"Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda"},{"link_name":"Valhalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valhalla"},{"link_name":"Ullr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidson-2"},{"link_name":"Gylfaginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gylfaginning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidson-2"}],"sub_title":"Germanic","text":"See also: Alfheim, Asgard, Vanaheim, and Norse cosmologyAs was the case in the Celtic mythologies, in Germanic myths apples were particularly associated with the Otherworld.[4] In the Scandinavian tradition mythological localities are featured, as in Irish mythology; however, unlike Irish mythology, an attempt was made to map the localities of the Otherworld rather than list locales associated with it.[2] In the Edda, many locations are named, including the dwellings of the gods, such as Odin's hall of Valhalla, or Ullr's dwelling of Ydalar (\"Yewdale\").[2] The Gylfaginning and the later Norwegian poem the Draumkvaede feature travels into the Otherworld.[2]","title":"Indo-European reconstruction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vyraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyraj"},{"link_name":"Early Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Vyraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyraj"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kempinski-11"},{"link_name":"Veles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veles_(god)"},{"link_name":"raróg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rar%C3%B3g"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-szyjewski-12"},{"link_name":"Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_(god)"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-szyjewski-12"},{"link_name":"cosmic tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_mundi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kempinski-11"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Christianization of Kievan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Baptism of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"zmeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_dragon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-szyjewski-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Slavic","text":"See also: VyrajThe Early Slavs believed in a mythical place where birds flew for the winter and souls went after death; this realm was often identified with paradise and is called Vyraj.[10] It was also said that spring arrived on Earth from Vyraj.[11] The gates of Vyraj stopped mortals from entering. They were guarded by Veles, who sometimes took the animal form of a raróg, grasping in its claws the keys to the otherworlds.[12] Vyraj was sometimes also connected to the deity known as Rod – it was apparently located far beyond the sea, at the end of the Milky Way.[12] It was usually imagined as a garden, located in the crown of the cosmic tree. The branches were said to be nested on by the birds, who were usually identified as human souls.[11] When the Slavic populations were gradually turning to Christianity (e.g. during the Christianization of Kievan Rus' and the Baptism of Poland), a new version of this belief became widespread in which there were two of these realms – one analogous to the original myth, a heavenly place where birds departed, and the other an underworld for snakes and zmeys, often associated with the Christian idea of hell.[13][12][14]","title":"Indo-European reconstruction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Olympus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olympus"},{"link_name":"Greek Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Underworld"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"Fortunate Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortunate_Isles"},{"link_name":"Mount Olympus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olympus"},{"link_name":"Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld"},{"link_name":"Fortunate Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortunate_Isles"}],"sub_title":"Greek","text":"See also: Mount Olympus, Greek Underworld, Hades, and Fortunate IslesIn Greco-Roman mythology the Gods were said to dwell on Mount Olympus, whereas the dead usually went to the Underworld or Fortunate Isles after death.","title":"Indo-European reconstruction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Sir Orfeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Orfeo"},{"link_name":"Mirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirkwood"},{"link_name":"Elves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"C. S. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis"},{"link_name":"The Chronicles of Narnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia"}],"sub_title":"Modern depictions","text":"The idea of the Otherworld has been adapted and used by several modern authors. J. R. R. Tolkien drew upon the Sir Orfeo text, which depicts a journey to the Otherworld, as inspiration for the Mirkwood Elves of The Hobbit.[15] C. S. Lewis also drew upon the tropes of the Celtic Otherworld in his creation of The Chronicles of Narnia, which depicts the journey from this world to another.","title":"Indo-European reconstruction"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Людмила Викторовна Евдокимова (1998). Мифопоэтическая традиция в творчестве (in Russian). Изд-во Астраханкого пед. университета. ISBN 9785882003561. Retrieved 23 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sqEXAQAAIAAJ&q=%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9","url_text":"Мифопоэтическая традиция в творчестве"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785882003561","url_text":"9785882003561"}]},{"reference":"Kempiński, Andrzej (2001). Encyklopedia mitologii ludów indoeuropejskich [Encyclopedia of mythology of Indo-European peoples] (in Polish). Warszawa: Iskry. ISBN 978-83-207-1629-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-207-1629-0","url_text":"978-83-207-1629-0"}]},{"reference":"Szyjewski, Andrzej (2004). Religia Słowian [Religion of the Slavs] (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM. ISBN 978-83-7318-205-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7318-205-9","url_text":"978-83-7318-205-9"}]},{"reference":"Левкиевская, Елена (13 February 2019). Мифы и легенды восточных славян. Litres. ISBN 9785457607705.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WO2xAwAAQBAJ&q=%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&pg=PT123","url_text":"Мифы и легенды восточных славян"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785457607705","url_text":"9785457607705"}]},{"reference":"Елена Левкиевская (2010). Мифы и легенды восточных славян (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 9785457607705. Retrieved 23 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WO2xAwAAQBAJ&q=%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&pg=PT123","url_text":"Мифы и легенды восточных славян"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785457607705","url_text":"9785457607705"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Peter (2002). \"Light from Distant Asterisks. Towards a Description of the Indo-European Religious Heritage\". Numen. 49 (1): 61–102. doi:10.1163/15685270252772777. ISSN 0029-5973. JSTOR 3270472.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685270252772777","url_text":"10.1163/15685270252772777"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973","url_text":"0029-5973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270472","url_text":"3270472"}]},{"reference":"Lincoln, Bruce (1991). Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology & Practice. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-48199-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JY77EuSuLk8C","url_text":"Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology & Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48199-9","url_text":"978-0-226-48199-9"}]},{"reference":"Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Mallory","url_text":"Mallory, James P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams","url_text":"Adams, Douglas Q."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5","url_text":"978-1-884964-98-5"}]},{"reference":"Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929668-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tF5wAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2","url_text":"978-0-19-929668-2"}]},{"reference":"West, Martin L. (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West","url_text":"West, Martin L."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC","url_text":"Indo-European Poetry and Myth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9","url_text":"978-0-19-928075-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.2.75","external_links_name":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.2.75"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sqEXAQAAIAAJ&q=%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9","external_links_name":"Мифопоэтическая традиция в творчестве"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WO2xAwAAQBAJ&q=%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&pg=PT123","external_links_name":"Мифы и легенды восточных славян"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WO2xAwAAQBAJ&q=%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&pg=PT123","external_links_name":"Мифы и легенды восточных славян"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685270252772777","external_links_name":"10.1163/15685270252772777"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973","external_links_name":"0029-5973"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270472","external_links_name":"3270472"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JY77EuSuLk8C","external_links_name":"Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology & Practice"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tF5wAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC","external_links_name":"Indo-European Poetry and Myth"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4028567-4","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicariate_Apostolic_of_the_Navigators%27_Archipelago	Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia	["1 History","2 Ordinaries","3 Ecclesiastical province","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 13°49′56″S 171°45′58″W / 13.8321°S 171.7660°W / -13.8321; -171.7660Roman Catholic archdiocese in Samoa Archdiocese of Samoa-ApiaArchidioecesis Samoa-ApianaPuleaga Fa'aAkiepikopo Samoa-ApiaImmaculate Conception CathedralLocationCountrySamoaEcclesiastical provinceSamoa-ApiaStatisticsArea2,922 km2 (1,128 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2010)189,00042,500 (22.5%)Parishes38InformationDenominationCatholicSui iuris churchLatin ChurchRiteRoman RiteEstablished20 August 1850 (173 years ago)CathedralCathedral of the Immaculate ConceptionCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisArchbishopSede vacanteMapTerritory of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia (Latin: Archidioecesis Samoa-Apiana; Samoan: Puleaga Fa'aAkiepikopo Samoa-Apia) consists of the Independent State of Samoa. History In 1842, the Propaganda Fide created the Apostolic Vicariate of Central Oceania that included New Caledonia, Tonga, Samoa and Fiji Islands. This lost territory with establishment by canonical erection by the Holy See on August 20, 1850, of the Vicariate Apostolic of the Navigators' Archipelago, entrusted to the Society of Mary (Marists). On January 4, 1957, the Vatican changed the name of the Vicariate Apostolic to Samoa and the Tokelau Islands. The vicariate apostolic was elevated to the Diocese of Apia on June 21, 1966, and made suffragan to the metropolitan see of Suva, Fiji. On August 10, 1974, the name of the diocese was changed to Diocese of Apia o Samoa and Tokelau; and it was changed again on December 3, 1975, to the Diocese of Samoa and Tokelau. On September 10, 1982, the diocese was elevated to the dignity of an archdiocese taking the name of the See city, Apia. Simultaneously, the Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago was created from a portion of the former Diocese of Samoa Tokelau and made suffragan to the metropolitan see of Apia. On 24 April 2023, Archbishop Alapati Lui Mataeliga was airlifted to Auckland Hospital, in New Zealand and died in the early hours of the following morning. Ordinaries Monseigneur Pierre-Jean Broyer Guillaume Marie Douarre S.M. (1850-1853) Pierre Bataillon, S.M.(1853–1870) Aloys Elloy, S.M. (1870–1878) Jean-Armand Lamaze, S.M. (1879–1896) Pierre-Jean Broyer S. M. (1896–1918) Joseph Darnand S. M. (1919–1953) Jean Baptiste Dieter S. M. (1953–1955) George Hamilton Pearce S. M. (1956–1967), appointed Archbishop of Suva, Fiji, Pacific (Oceania) Pio Taofinu'u S. M. (1968–2002), elevated to Cardinal in 1973 Alapati Lui Mataeliga (2002–2023) Mosese Vitolio Tui (Elect, 2024) Ecclesiastical province See: Ecclesiastical Province of Samoa-Apia. As the metropolitan see, the archdiocese has two suffragans: the Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago and the Mission Sui Iuris of Tokelau. Until March 2003, the Mission Sui Iuris of Funafuti was also a suffragan, but since that date it is now a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Suva. See also Catholicism portal Catholic Church by country Catholic Church in the United States Ecclesiastical Province of Samoa-Apia Global organisation of the Catholic Church List of Roman Catholic archdioceses (by country and continent) List of Roman Catholic dioceses (alphabetical) (including archdioceses) List of Roman Catholic dioceses (structured view) (including archdioceses) List of the Catholic dioceses of the United States References ^ "Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2013-05-21. ^ Sialai Sarafina Sanerivi (25 April 2023). "Archbishop Mataeliga passes away". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 25 April 2023. ^ Biography about Mgr Pierre-Jean Broyer in the article dedicated to his birthplace on the French Wikipedia. fr:Illiat Further reading Galuega O Le Sinoti (Acts of the Snyod ), December 7–14, 1990, promulgated, May 1, 1991, Feast of Saint Joseph the Worker. Apia, Samoa. External links Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia Official Site 13°49′56″S 171°45′58″W / 13.8321°S 171.7660°W / -13.8321; -171.7660 vteCatholic Church Index Outline Glossary Lists of Catholics History(TimelineEcclesiasticalLegal)Early Church Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Apostles Succession Petrine primacy Church fathers Apostolic fathers History of the papacy Primacy Great Church Ante-Nicene period Constantine First seven ecumenical councils Nicaea I Chalcedon Late antiquity Biblical canon Monasticism Middle Ages Islamic conquests Pope Gregory I Papal States Schism (1054) Investiture Controversy Crusades Schism (1378) Inquisition Universities Scholasticism Age of Discovery Modern era Protestantism Protestant Reformation Catholic Reformation Trent Thirty Years' War Enlightenment French Revolution Nazism Vatican II Communism Sexual abuse scandal Islam COVID-19 pandemic Theology(BibleTraditionCatechism)General God Trinity Kingdom Body and soul Divine grace Dogma Nicene Creed Original sin Saints Salvation Sermon on the Mount Ten Commandments Vulgate Official Bible Sixtine Vulgate Sixto-Clementine Vulgate Nova Vulgata Worship Ecclesiology Communitas perfecta Councils Ecumenism Four marks One true church Catholic Infallibility Mystici Corporis Christi People of God Three states Subsistit in In canon law Sacraments Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Penance Anointing of the Sick Last rites Holy orders Matrimony Mariology Assumption History Immaculate Conception Mariology of the popes Mariology of the saints Mother of God Perpetual virginity Veneration See also: Josephology Philosophy Natural law Moral theology Personalism Social teaching Philosophers Philosophy of canon law See also: Science Evolution Separation of church and state Relations Politics Saints Holy Family Mary Joseph Patriarchs Prophets Archangels Martyrs Doctors of the Church Evangelists Confessors Disciples Virgins Organisation(HierarchyCanon lawLaityPrecedenceBy country)Holy See(List of popes) Pope Francis Ecumenical councils College of Cardinals List Advisers Roman Curia Dicasteries Synod of Bishops Properties Vatican City Index Outline Apostolic Palace Lateran Treaty Roman Rota St. Peter's Basilica Swiss Guard Vatican Museums Polity (Holy orders) Diocese Episcopal conference Eparchy Bishop Patriarch Major Primate Metropolitan Archbishop Diocesan Coadjutor Auxiliary Titular Emeritus Parish Priest Deacon Consecrated life Religious: Superior Abbot, Abbess General Provincial Prior, Prioress Grand master Brother Friar Monk Sister Nun Hermit Novice Master Oblate Postulant Particular churchessui iuris Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches Albanian Armenian Belarusian Bulgarian Chaldean Coptic Croatian and Serbian Eritrean Ethiopian Georgian Greek Hungarian Italo-Albanian Macedonian Maronite Melkite Romanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Syriac Syro-Malabar Syro-Malankara Ukrainian Catholic liturgy Eastern Catholic liturgy Alexandrian Antiochian Armenian Byzantine East Syriac West Syriac Malankara Latin Ambrosian Braga Mozarabic Roman Paul VI Tridentine Anglican Zaire Culture Art Marian Artists Writers Church buildings Altarpieces Folk Library Museums Music Distinctions Role in civilisation See also: Criticism of the Catholic Church Anti-Catholicism Media Holy See Press Office Vatican Media Vatican News Vatican Television Center Vatican Radio Vatican Polyglot Press L'Osservatore Romano Acta Apostolicae Sedis Annuario Pontificio Religious orders,institutes, societies Assumptionists Annonciades Augustinians Basilians Benedictines Bethlehemites Blue nuns Camaldoleses Camillians Carmelites Carthusians Cistercians Clarisses Conceptionists Crosiers Dominicans Franciscans Good Shepherd Sisters Hieronymites Jesuits Legionaries Mercedarians Minims Olivetans Oratorians Piarists Premonstratensians Redemptoristines Servites Theatines Trappists Trinitarians Visitandines Associationsof the faithful Confraternities Lay Marian Youth Workers Third orders Saint Dominic Lay Carmelites Discalced Saint Francis Secular Military orders Fimcap Catholic Action Charismatic Renewal Communion and Liberation Sant'Egidio Focolare International Alliance of Catholic Knights Scouting Legion of Mary Neocatechumenal Way Opus Dei Schoenstatt Charities Aid to the Church in Need Caritas Catholic Charities USA Home Missions Relief Services CIDSE Pax Christi Society of Saint Vincent de Paul See also: Health care Schools Universities Catholic Church portal Category This article on a Roman Catholic diocese in Oceania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Samoa-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Samoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_language"},{"link_name":"the Independent State of Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Samoa"}],"text":"Roman Catholic archdiocese in SamoaThe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia (Latin: Archidioecesis Samoa-Apiana; Samoan: Puleaga Fa'aAkiepikopo Samoa-Apia) consists of the Independent State of Samoa.","title":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate of Central Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Central_Oceania"},{"link_name":"canonical erection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_erection"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Vicariate Apostolic of the Navigators' Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicariate_Apostolic_of_the_Navigators%27_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Society of Mary (Marists)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)"},{"link_name":"Suva, Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Suva"},{"link_name":"Apia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apia"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Samoa-Pago_Pago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-1"},{"link_name":"Alapati Lui Mataeliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapati_Lui_Mataeliga"},{"link_name":"Auckland Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Hospital"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Death-2"}],"text":"In 1842, the Propaganda Fide created the Apostolic Vicariate of Central Oceania that included New Caledonia, Tonga, Samoa and Fiji Islands. This lost territory with establishment by canonical erection by the Holy See on August 20, 1850, of the Vicariate Apostolic of the Navigators' Archipelago, entrusted to the Society of Mary (Marists). On January 4, 1957, the Vatican changed the name of the Vicariate Apostolic to Samoa and the Tokelau Islands.The vicariate apostolic was elevated to the Diocese of Apia on June 21, 1966, and made suffragan to the metropolitan see of Suva, Fiji. On August 10, 1974, the name of the diocese was changed to Diocese of Apia o Samoa and Tokelau; and it was changed again on December 3, 1975, to the Diocese of Samoa and Tokelau.On September 10, 1982, the diocese was elevated to the dignity of an archdiocese taking the name of the See city, Apia. Simultaneously, the Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago was created from a portion of the former Diocese of Samoa Tokelau and made suffragan to the metropolitan see of Apia.[1]On 24 April 2023, Archbishop Alapati Lui Mataeliga was airlifted to Auckland Hospital, in New Zealand and died in the early hours of the following morning.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monseigneur_Pierre_BROYER.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Marie Douarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Marie_Douarre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bataillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bataillon"},{"link_name":"Aloys Elloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloys_Elloy"},{"link_name":"Jean-Armand Lamaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Armand_Lamaze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Jean Broyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jean_Broyer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Broyer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Joseph Darnand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Darnand_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Jean Baptiste Dieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Dieter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Dieter"},{"link_name":"George Hamilton Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hamilton_Pearce"},{"link_name":"Pio Taofinu'u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_Taofinu%27u"},{"link_name":"Alapati Lui Mataeliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapati_Lui_Mataeliga"},{"link_name":"Mosese Vitolio Tui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosese_Vitolio_Tui"}],"text":"Monseigneur Pierre-Jean BroyerGuillaume Marie Douarre S.M. (1850-1853)\nPierre Bataillon, S.M.(1853–1870)\nAloys Elloy, S.M. (1870–1878)\nJean-Armand Lamaze, S.M. (1879–1896)\nPierre-Jean Broyer [fr] S. M. (1896–1918)[3]\nJoseph Darnand S. M. (1919–1953)\nJean Baptiste Dieter [de] S. M. (1953–1955)\nGeorge Hamilton Pearce S. M. (1956–1967), appointed Archbishop of Suva, Fiji, Pacific (Oceania)\nPio Taofinu'u S. M. (1968–2002), elevated to Cardinal in 1973\nAlapati Lui Mataeliga (2002–2023)\nMosese Vitolio Tui (Elect, 2024)","title":"Ordinaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ecclesiastical Province of Samoa-Apia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)#Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Samoa-Apia"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Samoa-Pago_Pago"},{"link_name":"Mission Sui Iuris of Tokelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mission_Sui_Iuris_of_Tokelau"},{"link_name":"Mission Sui Iuris of Funafuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_sui_iuris_of_Funafuti"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Suva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Suva"}],"text":"See: Ecclesiastical Province of Samoa-Apia.As the metropolitan see, the archdiocese has two suffragans: the Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago and the Mission Sui Iuris of Tokelau. Until March 2003, the Mission Sui Iuris of Funafuti was also a suffragan, but since that date it is now a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Suva.","title":"Ecclesiastical province"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Galuega O Le Sinoti (Acts of the Snyod [of the Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia]), December 7–14, 1990, promulgated, May 1, 1991, Feast of Saint Joseph the Worker. Apia, Samoa.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Monseigneur Pierre-Jean Broyer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Monseigneur_Pierre_BROYER.jpg/220px-Monseigneur_Pierre_BROYER.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"title":"Catholicism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"title":"Catholic Church by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country"},{"title":"Catholic Church in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Ecclesiastical Province of Samoa-Apia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)#Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Samoa-Apia"},{"title":"Global organisation of the Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_organisation_of_the_Catholic_Church"},{"title":"List of Roman Catholic archdioceses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_archdioceses"},{"title":"List of Roman Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_dioceses_(alphabetical)"},{"title":"List of Roman Catholic dioceses (structured view)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)"},{"title":"List of the Catholic dioceses of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_Catholic_dioceses_of_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"\"Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia\". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2013-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsaap.html","url_text":"\"Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia\""}]},{"reference":"Sialai Sarafina Sanerivi (25 April 2023). \"Archbishop Mataeliga passes away\". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 25 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/103197","url_text":"\"Archbishop Mataeliga passes away\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Samoa-Apia&params=13.8321_S_171.7660_W_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:WS","external_links_name":"13°49′56″S 171°45′58″W / 13.8321°S 171.7660°W / -13.8321; -171.7660"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsaap.html","external_links_name":"\"Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia\""},{"Link":"https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/103197","external_links_name":"\"Archbishop Mataeliga passes away\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160806133302/http://www.archdiocesesamoa-apia.ws/","external_links_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia Official Site"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Samoa-Apia&params=13.8321_S_171.7660_W_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:WS","external_links_name":"13°49′56″S 171°45′58″W / 13.8321°S 171.7660°W / -13.8321; -171.7660"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Samoa-Apia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Samoa-Apia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tsai	Peter Tsai	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Meltblown Charge Techniques","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]	Taiwanese American material scientist and inventor Peter Tsai (蔡秉燚; born February 6, 1952) is a Taiwanese-American inventor and material scientist who is best known for inventing and patenting improved meltblown filtration manufacturing techniques, used in respirators like N95 masks. He is an expert in the field of nonwoven fabric. Tsai was a Professor Emeritus at the University of Tennessee, but ended his retirement during the COVID-19 pandemic to research N95 mask sterilization. Early life and education Tsai grew up on his family's farm in the Qingshui District of Taichung, Taiwan and graduated from Taichung Municipal Cingshuei Senior High School. He studied chemical fibre engineering at the Provincial Taipei Institute of Technology, now known as National Taipei University of Technology. Career After graduating college he went to work at the Taiwan Textile Research Institute before finding work in a dyeing and finishing plant. He then went abroad to the United States for postgraduate work at Kansas State University in 1981, completing over 500 credits in a variety of subjects including mathematics, physics, and chemistry. After receiving his doctorate in materials science, Tsai went to teach and work at the University of Tennessee. In total, he holds 12 U.S. patents and over 20 commercial license agreements. Tsai retired from the University of Tennessee in 2019. He was a professor in the Department of Material Science and Engineering. In 2020, Tsai came out of retirement in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, he has been working with the scientific collective N95DECON on ways to decontaminate N95 masks. Meltblown Charge Techniques In 1992 while at the University of Tennessee, Tsai led a team attempting to improve electrostatic filtration manufacturing. The material consists of both positive and negative charges, which are better able to attract particles — such as dust, bacteria and viruses — and trap them by polarization before they can pass through the mask. It was patented in the U.S. in 1995. Tsai continued to do work into mask technology and in 2018 he developed a new technique which doubled the filtration capacity of medical masks. See also List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries Taiwanese Americans List of Taiwanese Americans Notes ^ a b Note: In spite of the claims made by sources cited in this biography on Tsai's N95 involvement, please refer to the N95 respirator article for more information. The N95 is a 42 CFR Part 84 standard, effective July 10, 1995. Citations to support Tsai's work follow: References ^ Tsai, Peter P.; Wadsworth, Larry C. (1994), "Air Filtration Improved by Electrostatically Charging Fibrous Materials", Particulate Science and Technology, 12 (4): 323–332, doi:10.1080/02726359408906659 ^ a b c d e "Meet the U.S. scientist who invented the N95 mask filter". U.S. Embassy in Georgia. August 12, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2021. ^ a b c Scottie, Andrew (July 15, 2020). "He invented the N95 mask filter. Then the coronavirus pandemic hit and he was called to help once again". CNN. Retrieved February 17, 2021. ^ Pei-chun, Huang (April 8, 2020). "Virus Outbreak: Taiwan-born researcher the man behind N95 mask". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. Retrieved April 24, 2020. ^ a b c d e "The Man Behind the Mask". tickle.utk.edu. The University of Tennessee. April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020. ^ a b c d Page, Sydney (July 7, 2020). "The retired inventor of N95 masks is back at work, mostly for free, to fight covid-19". The Washington Post. ^ "Meet Peter Tsai, the Taiwanese inventor behind the N95 mask". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved February 21, 2021. ^ "What's inside the N95 mask: Dr. Peter Tsai's life-saving hard work". National Taipei University of Technology. Retrieved February 21, 2021. ^ a b c Hsu, Phoenix; Mazzetta, Matthew (April 23, 2020). "Taiwanese inventor of N95 mask returns to work amid COVID-19 pandemic". focustaiwan.tw. Focus Taiwan. Retrieved April 23, 2020. ^ Bowman, Emma. "N95 Mask Shortage Brings Inventor Out Of Retirement In Search Of Safe Reuse Method". www.npr.org. NPR. Retrieved April 24, 2020. ^ Tsai, Peter P.; Wadsworth, Larry C. (1994), "Air Filtration Improved by Electrostatically Charging Fibrous Materials", Particulate Science and Technology, 12 (4): 323–332, doi:10.1080/02726359408906659	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiwanese-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese-American"},{"link_name":"material scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_scientist"},{"link_name":"respirators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirators"},{"link_name":"N95 masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_masks"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warnsocial-4"},{"link_name":"nonwoven fabric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warnsocial-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"}],"text":"Peter Tsai (蔡秉燚; born February 6, 1952) is a Taiwanese-American inventor and material scientist who is best known for inventing and patenting improved meltblown filtration manufacturing techniques, used in respirators like N95 masks.[a] He is an expert in the field of nonwoven fabric.[4] Tsai was a Professor Emeritus at the University of Tennessee, but ended his retirement during the COVID-19 pandemic to research N95 mask sterilization.[a][5][6]","title":"Peter Tsai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qingshui District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingshui_District"},{"link_name":"Taichung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Taichung Municipal Cingshuei Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Qingshui_Senior_High_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taipei_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Focus_Taiwan_2020-10"}],"text":"Tsai grew up on his family's farm in the Qingshui District of Taichung, Taiwan and graduated from Taichung Municipal Cingshuei Senior High School.[7] He studied chemical fibre engineering at the Provincial Taipei Institute of Technology, now known as National Taipei University of Technology.[8][9]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiwan Textile Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Textile_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Kansas State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"materials science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science"},{"link_name":"University of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Focus_Taiwan_2020-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"decontaminate N95 masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_respirator#Decontamination"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"After graduating college he went to work at the Taiwan Textile Research Institute before finding work in a dyeing and finishing plant. He then went abroad to the United States for postgraduate work at Kansas State University in 1981, completing over 500 credits in a variety of subjects including mathematics, physics, and chemistry.[2]After receiving his doctorate in materials science, Tsai went to teach and work at the University of Tennessee.[2][5] In total, he holds 12 U.S. patents and over 20 commercial license agreements.[5] Tsai retired from the University of Tennessee in 2019.[9] He was a professor in the Department of Material Science and Engineering.[5]In 2020, Tsai came out of retirement in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, he has been working with the scientific collective N95DECON on ways to decontaminate N95 masks.[6][10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Focus_Taiwan_2020-10"}],"text":"In 1992 while at the University of Tennessee, Tsai led a team attempting to improve electrostatic filtration manufacturing.[2][6] The material consists of both positive and negative charges, which are better able to attract particles — such as dust, bacteria and viruses — and trap them by polarization before they can pass through the mask.[2][3] It was patented in the U.S. in 1995.[3][5][6][11]Tsai continued to do work into mask technology and in 2018 he developed a new technique which doubled the filtration capacity of medical masks.[9]","title":"Meltblown Charge Techniques"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warnsocial_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-warnsocial_4-1"},{"link_name":"N95 respirator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_respirator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"^ a b Note: In spite of the claims made by sources cited in this biography on Tsai's N95 involvement, please refer to the N95 respirator article for more information. The N95 is a 42 CFR Part 84 standard, effective July 10, 1995. Citations to support Tsai's work follow:[1][2][3]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_inventions_and_discoveries"},{"title":"Taiwanese Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans"},{"title":"List of Taiwanese Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_Americans"}]	[{"reference":"Tsai, Peter P.; Wadsworth, Larry C. (1994), \"Air Filtration Improved by Electrostatically Charging Fibrous Materials\", Particulate Science and Technology, 12 (4): 323–332, doi:10.1080/02726359408906659","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02726359408906659","url_text":"\"Air Filtration Improved by Electrostatically Charging Fibrous Materials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02726359408906659","url_text":"10.1080/02726359408906659"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the U.S. scientist who invented the N95 mask filter\". U.S. Embassy in Georgia. August 12, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ge.usembassy.gov/meet-the-u-s-scientist-who-invented-the-n95-mask-filter/","url_text":"\"Meet the U.S. scientist who invented the N95 mask filter\""}]},{"reference":"Scottie, Andrew (July 15, 2020). \"He invented the N95 mask filter. Then the coronavirus pandemic hit and he was called to help once again\". CNN. Retrieved February 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/15/health/n95-mask-inventor-coronavirus-sanjay-wellness-trnd/index.html","url_text":"\"He invented the N95 mask filter. Then the coronavirus pandemic hit and he was called to help once again\""}]},{"reference":"Pei-chun, Huang (April 8, 2020). \"Virus Outbreak: Taiwan-born researcher the man behind N95 mask\". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. Retrieved April 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2020/04/08/2003734196","url_text":"\"Virus Outbreak: Taiwan-born researcher the man behind N95 mask\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Man Behind the Mask\". tickle.utk.edu. The University of Tennessee. April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tickle.utk.edu/the-man-behind-the-mask/","url_text":"\"The Man Behind the Mask\""}]},{"reference":"Page, Sydney (July 7, 2020). \"The retired inventor of N95 masks is back at work, mostly for free, to fight covid-19\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2020/07/07/peter-tsai-n95-mask-covid/","url_text":"\"The retired inventor of N95 masks is back at work, mostly for free, to fight covid-19\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Peter Tsai, the Taiwanese inventor behind the N95 mask\". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved February 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=2695","url_text":"\"Meet Peter Tsai, the Taiwanese inventor behind the N95 mask\""}]},{"reference":"\"What's inside the N95 mask: Dr. Peter Tsai's life-saving hard work\". National Taipei University of Technology. Retrieved February 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www-en.ntut.edu.tw/p/406-1006-100778,r1195.php?Lang=en","url_text":"\"What's inside the N95 mask: Dr. Peter Tsai's life-saving hard work\""}]},{"reference":"Hsu, Phoenix; Mazzetta, Matthew (April 23, 2020). \"Taiwanese inventor of N95 mask returns to work amid COVID-19 pandemic\". focustaiwan.tw. Focus Taiwan. Retrieved April 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://focustaiwan.tw/sci-tech/202004230007","url_text":"\"Taiwanese inventor of N95 mask returns to work amid COVID-19 pandemic\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Emma. \"N95 Mask Shortage Brings Inventor Out Of Retirement In Search Of Safe Reuse Method\". www.npr.org. NPR. Retrieved April 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/17/836719917/n95-filter-inventor-comes-out-of-retirement-to-help-further","url_text":"\"N95 Mask Shortage Brings Inventor Out Of Retirement In Search Of Safe Reuse Method\""}]},{"reference":"Tsai, Peter P.; Wadsworth, Larry C. (1994), \"Air Filtration Improved by Electrostatically Charging Fibrous Materials\", Particulate Science and Technology, 12 (4): 323–332, doi:10.1080/02726359408906659","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02726359408906659","url_text":"\"Air Filtration Improved by Electrostatically Charging Fibrous Materials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02726359408906659","url_text":"10.1080/02726359408906659"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02726359408906659","external_links_name":"\"Air Filtration Improved by Electrostatically Charging Fibrous Materials\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02726359408906659","external_links_name":"10.1080/02726359408906659"},{"Link":"https://ge.usembassy.gov/meet-the-u-s-scientist-who-invented-the-n95-mask-filter/","external_links_name":"\"Meet the U.S. scientist who invented the N95 mask filter\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/15/health/n95-mask-inventor-coronavirus-sanjay-wellness-trnd/index.html","external_links_name":"\"He invented the N95 mask filter. Then the coronavirus pandemic hit and he was called to help once again\""},{"Link":"https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2020/04/08/2003734196","external_links_name":"\"Virus Outbreak: Taiwan-born researcher the man behind N95 mask\""},{"Link":"https://tickle.utk.edu/the-man-behind-the-mask/","external_links_name":"\"The Man Behind the Mask\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2020/07/07/peter-tsai-n95-mask-covid/","external_links_name":"\"The retired inventor of N95 masks is back at work, mostly for free, to fight covid-19\""},{"Link":"https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=2695","external_links_name":"\"Meet Peter Tsai, the Taiwanese inventor behind the N95 mask\""},{"Link":"https://www-en.ntut.edu.tw/p/406-1006-100778,r1195.php?Lang=en","external_links_name":"\"What's inside the N95 mask: Dr. Peter Tsai's life-saving hard work\""},{"Link":"https://focustaiwan.tw/sci-tech/202004230007","external_links_name":"\"Taiwanese inventor of N95 mask returns to work amid COVID-19 pandemic\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/17/836719917/n95-filter-inventor-comes-out-of-retirement-to-help-further","external_links_name":"\"N95 Mask Shortage Brings Inventor Out Of Retirement In Search Of Safe Reuse Method\""},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02726359408906659","external_links_name":"\"Air Filtration Improved by Electrostatically Charging Fibrous Materials\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02726359408906659","external_links_name":"10.1080/02726359408906659"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_cave	Allegory of the cave	["1 Summary","1.1 Imprisonment in the cave","1.2 Departure from the cave","1.3 Return to the cave","2 Themes in the allegory appearing elsewhere in Plato's work","3 Scholarly discussion","4 Influence","4.1 In fiction and popular media","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Allegory by Plato Plato's allegory of the cave by Jan Saenredam, according to Cornelis van Haarlem, 1604, Albertina, Vienna Part of a series onPlatonism Life Works Theory of forms Form of the Good Theory of soul Epistemology Political philosophy Euthyphro dilemma Demiurge Atlantis The Republic Allegory of the cave Analogy of the Sun Analogy of the divided line Philosopher king Ship of State Ring of Gyges Myth of Er The works of Plato Euthyphro Apology Crito Phaedo Cratylus Theaetetus Sophist Statesman Parmenides Philebus Symposium Phaedrus First Alcibiades Second Alcibiades Hipparchus Rival Lovers Theages Charmides Laches Lysis Euthydemus Protagoras Gorgias Meno Hippias Major Hippias Minor Ion Menexenus Clitophon Republic Timaeus Critias Minos Laws Epinomis Epistles Definitions On Justice On Virtue Demodocus Sisyphus Halcyon Eryxias Axiochus Epigrams Related articles Commentaries The Academy in Athens Middle Platonism Neoplatonism Allegorical interpretations of Plato Plato's unwritten doctrines Pseudo-Platonica Related categories Plato Philosophy portalvte Plato's allegory of the cave is an allegory presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work Republic (514a–520a, Book VII) to compare "the effect of education (παιδεία) and the lack of it on our nature". It is written as a dialogue between Plato's brother Glaucon and his mentor Socrates and is narrated by the latter. The allegory is presented after the analogy of the Sun (508b–509c) and the analogy of the divided line (509d–511e). In the allegory, Plato describes people that have spent their lives chained in a cave facing a blank wall. They watch shadows projected onto the wall by objects passing in front of a fire behind them, and they give names to these shadows. The shadows are the prisoners' reality but not accurate representations of the real world. The shadows represent the fragment of reality that we can normally perceive through our senses, while the objects under the sun represent the true forms of objects that we can only perceive through reason. Three higher levels exist: natural science; deductive mathematics, geometry, and logic; and the theory of forms. Socrates explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall are actually not the direct source of the images seen. A philosopher aims to understand and perceive the higher levels of reality. However, the other inmates of the cave do not even desire to leave their prison, for they know no better life. Socrates remarks that this allegory can be paired with previous writings, namely the analogy of the Sun and the analogy of the divided line. Summary Allegory of the cave. From top to bottom: The Sun ("the Form of the Good")Natural things (forms)Reflections of natural things (mathematical objects)Fire (The visible Sun)Artificial objects (physical/visible creatures and objects)Shadows of artificial objects, allegory (image, illusion, analogy of the Sun, and of the divided line) Imprisonment in the cave Plato begins by having Socrates ask Glaucon to imagine a cave where people have been imprisoned from childhood. These prisoners are chained so that their legs and necks are fixed, forcing them to gaze at the wall in front of them and not to look around at the cave, each other, or themselves (514a–b). Behind the prisoners is a fire, and between the fire and the prisoners is a raised walkway with a low wall, behind which people walk carrying objects or puppets "of men and other living things" (514b). The people walk behind the wall so their bodies do not cast shadows for the prisoners to see, but the objects they carry do ("just as puppet showmen have screens in front of them at which they work their puppets") (514a). The prisoners cannot see any of what is happening behind them; they are only able to see the shadows cast upon the cave wall in front of them. The sounds of the people talking echo off the walls; the prisoners believe these sounds come from the shadows (514c). Socrates suggests that the shadows are reality for the prisoners because they have never seen anything else; they do not realize that what they see are shadows of objects in front of a fire, much less that these objects are inspired by real things outside the cave which they do not see (514b–515a). Departure from the cave Socrates then supposes that the prisoners are released.: 199 A freed prisoner would look around and see the fire. The light would hurt his eyes and make it difficult for him to see the objects casting the shadows. If he were told that what he is seeing is real instead of the other version of reality he sees on the wall, he would not believe it. In his pain, Socrates continues, the freed prisoner would turn away and run back to what he is accustomed to (that is, the shadows of the carried objects). The light "... would hurt his eyes, and he would escape by turning away to the things which he was able to look at, and these he would believe to be clearer than what was being shown to him." Socrates continues: "Suppose... that someone should drag him... by force, up the rough ascent, the steep way up, and never stop until he could drag him out into the light of the sun." The prisoner would be angry and in pain, and this would only worsen when the radiant light of the sun overwhelms his eyes and blinds him. "Slowly, his eyes adjust to the light of the sun. First he can see only shadows. Gradually he can see the reflections of people and things in water and then later see the people and things themselves. Eventually, he is able to look at the stars and moon at night until finally he can look upon the sun itself (516a)." Only after he can look straight at the sun "is he able to reason about it" and what it is (516b). (See also Plato's analogy of the Sun, which occurs near the end of The Republic, Book VI.) Return to the cave Socrates continues, saying that the free prisoner would think that the world outside the cave was superior to the world he experienced in the cave and attempt to share this with the prisoners remaining in the cave attempting to bring them onto the journey he had just endured; "he would bless himself for the change, and pity " and would want to bring his fellow cave dwellers out of the cave and into the sunlight (516c). The returning prisoner, whose eyes have become accustomed to the sunlight, would be blind when he re-entered the cave, just as he was when he was first exposed to the sun (516e). The prisoners who remained, according to the dialogue, would infer from the returning man's blindness that the journey out of the cave had harmed him and that they should not undertake a similar journey. Socrates concludes that the prisoners, if they were able, would therefore reach out and kill anyone who attempted to drag them out of the cave (517a). Themes in the allegory appearing elsewhere in Plato's work The allegory is related to Plato's theory of Forms, according to which the "Forms" (or "Ideas"), and not the material world known to us through sensation, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. Knowledge of the Forms constitutes real knowledge or what Socrates considers "the Good". Socrates informs Glaucon that the most excellent people must follow the highest of all studies, which is to behold the Good. Those who have ascended to this highest level, however, must not remain there but must return to the cave and dwell with the prisoners, sharing in their labors and honors. Plato's Phaedo contains similar imagery to that of the allegory of the cave; a philosopher recognizes that before philosophy, his soul was "a veritable prisoner fast bound within his body... and that instead of investigating reality of itself and in itself is compelled to peer through the bars of a prison." Scholarly discussion Scholars debate the possible interpretations of the allegory of the cave, either looking at it from an epistemological standpoint—one based on the study of how Plato believes we come to know things—or through a political (politeia) lens. Much of the scholarship on the allegory falls between these two perspectives, with some completely independent of either. The epistemological view and the political view, prominently represented by Richard Lewis Nettleship and A. S. Ferguson, respectively, tend to be discussed most frequently. Nettleship interprets the allegory of the cave as representative of our innate intellectual incapacity, in order to contrast our lesser understanding with that of the philosopher, as well as an allegory about people who are unable or unwilling to seek truth and wisdom. Ferguson, on the other hand, bases his interpretation of the allegory on the claim that the cave is an allegory of human nature and that it symbolizes the opposition between the philosopher and the corruption of the prevailing political condition. Cleavages have emerged within these respective camps of thought, however. Much of the modern scholarly debate surrounding the allegory has emerged from Martin Heidegger's exploration of the allegory, and philosophy as a whole, through the lens of human freedom in his book The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus. In response, Hannah Arendt, an advocate of the political interpretation of the allegory, suggests that through the allegory, Plato "wanted to apply his own theory of ideas to politics". Conversely, Heidegger argues that the essence of truth is a way of being and not an object. Arendt criticised Heidegger's interpretation of the allegory, writing that "Heidegger ... is off base in using the cave simile to interpret and 'criticize' Plato's theory of ideas". Various scholars also debate the possibility of a connection between the work in the allegory and the cave and the work done by Plato considering the analogy of the divided line and the analogy of the Sun. The divided line is a theory presented to us in Plato's work the Republic. This is displayed through a dialogue given between Socrates and Glaucon in which they explore the possibility of a visible and intelligible world, with the visible world consisting of items such as shadows and reflections (displayed as AB) then elevating to the physical item itself (displayed as BC) while the intelligible world consists of mathematical reasoning (displayed by CD) and philosophical understanding (displayed by DE). Many see this as an explanation for the way in which the prisoner in the allegory of the cave goes through the journey, first in the visible world with shadows such as those on the wall, then the realization of the physical with the understanding of concepts such as the tree being separate from its shadow. It enters the intelligible world as the prisoner looks at the sun. The divided line – (AC) is generally taken as representing the visible world and (CE) as representing the intelligible world The Analogy of the Sun refers to the moment in book six in which Socrates, after being urged by Glaucon to define goodness, proposes instead an analogy through a "child of goodness". Socrates reveals this "child of goodness" to be the Sun, proposing that just as the Sun illuminates, bestowing the ability to see and be seen by the eye: 169 with its light, so the idea of goodness illumines the intelligible with truth, leading some scholars to believe this forms a connection of the Sun and the intelligible world within the realm of the allegory of the cave. Influence The themes and imagery of Plato's cave has influenced civil thought and culture. For instance: Francis Bacon used the term "Idols of the Cave" to refer to errors of reason arising from the idiosyncratic biases and preoccupations of individuals. In his 1658 discourse, Urn Burial, Thomas Browne states: "A Dialogue between two Infants in the womb concerning the state of this world, might handsomely illustrate our ignorance of the next, whereof methinks we yet discourse in Platoes denne, and are but Embryon Philosophers". Evolutionary biologist Jeremy Griffith's book A Species In Denial includes the chapter "Deciphering Plato's Cave Allegory". In fiction and popular media Allegory of the cave The films The Conformist, The Matrix, The Thirteenth Floor, Cube, Dark City, The Truman Show, Us and City of Ember model Plato's allegory of the cave, as does the TV series 1899. The Cave by José Saramago culminates in the discovery of Plato's Cave underneath the center, "an immense complex fusing the functions of an office tower, a shopping mall and a condominium". Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) explores the themes of reality and perception explored in Plato's allegory of the cave and Bradbury references Plato's work in the novel. Orphaned Land's 2018 release Unsung Prophets & Dead Messiahs is a concept album based on the allegory. Calling Plato an "unsung prophet", frontman Kobi Farhi explains that the "protest album" describes how humanity embraces the darkness and that the people are afraid to break their chains and embrace the light. See also Allegorical interpretations of Plato Anekantavada Brain in a vat Experience machine Flatland Intelligibility (philosophy) Nous – Noumenon Phaneron Plato's Republic in popular culture Simulation hypothesis Holographic principle Blind men and an elephant, a rough equivalent in Eastern Philosophy Maya (illusion) References ^ a b Ferguson, A. S. (1922). "Plato's Simile of Light. Part II. The Allegory of the Cave (Continued)". The Classical Quarterly. 16 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1017/S0009838800001956. JSTOR 636164. S2CID 170982104. Archived from the original on 2022-12-28. Retrieved 2022-09-06. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Plato. Rouse, W.H.D. (ed.). The Republic Book VII. Penguin Group Inc. pp. 365–401. ^ a b c Plato, The Republic, Book 6, translated by Benjamin Jowett, online Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ Jowett, B. (ed.) (1941). Plato's The Republic. New York: The Modern Library. OCLC 964319. ^ Malcolm, John (1962-01-01). "The Line and the Cave". Phronesis. 7 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1163/156852862x00025. ISSN 0031-8868. ^ Watt, Stephen (1997), "Introduction: The Theory of Forms (Books 5–7)", Plato: Republic, London: Wordsworth Editions, pp. xiv–xvi, ISBN 978-1-85326-483-2 ^ Elliott, R. K. (1967). "Socrates and Plato's Cave". Kant-Studien. 58 (2): 138. doi:10.1515/kant.1967.58.1-4.137. S2CID 170201374. ^ a b c Hall, Dale (January 1980). "Interpreting Plato's Cave as an Allegory of the Human Condition". Apeiron. 14 (2): 74–86. doi:10.1515/APEIRON.1980.14.2.74. JSTOR 40913453. S2CID 170372013. ProQuest 1300369376. ^ Nettleship, Richard Lewis (1955). "Chapter 4 - The four stages of intelligence". Lectures On The Republic Of Plato (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan & Co. ^ McNeill, William (5 January 2003). "The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2022. ^ a b Abensour, Miguel (2007). "Against the Sovereignty of Philosophy over Politics: Arendt's Reading of Plato's Cave Allegory". Social Research: An International Quarterly. 74 (4): 955–982. doi:10.1353/sor.2007.0064. JSTOR 40972036. S2CID 152872480. Gale A174238908 Project MUSE 527590 ProQuest 209671578. ^ Powell, Sally (1 January 2011). "Discovering the unhidden: Heidegger's Interpretation of Plato's Allegory of the Cave and its Implications for Psychotherapy". Existential Analysis. 22 (1): 39–50. Gale A288874147. ^ Raven, J. E. (1953). "Sun, Divided Line, and Cave". The Classical Quarterly. 3 (1/2): 22–32. doi:10.1017/S0009838800002573. JSTOR 637158. S2CID 170803513. ^ "divided line," The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63722-8, p. 239. ^ Pojman, Louis & Vaughn, L. (2011). Classics of Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. ^ Griffith, Jeremy (2003). A Species in Denial. Sydney: WTM Publishing & Communications. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-74129-000-4. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-04-01. ^ The Matrix and Philosophy: Welcome to the Desert of the Real by William Irwin. Open Court Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-8126-9501-1. "Written for those fans of the film who are already philosophers." ^ Keates, Jonathan (24 November 2002). "Shadows on the Wall". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2002. ^ "Parallels between Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 and Plato's 'Allegory of the Cave'". Archived from the original on 2019-06-06. ^ Bradbury, Ray (1953). Fahrenheit 451. The Random House Publishing Group. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-758-77616-7. ^ "Orphaned Land Unsung Prophets and Dead Messiahs Travk-By-Track Breakdown". Balabbermouth. Archived from the original on 2023-12-02. Retrieved 2023-12-01. Further reading The following is a list of supplementary scholarly literature on the allegory of the cave that includes articles from epistemological, political, alternative, and independent viewpoints on the allegory: Eckert, Maureen (2012). "Cinematic Spelunking Inside Plato's Cave". Glimpse Journal. 9: 42–49. Kim, A. (2004). "Shades of Truth: Phenomenological Perspectives on the Allegory of the Cave". Idealistic Studies. 34 (1): 1–24. doi:10.5840/idstudies200434118. INIST 16811501. LeMoine, Rebecca (2020). Plato's Caves: The Liberating Sting of Cultural Diversity. Oxford UP. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190936983.001.0001. Malcolm, J. (May 1981). "The Cave Revisited". The Classical Quarterly. 31 (1): 60–68. doi:10.1017/S0009838800021078. S2CID 170697508. McNeill, William (5 January 2003). "The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. Mitta, Dimitra (1 January 2003). "Reading Platonic Myths from a Ritualistic Point of View: Gyges' Ring and the Cave Allegory". Kernos (16): 133–141. doi:10.4000/kernos.815. Murphy, N. R. (April 1932). "The 'Simile Of Light' in Plato's Republic". The Classical Quarterly. 26 (2): 93–102. doi:10.1017/S0009838800002366. S2CID 170223655. Tsabar, Boaz (1 January 2014). "'Poverty and Resourcefulness': On the Formative Significance of Eros in Educational Practice". Studies in Philosophy and Education. 33 (1): 75–87. doi:10.1007/s11217-013-9364-5. S2CID 144408538. Zamosc, Gabriel (2017). "The Political Significance of Plato's Allegory of the Cave". Ideas y Valores. 66 (165). doi:10.15446/ideasyvalores.v66n165.55201. ProQuest 1994433580. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Allegory of the cave. Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Republic (Gutenberg edition)/Book VII Wikisource has original text related to this article: Πολιτεία/Ζ (Text in Greek) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Allegory of the cave. 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Kosvinsky Kamen Kőbánya cellar system Kome Caves Underground City (Beijing) Underground City, Montreal Underground Great Wall of China Maginot Line Mines of Paris Mustang Caves Mount Yamantau Mogao Caves Naples underground geothermal zone North American Aerospace Defense Command Raven Rock Mountain Complex Shanghai tunnels Subterranean London Subterranean Toledo Turda Salt Mines Yaodong Fictional featuresTypes Hollow Earth Subterranean fiction Exemplars Allegory of the cave Batcave Greek Underworld Journey to the Center of the Earth Moria (Middle-earth) Nome Kingdom Pellucidar Subterranea (comics) Tunnels in popular culture Underdark Underland (Narnia) Wonderland (fictional country) Organisations American Society of Reclamation Sciences Bergamt Cave Research Foundation History of hard rock miners' organizations National Mine Map Repository National Mining Association National Speleological Society Grotto Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Institution of Mining Engineers International Union of Speleology Research Centre for Deep Drilling Society of Economic Geologists Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Related topics Cave conservation Cave dweller Cave diving Cave gate Cave rescue Cave painting Caving Civil defense Tunnel warfare Tunnel network Trench warfare Underground construction Tunnel construction Underground living Mine rescue Mine exploration Mining engineering Mole people in fiction Speleology Subterranean warfare	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Platon_Cave_Sanraedam_1604.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Saenredam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Saenredam"},{"link_name":"Cornelis van Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_van_Haarlem"},{"link_name":"Albertina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertina"},{"link_name":"allegory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_(Plato)"},{"link_name":"Book VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_(Plato)"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"παιδεία","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1"},{"link_name":"nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physis"},{"link_name":"Glaucon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucon"},{"link_name":"Socrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates"},{"link_name":"analogy of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"analogy of the divided line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy_of_the_divided_line"},{"link_name":"natural science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning"},{"link_name":"theory of forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_forms"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ferguson-1"}],"text":"Plato's allegory of the cave by Jan Saenredam, according to Cornelis van Haarlem, 1604, Albertina, ViennaPlato's allegory of the cave is an allegory presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work Republic (514a–520a, Book VII) to compare \"the effect of education (παιδεία) and the lack of it on our nature\". It is written as a dialogue between Plato's brother Glaucon and his mentor Socrates and is narrated by the latter. The allegory is presented after the analogy of the Sun (508b–509c) and the analogy of the divided line (509d–511e).In the allegory, Plato describes people that have spent their lives chained in a cave facing a blank wall. They watch shadows projected onto the wall by objects passing in front of a fire behind them, and they give names to these shadows. The shadows are the prisoners' reality but not accurate representations of the real world. The shadows represent the fragment of reality that we can normally perceive through our senses, while the objects under the sun represent the true forms of objects that we can only perceive through reason. Three higher levels exist: natural science; deductive mathematics, geometry, and logic; and the theory of forms.Socrates explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall are actually not the direct source of the images seen. A philosopher aims to understand and perceive the higher levels of reality. However, the other inmates of the cave do not even desire to leave their prison, for they know no better life.[1]Socrates remarks that this allegory can be paired with previous writings, namely the analogy of the Sun and the analogy of the divided line.","title":"Allegory of the cave"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allegory_of_the_Cave_blank.png"},{"link_name":"analogy of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"of the divided line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy_of_the_divided_line"}],"text":"Allegory of the cave. From top to bottom: The Sun (\"the Form of the Good\")Natural things (forms)Reflections of natural things (mathematical objects)Fire (The visible Sun)Artificial objects (physical/visible creatures and objects)Shadows of artificial objects, allegory (image, illusion, analogy of the Sun, and of the divided line)","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Republic-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Republic-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Republic-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Republic-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Republic-2"}],"sub_title":"Imprisonment in the cave","text":"Plato begins by having Socrates ask Glaucon to imagine a cave where people have been imprisoned from childhood. These prisoners are chained so that their legs and necks are fixed, forcing them to gaze at the wall in front of them and not to look around at the cave, each other, or themselves (514a–b).[2] Behind the prisoners is a fire, and between the fire and the prisoners is a raised walkway with a low wall, behind which people walk carrying objects or puppets \"of men and other living things\" (514b).[2]The people walk behind the wall so their bodies do not cast shadows for the prisoners to see, but the objects they carry do (\"just as puppet showmen have screens in front of them at which they work their puppets\") (514a).[2] The prisoners cannot see any of what is happening behind them; they are only able to see the shadows cast upon the cave wall in front of them. The sounds of the people talking echo off the walls; the prisoners believe these sounds come from the shadows (514c).[2]Socrates suggests that the shadows are reality for the prisoners because they have never seen anything else; they do not realize that what they see are shadows of objects in front of a fire, much less that these objects are inspired by real things outside the cave which they do not see (514b–515a).[2]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Republic-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Republic-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Republic-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Republic-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Republic-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Republic-2"},{"link_name":"analogy of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Departure from the cave","text":"Socrates then supposes that the prisoners are released.[3]: 199 A freed prisoner would look around and see the fire. The light would hurt his eyes and make it difficult for him to see the objects casting the shadows. If he were told that what he is seeing is real instead of the other version of reality he sees on the wall, he would not believe it. In his pain, Socrates continues, the freed prisoner would turn away and run back to what he is accustomed to (that is, the shadows of the carried objects). The light \"... would hurt his eyes, and he would escape by turning away to the things which he was able to look at, and these he would believe to be clearer than what was being shown to him.\"[2]Socrates continues: \"Suppose... that someone should drag him... by force, up the rough ascent, the steep way up, and never stop until he could drag him out into the light of the sun.\"[2] The prisoner would be angry and in pain, and this would only worsen when the radiant light of the sun overwhelms his eyes and blinds him.[2]\"Slowly, his eyes adjust to the light of the sun. First he can see only shadows. Gradually he can see the reflections of people and things in water and then later see the people and things themselves. Eventually, he is able to look at the stars and moon at night until finally he can look upon the sun itself (516a).\"[2] Only after he can look straight at the sun \"is he able to reason about it\" and what it is (516b).[2] (See also Plato's analogy of the Sun, which occurs near the end of The Republic, Book VI.)[4][5]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Republic-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Republic-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Republic-2"}],"sub_title":"Return to the cave","text":"Socrates continues, saying that the free prisoner would think that the world outside the cave was superior to the world he experienced in the cave and attempt to share this with the prisoners remaining in the cave attempting to bring them onto the journey he had just endured; \"he would bless himself for the change, and pity [the other prisoners]\" and would want to bring his fellow cave dwellers out of the cave and into the sunlight (516c).[2]The returning prisoner, whose eyes have become accustomed to the sunlight, would be blind when he re-entered the cave, just as he was when he was first exposed to the sun (516e).[2] The prisoners who remained, according to the dialogue, would infer from the returning man's blindness that the journey out of the cave had harmed him and that they should not undertake a similar journey. Socrates concludes that the prisoners, if they were able, would therefore reach out and kill anyone who attempted to drag them out of the cave (517a).[2]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theory of Forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Forms"},{"link_name":"Ideas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Phaedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaedo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The allegory is related to Plato's theory of Forms, according to which the \"Forms\" (or \"Ideas\"), and not the material world known to us through sensation, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. Knowledge of the Forms constitutes real knowledge or what Socrates considers \"the Good\".[6] Socrates informs Glaucon that the most excellent people must follow the highest of all studies, which is to behold the Good. Those who have ascended to this highest level, however, must not remain there but must return to the cave and dwell with the prisoners, sharing in their labors and honors.Plato's Phaedo contains similar imagery to that of the allegory of the cave; a philosopher recognizes that before philosophy, his soul was \"a veritable prisoner fast bound within his body... and that instead of investigating reality of itself and in itself is compelled to peer through the bars of a prison.\"[7]","title":"Themes in the allegory appearing elsewhere in Plato's work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epistemological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology"},{"link_name":"politeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politeia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-8"},{"link_name":"Richard Lewis Nettleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lewis_Nettleship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ferguson-1"},{"link_name":"Martin Heidegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcniell-10"},{"link_name":"Hannah Arendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Arendt"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powell-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"analogy of the divided line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy_of_the_divided_line"},{"link_name":"analogy of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_(Plato)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Republic-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Republic-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raven-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DividedLine.svg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDP-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pojman-15"},{"link_name":"idea of goodness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_of_the_Good"}],"text":"Scholars debate the possible interpretations of the allegory of the cave, either looking at it from an epistemological standpoint—one based on the study of how Plato believes we come to know things—or through a political (politeia) lens.[8] Much of the scholarship on the allegory falls between these two perspectives, with some completely independent of either. The epistemological view and the political view, prominently represented by Richard Lewis Nettleship and A. S. Ferguson, respectively, tend to be discussed most frequently.[8]Nettleship interprets the allegory of the cave as representative of our innate intellectual incapacity, in order to contrast our lesser understanding with that of the philosopher, as well as an allegory about people who are unable or unwilling to seek truth and wisdom.[9][8] Ferguson, on the other hand, bases his interpretation of the allegory on the claim that the cave is an allegory of human nature and that it symbolizes the opposition between the philosopher and the corruption of the prevailing political condition.[1]Cleavages have emerged within these respective camps of thought, however. Much of the modern scholarly debate surrounding the allegory has emerged from Martin Heidegger's exploration of the allegory, and philosophy as a whole, through the lens of human freedom in his book The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus.[10] In response, Hannah Arendt, an advocate of the political interpretation of the allegory, suggests that through the allegory, Plato \"wanted to apply his own theory of ideas to politics\".[11] Conversely, Heidegger argues that the essence of truth is a way of being and not an object.[12] Arendt criticised Heidegger's interpretation of the allegory, writing that \"Heidegger ... is off base in using the cave simile to interpret and 'criticize' Plato's theory of ideas\".[11]Various scholars also debate the possibility of a connection between the work in the allegory and the cave and the work done by Plato considering the analogy of the divided line and the analogy of the Sun. The divided line is a theory presented to us in Plato's work the Republic. This is displayed through a dialogue given between Socrates and Glaucon in which they explore the possibility of a visible and intelligible world, with the visible world consisting of items such as shadows and reflections (displayed as AB) then elevating to the physical item itself (displayed as BC) while the intelligible world consists of mathematical reasoning (displayed by CD) and philosophical understanding (displayed by DE).[3]Many see this as an explanation for the way in which the prisoner in the allegory of the cave goes through the journey, first in the visible world with shadows such as those on the wall,[3] then the realization of the physical with the understanding of concepts such as the tree being separate from its shadow. It enters the intelligible world as the prisoner looks at the sun.[13]The divided line – (AC) is generally taken as representing the visible world and (CE) as representing the intelligible world[14]The Analogy of the Sun refers to the moment in book six in which Socrates, after being urged by Glaucon to define goodness, proposes instead an analogy through a \"child of goodness\". Socrates reveals this \"child of goodness\" to be the Sun, proposing that just as the Sun illuminates, bestowing the ability to see and be seen by the eye[15]: 169 with its light, so the idea of goodness illumines the intelligible with truth, leading some scholars to believe this forms a connection of the Sun and the intelligible world within the realm of the allegory of the cave.","title":"Scholarly discussion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Idols of the Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idola_specus"},{"link_name":"Urn Burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydriotaphia,_Urn_Burial"},{"link_name":"Thomas Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Browne"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Griffith"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The themes and imagery of Plato's cave has influenced civil thought and culture. For instance:Francis Bacon used the term \"Idols of the Cave\" to refer to errors of reason arising from the idiosyncratic biases and preoccupations of individuals.\nIn his 1658 discourse, Urn Burial, Thomas Browne states: \"A Dialogue between two Infants in the womb concerning the state of this world, might handsomely illustrate our ignorance of the next, whereof methinks we yet discourse in Platoes denne, and are but Embryon Philosophers\".\nEvolutionary biologist Jeremy Griffith's book A Species In Denial includes the chapter \"Deciphering Plato's Cave Allegory\".[16]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_Illustration_of_The_Allegory_of_the_Cave,_from_Plato%E2%80%99s_Republic.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Conformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conformist_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"The Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix"},{"link_name":"The Thirteenth Floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thirteenth_Floor"},{"link_name":"Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Dark City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_City_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"The Truman Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Truman_Show"},{"link_name":"Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"City of Ember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Ember"},{"link_name":"1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cave_(novel)"},{"link_name":"José Saramago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ray Bradbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury"},{"link_name":"Fahrenheit 451","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit_451"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Orphaned Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphaned_Land"},{"link_name":"Unsung Prophets & Dead Messiahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsung_Prophets_%26_Dead_Messiahs"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"Kobi Farhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobi_Farhi"},{"link_name":"darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_versus_darkness"},{"link_name":"light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_versus_darkness"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blab-21"}],"sub_title":"In fiction and popular media","text":"Allegory of the caveThe films The Conformist, The Matrix, The Thirteenth Floor, Cube, Dark City, The Truman Show, Us and City of Ember model Plato's allegory of the cave, as does the TV series 1899.[17]\nThe Cave by José Saramago culminates in the discovery of Plato's Cave underneath the center, \"an immense complex fusing the functions of an office tower, a shopping mall and a condominium\".[18]\nRay Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) explores the themes of reality and perception explored in Plato's allegory of the cave and Bradbury references Plato's work in the novel.[19][20]\nOrphaned Land's 2018 release Unsung Prophets & Dead Messiahs is a concept album based on the allegory. Calling Plato an \"unsung prophet\", frontman Kobi Farhi explains that the \"protest album\" describes how humanity embraces the darkness and that the people are afraid to break their chains and embrace the light.[21]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epistemological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology"},{"link_name":"\"Cinematic Spelunking Inside Plato's Cave\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//philpapers.org/rec/ECKCSI"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5840/idstudies200434118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5840%2Fidstudies200434118"},{"link_name":"INIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique"},{"link_name":"16811501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16811501"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/oso/9780190936983.001.0001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190936983.001.0001"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0009838800021078","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800021078"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"170697508","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170697508"},{"link_name":"\"The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/the-essence-of-human-freedom-an-introduction-to-philosophy-and-the-essence-of-truth-on-plato-s-cave-allegory-and-theaetetus/"},{"link_name":"\"Reading Platonic Myths from a Ritualistic Point of View: Gyges' Ring and the Cave Allegory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4000%2Fkernos.815"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4000/kernos.815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4000%2Fkernos.815"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0009838800002366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800002366"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"170223655","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170223655"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s11217-013-9364-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11217-013-9364-5"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144408538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144408538"},{"link_name":"\"The Political Significance of Plato's Allegory of the Cave\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.15446%2Fideasyvalores.v66n165.55201"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.15446/ideasyvalores.v66n165.55201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.15446%2Fideasyvalores.v66n165.55201"},{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1994433580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.proquest.com/docview/1994433580"}],"text":"The following is a list of supplementary scholarly literature on the allegory of the cave that includes articles from epistemological, political, alternative, and independent viewpoints on the allegory:Eckert, Maureen (2012). \"Cinematic Spelunking Inside Plato's Cave\". Glimpse Journal. 9: 42–49.\nKim, A. (2004). \"Shades of Truth: Phenomenological Perspectives on the Allegory of the Cave\". Idealistic Studies. 34 (1): 1–24. doi:10.5840/idstudies200434118. INIST 16811501.\nLeMoine, Rebecca (2020). Plato's Caves: The Liberating Sting of Cultural Diversity. Oxford UP. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190936983.001.0001.\nMalcolm, J. (May 1981). \"The Cave Revisited\". The Classical Quarterly. 31 (1): 60–68. doi:10.1017/S0009838800021078. S2CID 170697508.\nMcNeill, William (5 January 2003). \"The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus\". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews.\nMitta, Dimitra (1 January 2003). \"Reading Platonic Myths from a Ritualistic Point of View: Gyges' Ring and the Cave Allegory\". Kernos (16): 133–141. doi:10.4000/kernos.815.\nMurphy, N. R. (April 1932). \"The 'Simile Of Light' in Plato's Republic\". The Classical Quarterly. 26 (2): 93–102. doi:10.1017/S0009838800002366. S2CID 170223655.\nTsabar, Boaz (1 January 2014). \"'Poverty and Resourcefulness': On the Formative Significance of Eros in Educational Practice\". Studies in Philosophy and Education. 33 (1): 75–87. doi:10.1007/s11217-013-9364-5. S2CID 144408538.\nZamosc, Gabriel (2017). \"The Political Significance of Plato's Allegory of the Cave\". Ideas y Valores. 66 (165). doi:10.15446/ideasyvalores.v66n165.55201. ProQuest 1994433580.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Plato's allegory of the cave by Jan Saenredam, according to Cornelis van Haarlem, 1604, Albertina, Vienna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Platon_Cave_Sanraedam_1604.jpg/220px-Platon_Cave_Sanraedam_1604.jpg"},{"image_text":"Allegory of the cave. From top to bottom: The Sun (\"the Form of the Good\")Natural things (forms)Reflections of natural things (mathematical objects)Fire (The visible Sun)Artificial objects (physical/visible creatures and objects)Shadows of artificial objects, allegory (image, illusion, analogy of the Sun, and of the divided line)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Allegory_of_the_Cave_blank.png/170px-Allegory_of_the_Cave_blank.png"},{"image_text":"The divided line – (AC) is generally taken as representing the visible world and (CE) as representing the intelligible world[14]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/DividedLine.svg/494px-DividedLine.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Allegory of the cave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/An_Illustration_of_The_Allegory_of_the_Cave%2C_from_Plato%E2%80%99s_Republic.jpg/290px-An_Illustration_of_The_Allegory_of_the_Cave%2C_from_Plato%E2%80%99s_Republic.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Allegorical interpretations of Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato"},{"title":"Anekantavada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anekantavada"},{"title":"Brain in a vat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_in_a_vat"},{"title":"Experience machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_machine"},{"title":"Flatland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatland"},{"title":"Intelligibility (philosophy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligibility_(philosophy)"},{"title":"Nous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nous"},{"title":"Noumenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noumenon"},{"title":"Phaneron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaneron"},{"title":"Plato's Republic in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato%27s_Republic_in_popular_culture"},{"title":"Simulation hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis"},{"title":"Holographic principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle"},{"title":"Blind men and an elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_men_and_an_elephant"},{"title":"Eastern Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Philosophy"},{"title":"Maya (illusion)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(religion)"}]	[{"reference":"Ferguson, A. S. (1922). \"Plato's Simile of Light. Part II. The Allegory of the Cave (Continued)\". The Classical Quarterly. 16 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1017/S0009838800001956. JSTOR 636164. S2CID 170982104. Archived from the original on 2022-12-28. Retrieved 2022-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/2310367","url_text":"\"Plato's Simile of Light. Part II. The Allegory of the Cave (Continued)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800001956","url_text":"10.1017/S0009838800001956"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/636164","url_text":"636164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170982104","url_text":"170982104"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221228153043/https://zenodo.org/record/2310367","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Plato. Rouse, W.H.D. (ed.). The Republic Book VII. Penguin Group Inc. pp. 365–401.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Malcolm, John (1962-01-01). \"The Line and the Cave\". Phronesis. 7 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1163/156852862x00025. ISSN 0031-8868.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852862x00025","url_text":"10.1163/156852862x00025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8868","url_text":"0031-8868"}]},{"reference":"Watt, Stephen (1997), \"Introduction: The Theory of Forms (Books 5–7)\", Plato: Republic, London: Wordsworth Editions, pp. xiv–xvi, ISBN 978-1-85326-483-2","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/republic0000plat/page/","url_text":"Plato: Republic"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/republic0000plat/page/","url_text":"xiv–xvi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-483-2","url_text":"978-1-85326-483-2"}]},{"reference":"Elliott, R. K. (1967). \"Socrates and Plato's Cave\". 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London: Macmillan & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260758/page/n245/mode/2up/search/cave","url_text":"\"Chapter 4 - The four stages of intelligence\""}]},{"reference":"McNeill, William (5 January 2003). \"The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus\". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/the-essence-of-human-freedom-an-introduction-to-philosophy-and-the-essence-of-truth-on-plato-s-cave-allegory-and-theaetetus/","url_text":"\"The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230511220801/https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/the-essence-of-human-freedom-an-introduction-to-philosophy-and-the-essence-of-truth-on-plato-s-cave-allegory-and-theaetetus/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abensour, Miguel (2007). \"Against the Sovereignty of Philosophy over Politics: Arendt's Reading of Plato's Cave Allegory\". Social Research: An International Quarterly. 74 (4): 955–982. doi:10.1353/sor.2007.0064. JSTOR 40972036. S2CID 152872480. Gale A174238908 Project MUSE 527590 ProQuest 209671578.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsor.2007.0064","url_text":"10.1353/sor.2007.0064"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40972036","url_text":"40972036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152872480","url_text":"152872480"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(identifier)","url_text":"Gale"},{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA174238908","url_text":"A174238908"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Muse","url_text":"Project MUSE"},{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/527590","url_text":"527590"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/209671578","url_text":"209671578"}]},{"reference":"Powell, Sally (1 January 2011). \"Discovering the unhidden: Heidegger's Interpretation of Plato's Allegory of the Cave and its Implications for Psychotherapy\". Existential Analysis. 22 (1): 39–50. Gale A288874147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(identifier)","url_text":"Gale"},{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA288874147","url_text":"A288874147"}]},{"reference":"Raven, J. E. (1953). \"Sun, Divided Line, and Cave\". The Classical Quarterly. 3 (1/2): 22–32. doi:10.1017/S0009838800002573. JSTOR 637158. S2CID 170803513.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800002573","url_text":"10.1017/S0009838800002573"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/637158","url_text":"637158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170803513","url_text":"170803513"}]},{"reference":"Pojman, Louis & Vaughn, L. (2011). Classics of Philosophy. 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Retrieved 24 November 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/24/books/shadows-on-the-wall.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Shadows on the Wall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417043434/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/24/books/shadows-on-the-wall.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Parallels between Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 and Plato's 'Allegory of the Cave'\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Elaghar	Tell Elaghar	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 35°45′45″N 36°55′25″E / 35.76250°N 36.92361°E / 35.76250; 36.92361Village in Idlib, SyriaTell Elaghar تل الأغرVillageTell ElagharLocation in SyriaCoordinates: 35°45′45″N 36°55′25″E / 35.76250°N 36.92361°E / 35.76250; 36.92361Country SyriaGovernorateIdlibDistrictIdlib DistrictSubdistrictAbu al-Duhur NahiyahPopulation (2004) • Total733Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)City Qrya PcodeC3901 Tell Elaghar (Arabic: تل الأغر) is a Syrian village located in Abu al-Duhur Nahiyah in Idlib District, Idlib. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Tell Elaghar had a population of 733 in the 2004 census. References ^ "General Census of Population 2004". Retrieved 2015-12-09. Asia portal vte Idlib GovernorateCapital: IdlibIdlib DistrictIdlib Subdistrict Idlib Al-Mastumah Faylun Qminas Aqrabat Arshani Ein Shib Kafruhin Kreiz Martein Nayrab Ora Shamaliyah Sijer Tab Issa Gharbi wa Sharki Abu al-Duhur Subdistrict Abu al-Duhur Tell Sultan Tell Touqan Ballisa Baragethi Barissa Busra - Zafar Saghir Harmala Hmeimat Eldayer Hseiniyeh - Tell Kalba Jallas Jdidhe Abu Elthohur Msheirfeh Mustariha Ras El Ein Rasm Abed Tell Elaghar Tell Fukhar Tell Silmo Taljineh Talkhatra Tawahineh Tawil Elsheikh Tweim Taweila Zafar al-Kabir Saraqib Subdistrict Saraqib Khan al-Sabil Mardikh Abul Khos Afs Ajez Anqrati Bijfas Bweiti Dadikh Jobas Kafr Battikh Kafr Amim Khuwara Lof Maar Dibsi Maharem Rasafa Rayan Salamin San Sheikh Idris Tell Karatine Tronba Taftanaz Subdistrict Taftanaz Ketyan Maaret Elnaasan Shallakh Talhiyeh Maarrat Misrin Subdistrict Maarrat Misrin Zardana Haranabush Hizano Kafriya Kaftin Killi Maarrat al-Ikhwan Batenta Bhora Kafr Jales Kafr Nabi Kafr Yahmul Murin Ram Hamdan Taltuneh Binnish Subdistrict Binnish Al-Fu'ah Ta'um Sarmin Subdistrict Sarmin Ma'arrat al-Nu'man DistrictMaarrat al-Nu'man Subdistrict Ma'arrat al-Nu'man Abu Makki Babilla Barsa Bsida Al-Dana Deir al-Gharbi Deir Sharqi Ghadqa Halbeh Hantutin Harran Hatamiyeh Hazzan Hraki Jarada Jarjnaz Kafr Rumah Kanayes Kuweires Maar Shamshah Maar Shamarin Maar Shurin Maasaran Qaratli Samkeh Sarman Tell Dibis Tell Kersyan Tell Mannas Thahrat Talamnas Tqana Khan Shaykhun Subdistrict Khan Shaykhun Abdin Baarbu Hbit Kafr Ein Nqeir Qasabiyeh Umm Zaytuna Sinjar Subdistrict Sinjar Abu Sharji Abul Eleij Bashkun Borj Brennan Dreibiyeh Dwadiyeh Ejaz Fahil Jallas Ferwan Ghazileh Halban Hawa Heisa Jaberiyeh Jahman Jeb Elqasab Kafraya Elmaarra Karatin al-Kabir Karatin Saghir Karsanti Khayriyeh Khayriyeh Saghira Khwein Elshaer Khyara Lweibdeh Shamaliyah Lweibdeh Sharki Magharet Merza Maksar Mardagana Burtuqala Mreiheb Mreijeb Elmashad Mutawaseta Nibaz Ojeh Qasr Elabyad Qatra Rabeeah Brennan Rabeeah Musa Rasm Elabed Saree Sarja Gharbiya Sarja Sharkiya Sayadi Seraa Shara - Sharat Elajayez Sheikh Barakeh Sqiah Tell Dam Tell Elojeh Tell Halawa Tellemara Thleijeh Umm Sehrij Umm Tini Umm Mweilat Janubiyah Kafr Nabl Subdistrict Kafr Nabl Hazarin Hass Basqala Dara al-Kabira Faqie Fleifel Ftireh Jbala Kafr Musa Kafr Oweid Karsaa Kawkabeh Lweibdeh Maar Tahroma Maar Tamater Maar Tesin Maarzita Milaja Qoqfin Rasha Shamaliya Sfuhen Sheikh Mustafa Shorlin Tramla Umm Nir Tamanah Subdistrict Al-Tamanah Sukayk Abu Dali Abu Omar Breiseh Dajaj Farja Hamadaniyeh Khwein al-Kabir Mashraf Rajmel Mashraf Msheirfeh Qabliyeh Mushayrifa Shamaliya Niha Qleiat Eltubiyeh Raffa Rweideh Sahal Shatib Tell Khanzir Tell Maraq Tama Umm Elkhalayel Umm Jalal Hish Subdistrict Hish Abu Habbeh Ameriyeh Amudiyeh Armanaya Babuline Jabala Sharqiya Kafr Basin Kafrsajna Maar Hattat Maysruneh Moqa Rakaya Sijneh Sahyan Salhiyeh Sheikh Dames Al-Tah Tahtaya Ariha DistrictAriha Subdistrict Ariha Iblin Kafr Latah Kurin Nahlaya Shinan Urum al-Jawz Abkally Bab Ellah Banin Bazabur Berjhab Ebneh Kafr Shalaya Kafraziba Maarbalit Maarzaf Majdaliya Moataf Maataram Mseibin Nahleh Sarja Thaheriya Al-Badria Ihsim Subdistrict Ihsim Al-Rami Juzif Marayan Abdita Arnaba Balshun Balyun Bara Bsames Deir Sunbul Ein Laruz Farkya Iblin Kafr Haya Kansafra Maghara Marata Mozra Muhambal Subdistrict Muhambal Anb Bales Baqlid Baydar Shamsu Beftamun Bsanqul Hila Hlul Hmeimat Jadraya Kafrmid Kniseh Laj Shamali Matleh, Ariha Ora Qabli - Edwan Sahen Sararif Shagurit Al-Sad Al-Marj Jisr al-Shughur DistrictJisr al-Shughur Subdistrict Jisr ash-Shughur Al-Marj Al-Akhdar Al-Sharqi Alyeh Balmis Bkafla Bsheiriyeh - Bello Bteibat Bzeit Dgali Ein Elhamra Ein Elsoda Eshtabraq Frikeh Ghanya Al-Ghassaniyah Hallouz Hseiniyeh Jannet Elqora Kafir Kniset Nakhleh Maalaqa - Bishlamon Marj Akhdar Gharbi Marj Elzohur Matleh Mintar Msheirfeh Qaysiyeh Rawda Sabileh Salhiyeh Sali Sheikh Sindyan Fawqani Shghur Fawqani Sokkariyeh Tell Awar Tell Hamki Umm Elgar Umm Rish Watba Al-Arien Shughur Tahtani Bidama Subdistrict Bidama Armala Baksariya Ein El-Bayda Hanbushiyeh Kherbet Eljoz Kinda Maraand Najiyeh Ramliyeh Shaturiyeh Tuffahiyeh Yunesiyeh Sheikh Sndian Tahtani Darkush Subdistrict Darkush Zarzur Amud Andnaniyeh - Farjein Deir Othman Dorriyeh Ghazala - Mgheidleh Jamiliya Matleh - Batlaya Mazuleh Maryamin Ramadiyeh Sadiyeh - Bsentiya Sawadiya - Nabhan Sheikh Issa Elashury Thahr Turin Zahraa Zanbaqi Janudiyah Subdistrict Al-Janudiyah Al-Quniyah Al-Yacoubiyah Athar Foz - Zuf Hamama - Kafr Debbin Hassaniyeh - Hatya Judayda Maland Mudiah - Luxin Nasra Qaderiyeh - Qayqun Tiba - Katrin Harem DistrictHarem Subdistrict Harem Ariba Besnaya - Bseineh Kafr Hum Kafr Mu Mira Shaq Dana Subdistrict Al-Dana Salwah Atme Qah Kafr Dariyan Sarmada Taladah Turmanin Aqrabat Burj Elnumra Deir Hassan - Darhashan Hezreh - Hezri Tell Elkarame Salqin Subdistrict Salqin Abu Talha Isqat Al-Alani Azmarin Talamar Betiya Bozanti Delbiya Ein Elbikara Foziyeh Hamziyeh Hir Jamus Kabir Hir Jamus Saghir Kafarna Kafr Hind Kafrahlat Jallad Saidiyeh Al-Shiokh Al-Tlul Kafr Takharim Subdistrict Kafr Takharim Kafr Kila Abarita Bshendlaya - Rashadiya Helleh Jadeen Kafr Maris Kuku - Ein Eljaj Taltita Qurqania Subdistrict Qurqania Banabil Barisha Qalb Loze Boz Ghaz Htan Kafr Aruq Merat Elshalaf Rabeeta Radwa Ras Elhisn Sardin Tur Laha Armanaz Subdistrict Armanaz Biret Armanaz Bsaliya Dweila Ghafar Hafasraja Haj Jomaa Kabta Kuwaro - Umm Elriyah Millis Quneitra Sheikh Yousef This article about a location in Idlib Governorate, Syria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Duhur Nahiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Duhur_Nahiyah"},{"link_name":"Idlib District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_District"},{"link_name":"Idlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Syria Central Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Village in Idlib, SyriaTell Elaghar (Arabic: تل الأغر) is a Syrian village located in Abu al-Duhur Nahiyah in Idlib District, Idlib. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Robert_Macmillan	Robert Macmillan	["1 Career overview","2 Early life","3 Early career in academia","4 Motor Industry Research Association","5 Return to academia","6 Mathematical Gazette and other hobbies","7 Career summary","8 Publications","9 References"]	Robert Hugh MacmillanBorn(1921-06-21)June 21, 1921DiedMay 10, 2015(2015-05-10) (aged 93)NationalityBritishEngineering careerDisciplineMechanical engineeringInstitutionsSwansea University Robert Hugh Macmillan (27 June 1921 – 10 May 2015) was Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Swansea University and went on to become Director of the Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA) where he installed an early linear induction motor to investigate vehicle safety, as well as overseeing MIRA's successful transition to a commercial research organisation. He ended his career as a Professor at Cranfield University. Career overview As a young lecturer at Cambridge University straight after the Second World War, Robert Macmillan wrote the standard text on control systems and a second book on automation, both published by Cambridge University Press in the 1950s. He went on to be appointed Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Swansea University at the young age of 35 and in time became Head of the Engineering Faculty, helping to steer the construction of Swansea's new engineering building. He published another standard text, this time on non-linear control systems. After eight years at Swansea, in 1964 he took over as Director of the Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA), where he oversaw the installation of the largest industrial linear induction motor in Britain, used for indoor testing of vehicle collisions and which was opened in 1968 by the Minister of Technology, Anthony Wedgwood Benn. Macmillan also transformed MIRA from an organization supported by government funding and a block grant from the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, into a successful commercial research organization. From MIRA he moved to Cranfield Institute of Technology (now Cranfield University) where he spent five years writing another standard text on the Dynamics of Vehicle Collisions, exploiting the processing power of an early Hewlett Packard scientific desktop computer for the complex calculations. Early life Robert Hugh Macmillan was born in 1921 in Mussoorie, a hill station in India. His father, Hugh Robert Munro Macmillan, had been born in Cuttack in India on 25 November 1885, graduated as an Assistant Engineer at Thomason College of Civil Engineering in Roorkee, India (now the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee) on 15 July 1908, and worked for the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway. His ancestors were related to Daniel and Alexander Macmillan, the brothers who founded Macmillan Publishers. His mother Ethel (née Webb) (1889-1957) was the daughter of art teacher Walter Webb and concert pianist and singer Evelyn Green. Ethel was a talented and prolific amateur artist in her own right who studied under Sir Arthur Cope at the Royal Academy Schools, winning the Gold Medal in 1909. She painted in India and later exhibited her work in London to critical acclaim (see example). Her obituary appeared in The Times on 31 August 1957. Walter Webb had a family connection to the silversmiths Mappin & Webb. The Macmillan family returned from India to England in 1928 and lived at The Pound House in Edenbridge, Kent, his father joining a firm of civil engineers and working on the London drainage system south of the Thames. After Prep School, Robert was awarded a scholarship to Felsted School in Essex. He won school prizes in technical drawing and also excelled at mathematics, which he was taught by Edward Lockwood, a graduate of St John's College, Cambridge. With the Second World War looming in 1939, Macmillan's mother was keen that he should go to Cambridge. His father having died five years previously, Ethel toured several of the colleges with him; Kings and Trinity both turned him down to read Mathematics, but Emmanuel College, Cambridge agreed to take him to read Mechanical Sciences. Owing to the War, the course was shortened to two years, and he graduated in 1941 with first class honours. He volunteered for the RAF and joined in 1941, training at Andover and Henlow, before being moved to the Gunnery Research Unit at RAF Exeter. Here he was flown around in tail turrets, test-firing gyro sighting systems. He was well suited to the task, being fortunate enough not to suffer at all from air sickness. Later he spent time at the RAF's Rocket Propulsion Establishment. Early career in academia After demobilisation he was offered jobs in the RAF, the Civil Service and Cambridge and returned to Cambridge, first as a demonstrator and then as a lecturer teaching mechanics. In 1947 he established the Cambridge Control Group and went on to write his first book Theory of Control which was published by Cambridge University Press and went through three editions. A second book, Automation, Friend or Foe, led to him being regarded as an expert in automation and he was often asked for an opinion by the press, which he found enjoyable but also rather a nuisance. In 1950-51 he spent a year at Massachusetts Institute of Technology on an exchange scheme lecturing in mechanics and structures under the Fulbright Program. In 1956, at the age of 35, he accepted a chair in mechanical engineering at Swansea University, working alongside two other Cambridge engineering graduates - Bernard Neale as Professor of Civil Engineering, and Wilfred Fishwick as Professor of Electrical Engineering. In time, he became Head of the Engineering Faculty, and a member of the University's Standing Committee. He regarded his biggest achievement at Swansea as influencing the development of the University as a whole, as well as steering the construction of the new engineering building, clearly visible on the skyline as the campus is viewed from the coast. Macmillan's inaugural lecture was entitled The Communication of Ideas and dealt with the importance of arousing students' interest in engineering and conveying its significance more widely. He continued writing and in 1962 published the book Non Linear Control Systems Analysis, also giving a paper on the topic to the annual conference of FISITA, the International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies. In the same year, he published Progress in Control Engineering. He served as a member of the Stability and Control Sub-committee which reported to the Mechanics Committee of the Royal Aeronautical Society at the time Concorde was being designed. Motor Industry Research Association After eight years at Swansea, he accepted the post of Director of the Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA), moving there in 1964 to take over from Dr Albert Fogg. Originally established in 1945 to assist British car manufacturers to export their products successfully, MIRA provided research and test facilities for the UK automotive industry and was funded by government and motor industry organisations. MIRA had an excellent test track where companies' drivers could test their new models for handling and noise, and also supported specific research projects for individual manufacturers. Macmillan commissioned the construction of a linear induction motor for accelerating a vehicle quickly to a precise velocity in order to test how it would perform in a collision. The design was based on a prototype developed by Professor Eric Laithwaite at Imperial College, London and the completed facility was opened by the Minister of Technology, Anthony Wedgwood Benn, in April 1968. It operated successfully for more than 25 years, before being passed to the Science Museum, London in the 1990s. In the early 1970s, the Government's Bessborough report recommended that research organizations should become more market driven, and MIRA's Council agreed that individual members of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders should begin paying their subscriptions directly rather than by way of a general SMMT block research grant. Subsequently, reliance on these subscriptions also declined and MIRA had to stand on its own as a commercial research organization. Macmillan appointed MIRA's first Industrial Liaison Manager to help it develop commercially. Changes to the funding regime were compounded by high levels of inflation during that period and, as Director, Macmillan faced challenging negotiations with the unions over pay and conditions. Just once, in 1975, did the finances go into the red but, despite this, the organization became a successful commercial research organization. On the whole and with his university background, he managed MIRA by operating a collegiate structure in which most could feel part of the decision making process. During this period, he enjoyed visits through FISITA to Japan and was appointed chairman of the organising committee for the 1970 FISITA conference which was held in Britain. FISITA awarded him their 1970 Gold Medal. He also chaired the British Technical Council of the Motor and Petroleum Industries and saw himself as a ringmaster overseeing negotiations between chief engineers from the motor and petroleum sectors. Return to academia After 13 years at MIRA and with his three children now grown up, Macmillan decided he wanted to return to academia. He was approached by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory (now the Transport Research Laboratory) but joined Cranfield University as Professor of Automotive Engineering where he remained for five years until retiring in 1982. During this period he wrote the book of which he later said he was most proud, and which took five years in the writing: Dynamics of Vehicle Collisions. Many of the calculations were undertaken using an early Hewlett Packard scientific desktop computer. Initially he had difficulty in finding a publisher, but it was issued in 1983. Macmillan stayed in touch with his mathematics master from Felsted who had written six chapters of a book on geometric symmetry. Lockwood asked him for advice on various issues and Macmillan wrote two further chapters; the book Geometric Symmetry was published by Cambridge University Press in 1978 under joint names. Mathematical Gazette and other hobbies Macmillan was a regular contributor to the Mathematical Gazette. His first item was a Note published in October 1939 at the age of 18. Fifteen further articles were published between February 1942 and March 2000. Another was part-written but its completion was delayed by the failing health of his wife, Anna, whom he had married in 1950 and whom he devotedly looked after in her last decade (she died in 2012) and it was never finished. He was also a keen philatelist with a particular interest in nineteenth century stamps from The Netherlands, Anna coincidentally being Dutch. A regular exhibitor and medal-winner at Royal Philatelic Society exhibitions and author of articles, in 1996 he published a set of a dozen illustrated articles about stamps used in The Netherlands between 1852 and 1939. Career summary Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Swansea University, 1956-1964; Director Motor Industry Research Association 1964-1977; Professor of Automotive Engineering and Head of School of Automotive Studies, Cranfield Institute of Technology, 1977-1982 and Dean of Engineering 1980-1982; Associate Professor, University of Warwick 1965-1977; Member of Council, University of Loughborough, 1966-1981 and 1988-1991; Hon DTech University of Loughborough 1992; FISITA Gold Medal 1970; Member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers; Fellow of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Publications Macmillan, R H (1951) An introduction to the theory of control in mechanical engineering, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Macmillan, R H (1956) Automation, friend or foe?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Macmillan, R H (1957) The communication of ideas: inaugural lecture at Swansea delivered on 5 December 1957 Macmillan, R H (1962) Progress in control engineering, New York: Academic Press Macmillan, R H editor (1962) Non-linear control systems analysis, Oxford: Pergamon Press Macmillan, R H and Lockwood, E H (1978) Geometric Symmetry, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Macmillan, R H (1983) Dynamics of Vehicle Collisions, St Helier: Interscience Enterprises Macmillan, R H (1996) The Netherlands: Selected Stamp Issues 1852-1939, published by the Netherlands Philatelic Circle References Lera, Sebastian (29 July 2015). "Robert Macmillan: Automotive engineer and senior figure in the motor industry who made crucial contributions to car safety". The Independent. The Institution of Engineering and Technology 12 November 2015 http://www.theiet.org/membership/member-news/39a/prof-macmillan.cfm Emmanuel College Magazine, Volume XCVII 2014-2015 page 183-184 https://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/publications/College%20Magazine%202015.pdf	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swansea University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_University"},{"link_name":"Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIRA_Ltd."},{"link_name":"linear induction motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_induction_motor"}],"text":"Robert Hugh Macmillan (27 June 1921 – 10 May 2015) was Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Swansea University and went on to become Director of the Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA) where he installed an early linear induction motor to investigate vehicle safety, as well as overseeing MIRA's successful transition to a commercial research organisation. He ended his career as a Professor at Cranfield University.","title":"Robert Macmillan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Swansea University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_University"},{"link_name":"Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIRA_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Minister of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Anthony Wedgwood Benn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Wedgwood_Benn"},{"link_name":"Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders"},{"link_name":"MIRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIRA_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Cranfield University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranfield_University"}],"text":"As a young lecturer at Cambridge University straight after the Second World War, Robert Macmillan wrote the standard text on control systems and a second book on automation, both published by Cambridge University Press in the 1950s. He went on to be appointed Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Swansea University at the young age of 35 and in time became Head of the Engineering Faculty, helping to steer the construction of Swansea's new engineering building. He published another standard text, this time on non-linear control systems.After eight years at Swansea, in 1964 he took over as Director of the Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA), where he oversaw the installation of the largest industrial linear induction motor in Britain, used for indoor testing of vehicle collisions and which was opened in 1968 by the Minister of Technology, Anthony Wedgwood Benn. Macmillan also transformed MIRA from an organization supported by government funding and a block grant from the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, into a successful commercial research organization.From MIRA he moved to Cranfield Institute of Technology (now Cranfield University) where he spent five years writing another standard text on the Dynamics of Vehicle Collisions, exploiting the processing power of an early Hewlett Packard scientific desktop computer for the complex calculations.","title":"Career overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mussoorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussoorie"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Roorkee"},{"link_name":"Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay,_Baroda_and_Central_India_Railway"},{"link_name":"Macmillan Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"see example","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Operating_room_staff_wheeling_a_patient_back_into_a_ward_Wellcome_L0031888.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mappin & Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappin_%26_Webb"},{"link_name":"Edenbridge, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edenbridge,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Felsted School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsted_School"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"RAF Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Rocket Propulsion Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Propulsion_Establishment"}],"text":"Robert Hugh Macmillan was born in 1921 in Mussoorie, a hill station in India. His father, Hugh Robert Munro Macmillan, had been born in Cuttack in India on 25 November 1885, graduated as an Assistant Engineer at Thomason College of Civil Engineering in Roorkee, India (now the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee) on 15 July 1908, and worked for the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway. His ancestors were related to Daniel and Alexander Macmillan, the brothers who founded Macmillan Publishers. His mother Ethel (née Webb) (1889-1957) was the daughter of art teacher Walter Webb and concert pianist and singer Evelyn Green. Ethel was a talented and prolific amateur artist in her own right who studied under Sir Arthur Cope at the Royal Academy Schools, winning the Gold Medal in 1909. She painted in India and later exhibited her work in London to critical acclaim (see example). Her obituary appeared in The Times on 31 August 1957. Walter Webb had a family connection to the silversmiths Mappin & Webb.The Macmillan family returned from India to England in 1928 and lived at The Pound House in Edenbridge, Kent, his father joining a firm of civil engineers and working on the London drainage system south of the Thames. After Prep School, Robert was awarded a scholarship to Felsted School in Essex. He won school prizes in technical drawing and also excelled at mathematics, which he was taught by Edward Lockwood, a graduate of St John's College, Cambridge.With the Second World War looming in 1939, Macmillan's mother was keen that he should go to Cambridge. His father having died five years previously, Ethel toured several of the colleges with him; Kings and Trinity both turned him down to read Mathematics, but Emmanuel College, Cambridge agreed to take him to read Mechanical Sciences. Owing to the War, the course was shortened to two years, and he graduated in 1941 with first class honours. He volunteered for the RAF and joined in 1941, training at Andover and Henlow, before being moved to the Gunnery Research Unit at RAF Exeter. Here he was flown around in tail turrets, test-firing gyro sighting systems. He was well suited to the task, being fortunate enough not to suffer at all from air sickness. Later he spent time at the RAF's Rocket Propulsion Establishment.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"demobilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demobilisation"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Fulbright Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Program"},{"link_name":"Swansea University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_University"},{"link_name":"FISITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FISITA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Aeronautical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"}],"text":"After demobilisation he was offered jobs in the RAF, the Civil Service and Cambridge and returned to Cambridge, first as a demonstrator and then as a lecturer teaching mechanics. In 1947 he established the Cambridge Control Group and went on to write his first book Theory of Control which was published by Cambridge University Press and went through three editions. A second book, Automation, Friend or Foe, led to him being regarded as an expert in automation and he was often asked for an opinion by the press, which he found enjoyable but also rather a nuisance. In 1950-51 he spent a year at Massachusetts Institute of Technology on an exchange scheme lecturing in mechanics and structures under the Fulbright Program.In 1956, at the age of 35, he accepted a chair in mechanical engineering at Swansea University, working alongside two other Cambridge engineering graduates - Bernard Neale as Professor of Civil Engineering, and Wilfred Fishwick as Professor of Electrical Engineering. In time, he became Head of the Engineering Faculty, and a member of the University's Standing Committee. He regarded his biggest achievement at Swansea as influencing the development of the University as a whole, as well as steering the construction of the new engineering building, clearly visible on the skyline as the campus is viewed from the coast.Macmillan's inaugural lecture was entitled The Communication of Ideas and dealt with the importance of arousing students' interest in engineering and conveying its significance more widely. He continued writing and in 1962 published the book Non Linear Control Systems Analysis, also giving a paper on the topic to the annual conference of FISITA, the International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies. In the same year, he published Progress in Control Engineering. He served as a member of the Stability and Control Sub-committee which reported to the Mechanics Committee of the Royal Aeronautical Society at the time Concorde was being designed.","title":"Early career in academia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linear induction motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_induction_motor"},{"link_name":"Eric Laithwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Laithwaite"},{"link_name":"Imperial College, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College,_London"},{"link_name":"Minister of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Anthony Wedgwood Benn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Wedgwood_Benn"},{"link_name":"Science Museum, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Museum,_London"},{"link_name":"Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"FISITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FISITA&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"After eight years at Swansea, he accepted the post of Director of the Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA), moving there in 1964 to take over from Dr Albert Fogg. Originally established in 1945 to assist British car manufacturers to export their products successfully, MIRA provided research and test facilities for the UK automotive industry and was funded by government and motor industry organisations. MIRA had an excellent test track where companies' drivers could test their new models for handling and noise, and also supported specific research projects for individual manufacturers.Macmillan commissioned the construction of a linear induction motor for accelerating a vehicle quickly to a precise velocity in order to test how it would perform in a collision. The design was based on a prototype developed by Professor Eric Laithwaite at Imperial College, London and the completed facility was opened by the Minister of Technology, Anthony Wedgwood Benn, in April 1968. It operated successfully for more than 25 years, before being passed to the Science Museum, London in the 1990s.In the early 1970s, the Government's Bessborough report recommended that research organizations should become more market driven, and MIRA's Council agreed that individual members of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders should begin paying their subscriptions directly rather than by way of a general SMMT block research grant. Subsequently, reliance on these subscriptions also declined and MIRA had to stand on its own as a commercial research organization. Macmillan appointed MIRA's first Industrial Liaison Manager to help it develop commercially. Changes to the funding regime were compounded by high levels of inflation during that period and, as Director, Macmillan faced challenging negotiations with the unions over pay and conditions. Just once, in 1975, did the finances go into the red but, despite this, the organization became a successful commercial research organization. On the whole and with his university background, he managed MIRA by operating a collegiate structure in which most could feel part of the decision making process.During this period, he enjoyed visits through FISITA to Japan and was appointed chairman of the organising committee for the 1970 FISITA conference which was held in Britain. FISITA awarded him their 1970 Gold Medal. He also chaired the British Technical Council of the Motor and Petroleum Industries and saw himself as a ringmaster overseeing negotiations between chief engineers from the motor and petroleum sectors.","title":"Motor Industry Research Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transport Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Research_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Cranfield University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranfield_University"}],"text":"After 13 years at MIRA and with his three children now grown up, Macmillan decided he wanted to return to academia. He was approached by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory (now the Transport Research Laboratory) but joined Cranfield University as Professor of Automotive Engineering where he remained for five years until retiring in 1982. During this period he wrote the book of which he later said he was most proud, and which took five years in the writing: Dynamics of Vehicle Collisions. Many of the calculations were undertaken using an early Hewlett Packard scientific desktop computer. Initially he had difficulty in finding a publisher, but it was issued in 1983.Macmillan stayed in touch with his mathematics master from Felsted who had written six chapters of a book on geometric symmetry. Lockwood asked him for advice on various issues and Macmillan wrote two further chapters; the book Geometric Symmetry was published by Cambridge University Press in 1978 under joint names.","title":"Return to academia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathematical Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Gazette"},{"link_name":"Royal Philatelic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philatelic_Society"}],"text":"Macmillan was a regular contributor to the Mathematical Gazette. His first item was a Note published in October 1939 at the age of 18. Fifteen further articles were published between February 1942 and March 2000. Another was part-written but its completion was delayed by the failing health of his wife, Anna, whom he had married in 1950 and whom he devotedly looked after in her last decade (she died in 2012) and it was never finished. He was also a keen philatelist with a particular interest in nineteenth century stamps from The Netherlands, Anna coincidentally being Dutch. A regular exhibitor and medal-winner at Royal Philatelic Society exhibitions and author of articles, in 1996 he published a set of a dozen illustrated articles about stamps used in The Netherlands between 1852 and 1939.","title":"Mathematical Gazette and other hobbies"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Swansea University, 1956-1964;\nDirector Motor Industry Research Association 1964-1977;\nProfessor of Automotive Engineering and Head of School of Automotive Studies, Cranfield Institute of Technology, 1977-1982 and Dean of Engineering 1980-1982;\nAssociate Professor, University of Warwick 1965-1977;\nMember of Council, University of Loughborough, 1966-1981 and 1988-1991;\nHon DTech University of Loughborough 1992;\nFISITA Gold Medal 1970;\nMember of the Institute of Electrical Engineers;\nFellow of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers","title":"Career summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Macmillan, R H (1951) An introduction to the theory of control in mechanical engineering, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press\nMacmillan, R H (1956) Automation, friend or foe?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press\nMacmillan, R H (1957) The communication of ideas: inaugural lecture at Swansea delivered on 5 December 1957\nMacmillan, R H (1962) Progress in control engineering, New York: Academic Press\nMacmillan, R H editor (1962) Non-linear control systems analysis, Oxford: Pergamon Press\nMacmillan, R H and Lockwood, E H (1978) Geometric Symmetry, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press\nMacmillan, R H (1983) Dynamics of Vehicle Collisions, St Helier: Interscience Enterprises\nMacmillan, R H (1996) The Netherlands: Selected Stamp Issues 1852-1939, published by the Netherlands Philatelic Circle","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lera, Sebastian (29 July 2015). \"Robert Macmillan: Automotive engineer and senior figure in the motor industry who made crucial contributions to car safety\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/robert-macmillan-automotive-engineer-and-senior-figure-in-the-motor-industry-who-made-crucial-10422683.html","url_text":"\"Robert Macmillan: Automotive engineer and senior figure in the motor industry who made crucial contributions to car safety\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Operating_room_staff_wheeling_a_patient_back_into_a_ward_Wellcome_L0031888.jpg","external_links_name":"see example"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/robert-macmillan-automotive-engineer-and-senior-figure-in-the-motor-industry-who-made-crucial-10422683.html","external_links_name":"\"Robert Macmillan: Automotive engineer and senior figure in the motor industry who made crucial contributions to car safety\""},{"Link":"http://www.theiet.org/membership/member-news/39a/prof-macmillan.cfm","external_links_name":"http://www.theiet.org/membership/member-news/39a/prof-macmillan.cfm"},{"Link":"https://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/publications/College%20Magazine%202015.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/publications/College%20Magazine%202015.pdf"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Calvert_(professor)	Thomas Calvert (professor)	["1 Life","2 Works","3 References","4 Sources"]	English Anglican priest (1775–1840) For other uses, see Thomas Calvert (disambiguation). "Thomas Jackson (professor)" redirects here. For other people called Thomas Jackson, see Thomas Jackson (disambiguation). The Very ReverendThomas CalvertWarden of the Collegiate Church, ManchesterEngraved portrait by J. Thomson after a painting by S. W. Reynolds (1834)OrdersOrdination1800Personal detailsBorn1775Died4 June 1840DenominationAnglicanThomas Jackson Calvert (1775–1840) was an English Anglican priest and theologian. Calvert was born in 1775; educated at Kirkham Grammar School and St John's College, Cambridge; and ordained in 1800. He held incumbencies at Holme-on-Spalding-Moor and Manchester Collegiate Church. He was Norrisian Professor of Divinity from 1815 to 1824. He died on 4 June 1840. Life He was born at Preston in 1775. His father, whose name was Jackson, sent him to Clitheroe Free Grammar School, of which the master was then the learned Rev. Thomas Wilson, BD. He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, and was fourth wrangler. He was BA in 1797, MA in 1800, BD in 1807, and DD in 1823. The last-named degree was taken in the name of Calvert, which he assumed on the death of a friend belonging to an old Lancashire family, who, although unconnected by blood, left him about 1819 a large fortune. He was fellow of his college in 1798, tutor in 1814, and Norrisian Professor of Divinity from 1814 to 1824, in which year he resigned the post of Lady Margaret's preacher, which he had held since 1819. Having been appointed king's preacher at Whitehall, he attracted the attention and admiration of Lord Liverpool, who appointed him to the rectory of Wilmslow. Although the crown claimed the patronage, it was ultimately decided that the right vested in the ancient family of the Traffords of Trafford, who for more than two centuries had been Roman Catholics. Calvert had his consolation in the college living of Holme, Yorkshire, in 1822, and in the wardenship of the Collegiate Church of Manchester, conferred unsolicited on the recommendation of his admirer, Lord Liverpool. He was installed on 8 March 1823. He married Juliana, daughter of Sir Charles Watson of Wratting Park, Cambridgeshire, and had three sons. Calvert was constitutionally diffident, and did not take much part in public affairs except in his opposition to Catholic emancipation. His serene manners and gentle deportment made him very popular. He died after a short illness in his house at Ardwick on 4 June 1840, and was followed to the grave by the whole body of the Manchester clergy. Works He wrote: The Disinterested and Benevolent Character of Christianity, a Sermon, Cambridge, 1819. The Rich and Poor shown to be of God's appointment and equally the objects of His regard, two Sermons at Whitehall, Cambridge, 1820. Christ's Presence a source of Consolation and Courage, a Sermon, London, 1823. Help in Time of Need, a Sermon, London, 1826. Infidelity Unmasked, a Sermon, Manchester, 1831. An Established Church the best means of providing for the Care of a Christian Community, a Sermon, Manchester, 1834. A Sermon preached before the Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy in St. Paul's Cathedral (1837). On the Duty of Bridling the Tongue, a Sermon, 1840. This was written for a volume made up of contributions by thirty-nine divines towards a fund for St. Andrew's Schools, Manchester. References ^ Venn, John & Venn, John Archibald. Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900, Cambridge University Press Part II vol. i p495 ^ Divinity, Cambridge ^ In our obituary will be found recorded the death of Thomas Calvert. The Times (London, England), Tuesday, Jun 09, 1840; pg. 6; Issue 17379 ^ a b c d Axon 1886, p. 275. Sources Axon, William Edward Armytage (1886). "Calvert, Thomas (1775-1840)" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 275. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Anglican Communion titles Preceded byJames Fawcett Norrisian Professor of Divinity 1824–1838 Succeeded byJohn Hollingworth vteNorrisian Professors of Divinity John Hey (1780) James Fawcett (1795) Thomas Calvert (1815) John Hollingworth (1824) George Corrie (1838) Harold Browne (1854) Charles Swainson (1864) J. Rawson Lumby (1879) Armitage Robinson (1893) Handley Moule (1899) Frederic Chase (1901) Francis Crawford Burkitt (1905)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Calvert (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Calvert_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jackson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jackson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Kirkham Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkham_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordained"},{"link_name":"incumbencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Holme-on-Spalding-Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holme-on-Spalding-Moor"},{"link_name":"Manchester Collegiate Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Collegiate_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Norrisian Professor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris%E2%80%93Hulse_Professor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Thomas Calvert (disambiguation).\"Thomas Jackson (professor)\" redirects here. For other people called Thomas Jackson, see Thomas Jackson (disambiguation).Thomas Jackson Calvert (1775–1840) was an English Anglican priest and theologian. Calvert was born in 1775; educated at Kirkham Grammar School and St John's College, Cambridge; and ordained in 1800. He held incumbencies at Holme-on-Spalding-Moor and Manchester Collegiate Church.[1] He was Norrisian Professor of Divinity from 1815 to 1824.[2] He died on 4 June 1840.[3]","title":"Thomas Calvert (professor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"St. John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Lord Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jenkinson,_1st_Earl_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Catholic emancipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_emancipation"},{"link_name":"Ardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardwick"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"He was born at Preston in 1775. His father, whose name was Jackson, sent him to Clitheroe Free Grammar School, of which the master was then the learned Rev. Thomas Wilson, BD. He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, and was fourth wrangler. He was BA in 1797, MA in 1800, BD in 1807, and DD in 1823. The last-named degree was taken in the name of Calvert, which he assumed on the death of a friend belonging to an old Lancashire family, who, although unconnected by blood, left him about 1819 a large fortune.[4]He was fellow of his college in 1798, tutor in 1814, and Norrisian Professor of Divinity from 1814 to 1824, in which year he resigned the post of Lady Margaret's preacher, which he had held since 1819. Having been appointed king's preacher at Whitehall, he attracted the attention and admiration of Lord Liverpool, who appointed him to the rectory of Wilmslow. Although the crown claimed the patronage, it was ultimately decided that the right vested in the ancient family of the Traffords of Trafford, who for more than two centuries had been Roman Catholics. Calvert had his consolation in the college living of Holme, Yorkshire, in 1822, and in the wardenship of the Collegiate Church of Manchester, conferred unsolicited on the recommendation of his admirer, Lord Liverpool. He was installed on 8 March 1823. He married Juliana, daughter of Sir Charles Watson of Wratting Park, Cambridgeshire, and had three sons.[4]Calvert was constitutionally diffident, and did not take much part in public affairs except in his opposition to Catholic emancipation. His serene manners and gentle deportment made him very popular. He died after a short illness in his house at Ardwick on 4 June 1840, and was followed to the grave by the whole body of the Manchester clergy.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"He wrote:The Disinterested and Benevolent Character of Christianity, a Sermon, Cambridge, 1819.\nThe Rich and Poor shown to be of God's appointment and equally the objects of His regard, two Sermons at Whitehall, Cambridge, 1820.\nChrist's Presence a source of Consolation and Courage, a Sermon, London, 1823.\nHelp in Time of Need, a Sermon, London, 1826.\nInfidelity Unmasked, a Sermon, Manchester, 1831.\nAn Established Church the best means of providing for the Care of a Christian Community, a Sermon, Manchester, 1834.\nA Sermon preached before the Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy in St. Paul's Cathedral (1837).\nOn the Duty of Bridling the Tongue, a Sermon, 1840. This was written for a volume made up of contributions by thirty-nine divines towards a fund for St. Andrew's Schools, Manchester.[4]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Calvert, Thomas (1775-1840)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Calvert,_Thomas_(1775-1840)"},{"link_name":"Stephen, Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Norrisian_Professors_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Norrisian_Professors_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norrisian_Professors_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"John Hey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hey"},{"link_name":"James Fawcett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fawcett_(professor)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Calvert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"John Hollingworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hollingworth_(priest)"},{"link_name":"George Corrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Corrie_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Harold Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Browne"},{"link_name":"Charles Swainson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Swainson"},{"link_name":"J. Rawson Lumby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Rawson_Lumby"},{"link_name":"Armitage Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armitage_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Handley Moule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Moule"},{"link_name":"Frederic Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Chase"},{"link_name":"Francis Crawford Burkitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crawford_Burkitt"}],"text":"Axon, William Edward Armytage (1886). \"Calvert, Thomas (1775-1840)\" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 275. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.vteNorrisian Professors of Divinity\nJohn Hey (1780)\nJames Fawcett (1795)\nThomas Calvert (1815)\nJohn Hollingworth (1824)\nGeorge Corrie (1838)\nHarold Browne (1854)\nCharles Swainson (1864)\nJ. Rawson Lumby (1879)\nArmitage Robinson (1893)\nHandley Moule (1899)\nFrederic Chase (1901)\nFrancis Crawford Burkitt (1905)","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Axon, William Edward Armytage (1886). \"Calvert, Thomas (1775-1840)\" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 275.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Calvert,_Thomas_(1775-1840)","url_text":"\"Calvert, Thomas (1775-1840)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.divinity.cam.ac.uk/admin/historyoffaculty/norris-hulse","external_links_name":"Divinity, Cambridge"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Calvert,_Thomas_(1775-1840)","external_links_name":"\"Calvert, Thomas (1775-1840)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cubitt	Joseph Cubitt	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Ancestry","5 See also","6 References"]	English civil engineer (1811–1872) Joseph CubittJoseph Cubitt photographed in the 1860sBorn(1811-11-24)24 November 1811Horning, Norfolk, EnglandDied7 December 1872(1872-12-07) (aged 61)St George Hanover Square, London, EnglandNationalityEnglishParent(s)Sir William CubittAbigail Sparkhall CubittEngineering careerDisciplineCivil engineeringProjects London and South-Western Railway Great Northern Railway London, Chatham, and Dover Railway Weymouth Pier Blackfriars Bridge Joseph Cubitt (24 November 1811 – 7 December 1872) was an English civil engineer. Amongst other projects, he designed the Blackfriars Railway Bridge over the River Thames in London. Early life Cubitt was born in Horning, Norfolk, on 24 November 1811. He was the son of Sir William Cubitt and Abigail Sparkhall (1785-1813). After his mother's death, his father married Elizabeth Jane Tiley in 1820. From his father's second marriage, he had a younger half-brother, William, born 1830. He was educated at Bruce Castle School in Tottenham. He was trained for the profession of civil engineer by his father. Career Cubitt constructed a great part of the London and South-Western Railway, the whole of the Great Northern Railway, the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway, the Rhymney Railway, the Oswestry and Newtown Railway, and the Colne Valley Railway. He was appointed engineer to the Oswestry & Newtown Railway on 3 October 1856. Cubitt was responsible for Weymouth Pier, the extension of the north pier and other works of Great Yarmouth haven, and the new Blackfriars Bridge. He was a member of the Royal Geographical Society, and for many years vice-president of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was also a lieutenant-colonel of the Engineer and Railway Staff volunteers. Personal life Cubitt died on 7 December 1872 in St George Hanover Square, London. Ancestry Ancestors of Joseph Cubitt 16. 8. 17. Joseph Cubitt (1760-1829) 18. 9. 19. William Cubitt (1785-1861) 20. 10. 21. Hannah Lubock (1765-1831) 22. 11. 23. Joseph Cubitt (1811–1872) 24. 12. 25. 6. 26. 13. 27. Abigail Sparkhall (1785-1813) 28. 14. 29. 7. 30. 15. 31. See also Herne Hill railway station References ^ a b c d "Cubitt, William (1785-1861)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. ^ Company minutes, National Archives RAIL 552/1, p167 ^ "Search Results for England & Wales Deaths 1837-2007". Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Cubitt, William (1785-1861)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States People Structurae	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineer"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars Railway Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_Railway_Bridge"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"}],"text":"Joseph Cubitt (24 November 1811 – 7 December 1872) was an English civil engineer. Amongst other projects, he designed the Blackfriars Railway Bridge over the River Thames in London.","title":"Joseph Cubitt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horning"},{"link_name":"Sir William Cubitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cubitt"},{"link_name":"Bruce Castle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Castle_School"},{"link_name":"Tottenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"}],"text":"Cubitt was born in Horning, Norfolk, on 24 November 1811. He was the son of Sir William Cubitt and Abigail Sparkhall (1785-1813). After his mother's death, his father married Elizabeth Jane Tiley in 1820. From his father's second marriage, he had a younger half-brother, William, born 1830.He was educated at Bruce Castle School in Tottenham. He was trained for the profession of civil engineer by his father.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London and South-Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_South-Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"London, Chatham, and Dover Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Chatham,_and_Dover_Railway"},{"link_name":"Rhymney Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhymney_Railway"},{"link_name":"Oswestry and Newtown Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswestry_and_Newtown_Railway"},{"link_name":"Colne Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colne_Valley_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Oswestry & Newtown Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswestry_%26_Newtown_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Weymouth Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Pier"},{"link_name":"Great Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Yarmouth"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Institution of Civil Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"}],"text":"Cubitt constructed a great part of the London and South-Western Railway, the whole of the Great Northern Railway, the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway, the Rhymney Railway, the Oswestry and Newtown Railway, and the Colne Valley Railway.[1] He was appointed engineer to the Oswestry & Newtown Railway on 3 October 1856.[2]Cubitt was responsible for Weymouth Pier, the extension of the north pier and other works of Great Yarmouth haven, and the new Blackfriars Bridge. He was a member of the Royal Geographical Society, and for many years vice-president of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was also a lieutenant-colonel of the Engineer and Railway Staff volunteers.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St George Hanover Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George_Hanover_Square"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Cubitt died on 7 December 1872 in St George Hanover Square, London.[1][3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Cubitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cubitt"}],"text":"Ancestors of Joseph Cubitt 16. 8. 17. Joseph Cubitt (1760-1829) 18. 9. 19. William Cubitt (1785-1861) 20. 10. 21. Hannah Lubock (1765-1831) 22. 11. 23. Joseph Cubitt (1811–1872) 24. 12. 25. 6. 26. 13. 27. Abigail Sparkhall (1785-1813) 28. 14. 29. 7. 30. 15. 31.","title":"Ancestry"}]	[]	[{"title":"Herne Hill railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne_Hill_railway_station#History"}]	[{"reference":"\"Cubitt, William (1785-1861)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Cubitt,_William_(1785-1861)","url_text":"\"Cubitt, William (1785-1861)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Search Results for England & Wales Deaths 1837-2007\".","urls":[{"url":"http://search.findmypast.co.uk/results/world-records/england-and-wales-deaths-1837-2007?firstname=joseph%20&lastname=cubitt&eventyear=1872&eventyear_offset=1&yearofbirth=1811&yearofbirth_offset=2","url_text":"\"Search Results for England & Wales Deaths 1837-2007\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Cubitt,_William_(1785-1861)","external_links_name":"\"Cubitt, William (1785-1861)\""},{"Link":"http://search.findmypast.co.uk/results/world-records/england-and-wales-deaths-1837-2007?firstname=joseph%20&lastname=cubitt&eventyear=1872&eventyear_offset=1&yearofbirth=1811&yearofbirth_offset=2","external_links_name":"\"Search Results for England & Wales Deaths 1837-2007\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/73559684","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd8dgkWqfGpVhw8mYwKVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004019473","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/persons/1009355","external_links_name":"Structurae"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Previous_notice	Motion (parliamentary procedure)	["1 Purpose","2 Process of handling motions","3 Proposing motions","3.1 Previous notice","4 Classification of motions","4.1 Main motion","4.2 Subsidiary motion","4.3 Privileged motion","4.4 Incidental motion","4.5 Motions that bring a question again before the assembly","5 Rules on use","5.1 Strategic use of motions","5.2 Dilatory tactics and motions","6 Renewal of motions","7 National Legislatures","7.1 United Kingdom","8 See also","9 References"]	Type of parliamentary procedure In certain countries, a motion in parliamentary procedure is a formal proposal by a member of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take certain action. Such motions, and the form they take are specified by the deliberate assembly and/or a pre-agreed volume detailing parliamentary procedure, such as Robert's Rules of Order; The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure; or Lord Citrine's The ABC of Chairmanship. Motions are used in conducting business in almost all legislative bodies worldwide, and are used in meetings of many church vestries, corporate boards, and fraternal organizations. Motions can bring new business before the assembly or consist of numerous other proposals to take procedural steps or carry out other actions relating to a pending proposal (such as postponing it to another time) or to the assembly itself (such as taking a recess). In a parliament, it may also be called a parliamentary motion and may include legislative motions, budgetary motions, supplementary budgetary motions, and petitionary motions. Purpose A motion is a formal proposal by a member to do something. Motions are the basis of the group decision-making process. They focus the group on what is being decided. Generally, a motion should be phrased in a way to take an action or express an opinion. A motion to not do something should not be offered if the same result can happen without anything being done. Such a motion could result in confusion if the assembly does not want to not do it. Process of handling motions The process of handling motions generally involves the following steps, depending on the motion and the rules of order in use: A member obtains the floor and makes a motion. Another member seconds the motion. The chair states the motion. Members debate the motion. The chair puts the motion to a vote. The chair announces the results of the vote and what happens with the motion. Proposing motions A motion is proposed by a member of the body, for the consideration of the body as a whole. Generally, the person making the motion, known as the mover, must first be recognized by the chairman as being entitled to speak; this is known as obtaining the floor. Once the mover has obtained the floor, the mover states the motion, normally prefixed with the phrase "I move." For instance, at a meeting, a member may say, "I move that the group donate $5 to Wikipedia." Instead of being given verbally, a motion may be made in writing, in which case it is called a proposed resolution or a draft resolution (sometimes improperly shortened to resolution). If the motion is in writing, the mover says "I move the resolution at the desk" or "I move the following resolution" and then reads it. Generally, once the motion has been proposed, consideration by the assembly occurs only if another member of the body immediately seconds the motion. Once the chair states the motion, it becomes the property of the assembly and the mover cannot modify it or withdraw it without the assembly's consent. Previous notice Previous notice is an announcement that a motion will be introduced at a future meeting of a deliberative assembly. Previous notice can be given in one of two ways. A member either announces it at a meeting of the assembly, in which case the secretary is to record it in the minutes, or notifies the secretary outside of the meeting. In either case, the secretary is to include in the call of the next meeting the motion's text, often accompanied by the name of the person who intends to move it. Certain motions – specifically, the motions to adopt or amend special rules of order, rescind, repeal or annul or amend something previously adopted, amend standing rules in a convention, discharge a committee, and postpone an event or action previously scheduled – are more difficult to pass if previous notice has not been given. Often, a majority of the entire membership or a two-thirds vote is required if previous notice has not been given. This rule is intended to protect the rights of absent members. Sometimes, when moving a motion of which notice has been given, a member, instead of reading aloud the entire text, will simply say "I move the motion which stands in my name". Classification of motions There are different types of motions. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR) divides motions into five classes: Main motions, those that bring business before the assembly when no other motion is pending. This is the most common type of motion. Subsidiary motions, which affect the main motion being considered. Privileged motions, which are urgent matters that must be dealt with immediately, even if they interrupt pending business. Incidental motions, which relate in different ways to the business at hand. Motions that bring a matter again before the assembly. Classes 2, 3 and 4 are collectively referred to as "secondary motions". The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure treats the fifth class as a type of main motion, under the title "Restorative Main Motions". Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure has a similar classification of motions. The United States Senate and House of Representatives have their own specialized motions as provided in the Standing Rules of the United States Senate and the procedures of the United States House of Representatives, respectively. Parliaments also have their own specialized motions. In the Parliament of India there are broadly three categories of motion:- 1) Substantive Motion 2) Substitute Motion 3) Subsidiary Motion- it is further classified into ancillary motion, supersiding motion and amendment. Main motion Main motion (RONR)ClassMain motionRequires second?YesDebatable?YesMay be reconsidered?YesAmendable?YesVote requiredMajority A main motion is a motion that brings business before the assembly. Main motions are made while no other motion is pending. Any of the subsidiary, incidental and privileged motions may be made while the main motion is pending, and in many cases these motions, if passed, will affect the assembly's consideration of the main motion. When greater formality is desired, the main motion may be made in the form of a resolution, which is always submitted in writing. A preamble containing several paragraphs explaining background information or justification for the proposed action is often included, but is not required. Normally, this is a motion that introduces a substantive question as a new subject, in which case it is also called an original main motion. Otherwise, it is an incidental main motion, examples of which are the motions to adopt recommendations of a committee, to ratify action previously taken without a quorum, to rescind an action previously taken, or to adjourn or recess while no main motion is pending. Unlike original main motions, incidental main motions cannot have an objection to the consideration of the question applied to them. Subsidiary motion A subsidiary motion is a type of motion by which a deliberative assembly deals directly with a main motion prior to (or instead of) voting on the main motion itself. Each subsidiary motion ranks higher than the main motion and lower than the privileged motions, and also yields to applicable incidental motions. Some of the subsidiary motions may also be applied to certain other subsidiary motions, incidental motions and privileged motions. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised recognizes seven subsidiary motions. Ranked lowest to highest in order of precedence, they are the motions to: Postpone indefinitely—to end consideration of the main motion for the balance of that session, without a direct vote on the main motion. Amend—to change the main motion. (May also be applied to certain other motions). Commit or Refer—to send the main motion and any pending subsidiary motions to a committee for consideration. Postpone to a certain time (or Postpone Definitely, or Postpone) -- to delay consideration of the main motion and any pending subsidiary motions. Limit or extend limits of debate—to change limitations on number or length of speeches from those previously adopted. Previous Question—to close debate, preclude any further amendments and vote immediately. (May apply to any motion or pending series of motions.) Lay on the Table—to suspend consideration of the main motion and any pending subsidiary motions to allow for immediate consideration of more urgent business. The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure differs as follows: The motion to Postpone Indefinitely is omitted. The motion to Table (or Postpone Temporarily) is used instead. The motion for the Previous Question is instead called the motion to Close Debate. Privileged motion A privileged motion is a motion that is granted precedence over ordinary business because it concerns matters of great importance or urgency. Such motions are not debatable, although in case of questions of privilege, the chair may feel the need to elicit relevant facts from members. According to Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, the privileged motions are, in order of precedence: Fix the time to which to adjourn, if another question is pending. Adjourn, but not if qualified or if adjournment would dissolve the assembly. Take a recess, if another question is pending. Raise a question of privilege Call for orders of the day The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure omits Fix the time to which to adjourn, instead providing that the motion to adjourn may be amended with regard to the time to which to adjourn. This book also omits Call for orders of the day, on the grounds that any member may raise a point of order if the scheduled order of business is not being followed. Incidental motion An incidental motion is a motion that relates in varying ways to the main motion and other parliamentary motions. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised lists the following incidental motions: appeal the decision of the chair, consideration by paragraph or seriatim, division of a question, division of the assembly, motions relating to nominations, motions relating to methods of voting and the polls, objection to the consideration of a question, point of order, request to be excused from a duty, suspend the rules, and the requests and inquiries (parliamentary inquiry, request for information, request for permission to withdraw or modify a motion, request to read papers, and request for any other privilege). Most incidental motions are undebatable. Unlike the privileged and subsidiary motions, incidental motions have no order of precedence among themselves. They take precedence over any pending question out of which they arise. Some incidental motions are only legitimately incidental at certain times or under certain conditions. For instance, the objection to the consideration of a question can only be raised before there has been any debate. Motions that bring a question again before the assembly Motions that bring a question again before the assembly are types of motions that are used to consider again a question that was previously disposed of. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised groups four motions under the classification name of "Motions that bring a question again before the assembly", because by their adoption or by their introduction, they serve the function described by the name of the class: Take from the table, Rescind or amend something previously adopted, Discharge a committee, and Reconsider. Except for the motion to Reconsider, these motions are main motions and can only be made when no business is pending. The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure classifies five "bring back" motions under the classification of main motions but lists them under the title of "Restorative Main Motions": Amend a previous action, Ratify, Reconsider, Rescind, and Resume Consideration. This book treats the motion to rescind and the motion to amend something previously adopted as two distinct motion forms under the "Restorative Main Motions" title. Also, the motion to discharge a committee is not used in this book because it allows a motion previously referred to committee to be withdrawn from the committee by the assembly. The motion to ratify is also included in this group. Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure uses the term, "restoratory", for a group of six motions that restored or brought a question back before the assembly: Expunge, Ratify, Rescind, Reconsider, Reconsider and Enter, and Take from the table. These "restoratory" motions are quasi-main motions that restore the status quo of a question; that is, they bring a question back to its original status—as it was prior to the last vote on it. Rules on use Generally only one motion can be considered at a time. There is a precedence, or ranking of the motions, when multiple motions are made. Each type of motion exists for a specific purpose. However, motions have been used beyond their stated purpose. Motions should not be made for dilatory or improper uses. Strategic use of motions Motions can accomplish results beyond their stated and obvious purpose. An example in Robert's Rules of Order is using the motion to postpone indefinitely in order to enable members who have exhausted their right of debate on the main question an opportunity to speak further and to test the strength of opposition to the question, since straw polls are not in order. Another example of strategic use of motions is moving to reconsider in order to "clinch" a decision on the primary motion and prevent its reconsideration later, since a failed motion to reconsider cannot be reconsidered without unanimous consent. Since it is not possible to amend an amendment to an amendment, a member desiring to prevent amendments to his proposed language can do so by including it in a secondary amendment. Another parliamentary maneuver, which has been used in the United States Senate, is the so-called "nuclear option" in which a majority sidesteps the two-thirds vote requirement to suspend the rules by raising a point of order in favor of their favored interpretation of the rules, followed by an appeal in which the interpretation is then imposed by a majority vote. Dilatory tactics and motions Dilatory tactics or motions are those tactics used to delay or obstruct business, annoy the deliberative assembly, or, in legislative procedure, to delay consideration of a subject. Unlike using motions for strategic purposes, using them for dilatory purposes is not allowed. Reasonableness is often used as a criterion in deciding whether a motion is dilatory. Some types of motions are suitable only for specific circumstances, and their use is otherwise absurd and dilatory. For instance, a motion to refer (commit) a resolution to a committee is dilatory if its object would be defeated by the delay in taking action. A motion to appeal the ruling of the chair is dilatory if there cannot possibly be two reasonable opinions about the ruling. Likewise, a motion for a division of the assembly is dilatory if the results of the voice vote are already clear to any reasonable person. The repetitive use of privileged motions can also be dilatory, such as repeatedly moving to adjourn when it has been voted down and nothing indicates that the assembly wants to end the meeting. A presiding officer has a duty to protect the assembly from the abuse of parliamentary processes for dilatory purposes. The chair can rule the motions out of order or refuse to recognize the member, but the maker of the motion should be given the benefit of the doubt. In legislative bodies, dilatory motions can take the form of demanding quorum calls and votes at every opportunity. Another dilatory tactic is for members to not answer when their name is called during the quorum roll call. The problem of dilatory tactics in such bodies dates back to the beginnings of parliamentary procedure in England and the United States. Jefferson's Manual, for instance, only requires the Speaker to direct a bill to be read upon the desire of any member "if the request is really for information and not for delay." In the US Senate, there are no formal rules against dilatory tactics except under cloture. Between 1831 and 1900, dilatory votes to adjourn composed more than 10 percent of all Senate votes, and successfully delayed recognition of Louisiana's Reconstruction government until 1868. According to Sarah Binder, in the 46th United States Congress, motions to adjourn consumed 23 percent of all floor votes. Speaker Thomas Brackett Reed famously took countermeasures against dilatory tactics, such as ruling dilatory motions out of order, and was sustained by the house. Some legislatures impose quotas on dilatory motions. For instance, the Nova Scotia House of Assembly imposes a maximum of one motion to hoist, one motion to refer to a committee, and one reasoned amendment per reading. The Rules of the U.S. Congress as revised in 1911 declare that no dilatory motion shall be entertained by the Speaker. The term "dilatory motion" does not always refer to an ill-intentioned motion. In Canada, "dilatory" motions refer to those "designed to dispose of the original question before the House either for the time being or permanently," and includes, for instance, motions to proceed to the orders of the day; postpone definitely; adjourn; and so on. Jeremy Bentham held that such types of dilatory motions are useful, stating, "Precipitation may arise from two causes: from ignorance, when a judgment is formed without the collection of all the information required—from passion, when there is not the necessary calm for considering the question in all its aspects." Renewal of motions Renewal of a motion is the act of bringing up again a motion that has already been disposed of by the deliberative assembly. Generally, the assembly cannot be asked to decide the same question, or substantially the same question, as one it has already decided upon in the same session. The underlying principle behind the non-renewal of a motion dates back to at least April 2, 1607, when the House of Commons adopted a rule "That a question being once made, and carried in the affirmative or negative, cannot be questioned again, but must stand as a judgement of the House". Over the past 400 years, various rules have evolved by precedent to allow and manage renewal of motions under specific circumstances. Renewal of motions is closely tied to the parliamentary concept of "session". Sessions in ordinary societies usually consist of one meeting, but legislative sessions can continue for months or years. A motion that has been rejected (voted down) in one session, cannot be easily brought up again in that session, but can be renewed in following sessions as a new motion. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised provides exceptions to non-renewal through the motions to Reconsider, Rescind, or Amend Something Previously Adopted. In the British House of Commons, a motion or an amendment which is the same, in substance, as a question which has been decided during a session may not be renewed again in that same session. Such substantive motions can be renewed in succeeding sessions as new motions. Reversals of earlier decisions can be done by Repeal of a Standing Order, Annulment, or Rescission. The repeal of a standing order is normally made as part of an order creating a new standard order. An annulment is used to declare proceedings to be null and void because of some form of irregularity in procedure. Renewals in the form of a rescission of a resolution made in earlier sessions is not prohibited by the practice of the House of Commons, but is seldom done. Technically it is regarded as a new question: the form being to read the previous resolution of the House and to move that it be rescinded. This power of rescission has been used sparingly and then only in the case of substantive motions. The reasons why open rescission is so rare is that the House instinctively realizes that parliamentary government requires the majority to abide by a decision regularly come to, however unexpected, and that it is unfair to resort to methods, whether direct or indirect, to reverse such a decision. Essentially this is a safeguard for the rights of the minority. National Legislatures United Kingdom In both Houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, motions can be classified in two separate categories: motions of which notice does not have to be given and motions of which notice must be given. Motions belonging to the first category are mostly ones which deal with procedural points, such as motions to close debate, to invoke the previous question, to adjourn consideration of a matter before the House, or to sit in private. Motions belonging to the first category constitute the large majority of motions considered by the House. If a Member intends to move one, he must first notify the Chair of the motion's text. Thereafter, if the Government (which is in charge of parliamentary business) decides to allow debate on that motion to be held, and to set a day on which such debate will be held, the motion's text will appear on that day's Order Paper, next to the name of the Member who intends to move it. At the beginning of the sitting, the Presiding Officer shall call on the Member whose name is the first to appear on the Order Paper to move his or her motion. This is often done by saying "I beg to move", followed by the entire text of the motion, or more simply by saying "I beg to move the motion which stands in my name on the Order Paper". After debate on that motion has ended (and the motion itself has either been put up to a vote or withdrawn), the Presiding Officer shall call upon the Member whose name is the second to appear on the Order Paper, and the process is repeated until either all motions on the Order Paper have been debated or the sitting has been adjourned. Motions which have not yet been granted by the Government a day on which to be debated are called early day motions. Similar rules apply in most Commonwealth Parliaments. See also Ballot measure Bill (law) List of motions Petition Resolution (law) Yes–no question References ^ a b Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5. ^ Robert III, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-306-82019-9. ^ a b Robert 2011, pp. 104–105 ^ Robert III 2011, p. 18 ^ "The Process of Debate - Moving a Motion". www.parl.gc.ca. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 2016-01-08. ^ Robert 2011, p. 29 ^ Robert III 2011, p. 20 ^ Robert 2011, pp. 105–106 ^ Robert 2011, p. 40 ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 122 ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 59 ^ a b c Robert 2011, p. 62 ^ Robert 2011, p. 66 ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 69 ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 74 ^ Sturgis, Alice (2001). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, 4th ed., p. 36 ^ Mason, Paul (2010). Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure (PDF). Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures. p. 325. ISBN 9781580246101. ^ "The Legislative Process: Senate Floor (Video)". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-08. ^ "The Legislative Process: House Floor (Video)". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-08. ^ "What are Early day motions?". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2016-01-08. ^ Brown, Chris (2011-05-08). "About PQs, Answers and Motions". www.scottish.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-08. ^ "CHAPTER VII". parliamentofindia.nic.in. Retrieved 2016-01-08. ^ "No. 1 - Senate business documents". www.aph.gov.au. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 2016-01-09. ^ a b "The Process of Debate - Motions". www.parl.gc.ca. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ Robert 2011, p. 33 ^ Robert 2011, pp. 106–107 ^ Robert 2011, p. 100 ^ a b Robert 2011, pp. 101–102 ^ Robert 2011, pp. 63–64 ^ TSC, p. 234–235 ^ TSC, p. 235 ^ Robert 2011, pp. 67–68 ^ Sturgis, Alice (2001). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, 4th ed. ^ Robert 2011, p. 72 ^ Robert 2011, p. 70 ^ TSC, p. 16–17 ^ Demeter, George (1969). Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure, Blue Book, p. 152 ^ Demeter, p. 48 ^ Robert 2011, pp. 60–61 ^ Robert 2011, p. 128 ^ Robert 2011, p. 429 ^ Robert 2011, p. 321 ^ Robert 2011, p. 135 ^ Grieve, Tim (May 12, 2005). "Everything you wanted to know about the "nuclear option"". Salon.com. Retrieved 2008-04-13. ^ "The 'Nuclear Option'". CFIF.org. Oct 23, 2002. Retrieved 2008-04-13. ^ Robert 2011, p. 172 ^ Robert 2011, p. 256 ^ Robert 2011, p. 282 ^ Robert 2011, p. 240 ^ a b Robert 2011, pp. 342–343 ^ Jefferson, Manual, §32 ^ "TheCapitol.Net > Glossary > D, E, F". www.thecapitol.net. Retrieved 2016-01-16. ^ Sarah A. Binder, Steven S. Smith. Politics Or Principle?: Filibustering in the United States Senate. p. 62. ^ Binder, Sarah A. Minority Rights, Majority Rule: Partisanship and the Development of Congress. p. 124. ^ "The Nova Scotia Legislature". www.gov.ns.ca. Retrieved 2016-01-16. ^ Bentham, Jeremy (1839). "The Works of Jeremy Bentham, ch. XIII". ^ Hatsell, John (1796). Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons. Vol. II. p. 118. ^ Boulton, C.J. (1989). Eriskine May's Treatise on The Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament (Parliamentary Practice) (21st ed.). p. 326. ^ Parliamentary Practice, pp. 360-364 ^ "Motions made without notice". ^ "Order Paper". ^ "Moving of motions". vteParliamentary procedureMajor concepts History of parliamentary procedure Principles of parliamentary procedure Deliberative assembly Committee Session Quorum Chair Floor Recognition Motion Second Debate Main motion Order of business Minutes Voting methods in deliberative assemblies Majority Unanimous consent Subsidiary motions Postpone indefinitely Amend Commit Postpone to a certain time Limit or extend limits of debate Previous question Cloture Lay on the table Privileged motions Call for the orders of the day Raise a question of privilege Recess Adjourn Fix the time to which to adjourn Incidental motions Point of order Appeal Suspend the rules Objection to the consideration of a question Division of a question Consideration by paragraph or seriatim Division of the assembly Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls Motions relating to nominations Prayer motion Request to be excused from a duty Requests and inquiries (Parliamentary inquiry, Request for information, Request for permission to withdraw or modify a motion, Request to read papers, Request for any other privilege) Motions that bring a questionagain before the assembly Take from the table Rescind, repeal, annul or amend something previously adopted Discharge a committee Reconsider Legislative procedures Call of the house Hoist Motion to pass on Recall of Parliament Disciplinary procedures Censure Declare the chair vacant Impeach Naming Parliamentary authorities Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR) The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (TSC or Sturgis) Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure Riddick's Rules of Procedure Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice Jefferson's Manual Lex Parliamentaria Odgers' Australian Senate Practice House of Representatives Practice Bourinot's Rules of Order Beauchesne's Parliamentary Rules and Forms Morin code ABC of Chairmanship Politics portal Portal: Politics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentary procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure"},{"link_name":"deliberative assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_assembly"},{"link_name":"Robert's Rules of Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%27s_Rules_of_Order"},{"link_name":"The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standard_Code_of_Parliamentary_Procedure"},{"link_name":"Lord Citrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Citrine,_1st_Baron_Citrine"},{"link_name":"The ABC of Chairmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_ABC_of_Chairmanship"},{"link_name":"parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament"}],"text":"In certain countries, a motion in parliamentary procedure is a formal proposal by a member of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take certain action. Such motions, and the form they take are specified by the deliberate assembly and/or a pre-agreed volume detailing parliamentary procedure, such as Robert's Rules of Order; The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure; or Lord Citrine's The ABC of Chairmanship. Motions are used in conducting business in almost all legislative bodies worldwide, and are used in meetings of many church vestries, corporate boards, and fraternal organizations.Motions can bring new business before the assembly or consist of numerous other proposals to take procedural steps or carry out other actions relating to a pending proposal (such as postponing it to another time) or to the assembly itself (such as taking a recess).In a parliament, it may also be called a parliamentary motion and may include legislative motions, budgetary motions, supplementary budgetary motions, and petitionary motions.","title":"Motion (parliamentary procedure)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"group decision-making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_decision-making"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"A motion is a formal proposal by a member to do something.[1] Motions are the basis of the group decision-making process.[2] They focus the group on what is being decided.Generally, a motion should be phrased in a way to take an action or express an opinion. A motion to not do something should not be offered if the same result can happen without anything being done.[3] Such a motion could result in confusion if the assembly does not want to not do it.[3]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"obtains the floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"seconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman"},{"link_name":"debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate_(parliamentary_procedure)"}],"text":"The process of handling motions generally involves the following steps, depending on the motion and the rules of order in use:[4][5]A member obtains the floor and makes a motion.\nAnother member seconds the motion.\nThe chair states the motion.\nMembers debate the motion.\nThe chair puts the motion to a vote.\nThe chair announces the results of the vote and what happens with the motion.","title":"Process of handling motions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"seconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A motion is proposed by a member of the body, for the consideration of the body as a whole. Generally, the person making the motion, known as the mover, must first be recognized by the chairman as being entitled to speak; this is known as obtaining the floor.[6]Once the mover has obtained the floor, the mover states the motion, normally prefixed with the phrase \"I move.\"[7] For instance, at a meeting, a member may say, \"I move that the group donate $5 to Wikipedia.\"Instead of being given verbally, a motion may be made in writing, in which case it is called a proposed resolution or a draft resolution (sometimes improperly shortened to resolution).[8] If the motion is in writing, the mover says \"I move the resolution at the desk\" or \"I move the following resolution\" and then reads it.Generally, once the motion has been proposed, consideration by the assembly occurs only if another member of the body immediately seconds the motion.Once the chair states the motion, it becomes the property of the assembly and the mover cannot modify it or withdraw it without the assembly's consent.[9]","title":"Proposing motions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutes"},{"link_name":"call of the next meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_(parliamentary_procedure)#Call_of_the_meeting"},{"link_name":"convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_(meeting)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"}],"sub_title":"Previous notice","text":"Previous notice is an announcement that a motion will be introduced at a future meeting of a deliberative assembly. Previous notice can be given in one of two ways. A member either announces it at a meeting of the assembly, in which case the secretary is to record it in the minutes, or notifies the secretary outside of the meeting. In either case, the secretary is to include in the call of the next meeting the motion's text, often accompanied by the name of the person who intends to move it. Certain motions – specifically, the motions to adopt or amend special rules of order, rescind, repeal or annul or amend something previously adopted, amend standing rules in a convention, discharge a committee, and postpone an event or action previously scheduled – are more difficult to pass if previous notice has not been given.[10] Often, a majority of the entire membership or a two-thirds vote is required if previous notice has not been given.[10] This rule is intended to protect the rights of absent members. Sometimes, when moving a motion of which notice has been given, a member, instead of reading aloud the entire text, will simply say \"I move the motion which stands in my name\".","title":"Proposing motions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%27s_Rules_of_Order"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standard_Code_of_Parliamentary_Procedure"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%27s_Manual_of_Legislative_Procedure"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Standing Rules of the United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"procedures of the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Parliaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament"},{"link_name":"Parliament of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-24"}],"text":"There are different types of motions. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR) divides motions into five classes:[11]Main motions, those that bring business before the assembly when no other motion is pending. This is the most common type of motion.[1]\nSubsidiary motions, which affect the main motion being considered.[12]\nPrivileged motions, which are urgent matters that must be dealt with immediately, even if they interrupt pending business.[13]\nIncidental motions, which relate in different ways to the business at hand.[14]\nMotions that bring a matter again before the assembly.[15]Classes 2, 3 and 4 are collectively referred to as \"secondary motions\".[11]The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure treats the fifth class as a type of main motion, under the title \"Restorative Main Motions\".[16]Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure has a similar classification of motions.[17]The United States Senate and House of Representatives have their own specialized motions as provided in the Standing Rules of the United States Senate and the procedures of the United States House of Representatives, respectively.[18][19]Parliaments also have their own specialized motions.In the Parliament of India there are broadly three categories of motion:-1) Substantive Motion2) Substitute Motion3) Subsidiary Motion- it is further classified into ancillary motion, supersiding motion and amendment.[20][21][22][23][24]","title":"Classification of motions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"preamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preamble"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"},{"link_name":"objection to the consideration of the question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objection_to_the_consideration_of_the_question"}],"sub_title":"Main motion","text":"A main motion is a motion that brings business before the assembly.[12] Main motions are made while no other motion is pending. Any of the subsidiary, incidental and privileged motions may be made while the main motion is pending, and in many cases these motions, if passed, will affect the assembly's consideration of the main motion.When greater formality is desired, the main motion may be made in the form of a resolution, which is always submitted in writing.[25] A preamble containing several paragraphs explaining background information or justification for the proposed action is often included, but is not required.[26]Normally, this is a motion that introduces a substantive question as a new subject, in which case it is also called an original main motion.[27] Otherwise, it is an incidental main motion, examples of which are the motions to adopt recommendations of a committee, to ratify action previously taken without a quorum, to rescind an action previously taken, or to adjourn or recess while no main motion is pending.[28] Unlike original main motions, incidental main motions cannot have an objection to the consideration of the question applied to them.","title":"Classification of motions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Postpone indefinitely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpone_indefinitely"},{"link_name":"Amend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amend_(motion)"},{"link_name":"Commit or Refer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commit_(motion)"},{"link_name":"Postpone to a certain time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpone_to_a_certain_time"},{"link_name":"Limit or extend limits of debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_or_extend_limits_of_debate"},{"link_name":"Previous Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Previous_question"},{"link_name":"Lay on the Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(parliamentary)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Subsidiary motion","text":"A subsidiary motion is a type of motion by which a deliberative assembly deals directly with a main motion prior to (or instead of) voting on the main motion itself.[12] Each subsidiary motion ranks higher than the main motion and lower than the privileged motions, and also yields to applicable incidental motions. Some of the subsidiary motions may also be applied to certain other subsidiary motions, incidental motions and privileged motions.Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised recognizes seven subsidiary motions. Ranked lowest to highest in order of precedence, they are the motions to:[29]Postpone indefinitely—to end consideration of the main motion for the balance of that session, without a direct vote on the main motion.\nAmend—to change the main motion. (May also be applied to certain other motions).\nCommit or Refer—to send the main motion and any pending subsidiary motions to a committee for consideration.\nPostpone to a certain time (or Postpone Definitely, or Postpone) -- to delay consideration of the main motion and any pending subsidiary motions.\nLimit or extend limits of debate—to change limitations on number or length of speeches from those previously adopted.\nPrevious Question—to close debate, preclude any further amendments and vote immediately. (May apply to any motion or pending series of motions.)\nLay on the Table—to suspend consideration of the main motion and any pending subsidiary motions to allow for immediate consideration of more urgent business.The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure differs as follows:The motion to Postpone Indefinitely is omitted. The motion to Table (or Postpone Temporarily) is used instead.[30]\nThe motion for the Previous Question is instead called the motion to Close Debate.[31]","title":"Classification of motions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Fix the time to which to adjourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fix_the_time_to_which_to_adjourn"},{"link_name":"Adjourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjourn_(motion)"},{"link_name":"recess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recess_(motion)"},{"link_name":"Raise a question of privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raise_a_question_of_privilege"},{"link_name":"Call for orders of the day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_for_the_orders_of_the_day"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Privileged motion","text":"A privileged motion is a motion that is granted precedence over ordinary business because it concerns matters of great importance or urgency. Such motions are not debatable, although in case of questions of privilege, the chair may feel the need to elicit relevant facts from members.According to Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, the privileged motions are, in order of precedence:[32]Fix the time to which to adjourn, if another question is pending.\nAdjourn, but not if qualified or if adjournment would dissolve the assembly.\nTake a recess, if another question is pending.\nRaise a question of privilege\nCall for orders of the dayThe Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure omits Fix the time to which to adjourn, instead providing that the motion to adjourn may be amended with regard to the time to which to adjourn. This book also omits Call for orders of the day, on the grounds that any member may raise a point of order if the scheduled order of business is not being followed.[33]","title":"Classification of motions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"appeal the decision of the chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_(motion)"},{"link_name":"consideration by paragraph or seriatim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration_by_paragraph_or_seriatim"},{"link_name":"division of a question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_a_question"},{"link_name":"division of the assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(vote)"},{"link_name":"motions relating to nominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motions_relating_to_nominations"},{"link_name":"motions relating to methods of voting and the polls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motions_relating_to_methods_of_voting_and_the_polls"},{"link_name":"objection to the consideration of a question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objection_to_the_consideration_of_a_question"},{"link_name":"point of order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_order"},{"link_name":"request to be excused from a duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_to_be_excused_from_a_duty"},{"link_name":"suspend the rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspend_the_rules"},{"link_name":"requests and inquiries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requests_and_inquiries"},{"link_name":"parliamentary inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_inquiry"},{"link_name":"request for information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_information_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"request for permission to withdraw or modify a motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_permission_to_withdraw_or_modify_a_motion"},{"link_name":"request to read papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_to_read_papers"},{"link_name":"request for any other privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_any_other_privilege"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-14"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Incidental motion","text":"An incidental motion is a motion that relates in varying ways to the main motion and other parliamentary motions.Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised lists the following incidental motions: appeal the decision of the chair, consideration by paragraph or seriatim, division of a question, division of the assembly, motions relating to nominations, motions relating to methods of voting and the polls, objection to the consideration of a question, point of order, request to be excused from a duty, suspend the rules, and the requests and inquiries (parliamentary inquiry, request for information, request for permission to withdraw or modify a motion, request to read papers, and request for any other privilege). Most incidental motions are undebatable.[14]Unlike the privileged and subsidiary motions, incidental motions have no order of precedence among themselves. They take precedence over any pending question out of which they arise.[34] Some incidental motions are only legitimately incidental at certain times or under certain conditions. For instance, the objection to the consideration of a question can only be raised before there has been any debate.[35]","title":"Classification of motions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-15"},{"link_name":"Take from the table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(parliamentary)"},{"link_name":"Rescind or amend something previously adopted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescind_or_amend_something_previously_adopted"},{"link_name":"Discharge a committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_a_committee"},{"link_name":"Reconsider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconsider"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"ratify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratify"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"},{"link_name":"Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter%27s_Manual_of_Parliamentary_Law_and_Procedure"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Motions that bring a question again before the assembly","text":"Motions that bring a question again before the assembly are types of motions that are used to consider again a question that was previously disposed of.Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised groups four motions under the classification name of \"Motions that bring a question again before the assembly\", because by their adoption or by their introduction, they serve the function described by the name of the class:[15] Take from the table, Rescind or amend something previously adopted, Discharge a committee, and Reconsider. Except for the motion to Reconsider, these motions are main motions and can only be made when no business is pending.The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure classifies five \"bring back\" motions under the classification of main motions but lists them under the title of \"Restorative Main Motions\":[36] Amend a previous action, Ratify, Reconsider, Rescind, and Resume Consideration. This book treats the motion to rescind and the motion to amend something previously adopted as two distinct motion forms under the \"Restorative Main Motions\" title. Also, the motion to discharge a committee is not used in this book because it allows a motion previously referred to committee to be withdrawn from the committee by the assembly. The motion to ratify is also included in this group.[28]Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure uses the term, \"restoratory\", for a group of six motions that restored or brought a question back before the assembly:[37] Expunge, Ratify, Rescind, Reconsider, Reconsider and Enter, and Take from the table. These \"restoratory\" motions are quasi-main motions that restore the status quo of a question; that is, they bring a question back to its original status—as it was prior to the last vote on it.[38]","title":"Classification of motions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Generally only one motion can be considered at a time. There is a precedence, or ranking of the motions, when multiple motions are made.[39] Each type of motion exists for a specific purpose. However, motions have been used beyond their stated purpose. Motions should not be made for dilatory or improper uses.","title":"Rules on use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"straw polls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_poll"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"nuclear option","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_option"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Strategic use of motions","text":"Motions can accomplish results beyond their stated and obvious purpose. An example in Robert's Rules of Order is using the motion to postpone indefinitely in order to enable members who have exhausted their right of debate on the main question an opportunity to speak further and to test the strength of opposition to the question, since straw polls are not in order.[40][41] Another example of strategic use of motions is moving to reconsider in order to \"clinch\" a decision on the primary motion and prevent its reconsideration later, since a failed motion to reconsider cannot be reconsidered without unanimous consent.[42] Since it is not possible to amend an amendment to an amendment, a member desiring to prevent amendments to his proposed language can do so by including it in a secondary amendment.[43]Another parliamentary maneuver, which has been used in the United States Senate, is the so-called \"nuclear option\" in which a majority sidesteps the two-thirds vote requirement to suspend the rules by raising a point of order in favor of their favored interpretation of the rules, followed by an appeal in which the interpretation is then imposed by a majority vote.[44][45]","title":"Rules on use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-50"},{"link_name":"quorum calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum_call"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jefferson's Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"cloture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloture"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"46th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Thomas Brackett Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia House of Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly"},{"link_name":"hoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoist_(motion)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-24"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Bentham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Dilatory tactics and motions","text":"Dilatory tactics or motions are those tactics used to delay or obstruct business, annoy the deliberative assembly, or, in legislative procedure, to delay consideration of a subject. Unlike using motions for strategic purposes, using them for dilatory purposes is not allowed. Reasonableness is often used as a criterion in deciding whether a motion is dilatory. Some types of motions are suitable only for specific circumstances, and their use is otherwise absurd and dilatory.For instance, a motion to refer (commit) a resolution to a committee is dilatory if its object would be defeated by the delay in taking action.[46] A motion to appeal the ruling of the chair is dilatory if there cannot possibly be two reasonable opinions about the ruling.[47] Likewise, a motion for a division of the assembly is dilatory if the results of the voice vote are already clear to any reasonable person.[48] The repetitive use of privileged motions can also be dilatory, such as repeatedly moving to adjourn when it has been voted down and nothing indicates that the assembly wants to end the meeting.[49]A presiding officer has a duty to protect the assembly from the abuse of parliamentary processes for dilatory purposes.[50] The chair can rule the motions out of order or refuse to recognize the member, but the maker of the motion should be given the benefit of the doubt.[50]In legislative bodies, dilatory motions can take the form of demanding quorum calls and votes at every opportunity. Another dilatory tactic is for members to not answer when their name is called during the quorum roll call. The problem of dilatory tactics in such bodies dates back to the beginnings of parliamentary procedure in England and the United States.[citation needed] Jefferson's Manual, for instance, only requires the Speaker to direct a bill to be read upon the desire of any member \"if the request is really for information and not for delay.\"[51] In the US Senate, there are no formal rules against dilatory tactics except under cloture.[52] Between 1831 and 1900, dilatory votes to adjourn composed more than 10 percent of all Senate votes, and successfully delayed recognition of Louisiana's Reconstruction government until 1868.[53] According to Sarah Binder, in the 46th United States Congress, motions to adjourn consumed 23 percent of all floor votes.[54] Speaker Thomas Brackett Reed famously took countermeasures against dilatory tactics, such as ruling dilatory motions out of order, and was sustained by the house. Some legislatures impose quotas on dilatory motions. For instance, the Nova Scotia House of Assembly imposes a maximum of one motion to hoist, one motion to refer to a committee, and one reasoned amendment per reading.[55] The Rules of the U.S. Congress as revised in 1911 declare that no dilatory motion shall be entertained by the Speaker.The term \"dilatory motion\" does not always refer to an ill-intentioned motion. In Canada, \"dilatory\" motions refer to those \"designed to dispose of the original question before the House either for the time being or permanently,\" and includes, for instance, motions to proceed to the orders of the day; postpone definitely; adjourn; and so on.[24] Jeremy Bentham held that such types of dilatory motions are useful, stating, \"Precipitation may arise from two causes: from ignorance, when a judgment is formed without the collection of all the information required—from passion, when there is not the necessary calm for considering the question in all its aspects.\"[56]","title":"Rules on use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"legislative sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_session"},{"link_name":"British House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Renewal of a motion is the act of bringing up again a motion that has already been disposed of by the deliberative assembly. Generally, the assembly cannot be asked to decide the same question, or substantially the same question, as one it has already decided upon in the same session.The underlying principle behind the non-renewal of a motion dates back to at least April 2, 1607, when the House of Commons adopted a rule \"That a question being once made, and carried in the affirmative or negative, cannot be questioned again, but must stand as a judgement of the House\".[57] Over the past 400 years, various rules have evolved by precedent to allow and manage renewal of motions under specific circumstances.Renewal of motions is closely tied to the parliamentary concept of \"session\". Sessions in ordinary societies usually consist of one meeting, but legislative sessions can continue for months or years. A motion that has been rejected (voted down) in one session, cannot be easily brought up again in that session, but can be renewed in following sessions as a new motion. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised provides exceptions to non-renewal through the motions to Reconsider, Rescind, or Amend Something Previously Adopted.In the British House of Commons, a motion or an amendment which is the same, in substance, as a question which has been decided during a session may not be renewed again in that same session.[58] Such substantive motions can be renewed in succeeding sessions as new motions. Reversals of earlier decisions can be done by Repeal of a Standing Order, Annulment, or Rescission. The repeal of a standing order is normally made as part of an order creating a new standard order. An annulment is used to declare proceedings to be null and void because of some form of irregularity in procedure. Renewals in the form of a rescission of a resolution made in earlier sessions is not prohibited by the practice of the House of Commons, but is seldom done. Technically it is regarded as a new question: the form being to read the previous resolution of the House and to move that it be rescinded. This power of rescission has been used sparingly and then only in the case of substantive motions. The reasons why open rescission is so rare is that the House instinctively realizes that parliamentary government requires the majority to abide by a decision regularly come to, however unexpected, and that it is unfair to resort to methods, whether direct or indirect, to reverse such a decision. Essentially this is a safeguard for the rights of the minority.[59]","title":"Renewal of motions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"National Legislatures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"motions to close debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloture"},{"link_name":"to invoke the previous question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Previous_question"},{"link_name":"to adjourn consideration of a matter before the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_to_adjourn"},{"link_name":"or to sit in private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_to_sit_in_private"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Order Paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_Paper"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"early day motions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_day_motions"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"In both Houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, motions can be classified in two separate categories: motions of which notice does not have to be given and motions of which notice must be given.Motions belonging to the first category are mostly ones which deal with procedural points, such as motions to close debate, to invoke the previous question, to adjourn consideration of a matter before the House, or to sit in private.[60]Motions belonging to the first category constitute the large majority of motions considered by the House. If a Member intends to move one, he must first notify the Chair of the motion's text. Thereafter, if the Government (which is in charge of parliamentary business) decides to allow debate on that motion to be held, and to set a day on which such debate will be held, the motion's text will appear on that day's Order Paper, next to the name of the Member who intends to move it. At the beginning of the sitting, the Presiding Officer shall call on the Member whose name is the first to appear on the Order Paper to move his or her motion. This is often done by saying \"I beg to move\", followed by the entire text of the motion, or more simply by saying \"I beg to move the motion which stands in my name on the Order Paper\". After debate on that motion has ended (and the motion itself has either been put up to a vote or withdrawn), the Presiding Officer shall call upon the Member whose name is the second to appear on the Order Paper, and the process is repeated until either all motions on the Order Paper have been debated or the sitting has been adjourned.[61][62]Motions which have not yet been granted by the Government a day on which to be debated are called early day motions.Similar rules apply in most Commonwealth Parliaments.","title":"National Legislatures"}]	[]	[{"title":"Ballot measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_measure"},{"title":"Bill (law)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(law)"},{"title":"List of motions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_motions"},{"title":"Petition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition"},{"title":"Resolution (law)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(law)"},{"title":"Yes–no question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question"}]	[{"reference":"Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%27s_Rules_of_Order","url_text":"Robert's Rules of Order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82020-5","url_text":"978-0-306-82020-5"}]},{"reference":"Robert III, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-306-82019-9.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robertsrules.com/inbrief.html","url_text":"Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82019-9","url_text":"978-0-306-82019-9"}]},{"reference":"\"The Process of Debate - Moving a Motion\". www.parl.gc.ca. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 2016-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/marleaumontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch12&Seq=4&Language=E","url_text":"\"The Process of Debate - Moving a Motion\""}]},{"reference":"Mason, Paul (2010). Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure (PDF). Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures. p. 325. ISBN 9781580246101.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncsl.org/documents/pubs/2010masonsmanualcontents.pdf","url_text":"Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580246101","url_text":"9781580246101"}]},{"reference":"\"The Legislative Process: Senate Floor (Video)\". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process/senate-floor","url_text":"\"The Legislative Process: Senate Floor (Video)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Legislative Process: House Floor (Video)\". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process/house-floor","url_text":"\"The Legislative Process: House Floor (Video)\""}]},{"reference":"\"What are Early day motions?\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2016-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/edms/","url_text":"\"What are Early day motions?\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Chris (2011-05-08). \"About PQs, Answers and Motions\". www.scottish.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/32115.aspx","url_text":"\"About PQs, Answers and Motions\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHAPTER VII\". parliamentofindia.nic.in. Retrieved 2016-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/direct/dirp7.html","url_text":"\"CHAPTER VII\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1 - Senate business documents\". www.aph.gov.au. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 2016-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Brief_Guides_to_Senate_Procedure/No_1","url_text":"\"No. 1 - Senate business documents\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Process of Debate - Motions\". www.parl.gc.ca. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/marleaumontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Sec=Ch12&Seq=2&Language=E","url_text":"\"The Process of Debate - Motions\""}]},{"reference":"Grieve, Tim (May 12, 2005). \"Everything you wanted to know about the \"nuclear option\"\". Salon.com. Retrieved 2008-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/05/12/nuclear_option_primer/","url_text":"\"Everything you wanted to know about the \"nuclear option\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 'Nuclear Option'\". CFIF.org. Oct 23, 2002. Retrieved 2008-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cfif.org/htdocs/legislative_issues/federal_issues/hot_issues_in_congress/confirmation_watch/nuclear_option.htm","url_text":"\"The 'Nuclear Option'\""}]},{"reference":"\"TheCapitol.Net > Glossary > D, E, F\". www.thecapitol.net. Retrieved 2016-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecapitol.net/glossary/def.htm","url_text":"\"TheCapitol.Net > Glossary > D, E, F\""}]},{"reference":"Sarah A. Binder, Steven S. Smith. Politics Or Principle?: Filibustering in the United States Senate. p. 62.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Binder, Sarah A. Minority Rights, Majority Rule: Partisanship and the Development of Congress. p. 124.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Nova Scotia Legislature\". www.gov.ns.ca. Retrieved 2016-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.ns.ca/legislature/hansard/han56-1/11.htm","url_text":"\"The Nova Scotia Legislature\""}]},{"reference":"Bentham, Jeremy (1839). \"The Works of Jeremy Bentham, ch. XIII\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K3dYAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"The Works of Jeremy Bentham, ch. XIII\""}]},{"reference":"Hatsell, John (1796). Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons. Vol. II. p. 118.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hatsell","url_text":"Hatsell, John"}]},{"reference":"Boulton, C.J. (1989). Eriskine May's Treatise on The Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament (Parliamentary Practice) (21st ed.). p. 326.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Motions made without notice\".","urls":[{"url":"https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/4741/motions-made-without-notice/","url_text":"\"Motions made without notice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Order Paper\".","urls":[{"url":"https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/6448/order-paper/","url_text":"\"Order Paper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moving of motions\".","urls":[{"url":"https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/4755/moving-of-motions","url_text":"\"Moving of motions\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.robertsrules.com/inbrief.html","external_links_name":"Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief"},{"Link":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/marleaumontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch12&Seq=4&Language=E","external_links_name":"\"The Process of Debate - Moving a Motion\""},{"Link":"http://www.ncsl.org/documents/pubs/2010masonsmanualcontents.pdf","external_links_name":"Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process/senate-floor","external_links_name":"\"The Legislative Process: Senate Floor (Video)\""},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process/house-floor","external_links_name":"\"The Legislative Process: House Floor (Video)\""},{"Link":"http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/edms/","external_links_name":"\"What are Early day motions?\""},{"Link":"http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/32115.aspx","external_links_name":"\"About PQs, Answers and Motions\""},{"Link":"http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/direct/dirp7.html","external_links_name":"\"CHAPTER VII\""},{"Link":"http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Brief_Guides_to_Senate_Procedure/No_1","external_links_name":"\"No. 1 - Senate business documents\""},{"Link":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/marleaumontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Sec=Ch12&Seq=2&Language=E","external_links_name":"\"The Process of Debate - Motions\""},{"Link":"http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/05/12/nuclear_option_primer/","external_links_name":"\"Everything you wanted to know about the \"nuclear option\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.cfif.org/htdocs/legislative_issues/federal_issues/hot_issues_in_congress/confirmation_watch/nuclear_option.htm","external_links_name":"\"The 'Nuclear Option'\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecapitol.net/glossary/def.htm","external_links_name":"\"TheCapitol.Net > Glossary > D, E, F\""},{"Link":"http://www.gov.ns.ca/legislature/hansard/han56-1/11.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Nova Scotia Legislature\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K3dYAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"The Works of Jeremy Bentham, ch. XIII\""},{"Link":"https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/4741/motions-made-without-notice/","external_links_name":"\"Motions made without notice\""},{"Link":"https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/6448/order-paper/","external_links_name":"\"Order Paper\""},{"Link":"https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/4755/moving-of-motions","external_links_name":"\"Moving of motions\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Gibson	Rick Gibson	["1 Early life and education","2 3D holograms","3 Freeze-dried sculptures","3.1 Fetus earrings","4 Performance art","4.1 Cannibalism","4.2 Sniffy the Rat","5 Outdoor installations","6 3D computer graphics","7 Bioart","8 References","9 External links"]	Canadian sculptor and artist (born 1951) For those of a similar name, see Rick Gibson (golfer) and Richard Gibson (disambiguation). Rick GibsonBorn1951 (age 72–73)Montreal, Quebec, CanadaKnown forHolographer, sculptor, performance artistNotable workFoetus Ear-rings, cannibalism, Sniffy the RatWebsiterickgibson.net Rick Gibson (born 1951) is a Canadian sculptor and artist best known for his performance works. Early life and education Gibson was born in Montreal and studied psychology at the University of Victoria, where between 1973 and 1974 he drew weekly comics for the student newspaper. After completing his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1974 he moved to Vancouver. He lived in London, England from 1983 to 1989. He received a Master of Science degree in Interactive Art and Technology from Simon Fraser University, Surrey in 2004. 3D holograms In 1976, he became the holography assistant for the American new media artist Al Razutis. In 1978 he received Canadian government funding to build his own holography studio and study holographic special effects. He exhibited the results of this work in Vancouver at the Helen Pitt Gallery in June 1978 and again in Victoria at the Open Space Gallery in June 1979. Freeze-dried sculptures In an attempt to solve a holographic problem, Gibson experimented with freeze-drying techniques. He produced a series of sculptures that explored the ethics of using legally embalmed animals and humans as art supplies. These sculptures were first exhibited at the Unit/Pitt Gallery in Vancouver, Canada in 1981. The same works were later shown in November 1984 at the Cuts Gallery in London, UK. Fetus earrings During the 1984 exhibition of freeze-dried sculptures in London, Gibson was given two dehydrated human fetuses from an anatomy professor. They were 10 weeks in development and had been dehydrated for 20 years. Gibson re-hydrated both fetuses, freeze-dried them and attached them as earrings to a female mannequin head. The sculpture was titled Human Earrings. They were exhibited at the Young Unknowns Gallery in south London in December 1987. On Thursday, 3 December 1987, the sculpture was seized by the Metropolitan Police. Because of this incident, Gibson was expelled from Goldsmiths College on 21 December 1987, where he was studying post-graduate art, design and technology. On 11 April 1988, Gibson and the gallery owner, Peter Sylveire, were formally charged with the common law offences of exhibiting a public nuisance and outraging public decency. The trial started on Monday, 30 January 1989 at the Old Bailey in central London. The judge was Brian Smedley, Michael Worsley was the prosecuting barrister, and Geoffrey Robertson and Helena Kennedy were the defence barristers. On 6 February 1989, the charge of public nuisance was dismissed. On Tuesday, 9 February 1989, the jury of 10 women and 2 men found Gibson and Sylveire guilty of outraging public decency. Gibson was fined £500 and Sylveire was fined £300. Immediately following the verdict, an appeal application was filed. However, on 10 July 1990, the Court of Appeal dismissed the case and upheld the earlier conviction. There was considerable media commentary about this sculpture before, during, and after the trial. The court case was also the subject of a one-hour British television programme. Since the trial, writers such as John A. Walker and Eduardo Kac have continued to reflect on the sculpture and its social implications. Performance art While living in London, Gibson met many performance artists at the Brixton Artists Collective. He did his first performance piece in Reading on 4 January 1986. He walked on the High Street with a dog carrying a sign which said: "Wanted: legally preserved human limbs and human fetuses". He tried to do the same piece again in Brighton on 25 January 1986, but he was arrested and convicted of behaviour likely to cause a breach of the peace. Subsequent performance pieces included standing in front of the Director of Public Prosecutions office in London with a live rat in front of his face, enabling people to kill live insects in Plymouth (where he was arrested but released without charge), and questioning the killing of slugs in Vancouver, Canada. Cannibalism On 23 July 1988, Gibson ate the flesh of another person in public. Because England does not have a specific law against cannibalism, he legally ate a canapé of donated human tonsils in Walthamstow High Street, London. A year later, on 15 April 1989, he publicly ate a slice of human testicle. When he tried to eat another slice of human testicle as "hors d'oeuvre" at the Pitt International Galleries in Vancouver on 14 July 1989, the police confiscated the testicle. However, the charge of publicly exhibiting a disgusting object was dropped, and two months later he finally ate the piece of human testicle on the steps of the Vancouver court house. Sniffy the Rat On 28 December 1989, The Province newspaper in Vancouver, Canada, reported that Gibson intended to crush a rat named Sniffy between two paint canvasses with a 25-kilogram concrete block in downtown Vancouver. On impact, Sniffy would leave an imprint on the canvasses, forming a diptych. Gibson said he had acquired Sniffy from a pet shop which sold living rats as food for snakes and lizards. The performance was planned to happen on 6 January 1990, outside the old central public library on Burrard Street. Opinion about the impending event was publicly broadcast via newsprint, television, and radio. On the morning of 6 January, a group of animal rights activists from the Lifeforce Foundation stole the device Gibson was going to use to crush the rat. Lifeforce's Peter Hamilton said that it was done to protect both the rat and Gibson. Because of this development, Gibson arrived at the corner of Robson and Burrard at 1:00 pm without Sniffy or his art-making device. He told a crowd of over 300 people that he had returned the rat to the pet shop from where he had rented it. He encouraged the crowd to go to the pet shop and rescue Sniffy before it was sold as snake food. He later told CBC that he had full intentions of killing the animal. As he tried to leave the area, Gibson was surrounded by activists. He, along with Susan Milne and Paddy Ryan, were chased up Burrard Street by a mob. The three of them escaped through the Hotel Vancouver. Later that day, Sniffy was purchased from the pet shop by Peter Hamilton of the Lifeforce Foundation. Immediately afterwards, cartoonists, writers, and the general public commented on the event. Numerous books have also made reference to it. Several television shows have also focused on it. For the tenth anniversary of the performance, Radix Theatre, under the direction of Andrew Laurenson, created the Sniffy the Rat bus tour. Outdoor installations While living in London, Gibson visited Grizedale Forest in the north of England, which is home to an assortment of outdoor sculptures. In 1992, he received funding from the British Columbia Ministry of Tourism to develop a similar project in the mountains near Vancouver. This project was carried out at the University of British Columbia Research Forest in Maple Ridge during the summer of 1992. After completing this project, he was hired as a curator for Artropolis ’93 in Vancouver. He managed the installation of fourteen site-specific installations in Stanley Park during October and November 1993. Following Artropolis, he was commissioned by the City of Vancouver to design and build four community bird feeders on the Woodland Drive Bridge. Later, he worked with Ed Varney as a public art consultant for the City of Vancouver. They developed the first public art process for the new Vancouver Public Library. Working closely with architect Moshe Safdie, they managed the installation of the Joseph Montague fountain and they established a public art endowment fund. They also wrote the first public art policy for the Vancouver Park Board. 3D computer graphics In 1996, Gibson received a research position at the Centre for Image and Sound Research at Simon Fraser University to study anaglyph images. He exhibited some of these images at the 1995 Currents exhibition in Vancouver and in Victoria, BC. In 1996, he built the world's first completely anaglyphic website. Between 2002 and 2004, he studied 3D lenticular printing for his master's degree. By 2006 he was publicly showing autostereoscopic prints. In 2007 he had a major exhibition of this work at the 3D Center of Art and Photography in Portland, Oregon. In February 2011 he exhibited six large lenticular prints at the Blim Gallery in Vancouver, Canada. These prints paid homage to six renowned religious leaders by revealing the penis of God within them. Bioart Gibson gave a talk to the International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ) at Cambridge University in July 2012 about the use of live insects in art and entertainment. On 8 February 2017 Gibson walked naked in front of the Vancouver Law Courts in the middle of winter to protest Canada's ban of genetic engineering of the human genome. He walked nude in downtown Vancouver for 11 minutes, 45.75 seconds in a light rain and a temperature of 7 degrees Celsius. References ^ "Archives: UVic Newspapers: The Martlet, 1970s". University of Victoria Library. Retrieved 3 July 2010. ^ a b Gibson, Rick (2004). A Process for Creating Autostereoscopic Displays of Historic Stereoscopic Photographs. Surrey, British Columbia: Simon Fraser University. ^ "Visual Alchemy - Brief Studio History". Al Razutis. Retrieved 16 May 2010. ^ Gibson, Jim (3 June 1979), "Holography's problem: how to live up to image", Victoria Colonist, Victoria, British Columbia, p. 15 ^ Dykk, Lloyd (13 September 1982), "Dead animals: a new slant on still life", Vancouver Sun, Vancouver, British Columbia, pp. C5 ^ Ferry, Jon (23 September 1982), "Dead animals make shocking art", Vancouver Province, Vancouver, British Columbia, pp. A8 ^ "Rick's show is a dead giveaway", Evening Standard, London, United Kingdom, 13 November 1984 ^ Underwood, Jon (4 December 1987), "Stop the freak show: Police seize human foetus ear-rings", South London Press, London, United Kingdom, pp. front page, 3 ^ Fletcher, David (5 December 1987), "8-week foetuses used to make pendant earrings", Daily Telegraph, London, United Kingdom, p. 3 ^ "College expels foetus ear-ring artist", South London Press, London, United Kingdom, p. 2, 8 January 1988 ^ "Artist charged over foetuses", Daily Telegraph, London, United Kingdom, p. 2, 11 March 1988 ^ Dyer, Clare (31 January 1989), "Foetus earrings sculptor on trial", The Guardian, London, United Kingdom, p. 3 ^ Mills, Heather (31 January 1989), "'Foetuses as art' case hinges on common law", The Independent, London, United Kingdom, p. 3 ^ Wolmar, Christian (7 February 1989), "Nusiance charge in foetus case dismissed", The Independent, London, United Kingdom, p. 3 ^ Berlins, Marcel (17 February 1989), "Ten angry women who ruled against foetus earrings", Newstateman & Society, London, United Kingdom, p. 33 ^ Bowcott, Owen (10 February 1989), "Foetus artist fined £500 for sculpture", The Guardian, London, United Kingdom, p. 3 ^ Weeks, John (10 February 1989), "Art pair fined over foetus earrings", The Daily Telegraph, London, United Kingdom, p. 3 ^ "Ear-rings case appeal begins", The Independent, London, United Kingdom, p. 2, 11 March 1989 ^ R v Gibson and another. Court of Appeal, Criminal Division. 1 All ER 439, 2 QB 619, 3 WLR 595, Crim LR 738, 91 Cr App Rep 341, 155 JP 126. ^ "Artist's 'human foetus outrage' appeal dismissed", The Daily Telegraph, London, United Kingdom, p. 4, 11 July 1990 ^ Lang, Peter (19 January 1989), "The macabre art of the foetus jeweller", City Limits, London, United Kingdom, p. 5 ^ Bakewell, Joan (12 February 1989), "Why art needs a special hearing", The Sunday Times, London, United Kingdom, pp. C6 ^ "More heat than light", Newstatesman & Society, London, United Kingdom, p. 5, 17 February 1989 ^ "Broadcasters assume the foetal position", The Sunday Times, London, United Kingdom, pp. Screen 1, 26 February 1989 ^ Walker, John A. (1999). Art & Outrage. London, United Kingdom: Pluto Press. pp. 13, 150–151. ISBN 0-7453-1359-0. ^ Kac, Eduardo (2009). Signs of Life: Bio Art and Beyond. MIT Press. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-262-51321-0. ^ Pert, Suzanne (6 January 1986), "Shoppers hurl abuse at grisly limbs appeal", Reading Evening Post, Reading, United Kingdom, p. 3 ^ "Out on a limb", The Guardian, London, United Kingdom, p. 6, 28 January 1986 ^ Underwood, Jon (22 January 1988), "Ratman!", South London Press, London, United Kingdom, pp. front page ^ Holman, Jack (13 May 1988), "You don't scare me, Rick!", Western Morning News, Plymouth, United Kingdom, p. 4 ^ "'Kill an insect' artist is held", Evening Herald, Plymouth, United Kingdom, pp. front page, 14 May 1988 ^ "Artist ponders death of literate slugs", Vancouver Sun, Vancouver, Canada, pp. C6, 27 October 1989 ^ "Hard to stomach, but Rick eats human parts", Waltham Forest Guardian, London, p. 6, 29 July 1988 ^ White, Kim (14 April 1989), "Now Rick's really gone nuts!", Guardian & Gazette Newspapers, London, p. 8 ^ "Rick's food for thought", The Mercury, London, p. 5, 20 April 1989 ^ Stueck, Wendy (15 July 1989), "Would-be cannibal's appetizer confiscated", Vancouver Sun, Vancouver, p. A7 ^ "No charges laid over artist's testicle claim", Vancouver Sun, Vancouver, p. B1, 22 August 1988 ^ Austin, Ian (28 December 1989). "Sniffy faces awful end". The Province. Vancouver, Canada: 6. ^ Trethewey, John (29 December 1989). "Rat-killing plan gets promise of trouble". The Province. Vancouver, Canada: 13. ^ Mentek, John (3 January 1990). "Fight on to save rat from squashing block". The Spectator. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: B3. ^ Milne, Susan (February 1990). "The making of a metaphor". Noise. Vancouver, Canada: 23. ^ Austin, Ian (7 January 1990). "Mad mob rattles artist". Sunday Province. Vancouver, Canada: front page, 3. ^ Fraser, Keith (8 January 1990). "Sniffy has found a new home". The Province. Vancouver, Canada: 6. ^ Krieger, Bob (9 January 1990). "Krieger". The Province. Vancouver, Canada: 18. ^ Allemang, John (13 January 1990). "Sniffy's ordeal, or a portrait of the artist as a rat fink". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Canada: D1, D2. ^ Steeves, Jon (Spring 1991). "Snuffing Sniffy" (PDF). Vancouver Review. Vancouver, Canada: 13, 14, 16. ^ "I'm glad he was saved, but life's not always that simple". Seattle Times. Seattle, USA: A7. 22 January 1990. ^ Mortensen, Preben (1997). Art in the Social Order: the Making of the Modern Conception of Art. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 13. ISBN 0-7914-3277-7. ^ Heyd, Thomas (1991). "Understanding Performance Art: Art Beyond Art". British Journal of Aesthetics. 31 (1). Oxford University Press: 68–73. doi:10.1093/bjaesthetics/31.1.68. ^ Pacific Report. Vancouver, Canada. 22 January 1990. television. CBC. ^ "Illuminations (television)". E.N.G. Vancouver, Canada. 14 November 1991. television. BCTV. ^ DaFoe, Chris (23 October 2001). "In East Van, tour group celebrates a rat's celebrity". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, Canada: E5. ^ Hefter, Abe (16 July 1992). "Art and science to join hands in forest". UBC Reports. Vancouver, Canada: 3. ^ "Art to adorn park seawall". West Ender. Vancouver, Canada: 2. 4 February 1993. ^ Steil, John; Stalker, Aileen (2009). Public Art in Vancouver: Angels Among Lions. Vancouver, Canada: Heritage Group Distribution. ISBN 978-1-894898-79-9. ^ Wilson, Peter (26 May 1995). "Something new every two years". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, Canada: C7. ^ Ouston, Rick (18 March 1997). "'Sniffy the Rat' comes back to haunt artist hired by parks board". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, Canada: B1. ^ Wilson, Peter (16 March 1995). "Rushing to keep up with the Currents trend in art". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver Sun: C1. ^ Chamberlain, Adrian (5 June 1997). "Pictures in the third dimension". Times-Colonist. Victoria, BC, Canada: 1. ^ Kelley, Tina (7 May 1998). "Adding a Dimension to Web Art". New York Times. New York, NY. pp. G4. ^ "Taking 3D art out of the Crackerjack box and into your home". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, Canada: C3. 30 June 2006. ^ Levy, Shab (2009). 3D Art & Photography: The First Five Years. Portland, Oregon, USA: Gravitram Creations. pp. 141–144. ISBN 978-0-9815949-1-0. ^ "Dustless Sculptures" (PDF). 3D Center of Art and Photography. Retrieved 30 September 2010. ^ McMartin, Pete (12 February 2011). "Holy genitalia: 3-D portraits not insulting, artist says". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, Canada: A9. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. ^ "ISAZ 2012 The Arts and Sciences of Human–Animal Interaction 11 to 13 July 2012, Murray Edwards College, Cambridge, UK" (PDF). ISAZ. International Society for Anthrozoology. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2017. ^ "Rick Gibson" on YouTube ^ Smith, Charlie (7 February 2017). "Snffy the Rat artist plans a naked walk in downtown Vancouver". The Georgia Straight. Vancouver, Canada. Retrieved 5 July 2017. ^ Griffin, Kevin (10 February 2017). "ART SEEN: Performance art protest gets cheeky in downtown Vancouver". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, Canada. Retrieved 5 July 2017. External links Official website Vancouver Review interview by Jon Steeves, 1992	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Gibson (golfer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Gibson_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Richard Gibson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gibson_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"For those of a similar name, see Rick Gibson (golfer) and Richard Gibson (disambiguation).Rick Gibson (born 1951) is a Canadian sculptor and artist best known for his performance works.","title":"Rick Gibson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"University of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"London, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Master of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson-2"},{"link_name":"Simon Fraser University, Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University"}],"text":"Gibson was born in Montreal and studied psychology at the University of Victoria, where between 1973 and 1974 he drew weekly comics for the student newspaper.[1] After completing his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1974 he moved to Vancouver. He lived in London, England from 1983 to 1989. He received a Master of Science degree in Interactive Art and Technology [2] from Simon Fraser University, Surrey in 2004.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"holography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1976, he became the holography assistant for the American new media artist Al Razutis.[3] In 1978 he received Canadian government funding to build his own holography studio and study holographic special effects. He exhibited the results of this work in Vancouver at the Helen Pitt Gallery in June 1978 and again in Victoria at the Open Space Gallery in June 1979.[4]","title":"3D holograms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freeze-drying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze-drying"},{"link_name":"embalmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalming"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In an attempt to solve a holographic problem, Gibson experimented with freeze-drying techniques. He produced a series of sculptures that explored the ethics of using legally embalmed animals and humans as art supplies. These sculptures were first exhibited at the Unit/Pitt Gallery in Vancouver, Canada in 1981.[5][6] The same works were later shown in November 1984 at the Cuts Gallery in London, UK.[7]","title":"Freeze-dried sculptures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fetuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus"},{"link_name":"earrings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earring"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths_College"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"common law offences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law_offences"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Old Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Brian Smedley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Smedley"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Robertson"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"John A. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Walker_(art_critic)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Kac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Kac"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Fetus earrings","text":"During the 1984 exhibition of freeze-dried sculptures in London, Gibson was given two dehydrated human fetuses from an anatomy professor. They were 10 weeks in development and had been dehydrated for 20 years. Gibson re-hydrated both fetuses, freeze-dried them and attached them as earrings to a female mannequin head. The sculpture was titled Human Earrings. They were exhibited at the Young Unknowns Gallery in south London in December 1987. On Thursday, 3 December 1987, the sculpture was seized by the Metropolitan Police.[8][9] Because of this incident, Gibson was expelled from Goldsmiths College on 21 December 1987, where he was studying post-graduate art, design and technology.[10] On 11 April 1988, Gibson and the gallery owner, Peter Sylveire, were formally charged with the common law offences of exhibiting a public nuisance and outraging public decency.[11]The trial started on Monday, 30 January 1989 at the Old Bailey in central London. The judge was Brian Smedley, Michael Worsley was the prosecuting barrister, and Geoffrey Robertson and Helena Kennedy were the defence barristers.[12][13] On 6 February 1989, the charge of public nuisance was dismissed.[14] On Tuesday, 9 February 1989, the jury of 10 women and 2 men[15] found Gibson and Sylveire guilty of outraging public decency. Gibson was fined £500 and Sylveire was fined £300.[16][17]Immediately following the verdict, an appeal application was filed.[18] However, on 10 July 1990, the Court of Appeal dismissed the case and upheld the earlier conviction.[19][20]There was considerable media commentary about this sculpture before, during, and after the trial.[21][22][23] The court case was also the subject of a one-hour British television programme.[24]Since the trial, writers such as John A. Walker[25] and Eduardo Kac[26] have continued to reflect on the sculpture and its social implications.","title":"Freeze-dried sculptures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brixton Artists Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_Artists_Collective"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"breach of the peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Director of Public Prosecutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"While living in London, Gibson met many performance artists at the Brixton Artists Collective. He did his first performance piece in Reading on 4 January 1986. He walked on the High Street with a dog carrying a sign which said: \"Wanted: legally preserved human limbs and human fetuses\".[27] He tried to do the same piece again in Brighton on 25 January 1986, but he was arrested and convicted of behaviour likely to cause a breach of the peace.[28] Subsequent performance pieces included standing in front of the Director of Public Prosecutions office in London with a live rat in front of his face,[29] enabling people to kill live insects in Plymouth (where he was arrested but released without charge),[30][31] and questioning the killing of slugs in Vancouver, Canada.[32]","title":"Performance art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cannibalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cannibalism"},{"link_name":"canapé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canap%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"tonsils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsil"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"testicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"hors d'oeuvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Cannibalism","text":"On 23 July 1988, Gibson ate the flesh of another person in public. Because England does not have a specific law against cannibalism, he legally ate a canapé of donated human tonsils in Walthamstow High Street, London.[33] A year later, on 15 April 1989, he publicly ate a slice of human testicle.[34][35] When he tried to eat another slice of human testicle as \"hors d'oeuvre\" at the Pitt International Galleries in Vancouver on 14 July 1989, the police confiscated the testicle.[36] However, the charge of publicly exhibiting a disgusting object was dropped, and two months later he finally ate the piece of human testicle on the steps of the Vancouver court house.[37]","title":"Performance art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Province"},{"link_name":"diptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptych"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Sniffy the Rat","text":"On 28 December 1989, The Province newspaper in Vancouver, Canada, reported that Gibson intended to crush a rat named Sniffy between two paint canvasses with a 25-kilogram concrete block in downtown Vancouver. On impact, Sniffy would leave an imprint on the canvasses, forming a diptych. Gibson said he had acquired Sniffy from a pet shop which sold living rats as food for snakes and lizards. The performance was planned to happen on 6 January 1990, outside the old central public library on Burrard Street.[38] Opinion about the impending event was publicly broadcast via newsprint, television, and radio.[39][40]On the morning of 6 January, a group of animal rights activists from the Lifeforce Foundation stole the device Gibson was going to use to crush the rat. Lifeforce's Peter Hamilton said that it was done to protect both the rat and Gibson. Because of this development, Gibson arrived at the corner of Robson and Burrard at 1:00 pm without Sniffy or his art-making device. He told a crowd of over 300 people that he had returned the rat to the pet shop from where he had rented it. He encouraged the crowd to go to the pet shop and rescue Sniffy before it was sold as snake food. He later told CBC that he had full intentions of killing the animal. As he tried to leave the area, Gibson was surrounded by activists. He, along with Susan Milne[41] and Paddy Ryan, were chased up Burrard Street by a mob. The three of them escaped through the Hotel Vancouver.[42]Later that day, Sniffy was purchased from the pet shop by Peter Hamilton of the Lifeforce Foundation.[43]Immediately afterwards, cartoonists,[44] writers,[45][46] and the general public[47] commented on the event. Numerous books have also made reference to it.[48][49] Several television shows have also focused on it.[50][51] For the tenth anniversary of the performance, Radix Theatre, under the direction of Andrew Laurenson, created the Sniffy the Rat bus tour.[52]","title":"Performance art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grizedale Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizedale_Forest"},{"link_name":"Maple Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Ridge,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Stanley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Park"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Moshe Safdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Safdie"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Park Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Park_Board"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"While living in London, Gibson visited Grizedale Forest in the north of England, which is home to an assortment of outdoor sculptures. In 1992, he received funding from the British Columbia Ministry of Tourism to develop a similar project in the mountains near Vancouver. This project was carried out at the University of British Columbia Research Forest in Maple Ridge during the summer of 1992.[53] After completing this project, he was hired as a curator for Artropolis ’93 in Vancouver. He managed the installation of fourteen site-specific installations in Stanley Park during October and November 1993.[54] Following Artropolis, he was commissioned by the City of Vancouver to design and build four community bird feeders on the Woodland Drive Bridge.[55] Later, he worked with Ed Varney as a public art consultant for the City of Vancouver. They developed the first public art process for the new Vancouver Public Library. Working closely with architect Moshe Safdie, they managed the installation of the Joseph Montague fountain and they established a public art endowment fund.[56] They also wrote the first public art policy for the Vancouver Park Board.[57]","title":"Outdoor installations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anaglyph images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaglyph_image"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"lenticular printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenticular_printing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson-2"},{"link_name":"autostereoscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostereoscopy"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"3D Center of Art and Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_Center_of_Art_and_Photography"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"In 1996, Gibson received a research position at the Centre for Image and Sound Research at Simon Fraser University to study anaglyph images. He exhibited some of these images at the 1995 Currents exhibition in Vancouver[58] and in Victoria, BC.[59] In 1996, he built the world's first completely anaglyphic website.[60] Between 2002 and 2004, he studied 3D lenticular printing for his master's degree.[2] By 2006 he was publicly showing autostereoscopic prints.[61] In 2007 he had a major exhibition of this work at the 3D Center of Art and Photography in Portland, Oregon.[62][63] In February 2011 he exhibited six large lenticular prints at the Blim Gallery in Vancouver, Canada. These prints paid homage to six renowned religious leaders by revealing the penis of God within them.[64]","title":"3D computer graphics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Gibson gave a talk to the International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ) at Cambridge University in July 2012 about the use of live insects in art and entertainment.[65][66] On 8 February 2017 Gibson walked naked in front of the Vancouver Law Courts in the middle of winter to protest Canada's ban of genetic engineering of the human genome. He walked nude in downtown Vancouver for 11 minutes, 45.75 seconds in a light rain and a temperature of 7 degrees Celsius.[67][68]","title":"Bioart"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Archives: UVic Newspapers: The Martlet, 1970s\". University of Victoria Library. Retrieved 3 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.uvic.ca/site/archives/featured_collections/uvic_newspapers/martlet_1970/1970.html","url_text":"\"Archives: UVic Newspapers: The Martlet, 1970s\""}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Rick (2004). A Process for Creating Autostereoscopic Displays of Historic Stereoscopic Photographs. Surrey, British Columbia: Simon Fraser University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Visual Alchemy - Brief Studio History\". Al Razutis. Retrieved 16 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alchemists.com/visual_alchemy/history.html","url_text":"\"Visual Alchemy - Brief Studio History\""}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Jim (3 June 1979), \"Holography's problem: how to live up to image\", Victoria Colonist, Victoria, British Columbia, p. 15","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dykk, Lloyd (13 September 1982), \"Dead animals: a new slant on still life\", Vancouver Sun, Vancouver, British Columbia, pp. C5","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ferry, Jon (23 September 1982), \"Dead animals make shocking art\", Vancouver Province, Vancouver, British Columbia, pp. A8","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rick's show is a dead giveaway\", Evening Standard, London, United Kingdom, 13 November 1984","urls":[]},{"reference":"Underwood, Jon (4 December 1987), \"Stop the freak show: Police seize human foetus ear-rings\", South London Press, London, United Kingdom, pp. front page, 3","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fletcher, David (5 December 1987), \"8-week foetuses used to make pendant earrings\", Daily Telegraph, London, United Kingdom, p. 3","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"College expels foetus ear-ring artist\", South London Press, London, United Kingdom, p. 2, 8 January 1988","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Artist charged over foetuses\", Daily Telegraph, London, United Kingdom, p. 2, 11 March 1988","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dyer, Clare (31 January 1989), \"Foetus earrings sculptor on trial\", The Guardian, London, United Kingdom, p. 3","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mills, Heather (31 January 1989), \"'Foetuses as art' case hinges on common law\", The Independent, London, United Kingdom, p. 3","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wolmar, Christian (7 February 1989), \"Nusiance charge in foetus case dismissed\", The Independent, London, United Kingdom, p. 3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolmar","url_text":"Wolmar, Christian"}]},{"reference":"Berlins, Marcel (17 February 1989), \"Ten angry women who ruled against foetus earrings\", Newstateman & Society, London, United Kingdom, p. 33","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Berlins","url_text":"Berlins, Marcel"}]},{"reference":"Bowcott, Owen (10 February 1989), \"Foetus artist fined £500 for sculpture\", The Guardian, London, United Kingdom, p. 3","urls":[]},{"reference":"Weeks, John (10 February 1989), \"Art pair fined over foetus earrings\", The Daily Telegraph, London, United Kingdom, p. 3","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ear-rings case appeal begins\", The Independent, London, United Kingdom, p. 2, 11 March 1989","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Artist's 'human foetus outrage' appeal dismissed\", The Daily Telegraph, London, United Kingdom, p. 4, 11 July 1990","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lang, Peter (19 January 1989), \"The macabre art of the foetus jeweller\", City Limits, London, United Kingdom, p. 5","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bakewell, Joan (12 February 1989), \"Why art needs a special hearing\", The Sunday Times, London, United Kingdom, pp. C6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Bakewell","url_text":"Bakewell, Joan"}]},{"reference":"\"More heat than light\", Newstatesman & Society, London, United Kingdom, p. 5, 17 February 1989","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Broadcasters assume the foetal position\", The Sunday Times, London, United Kingdom, pp. Screen 1, 26 February 1989","urls":[]},{"reference":"Walker, John A. (1999). Art & Outrage. London, United Kingdom: Pluto Press. pp. 13, 150–151. ISBN 0-7453-1359-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Walker_(art_critic)","url_text":"Walker, John A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7453-1359-0","url_text":"0-7453-1359-0"}]},{"reference":"Kac, Eduardo (2009). Signs of Life: Bio Art and Beyond. MIT Press. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-262-51321-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Kac","url_text":"Kac, Eduardo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51321-0","url_text":"978-0-262-51321-0"}]},{"reference":"Pert, Suzanne (6 January 1986), \"Shoppers hurl abuse at grisly limbs appeal\", Reading Evening Post, Reading, United Kingdom, p. 3","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Out on a limb\", The Guardian, London, United Kingdom, p. 6, 28 January 1986","urls":[]},{"reference":"Underwood, Jon (22 January 1988), \"Ratman!\", South London Press, London, United Kingdom, pp. front page","urls":[]},{"reference":"Holman, Jack (13 May 1988), \"You don't scare me, Rick!\", Western Morning News, Plymouth, United Kingdom, p. 4","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"'Kill an insect' artist is held\", Evening Herald, Plymouth, United Kingdom, pp. front page, 14 May 1988","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Artist ponders death of literate slugs\", Vancouver Sun, Vancouver, Canada, pp. C6, 27 October 1989","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hard to stomach, but Rick eats human parts\", Waltham Forest Guardian, London, p. 6, 29 July 1988","urls":[]},{"reference":"White, Kim (14 April 1989), \"Now Rick's really gone nuts!\", Guardian & Gazette Newspapers, London, p. 8","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rick's food for thought\", The Mercury, London, p. 5, 20 April 1989","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stueck, Wendy (15 July 1989), \"Would-be cannibal's appetizer confiscated\", Vancouver Sun, Vancouver, p. A7","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No charges laid over artist's testicle claim\", Vancouver Sun, Vancouver, p. B1, 22 August 1988","urls":[]},{"reference":"Austin, Ian (28 December 1989). \"Sniffy faces awful end\". The Province. Vancouver, Canada: 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Trethewey, John (29 December 1989). \"Rat-killing plan gets promise of trouble\". The Province. Vancouver, Canada: 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mentek, John (3 January 1990). \"Fight on to save rat from squashing block\". The Spectator. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: B3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Milne, Susan (February 1990). \"The making of a metaphor\". Noise. Vancouver, Canada: 23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Austin, Ian (7 January 1990). \"Mad mob rattles artist\". Sunday Province. Vancouver, Canada: front page, 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fraser, Keith (8 January 1990). \"Sniffy has found a new home\". The Province. Vancouver, Canada: 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Krieger, Bob (9 January 1990). \"Krieger\". The Province. Vancouver, Canada: 18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Allemang, John (13 January 1990). \"Sniffy's ordeal, or a portrait of the artist as a rat fink\". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Canada: D1, D2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Steeves, Jon (Spring 1991). \"Snuffing Sniffy\" (PDF). Vancouver Review. Vancouver, Canada: 13, 14, 16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odlt.org/interviews/rick_gibson_interview.pdf","url_text":"\"Snuffing Sniffy\""}]},{"reference":"\"I'm glad he was saved, but life's not always that simple\". Seattle Times. Seattle, USA: A7. 22 January 1990.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mortensen, Preben (1997). Art in the Social Order: the Making of the Modern Conception of Art. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 13. ISBN 0-7914-3277-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/artinsocialorder0000mort/page/13","url_text":"Art in the Social Order: the Making of the Modern Conception of Art"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/artinsocialorder0000mort/page/13","url_text":"13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3277-7","url_text":"0-7914-3277-7"}]},{"reference":"Heyd, Thomas (1991). \"Understanding Performance Art: Art Beyond Art\". British Journal of Aesthetics. 31 (1). Oxford University Press: 68–73. doi:10.1093/bjaesthetics/31.1.68.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjaesthetics%2F31.1.68","url_text":"10.1093/bjaesthetics/31.1.68"}]},{"reference":"Pacific Report. Vancouver, Canada. 22 January 1990. television. CBC.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Illuminations (television)\". E.N.G. Vancouver, Canada. 14 November 1991. television. BCTV.","urls":[]},{"reference":"DaFoe, Chris (23 October 2001). \"In East Van, tour group celebrates a rat's celebrity\". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, Canada: E5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hefter, Abe (16 July 1992). \"Art and science to join hands in forest\". UBC Reports. Vancouver, Canada: 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Art to adorn park seawall\". West Ender. Vancouver, Canada: 2. 4 February 1993.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Steil, John; Stalker, Aileen (2009). Public Art in Vancouver: Angels Among Lions. Vancouver, Canada: Heritage Group Distribution. ISBN 978-1-894898-79-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894898-79-9","url_text":"978-1-894898-79-9"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Peter (26 May 1995). \"Something new every two years\". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, Canada: C7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ouston, Rick (18 March 1997). \"'Sniffy the Rat' comes back to haunt artist hired by parks board\". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, Canada: B1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wilson, Peter (16 March 1995). \"Rushing to keep up with the Currents trend in art\". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver Sun: C1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chamberlain, Adrian (5 June 1997). \"Pictures in the third dimension\". Times-Colonist. Victoria, BC, Canada: 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kelley, Tina (7 May 1998). \"Adding a Dimension to Web Art\". New York Times. New York, NY. pp. G4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Taking 3D art out of the Crackerjack box and into your home\". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, Canada: C3. 30 June 2006.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Levy, Shab (2009). 3D Art & Photography: The First Five Years. Portland, Oregon, USA: Gravitram Creations. pp. 141–144. ISBN 978-0-9815949-1-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815949-1-0","url_text":"978-0-9815949-1-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Dustless Sculptures\" (PDF). 3D Center of Art and Photography. Retrieved 30 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3dcenter.us/files/Oct07web.pdf","url_text":"\"Dustless Sculptures\""}]},{"reference":"McMartin, Pete (12 February 2011). \"Holy genitalia: 3-D portraits not insulting, artist says\". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, Canada: A9. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=0386b9b4-97d6-4e70-a803-6a9f740ec01a","url_text":"\"Holy genitalia: 3-D portraits not insulting, artist says\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208105139/http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=0386b9b4-97d6-4e70-a803-6a9f740ec01a","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ISAZ 2012 The Arts and Sciences of Human–Animal Interaction 11 to 13 July 2012, Murray Edwards College, Cambridge, UK\" (PDF). ISAZ. International Society for Anthrozoology. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isaz.net/isaz/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Arts-and-Sciences-of-Human.pdf","url_text":"\"ISAZ 2012 The Arts and Sciences of Human–Animal Interaction 11 to 13 July 2012, Murray Edwards College, Cambridge, UK\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Charlie (7 February 2017). \"Snffy the Rat artist plans a naked walk in downtown Vancouver\". The Georgia Straight. Vancouver, Canada. Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straight.com/arts/866331/sniffy-rat-artist-plans-naked-walk-downtown-vancouver","url_text":"\"Snffy the Rat artist plans a naked walk in downtown Vancouver\""}]},{"reference":"Griffin, Kevin (10 February 2017). \"ART SEEN: Performance art protest gets cheeky in downtown Vancouver\". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, Canada. Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/local-arts/art-seen-performance-art-protest-gets-cheeky-in-downtown-vancouver","url_text":"\"ART SEEN: Performance art protest gets cheeky in downtown Vancouver\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.rickgibson.net/","external_links_name":"rickgibson.net"},{"Link":"http://library.uvic.ca/site/archives/featured_collections/uvic_newspapers/martlet_1970/1970.html","external_links_name":"\"Archives: UVic Newspapers: The Martlet, 1970s\""},{"Link":"http://www.alchemists.com/visual_alchemy/history.html","external_links_name":"\"Visual Alchemy - Brief Studio History\""},{"Link":"http://www.odlt.org/interviews/rick_gibson_interview.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Snuffing Sniffy\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/artinsocialorder0000mort/page/13","external_links_name":"Art in the Social Order: the Making of the Modern Conception of Art"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/artinsocialorder0000mort/page/13","external_links_name":"13"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjaesthetics%2F31.1.68","external_links_name":"10.1093/bjaesthetics/31.1.68"},{"Link":"http://www.3dcenter.us/files/Oct07web.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dustless Sculptures\""},{"Link":"http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=0386b9b4-97d6-4e70-a803-6a9f740ec01a","external_links_name":"\"Holy genitalia: 3-D portraits not insulting, artist says\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208105139/http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=0386b9b4-97d6-4e70-a803-6a9f740ec01a","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.isaz.net/isaz/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Arts-and-Sciences-of-Human.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ISAZ 2012 The Arts and Sciences of Human–Animal Interaction 11 to 13 July 2012, Murray Edwards College, Cambridge, UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOLONdiKm6k","external_links_name":"\"Rick Gibson\""},{"Link":"https://www.straight.com/arts/866331/sniffy-rat-artist-plans-naked-walk-downtown-vancouver","external_links_name":"\"Snffy the Rat artist plans a naked walk in downtown Vancouver\""},{"Link":"https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/local-arts/art-seen-performance-art-protest-gets-cheeky-in-downtown-vancouver","external_links_name":"\"ART SEEN: Performance art protest gets cheeky in downtown Vancouver\""},{"Link":"http://www.rickgibson.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.odlt.org/interviews/rick_gibson_interview.pdf","external_links_name":"Vancouver Review interview by Jon Steeves, 1992"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avey_Tare%27s_Slasher_Flicks	Enter the Slasher House	["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]	2014 studio album by Avey Tare's Slasher FlicksEnter the Slasher HouseStudio album by Avey Tare's Slasher FlicksReleasedApril 7, 2014Genre Pop psychedelic rock indie rock Length49:39LabelDominoProducerAvey Tare's Slasher FlicksSingles from Enter the Slasher House "Little Fang"Released: February 10, 2014 Enter the Slasher House is the only album by Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks, a group consisting of Avey Tare of Animal Collective, ex-Dirty Projectors member Angel Deradoorian, and ex-Ponytail drummer Jeremy Hyman. The first single from the album, "Little Fang", was named "Best New Track" by Pitchfork. Critical reception In his brief review for Rolling Stone, Mike Ayers stated the record "has nothing to do with horror films and much to do with psychedelic rock." Andy Beta of Spin echoed this, saying that "despite both band and album name, Slasher Flicks' sound is less haunted house than funhouse: dense, noisy, with squiggles of analog synth that recall AnCo's Centipede Hz." Stuart Berman of Pitchfork compared the first track "A Sender" to two songs from the discography of Avey Tare's main group Animal Collective: "Did You See the Words" from 2005's Feels and "Peacebone" from 2007's Strawberry Jam, claiming its "bouncing-ball momentum...follows in the foot-stomps" of those "two totemic AC openers." Beta noted "A Sender"'s "opening analog synth...suggest an ominous horror movie atmosphere, but it soon gives way to a near-punk drive."Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic72/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicConsequenceC+Drowned In Sound6/10Pitchfork7.3/10PopMatters6/10Rolling StoneSpin7/10 Track listing No.TitleLength1."A Sender"5:362."Duplex Trip"4:203."Blind Babe"3:444."Little Fang"4:125."Catchy (Was Contagious)"3:216."That It Won't Grow"4:287."The Outlaw"5:518."Roses on the Window"6:439."Modern Days E"3:2210."Strange Colores"3:0011."Your Card"5:08Total length:49:39 Personnel Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks Angel Deradoorian - Keyboards / backing vocals Jeremy Hyman - Drums Dave Portner - Guitars / leading vocals References ^ a b c Thomas, Fred. "Enter the Slasher House - Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks". Allmusic. Retrieved 23 September 2017. ^ a b c d Ayers, Mike. "Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks: Enter the Slasher House". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 23 September 2017. ^ ""Little Fang" by Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks Review - Pitchfork". Pitchfork.com. Retrieved 2 February 2018. ^ a b c Beta, Andy. "Avey Tare's New Trio Delivers Chills, Thrills on 'Enter the Slasher House'". Spin. Retrieved 23 September 2017. ^ a b Berman, Stuart (April 8, 2014). "Avey Tare's Slasher House: Enter the Slasher House Review \| Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. Retrieved September 19, 2020. ^ "Critic Reviews for Enter the Slasher House". Metacritic. Retrieved 23 September 2017. ^ Kivel, Adam. "Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks – Enter the Slasher House". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 23 September 2017. ^ Warfield, Russell. "Album Review: Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks - Enter the Slasher House". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017. ^ Gu, Marshall (April 8, 2014). "Avey Tare's Flasher Flicks: Enter the Slasher House \| PopMatters". popmatters.com. Retrieved May 16, 2021. vteAvey TareStudio albums Spirit They're Gone, Spirit They've Vanished* (with Panda Bear) Danse Manatee* (with Panda Bear and Geologist) Pullhair Rubeye (with Kría Brekkan) Down There Eucalyptus Cows on Hourglass Pond 7s Related articles Animal Collective Hollinndagain* Terrestrial Tones Dead Drunk Enter the Slasher House * Retroactively classified as Animal Collective albums vteDirty Projectors Felicia Douglass Maia Friedman Mike Daniel Johnson David Longstreth Kristin Slipp Nat Baldwin Rostam Batmanglij Olga Bell Amber Coffman Haley Dekle Angel Deradoorian Adam Forkner Brian McOmber Ezra Koenig Studio albums The Glad Fact Morning Better Last! Slaves' Graves and Ballads The Getty Address Rise Above Bitte Orca Swing Lo Magellan Dirty Projectors Lamp Lit Prose 5EPs EPs New Attitude Mount Wittenberg Orca (with Björk) About to Die Related articles The Graceful Fallen Mango Mind Raft The Expanding Flower Planet Eternal Recurrence City of No Reply Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avey_Tare#Other_musical_projects"},{"link_name":"Avey Tare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avey_Tare"},{"link_name":"Animal Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Collective"},{"link_name":"Dirty Projectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Projectors"},{"link_name":"Angel Deradoorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Deradoorian"},{"link_name":"Ponytail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponytail_(band)"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Enter the Slasher House is the only album by Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks, a group consisting of Avey Tare of Animal Collective, ex-Dirty Projectors member Angel Deradoorian, and ex-Ponytail drummer Jeremy Hyman. The first single from the album, \"Little Fang\", was named \"Best New Track\" by Pitchfork.[3]","title":"Enter the Slasher House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"horror films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_films"},{"link_name":"psychedelic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rs-2"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"analog synth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_synth"},{"link_name":"Centipede Hz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centipede_Hz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-4"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"Avey Tare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avey_Tare"},{"link_name":"Animal Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Collective"},{"link_name":"Feels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feels_(Animal_Collective_album)"},{"link_name":"Peacebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacebone"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Jam_(album)"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Collective"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PM-5"},{"link_name":"analog synth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_synth"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-4"}],"text":"In his brief review for Rolling Stone, Mike Ayers stated the record \"has nothing to do with horror films and much to do with psychedelic rock.\"[2] Andy Beta of Spin echoed this, saying that \"despite both band and album name, Slasher Flicks' sound is less haunted house than funhouse: dense, noisy, with squiggles of analog synth that recall AnCo's Centipede Hz.\"[4]Stuart Berman of Pitchfork compared the first track \"A Sender\" to two songs from the discography of Avey Tare's main group Animal Collective: \"Did You See the Words\" from 2005's Feels and \"Peacebone\" from 2007's Strawberry Jam, claiming its \"bouncing-ball momentum...follows in the foot-stomps\" of those \"two totemic AC openers.\"[5] Beta noted \"A Sender\"'s \"opening analog synth...suggest an ominous horror movie atmosphere, but it soon gives way to a near-punk drive.\"[4]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"A Sender\"5:362.\"Duplex Trip\"4:203.\"Blind Babe\"3:444.\"Little Fang\"4:125.\"Catchy (Was Contagious)\"3:216.\"That It Won't Grow\"4:287.\"The Outlaw\"5:518.\"Roses on the Window\"6:439.\"Modern Days E\"3:2210.\"Strange Colores\"3:0011.\"Your Card\"5:08Total length:49:39","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avey_Tare"},{"link_name":"Angel Deradoorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Deradoorian"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Hyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponytail_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dave Portner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Portner"}],"text":"Avey Tare's Slasher FlicksAngel Deradoorian - Keyboards / backing vocals\nJeremy Hyman - Drums\nDave Portner - Guitars / leading vocals","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Thomas, Fred. \"Enter the Slasher House - Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks\". Allmusic. Retrieved 23 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/enter-the-slasher-house-mw0002620363","url_text":"\"Enter the Slasher House - Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks\""}]},{"reference":"Ayers, Mike. \"Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks: Enter the Slasher House\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 23 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/enter-the-slasher-house-20140408","url_text":"\"Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks: Enter the Slasher House\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Little Fang\" by Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks Review - Pitchfork\". Pitchfork.com. Retrieved 2 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/16620-little-fang/","url_text":"\"\"Little Fang\" by Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks Review - Pitchfork\""}]},{"reference":"Beta, Andy. \"Avey Tare's New Trio Delivers Chills, Thrills on 'Enter the Slasher House'\". Spin. Retrieved 23 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.com/2014/04/avey-tares-slasher-flicks-enter-the-slasher-house/","url_text":"\"Avey Tare's New Trio Delivers Chills, Thrills on 'Enter the Slasher House'\""}]},{"reference":"Berman, Stuart (April 8, 2014). \"Avey Tare's Slasher House: Enter the Slasher House Review \| Pitchfork\". pitchfork.com. Retrieved September 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/19200-avey-tares-slasher-flicks-enter-the-slasher-house/","url_text":"\"Avey Tare's Slasher House: Enter the Slasher House Review \| Pitchfork\""}]},{"reference":"\"Critic Reviews for Enter the Slasher House\". Metacritic. Retrieved 23 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/enter-the-slasher-house/avey-tares-slasher-flicks","url_text":"\"Critic Reviews for Enter the Slasher House\""}]},{"reference":"Kivel, Adam. \"Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks – Enter the Slasher House\". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 23 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequenceofsound.net/2014/04/album-review-avey-tares-slasher-flicks-enter-the-slasher-house/","url_text":"\"Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks – Enter the Slasher House\""}]},{"reference":"Warfield, Russell. \"Album Review: Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks - Enter the Slasher House\". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170924045501/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/18158/reviews/4147608","url_text":"\"Album Review: Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks - Enter the Slasher House\""},{"url":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/18158/reviews/4147608","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gu, Marshall (April 8, 2014). \"Avey Tare's Flasher Flicks: Enter the Slasher House \| PopMatters\". popmatters.com. Retrieved May 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/180047-avey-tares-slasher-flicks-enter-the-slasher-house-2495676273.html","url_text":"\"Avey Tare's Flasher Flicks: Enter the Slasher House \| PopMatters\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/enter-the-slasher-house-mw0002620363","external_links_name":"\"Enter the Slasher House - Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/enter-the-slasher-house-20140408","external_links_name":"\"Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks: Enter the Slasher House\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/16620-little-fang/","external_links_name":"\"\"Little Fang\" by Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks Review - Pitchfork\""},{"Link":"https://www.spin.com/2014/04/avey-tares-slasher-flicks-enter-the-slasher-house/","external_links_name":"\"Avey Tare's New Trio Delivers Chills, Thrills on 'Enter the Slasher House'\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/19200-avey-tares-slasher-flicks-enter-the-slasher-house/","external_links_name":"\"Avey Tare's Slasher House: Enter the Slasher House Review \| Pitchfork\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/enter-the-slasher-house/avey-tares-slasher-flicks","external_links_name":"\"Critic Reviews for Enter the Slasher House\""},{"Link":"https://consequenceofsound.net/2014/04/album-review-avey-tares-slasher-flicks-enter-the-slasher-house/","external_links_name":"\"Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks – Enter the Slasher House\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170924045501/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/18158/reviews/4147608","external_links_name":"\"Album Review: Avey Tare's Slasher Flicks - Enter the Slasher House\""},{"Link":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/18158/reviews/4147608","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/180047-avey-tares-slasher-flicks-enter-the-slasher-house-2495676273.html","external_links_name":"\"Avey Tare's Flasher Flicks: Enter the Slasher House \| PopMatters\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/a6a347b1-02d9-4f00-b97a-56e789f198d5","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shoemaker	John Shoemaker	["1 Coaching/Managing career","2 References","3 External links"]	Baseball manager Baseball player John ShoemakerShoemaker with the Great Lakes Loons in 2012Minor league managerBorn: (1956-08-18) August 18, 1956 (age 67)Chillicothe, OhioBats: LeftThrows: Right John Shoemaker (born August 18, 1956) is a former minor league baseball player who is currently manager of the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes. Shoemaker attended Waverly High School and the University of Miami before he was drafted in the 35th round of the 1977 MLB Draft by the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was also drafted in the 6th round by the Chicago Bulls in the 1978 NBA draft. He played in the Dodgers minor league system, primarily as a second baseman, from 1977 to 1980, making it all the way up to AAA before retiring to become a coach after the 1981 season. Has been part of the Dodgers organization since 1977. The Dodgers named him "Captain of Player Development" in 2015 as recognition of his "continual demonstration of superior teammate behavior" according to the Dodgers head of player development, Gabe Kapler. At the end of the 2015 season, he was awarded with the Mike Coolbaugh Award presented by Minor League Baseball to the person "who has shown outstanding baseball work ethic, knowledge of the game and skill in mentoring young players on the field." He was also named to the Southern League Hall of Fame in 2016. Coaching/Managing career 1981–1986: Batting Coach for the Vero Beach Dodgers 1987–1988: Manager of the Vero Beach Dodgers 1989–1991: Manager of the San Antonio Missions - Lost in championship game in 1990 1992: Manager of the Gulf Coast Dodgers 1993: Manager of the Yakima Bears 1995: Manager of the Great Falls Dodgers 1996: Manager of the Savannah Sand Gnats - Won South Atlantic League Championship - AMF 1997–1998: Manager of the Vero Beach Dodgers 2000: Manager of the Vero Beach Dodgers 2001: Manager of the Jacksonville Suns - Won League Championship & Southern League Manager of the Year Award 2002: Minor League Defensive Instructor for the Los Angeles Dodgers 2003: Manager of the Las Vegas 51s 2004: Assistant Field Coordinator for the Los Angeles Dodgers 2005–2008: Manager of the Jacksonville Suns - Won League Championship in 2005 2009–2010: coordinator of the Los Angeles Dodgers training complex in Glendale, Arizona 2011–2012: Manager of the Great Lakes Loons 2013: coordinator of Arizona Instruction - Los Angeles Dodgers 2014: Manager of the Arizona League Dodgers 2015: Manager of the Ogden Raptors 2016–2017: Manager of the Arizona League Dodgers 2018–2020: Manager of the Great Lakes Loons 2021–present: Manager of the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes References ^ Hoornstra, JP (September 16, 2015). "Veteran minor league coach John Shoemaker relishes Dodger Stadium visit". LA Daily News. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ Plashke, Bill (August 16, 2015). "Minor league lifer John Shoemaker has major impact on Dodgers organization". LA Times. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ Gurnick, Ken (July 18, 2015). "Shoemaker named 'Captain' of development". mlb.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ Stephen, Eric (November 17, 2015). "Dodgers' John Shoemaker wins 2015 Mike Coolbaugh Award". SB Nation. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ Bernreuter, Hugh (November 18, 2015). "Former Great Lakes manager John Shoemaker earns Coolbaugh Award". mlive.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ LaNave, Marco (February 16, 2016). "Bragan leads a Suns-heavy 2016 Southern League Hall of Fame Class". milb.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ a b Hoover, Roger (April 17, 2015). "Suns Welcome Shoemaker Back to Jacksonville". Jacksonville Suns.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ "It's official: 51s hire Shoemaker". Las Vegas Suns. January 9, 2003. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ Christensen, Nick (May 14, 2004). "Shoemaker feels like he's on the right track". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ Holmes, Tot (December 21, 2009). "Dodgers Announced 2010 Minor League Staff". Scout.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ Bernreuter, Hugh (July 9, 2012). "Great Lakes Loons manager John Shoemaker remembers Jacksonville Suns owner Peter Bragan Sr". mlive.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ Stephen, Eric (December 17, 2012). "Dodgers announce 2013 minor league coaching staffs". SB Nation. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ Los Angeles Dodgers (December 22, 2013). "Dodgers announce 2014 minor league coaching staffs". mlb.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ Hein, Brett (June 18, 2015). "Raptors reload, prepare for 2015 season". Standard Examiner. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ Osborne, Cary (December 21, 2015). "Dodgers minor-league managers include four under 40". dodgers.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ "Shoemaker Returns as Loons Manager". milb.com. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018. ^ "Dodgers minor league coaching staffs include Jamey Wright as Triple-A pitching coach". truebluela.com. February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference (Minors) vteMike Coolbaugh Award 2008: Bobby Jones 2009: Charlie Montoyo 2010: Woody Huyke 2011: Mike Jirschele 2012: Johnny Goryl 2013: Mike Guerrero 2014: Tom Wiedenbauer 2015: John Shoemaker 2016: Spin Williams 2017: Dennis Holmberg 2018: Steve Turco 2019: Glenn Gregson 2021: Roly de Armas 2022: Rick Sweet 2023: Bobby Cuellar	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rancho Cucamonga Quakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Cucamonga_Quakes"},{"link_name":"Waverly High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverly_High_School_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"1977 MLB Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bulls"},{"link_name":"1978 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gabe Kapler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Kapler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mike Coolbaugh Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Coolbaugh_Award"},{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Baseball playerJohn Shoemaker (born August 18, 1956) is a former minor league baseball player who is currently manager of the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes.Shoemaker attended Waverly High School and the University of Miami before he was drafted in the 35th round of the 1977 MLB Draft by the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was also drafted in the 6th round by the Chicago Bulls in the 1978 NBA draft. He played in the Dodgers minor league system, primarily as a second baseman, from 1977 to 1980, making it all the way up to AAA before retiring to become a coach after the 1981 season. Has been part of the Dodgers organization since 1977.[1][2] The Dodgers named him \"Captain of Player Development\" in 2015 as recognition of his \"continual demonstration of superior teammate behavior\" according to the Dodgers head of player development, Gabe Kapler.[3] At the end of the 2015 season, he was awarded with the Mike Coolbaugh Award presented by Minor League Baseball to the person \"who has shown outstanding baseball work ethic, knowledge of the game and skill in mentoring young players on the field.\"[4][5] He was also named to the Southern League Hall of Fame in 2016.[6]","title":"John Shoemaker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vero Beach Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_Beach_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Vero Beach Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_Beach_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Missions"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Yakima Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakima_Bears"},{"link_name":"Great Falls Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Falls_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Savannah Sand Gnats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_Sand_Gnats"},{"link_name":"Vero Beach Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_Beach_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Vero Beach Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_Beach_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Suns"},{"link_name":"Southern League Manager of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_Manager_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suns-7"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas 51s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Suns"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suns-7"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Glendale, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Loons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Loons"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Arizona League Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_League_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ogden Raptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Raptors"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Arizona League Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_League_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Loons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Loons"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Rancho Cucamonga Quakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Cucamonga_Quakes"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"1981–1986: Batting Coach for the Vero Beach Dodgers\n1987–1988: Manager of the Vero Beach Dodgers\n1989–1991: Manager of the San Antonio Missions - Lost in championship game in 1990\n1992: Manager of the Gulf Coast Dodgers\n1993: Manager of the Yakima Bears\n1995: Manager of the Great Falls Dodgers\n1996: Manager of the Savannah Sand Gnats - Won South Atlantic League Championship - AMF\n1997–1998: Manager of the Vero Beach Dodgers\n2000: Manager of the Vero Beach Dodgers\n2001: Manager of the Jacksonville Suns - Won League Championship & Southern League Manager of the Year Award[7]\n2002: Minor League Defensive Instructor for the Los Angeles Dodgers\n2003: Manager of the Las Vegas 51s[8]\n2004: Assistant Field Coordinator for the Los Angeles Dodgers[9]\n2005–2008: Manager of the Jacksonville Suns - Won League Championship in 2005[7]\n2009–2010: coordinator of the Los Angeles Dodgers training complex in Glendale, Arizona[10]\n2011–2012: Manager of the Great Lakes Loons[11]\n2013: coordinator of Arizona Instruction - Los Angeles Dodgers[12]\n2014: Manager of the Arizona League Dodgers[13]\n2015: Manager of the Ogden Raptors[14]\n2016–2017: Manager of the Arizona League Dodgers[15]\n2018–2020: Manager of the Great Lakes Loons[16]\n2021–present: Manager of the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes[17]","title":"Coaching/Managing career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hoornstra, JP (September 16, 2015). \"Veteran minor league coach John Shoemaker relishes Dodger Stadium visit\". LA Daily News. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailynews.com/sports/20150916/veteran-minor-league-coach-john-shoemaker-relishes-dodger-stadium-visit","url_text":"\"Veteran minor league coach John Shoemaker relishes Dodger Stadium visit\""}]},{"reference":"Plashke, Bill (August 16, 2015). \"Minor league lifer John Shoemaker has major impact on Dodgers organization\". LA Times. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la-sp-dodgers-coach-plaschke-20150816-column.html","url_text":"\"Minor league lifer John Shoemaker has major impact on Dodgers organization\""}]},{"reference":"Gurnick, Ken (July 18, 2015). \"Shoemaker named 'Captain' of development\". mlb.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/137217136/john-shoemaker-honored-by-dodgers","url_text":"\"Shoemaker named 'Captain' of development\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen, Eric (November 17, 2015). \"Dodgers' John Shoemaker wins 2015 Mike Coolbaugh Award\". SB Nation. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.truebluela.com/2015/11/17/9751696/john-shoemaker-dodgers-mike-coolbaugh-award-winter-meetings","url_text":"\"Dodgers' John Shoemaker wins 2015 Mike Coolbaugh Award\""}]},{"reference":"Bernreuter, Hugh (November 18, 2015). \"Former Great Lakes manager John Shoemaker earns Coolbaugh Award\". mlive.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlive.com/loons/index.ssf/2015/11/former_great_lakes_manager_joh.html","url_text":"\"Former Great Lakes manager John Shoemaker earns Coolbaugh Award\""}]},{"reference":"LaNave, Marco (February 16, 2016). \"Bragan leads a Suns-heavy 2016 Southern League Hall of Fame Class\". milb.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20160216&content_id=164591724&fext=.jsp&vkey=pr_t564&sid=t564","url_text":"\"Bragan leads a Suns-heavy 2016 Southern League Hall of Fame Class\""}]},{"reference":"Hoover, Roger (April 17, 2015). \"Suns Welcome Shoemaker Back to Jacksonville\". Jacksonville Suns.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20150417&content_id=118875924&fext=.jsp&vkey=news_t564&sid=t564","url_text":"\"Suns Welcome Shoemaker Back to Jacksonville\""}]},{"reference":"\"It's official: 51s hire Shoemaker\". Las Vegas Suns. January 9, 2003. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://lasvegassun.com/news/2003/jan/09/its-official-51s-hire-shoemaker/","url_text":"\"It's official: 51s hire Shoemaker\""}]},{"reference":"Christensen, Nick (May 14, 2004). \"Shoemaker feels like he's on the right track\". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://lasvegassun.com/news/2004/may/14/shoemaker-feels-like-hes-on-the-right-track/","url_text":"\"Shoemaker feels like he's on the right track\""}]},{"reference":"Holmes, Tot (December 21, 2009). \"Dodgers Announced 2010 Minor League Staff\". Scout.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scout.com/mlb/dodgers/story/931264-dodgers-announced-2010-minor-league-staff","url_text":"\"Dodgers Announced 2010 Minor League Staff\""}]},{"reference":"Bernreuter, Hugh (July 9, 2012). \"Great Lakes Loons manager John Shoemaker remembers Jacksonville Suns owner Peter Bragan Sr\". mlive.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlive.com/loons/index.ssf/2012/07/great_lakes_loons_manager_john.html","url_text":"\"Great Lakes Loons manager John Shoemaker remembers Jacksonville Suns owner Peter Bragan Sr\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen, Eric (December 17, 2012). \"Dodgers announce 2013 minor league coaching staffs\". SB Nation. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.truebluela.com/2012/12/17/3725814/dodgers-2013-minor-league-coaching-staffs","url_text":"\"Dodgers announce 2013 minor league coaching staffs\""}]},{"reference":"Los Angeles Dodgers (December 22, 2013). \"Dodgers announce 2014 minor league coaching staffs\". mlb.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/66135624/dodgers-announce-2014-minor-league-coaching-staffs","url_text":"\"Dodgers announce 2014 minor league coaching staffs\""}]},{"reference":"Hein, Brett (June 18, 2015). \"Raptors reload, prepare for 2015 season\". Standard Examiner. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.standard.net/Sports/2015/06/17/Raptors-reload-prepare-for-2015-season","url_text":"\"Raptors reload, prepare for 2015 season\""}]},{"reference":"Osborne, Cary (December 21, 2015). \"Dodgers minor-league managers include four under 40\". dodgers.com. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2015/12/21/dodgers-minor-league-managers-include-four-under-40/","url_text":"\"Dodgers minor-league managers include four under 40\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shoemaker Returns as Loons Manager\". milb.com. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/loons/news/shoemaker-returns-as-loons-manager/c-264407834","url_text":"\"Shoemaker Returns as Loons Manager\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dodgers minor league coaching staffs include Jamey Wright as Triple-A pitching coach\". truebluela.com. February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.truebluela.com/2021/2/8/22272896/dodgers-minor-league-coaching-staffs-jamey-wright-john-shoemaker-ramon-troncoso-elian-herrera","url_text":"\"Dodgers minor league coaching staffs include Jamey Wright as Triple-A pitching coach\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.dailynews.com/sports/20150916/veteran-minor-league-coach-john-shoemaker-relishes-dodger-stadium-visit","external_links_name":"\"Veteran minor league coach John Shoemaker relishes Dodger Stadium visit\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/la-sp-dodgers-coach-plaschke-20150816-column.html","external_links_name":"\"Minor league lifer John Shoemaker has major impact on Dodgers organization\""},{"Link":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/137217136/john-shoemaker-honored-by-dodgers","external_links_name":"\"Shoemaker named 'Captain' of development\""},{"Link":"http://www.truebluela.com/2015/11/17/9751696/john-shoemaker-dodgers-mike-coolbaugh-award-winter-meetings","external_links_name":"\"Dodgers' John Shoemaker wins 2015 Mike Coolbaugh Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.mlive.com/loons/index.ssf/2015/11/former_great_lakes_manager_joh.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Great Lakes manager John Shoemaker earns Coolbaugh Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20160216&content_id=164591724&fext=.jsp&vkey=pr_t564&sid=t564","external_links_name":"\"Bragan leads a Suns-heavy 2016 Southern League Hall of Fame Class\""},{"Link":"http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20150417&content_id=118875924&fext=.jsp&vkey=news_t564&sid=t564","external_links_name":"\"Suns Welcome Shoemaker Back to Jacksonville\""},{"Link":"http://lasvegassun.com/news/2003/jan/09/its-official-51s-hire-shoemaker/","external_links_name":"\"It's official: 51s hire Shoemaker\""},{"Link":"http://lasvegassun.com/news/2004/may/14/shoemaker-feels-like-hes-on-the-right-track/","external_links_name":"\"Shoemaker feels like he's on the right track\""},{"Link":"http://www.scout.com/mlb/dodgers/story/931264-dodgers-announced-2010-minor-league-staff","external_links_name":"\"Dodgers Announced 2010 Minor League Staff\""},{"Link":"http://www.mlive.com/loons/index.ssf/2012/07/great_lakes_loons_manager_john.html","external_links_name":"\"Great Lakes Loons manager John Shoemaker remembers Jacksonville Suns owner Peter Bragan Sr\""},{"Link":"http://www.truebluela.com/2012/12/17/3725814/dodgers-2013-minor-league-coaching-staffs","external_links_name":"\"Dodgers announce 2013 minor league coaching staffs\""},{"Link":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/66135624/dodgers-announce-2014-minor-league-coaching-staffs","external_links_name":"\"Dodgers announce 2014 minor league coaching staffs\""},{"Link":"http://www.standard.net/Sports/2015/06/17/Raptors-reload-prepare-for-2015-season","external_links_name":"\"Raptors reload, prepare for 2015 season\""},{"Link":"http://dodgers.mlblogs.com/2015/12/21/dodgers-minor-league-managers-include-four-under-40/","external_links_name":"\"Dodgers minor-league managers include four under 40\""},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/loons/news/shoemaker-returns-as-loons-manager/c-264407834","external_links_name":"\"Shoemaker Returns as Loons Manager\""},{"Link":"https://www.truebluela.com/2021/2/8/22272896/dodgers-minor-league-coaching-staffs-jamey-wright-john-shoemaker-ramon-troncoso-elian-herrera","external_links_name":"\"Dodgers minor league coaching staffs include Jamey Wright as Triple-A pitching coach\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=shoema002joh","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_American_Football_League_All-Star_game	1965 American Football League All-Star game	["1 Rosters","1.1 Offense","1.2 Defense","2 Boycott","3 The game","4 Aftermath","5 References"]	1965 AFL All-Star Game East West 14 38 1234 Total East 01400 14 West 710147 38 DateJanuary 16, 1965StadiumJeppesen Stadium, Houston, TexasCo-MVPsKeith Lincoln (San Diego Chargers), Willie Brown (Denver Broncos)Attendance15,446TV in the United StatesNetworkABCAnnouncersCurt Gowdy, Paul Christman The game had to be moved from Tulane Stadium in New Orleans after several incidents of racism in the city. The 1965 All-Star Game was the AFL's fourth annual season-ending showpiece, which featured the outstanding performers from the 1964 season. A team drawn from the Western Division defeated their Eastern counterparts by a score of 38–14, scoring 21 unanswered points to pull away in the second half. The head coaches, Sid Gillman and Lou Saban, had faced each other in the 1964 AFL Championship game three weeks earlier, when Saban's Buffalo Bills had defeated Gillman's San Diego Chargers. Running back Keith Lincoln had suffered a cracked rib in that game, but recovered to score two long touchdowns and win the offensive MVP award in the All-Star game, as he had done in the previous year's edition. Defensive back Willie Brown of the Denver Broncos won the defensive MVP award. Originally scheduled to take place in Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, the game had to be moved at short notice to Jeppesen Stadium, home of the Houston Oilers. The twenty-one African American players on the All-Star teams encountered numerous instances of racism in New Orleans during the build-up to the game, and voted to stage a boycott, with some white players saying they would join with and also boycott the game. In response, the AFL moved the game. The game was televised by ABC, making it the final professional football game televised by the network until the debut of Monday Night Football in 1970. Rosters The rosters were announced on December 30, 1964. Offense Position: East: West: Quarterback Babe Parilli, BostonJack Kemp, Buffalo Len Dawson, Kansas CityJohn Hadl, San Diego Running back Cookie Gilchrist, BuffaloMatt Snell, New YorkSid Blanks, HoustonLarry Garron, Boston Clem Daniels, OaklandKeith Lincoln, San DiegoAbner Haynes, Kansas CityMack Lee Hill, Kansas City Flanker Elbert Dubenion, Buffalo Lance Alworth, San Diego End Ernie Warlick, BuffaloCharley Hennigan, HoustonGino Cappelletti, Boston Dave Kocourek, San DiegoArt Powell, RaidersTom Brooker, Kansas CityFred Arbanas, Kansas City Offensive tackle Stew Barber, BuffaloWinston Hill, New YorkSherman Plunkett, New York Jim Tyrer, Kansas CityRon Mix, San Diego Offensive guard Bob Talamini, HoustonBilly Shaw, Buffalo Wayne Hawkins, OaklandWalt Sweeney, San Diego Center Jon Morris, Boston Jim Otto, OaklandJerry Sturm, Denver Defense Position: East: West: Defensive end Larry Eisenhauer, BostonBob Dee, Boston Earl Faison, San DiegoBobby Bell, Kansas City Defensive tackle Tom Sestak, BuffaloHouston Antwine, Boston Jerry Mays, Kansas CityErnie Ladd, San DiegoBuck Buchanan, Kansas City Linebacker Nick Buoniconti, BostonLarry Grantham, New YorkTom Addison, BostonMike Stratton, Buffalo Chuck Allen, San DiegoJim Fraser, DenverFrank Buncom, San DiegoEJ Holub, Kansas City Defensive back Butch Byrd, BuffaloPete Jaquess, HoustonDainard Paulson, New YorkFred Glick, HoustonGeorge Saimes, Buffalo Dave Grayson, Kansas CityWillie Brown, DenverGoose Gonsoulin, DenverBobby Hunt, Kansas CityJohnny Robinson, Kansas City Boycott San Diego defensive tackle Ernie Ladd, pictured here in 1973, was a leading advocate for the boycott. On 21 May 1964, New Orleans businessman David Dixon met with the AFL owners to discuss various proposals that would bring football to his city. He hoped to host either postseason games or the All-Star game in Tulane Stadium, as a stepping stone to establishing a New Orleans franchise in either the AFL or the rival NFL. on 1 July, New Orleans were announced as hosts for the next All-Star game, which had previously been hosted by San Diego's Balboa Stadium. The game was scheduled to take place six months after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which aimed to end racial segregation in the United States. Ten days prior to the game, Tulane Stadium had hosted the 1965 Sugar Bowl, which featured eight African American players and was the first Sugar Bowl to be completely integrated; this game went ahead without major incident. When the AFL All-Stars arrived in New Orleans the week before their game, however, the Black players encountered numerous problems, starting at the airport when they tried to hail taxis to take them to their hotels. White taxi drivers refused to give the players rides, or else took them to the wrong location. After reaching their hotels, some of the players went out to sample the French Quarter, but were greeted by overtly racist remarks, and acts such as having their coats taken from racks and thrown on the floor in restaurants. When a group tried to enter nightclub that was playing James Brown music, they were denied entry, with a doorman pointing a gun at Ernie Ladd. In response to these incidents, all twenty-one Black players gathered to discuss their response in the Roosevelt Hotel, where the West team were stationed. While some wanted to go ahead with the game, Ladd and Cookie Gilchrist were influential figures in persuading the majority to boycott, which they opted to do after a vote. San Diego tackle Ron Mix tried to persuade the Black players to go ahead with the game, but they stood by their decision, with Clem Daniels stating that playing the game would serve to condone the treatment they had received. Mix then joined the boycott in a show of solidarity, as did Buffalo quarterback Jack Kemp. On January 11, AFL Commissioner Joe Foss announced that due to the boycott, the game would be moved to Houston. Daniels, one of a handful of players who made statements, said, "We are not wanted here so we are leaving." The game 1965 AFL All-Star Game: East vs. West Period 1 2 34Total East 0 14 0014 West 7 10 14738 at Jeppesen Stadium in Houston, Texas Date: January 16, 1965Game time: 1:00 P.M. CSTGame attendance: 15,446TV announcers (ABC): Curt Gowdy and Paul Christman Game information First quarter West - Keith Lincoln 73-yard pass from Len Dawson (Tom Brooker kick) West 7–0 Second quarter West - Clem Daniels 5-yard pass from John Hadl (Tom Brooker kick) West 14–0 East - Sid Blanks 5-yard run (Gino Cappelletti kick) West 14–7 West - Tom Brooker 46-yard field goal West 17–7 East - Nick Buoniconti 17-yard fumble return (Gino Cappelletti kick) West 17–14 Third quarter West - Keith Lincoln 80-yard run (Tom Brooker kick) West 24–14 Fourth quarter West - Lance Alworth 7-yard pass from John Hadl (Tom Brooker kick) West 31–14 West - Art Powell 17-yard pass from John Hadl (Tom Brooker kick) West 38–14 The West took the lead on the first play from scrimmage, and kept it for the entire game. Len Dawson's long pass to Keith Lincoln covered 73 yards to open the scoring, though Dawson was knocked out of the game with a bloody nose on his next series. John Hadl replaced Dawson and doubled the lead with a touchdown to wide open Oakland receiver Clem Daniels early in the 2nd quarter. The East responded with a 10-play, 80-yard drive, with Sid Blanks scoring from the 5. Following a Tom Brooker field goal for the West, Nick Buoniconti forced a fumble by Abner Haynes, and returned the ball for a touchdown himself, making it 17–14 at halftime. Lincoln scored again on the first West drive of the second half, taking a pitchout to the right and outpacing the defense for an 80-yard touchdown run. Later in the 3rd quarter, Hadl was intercepted by Butch Byrd, but the Buffalo defensive back attempted a lateral that was claimed by the West's Art Powell. Hadl and his San Diego teammate Lance Alworth connected for a touchdown on the next play. Hadl completed the scoring with his third touchdown pass, and second to a Raider, with Powell the recipient. East kicker Gino Cappelletti had a difficult game, missing four kicks and having a fifth blocked (on another occasion, the East turned the ball over on downs after fake field goal didn't work). After the blocked kick, Jerry Maves picked up the ball and lateralled to Bobby Bell, who returned it 72 yards for an apparent touchdown, controversially ruled out as the lateral was ruled to have gone forwards. The West ran their advantage in the series to 4–0. They had a 362–189 offensive yardage advantage, including 153–7 in rushing yardage. Aftermath The attendance of 15,446 in Houston was barely a quarter of the 60,000 that David Dixon had believed was attainable in New Orleans. Dixon feared that the incident would hinder New Orleans' plans to win an AFL franchise, either through expansion or through relocation of the Denver Broncos. There was speculation that Atlanta, a rival as a prospective pro football city, might be an indirect beneficiary, with Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. stating that what had happened in New Orleans would not have done so in his city. The AFL showed no interest in retrying New Orleans as a venue, instead announcing Houston and Oakland as the hosts of the next two All-Star games. NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle, however, retained his interest in the city, and the franchise who would become known as the New Orleans Saints would be announced less than two years after the All-Star boycott, on 1 November 1966. Reaction to the boycott was mixed in the days that followed it. A New Orleans sportswriter suggested that his city had been unfairly judged based on a handful of incidents, and implied that the players had come looking to cause trouble, and representatives of the city noted that the visiting Syracuse team had reported no problems; journalists from outside the city were more sympathetic to the African Americans' reaction, and noted that the Syracuse players had not mingled with the general populace to the same extent. In the years that followed, the boycott has been seen as a positive action that served as a catalyst for change in New Orleans. Butch Byrd, who had been among the Black players who still wanted to play the game during the meeting in the Roosevelt Hotel, later reflected, "It didn't dawn on me until I read accounts in various newspapers and you could see what an event this really was. We had to take a stand." References ^ "TV Guide". Los Angeles Times. January 10, 1965. ^ "Mike Stratton mourns the loss of Keith Lincoln, the recipient of his 'Hit Heard 'Round the World' in 1964 AFL title game". The Athletic. ^ a b c d "Players boycott AFL All-Star game". Pro Football Hall of Fame. February 18, 2010. ^ a b c d e "When football makes history: Bills lead the 1965 AFL All-Star game boycott". buffalobills.com. January 16, 2015. ^ a b c d Tom LaMarre (March 22, 2021). "Inside the Raiders, 1965 AFL All-Star Game Boycott". Sports Illustrated. ^ "Snell leads East in AFL All-Star Game". Eau Claire Leader-Telegram. December 31, 1964. ^ "1964 AFL Pro Bowlers". pro-football-reference.com. ^ "New Orleans will bid for AFL playoffs". Shreveport Journal. May 21, 1964. ^ "AFL All Star game at New Orleans in '65". Louisiana Daily Review. July 1, 1964. ^ "AFL game shifts to Houston". Tampa Times. January 11, 1965."Article continued". Tampa Times. January 11, 1965. ^ "Sub QB Hadl pitches three TD aerials". Scrantonian Tribune. January 17, 1965. ^ "Bell unhappy over called-back score". Minneapolis Star Tribune. January 17, 1965. ^ "Lincoln sparkles in West victory". Shreveport Times. January 17, 1965. ^ "When the pros went marching out..." Long Beach Independent. January 14, 1965. ^ "New Orleans' woes just helping us, say officials for Atlanta". Newport News Daily Press. January 19, 1965. ^ "AFL owners choose sites for 1966, '67". Scranton Times-Tribune. January 19, 1965. ^ "New Orleans looking for name, owner". Decatur Review. November 2, 1966. ^ "Anent that AFL 'walkout' (from New Orleans itself)". Sheboygan Press. January 19, 1965. ^ "How Syracuse escaped bias". Boston Globe. January 14, 1965.	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A team drawn from the Western Division defeated their Eastern counterparts by a score of 38–14, scoring 21 unanswered points to pull away in the second half. The head coaches, Sid Gillman and Lou Saban, had faced each other in the 1964 AFL Championship game three weeks earlier, when Saban's Buffalo Bills had defeated Gillman's San Diego Chargers. Running back Keith Lincoln had suffered a cracked rib in that game,[2] but recovered to score two long touchdowns and win the offensive MVP award in the All-Star game, as he had done in the previous year's edition. Defensive back Willie Brown of the Denver Broncos won the defensive MVP award.Originally scheduled to take place in Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, the game had to be moved at short notice to Jeppesen Stadium, home of the Houston Oilers. The twenty-one African American players on the All-Star teams encountered numerous instances of racism in New Orleans during the build-up to the game, and voted to stage a boycott, with some white players saying they would join with and also boycott the game. In response, the AFL moved the game.[3][4][5]The game was televised by ABC, making it the final professional football game televised by the network until the debut of Monday Night Football in 1970.","title":"1965 American Football League All-Star game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The rosters were announced on December 30, 1964.[6][7]","title":"Rosters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Offense","title":"Rosters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Defense","title":"Rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ernie_Ladd_-_Official_Wrestling_Yearbook_No.3,_June_1973_Back_Cover.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ernie Ladd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Ladd"},{"link_name":"David Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dixon_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Tulane Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_Stadium"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Balboa Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balboa_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"racial segregation in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"1965 Sugar Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Sugar_Bowl"},{"link_name":"integrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_integration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hof-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bills-4"},{"link_name":"French Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Quarter"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"Ernie Ladd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Ladd"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raiders-5"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roosevelt_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Cookie Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bills-4"},{"link_name":"Ron Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Mix"},{"link_name":"Clem Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Daniels"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raiders-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hof-3"},{"link_name":"Jack Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kemp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bills-4"},{"link_name":"Joe Foss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Foss"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"San Diego defensive tackle Ernie Ladd, pictured here in 1973, was a leading advocate for the boycott.On 21 May 1964, New Orleans businessman David Dixon met with the AFL owners to discuss various proposals that would bring football to his city. He hoped to host either postseason games or the All-Star game in Tulane Stadium, as a stepping stone to establishing a New Orleans franchise in either the AFL or the rival NFL.[8] on 1 July, New Orleans were announced as hosts for the next All-Star game, which had previously been hosted by San Diego's Balboa Stadium.[9]The game was scheduled to take place six months after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which aimed to end racial segregation in the United States. Ten days prior to the game, Tulane Stadium had hosted the 1965 Sugar Bowl, which featured eight African American players and was the first Sugar Bowl to be completely integrated; this game went ahead without major incident.[3] When the AFL All-Stars arrived in New Orleans the week before their game, however, the Black players encountered numerous problems, starting at the airport when they tried to hail taxis to take them to their hotels. White taxi drivers refused to give the players rides, or else took them to the wrong location.[4] After reaching their hotels, some of the players went out to sample the French Quarter, but were greeted by overtly racist remarks, and acts such as having their coats taken from racks and thrown on the floor in restaurants. When a group tried to enter nightclub that was playing James Brown music, they were denied entry, with a doorman pointing a gun at Ernie Ladd.[5]In response to these incidents, all twenty-one Black players gathered to discuss their response in the Roosevelt Hotel, where the West team were stationed. While some wanted to go ahead with the game, Ladd and Cookie Gilchrist were influential figures in persuading the majority to boycott, which they opted to do after a vote.[4] San Diego tackle Ron Mix tried to persuade the Black players to go ahead with the game, but they stood by their decision, with Clem Daniels stating that playing the game would serve to condone the treatment they had received.[5] Mix then joined the boycott in a show of solidarity,[3] as did Buffalo quarterback Jack Kemp.[4]On January 11, AFL Commissioner Joe Foss announced that due to the boycott, the game would be moved to Houston. Daniels, one of a handful of players who made statements, said, \"We are not wanted here so we are leaving.\"[10]","title":"Boycott"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeppesen Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeppesen_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"CST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Curt Gowdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Gowdy"},{"link_name":"Paul Christman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Christman"},{"link_name":"Keith Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Len Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Tom Brooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brooker"},{"link_name":"Clem Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Daniels"},{"link_name":"John Hadl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hadl"},{"link_name":"Sid Blanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Blanks"},{"link_name":"Gino Cappelletti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Cappelletti"},{"link_name":"Nick Buoniconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Buoniconti"},{"link_name":"Keith Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Lance Alworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Alworth"},{"link_name":"Art Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Powell_(wide_receiver)"},{"link_name":"lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_pass"},{"link_name":"Lance Alworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Alworth"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"1965 AFL All-Star Game: East vs. West\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nEast\n0\n14\n0014\n\nWest\n7\n10\n14738\n\nat Jeppesen Stadium in Houston, Texas\n\nDate: January 16, 1965Game time: 1:00 P.M. CSTGame attendance: 15,446TV announcers (ABC): Curt Gowdy and Paul Christman\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nWest - Keith Lincoln 73-yard pass from Len Dawson (Tom Brooker kick) West 7–0\nSecond quarter\nWest - Clem Daniels 5-yard pass from John Hadl (Tom Brooker kick) West 14–0\nEast - Sid Blanks 5-yard run (Gino Cappelletti kick) West 14–7\nWest - Tom Brooker 46-yard field goal West 17–7\nEast - Nick Buoniconti 17-yard fumble return (Gino Cappelletti kick) West 17–14\nThird quarter\nWest - Keith Lincoln 80-yard run (Tom Brooker kick) West 24–14\nFourth quarter\nWest - Lance Alworth 7-yard pass from John Hadl (Tom Brooker kick) West 31–14\nWest - Art Powell 17-yard pass from John Hadl (Tom Brooker kick) West 38–14The West took the lead on the first play from scrimmage, and kept it for the entire game. Len Dawson's long pass to Keith Lincoln covered 73 yards to open the scoring, though Dawson was knocked out of the game with a bloody nose on his next series. John Hadl replaced Dawson and doubled the lead with a touchdown to wide open Oakland receiver Clem Daniels early in the 2nd quarter. The East responded with a 10-play, 80-yard drive, with Sid Blanks scoring from the 5. Following a Tom Brooker field goal for the West, Nick Buoniconti forced a fumble by Abner Haynes, and returned the ball for a touchdown himself, making it 17–14 at halftime.Lincoln scored again on the first West drive of the second half, taking a pitchout to the right and outpacing the defense for an 80-yard touchdown run. Later in the 3rd quarter, Hadl was intercepted by Butch Byrd, but the Buffalo defensive back attempted a lateral that was claimed by the West's Art Powell. Hadl and his San Diego teammate Lance Alworth connected for a touchdown on the next play. Hadl completed the scoring with his third touchdown pass, and second to a Raider, with Powell the recipient.[11]East kicker Gino Cappelletti had a difficult game, missing four kicks and having a fifth blocked (on another occasion, the East turned the ball over on downs after fake field goal didn't work). After the blocked kick, Jerry Maves picked up the ball and lateralled to Bobby Bell, who returned it 72 yards for an apparent touchdown, controversially ruled out as the lateral was ruled to have gone forwards.[12] The West ran their advantage in the series to 4–0. They had a 362–189 offensive yardage advantage, including 153–7 in rushing yardage.[13]","title":"The game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Ivan Allen Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Allen_Jr."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pete Rozelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rozelle"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_football"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hof-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raiders-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bills-4"}],"text":"The attendance of 15,446 in Houston was barely a quarter of the 60,000 that David Dixon had believed was attainable in New Orleans. Dixon feared that the incident would hinder New Orleans' plans to win an AFL franchise, either through expansion or through relocation of the Denver Broncos.[14] There was speculation that Atlanta, a rival as a prospective pro football city, might be an indirect beneficiary, with Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. stating that what had happened in New Orleans would not have done so in his city.[15] The AFL showed no interest in retrying New Orleans as a venue, instead announcing Houston and Oakland as the hosts of the next two All-Star games.[16] NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle, however, retained his interest in the city, and the franchise who would become known as the New Orleans Saints would be announced less than two years after the All-Star boycott, on 1 November 1966.[17]Reaction to the boycott was mixed in the days that followed it. A New Orleans sportswriter suggested that his city had been unfairly judged based on a handful of incidents, and implied that the players had come looking to cause trouble, and representatives of the city noted that the visiting Syracuse team had reported no problems; journalists from outside the city were more sympathetic to the African Americans' reaction, and noted that the Syracuse players had not mingled with the general populace to the same extent.[18][19] In the years that followed, the boycott has been seen as a positive action that served as a catalyst for change in New Orleans.[3][5] Butch Byrd, who had been among the Black players who still wanted to play the game during the meeting in the Roosevelt Hotel, later reflected, \"It didn't dawn on me until I read accounts in various newspapers and you could see what an event this really was. We had to take a stand.\"[4]","title":"Aftermath"}]	[{"image_text":"The game had to be moved from Tulane Stadium in New Orleans after several incidents of racism in the city.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/TulaneStadiumFront1.jpg/220px-TulaneStadiumFront1.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Diego defensive tackle Ernie Ladd, pictured here in 1973, was a leading advocate for the boycott.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ernie_Ladd_-_Official_Wrestling_Yearbook_No.3%2C_June_1973_Back_Cover.jpg/220px-Ernie_Ladd_-_Official_Wrestling_Yearbook_No.3%2C_June_1973_Back_Cover.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"TV Guide\". Los Angeles Times. January 10, 1965.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85863293/commentators-10-jan-1965/","url_text":"\"TV Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Stratton mourns the loss of Keith Lincoln, the recipient of his 'Hit Heard 'Round the World' in 1964 AFL title game\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Immanuel_Hjelt	Edvard Hjelt	["1 Early life and education","2 University rector","3 Political career","4 Works","5 References"]	Finnish chemist and politician (1855–1921) Edvard HjeltBorn(1855-06-28)28 June 1855Vihti, FinlandDied2 July 1921(1921-07-02) (aged 66)Bad Mergentheim, GermanyNationalityFinnishAlma materUniversity of HelsinkiScientific careerFieldsChemistry Edvard Immanuel Hjelt (28 June 1855 – 2 July 1921) was a Finnish chemist, politician and a member of the Senate of Finland. Hjelt studied chemistry in Finland and in Germany and became rector of the University of Helsinki in 1899. He opposed the increasing influence of Russia in the Grand Duchy of Finland and started his career in politics. Good connections to Germany created during his chemistry studies before and after his graduation made it possible for him to get military help during the Finnish Civil War. Hjelt organized the training of the Finnish Jäger troops in Germany. Early life and education Hjelt was born in Vihti, Finland. He was the elder brother of August Hjelt. He studied chemistry at the University of Helsinki, and, like most of the chemists of the 19th century, went abroad to improve his education. From 1877 till 1878 he first studied with Johannes Wislicenus at the University of Würzburg, in 1879 with Emil Fischer, Emil Erlenmeyer and Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Munich. After returning to Helsinki he received his Ph.D, but Hjelt needed a second thesis to become a university professor. After another research stay in Germany at the University of Strassburg, working with Rudolph Fittig he prepared that second thesis and became professor for organic chemistry at the University of Helsinki. University rector Hjelt served as vice rector of the University of Helsinki from 1896 till 1899 and as rector from 1899 till 1917. The political turmoil after the announcement of the February Manifesto of 1899 by Russian Emperor Nicholas II, which was meant to start a Russification of Finland and tie the Grand Duchy of Finland closer to the Russian empire, induced student demonstrations. The Russian authorities, especially the Finnish Minister Secretary of State Vyacheslav von Plehve and the Governor-General of Finland Nikolay Bobrikov, had to deal with the reactions of the people. Hjelt was able to reduce the pressure on the students and the university and also to stop aggressive reaction of the students to the oppression. With a short relieve after the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War the oppression continued. Political career With the start of the First World War Hjeld saw a chance to gain independence from Russia after a defeat of Russia by Germany. Germany on the other hand would benefit from troop withdrawal from the frontline to deal with a Finnish uprising. His good relations with Germany allowed Hjelt to get in contact with leading military personnel to negotiate a German support for Finland. A small group of Finnish volunteers reached Germany via Sweden in 1915. Their training started in autumn 1915; at the end, the group of 2,000 men formed the 27th Jäger Battalion. This unit was the core of the Finnish White Guard during the Finnish Civil War (January to May 1918). On November 26, 1917 Hjelt, together with Adolf von Bonsdorff, met with General Erich Ludendorff and Marshal Paul von Hindenburg at the German army headquarters at Kreuznach to get more help for the coming civil war. Six German battalions landed in Hanko and helped the Finnish army to drive the Red Guards from most of their strongholds. Hjelt signed a peace treaty between Germany and Finland in Berlin on 7 March 1918. After the end of the civil war he signed a peace treaty with Austria-Hungary. He also searched for a king in the new, planned monarchy of Finland. His first suggestion was Adolf Friedrich, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, but after Prussian opposition Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse was chosen to become the King of Finland. After the victory of the Allied powers the idea of a monarchy was dropped and Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg became first president of Finland. Laying out of the State Council in the chapel of the in Lübeck. Hjelt's strong connections to Germany and his animosity against France, made him no longer suitable as diplomat after the First World War, in which Germany lost most of its influence to France, the United States and Great Britain. Works Geschichte der organischen Chemie von der ältesten Zeit bis zur Gegenwart : mit 3 Figuren . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1916 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf Educational offices Preceded byJaakko Forsman Rector of Imperial Alexander University 1899–1905 Succeeded byRabbe Axel Wrede Preceded byRabbe Axel Wrede Rector of Imperial Alexander University 1905–1907 Succeeded byIvar Heikel References ^ a b Kauffman, George B.; Niinistö, Lauri (1998). "Edvard Immanuel Hjelt (1855-1921): Finnish Chemist and Historian of Chemistry". The Chemical Educator. 3 (3): 1–16. doi:10.1007/s00897980208a. S2CID 92294055. ^ a b c d Kauffman, George B.; Niinistö, Lauri (1998). "Chemistry and Politics: Edvard Immanuel Hjelt (1855–1921)". The Chemical Educator. 3 (5): 1–15. doi:10.1007/s00897980247a. S2CID 97163876. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Finland United States Sweden Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"chemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Senate of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"University of Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"increasing influence of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Finnish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Finnish Jäger troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_J%C3%A4ger_troops"}],"text":"Edvard Immanuel Hjelt (28 June 1855 – 2 July 1921) was a Finnish chemist, politician and a member of the Senate of Finland. Hjelt studied chemistry in Finland and in Germany and became rector of the University of Helsinki in 1899. He opposed the increasing influence of Russia in the Grand Duchy of Finland and started his career in politics. Good connections to Germany created during his chemistry studies before and after his graduation made it possible for him to get military help during the Finnish Civil War. Hjelt organized the training of the Finnish Jäger troops in Germany.","title":"Edvard Hjelt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"August Hjelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Hjelt"},{"link_name":"University of Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Johannes Wislicenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Wislicenus"},{"link_name":"University of Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"Emil Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Emil Erlenmeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Erlenmeyer"},{"link_name":"Adolf von Baeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer"},{"link_name":"University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"University of Strassburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strassburg"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Fittig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Fittig"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBK1-1"}],"text":"Hjelt was born in Vihti, Finland. He was the elder brother of August Hjelt. He studied chemistry at the University of Helsinki, and, like most of the chemists of the 19th century, went abroad to improve his education. From 1877 till 1878 he first studied with Johannes Wislicenus at the University of Würzburg, in 1879 with Emil Fischer, Emil Erlenmeyer and Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Munich. After returning to Helsinki he received his Ph.D, but Hjelt needed a second thesis to become a university professor. After another research stay in Germany at the University of Strassburg, working with Rudolph Fittig he prepared that second thesis and became professor for organic chemistry at the University of Helsinki.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"February Manifesto of 1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Finnish Minister Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Minister_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav von Plehve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_von_Plehve"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Bobrikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Bobrikov"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBK1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBK2-2"}],"text":"Hjelt served as vice rector of the University of Helsinki from 1896 till 1899 and as rector from 1899 till 1917. The political turmoil after the announcement of the February Manifesto of 1899 by Russian Emperor Nicholas II, which was meant to start a Russification of Finland and tie the Grand Duchy of Finland closer to the Russian empire, induced student demonstrations. The Russian authorities, especially the Finnish Minister Secretary of State Vyacheslav von Plehve and the Governor-General of Finland Nikolay Bobrikov, had to deal with the reactions of the people. Hjelt was able to reduce the pressure on the students and the university and also to stop aggressive reaction of the students to the oppression. With a short relieve after the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War the oppression continued.[1][2]","title":"University rector"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27th Jäger Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_J%C3%A4ger_Battalion_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"Finnish White Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"Finnish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Adolf von Bonsdorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_von_Bonsdorff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erich Ludendorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff"},{"link_name":"Paul von Hindenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg"},{"link_name":"Hanko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanko,_Finland"},{"link_name":"Red Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBK2-2"},{"link_name":"peace treaty between Germany and Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany"},{"link_name":"peace treaty with Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_between_Austria-Hungary_and_Finland"},{"link_name":"Adolf Friedrich, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Friedrich,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Frederick_Charles_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBK2-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HL_Damals_%E2%80%93_Gebr%C3%BCder_Borchers_%E2%80%93_Trauerfeier_%E2%80%93_Kapelle_%E2%80%93_Burgtorfriedhof_%E2%80%93_Hjelt_%E2%80%93_Hintze.jpg"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBK2-2"}],"text":"With the start of the First World War Hjeld saw a chance to gain independence from Russia after a defeat of Russia by Germany. Germany on the other hand would benefit from troop withdrawal from the frontline to deal with a Finnish uprising. His good relations with Germany allowed Hjelt to get in contact with leading military personnel to negotiate a German support for Finland. A small group of Finnish volunteers reached Germany via Sweden in 1915. Their training started in autumn 1915; at the end, the group of 2,000 men formed the 27th Jäger Battalion. This unit was the core of the Finnish White Guard during the Finnish Civil War (January to May 1918). On November 26, 1917 Hjelt, together with Adolf von Bonsdorff, met with General Erich Ludendorff and Marshal Paul von Hindenburg at the German army headquarters at Kreuznach to get more help for the coming civil war. Six German battalions landed in Hanko and helped the Finnish army to drive the Red Guards from most of their strongholds.[2]Hjelt signed a peace treaty between Germany and Finland in Berlin on 7 March 1918. After the end of the civil war he signed a peace treaty with Austria-Hungary. He also searched for a king in the new, planned monarchy of Finland. His first suggestion was Adolf Friedrich, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, but after Prussian opposition Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse was chosen to become the King of Finland. After the victory of the Allied powers the idea of a monarchy was dropped and Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg became first president of Finland.[2]Laying out of the State Council in the chapel of the in Lübeck.Hjelt's strong connections to Germany and his animosity against France, made him no longer suitable as diplomat after the First World War, in which Germany lost most of its influence to France, the United States and Great Britain.[2]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Digital edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22510"},{"link_name":"University and State Library Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_and_State_Library_D%C3%BCsseldorf"}],"text":"Geschichte der organischen Chemie von der ältesten Zeit bis zur Gegenwart : mit 3 Figuren . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1916 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf","title":"Works"}]	[{"image_text":"Laying out of the State Council in the chapel of the in Lübeck.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/HL_Damals_%E2%80%93_Gebr%C3%BCder_Borchers_%E2%80%93_Trauerfeier_%E2%80%93_Kapelle_%E2%80%93_Burgtorfriedhof_%E2%80%93_Hjelt_%E2%80%93_Hintze.jpg/220px-HL_Damals_%E2%80%93_Gebr%C3%BCder_Borchers_%E2%80%93_Trauerfeier_%E2%80%93_Kapelle_%E2%80%93_Burgtorfriedhof_%E2%80%93_Hjelt_%E2%80%93_Hintze.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kauffman, George B.; Niinistö, Lauri (1998). \"Edvard Immanuel Hjelt (1855-1921): Finnish Chemist and Historian of Chemistry\". The Chemical Educator. 3 (3): 1–16. doi:10.1007/s00897980208a. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Cheshire_West_and_Chester	List of schools in Cheshire West and Chester	["1 State-funded schools","1.1 Primary schools","1.2 Secondary schools","1.3 Special and alternative schools","1.4 Further education","2 Independent schools","2.1 Primary and preparatory schools","2.2 Senior and all-through schools","2.3 Special and alternative schools"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of schools in Cheshire West and Chester" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is a list of schools in Cheshire West and Chester, a unitary authority in Cheshire, England. State-funded schools Primary schools The Acorns Primary and Nursery School, Ellesmere Port Acresfield Academy, Upton-by-Chester Alvanley and Manley Village School, Alvanley Antrobus St Mark's CE Primary School, Antrobus The Arches Community Primary School, Blacon Aston by Sutton Primary School Aston-by-Sutton Barnton Community Nursery and Primary School, Barnton Barrow CE Primary School, Barrow Belgrave Primary School, Westminster Park Bishop Wilson CE Primary School, Burton Boughton Heath Academy, Great Boughton Brookside Primary School, Great Sutton Byley Primary School and Nursery, Byley Cambridge Road Community Primary and Nursery School, Ellesmere Port Capenhurst CE Primary School, Capenhurst Charles Darwin Community Primary School, Northwich Cherry Grove Primary School, Chester Chester Blue Coat CE Primary School, Chester Childer Thornton Primary School, Childer Thornton Christleton Primary School, Christleton Clutton CE Primary School, Clutton Comberbach Nursery and Primary School, Comberbach Crowton Christ Church CE Primary School, Crowton Cuddington Primary School, Cuddington Darnhall Primary School, Darnhall Davenham CE Primary School, Davenham Dee Point Primary School, Blacon Delamere CE Primary Academy, Kelsall Dodleston CE Primary School, Dodleston Duddon St Peter's CE Primary School, Duddon Eaton Primary School, Eaton Eccleston CE Primary School, Eccleston Ellesmere Port Christ Church CE Primary School, Ellesmere Port Elton Primary School, Elton Farndon Primary School, Farndon Frodsham CE Primary School, Frodsham Frodsham Manor House Primary School, Frodsham Frodsham Primary Academy, Frodsham Grange Community Nursery and Primary School, Winsford Great Budworth CE Primary School, Great Budworth The Grosvenor Park CE Academy, Chester Guilden Sutton CE Primary School, Guilden Sutton Hartford Manor Primary School & Nursery, Hartford Hartford Primary School, Hartford Helsby Hillside Primary School, Helsby Highfield Community Primary School, Blacon Hoole CE Primary School, Hoole Horn's Mill Primary School, Helsby Huntington Community Primary School, Huntington Huxley CE Primary School, Huxley JH Godwin Primary School, Blacon Kelsall Primary and Nursery School, Kelsall Kingsley Community Primary School and Nursery, Kingsley Kingsley St John's CE Primary School, Kingsley Kingsmead Primary School, Kingsmead Lache Primary School, Lache Leftwich Community Primary School, Leftwich Little Leigh Primary School, Little Leigh Little Sutton CE Primary School, Little Sutton Lostock Gralam CE Primary School, Lostock Gralam Lower Peover CE Primary School, Lower Peover Malpas Alport Endowed Primary School, Malpas Meadow Community Primary School, Great Sutton Mickle Trafford Village School, Mickle Trafford Mill View Primary School, Upton-by-Chester Moulton School, Moulton Neston Primary School, Little Neston Newton Primary School, Newton Norley CE Primary School, Norley The Oak View Academy, Over The Oaks Community Primary School, Ellesmere Port Oldfield Primary School, Vicars Cross Our Lady Star of the Sea RC Primary School, Ellesmere Port Over Hall Community School, Winsford Over St John's CE Primary School, Winsford Overleigh St Mary's CE Primary School, Handbridge Parkgate Primary School, Parkgate Parklands Community Primary School, Little Sutton Rivacre Valley Primary School, Overpool Rossmore School, Little Sutton Rudheath Primary Academy and Nursery, Rudheath Saighton CE Primary School & Pre-School, Saighton St Bede's RC Primary School, Weaverham St Bernard's RC Primary School, Ellesmere Port St Chad's CE Primary and Nursery School, Winsford St Clare's RC Primary School, Lache St Joseph's RC Primary School, Winsford St Luke's RC Primary School, Frodsham St Martin's Academy, Chester St Mary of the Angels RC Primary School, Little Sutton St Oswald's CE Primary School, Mollington St Saviour's RC Primary and Nursery School, Great Sutton St Theresa's RC Primary School, Blacon St Werburgh's and St Columba's RC Primary School, Hoole St Wilfrid's RC Primary School, Hartford St Winefride's RC Primary School, Little Neston Sandiway Primary School, Sandiway Saughall All Saints CE Primary School, Saughall Shocklach Oviatt CE Primary School, Shocklach Sutton Green Primary School, Little Sutton Tarporley CE Primary School, Tarporley Tarvin Primary School, Tarvin Tattenhall Park Primary School, Tattenhall Thomas Wedge Church of England Primary School Tilston Parochial CE Primary School, Tilston Tushingham-with-Grindley CE Primary School, Tushingham Upton Heath CE Primary School, Upton-by-Chester Upton Westlea Primary School, Upton-by-Chester Utkinton St Paul's CE Primary School, Utkinton Victoria Road Primary School, Northwich Waverton Community Primary School, Waverton Weaverham Forest Primary School, Weaverham Weaverham Primary Academy, Weaverham Westminster Community Primary School, Ellesmere Port Wharton CE Primary School, Wharton Whitby Heath Primary School, Ellesmere Port Whitegate CE Primary School, Whitegate Whitley Village School, Lower Whitley Willaston CE Primary School, Willaston William Stockton Community Primary School, Ellesmere Port Willow Wood Community Nursery & Primary School, Wharton Wimboldsley Community Primary School, Wimboldsley Wincham Community Primary School, Wincham Winnington Park Community Primary and Nursery School, Winnington Winsford High Street Community Primary School, Winsford Witton Church Walk CE Primary School, Northwich Wolverham Primary and Nursery School, Ellesmere Port Woodfall Primary School, Little Neston Woodlands Primary School, Ellesmere Port Secondary schools Bishop Heber High School, Malpas Bishops' Blue Coat Church of England High School, Great Boughton Blacon High School, Blacon Chester Catholic High School, Chester Chester International School, Chester Christleton High School, Christleton The County High School, Leftwich Ellesmere Port Catholic High School, Ellesmere Port Ellesmere Port Church of England College, Ellesmere Port Hartford High School, Hartford Helsby High School, Helsby Neston High School, Neston Queen's Park High School, Handbridge Rudheath Senior Academy, Rudheath St Nicholas Catholic High School, Hartford Tarporley High School, Tarporley Upton-by-Chester High School, Upton-by-Chester Weaverham High School, Weaverham The Whitby High School, Ellesmere Port The Winsford Academy, Winsford Special and alternative schools Ancora House School, Chester Archers Brook SEMH Residential School, Great Sutton The Bridge Short Stay School, Ellesmere Port Cloughwood Academy, Hartford Dee Banks School, Chester Dorin Park School, Upton-by-Chester Greenbank School, Hartford Hebden Green Community School, Winsford Hinderton School, Ellesmere Port Oaklands School, Winsford Rosebank School, Barnton The Russett School, Weaverham Further education Mid Cheshire College, now merged into Warrington and Vale Royal College Sir John Deane's College Cheshire College – South & West Independent schools Primary and preparatory schools The Firs School, Chester Senior and all-through schools Abbey Gate College, Saighton Cransley School, Great Budworth The Grange School, Hartford The Hammond, Chester The King's School, Chester OneSchool Global UK, Hartford The Queen's School, Chester Special and alternative schools Abbey School for Exceptional Children, Chester iMap Centre, Barrow Jefferson House, Darnhall Maple Grove School, Chester vteSchools in CheshirePrimary Bunbury Aldersey School Eccleston CE Primary School Goostrey Primary School The Grange Academy SecondaryCheshireEast All Hallows RC College Alsager School Brine Leas School Congleton High School Crewe Engineering and Design UTC Eaton Bank Academy The Fallibroome Academy Holmes Chapel Comprehensive School Knutsford Academy The Macclesfield Academy Malbank School Middlewich High School The Oaks Academy Poynton High School Ruskin High School St Thomas More RC High School Sandbach High School Sandbach School Shavington Academy Sir William Stanier School Tytherington School Wilmslow High School CheshireWest &Chester Bishop Heber High School The Bishops' Blue Coat CE High School Blacon High School Chester RC High School Christleton High School County High School Ellesmere Port Church of England College Ellesmere Port RC High School Hartford High School Helsby High School Neston High School Queen's Park High School Rudheath Senior Academy St Nicholas Catholic High School Tarporley High School Upton-by-Chester High School Weaverham High School The Whitby High School The Winsford Academy Halton Blessed Carlo Acutis RC & CE Academy The Grange Academy The Heath School Ormiston Bolingbroke Academy Ormiston Chadwick Academy Ss Peter & Paul RC High School Sandymoor Ormiston Academy Wade Deacon High School Warrington Beamont Collegiate Academy Birchwood Community High School Bridgewater High School Cardinal Newman RC High School Culcheth High School Great Sankey High School King's Leadership Academy Warrington Lymm High School Padgate Academy Penketh High School St Gregory's RC High School Sir Thomas Boteler CE High School UTC Warrington Independent Abbey Gate College Alderley Edge School for Girls Beech Hall School Cransley School The Grange School The King's School, Chester The King's School, Macclesfield The Queen's School, Chester The Ryleys School Terra Nova School Special David Lewis School Dorin Park School Furthereducation& sixth formcolleges Macclesfield College Mid Cheshire College Reaseheath College Priestley College Riverside College, Halton Sir John Deane's College South Cheshire College Warrington Collegiate West Cheshire College Former Bluecoat School, Chester Brook Farm School Buglawton Hall School Fairfield High School Frodsham School Henbury High School Mostyn House School Nantwich Grammar School Warrington Academy vteSchools in EnglandEast of England Bedford Cambridgeshire Central Bedfordshire Essex Hertfordshire Luton Norfolk Peterborough Southend-on-Sea Suffolk Thurrock South East Bracknell Forest Brighton and Hove Buckinghamshire East Sussex Hampshire Isle of Wight Kent Medway Milton Keynes Oxfordshire Portsmouth Reading Slough Southampton Surrey West Berkshire West Sussex Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham South West Bath and North East Somerset Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Bristol Cornwall Devon Dorset Gloucestershire Isles of Scilly North Somerset Plymouth Somerset South Gloucestershire Swindon Torbay Wiltshire Yorkshire and the Humber Barnsley Bradford Calderdale Doncaster East Riding of Yorkshire Hull Kirklees Leeds North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Yorkshire Rotherham Sheffield Wakefield York North East Darlington Durham Gateshead Hartlepool Middlesbrough North Tyneside Northumberland Newcastle upon Tyne Redcar and Cleveland South Tyneside Stockton-on-Tees Sunderland North West Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool Bolton Bury Cumberland Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Halton Knowsley Lancashire Liverpool Manchester Oldham Rochdale Salford Sefton St Helens Stockport Tameside Trafford Warrington Westmorland and Furness Wigan Wirral East Midlands Derby Derbyshire Leicester Leicestershire Lincolnshire North Northamptonshire Nottingham Nottinghamshire Rutland West Northamptonshire Greater London Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden City of London Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston upon Thames Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond upon Thames Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth Westminster West Midlands Birmingham Coventry Dudley Herefordshire Sandwell Shropshire Solihull Staffordshire Stoke-on-Trent Telford and Wrekin Walsall Warwickshire Wolverhampton Worcestershire See also Middle Schools Grammars Private (independent) State Boarding Oldest	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheshire West and Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester"},{"link_name":"unitary 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Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port"},{"link_name":"Upton-by-Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton-by-Chester"},{"link_name":"Alvanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvanley"},{"link_name":"CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Antrobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrobus,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Blacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacon"},{"link_name":"Aston-by-Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston-by-Sutton"},{"link_name":"Barnton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnton,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Westminster Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Park"},{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_(near_Neston)"},{"link_name":"Great Boughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Boughton"},{"link_name":"Great Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Byley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byley"},{"link_name":"Capenhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capenhurst"},{"link_name":"Northwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"Childer Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childer_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Christleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christleton"},{"link_name":"Clutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutton,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Comberbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comberbach"},{"link_name":"Crowton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowton"},{"link_name":"Cuddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuddington,_Eddisbury"},{"link_name":"Darnhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darnhall"},{"link_name":"Davenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenham"},{"link_name":"Kelsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsall"},{"link_name":"Dodleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodleston"},{"link_name":"Duddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duddon"},{"link_name":"Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton,_Rushton"},{"link_name":"Eccleston CE Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_School,_Eccleston"},{"link_name":"Eccleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccleston,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Elton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Farndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farndon,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Frodsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frodsham"},{"link_name":"Winsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsford"},{"link_name":"Great Budworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Budworth"},{"link_name":"Guilden Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilden_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Helsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsby"},{"link_name":"Hoole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoole"},{"link_name":"Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huxley,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Kingsmead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsmead,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Lache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lache"},{"link_name":"Leftwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftwich"},{"link_name":"Little Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Little Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Sutton,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Lostock Gralam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lostock_Gralam"},{"link_name":"Lower Peover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Peover"},{"link_name":"Malpas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpas,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Mickle Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickle_Trafford"},{"link_name":"Moulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulton,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Little Neston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Neston"},{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_Chester"},{"link_name":"Norley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norley"},{"link_name":"Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Vicars Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicars_Cross"},{"link_name":"RC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Handbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbridge"},{"link_name":"Parkgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkgate,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Overpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpool"},{"link_name":"Rudheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudheath"},{"link_name":"Saighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saighton"},{"link_name":"Weaverham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaverham"},{"link_name":"Mollington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollington,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Sandiway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandiway"},{"link_name":"Saughall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saughall"},{"link_name":"Shocklach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shocklach"},{"link_name":"Tarporley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarporley"},{"link_name":"Tarvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarvin"},{"link_name":"Tattenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattenhall"},{"link_name":"Tilston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilston"},{"link_name":"Tushingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushingham"},{"link_name":"Utkinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utkinton"},{"link_name":"Waverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverton,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Whitegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitegate,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Lower Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Whitley"},{"link_name":"Willaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willaston,_Cheshire_West"},{"link_name":"Wimboldsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimboldsley"},{"link_name":"Wincham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincham"},{"link_name":"Winnington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnington"}],"sub_title":"Primary schools","text":"The Acorns Primary and Nursery School, Ellesmere Port\nAcresfield Academy, Upton-by-Chester\nAlvanley and Manley Village School, Alvanley\nAntrobus St Mark's CE Primary School, Antrobus\nThe Arches Community Primary School, Blacon\nAston by Sutton Primary School Aston-by-Sutton\nBarnton Community Nursery and Primary School, Barnton\nBarrow CE Primary School, Barrow\nBelgrave Primary School, Westminster Park\nBishop Wilson CE Primary School, Burton\nBoughton Heath Academy, Great Boughton\nBrookside Primary School, Great Sutton\nByley Primary School and Nursery, Byley\nCambridge Road Community Primary and Nursery School, Ellesmere Port\nCapenhurst CE Primary School, Capenhurst\nCharles Darwin Community Primary School, Northwich\nCherry Grove Primary School, Chester\nChester Blue Coat CE Primary School, Chester\nChilder Thornton Primary School, Childer Thornton\nChristleton Primary School, Christleton\nClutton CE Primary School, Clutton\nComberbach Nursery and Primary School, Comberbach\nCrowton Christ Church CE Primary School, Crowton\nCuddington Primary School, Cuddington\nDarnhall Primary School, Darnhall\nDavenham CE Primary School, Davenham\nDee Point Primary School, Blacon\nDelamere CE Primary Academy, Kelsall\nDodleston CE Primary School, Dodleston\nDuddon St Peter's CE Primary School, Duddon\nEaton Primary School, Eaton\nEccleston CE Primary School, Eccleston\nEllesmere Port Christ Church CE Primary School, Ellesmere Port\nElton Primary School, Elton\nFarndon Primary School, Farndon\nFrodsham CE Primary School, Frodsham\nFrodsham Manor House Primary School, Frodsham\nFrodsham Primary Academy, Frodsham\nGrange Community Nursery and Primary School, Winsford\nGreat Budworth CE Primary School, Great Budworth\nThe Grosvenor Park CE Academy, Chester\nGuilden Sutton CE Primary School, Guilden Sutton\nHartford Manor Primary School & Nursery, Hartford\nHartford Primary School, Hartford\nHelsby Hillside Primary School, Helsby\nHighfield Community Primary School, Blacon\nHoole CE Primary School, Hoole\nHorn's Mill Primary School, Helsby\nHuntington Community Primary School, Huntington\nHuxley CE Primary School, Huxley\nJH Godwin Primary School, Blacon\nKelsall Primary and Nursery School, Kelsall\nKingsley Community Primary School and Nursery, Kingsley\nKingsley St John's CE Primary School, Kingsley\nKingsmead Primary School, Kingsmead\nLache Primary School, Lache\nLeftwich Community Primary School, Leftwich\nLittle Leigh Primary School, Little Leigh\nLittle Sutton CE Primary School, Little Sutton\nLostock Gralam CE Primary School, Lostock Gralam\nLower Peover CE Primary School, Lower Peover\nMalpas Alport Endowed Primary School, Malpas\nMeadow Community Primary School, Great Sutton\nMickle Trafford Village School, Mickle Trafford\nMill View Primary School, Upton-by-Chester\nMoulton School, Moulton\nNeston Primary School, Little Neston\nNewton Primary School, Newton\nNorley CE Primary School, Norley\nThe Oak View Academy, Over\nThe Oaks Community Primary School, Ellesmere Port\nOldfield Primary School, Vicars Cross\nOur Lady Star of the Sea RC Primary School, Ellesmere Port\nOver Hall Community School, Winsford\nOver St John's CE Primary School, Winsford\nOverleigh St Mary's CE Primary School, Handbridge\nParkgate Primary School, Parkgate\nParklands Community Primary School, Little Sutton\nRivacre Valley Primary School, Overpool\nRossmore School, Little Sutton\nRudheath Primary Academy and Nursery, Rudheath\nSaighton CE Primary School & Pre-School, Saighton\nSt Bede's RC Primary School, Weaverham\nSt Bernard's RC Primary School, Ellesmere Port\nSt Chad's CE Primary and Nursery School, Winsford\nSt Clare's RC Primary School, Lache\nSt Joseph's RC Primary School, Winsford\nSt Luke's RC Primary School, Frodsham\nSt Martin's Academy, Chester\nSt Mary of the Angels RC Primary School, Little Sutton\nSt Oswald's CE Primary School, Mollington\nSt Saviour's RC Primary and Nursery School, Great Sutton\nSt Theresa's RC Primary School, Blacon\nSt Werburgh's and St Columba's RC Primary School, Hoole\nSt Wilfrid's RC Primary School, Hartford\nSt Winefride's RC Primary School, Little Neston\nSandiway Primary School, Sandiway\nSaughall All Saints CE Primary School, Saughall\nShocklach Oviatt CE Primary School, Shocklach\nSutton Green Primary School, Little Sutton\nTarporley CE Primary School, Tarporley\nTarvin Primary School, Tarvin\nTattenhall Park Primary School, Tattenhall\nThomas Wedge Church of England Primary School\nTilston Parochial CE Primary School, Tilston\nTushingham-with-Grindley CE Primary School, Tushingham\nUpton Heath CE Primary School, Upton-by-Chester\nUpton Westlea Primary School, Upton-by-Chester\nUtkinton St Paul's CE Primary School, Utkinton\nVictoria Road Primary School, Northwich\nWaverton Community Primary School, Waverton\nWeaverham Forest Primary School, Weaverham\nWeaverham Primary Academy, Weaverham\nWestminster Community Primary School, Ellesmere Port\nWharton CE Primary School, Wharton\nWhitby Heath Primary School, Ellesmere Port\nWhitegate CE Primary School, Whitegate\nWhitley Village School, Lower Whitley\nWillaston CE Primary School, Willaston\nWilliam Stockton Community Primary School, Ellesmere Port\nWillow Wood Community Nursery & Primary School, Wharton\nWimboldsley Community Primary School, Wimboldsley\nWincham Community Primary School, Wincham\nWinnington Park Community Primary and Nursery School, Winnington\nWinsford High Street Community Primary School, Winsford\nWitton Church Walk CE Primary School, Northwich\nWolverham Primary and Nursery School, Ellesmere Port\nWoodfall Primary School, Little Neston\nWoodlands Primary School, Ellesmere Port","title":"State-funded schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop Heber High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Heber_High_School"},{"link_name":"Malpas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpas,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Bishops' Blue Coat Church of England High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops%27_Blue_Coat_Church_of_England_High_School"},{"link_name":"Great Boughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Boughton"},{"link_name":"Blacon High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacon_High_School"},{"link_name":"Blacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacon"},{"link_name":"Chester Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"Chester International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester_International_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christleton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christleton_High_School"},{"link_name":"Christleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christleton"},{"link_name":"The County High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_County_High_School,_Leftwich"},{"link_name":"Leftwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftwich"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Port Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Port Church of England College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_Church_of_England_College"},{"link_name":"Hartford High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Church_of_England_High_School"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Helsby High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsby_High_School"},{"link_name":"Helsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsby"},{"link_name":"Neston High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neston_High_School"},{"link_name":"Neston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neston"},{"link_name":"Queen's Park High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_High_School"},{"link_name":"Handbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbridge"},{"link_name":"Rudheath Senior Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudheath_Senior_Academy"},{"link_name":"Rudheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudheath"},{"link_name":"St Nicholas Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nicholas_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Tarporley High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarporley_High_School"},{"link_name":"Tarporley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarporley"},{"link_name":"Upton-by-Chester High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton-by-Chester_High_School"},{"link_name":"Upton-by-Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton-by-Chester"},{"link_name":"Weaverham High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaverham_High_School"},{"link_name":"Weaverham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaverham"},{"link_name":"The Whitby High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Whitby_High_School"},{"link_name":"The Winsford Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winsford_Academy"},{"link_name":"Winsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsford"}],"sub_title":"Secondary schools","text":"Bishop Heber High School, Malpas\nBishops' Blue Coat Church of England High School, Great Boughton\nBlacon High School, Blacon\nChester Catholic High School, Chester\nChester International School, Chester\nChristleton High School, Christleton\nThe County High School, Leftwich\nEllesmere Port Catholic High School, Ellesmere Port\nEllesmere Port Church of England College, Ellesmere Port\nHartford High School, Hartford\nHelsby High School, Helsby\nNeston High School, Neston\nQueen's Park High School, Handbridge\nRudheath Senior Academy, Rudheath\nSt Nicholas Catholic High School, Hartford\nTarporley High School, Tarporley\nUpton-by-Chester High School, Upton-by-Chester\nWeaverham High School, Weaverham\nThe Whitby High School, Ellesmere Port\nThe Winsford Academy, Winsford","title":"State-funded schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"Great Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Dorin Park School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorin_Park_School"},{"link_name":"Upton-by-Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton-by-Chester"},{"link_name":"Winsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsford"},{"link_name":"Barnton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnton,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Weaverham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaverham"}],"sub_title":"Special and alternative schools","text":"Ancora House School, Chester\nArchers Brook SEMH Residential School, Great Sutton\nThe Bridge Short Stay School, Ellesmere Port\nCloughwood Academy, Hartford\nDee Banks School, Chester\nDorin Park School, Upton-by-Chester\nGreenbank School, Hartford\nHebden Green Community School, Winsford\nHinderton School, Ellesmere Port\nOaklands School, Winsford\nRosebank School, Barnton\nThe Russett School, Weaverham","title":"State-funded schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mid Cheshire College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Cheshire_College"},{"link_name":"Warrington and Vale Royal College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington_and_Vale_Royal_College"},{"link_name":"Sir John Deane's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Deane%27s_College"},{"link_name":"Cheshire College – South & West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_College_%E2%80%93_South_%26_West"}],"sub_title":"Further education","text":"Mid Cheshire College, now merged into Warrington and Vale Royal College\nSir John Deane's College\nCheshire College – South & West","title":"State-funded schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Independent schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"}],"sub_title":"Primary and preparatory schools","text":"The Firs School, Chester","title":"Independent schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbey Gate College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Gate_College"},{"link_name":"Saighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saighton"},{"link_name":"Cransley School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cransley_School"},{"link_name":"Great Budworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Budworth"},{"link_name":"The Grange School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grange_School,_Northwich"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"The King's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_School,_Chester"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"The Queen's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_School,_Chester"}],"sub_title":"Senior and all-through schools","text":"Abbey Gate College, Saighton\nCransley School, Great Budworth\nThe Grange School, Hartford\nThe Hammond, Chester\nThe King's School, Chester\nOneSchool Global UK, Hartford\nThe Queen's School, Chester","title":"Independent schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Darnhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darnhall"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Schools_in_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Schools_in_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools_in_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Bunbury Aldersey School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunbury_Aldersey_School"},{"link_name":"Eccleston CE Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_School,_Eccleston"},{"link_name":"Goostrey Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goostrey_Primary_School"},{"link_name":"The Grange Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grange_Academy,_Runcorn"},{"link_name":"CheshireEast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_East"},{"link_name":"All Hallows RC College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Hallows_Catholic_College,_Macclesfield"},{"link_name":"Alsager School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsager_School"},{"link_name":"Brine Leas School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_Leas_School"},{"link_name":"Congleton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congleton_High_School"},{"link_name":"Crewe Engineering and Design UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_Engineering_and_Design_UTC"},{"link_name":"Eaton Bank Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Bank_Academy"},{"link_name":"The Fallibroome Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fallibroome_Academy"},{"link_name":"Holmes Chapel Comprehensive School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmes_Chapel_Comprehensive_School"},{"link_name":"Knutsford Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knutsford_Academy"},{"link_name":"The Macclesfield Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Macclesfield_Academy"},{"link_name":"Malbank School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbank_School_and_Sixth_Form_College"},{"link_name":"Middlewich High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewich_High_School"},{"link_name":"The Oaks Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oaks_Academy"},{"link_name":"Poynton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynton_High_School"},{"link_name":"Ruskin High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskin_High_School,_Crewe"},{"link_name":"St Thomas More RC High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Thomas_More_Catholic_School,_Crewe"},{"link_name":"Sandbach High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbach_High_School_and_Sixth_Form_College"},{"link_name":"Sandbach School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbach_School"},{"link_name":"Shavington Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavington_Academy"},{"link_name":"Sir William Stanier School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Stanier_School"},{"link_name":"Tytherington School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tytherington_School"},{"link_name":"Wilmslow High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmslow_High_School"},{"link_name":"CheshireWest &Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester"},{"link_name":"Bishop Heber High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Heber_High_School"},{"link_name":"The Bishops' Blue Coat CE High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops%27_Blue_Coat_Church_of_England_High_School"},{"link_name":"Blacon High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacon_High_School"},{"link_name":"Chester RC High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Christleton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christleton_High_School"},{"link_name":"County High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_County_High_School,_Leftwich"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Port Church of England College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_Church_of_England_College"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Port RC High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Hartford High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Church_of_England_High_School"},{"link_name":"Helsby High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsby_High_School"},{"link_name":"Neston High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neston_High_School"},{"link_name":"Queen's Park High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_High_School"},{"link_name":"Rudheath Senior Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudheath_Senior_Academy"},{"link_name":"St Nicholas Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nicholas_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Tarporley High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarporley_High_School"},{"link_name":"Upton-by-Chester High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton-by-Chester_High_School"},{"link_name":"Weaverham High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaverham_High_School"},{"link_name":"The Whitby High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Whitby_High_School"},{"link_name":"The Winsford Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winsford_Academy"},{"link_name":"Halton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Halton"},{"link_name":"Blessed Carlo Acutis RC & CE Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Carlo_Acutis_Catholic_and_Church_of_England_Academy"},{"link_name":"The Grange Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grange_Academy,_Runcorn"},{"link_name":"The Heath School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heath_School"},{"link_name":"Ormiston Bolingbroke Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormiston_Bolingbroke_Academy"},{"link_name":"Ormiston Chadwick Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormiston_Chadwick_Academy"},{"link_name":"Ss Peter & Paul RC High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Sandymoor Ormiston Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandymoor_Ormiston_Academy"},{"link_name":"Wade Deacon High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Deacon_High_School"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Warrington"},{"link_name":"Beamont Collegiate Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beamont_Collegiate_Academy"},{"link_name":"Birchwood Community High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birchwood_Community_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bridgewater High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_High_School,_Warrington"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Newman RC High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Newman_Catholic_High_School,_Warrington"},{"link_name":"Culcheth High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culcheth_High_School"},{"link_name":"Great Sankey High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sankey_High_School"},{"link_name":"King's Leadership Academy Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Leadership_Academy_Warrington"},{"link_name":"Lymm High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymm_High_School"},{"link_name":"Padgate Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padgate_Academy"},{"link_name":"Penketh High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penketh_High_School"},{"link_name":"St Gregory's RC High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Gregory%27s_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Boteler CE High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Boteler_Church_of_England_High_School"},{"link_name":"UTC Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC_Warrington"},{"link_name":"Abbey Gate College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Gate_College"},{"link_name":"Alderley Edge School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderley_Edge_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"Beech Hall School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_Hall_School"},{"link_name":"Cransley School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cransley_School"},{"link_name":"The Grange School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grange_School,_Northwich"},{"link_name":"The King's School, 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Wrekin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Telford_and_Wrekin"},{"link_name":"Walsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Walsall"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Middle Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_middle_schools_in_England"},{"link_name":"Grammars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grammar_schools_in_England"},{"link_name":"Private (independent)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_private_schools_in_England"},{"link_name":"State Boarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_boarding_schools_in_England"},{"link_name":"Oldest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"Special and alternative schools","text":"Abbey School for Exceptional Children, Chester\niMap Centre, Barrow\nJefferson House, Darnhall\nMaple Grove School, ChestervteSchools in CheshirePrimary\nBunbury Aldersey School\nEccleston CE Primary School\nGoostrey Primary School\nThe Grange Academy\nSecondaryCheshireEast\nAll Hallows RC College\nAlsager School\nBrine Leas School\nCongleton High School\nCrewe Engineering and Design UTC\nEaton Bank Academy\nThe Fallibroome Academy\nHolmes Chapel Comprehensive School\nKnutsford Academy\nThe Macclesfield Academy\nMalbank School\nMiddlewich High School\nThe Oaks Academy\nPoynton High School\nRuskin High School\nSt Thomas More RC High School\nSandbach High School\nSandbach School\nShavington Academy\nSir William Stanier School\nTytherington School\nWilmslow High School\nCheshireWest &Chester\nBishop Heber High School\nThe Bishops' Blue Coat CE High School\nBlacon High School\nChester RC High School\nChristleton High School\nCounty High School\nEllesmere Port Church of England College\nEllesmere Port RC High School\nHartford High School\nHelsby High School\nNeston High School\nQueen's Park High School\nRudheath Senior Academy\nSt Nicholas Catholic High School\nTarporley High School\nUpton-by-Chester High School\nWeaverham High School\nThe Whitby High School\nThe Winsford Academy\nHalton\nBlessed Carlo Acutis RC & CE Academy\nThe Grange Academy\nThe Heath School\nOrmiston Bolingbroke Academy\nOrmiston Chadwick Academy\nSs Peter & Paul RC High School\nSandymoor Ormiston Academy\nWade Deacon High School\nWarrington\nBeamont Collegiate Academy\nBirchwood Community High School\nBridgewater High School\nCardinal Newman RC High School\nCulcheth High School\nGreat Sankey High School\nKing's Leadership Academy Warrington\nLymm High School\nPadgate Academy\nPenketh High School\nSt Gregory's RC High School\nSir Thomas Boteler CE High School\nUTC Warrington\nIndependent\nAbbey Gate College\nAlderley Edge School for Girls\nBeech Hall School\nCransley School\nThe Grange School\nThe King's School, Chester\nThe King's School, Macclesfield\nThe Queen's School, Chester\nThe Ryleys School\nTerra Nova School\nSpecial\nDavid Lewis School\nDorin Park School\nFurthereducation& sixth formcolleges\nMacclesfield College\nMid Cheshire College\nReaseheath College\nPriestley College\nRiverside College, Halton\nSir John Deane's College\nSouth Cheshire College\nWarrington Collegiate\nWest Cheshire College\nFormer\nBluecoat School, Chester\nBrook Farm School\nBuglawton Hall School\nFairfield High School\nFrodsham School\nHenbury High School\nMostyn House School\nNantwich Grammar School\nWarrington AcademyvteSchools in EnglandEast of England\nBedford\nCambridgeshire\nCentral Bedfordshire\nEssex\nHertfordshire\nLuton\nNorfolk\nPeterborough\nSouthend-on-Sea\nSuffolk\nThurrock\nSouth East\nBracknell Forest\nBrighton and Hove\nBuckinghamshire\nEast Sussex\nHampshire\nIsle of Wight\nKent\nMedway\nMilton Keynes\nOxfordshire\nPortsmouth\nReading\nSlough\nSouthampton\nSurrey\nWest Berkshire\nWest Sussex\nWindsor and Maidenhead\nWokingham\nSouth West\nBath and North East Somerset\nBournemouth, Christchurch and Poole\nBristol\nCornwall\nDevon\nDorset\nGloucestershire\nIsles of Scilly\nNorth Somerset\nPlymouth\nSomerset\nSouth Gloucestershire\nSwindon\nTorbay\nWiltshire\nYorkshire and the Humber\nBarnsley\nBradford\nCalderdale\nDoncaster\nEast Riding of Yorkshire\nHull\nKirklees\nLeeds\nNorth East Lincolnshire\nNorth Lincolnshire\nNorth Yorkshire\nRotherham\nSheffield\nWakefield\nYork\nNorth East\nDarlington\nDurham\nGateshead\nHartlepool\nMiddlesbrough\nNorth Tyneside\nNorthumberland\nNewcastle upon Tyne\nRedcar and Cleveland\nSouth Tyneside\nStockton-on-Tees\nSunderland\nNorth West\nBlackburn with Darwen\nBlackpool\nBolton\nBury\nCumberland\nCheshire East\nCheshire West and Chester\nHalton\nKnowsley\nLancashire\nLiverpool\nManchester\nOldham\nRochdale\nSalford\nSefton\nSt Helens\nStockport\nTameside\nTrafford\nWarrington\nWestmorland and Furness\nWigan\nWirral\nEast Midlands\nDerby\nDerbyshire\nLeicester\nLeicestershire\nLincolnshire\nNorth Northamptonshire\nNottingham\nNottinghamshire\nRutland\nWest Northamptonshire\nGreater London\nBarking and Dagenham\nBarnet\nBexley\nBrent\nBromley\nCamden\nCity of London\nCroydon\nEaling\nEnfield\nGreenwich\nHackney\nHammersmith and Fulham\nHaringey\nHarrow\nHavering\nHillingdon\nHounslow\nIslington\nKensington and Chelsea\nKingston upon Thames\nLambeth\nLewisham\nMerton\nNewham\nRedbridge\nRichmond upon Thames\nSouthwark\nSutton\nTower Hamlets\nWaltham Forest\nWandsworth\nWestminster\nWest Midlands\nBirmingham\nCoventry\nDudley\nHerefordshire\nSandwell\nShropshire\nSolihull\nStaffordshire\nStoke-on-Trent\nTelford and Wrekin\nWalsall\nWarwickshire\nWolverhampton\nWorcestershire\nSee also\nMiddle Schools\nGrammars\nPrivate (independent)\nState Boarding\nOldest","title":"Independent schools"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+schools+in+Cheshire+West+and+Chester%22","external_links_name":"\"List of schools in Cheshire West and Chester\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+schools+in+Cheshire+West+and+Chester%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+schools+in+Cheshire+West+and+Chester%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+schools+in+Cheshire+West+and+Chester%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+schools+in+Cheshire+West+and+Chester%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+schools+in+Cheshire+West+and+Chester%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT_Legends	GT Legends	["1 Reception","2 References","3 External links"]	2005 video game Not to be confused with Grand Prix Legends. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "GT Legends" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2005 video gameGT LegendsEuropean cover artDeveloper(s)SimBin StudiosPublisher(s)10tacle PublishingEngineISImotorPlatform(s)Windows 2000, Windows XPReleaseEU: October 15, 2005UK: November 4, 2005NA: January 23, 2006Genre(s)Sim racingMode(s)Single-player and multiplayer GT Legends is a sports car racing simulator for the PC developed by SimBin Studios (later Sector3 Studios an KW Studios) and published by 10tacle Publishing. It is based on the 2005 FIA Historic Racing Championships for GTC and TC cars of the 1960s and 1970s. This is a modern-day championship for historic cars, and so the circuit designs in GT Legends are those of the modern era, contrasting with games such as Grand Prix Legends which are actually set in historic times. GT Legends has the same graphics engine as rFactor (developed by Image Space Incorporated), a similar physics engine but different multiplayer code. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic84/100Review scoresPublicationScoreEurogamer8/10GameSpot8.5/10GameZone8.4/10 GT Legends received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Eurogamer praised the game's graphics, setting, handling, car selection, options, and difficulty. GameSpot praised the car models, physics modeling, sophisticated audio, options, and vintage cars, while criticizing some technical issues, lack of rain races, the requirement of high-end computing power, progression, and reduced damage. References ^ Goble, Gord (27 February 2006). "GT Legends Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ "GT Legends for PC Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2006. ^ Clare, Oliver (26 September 2006). "GT Legends". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ jkdmedia, GameZone (4 May 2012). "GT Legends – PC – Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ Clare, Oliver (2005-09-26). "GT Legends". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 2022-02-19. Retrieved 2022-02-19. ^ "GT Legends Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2022-02-19. Retrieved 2022-02-19. External links Official website Gamespot GTL Review vteRacing simulator video games developed by KW Studios (formerly SimBin Studios and Sector3 Studios) GTR GT Legends GTR 2 Race Race 07 GTR Evolution Race On Race Pro RaceRoom Volvo – The Game This sports car racing video game article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Prix Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Legends"},{"link_name":"sports car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_car_racing"},{"link_name":"racing simulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim_racing"},{"link_name":"Sector3 Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KW_Studios"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Legends"},{"link_name":"graphics engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_card"},{"link_name":"rFactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFactor"},{"link_name":"Image Space Incorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Space_Incorporated"},{"link_name":"physics engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_engine"},{"link_name":"multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Grand Prix Legends.2005 video gameGT Legends is a sports car racing simulator for the PC developed by SimBin Studios (later Sector3 Studios an KW Studios) and published by 10tacle Publishing. It is based on the 2005 FIA Historic Racing Championships\nfor GTC and TC cars of the 1960s and 1970s. This is a modern-day championship for historic cars, and so the circuit designs in GT Legends are those of the modern era, contrasting with games such as Grand Prix Legends which are actually set in historic times.GT Legends has the same graphics engine as rFactor (developed by Image Space Incorporated), a similar physics engine but different multiplayer code.","title":"GT Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc-pc-2"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic84/100[2]Review scoresPublicationScoreEurogamer8/10[3]GameSpot8.5/10[1]GameZone8.4/10[4]GT Legends received \"generally favorable\" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.Eurogamer praised the game's graphics, setting, handling, car selection, options, and difficulty.[5] GameSpot praised the car models, physics modeling, sophisticated audio, options, and vintage cars, while criticizing some technical issues, lack of rain races, the requirement of high-end computing power, progression, and reduced damage.[6]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Goble, Gord (27 February 2006). \"GT Legends Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/gt-legends-review/1900-6144552/","url_text":"\"GT Legends Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219154429/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/gt-legends-review/1900-6144552/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GT Legends for PC Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/gt-legends/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","url_text":"\"GT Legends for PC Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101020072412/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/gt-legends","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clare, Oliver (26 September 2006). \"GT Legends\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_GTLegends_PC","url_text":"\"GT Legends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219154429/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_GTLegends_PC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"jkdmedia, GameZone (4 May 2012). \"GT Legends – PC – Review\". GameZone. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamezone.com/reviews/gt_legends_pc_review/","url_text":"\"GT Legends – PC – Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219154429/https://www.gamezone.com/reviews/gt_legends_pc_review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clare, Oliver (2005-09-26). \"GT Legends\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 2022-02-19. Retrieved 2022-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_GTLegends_PC","url_text":"\"GT Legends\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219154429/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_GTLegends_PC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GT Legends Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2022-02-19. Retrieved 2022-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/gt-legends-review/1900-6144552/","url_text":"\"GT Legends Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219154429/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/gt-legends-review/1900-6144552/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22GT+Legends%22","external_links_name":"\"GT Legends\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22GT+Legends%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22GT+Legends%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22GT+Legends%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22GT+Legends%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22GT+Legends%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/gt-legends-review/1900-6144552/","external_links_name":"\"GT Legends Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219154429/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/gt-legends-review/1900-6144552/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/gt-legends/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","external_links_name":"\"GT Legends for PC Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101020072412/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/gt-legends","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_GTLegends_PC","external_links_name":"\"GT Legends\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219154429/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_GTLegends_PC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamezone.com/reviews/gt_legends_pc_review/","external_links_name":"\"GT Legends – PC – Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219154429/https://www.gamezone.com/reviews/gt_legends_pc_review/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_GTLegends_PC","external_links_name":"\"GT Legends\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219154429/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_GTLegends_PC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/gt-legends-review/1900-6144552/","external_links_name":"\"GT Legends Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219154429/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/gt-legends-review/1900-6144552/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111072908/http://www.simbin.se/games/gt-legends/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/driving/gtlegends/review.html","external_links_name":"Gamespot GTL Review"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GT_Legends&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_known_as_the_Rash	List of people known as the Rash	[]	The Rash is an epithet which may refer to: Charles the Bold or the Rash (1433–1477), Duke of Burgundy James III of Majorca (1315–1349), King of Majorca from 1324 to 1344 Stephen I, Count of Burgundy (1065–1102) William I, Count of Burgundy (1020–1087), father of Stephen I	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"James III of Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_III_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Stephen I, Count of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_I,_Count_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"William I, Count of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I,_Count_of_Burgundy"}],"text":"Charles the Bold or the Rash (1433–1477), Duke of Burgundy\nJames III of Majorca (1315–1349), King of Majorca from 1324 to 1344\nStephen I, Count of Burgundy (1065–1102)\nWilliam I, Count of Burgundy (1020–1087), father of Stephen I","title":"List of people known as the Rash"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cinchona_(AN-12)	USS Cinchona	["1 Built in Portland, Oregon","2 World War II service","2.1 Under attack at Pearl Harbor","2.2 Saipan operations","3 Post-war activity","4 Post-war decommissioning","5 Honors and awards","6 References"]	United States Navy WWII-era net-laying ship This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "USS Cinchona" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) History United States NameUSS Cinchona NamesakeVarious trees the dried bark of which produces quinine BuilderCommercial Iron Works, Portland, Oregon Laid downas (YN-7), date unknown Launched2 July 1941 Sponsored byMrs. W. Casey Commissioned20 December 1942 as USS Cinchona (YN-7) Decommissioned6 November 1946, at Vancouver, Washington In service15 August 1941 as Cinchona (YN-7) ReclassifiedAN-12, 20 December 1944 StrickenUnknown HomeportTiburon, California Honors andawardsTwo battle stars: under attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Mariana Islands operation FateTransferred to the U.S. Maritime Administration, 1 June 1961; sold for non-transportation use, 17 February 1976 General characteristics TypeAloe-class net laying ship Tonnage660 tons Displacement850 tons Length163' 2" Beam30' 6" Draft11' 8" Propulsiondiesel engine, single propeller Speed12 knots Complement48 officers and enlisted Armamentone single 3 in (76 mm) dual purpose gun mount; three single 20 mm AA gun mounts; four 0.5 in (12.7 mm). machine guns; one y-gun USS Cinchona (AN-12/YN-7) was an Aloe-class net laying ship which was assigned to serve the U.S. Navy during World War II with her protective anti-submarine nets. Built in Portland, Oregon Cinchona (YN-7) was launched on 2 July 1941 by Commercial Iron Works, Portland, Oregon; sponsored by Mrs. W. Casey; outfitted by Puget Sound Navy Yard; and placed in service on 15 August 1941. World War II service Assigned to the 14th Naval District, she arrived at Pearl Harbor on 17 October where she took up duty in net repair and replacement, salvage of gear lost or adrift, and maintenance of net and boom defenses. Under attack at Pearl Harbor During the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, on 7 December 1941, Cinchona manned both her machine guns and her 3" gun, and, as the enemy repeatedly strafed her deck, she closed the gaps in the net defenses protecting the dry-docks. Continuing her salvage operations in the Hawaii group, Cinchona salvaged district patrol craft YP-108 off Lanai in June 1942, and in August escorted a motor torpedo boat convoy to Midway Islands, where she installed nets around the dock spaces, returning to Pearl Harbor early in September. She was placed in commission on 20 December 1942, her officer-in-charge Lieutenant T. A. Ingham receiving the title commanding officer. She continued local operations at Pearl Harbor, and on 20 January 1944 was redesignated AN-12. Saipan operations Cinchona arrived off newly invaded Saipan 16 June 1944. She conducted patrols, assisted LST-84 after an enemy bomb started a fire on board, and then inspected the Japanese net line in Tanapag Harbor. She remained at Saipan on salvage and net operations until 18 November when she steamed to Guam and Ulithi to lay cables. From 7 December 1944 to 30 June 1945 Cinchona conducted net operations, laid moorings, and aided in installing a pipeline at Guam. Post-war activity Returning to the States 27 July, she conducted net operations at Long Beach, California, and out of Mare Island Naval Shipyard until 24 August 1946 when she sailed for Astoria, Oregon. Post-war decommissioning Cinchona was placed out of commission in reserve 6 November 1946 at Vancouver, Washington. Honors and awards Cinchona received two battle stars for World War II service. The first was for her performance at Pearl Harbor while under attack by Japanese planes. The second was for her operating under dangerous conditions during the Mariana Islands operation. References This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive - USS Cinchona (AN-12) – ex - USS Cinchona (YN-7) (1942 - 1944) - Cinchona (YN-7) (1941 - 1942) vteAloe-class net laying ships Aloe Ash Boxwood Butternut Catalpa Chestnut Cinchona Buckeye Buckthorn Ebony Eucalyptus Chinquapin Gum Tree Holly Elder Larch Locust Mahogany Mango Hackberry Mimosa Mulberry Palm Hazel Redwood Rosewood Sandalwood Nutmeg Teaberry Teak Pepperwood Yew Other operators Ecuadorian Navy Orion (ex-Mulberry) French Navy Locuste (ex-Locust) Araignée (ex-Hackberry) Libellule (ex-Rosewood) Luciole (ex-Sandalwood) Tarentule (ex-Pepperwood) Scorpion (ex-Yew) Turkish Navy AG-4 (ex-Larch) Followed by: Cohoes-class List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aloe-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe-class_net_laying_ship"},{"link_name":"net laying ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_laying_ship"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"}],"text":"USS Cinchona (AN-12/YN-7) was an Aloe-class net laying ship which was assigned to serve the U.S. Navy during World War II with her protective anti-submarine nets.","title":"USS Cinchona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commercial Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_Navy_Yard"}],"text":"Cinchona (YN-7) was launched on 2 July 1941 by Commercial Iron Works, Portland, Oregon; sponsored by Mrs. W. Casey; outfitted by Puget Sound Navy Yard; and placed in service on 15 August 1941.","title":"Built in Portland, Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"14th Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"}],"text":"Assigned to the 14th Naval District, she arrived at Pearl Harbor on 17 October where she took up duty in net repair and replacement, salvage of gear lost or adrift, and maintenance of net and boom defenses.","title":"World War II service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Lanai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanai"},{"link_name":"convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"Midway Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"commanding officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"}],"sub_title":"Under attack at Pearl Harbor","text":"During the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, on 7 December 1941, Cinchona manned both her machine guns and her 3\" gun, and, as the enemy repeatedly strafed her deck, she closed the gaps in the net defenses protecting the dry-docks.Continuing her salvage operations in the Hawaii group, Cinchona salvaged district patrol craft YP-108 off Lanai in June 1942, and in August escorted a motor torpedo boat convoy to Midway Islands, where she installed nets around the dock spaces, returning to Pearl Harbor early in September.She was placed in commission on 20 December 1942, her officer-in-charge Lieutenant T. A. Ingham receiving the title commanding officer. She continued local operations at Pearl Harbor, and on 20 January 1944 was redesignated AN-12.","title":"World War II service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Ulithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithi"}],"sub_title":"Saipan operations","text":"Cinchona arrived off newly invaded Saipan 16 June 1944. She conducted patrols, assisted LST-84 after an enemy bomb started a fire on board, and then inspected the Japanese net line in Tanapag Harbor. She remained at Saipan on salvage and net operations until 18 November when she steamed to Guam and Ulithi to lay cables.From 7 December 1944 to 30 June 1945 Cinchona conducted net operations, laid moorings, and aided in installing a pipeline at Guam.","title":"World War II service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Astoria, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon"}],"text":"Returning to the States 27 July, she conducted net operations at Long Beach, California, and out of Mare Island Naval Shipyard until 24 August 1946 when she sailed for Astoria, Oregon.","title":"Post-war activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington"}],"text":"Cinchona was placed out of commission in reserve 6 November 1946 at Vancouver, Washington.","title":"Post-war decommissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_stars"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"}],"text":"Cinchona received two battle stars for World War II service. The first was for her performance at Pearl Harbor while under attack by Japanese planes. The second was for her operating under dangerous conditions during the Mariana Islands operation.","title":"Honors and awards"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22USS+Cinchona%22","external_links_name":"\"USS Cinchona\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22USS+Cinchona%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22USS+Cinchona%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22USS+Cinchona%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22USS+Cinchona%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22USS+Cinchona%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/c9/cinchona.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/18/18012.htm","external_links_name":"NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive - USS Cinchona (AN-12) – ex - USS Cinchona (YN-7) (1942 - 1944) - Cinchona (YN-7) (1941 - 1942)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_compartmentalization	In vitro compartmentalization	["1 History","2 Method","2.1 Emulsion technology","2.2 In vitro transcription/translation","2.3 Breaking emulsion and coupling of genotype and phenotype","3 Selection","4 Advantages","5 Related technologies","6 References"]	In vitro compartmentalization (IVC) is an emulsion-based technology that generates cell-like compartments in vitro. These compartments are designed such that each contains no more than one gene. When the gene is transcribed and/or translated, its products (RNAs and/or proteins) become 'trapped' with the encoding gene inside the compartment. By coupling the genotype (DNA) and phenotype (RNA, protein), compartmentalization allows the selection and evolution of phenotype. History In vitro compartmentalization method was first developed by Dan Tawfik and Andrew Griffiths. Based on the idea that Darwinian evolution relies on the linkage of genotype to phenotype, Tawfik and Griffiths designed aqueous compartments of water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions to mimic cellular compartments that can link genotype and phenotype. Emulsions of cell-like compartments were formed by adding in vitro transcription/translation reaction mixture to stirred mineral oil containing surfactants. The mean droplet diameter was measured to be 2.6 μm by laser diffraction. As a proof of concept, Tawfik and Griffiths designed a selection experiment using a pool of DNA sequences, including the gene encoding HaeIII DNA methyltransferase (M.HaeIII) in the presence of 107-fold excess of genes encoding a different enzyme folA. The 3’ of each DNA sequences was purposely designed to contain a HaeIII recognition site which, in the presence of expressed methyltransferase, would be methylated and, thus, resistant to restriction enzyme digestion. By selecting for DNA sequences that survive the endonuclease digestion, Tawfik and Griffiths found that the M.HaeIII genes were enriched by at least 1000-fold over the folA genes within the first round of selection. Method Comparison of in vivo cell compartmentalisation (left) versus in vitro compartmentalization (right) using double emulsion droplets and fluorescent sorting. 1) In an in vivo system, a library of genes is transformed into bacteria to produce the protein variants and dispersed into a water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsion aiming to have each droplet contain maximum one cell. 2) In an in vitro system, no cells are used and instead protein variants are produced via in vitro transcription/translation aiming to have one gene per droplet. 3,4) In both cases, droplets are then resuspended in water to make a water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (w/o/w) emulsion, have a fluorogenic substrate added, and passed in front of the laser and detector in a fluorescence activated cell sorter. This causes genes that encode active protein variants to be isolated and amplified, sequenced and used for further rounds of selection or directed evolution. Emulsion technology Water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions are created by mixing aqueous and oil phases with the help of surfactants. A typical IVC emulsion is formed by first generating oil-surfactant mixture by stirring, and then gradually adding the aqueous phase to the oil-surfactant mixture. For stable emulsion formation, a mixture of HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) and low HLB surfactants are needed. Some combinations of surfactants used to generate oil-surfactant mixture are mineral oil / 0.5% Tween 80 / 4.5% Span 80 / sodium deoxycholate and a more heat stable version, light mineral oil / 0.4% Tween 80 / 4.5% Span 80 / 0.05% Triton X-100. The aqueous phase containing transcription and/or translation components is slowly added to the oil surfactants, and the formation of w/o is facilitated by homogenizing, stirring or using hand extruding device. The emulsion quality can be determined by light microscopy and/or dynamic light scattering techniques. The emulsion is quite diverse, and greater homogenization speeds helps to produce smaller droplets with narrower size distribution. However, homogenization speeds has to be controlled, since speed over 13,500 r.p.m tends to result in a significant loss of enzyme activity on the level of transcription. The most widely used emulsion formation gives droplets with a mean diameter of 2-3μm, and an average volume of ~5 femtoliters, or 1010 aqueous droplet per ml of emulsions. The ratio of genes to droplets is designed such that most of the droplets contains no more than a single gene statistically. In vitro transcription/translation IVC enables the miniaturization of large-scale techniques that can now be done on the micro scale including coupled in vitro transcription and translation (IVTT) experiments. Streamlining and integrating transcription and translation allows for fast and highly controllable experimental designs. IVTT can be done both in bulk emulsions and in microdroplets by utilizing droplet-based microfluidics. Microdroplets, droplets on the scale of pico to femtoliters, have been successfully used as single DNA molecule vessels. This droplet technology allows high throughput analysis with many different selection pressures in a single experimental setup. IVTT in microdroplets is preferred when overexpression of a desired protein would be toxic to a host cell minimizing the utility of the transcription and translation mechanisms. IVC has used bacterial cell, wheat germ and rabbit reticulocyte (RRL) extracts for transcription and translation. It is also possible to use bacterial reconstituted translation system such as PURE in which translation components are individually purified and later combined. When expressing eukaryote or complex proteins, it is desirable to use eukaryotic translation systems such as wheat germ extract or more superior alternative, RRL extract. In order to use RRL for transcription and translation, traditional emulsion formulation cannot be used as it abolishes translation. Instead, a novel emulsion formulation: 4% Abil EM90 / light mineral oil was developed and demonstrated to be functional in expressing luciferase and human telomerase. Breaking emulsion and coupling of genotype and phenotype Once transcription and/or translation has completed in the droplets, emulsion will be broken by successive steps of removing mineral oil and surfactants to allow for subsequent selection. At this stage, it is crucial to have a method to ‘track’ each gene products to the encoding gene as they become free floating in a heterogeneous population of molecules. There are three major approaches to track down each phenotype to its genotype. The first method is to attach each DNA molecule with a biotin group and an additional coding sequence for streptavidin (STABLE display). All the newly formed proteins/peptides will be in fusion with streptavidin molecules and bind to their biotinylated coding sequence. An improved version attached two biotin molecules to the ends of a DNA molecule to increase the avidity between DNA molecule and streptavidin-fused peptides, and used a low GC content synthetic streptavidin gene to increase efficiency and specificity during PCR amplification. The second method is to covalently link DNA and protein. Two strategies have been demonstrated. The first is to form M.HaeIII fusion proteins. Each expressed protein/polypeptide will be in fusion with Hae III DNA methyltransferase domain, which is able to bind covalently to DNA fragments containing the sequence 5′-GGC-3′, where C is 5-fluoro-2 deoxycytidine. The second strategy is to use monomeric mutant of VirD2 enzyme. When a protein/peptide is expressed in fusion with Agrobacterium protein VirD2, it will bind to its DNA coding sequence that has a single-stranded overhang comprising VirD2 T-border recognition sequences. The third method is to link phenotype and genotype via beads. The beads used will be coated with streptavidin to allow for the binding of biotinylated DNA, in addition, the beads will also display cognate binding partner to the affinity tag that will be expressed in fusion with the protein/peptide. Selection Depending on the phenotype to be selected, difference selection strategies will be used. Selection strategy can be divided into three major categories: selection for binding, selection for catalysis and selection for regulation. The phenotype to be selected can range from RNA to peptide to protein. By selecting for binding, the most commonly evolved phenotypes are peptide/proteins that have selective affinity to a specific antibody or DNA molecule. An example is the selection of proteins that have affinity to zinc finger DNA by Sepp et al. By selecting for catalytic proteins/RNAs, new variants with novel or improved enzymatic property are usually isolated. For example, new ribozyme variants with trans-ligase activity were selected and exhibited multiple turnovers. By selecting for regulation, inhibitors of DNA nucleases can be selected, such as protein inhibitors of the Colicin E7 DNase. Advantages Comparing to other in vitro display technologies, IVC has two major advantages. The first advantage is its ability to control reactions within the droplets. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic components can be delivered to each droplet in a step-wise fashion without compromising the chemical integrity of the droplet, and thus by controlling what to be added and when to be added, the reaction in each droplet is controlled. In addition, depending on the nature of the reaction to be carried out, the pH of each droplet can also be changed. More recently, photocaged substrates were used and their participation in a reaction was regulated by photo-activation. The second advantage is that IVC allows the selection of catalytic molecules. As an example, Griffiths et al. was able to select for phosphotriesterase variants with higher Kcat by detecting product formation and amount using anti-product antibody and flow cytometry respectively. Related technologies CIS display Phage display Bacterial display Yeast display Ribosome display mRNA display References ^ a b Tawfik DS, Griffiths AD (July 1998). "Man-made cell-like compartments for molecular evolution". Nature Biotechnology. 16 (7): 652–6. doi:10.1038/nbt0798-652. PMID 9661199. S2CID 25527137. ^ Ferrer M, Beloqui A, Vieites JM, Guazzaroni ME, Berger I, Aharoni A (January 2009). "Interplay of metagenomics and in vitro compartmentalization". Microbial Biotechnology. 2 (1): 31–9. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00057.x. PMC 3815420. PMID 21261880. ^ Rothe A, Surjadi RN, Power BE (December 2006). "Novel proteins in emulsions using in vitro compartmentalization". Trends in Biotechnology. 24 (12): 587–92. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.10.007. PMID 17055094. ^ Ghadessy FJ, Ong JL, Holliger P (April 2001). "Directed evolution of polymerase function by compartmentalized self-replication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (8): 4552–7. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.4552G. doi:10.1073/pnas.071052198. PMC 31872. PMID 11274352. ^ Miller OJ, Bernath K, Agresti JJ, Amitai G, Kelly BT, Mastrobattista E, Taly V, Magdassi S, Tawfik DS, Griffiths AD (July 2006). "Directed evolution by in vitro compartmentalization". Nature Methods. 3 (7): 561–70. doi:10.1038/nmeth897. PMID 16791215. S2CID 14125396. ^ a b Castro-Roa D, Zenkin N (September 2015). "Methodology for the analysis of transcription and translation in transcription-coupled-to-translation systems in vitro". Methods. 86: 51–9. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.05.029. PMID 26080048. ^ Luke CJ (February 2004). "Serpin production using rapid in vitro transcription/translation systems". Methods. 32 (2): 191–8. doi:10.1016/s1046-2023(03)00211-1. PMID 14698632. ^ Theberge AB, Courtois F, Schaerli Y, Fischlechner M, Abell C, Hollfelder F, Huck WT (August 2010). "Microdroplets in microfluidics: an evolving platform for discoveries in chemistry and biology" (PDF). Angewandte Chemie. 49 (34): 5846–68. doi:10.1002/anie.200906653. PMID 20572214. ^ Kintses B, van Vliet LD, Devenish SR, Hollfelder F (October 2010). "Microfluidic droplets: new integrated workflows for biological experiments". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 14 (5): 548–55. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.08.013. PMID 20869904. ^ a b Courtois F, Olguin LF, Whyte G, Bratton D, Huck WT, Abell C, Hollfelder F (February 2008). "An integrated device for monitoring time-dependent in vitro expression from single genes in picolitre droplets". ChemBioChem. 9 (3): 439–46. doi:10.1002/cbic.200700536. PMID 18232037. S2CID 8684268. ^ Colin PY, Zinchenko A, Hollfelder F (August 2015). "Enzyme engineering in biomimetic compartments". Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 33: 42–51. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2015.06.001. PMID 26311177. ^ Ghadessy FJ, Holliger P (March 2004). "A novel emulsion mixture for in vitro compartmentalization of transcription and translation in the rabbit reticulocyte system". Protein Engineering, Design & Selection. 17 (3): 201–4. doi:10.1093/protein/gzh025. PMID 14990785. ^ Leemhuis H, Stein V, Griffiths AD, Hollfelder F (August 2005). "New genotype–phenotype linkages for directed evolution of functional proteins". Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 15 (4): 472–8. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2005.07.006. PMID 16043338. ^ Yonezawa M, Doi N, Higashinakagawa T, Yanagawa H (March 2004). "DNA display of biologically active proteins for in vitro protein selection". Journal of Biochemistry. 135 (3): 285–8. doi:10.1093/jb/mvh034. PMID 15113826. ^ Yonezawa M, Doi N, Kawahashi Y, Higashinakagawa T, Yanagawa H (October 2003). "DNA display for in vitro selection of diverse peptide libraries". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (19): 118e–118. doi:10.1093/nar/gng119. PMC 206484. PMID 14500846. ^ Bertschinger J, Neri D (September 2004). "Covalent DNA display as a novel tool for directed evolution of proteins in vitro". Protein Engineering, Design & Selection. 17 (9): 699–707. doi:10.1093/protein/gzh082. hdl:20.500.11850/34052. PMID 15522920. ^ de Figueiredo P, Roberts RL, Nester EW (October 2004). "DARTs: A DNA-based in vitro polypeptide display technology". Proteomics. 4 (10): 3128–40. doi:10.1002/pmic.200300842. PMID 15378701. S2CID 24348103. ^ Nord O, Uhlén M, Nygren PA (December 2003). "Microbead display of proteins by cell-free expression of anchored DNA". Journal of Biotechnology. 106 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.09.002. PMID 14636705. ^ a b Griffiths AD, Tawfik DS (September 2006). "Miniaturising the laboratory in emulsion droplets". Trends in Biotechnology. 24 (9): 395–402. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.06.009. PMID 16843558. ^ Sepp A, Choo Y (November 2005). "Cell-free selection of zinc finger DNA-binding proteins using in vitro compartmentalization". Journal of Molecular Biology. 354 (2): 212–9. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2005.09.051. PMID 16242713. ^ Levy M, Griswold KE, Ellington AD (October 2005). "Direct selection of trans-acting ligase ribozymes by in vitro compartmentalization". RNA. 11 (10): 1555–62. doi:10.1261/rna.2121705. PMC 1370839. PMID 16131588. ^ Bernath K, Magdassi S, Tawfik DS (February 2005). "Directed evolution of protein inhibitors of DNA-nucleases by in vitro compartmentalization (IVC) and nano-droplet delivery". Journal of Molecular Biology. 345 (5): 1015–26. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.11.017. PMID 15644201. ^ Griffiths AD, Tawfik DS (January 2003). "Directed evolution of an extremely fast phosphotriesterase by in vitro compartmentalization". The EMBO Journal. 22 (1): 24–35. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg014. PMC 140064. PMID 12505981.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In vitro compartmentalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Tawfik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Tawfik"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tawfik_1998-1"},{"link_name":"Darwinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinian"},{"link_name":"emulsions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsions"},{"link_name":"genotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)"},{"link_name":"surfactants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactants"},{"link_name":"DNA methyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methyltransferase"},{"link_name":"HaeIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HaeIII"}],"text":"In vitro compartmentalization method was first developed by Dan Tawfik and Andrew Griffiths.[1] Based on the idea that Darwinian evolution relies on the linkage of genotype to phenotype, Tawfik and Griffiths designed aqueous compartments of water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions to mimic cellular compartments that can link genotype and phenotype. Emulsions of cell-like compartments were formed by adding in vitro transcription/translation reaction mixture to stirred mineral oil containing surfactants. The mean droplet diameter was measured to be 2.6 μm by laser diffraction. As a proof of concept, Tawfik and Griffiths designed a selection experiment using a pool of DNA sequences, including the gene encoding HaeIII DNA methyltransferase (M.HaeIII) in the presence of 107-fold excess of genes encoding a different enzyme folA. The 3’ of each DNA sequences was purposely designed to contain a HaeIII recognition site which, in the presence of expressed methyltransferase, would be methylated and, thus, resistant to restriction enzyme digestion. By selecting for DNA sequences that survive the endonuclease digestion, Tawfik and Griffiths found that the M.HaeIII genes were enriched by at least 1000-fold over the folA genes within the first round of selection.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Double_emulsion_in_vitro_compartmentalization.gif"},{"link_name":"fluorescent sorting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence-activated_cell_sorter"},{"link_name":"library of genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(biology)"},{"link_name":"transformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"in vitro transcription/translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_vitro_transcription_translation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Comparison of in vivo cell compartmentalisation (left) versus in vitro compartmentalization (right) using double emulsion droplets and fluorescent sorting. 1) In an in vivo system, a library of genes is transformed into bacteria to produce the protein variants and dispersed into a water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsion aiming to have each droplet contain maximum one cell. 2) In an in vitro system, no cells are used and instead protein variants are produced via in vitro transcription/translation aiming to have one gene per droplet. 3,4) In both cases, droplets are then resuspended in water to make a water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (w/o/w) emulsion, have a fluorogenic substrate added, and passed in front of the laser and detector in a fluorescence activated cell sorter. This causes genes that encode active protein variants to be isolated and amplified, sequenced and used for further rounds of selection or directed evolution.[2]","title":"Method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophilic-lipophilic_balance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17055094-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tawfik_1998-1"},{"link_name":"Tween 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tween_80"},{"link_name":"Triton X-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_X-100"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11274352-4"},{"link_name":"microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy"},{"link_name":"dynamic light scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_light_scattering"},{"link_name":"homogenization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogenization_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16791215-5"}],"sub_title":"Emulsion technology","text":"Water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions are created by mixing aqueous and oil phases with the help of surfactants. A typical IVC emulsion is formed by first generating oil-surfactant mixture by stirring, and then gradually adding the aqueous phase to the oil-surfactant mixture. For stable emulsion formation, a mixture of HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) and low HLB surfactants are needed.[3] Some combinations of surfactants used to generate oil-surfactant mixture are mineral oil / 0.5% Tween 80 / 4.5% Span 80 / sodium deoxycholate[1] and a more heat stable version, light mineral oil / 0.4% Tween 80 / 4.5% Span 80 / 0.05% Triton X-100.[4] The aqueous phase containing transcription and/or translation components is slowly added to the oil surfactants, and the formation of w/o is facilitated by homogenizing, stirring or using hand extruding device.The emulsion quality can be determined by light microscopy and/or dynamic light scattering techniques. The emulsion is quite diverse, and greater homogenization speeds helps to produce smaller droplets with narrower size distribution. However, homogenization speeds has to be controlled, since speed over 13,500 r.p.m tends to result in a significant loss of enzyme activity on the level of transcription. The most widely used emulsion formation gives droplets with a mean diameter of 2-3μm, and an average volume of ~5 femtoliters, or 1010 aqueous droplet per ml of emulsions.[5] The ratio of genes to droplets is designed such that most of the droplets contains no more than a single gene statistically.","title":"Method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)"},{"link_name":"translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castro-Roa_2015-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"droplet-based microfluidics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droplet-based_microfluidics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courtois_2008-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castro-Roa_2015-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courtois_2008-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic"},{"link_name":"luciferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciferase"},{"link_name":"telomerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14990785-12"}],"sub_title":"In vitro transcription/translation","text":"IVC enables the miniaturization of large-scale techniques that can now be done on the micro scale including coupled in vitro transcription and translation (IVTT) experiments. Streamlining and integrating transcription and translation allows for fast and highly controllable experimental designs.[6][7][8] IVTT can be done both in bulk emulsions and in microdroplets by utilizing droplet-based microfluidics. Microdroplets, droplets on the scale of pico to femtoliters, have been successfully used as single DNA molecule vessels.[9][10] This droplet technology allows high throughput analysis with many different selection pressures in a single experimental setup.[6][10] IVTT in microdroplets is preferred when overexpression of a desired protein would be toxic to a host cell minimizing the utility of the transcription and translation mechanisms.[11]IVC has used bacterial cell, wheat germ and rabbit reticulocyte (RRL) extracts for transcription and translation. It is also possible to use bacterial reconstituted translation system such as PURE in which translation components are individually purified and later combined. When expressing eukaryote or complex proteins, it is desirable to use eukaryotic translation systems such as wheat germ extract or more superior alternative, RRL extract. In order to use RRL for transcription and translation, traditional emulsion formulation cannot be used as it abolishes translation. Instead, a novel emulsion formulation: 4% Abil EM90 / light mineral oil was developed and demonstrated to be functional in expressing luciferase and human telomerase.[12]","title":"Method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16043338-13"},{"link_name":"biotin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin"},{"link_name":"streptavidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptavidin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15113826-14"},{"link_name":"avidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidity"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14500846-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15522920-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15378701-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14636705-18"},{"link_name":"affinity tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_tag"}],"sub_title":"Breaking emulsion and coupling of genotype and phenotype","text":"Once transcription and/or translation has completed in the droplets, emulsion will be broken by successive steps of removing mineral oil and surfactants to allow for subsequent selection. At this stage, it is crucial to have a method to ‘track’ each gene products to the encoding gene as they become free floating in a heterogeneous population of molecules. There are three major approaches to track down each phenotype to its genotype.[13] The first method is to attach each DNA molecule with a biotin group and an additional coding sequence for streptavidin (STABLE display).[14] All the newly formed proteins/peptides will be in fusion with streptavidin molecules and bind to their biotinylated coding sequence. An improved version attached two biotin molecules to the ends of a DNA molecule to increase the avidity between DNA molecule and streptavidin-fused peptides, and used a low GC content synthetic streptavidin gene to increase efficiency and specificity during PCR amplification.[15] The second method is to covalently link DNA and protein. Two strategies have been demonstrated. The first is to form M.HaeIII fusion proteins.[16] Each expressed protein/polypeptide will be in fusion with Hae III DNA methyltransferase domain, which is able to bind covalently to DNA fragments containing the sequence 5′-GGC-3′, where C is 5-fluoro-2 deoxycytidine. The second strategy is to use monomeric mutant of VirD2 enzyme.[17] When a protein/peptide is expressed in fusion with Agrobacterium protein VirD2, it will bind to its DNA coding sequence that has a single-stranded overhang comprising VirD2 T-border recognition sequences. The third method is to link phenotype and genotype via beads.[18] The beads used will be coated with streptavidin to allow for the binding of biotinylated DNA, in addition, the beads will also display cognate binding partner to the affinity tag that will be expressed in fusion with the protein/peptide.","title":"Method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffiths_2006-19"},{"link_name":"antibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"},{"link_name":"zinc finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16242713-20"},{"link_name":"ribozyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozyme"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16131588-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15644201-22"}],"text":"Depending on the phenotype to be selected, difference selection strategies will be used. Selection strategy can be divided into three major categories: selection for binding, selection for catalysis and selection for regulation.[19] The phenotype to be selected can range from RNA to peptide to protein. By selecting for binding, the most commonly evolved phenotypes are peptide/proteins that have selective affinity to a specific antibody or DNA molecule. An example is the selection of proteins that have affinity to zinc finger DNA by Sepp et al.[20] By selecting for catalytic proteins/RNAs, new variants with novel or improved enzymatic property are usually isolated. For example, new ribozyme variants with trans-ligase activity were selected and exhibited multiple turnovers.[21] By selecting for regulation, inhibitors of DNA nucleases can be selected, such as protein inhibitors of the Colicin E7 DNase.[22]","title":"Selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffiths_2006-19"},{"link_name":"phosphotriesterase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphotriesterase"},{"link_name":"flow cytometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_cytometry"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12505981-23"}],"text":"Comparing to other in vitro display technologies, IVC has two major advantages. The first advantage is its ability to control reactions within the droplets. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic components can be delivered to each droplet in a step-wise fashion without compromising the chemical integrity of the droplet, and thus by controlling what to be added and when to be added, the reaction in each droplet is controlled. In addition, depending on the nature of the reaction to be carried out, the pH of each droplet can also be changed. More recently, photocaged substrates were used and their participation in a reaction was regulated by photo-activation.[19] The second advantage is that IVC allows the selection of catalytic molecules. As an example, Griffiths et al. was able to select for phosphotriesterase variants with higher Kcat by detecting product formation and amount using anti-product antibody and flow cytometry respectively.[23]","title":"Advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phage display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display"},{"link_name":"Bacterial display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_display"},{"link_name":"Yeast display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_display"},{"link_name":"Ribosome display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome_display"},{"link_name":"mRNA display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_display"}],"text":"CIS display\nPhage display\nBacterial display\nYeast display\nRibosome display\nmRNA display","title":"Related technologies"}]	[{"image_text":"Comparison of in vivo cell compartmentalisation (left) versus in vitro compartmentalization (right) using double emulsion droplets and fluorescent sorting. 1) In an in vivo system, a library of genes is transformed into bacteria to produce the protein variants and dispersed into a water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsion aiming to have each droplet contain maximum one cell. 2) In an in vitro system, no cells are used and instead protein variants are produced via in vitro transcription/translation aiming to have one gene per droplet. 3,4) In both cases, droplets are then resuspended in water to make a water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (w/o/w) emulsion, have a fluorogenic substrate added, and passed in front of the laser and detector in a fluorescence activated cell sorter. This causes genes that encode active protein variants to be isolated and amplified, sequenced and used for further rounds of selection or directed evolution.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Double_emulsion_in_vitro_compartmentalization.gif/379px-Double_emulsion_in_vitro_compartmentalization.gif"}]	null	[{"reference":"Tawfik DS, Griffiths AD (July 1998). \"Man-made cell-like compartments for molecular evolution\". Nature Biotechnology. 16 (7): 652–6. doi:10.1038/nbt0798-652. PMID 9661199. 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PMID 16843558.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2006.06.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.06.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16843558","url_text":"16843558"}]},{"reference":"Sepp A, Choo Y (November 2005). \"Cell-free selection of zinc finger DNA-binding proteins using in vitro compartmentalization\". Journal of Molecular Biology. 354 (2): 212–9. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2005.09.051. PMID 16242713.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2005.09.051","url_text":"10.1016/j.jmb.2005.09.051"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16242713","url_text":"16242713"}]},{"reference":"Levy M, Griswold KE, Ellington AD (October 2005). \"Direct selection of trans-acting ligase ribozymes by in vitro compartmentalization\". RNA. 11 (10): 1555–62. doi:10.1261/rna.2121705. PMC 1370839. PMID 16131588.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1370839","url_text":"\"Direct selection of trans-acting ligase ribozymes by in vitro compartmentalization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1261%2Frna.2121705","url_text":"10.1261/rna.2121705"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1370839","url_text":"1370839"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16131588","url_text":"16131588"}]},{"reference":"Bernath K, Magdassi S, Tawfik DS (February 2005). \"Directed evolution of protein inhibitors of DNA-nucleases by in vitro compartmentalization (IVC) and nano-droplet delivery\". Journal of Molecular Biology. 345 (5): 1015–26. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.11.017. PMID 15644201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2004.11.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.jmb.2004.11.017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15644201","url_text":"15644201"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths AD, Tawfik DS (January 2003). \"Directed evolution of an extremely fast phosphotriesterase by in vitro compartmentalization\". The EMBO Journal. 22 (1): 24–35. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg014. PMC 140064. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Lasserre	Augusto Lasserre	["1 See also","2 References"]	For the Argentine Navy survey ship ARA Augusto Lasserre (Q-9), see HMS Caicos (K505). Augusto LasserreBorn1826 (1826)Montevideo, Empire of BrazilDied20 September, 1906 (aged 79–80)Buenos Aires, ArgentinaAllegiance ArgentinaService/branch Argentine NavyRankCommodore Commodore Augusto Lasserre (1826-1906) was an officer in the Argentine Navy. He was born in 1826 in Montevideo. Lasserre was promoted to the rank of captain on the 11 June 1852. Later he was promoted to Commander of the Argentine Navy. Commodore Lasserre was instrumental in establishing Argentina's claims to Patagonian territories, including the Isla de los Estados and Tierra del Fuego. He established the San Juan del Salvamento lighthouse on the Isla de los Estados in May 1884, which functioned until 1899. Better known as "Faro del fin del mundo" ("Lighthouse at the end of the world"), it is believed to have inspired Jules Verne for his book 'The Lighthouse at the End of the World'. He is recognized as the founder of the City of Ushuaia in Tierra del Fuego. He was also active in engaging the Government of Bartolomé Mitre during the earliest attempts to recover the Falkland Islands in the late 19th century. He died in Buenos Aires on September 20, 1906. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Augusto Lasserre. Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands Province Ushuaia Yaghan language (only one speaker left) Beagle conflict The Voyage of the Beagle Isla de los Estados References ^ "'El Historiador', referenced in". El Historiador web site, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-04-05. Retrieved Jan 16, 2009. ^ Hernandez, Jose (1952). "Las Islas Malvinas". Referenced in the newspaper 'El Rio de la Plata, November 1968. Joaquin Gil, Buenos Aires, as referenced in 'El Historiador' web site. Archived from the original on 2009-04-05. Retrieved Jan 16, 2009.	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He was born in 1826 in Montevideo. Lasserre was promoted to the rank of captain on the 11 June 1852. Later he was promoted to Commander of the Argentine Navy.[1]Commodore Lasserre was instrumental in establishing Argentina's claims to Patagonian territories, including the Isla de los Estados and Tierra del Fuego. He established the San Juan del Salvamento lighthouse on the Isla de los Estados in May 1884, which functioned until 1899. Better known as \"Faro del fin del mundo\" (\"Lighthouse at the end of the world\"), it is believed to have inspired Jules Verne for his book 'The Lighthouse at the End of the World'. He is recognized as the founder of the City of Ushuaia in Tierra del Fuego. He was also active in engaging the Government of Bartolomé Mitre during the earliest attempts to recover the Falkland Islands in the late 19th century.[2]He died in Buenos Aires on September 20, 1906.","title":"Augusto Lasserre"}]	[]	[{"title":"Augusto Lasserre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Augusto_Lasserre"},{"title":"Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_Province_(Argentina)"},{"title":"Ushuaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushuaia"},{"title":"Yaghan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaghan_language"},{"title":"Beagle conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beagle_conflict"},{"title":"The Voyage of the Beagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle"},{"title":"Isla de los Estados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados"}]	[{"reference":"\"'El Historiador', referenced in\". El Historiador web site, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-04-05. Retrieved Jan 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090405174557/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/dictadura/jose_hernandez_y_la_soberania_sobre_malvinas.php#_ftnref2","url_text":"\"'El Historiador', referenced in\""},{"url":"http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/dictadura/jose_hernandez_y_la_soberania_sobre_malvinas.php#_ftnref2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Jose (1952). \"Las Islas Malvinas\". Referenced in the newspaper 'El Rio de la Plata, November 1968. Joaquin Gil, Buenos Aires, as referenced in 'El Historiador' web site. Archived from the original on 2009-04-05. Retrieved Jan 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090405174557/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/dictadura/jose_hernandez_y_la_soberania_sobre_malvinas.php#_ftnref2","url_text":"\"Las Islas Malvinas\""},{"url":"http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/dictadura/jose_hernandez_y_la_soberania_sobre_malvinas.php#_ftnref2","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090405174557/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/dictadura/jose_hernandez_y_la_soberania_sobre_malvinas.php#_ftnref2","external_links_name":"\"'El Historiador', referenced in\""},{"Link":"http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/dictadura/jose_hernandez_y_la_soberania_sobre_malvinas.php#_ftnref2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090405174557/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/dictadura/jose_hernandez_y_la_soberania_sobre_malvinas.php#_ftnref2","external_links_name":"\"Las Islas Malvinas\""},{"Link":"http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/dictadura/jose_hernandez_y_la_soberania_sobre_malvinas.php#_ftnref2","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast-Tasman	West Coast-Tasman	["1 Population centres","2 History","2.1 Members of Parliament","2.2 List MPs","3 Election results","3.1 2023 election","3.2 2020 election","3.3 2017 election","3.4 2014 election","3.5 2011 election","3.6 2008 election","3.7 2005 election","3.8 1999 election","4 Table footnotes","5 References","6 External links"]	Electoral district in South Island, New Zealand West Coast-TasmanSingle-member constituencyfor the New Zealand House of RepresentativesLocation of West Coast-Tasmanwithin Tasman and West CoastRegionTasman and West CoastArea32,757.87 km2 (12,647.88 sq mi)Current constituencyCreated1996Current MPMaureen PughPartyNationalList MPsDamien O'Connor (Labour) West Coast-Tasman is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, currently held by Maureen Pugh of the New Zealand National Party as of the 2023 general election. West Coast-Tasman is the largest general electorate in the entire country, with an area larger than the entirety of Belgium. It comprises the entirety of Te Tai Poutini and the Tasman District, as well as Brightwater in suburban Nelson. Historically it has often been regarded as one of the safest New Zealand Labour Party seats in the entire country. From its creation for the 1996 election until 2023, it was held by Damien O'Connor of the Labour Party, with the exception of one parliamentary term under National's Chris Auchinvole (between 2008 and 2011). Pugh's narrow victory in 2023 (915 votes) was considered a major upset, with the third-place independent candidacy of Patrick Phelps splitting the vote in her favour. Population centres West Coast-Tasman is the largest general electorate in New Zealand, covering 32,758 km2 (12,648 sq mi). It is one of the longest. The Representation Commission last adjusted the boundaries in the 2007 review, which first applied at the 2008 election, when the northern boundary moved closer to Nelson, and Wakefield, Foxhill and Belgrove were added. The electorate was not changed in the 2013/14 review. Brightwater was added from Nelson at the 2020 redistribution. The electorate includes the following population centres: Collingwood Tākaka Motueka Tapawera Brightwater Wakefield Westport Reefton Greymouth Hokitika Ross Hari Hari Whataroa Franz Josef / Waiau Fox Glacier Haast History The electorate was formed in 1996 for the mixed-member proportional (MMP) voting system by combining the former Tasman and West Coast electorates. Damien O'Connor was the first representative and he held the electorate until the 2008 general election, when he was beaten by National candidate Chris Auchinvole, who had previously been a list MP. Auchinvole's majority was 971. His position on the Labour Party list meant that O'Connor couldn't return to Parliament immediately. When the list MP Michael Cullen retired in May 2009, O'Connor regained his position as Member of the House of Representatives because he was the highest-ranked candidate on the list not already an MP. In contrast to the overall trend, he regained the electorate in the 2011 election. Auchinvole retired from politics at the end of the 2011–2014 parliamentary term, and former Mayor of Westland District, Maureen Pugh, gained the nomination for the National Party. O'Connor was once again successful. Based on preliminary results for the 2014 election, Pugh was the lowest-ranked National Party list member who was returned to Parliament, but when the final results were released two weeks later, National had lost one list seat and Pugh did not get returned to Parliament. Members of Parliament West Coast-Tasman has been represented by two electorate MPs so far: Key Labour National Green Election Winner 1996 election Damien O'Connor 1999 election 2002 election 2005 election 2008 election Chris Auchinvole 2011 election Damien O'Connor 2014 election 2017 election 2020 election 2023 election Maureen Pugh List MPs Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the West Coast-Tasman electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections. Election Winner 1996 election Owen Jennings 2005 election Chris Auchinvole 2008 election Kevin Hague 2009 Damien O'Connor1 2011 election Chris Auchinvole Kevin Hague 2014 election Kevin Hague2 2016 Maureen Pugh3 2018 Maureen Pugh4 2020 election Maureen Pugh 2023 election Damien O'Connor 1In the 2008 election Damien O'Connor's list position of 37 meant he was not returned until Michael Cullen resigned in May 2009. 2Kevin Hague resigned from Parliament on 7 October 2016. 3Maureen Pugh's list position of 52 meant she became elected after Tim Groser resigned in December 2015. She assumed office in early 2016 and was not returned to Parliament at the 2017 election, until the resignation of Bill English. 4Maureen Pugh's list position of 44 meant she became elected after Bill English resigned in February 2018. She assumed office in early 2018. Election results 2023 election 2023 general election: West Coast-Tasman Notes: Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±% National Maureen Pugh 13,317 32.01 -1.48 14,042 33.45 +8.35 Labour N Damien O'Connor 12,300 29.57 -18.22 9,970 23.75 -23.25 Independent Patrick Phelps 5,903 14.19 +14.19 Green Steve Richards 2,743 6.59 +1.20 4,521 10.77 +2.59 ACT Kelly Lilley 2,520 6.05 +2.71 5,488 13.07 +3.36 NZ First Jackie Farrelly 1,799 4.32 +2.75 4,154 9.89 +6.95 Outdoors Sue Grey 1,554 3.73 +3.73 New Zealand Loyal Sebastian Markinovic 618 1.42 +1.42 1,489 3.54 +3.54 Money Free Party Richard Osmaston 88 0.21 +0.06 Opportunities 792 1.88 +0.62 Te Pāti Māori 290 0.69 +0.49 Freedoms NZ 289 0.68 +0.68 Legalise Cannabis 281 0.66 +0.09 NewZeal 254 0.60 +0.60 DemocracyNZ 136 0.32 +0.32 Animal Justice 99 0.23 +0.23 New Conservatives 63 0.15 -1.52 Women's Rights 46 0.10 +0.10 Leighton Baker Party 40 0.09 +0.09 New Nation 19 0.04 +0.04 Informal votes 311 236 Total valid votes 41,905 42,209 National gain from Labour Majority 1,017 2.44 2020 election 2020 general election: West Coast-Tasman Notes: Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±% Labour Y Damien O'Connor 20,753 47.79 -1.75 20,521 47.0 +10.00 National Maureen Pugh 14,545 33.49 −1.06 10,934 25.1 -14.8 Green Steve Richards 2,341 5.39 −0.59 3,572 8.18 −0.08 ACT William Stuart Gardner 1,454 3.34 +2.93 4,237 9.71 +9.35 Advance NZ Anne Fitzsimon 717 1.65 — 747 1.71 — Independent Peter Ewen 697 1.60 — NZ First Jackie Farrelly 685 1.57 -3.22 1,281 2.94 -6.43 Outdoors Luke King 618 1.42 — 229 0.52 +0.42 New Conservative Karl Barkley 606 1.39 — 730 1.67 +1.41 Independent Cory Aitken 201 0.46 — Social Credit Jack Collin 141 0.32 +0.22 78 0.17 +0.11 Money Free Party Richard Osmaston 69 0.15 Opportunities 553 1.26 -1.34 Legalise Cannabis 250 0.57 +0.11 Māori Party 88 0.20 +0.13 ONE 60 0.13 — Sustainable NZ 33 0.07 — Vision NZ 21 0.04 — TEA 8 0.01 — Heartland 5 0.01 — Informal votes 596 288 Total valid votes 43,423 43,635 Turnout 43,635 Labour hold Majority 6,208 14.29 -0.70 2017 election 2017 general election: West Coast-Tasman Notes: Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±% Labour Y Damien O'Connor 18,488 49.54 +2.74 14,015 37.0 +13.60 National Maureen Pugh 12,895 34.55 −0.81 15,122 39.9 −4.45 Green Kate Fulton 2,230 5.98 −0.69 3,117 8.26 −4.66 NZ First Jackie Farrelly 1,787 4.79 — 3,536 9.37 +0.61 Ban 1080 Pete Salter 1,470 3.94 −2.54 359 0.95 −0.66 ACT Zeb Markland 154 0.41 — 137 0.36 +0.10 Independent Steven Wilkinson 137 0.37 −0.27 GOdsownNZ Claire Holley 72 0.19 −2.69 Money Free Liam Anderson 50 0.13 — Democrats Jack Collin 38 0.10 — 21 0.06 −0.01 Opportunities 982 2.60 — Legalise Cannabis 173 0.46 −0.12 Conservative 97 0.26 −4.84 Māori Party 73 0.19 −0.09 Outdoors 36 0.10 – United Future 26 0.07 −0.13 People's Party 18 0.05 — Mana 10 0.03 −0.72 Internet 2 0.01 −0.74 Informal votes 302 149 Total valid votes 37,321 37,724 Turnout 37,873 Labour hold Majority 5,593 14.99 +3.55 2014 election 2014 general election: West Coast-Tasman Notes: Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±% Labour Y Damien O'Connor 16,747 46.80 -0.71 8,438 23.40 -3.85 National Maureen Pugh 12,653 35.36 -4.49 16,058 44.54 -1.25 Green Kevin Hague 2,385 6.67 +0.23 4,658 12.92 -1.26 Ban 1080 Pete Salter 2,318 6.48 +6.48 942 2.61 +2.61 Conservative Claire Holley 1,031 2.88 +1.00 1,837 5.10 +1.92 Independent Steven Wilkinson 228 0.64 -0.72 Money Free Laurence Bloomert 50 0.14 +0.14 NZ First 3,123 8.66 +2.94 Internet Mana 271 0.75 +0.48 Legalise Cannabis 210 0.58 -0.16 Māori Party 102 0.28 -0.15 ACT 94 0.26 -0.56 United Future 71 0.20 -1.19 Democrats 25 0.07 -0.03 Independent Coalition 14 0.04 +0.04 Civilian 11 0.03 +0.03 Focus 7 0.02 +0.02 Informal votes 373 192 Total valid votes 35,785 36,053 Labour hold Majority 4,094 11.44 +3.78 2011 election 2011 general election: West Coast-Tasman Notes: Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±% Labour Damien O'Connor 15,753 47.51 +3.85 9,200 27.25 -6.22 National N Chris Auchinvole 13,214 39.85 -6.66 15,462 45.79 +1.72 Green Kevin Hague 2,123 6.40 +0.23 4,787 14.18 +3.32 Conservative Claire Holley 623 1.88 +1.88 1,075 3.18 +3.18 ACT Allan Birchfield 487 1.47 +1.47 278 0.82 -1.34 United Future Clyde Graf 454 1.37 +0.63 468 1.39 +0.23 Legalise Cannabis Steven Wilkinson 450 1.36 -0.47 249 0.74 +0.14 Youth Robert Terry 52 0.16 +0.01 NZ First 1,931 5.72 +1.91 Māori Party 145 0.43 -0.20 Mana 91 0.27 +0.27 Democrats 33 0.10 -0.01 Libertarianz 31 0.09 +0.03 Alliance 16 0.05 -0.04 Informal votes 628 288 Total valid votes 33,156 33,766 Labour gain from National Majority 2,539 7.66 +10.51 Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 44,556 2008 election 2008 general election: West Coast-Tasman Notes: Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±% National Chris Auchinvole 15,844 46.51 +5.59 15,187 44.07 Labour N Damien O'Connor 14,873 43.66 -4.03 11,532 33.46 Green Kevin Hague 2,102 6.17 +1.38 3,740 10.85 Legalise Cannabis Steven Wilkinson 623 1.83 +0.21 206 0.60 McGillicuddy Serious Steve Richards 259 0.76 United Future Jocelyn Smith 252 0.74 -1.33 398 1.15 NZ Representative Party Reg Turner 62 0.18 Aotearoa NZ Youth Party Robert Terry 50 0.15 NZ First 1,313 3.81 ACT 744 2.16 Kiwi 349 1.01 Progressive 292 0.85 Bill and Ben 243 0.71 Māori Party 216 0.63 Family Party 122 0.35 Democrats 37 0.11 Alliance 29 0.08 Libertarianz 20 0.06 Workers Party 14 0.04 Pacific 10 0.03 RAM 5 0.01 RONZ 3 0.01 Informal votes 366 223 Total valid votes 34,065 34,460 National gain from Labour Majority 971 2.85 2005 election 2005 general election: West Coast-Tasman Notes: Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±% Labour Y Damien O'Connor 15,178 47.69 -6.14 12,012 37.22 National Chris Auchinvole 13,024 40.93 +13.05 12,776 39.59 Green Richard Davies 1,526 4.80 2,913 9.03 United Future Milton Osborne 658 2.07 977 3.03 Legalise Cannabis Steve Wilkinson 515 1.62 174 0.54 Progressive Lew Holland 358 1.12 558 1.73 Christian Heritage Derek Blight 314 0.99 131 0.41 ACT Kevin Gill 251 0.79 348 1.08 NZ First 2,029 6.29 Māori Party 118 0.37 Destiny 111 0.34 Democrats 30 0.09 Libertarianz 21 0.07 Alliance 20 0.06 Family Rights 12 0.04 One NZ 11 0.03 99 MP 10 0.03 Direct Democracy 10 0.03 RONZ 10 0.03 Informal votes 354 131 Total valid votes 31,824 32,271 Labour hold Majority 2,154 6.77 -19.18 1999 election Refer to Candidates in the New Zealand general election 1999 by electorate#West Coast-Tasman for a list of candidates. Table footnotes ^ Maureen Pugh's list position of 44 meant she became elected after Bill English resigned in February 2018. She assumed office in early 2018. ^ Claire Holley contested the electorate in 2014 as a candidate for the Conservative Party ^ 2017 Mana Party swing is relative to the votes for Internet-Mana in 2014; it shared a party list with the Internet Party in the 2014 election ^ 2017 Internet Party swing is relative to the votes for Internet-Mana in 2014; it shared a party list with Mana Party in the 2014 election ^ Maureen Pugh's list position of 52 meant she became elected after Tim Groser resigned in December 2015. She assumed office in early 2016. ^ Steven Wilkinson contested the electorate in 2011 as a candidate for the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party References ^ Henry Cooke (16 January 2024). "Why we're eventually going to need more MPs". www.stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ "Most left and right-leaning electorates revealed by Vote Compass". 1News. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ "National's Maureen Pugh wins long-time red West Coast seat". RNZ. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ Joanne Naish (17 October 2023). "Maureen Pugh takes electorate seat while battling 'wave of grief'". The Press / Te Matatika. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ Phelps, Patrick. "Could The West Coast-Tasman Electorate Hold The Balance Of Power This October?". Scoop News (Press release). Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ "Stats NZ Geographic Data Service". datafinder.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 29 July 2023. ^ Report of the Representation Commission 2007 (PDF). Representation Commission. 14 September 2007. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2. Retrieved 26 September 2014. ^ Report of the Representation Commission 2014 (PDF). Representation Commission. 4 April 2014. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2. Retrieved 26 September 2014. ^ "Report of the Representation Commission 2020" (PDF). 17 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020. ^ "Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman". Chief Electoral Office, Wellington. Retrieved 21 November 2011. ^ "O'Connor to return to Parliament". Radio New Zealand. 13 April 2009. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. ^ "O'Connor on course to grab West Coast seat". Australian Associated Press. Retrieved 26 November 2011. ^ "Pugh to seek Coast seat". The Nelson Mail. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014. ^ Conway, Glenn (16 December 2013). "Former Westland mayor to stand for National". The Press. ^ Mathewson, Nicole; Stylianou, Georgina; Fulton, Tim (21 September 2014). "Election 2014: Canterbury decides". The Press. Retrieved 21 September 2014. ^ Farrar, David (21 September 2014). "Election 2014: All the MPs for each party, plus those who failed to make the cut". National Business Review. Retrieved 29 September 2014. ^ Rutherford, Hamish (4 October 2014). "National loses majority, Greens pick up one". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 4 October 2014. ^ "West Coast-Tasman – Official Result". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 9 November 2023. ^ "West Coast-Tasman – Official Result". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 12 December 2020. ^ "Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2017)". Electoral Commission. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017. ^ "Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2014)". Electoral Commission. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2017. ^ "Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2011)". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 October 2017. ^ "Enrolment statistics". Electoral Commission. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2008)". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 October 2017. ^ "Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2005)". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 October 2017. External links Profile Parliamentary Library vteCurrent New Zealand electoratesNorth Island Auckland Central Bay of Plenty Botany Coromandel East Coast East Coast Bays Epsom Hamilton East Hamilton West Hutt South Kaipara ki Mahurangi Kelston Mana Māngere Manurewa Maungakiekie Mount Albert Mount Roskill Napier New Lynn New Plymouth North Shore Northcote Northland Ōhāriu Ōtaki Pakuranga Palmerston North Panmure-Ōtāhuhu Papakura Port Waikato Rangitīkei Remutaka Rongotai Rotorua Takanini Tāmaki Taranaki-King Country Taupō Tauranga Te Atatū Tukituki Upper Harbour Waikato Wairarapa Wellington Central Whanganui Whangaparāoa Whangārei South Island Banks Peninsula Christchurch Central Christchurch East Dunedin Ilam Invercargill Kaikōura Nelson Rangitata Selwyn Southland Taieri Waimakariri Waitaki West Coast-Tasman Wigram Māori Hauraki-Waikato Ikaroa-Rāwhiti Tāmaki Makaurau Te Tai Hauāuru Te Tai Tokerau Te Tai Tonga Waiariki	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates"},{"link_name":"Maureen Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Pugh"},{"link_name":"New Zealand National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party"},{"link_name":"2023 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Te Tai Poutini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Region"},{"link_name":"Tasman District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_District"},{"link_name":"Brightwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightwater"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1996 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"Damien O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Chris Auchinvole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Auchinvole"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"West Coast-Tasman is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, currently held by Maureen Pugh of the New Zealand National Party as of the 2023 general election. West Coast-Tasman is the largest general electorate in the entire country, with an area larger than the entirety of Belgium.[1] It comprises the entirety of Te Tai Poutini and the Tasman District, as well as Brightwater in suburban Nelson.Historically it has often been regarded as one of the safest New Zealand Labour Party seats in the entire country.[2][3] From its creation for the 1996 election until 2023, it was held by Damien O'Connor of the Labour Party, with the exception of one parliamentary term under National's Chris Auchinvole (between 2008 and 2011). Pugh's narrow victory in 2023 (915 votes) was considered a major upset, with the third-place independent candidacy of Patrick Phelps splitting the vote in her favour.[4][5]","title":"West Coast-Tasman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2008 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brightwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightwater"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Tākaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81kaka"},{"link_name":"Motueka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motueka"},{"link_name":"Tapawera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapawera"},{"link_name":"Brightwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightwater"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Westport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Reefton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefton"},{"link_name":"Greymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greymouth"},{"link_name":"Hokitika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokitika"},{"link_name":"Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Hari Hari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Hari"},{"link_name":"Whataroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whataroa"},{"link_name":"Franz Josef / Waiau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_/_Waiau"},{"link_name":"Fox Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Haast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haast,_New_Zealand"}],"text":"West Coast-Tasman is the largest general electorate in New Zealand, covering 32,758 km2 (12,648 sq mi).[6] It is one of the longest. The Representation Commission last adjusted the boundaries in the 2007 review, which first applied at the 2008 election, when the northern boundary moved closer to Nelson, and Wakefield, Foxhill and Belgrove were added.[7] The electorate was not changed in the 2013/14 review.[8] Brightwater was added from Nelson at the 2020 redistribution.[9]The electorate includes the following population centres:Collingwood\nTākaka\nMotueka\nTapawera\nBrightwater\nWakefield\nWestport\nReefton\nGreymouth\nHokitika\nRoss\nHari Hari\nWhataroa\nFranz Josef / Waiau\nFox Glacier\nHaast","title":"Population centres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"mixed-member proportional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"Tasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"Damien O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"2008 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Chris Auchinvole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Auchinvole"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_West_Coast-Tasman-10"},{"link_name":"Michael Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cullen_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2011 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Westland District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_District"},{"link_name":"Maureen Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Pugh"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2014 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The electorate was formed in 1996 for the mixed-member proportional (MMP) voting system by combining the former Tasman and West Coast electorates.Damien O'Connor was the first representative and he held the electorate until the 2008 general election, when he was beaten by National candidate Chris Auchinvole, who had previously been a list MP. Auchinvole's majority was 971.[10] His position on the Labour Party list meant that O'Connor couldn't return to Parliament immediately. When the list MP Michael Cullen retired in May 2009, O'Connor regained his position as Member of the House of Representatives because he was the highest-ranked candidate on the list not already an MP.[11] In contrast to the overall trend, he regained the electorate in the 2011 election.[12]Auchinvole retired from politics at the end of the 2011–2014 parliamentary term, and former Mayor of Westland District, Maureen Pugh, gained the nomination for the National Party.[13][14] O'Connor was once again successful. Based on preliminary results for the 2014 election, Pugh was the lowest-ranked National Party list member who was returned to Parliament,[15][16] but when the final results were released two weeks later, National had lost one list seat and Pugh did not get returned to Parliament.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand"}],"sub_title":"Members of Parliament","text":"West Coast-Tasman has been represented by two electorate MPs so far:KeyLabour National Green","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"Michael Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cullen_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Tim Groser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Groser"},{"link_name":"Bill English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_English"},{"link_name":"Bill English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_English"}],"sub_title":"List MPs","text":"Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the West Coast-Tasman electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.1In the 2008 election Damien O'Connor's list position of 37 meant he was not returned until Michael Cullen resigned in May 2009.\n2Kevin Hague resigned from Parliament on 7 October 2016.\n3Maureen Pugh's list position of 52 meant she became elected after Tim Groser resigned in December 2015. She assumed office in early 2016 and was not returned to Parliament at the 2017 election, until the resignation of Bill English.\n4Maureen Pugh's list position of 44 meant she became elected after Bill English resigned in February 2018. She assumed office in early 2018.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2023 election","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020 election","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017 election","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2014 election","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enrolment-29"}],"sub_title":"2011 election","text":"Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 44,556[23]","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2008 election","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2005 election","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candidates in the New Zealand general election 1999 by electorate#West Coast-Tasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidates_in_the_New_Zealand_general_election_1999_by_electorate#West_Coast-Tasman"}],"sub_title":"1999 election","text":"Refer to Candidates in the New Zealand general election 1999 by electorate#West Coast-Tasman for a list of candidates.","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Maureen_Pugh_21-0"},{"link_name":"Bill English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_English"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Claire_Holley_22-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mana_Party_23-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Internet_Party_24-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Maureen_Pugh2_26-0"},{"link_name":"Tim Groser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Groser"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Steven_Wilkinson_27-0"}],"text":"^ Maureen Pugh's list position of 44 meant she became elected after Bill English resigned in February 2018. She assumed office in early 2018.\n\n^ Claire Holley contested the electorate in 2014 as a candidate for the Conservative Party\n\n^ 2017 Mana Party swing is relative to the votes for Internet-Mana in 2014; it shared a party list with the Internet Party in the 2014 election\n\n^ 2017 Internet Party swing is relative to the votes for Internet-Mana in 2014; it shared a party list with Mana Party in the 2014 election\n\n^ Maureen Pugh's list position of 52 meant she became elected after Tim Groser resigned in December 2015. She assumed office in early 2016.\n\n^ Steven Wilkinson contested the electorate in 2011 as a candidate for the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party","title":"Table footnotes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Henry Cooke (16 January 2024). \"Why we're eventually going to need more MPs\". www.stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/politics/350146862/why-were-eventually-going-need-more-mps","url_text":"\"Why we're eventually going to need more MPs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most left and right-leaning electorates revealed by Vote Compass\". 1News. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/10/10/most-left-and-right-leaning-electorates-revealed-by-vote-compass/","url_text":"\"Most left and right-leaning electorates revealed by Vote Compass\""}]},{"reference":"\"National's Maureen Pugh wins long-time red West Coast seat\". RNZ. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/checkpoint/audio/2018911357/national-s-maureen-pugh-wins-long-time-red-west-coast-seat","url_text":"\"National's Maureen Pugh wins long-time red West Coast seat\""}]},{"reference":"Joanne Naish (17 October 2023). \"Maureen Pugh takes electorate seat while battling 'wave of grief'\". The Press / Te Matatika. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepress.co.nz/nz-news/350093431/maureen-pugh-takes-electorate-seat-while-battling-wave-grief","url_text":"\"Maureen Pugh takes electorate seat while battling 'wave of grief'\""}]},{"reference":"Phelps, Patrick. \"Could The West Coast-Tasman Electorate Hold The Balance Of Power This October?\". Scoop News (Press release). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO2308/S00234/could-the-west-coast-tasman-electorate-hold-the-balance-of-power-this-october.htm","url_text":"\"Could The West Coast-Tasman Electorate Hold The Balance Of Power This October?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stats NZ Geographic Data Service\". datafinder.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://datafinder.stats.govt.nz/layer/104580-general-electorates-2020/","url_text":"\"Stats NZ Geographic Data Service\""}]},{"reference":"Report of the Representation Commission 2007 (PDF). Representation Commission. 14 September 2007. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elections.org.nz/sites/default/files/2007%20Representation%20Commission%20Report.pdf","url_text":"Report of the Representation Commission 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-477-10414-2","url_text":"978-0-477-10414-2"}]},{"reference":"Report of the Representation Commission 2014 (PDF). Representation Commission. 4 April 2014. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elections.org.nz/sites/default/files/bulk-upload/documents/report_of_the_representation_commission_2014.pdf","url_text":"Report of the Representation Commission 2014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-477-10414-2","url_text":"978-0-477-10414-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Report of the Representation Commission 2020\" (PDF). 17 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://vote.nz/assets/Boundary-Review/REPORT-OF-THE-REPRESENTATION-COMMISSION-2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Report of the Representation Commission 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman\". Chief Electoral Office, Wellington. Retrieved 21 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2008/electorate-60.html","url_text":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman\""}]},{"reference":"\"O'Connor to return to Parliament\". Radio New Zealand. 13 April 2009. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/stories/2009/04/13/1245a9f0a8a5","url_text":"\"O'Connor to return to Parliament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand","url_text":"Radio New Zealand"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090414075859/http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/stories/2009/04/13/1245a9f0a8a5","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"O'Connor on course to grab West Coast seat\". Australian Associated Press. Retrieved 26 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.msn.co.nz/article/election/8380356/oconnor-on-course-to-grab-west-coast-seat","url_text":"\"O'Connor on course to grab West Coast seat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pugh to seek Coast seat\". The Nelson Mail. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/nelson-mail/news/9522862/Pugh-to-seek-Coast-seat","url_text":"\"Pugh to seek Coast seat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nelson_Mail","url_text":"The Nelson Mail"}]},{"reference":"Conway, Glenn (16 December 2013). \"Former Westland mayor to stand for National\". The Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/west-coast/9522353/Former-Westland-mayor-to-stand-for-National","url_text":"\"Former Westland mayor to stand for National\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press","url_text":"The Press"}]},{"reference":"Mathewson, Nicole; Stylianou, Georgina; Fulton, Tim (21 September 2014). \"Election 2014: Canterbury decides\". The Press. Retrieved 21 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/10524525/Election-2014-Canterbury-decides","url_text":"\"Election 2014: Canterbury decides\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press","url_text":"The Press"}]},{"reference":"Farrar, David (21 September 2014). \"Election 2014: All the MPs for each party, plus those who failed to make the cut\". National Business Review. Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Farrar_(blogger)","url_text":"Farrar, David"},{"url":"http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/election-2014-all-mps-each-party-plus-those-who-failed-make-cut-ck-162749","url_text":"\"Election 2014: All the MPs for each party, plus those who failed to make the cut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Business_Review","url_text":"National Business Review"}]},{"reference":"Rutherford, Hamish (4 October 2014). \"National loses majority, Greens pick up one\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 4 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/election-results-2014/10580208/National-loses-majority-Greens-pick-up-one","url_text":"\"National loses majority, Greens pick up one\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff.co.nz","url_text":"Stuff.co.nz"}]},{"reference":"\"West Coast-Tasman – Official Result\". Electoral Commission. 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Retrieved 24 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2017/electorate-details-61.html","url_text":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2017)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"Electoral Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2014)\". Electoral Commission. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2014/electorate-61.html","url_text":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2014)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"Electoral Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2011)\". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2011/electorate-60.html","url_text":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2011)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"Electoral Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Enrolment statistics\". Electoral Commission. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elections.org.nz/ages/","url_text":"\"Enrolment statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2008)\". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2008/electorate-60.html","url_text":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2008)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"Electoral Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2005)\". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2005/electorate-59.html","url_text":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2005)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"Electoral Commission"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/politics/350146862/why-were-eventually-going-need-more-mps","external_links_name":"\"Why we're eventually going to need more MPs\""},{"Link":"https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/10/10/most-left-and-right-leaning-electorates-revealed-by-vote-compass/","external_links_name":"\"Most left and right-leaning electorates revealed by Vote Compass\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/checkpoint/audio/2018911357/national-s-maureen-pugh-wins-long-time-red-west-coast-seat","external_links_name":"\"National's Maureen Pugh wins long-time red West Coast seat\""},{"Link":"https://www.thepress.co.nz/nz-news/350093431/maureen-pugh-takes-electorate-seat-while-battling-wave-grief","external_links_name":"\"Maureen Pugh takes electorate seat while battling 'wave of grief'\""},{"Link":"https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO2308/S00234/could-the-west-coast-tasman-electorate-hold-the-balance-of-power-this-october.htm","external_links_name":"\"Could The West Coast-Tasman Electorate Hold The Balance Of Power This October?\""},{"Link":"https://datafinder.stats.govt.nz/layer/104580-general-electorates-2020/","external_links_name":"\"Stats NZ Geographic Data Service\""},{"Link":"http://www.elections.org.nz/sites/default/files/2007%20Representation%20Commission%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"Report of the Representation Commission 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.elections.org.nz/sites/default/files/bulk-upload/documents/report_of_the_representation_commission_2014.pdf","external_links_name":"Report of the Representation Commission 2014"},{"Link":"https://vote.nz/assets/Boundary-Review/REPORT-OF-THE-REPRESENTATION-COMMISSION-2020.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Report of the Representation Commission 2020\""},{"Link":"http://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2008/electorate-60.html","external_links_name":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman\""},{"Link":"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/stories/2009/04/13/1245a9f0a8a5","external_links_name":"\"O'Connor to return to Parliament\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090414075859/http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/stories/2009/04/13/1245a9f0a8a5","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.msn.co.nz/article/election/8380356/oconnor-on-course-to-grab-west-coast-seat","external_links_name":"\"O'Connor on course to grab West Coast seat\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/nelson-mail/news/9522862/Pugh-to-seek-Coast-seat","external_links_name":"\"Pugh to seek Coast seat\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/west-coast/9522353/Former-Westland-mayor-to-stand-for-National","external_links_name":"\"Former Westland mayor to stand for National\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/10524525/Election-2014-Canterbury-decides","external_links_name":"\"Election 2014: Canterbury decides\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/election-2014-all-mps-each-party-plus-those-who-failed-make-cut-ck-162749","external_links_name":"\"Election 2014: All the MPs for each party, plus those who failed to make the cut\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/election-results-2014/10580208/National-loses-majority-Greens-pick-up-one","external_links_name":"\"National loses majority, Greens pick up one\""},{"Link":"https://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2023/electorate-details-61.html","external_links_name":"\"West Coast-Tasman – Official Result\""},{"Link":"https://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2020/electorate-details-61.html","external_links_name":"\"West Coast-Tasman – Official Result\""},{"Link":"http://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2017/electorate-details-61.html","external_links_name":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2017)\""},{"Link":"http://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2014/electorate-61.html","external_links_name":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2014)\""},{"Link":"http://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2011/electorate-60.html","external_links_name":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2011)\""},{"Link":"http://www.elections.org.nz/ages/","external_links_name":"\"Enrolment statistics\""},{"Link":"http://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2008/electorate-60.html","external_links_name":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2008)\""},{"Link":"http://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2005/electorate-59.html","external_links_name":"\"Official Count Results – West Coast-Tasman (2005)\""},{"Link":"http://www.parliament.nz/NR/rdonlyres/E0E3E25B-229C-45F8-BEE7-3398B33B542C/224/West_CoastTasman1.pdfElectorate","external_links_name":"Profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Stoykov_(basketball)	Stefan Stoykov (basketball)	["1 References"]	Bulgarian basketball player Stefan StoykovPersonal informationNationalityBulgarianBorn(1938-01-28)28 January 1938Mikre, BulgariaDied12 April 2013(2013-04-12) (aged 75)Pleven, BulgariaSportSportBasketball Stefan Stoykov (Bulgarian: Стефан Стойков, 28 January 1938 – 12 April 2013) was a Bulgarian basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Stefan Stoykov Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2018. vteBulgaria squad – 1960 Summer Olympics Atanasov Gyaurov Kanev G. Panov Mirchev Tsvetkov L. Panov Ilov Lazarov Stoykov Slavov Radev This biographical article relating to a Bulgarian basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"1960 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"}],"text":"Stefan Stoykov (Bulgarian: Стефан Стойков, 28 January 1938 – 12 April 2013) was a Bulgarian basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Stefan Stoykov (basketball)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Stefan Stoykov Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418115223/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/st/stefan-stoykov-1.html","url_text":"\"Stefan Stoykov Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/st/stefan-stoykov-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418115223/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/st/stefan-stoykov-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Stefan Stoykov Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/st/stefan-stoykov-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Stoykov_(basketball)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fixtape_Vol._1:_Smoke_on_This	Krayzie Bone discography	["1 Albums","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Underground albums","1.3 Collaboration albums","1.4 Compilation albums","1.5 Mixtapes","2 Extended plays","3 Singles","3.1 As lead artist","3.2 As featured artist","4 Guest appearances","5 Music videos","6 Notes","7 References"]	American rapper Krayzie Bone has released nine studio albums. Albums Studio albums List of albums, with selected chart positions and certifications Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications US USR&B USRap AUS Thug Mentality 1999 Released: April 6, 1999 Label: Ruthless, Relativity Format: CD, LP, cassette, digital download 4 2 — 82 RIAA: Platinum Thug on da Line Released: August 28, 2001 Label: Loud, Columbia Format: CD, LP, cassette, digital download 27 13 — — Gemini: Good vs. Evil Released: February 8, 2005 Label: Ball'r Format: CD, digital download 69 19 9 — Chasing The Devil: Temptation Released: November 20, 2015 Label: Krayzie Bone Media LLC / RBC Records Format: CD, digital download — — — — Eternal Legend Released: June 23, 2017 Label: Real Talk Entertainment Format: CD, digital download — 51 34 — E.1999: The LeathaFace Project Released: October 13, 2017 Label: Real Talk Entertainment Format: CD, digital download — 78 65 — Quick Fix: Level 2 Released: September 24, 2019 Label: The Life Format: CD, digital download — — — — Leaves of Legends Released: April 20, 2021 Label: The Life Format: CD, digital download — — — — Krayzie Melodies: Melodious, Vol. 1 Released: April 22, 2022 Label: The Life Format: CD, digital download — — — — QuickFix : Level 3 : Level Up Released: April 20, 2023 Label: The Life Format: CD, digital download — — — — Underground albums Leatha Face: Underground (Part 1) (2003) Streets Most Wanted (2005) Leatha Face Presents - Kneight Riduz - Tha Undaland (2006) Collaboration albums Thug Brothers 2 (with Young Noble) (2017) New Waves (with Bizzy Bone) (2017) Thug Brothers 3 (with Young Noble) (2017) Compilation albums Too Raw for Retail (2005) Mellow, Smooth and Krayzie (2007) Everybody Wants a Thug (2010) Mixtapes List of mixtapes, with selected chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions USR&B USRap Thugline Boss Released: September 4, 2007 Label: Gheet Format: CD, digital download 44 21 The Fixtape Vol. 1: Smoke on This Released: April 1, 2008 Label: RBC Video Format: digital download 66 — The Fixtape Vol. 2: Just One Mo Hit Released: March 24, 2009 Label: RBC Video Format: CD, digital download 43 16 The Fixtape Vol. 3: Lyrical Paraphernalia Released: July 27, 2010 Label: RBC Video Format: CD, digital download 64 — The Fixtape Vol. 4: Under The Influence Released: November 22, 2011 Label: RBC Records Format: CD, digital download 1 — Extended plays Quick Fix: Less Drama. More Music. (Level 1) (2013) Nothing Left To Prove digital release Singles As lead artist List of singles as a lead artist, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Album USBub. USR&B USRhyth. "Thug Mentality" 1999 9 47 28 Thug Mentality 1999 "Paper" — — — "Hard Time Hustlin'"(featuring Sade) 2001 — — — Thug on da Line "Get'chu Twisted" 2005 — — — Gemini: Good vs. Evil "Alone in a Crowded Room" 2022 — — — Krayzie Melodies: Melodious, Vol. 1 "You Bring My High (Down)" — — — "—" denotes a recording that did not chart. As featured artist List of singles as a featured artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US USR&B USRap AUS GER IRL NZ SWE SWI UK "Breakdown"(Mariah Carey featuring Krayzie Bone and Wish Bone) 1997 — 4 — 38 — — 4 — — 98 RIAA: Gold RMNZ: Gold Butterfly "Until We Rich"(Ice Cube featuring Krayzie Bone) 2000 — 50 — — — — — — — — War & Peace Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc) "I Don't Give a Fuck"(Lil Jon & The East Side Boyz featuring Krayzie Bone and Mystikal) 2002 — 50 — — 68 — — — — — Kings of Crunk "Freaks"(Play-N-Skillz featuring Krayzie Bone and Adina Howard) 2004 69 52 22 — — — — — — — The Process "Spit Your Game"(The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Twista, Krayzie Bone and 8Ball & MJG) 2006 — 68 — — — 47 — — 76 64 Duets: The Final Chapter "Ridin'"(Chamillionaire featuring Krayzie Bone) 1 7 2 24 8 2 2 25 19 2 RIAA: 4× Platinum BPI: Gold BVMI: Gold GLF: Gold RMNZ: Gold The Sound of Revenge "Untouchable" (Swizz Beatz Remix)(2Pac featuring Krayzie Bone) — 91 — — — — — — — — Pac's Life "Cash Money"(YG featuring Krayzie Bone) 2015 — — — — — — — — — — Still Krazy "Time for Change (Black Lives Matter)"(Mysonne and Trae tha Truth featuring T.I., Styles P, Ink, Anthony Hamilton, Conway the Machine, Krayzie Bone, E-40, David Banner, Bun B, Tamika Mallory and Lee Merritt) 2020 — — — — — — — — — — If You're Scared Stay Inside "Come My Way"(Saba featuring Krayzie Bone) 2022 — — — — — — — — — — Few Good Things "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Guest appearances List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name Title Year Other performer(s) Album "Let's All Get High" 1996 Da Brat Anuthatantrum "Mo' Murder" — Family Scriptures "Take Your Time" Tré "Thug Devotion" Ken Dawg, Layzie Bone, Souljah Boy, Tré "No Pretender" Boogie Nikke, Jhaz, Tombstone "Low Down" Souljah Boy "Family Scriptures" Flesh-n-Bone, Graveyard Shift, II Tru, Ken Dawg, Layzie Bone, Poetic Hustla'z, Souljah Boy, Tré "Playa Hater" Flesh-n-Bone, Layzie Bone T.H.U.G.S. (Trues Humbly United Gatherin' Souls) "So High" 1997 II Tru A New Breed of Female "Breakdown" Mariah Carey, Wish Bone Butterfly "Weekend Buzz" Poetic Hustla'z Trials & Tribulations "Mo' Thug Intro" 1998 Felecia Family Scriptures Chapter II: Family Reunion "Mighty Mighty Warrior" Felecia, Souljah Boy, Thug Queen, Wish Bone "The Queen" Thug Queen "All Good" Felecia "Ghetto Cowboy" Felecia, Layzie Bone, Powder, Thug Queen "Believe" Layzie Bone, MT5 "Ain't Said No Names" Cat Cody, Tombstone "U Don't Own Me" Potion "Ride With a Playa" Ken Dawg "Otherside" Felecia, Flesh-n-Bone, Ken Dawg, Layzie Bone, Mo! Hart, Sin, Skant Bone, Thug Queen "Don't Hate on Me" Jermaine Dupri, Da Brat Life in 1472 "Good Times" Fat Joe, Layzie Bone Don Cartagena "Thugs & Hustlers" 1999 Naughty by Nature, Mag Nineteen Naughty Nine: Nature's Fury "Get Away" TQ Blue Streak: The Album "Up There" Project Pat, Mac E Ghetty Green "We Come to Serve 'Em" (Remix) DJ U-Neek, The Kingpin Family, Gemini, E.W.F., NytOwl, L-J Ghetto Street Pharmacist "Rebel Music (3 O'Clock Roadblock)" Bob Marley and the Wailers Chant Down Babylon "I Still Believe" (Remix) Mariah Carey, Da Brat — "Friday" Lyric Next Friday (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) "Until We Rich" 2000 Ice Cube War & Peace Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc) "Murder Murder" The Comrads Wake Up & Ball "Is It Me?" Damon Sharpe Damizza Presents Where I Wanna Be "Lord What Have I Done?" Layzie Bone, Shade Sheist "I'm Not Sleeping" Tiffany The Color of Silence "Chedda" Big Caz, LV Thundadome "Thugs Cry" (Remix) Bizzy Bone, Layzie Bone — "Somebody's Gotta Die" 2001 Coolio Coolio.com "Pay Day" Big Syke, Mack 10, Young Noble Thug Law: Thug Life Outlawz Chapter 1 "I Don't Give a Fuck" 2002 Lil Jon & The East Side Boyz, Mystikal Kings of Crunk "Ain't Spending Nuthin'" Uncle Luke Scandalous: The All Star Compilation "Do Your Thang" 2003 Felecia, Layzie Bone The Movement "Be Free" Layzie Bone "Thug Finale" Skant Bone, Emmortal Thugs, Layzie Bone "Breakdown" (The Mo' Thugs Remix) Mariah Carey, Wish Bone The Remixes "Fuck da Law" Detroit Diamond Multiply "Walk Like a Warrior" 2004 Dead Prez RBG: Revolutionary but Gangsta "Freaks" Play-N-Skillz, Adina Howard The Process "What's Friends" 2005 Bone Brothers Bone Brothers "Need Your Body" Bone Brothers, Kareem "Hip Hop Baby" Bone Brothers "Real Life" Bone Brothers, Treach "Str8 Ridaz" Bone Brothers "Everyday" Bone Thugs-n-Harmony "Freaks" (Remix) Play-N-Skillz, Adina Howard, Bun B, Pitbull The Album Before the Album "Thug Nation" Layzie Bone It's Not a Game "Ridin' Dirty" Chamillionaire The Sound of Revenge "Thug Nation Invasion" Keef G Da Bum "Moma Use to Say" "Real Life" Keef G, Kaymont "Satisfied" Keef G, Asu, Bruce Hathcock "Smoke Some More" Keef G "Don't Forget About Us" (Remix) Mariah Carey, Layzie Bone, Juelz Santana — "Spit Your Game" (Remix) 2006 Notorious B.I.G., Twista, 8Ball & MJG — "Intro" Skant Bone 4 Seasonz "Never Let You Down" Frankie J, Layzie Bone Priceless "Destroy You" DJ Khaled, Twista Listennn... the Album "Untouchable" (Swizz Beatz Remix) 2Pac Pac's Life "Here We Come" Knieght Rieduz Tha Undaland "We Got Hot Haze" "Defend Your Own" 2007 Collie Buddz Collie Buddz "Fly the Coup" Layzie Bone, Big Caz Startin' from Scratch: How a Thug Was Born "Burn 2007" Layzie Bone, Keef G, Thin C. "The Bill Collecta" Chamillionaire Ultimate Victory "Toast 2 That" 2008 Layzie Bone, Wish Bone, Swizz Beatz Thugz Nation "Bone Thug Boys" Layzie Bone, Wish Bone "Runnin' up on da Punk Police" Layzie Bone "Mind Off This Money" "Paradise" TQ Paradise "Cloud 9" Lootenant Second in Charge "Posted on the Block" (Remix) C-Murder, Papoose, Mia X, Verse Screamin' 4 Vengeance "Stay Down" A-Wax, Akon, DJ Kay Slay, Noose Pyrex Music "Meal Ticket" Daz Dillinger Only on the Left Side "Cruel Intentions" Lameez Cruel Intentions: The Aftermath of 1995 "Girl You Blow My Mind" Mr. Criminal Rise to Power "Midwest Choppers 2" 2009 Tech N9ne Sickology 101 "One Mo' Gin" Play-N-Skillz, Bun B, Lil' Jon Recession Proof "Money Fold'n" Tha Dogg Pound That Was Then, This Is Now "Make It Last" 2010 Napoleon, Layzie Bone, E.D.I., Kastro, Young Noble The Lost Songs Vol. 3 "Hear 'Em Knockin'" 2011 Layzie Bone, Flesh-n-Bone The Definition "Better Days" Layzie Bone, Wish Bone, Felecia The Meaning "Fallin’" Flesh-n-Bone, Bizzy Bone, Layzie Bone Blaze of Glory "Can’t Take It" Flesh-n-Bone, Layzie Bone, Wish Bone "Dont Wait" Outlawz Perfect Timing "Warriors" Bizzy Bone, A.C. Killer Countdown to Armageddon "Go Dumb" Ray Cash Champagne Talk "Stay Sleep" 2012 Chip tha Ripper Tell Ya Friends "Majesty" Freddie Gibbs, SpaceGhostPurrp Baby Face Killa "Welcome to Real Life" Young Noble, Arsonal Da Rebel, Hussein Fatal, Tony Atlanta, King Malachi Son of God "Way to Go" K Koke, Pozition Best of U.S.G Volume 2 "Hustleholic" 2013 Young Noble, Gage Gully The Year of the Underdogz "Jack Move" Durty White Boyz Firecrackaz "Echos in My Head" Eko Fresh, Summer Cem, Serc651, Ado Kojo — "Slum Life" Bukshot, Delusional, Crucifix Helter Skelter "Murder on My Mind" Da Mafia 6ix, SpaceGhostPurrp, Bizzy Bone 6ix Commandments "Stay Trill (Bill Collector)" Trae tha Truth I Am King "Ho'Lat" Andre Nickatina Andre Nickatina "Don't Ever Forget" 2015 Dizzy Wright The Growing Process "Run Yo Mouth" Spice 1 Haterz Nightmare "Still Getting It" Erick Sermon E.S.P. (Erick Sermon's Perception) "Decisions" E.D.I., Freddie Gibbs, Young Noble The Hope Dealer, Pt. 1 "Whatcha Want" 2016 10,000 Cadillacs, Bizzy Bone 10K "Since We Lost Y'all" Z-Ro Drankin' & Drivin' "Midwest Choppers 3" K.A.B.O.S.H., Bizzy Bone American Psycho "Line" 2017 Antonio Faraò Eklektik "Love My City" Nova the Rebel Thinking Out Loud "Thug On" 2018 Tha Chill 4Wit80 "In the Way" Berner, Bizzy Bone, DJ Paul Rico "Bankroll" 2019 Ray Jr., Layzie Bone Old to the City, New to the World "Déjà Vu" Dionne Warwick She's Back "Killer Instinct" 2020 Layzie Bone, Flesh-n-Bone Wanted Dead or Alive "Blockin' My Blessings" Celly Cel Focused "Ride" Jay Worthy, Shlohmo Til' the Morning Music videos "Thug Mentality" "Paper" "Hard Time Hustlin'" "Get'chu Twisted" "Life! A Lesson to Learn" "Hard to Let Go" "Explosive" "Stand the Pain" "Cashin Out (Remix)" "24/7 The Grinder" "Get Down" "Another Level" "Apply The Pressure" "Head Hunters" "Cloudy" "Keight Riduz - Here We Come (Live)" Notes ^ "Breakdown" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 53 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart. ^ "Untouchable" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number eleven on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. References ^ "Krayzie Bone Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved April 25, 2012. ^ a b "Krayzie Bone Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Albums". Billboard. Retrieved April 25, 2012. ^ a b "Krayzie Bone Chart History: Rap Albums". Billboard. Retrieved April 25, 2012. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 158. ^ "Gold & Platinum: Krayzie Bone". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved April 25, 2012. ^ "Krayzie Bone - Krayzie Melodies: Melodious, Vol. 1". Apple Music. Retrieved April 22, 2022. ^ "Thug Brothers 2 by Krayzie Bone of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony & Young Noble of The Outlawz on Apple Music". iTunes. ^ "Thug Brothers 3 by Krayzie Bone of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony & Young Noble of The Outlawz on Apple Music". iTunes. ^ "Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ a b "Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Rhythmic Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "Hard Time Hustlin' – Krayzie Bone". AllMusic. Retrieved June 1, 2022. ^ "Going for Adds" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1575. October 1, 2004. p. 20. Retrieved July 6, 2022. ^ "Alone In a Crowded Room – Single by Krayzie Bone". Apple Music. Retrieved June 1, 2022. ^ "You Bring My High (Down) – Single by Krayzie Bone". Apple Music. Retrieved June 1, 2022. ^ "Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Hot Rap Songs". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ Peak chart positions for singles in Australia: "Breakdown": "Discography Mariah Carey". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022. "Ridin'": "Discography Krayzie Bone". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "Discographie von Krayzie Bone" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ Peak chart positions for singles in Ireland: "Spit Your Game": "Discography The Notorious B.I.G." irish-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022. "Ridin'": "Discography Krayzie Bone". irish-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ Peak chart positions for singles in New Zealand: "Breakdown": "Discography Mariah Carey". charts.nz. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022. "Ridin'": "Discography Krayzie Bone". charts.nz. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "Discography Krayzie Bone". swedishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ Peak chart positions for singles in Switzerland: "Spit Your Game": "Discography The Notorious B.I.G." swisscharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022. "Ridin'": "Discography Krayzie Bone". swisscharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ Peak chart positions for singles in the United Kingdom: "Breakdown": "Mariah Carey". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 31, 2022. "Spit Your Game": "Notorious B.I.G." Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 31, 2022. "Ridin'": "Chamillionaire". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "Mariah Carey – Chart History: Radio Songs". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "American certifications – Mariah Carey". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Mariah Carey – Breakdown". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "American certifications – Chamillionaire". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "British certifications – Krayzie Bone". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 31, 2022. Type Krayzie Bone in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Chamillionaire feat. Krayzie Bone; 'Ridin'')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 2006" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-17. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Chamillionaire feat. Tyree – Ridin'". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "2Pac – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "Cash Money (feat. Krayzie Bone) – Single by YG". Apple Music. Retrieved June 1, 2022. ^ "Time For Change (Black Lives Matter) – Single by Trae tha Truth & Mysonne". Apple Music. Retrieved June 1, 2022. ^ "Come My Way (feat. Krayzie Bone) – Single by Saba". Apple Music. Retrieved June 1, 2022. vteKrayzie BoneStudio albums Thug Mentality 1999 (1999) Thug on da Line (2001) Gemini: Good vs. Evil (2005) Chasing The Devil: Temptation (2015) Thug Brothers 2 (2017) Mixtapes The Fixtape Vol. 1: Smoke on This (2008) The Fixtape Vol. 4: Under The Influence (2011) Singles "Thug Mentality" "Get'chu Twisted" Related Discography	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Krayzie Bone discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Underground albums","text":"Leatha Face: Underground (Part 1) (2003)\nStreets Most Wanted (2005)\nLeatha Face Presents - Kneight Riduz - Tha Undaland (2006)","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thug Brothers 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thug_Brothers_2"},{"link_name":"Young Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Noble"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Waves"},{"link_name":"Bizzy Bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizzy_Bone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Collaboration albums","text":"Thug Brothers 2 (with Young Noble) (2017)[7]\nNew Waves (with Bizzy Bone) (2017)\nThug Brothers 3 (with Young Noble) (2017)[8]","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","text":"Too Raw for Retail (2005)\nMellow, Smooth and Krayzie (2007)\nEverybody Wants a Thug (2010)","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixtapes","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Quick Fix: Less Drama. More Music. (Level 1) (2013)\nNothing Left To Prove digital release","title":"Extended plays"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As lead artist","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As featured artist","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Guest appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Thug Mentality\"\n\"Paper\"\n\"Hard Time Hustlin'\"\n\"Get'chu Twisted\"\n\"Life! A Lesson to Learn\"\n\"Hard to Let Go\"\n\"Explosive\"\n\"Stand the Pain\"\n\"Cashin Out (Remix)\"\n\"24/7 The Grinder\"\n\"Get Down\"\n\"Another Level\"\n\"Apply The Pressure\"\n\"Head Hunters\"\n\"Cloudy\"\n\"Keight Riduz - Here We Come (Live)\"","title":"Music videos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Hot 100 Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100_Airplay_(Radio_Songs)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"^ \"Breakdown\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 53 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart.[25]\n\n^ \"Untouchable\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number eleven on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[33]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Krayzie Bone Chart History: Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved April 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/krayzie-bone/chart-history/billboard-200","url_text":"\"Krayzie Bone Chart History: Billboard 200\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Krayzie Bone Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved April 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/krayzie-bone/chart-history/r%26b/hip-hop-albums-b","url_text":"\"Krayzie Bone Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Krayzie Bone Chart History: Rap Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved April 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/krayzie-bone/chart-history/rap-albums","url_text":"\"Krayzie Bone Chart History: Rap Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 158.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum: Krayzie Bone\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved April 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Krayzie_Bone&format=&go=Search&perPage=50#","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum: Krayzie Bone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Krayzie Bone - Krayzie Melodies: Melodious, Vol. 1\". Apple Music. Retrieved April 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/krayzie-melodies-melodious-vol-1/1618552852","url_text":"\"Krayzie Bone - Krayzie Melodies: Melodious, Vol. 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Thug Brothers 2 by Krayzie Bone of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony & Young Noble of The Outlawz on Apple Music\". iTunes.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thug-brothers-2/id1235180375","url_text":"\"Thug Brothers 2 by Krayzie Bone of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony & Young Noble of The Outlawz on Apple Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thug Brothers 3 by Krayzie Bone of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony & Young Noble of The Outlawz on Apple Music\". iTunes.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thug-brothers-3/id1268203850","url_text":"\"Thug Brothers 3 by Krayzie Bone of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony & Young Noble of The Outlawz on Apple Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/krayzie-bone/chart-history/hbu","url_text":"\"Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/krayzie-bone/chart-history/bsi","url_text":"\"Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Rhythmic Airplay\". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/krayzie-bone/chart-history/tfc","url_text":"\"Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Rhythmic Airplay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hard Time Hustlin' – Krayzie Bone\". AllMusic. Retrieved June 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/hard-time-hustlin-mw0000005108","url_text":"\"Hard Time Hustlin' – Krayzie Bone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Going for Adds\" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1575. October 1, 2004. p. 20. Retrieved July 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/2000s/2004/RR-2004-10-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Going for Adds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records","url_text":"Radio & Records"}]},{"reference":"\"Alone In a Crowded Room – Single by Krayzie Bone\". Apple Music. Retrieved June 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/alone-in-a-crowded-room/1612862278","url_text":"\"Alone In a Crowded Room – Single by Krayzie Bone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"You Bring My High (Down) – Single by Krayzie Bone\". Apple Music. Retrieved June 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-bring-my-high-down/1617855004","url_text":"\"You Bring My High (Down) – Single by Krayzie Bone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/krayzie-bone/chart-history/hsi","url_text":"\"Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Hot Rap Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/krayzie-bone/chart-history/rap","url_text":"\"Krayzie Bone – Chart History: Hot Rap Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discography Mariah Carey\". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey","url_text":"\"Discography Mariah Carey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discography Krayzie Bone\". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Krayzie+Bone","url_text":"\"Discography Krayzie Bone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discographie von Krayzie Bone\" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artistId=Krayzie+Bone","url_text":"\"Discographie von Krayzie Bone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts","url_text":"GfK Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Discography The Notorious B.I.G.\" irish-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=The+Notorious+B.I.G.","url_text":"\"Discography The Notorious B.I.G.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discography Krayzie Bone\". irish-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Krayzie+Bone","url_text":"\"Discography Krayzie Bone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discography Mariah Carey\". charts.nz. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey","url_text":"\"Discography Mariah Carey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discography Krayzie Bone\". charts.nz. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Krayzie+Bone","url_text":"\"Discography Krayzie Bone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discography Krayzie Bone\". swedishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://swedishcharts.com//showinterpret.asp?interpret=Krayzie+Bone","url_text":"\"Discography Krayzie Bone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discography The Notorious B.I.G.\" swisscharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://swisscharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=The+Notorious+B.I.G.","url_text":"\"Discography The Notorious B.I.G.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discography Krayzie Bone\". swisscharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://swisscharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Krayzie+Bone","url_text":"\"Discography Krayzie Bone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mariah Carey\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/25943/mariah-carey/","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Notorious B.I.G.\" Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/30856/notorious-b-i-g/","url_text":"\"Notorious B.I.G.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Chamillionaire\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/1863/chamillionaire/","url_text":"\"Chamillionaire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Mariah Carey – Chart History: Radio Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/mariah-carey/chart-history/hsb","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey – Chart History: Radio Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"American certifications – Mariah Carey\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Mariah+Carey&ti=&format=&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American certifications – Mariah Carey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand single certifications – Mariah Carey – Breakdown\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=3827","url_text":"\"New Zealand single certifications – Mariah Carey – Breakdown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"American certifications – Chamillionaire\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Chamillionaire&ti=&format=&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American certifications – Chamillionaire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"British certifications – Krayzie Bone\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/","url_text":"\"British certifications – Krayzie Bone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Chamillionaire feat. Krayzie Bone; 'Ridin'')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Ridin%27&strInterpret=Chamillionaire+feat.+Krayzie+Bone&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Chamillionaire feat. Krayzie Bone; 'Ridin'')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"\"Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 2006\" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-17. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517224028/http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/ar-20061.pdf","url_text":"\"Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI Sweden"},{"url":"http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/ar-20061.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand single certifications – Chamillionaire feat. Tyree – Ridin'\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=1403","url_text":"\"New Zealand single certifications – Chamillionaire feat. Tyree – Ridin'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"2Pac – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/2pac/chart-history/hbu","url_text":"\"2Pac – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Money (feat. Krayzie Bone) – Single by YG\". Apple Music. Retrieved June 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/cash-money-feat-krayzie-bone-single/1019072691","url_text":"\"Cash Money (feat. Krayzie Bone) – Single by YG\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Time For Change (Black Lives Matter) [feat. T.I., Styles P, Ink, Anthony Hamilton, Conway the Machine, Krayzie Bone, E-40, David Banner, Bun B, Tamika Mallory & Lee Merritt] – Single by Trae tha Truth & Mysonne\". Apple Music. Retrieved June 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/time-for-change-black-lives-matter-feat-t-i-styles/1542887862","url_text":"\"Time For Change (Black Lives Matter) [feat. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizhrichchia	Mizhrichchia	[]	Coordinates: 44°52′43″N 34°50′55″E / 44.87861°N 34.84861°E / 44.87861; 34.84861 Village in CrimeaMizhrichchia МіжріччяVillageView of Mizhrichchia with the Crimean Mountains in the background.MizhrichchiaLocation of Mizhrichchia in CrimeaCoordinates: 44°52′43″N 34°50′55″E / 44.87861°N 34.84861°E / 44.87861; 34.84861RepublicCrimeaRaionFeodosia RaionFirst mentioned1381Area • Total0.6 km2 (0.2 sq mi)Elevation198 m (650 ft)Population (2014) • Total519 • Density870/km2 (2,200/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+4 (MSK)Postal code98030Area code+380 6566Websitehttp://rada.gov.ua/ Mizhrichchia or Mezhdurechye (Ukrainian: Міжріччя; Russian: Междуречье; literally, between the rivers) is a village in the Feodosia Raion of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and annexed by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. Mizhrichchia is located on Crimea's southern shore in the Crimean Mountains at an elevation of 198 m (650 ft). Its population was 510 in the 2001 Ukrainian census. Current population: 519 (2014 Census). History Previously, the settlement was known as the Ai-Serez village (Crimean Tatar: Ay Serez). Following the forced deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR published a decree on May 18, 1948 renaming the settlement along with many others throughout Crimea from their native Crimean Tatar names to their current variants. In 1886, the village of Ai-Serez was located in the Taraktash Volost of the Feodosia Povit of the Taurida Governorate. At that time, the settlement had a population of 655 inhabitants; it had two mosques located in its settlement. In the 1897 Russian Empire census, the population increased to 1,464 inhabitants, 1,458 of which belonged to the Muslim faith. People from Mizhrichchia Mustafa Dzhemilev, former Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, People's Deputy of Ukraine since 1998 Abdurakhman Chubarov, father of Refat Chubarov, current Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People References ^ a b "Mizhrichchia (Crimea region)". weather.in.ua. Retrieved 7 January 2014. ^ a b "Mizhrichchia, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, City of Sudak". Regions of Ukraine and their Structure (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2014. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2014). "Таблица 1.3. Численность населения Крымского федерального округа, городских округов, муниципальных районов, городских и сельских поселений" . Федеральное статистическое наблюдение «Перепись населения в Крымском федеральном округе». ("Population Census in Crimean Federal District" Federal Statistical Examination) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 4 January 2016. ^ Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR from 18.05.1948 about the renaming of populated settlements in the Crimean Oblast (Указ Президиума ВС РСФСР от 18.05.1948 о переименовании населённых пунктов Крымской области) on the Russian Wikisource. ^ Волости и важнѣйшія селенія Европейской Россіи. По данным обслѣдованія, произведеннаго статистическими учрежденіями Министерства Внутренних Дѣл, по порученію Статистическаго Совѣта. Изданіе Центральнаго Статистическаго Комитета. Выпуск VIII. Губерніи Новороссійской группы. СанктПетербургъ. 1886. — VI + 157 с. ^ Населенныя мѣста Россійской Имперіи в 500 и болѣе жителей съ указаніем всего наличнаго въ них населенія и числа жителей преобладающихъ вѣроисповѣданій по даннымъ первой всеобщей переписи 1897 г. С-Петербург. 1905. — IX + 270 + 120 с., (стор. 1-216) ^ "The Chairman of the Crimean Tatar's Mejlis father died". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (in Ukrainian). 31 March 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015. External links Media related to Mizhrichchia at Wikimedia Commons vteSudak MunicipalityAdministrative center: SudakCities Sudak Villages Bahativka Dachne Hromivka Hrushivka Kholodivka Lisne Mizhrichchia Morske Myndalne Perevalivka Pryberezhne Soniachna Dolyna Vesele Voron This article about a location in Crimea is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Feodosia Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia_Raion"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"annexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rada-2"},{"link_name":"Crimean Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weather-1"},{"link_name":"2001 Ukrainian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rada-2"},{"link_name":"2014 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Federal_District_Census_(2014)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014Census-3"}],"text":"Village in CrimeaMizhrichchia or Mezhdurechye (Ukrainian: Міжріччя; Russian: Междуречье; literally, between the rivers) is a village in the Feodosia Raion of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and annexed by Russia as the Republic of Crimea.[2]Mizhrichchia is located on Crimea's southern shore in the Crimean Mountains at an elevation of 198 m (650 ft).[1] Its population was 510 in the 2001 Ukrainian census.[2] Current population: 519 (2014 Census).[3]","title":"Mizhrichchia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crimean Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language"},{"link_name":"forced deportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Crimean Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Presidium of the Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_SFSR"},{"link_name":"Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Crimean Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Taraktash Volost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachne,_Sudak_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Feodosia Povit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia"},{"link_name":"Taurida Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurida_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1897 Russian Empire census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Previously, the settlement was known as the Ai-Serez village (Crimean Tatar: Ay Serez). Following the forced deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR published a decree on May 18, 1948 renaming the settlement along with many others throughout Crimea from their native Crimean Tatar names to their current variants.[4]In 1886, the village of Ai-Serez was located in the Taraktash Volost of the Feodosia Povit of the Taurida Governorate. At that time, the settlement had a population of 655 inhabitants; it had two mosques located in its settlement.[5] In the 1897 Russian Empire census, the population increased to 1,464 inhabitants, 1,458 of which belonged to the Muslim faith.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mustafa Dzhemilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Dzhemilev"},{"link_name":"Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mejlis_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People"},{"link_name":"People's Deputy of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Deputy_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Refat Chubarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refat_Chubarov"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Mustafa Dzhemilev, former Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, People's Deputy of Ukraine since 1998\nAbdurakhman Chubarov, father of Refat Chubarov, current Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People[7]","title":"People from Mizhrichchia"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mizhrichchia (Crimea region)\". weather.in.ua. Retrieved 7 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://weather.in.ua/en/krym/16037","url_text":"\"Mizhrichchia (Crimea region)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mizhrichchia, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, City of Sudak\". Regions of Ukraine and their Structure (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044639/http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/z7502/A005?rdat1=20.10.2003&rf7571=1252","url_text":"\"Mizhrichchia, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, City of Sudak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada","url_text":"Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine"},{"url":"http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/z7502/A005?rdat1=20.10.2003&rf7571=1252","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2014). \"Таблица 1.3. Численность населения Крымского федерального округа, городских округов, муниципальных районов, городских и сельских поселений\" [Table 1.3. Population of Crimean Federal District, Its Urban Okrugs, Municipal Districts, Urban and Rural Settlements]. Федеральное статистическое наблюдение «Перепись населения в Крымском федеральном округе». (\"Population Census in Crimean Federal District\" Federal Statistical Examination) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 4 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/perepis_krim/tab-krim/pub-01-03.xlsx","url_text":"\"Таблица 1.3. Численность населения Крымского федерального округа, городских округов, муниципальных районов, городских и сельских поселений\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"The Chairman of the Crimean Tatar's Mejlis father died\". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (in Ukrainian). 31 March 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(American_season_3)	Dancing with the Stars (American TV series) season 3	["1 Cast","1.1 Couples","1.2 Hosts and judges","2 Scoring chart","3 Weekly scores","3.1 Week 1","3.2 Week 2","3.3 Week 3","3.4 Week 4","3.5 Week 5","3.6 Week 6","3.7 Week 7","3.8 Week 8: Halloween Week","3.9 Week 9","3.10 Week 10","4 Dance chart","5 References","6 External links"]	Season of television series Dancing with the StarsSeason 3Promotional poster, featuring pro dancer Anna TrebunskayaHosted by Tom Bergeron Samantha Harris Judges Carrie Ann Inaba Len Goodman Bruno Tonioli Celebrity winnerEmmitt SmithProfessional winnerCheryl Burke No. of episodes20ReleaseOriginal networkABCOriginal releaseSeptember 12 (2006-09-12) –November 15, 2006 (2006-11-15)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 2Next →Season 4 Season three of Dancing With the Stars premiered on September 12, 2006, on the ABC network. For this season, the scoring system was changed. Fan vote only counted for 25% of the total score and scoring was now translated directly from percentages rather than into ordinals. The judges scores were added up, and each performer was given points based on the percentage of the total points distributed among all performers. (For example, a team received a score of 25. A total of 207 points were awarded to all nine performers. The team received 12.08% of that total, so that team earned 12.08 points. The couple happens to be Sara & Tony.) The fan vote was handled the same way, with the points based on how much of the total fan vote the star received. (So, in the same example, if the team earned 15% of the total fan vote, their grand total is 27.08 points.) On November 15, Dallas Cowboys running back Emmitt Smith and Cheryl Burke were crowned the champions, while actor Mario Lopez and Karina Smirnoff finished in second place, and actor Joey Lawrence and Edyta Śliwińska finished in third. Cast Couples This season featured eleven celebrity contestants. On October 12, 2006, Sara Evans announced her withdrawal from the competition to be with her children after filing for divorce from her husband. In a "final appearance", a pre-taped interview with Evans about her decision was shown on October 17. Willa Ford stated on Headline News' Robin & Company that ABC had invited her to return to the competition, but she declined. At the end of the October 18 results show, it was revealed that there would be no elimination for the week due to Evans' departure. The scores from week 6 carried over to week 7. Celebrity Notability Professional partner Status Tucker Carlson News anchor & commentator Elena Grinenko Eliminated 1ston September 13, 2006 Shanna Moakler Model, actress & reality television personality Jesse DeSoto Eliminated 2ndon September 20, 2006 Harry Hamlin Film & television actor Ashly DelGrosso Eliminated 3rdon September 27, 2006 Vivica A. Fox Film actress & producer Nick Kosovich Eliminated 4thon October 4, 2006 Willa Ford Pop singer & actress Maksim Chmerkovskiy Eliminated 5thon October 11, 2006 Sara Evans Country music singer Tony Dovolani Withdrewon October 13, 2006 Jerry Springer Talk show host Kym Johnson Eliminated 6thon October 25, 2006 Monique Coleman High School Musical actress Louis van Amstel Eliminated 7thon November 1, 2006 Joey Lawrence Television actor Edyta Śliwińska Eliminated 8thon November 8, 2006 Mario Lopez Television actor & host Karina Smirnoff Runners-upon November 15, 2006 Emmitt Smith NFL running back Cheryl Burke Winnerson November 15, 2006 Future appearances Emmitt Smith returned for the All-Stars season, where he was again paired with Cheryl Burke. Hosts and judges Tom Bergeron and Samantha Harris returned as co-hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. Scoring chart The highest score each week is indicated in bold green with a dagger (†), while the lowest score each week is indicated in italicized red with a double-dagger (‡). Color key: Winners Runners-up Third place Bottom two or three Withdrew from competition Eliminated Dancing with the Stars (season 3) - Weekly scores Couple Pl. Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6+7 8 9 10 Night 1 Night 2 Emmitt & Cheryl 1st 24 24 19‡ 24 27† 25 28+29=57† 82 25+29=54 29+30=59† 30+30=60† +29=89† Mario & Karina 2nd 26† 21 22 29† 27† 28† 29+27=56 84† 28+29=57† 30+29=59† 29+30=59‡ +30=89† Joey & Edyta 3rd 21 29† 22 27 25 24 29+28=57† 81 28+26=54 29+30=59† Monique & Louis 4th 19 26 27† 24 27† 23 27+27=54 77 24+29=53‡ Jerry & Kym 5th 16 19‡ 21 22 24‡ 18‡ 24+22=46‡ 64‡ Sara & Tony 6th 15 21 25 20‡ 24‡ Willa & Maks 7th 22 23 22 28 27† Vivica & Nick 8th 22 24 27† 24 Harry & Ashly 9th 17 21 22 Shanna & Jesse 10th 18 22 Tucker & Elena 11th 12‡ Notes ^ This couple finished in first place. ^ This couple finished in second place. ^ a b c d e f g h i This couple was in the bottom two or three, but was not eliminated. ^ a b c d e f g h This couple was eliminated. ^ This couple withdrew from the competition. Weekly scores Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli. Week 1 Each couple performed either the cha-cha-cha or the foxtrot. Couples are listed in the order they performed. Couple Scores Dance Music Result Joey & Edyta 21 (7, 7, 7) Cha-cha-cha "I Like The Way (You Move)" — Body Rockers Safe Sara & Tony 15 (5, 5, 5) Foxtrot "Mandy" — Barry Manilow Safe Tucker & Elena 12 (5, 4, 3) Cha-cha-cha "Dancing In The Street" — David Bowie & Mick Jagger Eliminated Monique & Louis 19 (6, 6, 7) Foxtrot "Baby Love" — The Supremes Safe Emmitt & Cheryl 24 (8, 8, 8) Cha-cha-cha "Son of a Preacher Man" — Dusty Springfield Safe Willa & Maks 22 (7, 7, 8) Foxtrot "True" — Spandau Ballet Bottom three Mario & Karina 26 (9, 8, 9) Cha-cha-cha "Walkin' on the Sun" — Smash Mouth Safe Shanna & Jesse 18 (7, 5, 6) Foxtrot "Saving All My Love For You" — Whitney Houston Bottom three Harry & Ashly 17 (5, 6, 6) Cha-cha-cha "Disco Inferno" — The Trammps Safe Vivica & Nick 22 (6, 8, 8) Foxtrot "I Just Wanna Make Love to You" — Etta James Safe Jerry & Kym 16 (5, 5, 6) Cha-cha-cha "Daddy" — Della Reese Safe Week 2 Each couple performed either the mambo or the quickstep. Couples are listed in the order they performed. Couple Scores Dance Music Result Willa & Maks 23 (7, 8, 8) Mambo "Get Busy" — Sean Paul Bottom two Harry & Ashly 21 (7, 7, 7) Quickstep "Lust for Life" — Iggy Pop Safe Monique & Louis 26 (9, 8, 9) Mambo "Bop to the Top" — Ashley Tisdale & Lucas Grabeel Safe Mario & Karina 21 (7, 6, 8) Quickstep "Do Your Thing" — Basement Jaxx Safe Shanna & Jesse 22 (8, 7, 7) Mambo "Jump" — Kris Kross Eliminated Jerry & Kym 19 (7, 6, 6) Quickstep "Sing, Sing, Sing" — The Andrews Sisters Safe Vivica & Nick 24 (8, 8, 8) Mambo "Betece" — Africando All Stars Safe Joey & Edyta 29 (10, 9, 10) Quickstep "I Got Rhythm" — Ella Fitzgerald Safe Sara & Tony 21 (7, 7, 7) Mambo "Papa Loves Mambo" — Perry Como Safe Emmitt & Cheryl 24 (8, 8, 8) Quickstep "Black Horse and the Cherry Tree" — KT Tunstall Safe Week 3 Each couple performed either the jive or the tango. Couples are listed in the order they performed. Couple Scores Dance Music Result Emmitt & Cheryl 19 (7, 6, 6) Tango "Simply Irresistible" — Robert Palmer Safe Monique & Louis 27 (9, 9, 9) Jive "The Heat Is On" — Glenn Frey Safe Harry & Ashly 22 (7, 8, 7) Tango "Santa Maria (Del Buen Ayre)" — Gotan Project Eliminated Willa & Maks 22 (7, 7, 8) Jive "SOS" — Rihanna Safe Jerry & Kym 21 (7, 7, 7) Tango "Hernando's Hideaway" — Ella Fitzgerald Bottom two Sara & Tony 25 (8, 9, 8) Jive "These Boots Are Made For Walkin'" — Nancy Sinatra Safe Mario & Karina 22 (8, 6, 8) Tango "What You Waiting For" — Gwen Stefani Safe Vivica & Nick 27 (9, 9, 9) Tango "Hey Sexy Lady" — Shaggy Safe Joey & Edyta 22 (8, 6, 8) Jive "Blue Suede Shoes" — Elvis Presley Safe Week 4 Each couple performed either the paso doble or the waltz. Couples are listed in the order they performed. Couple Scores Dance Music Result Monique & Louis 24 (8, 8, 8) Waltz "If I Were A Painting" — Kenny Rogers Bottom two Emmitt & Cheryl 24 (8, 8, 8) Paso doble "España cañí" — Erich Kunzel Safe Willa & Maks 28 (9, 9, 10) Waltz "You Light Up My Life" — Debby Boone Safe Sara & Tony 20 (6, 7, 7) Paso doble "The Phantom of the Opera" — from The Phantom of the Opera Safe Jerry & Kym 22 (7, 7, 8) Waltz "Tennessee Waltz" — Patti Page Safe Vivica & Nick 24 (8, 8, 8) Paso doble "It's My Life" — Bon Jovi Eliminated Joey & Edyta 27 (9, 9, 9) Waltz "Take It to the Limit" — The Eagles Safe Mario & Karina 29 (10, 9, 10) Paso doble "Canción del Mariachi" — Los Lobos & Antonio Banderas Safe Week 5 Each couple performed either the rumba or the samba. Couples are listed in the order they performed. Couple Scores Dance Music Result Joey & Edyta 25 (8, 8, 9) Samba "Freedom! '90" — George Michael Safe Willa & Maks 27 (9, 9, 9) Rumba "Every Breath You Take" — The Police Eliminated Sara & Tony 24 (8, 8, 8) Samba "I Wish" — Stevie Wonder Safe Mario & Karina 27 (9, 9, 9) Rumba "The Way You Look Tonight" — Michael Bublé Safe Jerry & Kym 24 (8, 8, 8) Samba "Eso Beso" — Paul Anka Bottom two Monique & Louis 27 (9, 9, 9) Rumba "So Nice" — Bebel Gilberto Safe Emmitt & Cheryl 27 (9, 9, 9) Samba "Cha Cha" — Chelo Safe Week 6 Each couple performed one unlearned dance, plus a group disco dance. Due to Sara Evans' withdraw from the competition, there was no elimination at the end of the night. Couples are listed in the order they performed. Couple Scores Dance Music Result Mario & Karina 28 (9, 9, 10) Mambo "Ran Kan Kan" — Tito Puente Safe Monique & Louis 23 (9, 7, 7) Samba "ABC" — The Jackson 5 Safe Joey & Edyta 24 (8, 8, 8) Rumba "Father Figure" — George Michael Bottom two Emmitt & Cheryl 25 (8, 8, 9) Jive "Lewis Boogie Blues" — T-Bone Burnett Safe Jerry & Kym 18 (7, 6, 5) Paso doble "Habañera" — Charlotte Church Bottom two Emmitt & CherylJerry & KymJoey & EdytaMario & KarinaMonique & Louis No scoresreceived GroupDisco "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" — Michael Jackson Week 7 Each couple performed two unlearned dances. Couples are listed in the order they performed. Couple Scores Dance Music Result Jerry & Kym 24 (8, 8, 8) Foxtrot "My Way" — Frank Sinatra Eliminated 22 (7, 8, 7) Mambo "Annie, I'm Not Your Daddy" — Kid Creole and the Coconuts Monique & Louis 27 (9, 9, 9) Quickstep "Luck Be a Lady" — Frank Sinatra Bottom two 27 (9, 9, 9) Paso doble "The Reflex" — Duran Duran Emmitt & Cheryl 28 (10, 9, 9) Waltz "Hushabye Mountain" — from Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Safe 29 (10, 10, 9) Mambo "Que Bueno Baila Usted" — Oscar D'León Mario & Karina 29 (10, 9, 10) Foxtrot "I Wanna Be Loved By You" — Marilyn Monroe Safe 27 (9, 9, 9) Jive "Shake a Tail Feather" — Ray Charles & The Blues Brothers Joey & Edyta 29 (10, 9, 10) Foxtrot "Singin' in the Rain" — Gene Kelly Safe 28 (9, 9, 10) Mambo "Mambo No. 5" — Lou Bega Week 8: Halloween Week Each couple performed two dances. Couples are listed in the order they performed. Couple Scores Dance Music Result Joey & Edyta 28 (10, 9, 9) Tango "The Addams Family Theme" — from The Addams Family Safe 26 (9, 8, 9) Paso doble "Sympathy for the Devil" — The Rolling Stones Mario & Karina 28 (9, 9, 10) Waltz "Dark Waltz" — Hayley Westenra Safe 29 (10, 9, 10) Samba "Superstition" — Stevie Wonder Monique & Louis 24 (8, 8, 8) Tango "Somebody's Watching Me" — Rockwell Eliminated 29 (9, 10, 10) Cha-cha-cha "Ghostbusters" — Ray Parker Jr. Emmitt & Cheryl 25 (8, 8, 9) Foxtrot "Witchcraft" — Frank Sinatra Safe 29 (9, 10, 10) Rumba "Spooky" — Dusty Springfield Week 9 Each couple performed two dances. Couples are listed in the order they performed. Couple Scores Dance Music Result Mario & Karina 30 (10, 10, 10) Tango "Whatever Lola Wants" — Gwen Verdon Safe 29 (10, 9, 10) Cha-cha-cha "Bad" — Michael Jackson Emmitt & Cheryl 29 (9, 10, 10) Waltz "At This Moment" — Billy Vera & The Beaters Safe 30 (10, 10, 10) Cha-cha-cha "Dance to the Music" — Sly & The Family Stone Joey & Edyta 29 (9, 10, 10) Quickstep "42nd Street" — Lee Roy Reams Eliminated 30 (10, 10, 10) Rumba "Eternal Flame" — The Bangles Week 10 Each couple performed three dances: the samba, their favorite dance of the season, and their freestyle routine. Couples are listed in the order they performed. Couple Scores Dance Music Result Emmitt & Cheryl 30 (10, 10, 10) Samba "Sir Duke" — Stevie Wonder Winners 30 (10, 10, 10) Mambo "Que Bueno Baila Usted" — Oscar D'León 29 (10, 10, 9) Freestyle "U Can't Touch This" — MC Hammer Mario & Karina 29 (10, 9, 10) Samba "Sir Duke" — Stevie Wonder Runners-up 30 (10, 10, 10) Paso doble "Canción del Mariachi" — Los Lobos & Antonio Banderas 30 (10, 10, 10) Freestyle "It Takes Two" — Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock Dance chart The couples performed the following each week: Week 1: One unlearned dance (cha-cha-cha or foxtrot) Week 2: One unlearned dance (mambo or quickstep) Week 3: One unlearned dance (jive or tango) Week 4: One unlearned dance (paso doble or waltz) Week 5: One unlearned dance (rumba or samba) Week 6: One unlearned dance & disco group dance Week 7: Two unlearned dances Week 8: Two unlearned dances Week 9: One unlearned dance & redemption dance Week 10 (Night 1): Samba & favorite dance of the season Week 10 (Night 2): Freestyle Color key: No scores received Dancing with the Stars (season 3) - Dance chart Couple Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Night 1 Night 2 Emmitt & Cheryl Cha-cha-cha Quickstep Tango Paso doble Samba Jive GroupDisco Waltz Mambo Foxtrot Rumba Waltz Cha-cha-cha Samba Mambo Freestyle Mario & Karina Cha-cha-cha Quickstep Tango Paso doble Rumba Mambo Foxtrot Jive Waltz Samba Tango Cha-cha-cha Samba Paso doble Freestyle Joey & Edyta Cha-cha-cha Quickstep Jive Waltz Samba Rumba Foxtrot Mambo Tango Paso doble Quickstep Rumba Monique & Louis Foxtrot Mambo Jive Waltz Rumba Samba Quickstep Paso doble Tango Cha-cha-cha Jerry & Kym Cha-cha-cha Quickstep Tango Waltz Samba Paso doble Foxtrot Mambo Sara & Tony Foxtrot Mambo Jive Paso doble Samba Willa & Maks Foxtrot Mambo Jive Waltz Rumba Vivica & Nick Foxtrot Mambo Tango Paso doble Harry & Ashly Cha-cha-cha Quickstep Tango Shanna & Jesse Foxtrot Mambo Tucker & Elena Cha-cha-cha Notes ^ No scores were received for this dance. References ^ "Scoring and elimination procedure for Dancing with the Stars, Season 3". Abc.go.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2010. ^ "Emmitt Smith Wins 'Dancing With the Stars'". Fox News. Fox. Associated Press. November 16, 2006. Archived from the original on June 7, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2006. ^ ^ "People Connection – Main". People.aol.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2006. Retrieved April 23, 2010. ^ "Willa Ford declines to fill Sara Evans' 'Dancing with the Stars' shoes – Reality TV World – News, information, episode summaries, message boards, chat and games for unscripted television programs". Reality TV World. October 17, 2006. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2010. ^ Archived November 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ^ Sher, Lauren (July 27, 2012). "'Dancing With The Stars' All-Stars: Season 15 Cast Announced". ABC News. Retrieved July 4, 2023. ^ Barrett, Annie. "The Dancing With the Stars finale: Touchdown!". EW.com. Retrieved October 8, 2022. External links Official website vteDancing with the Stars (American TV series)Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15: All-Stars 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26: Athletes 27 28 29 30 31 32 ParticipantsList of competitorsWinnersCelebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Adam Rippon Bobby Bones Hannah Brown Kaitlyn Bristowe Iman Shumpert Charli D'Amelio Xochitl Gomez Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Jenna Johnson Sharna Burgess Alan Bersten Artem Chigvintsev Daniella Karagach Other professionalsCurrent Brandon Armstrong Sasha Farber Gleb Savchenko Britt Stewart Former Corky Ballas Inna Brayer Henry Byalikov Dmitry Chaplin Ashly DelGrosso Anna Demidova Brian Fortuna Elena Grinenko Chelsie Hightower Allison Holker Nick Kosovich Tristan MacManus Keo Motsepe Jonathan Roberts Fabian Sanchez Lacey Schwimmer Edyta Śliwińska Anna Trebunskaya Louis van Amstel Damian Whitewood Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance! Other versions Dancing with the Stars: Juniors	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dancing With the Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(US_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scoring-3-1"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"Emmitt Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmitt_Smith"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Burke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mario Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Karina Smirnoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karina_Smirnoff"},{"link_name":"Joey Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Edyta Śliwińska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edyta_%C5%9Aliwi%C5%84ska"}],"text":"Season of television seriesSeason three of Dancing With the Stars premiered on September 12, 2006, on the ABC network.For this season, the scoring system was changed. Fan vote only counted for 25% of the total score and scoring was now translated directly from percentages rather than into ordinals. The judges scores were added up, and each performer was given points based on the percentage of the total points distributed among all performers. (For example, a team received a score of 25. A total of 207 points were awarded to all nine performers. The team received 12.08% of that total, so that team earned 12.08 points. The couple happens to be Sara & Tony.) The fan vote was handled the same way, with the points based on how much of the total fan vote the star received. (So, in the same example, if the team earned 15% of the total fan vote, their grand total is 27.08 points.)[1]On November 15, Dallas Cowboys running back Emmitt Smith and Cheryl Burke were crowned the champions,[2] while actor Mario Lopez and Karina Smirnoff finished in second place, and actor Joey Lawrence and Edyta Śliwińska finished in third.","title":"Dancing with the Stars (American TV series) season 3"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sara Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Evans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_withdrawal-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans_Oct._17-4"},{"link_name":"Willa Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willa_Ford"},{"link_name":"Headline News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headline_News"},{"link_name":"Robin & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Meade"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-no_Ford_return-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oct._18_release-6"},{"link_name":"All-Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(American_season_15)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Couples","text":"This season featured eleven celebrity contestants. On October 12, 2006, Sara Evans announced her withdrawal from the competition to be with her children after filing for divorce from her husband.[3] In a \"final appearance\",[4] a pre-taped interview with Evans about her decision was shown on October 17. Willa Ford stated on Headline News' Robin & Company that ABC had invited her to return to the competition, but she declined.[5] At the end of the October 18 results show, it was revealed that there would be no elimination for the week due to Evans' departure.[6] The scores from week 6 carried over to week 7.Future appearancesEmmitt Smith returned for the All-Stars season, where he was again paired with Cheryl Burke.[7]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Bergeron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bergeron"},{"link_name":"Samantha Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Harris"},{"link_name":"Carrie Ann Inaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Ann_Inaba"},{"link_name":"Len Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Bruno Tonioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Tonioli"}],"sub_title":"Hosts and judges","text":"Tom Bergeron and Samantha Harris returned as co-hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bottom2_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bottom2_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bottom2_10-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bottom2_10-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bottom2_10-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bottom2_10-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bottom2_10-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bottom2_10-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bottom2_10-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elim_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elim_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elim_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elim_11-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elim_11-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elim_11-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elim_11-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elim_11-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"}],"text":"The highest score each week is indicated in bold green with a dagger (†), while the lowest score each week is indicated in italicized red with a double-dagger (‡).Color key:Winners\n Runners-up\n Third place\n Bottom two or three\n Withdrew from competition\n EliminatedNotes^ This couple finished in first place.\n\n^ This couple finished in second place.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i This couple was in the bottom two or three, but was not eliminated.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h This couple was eliminated.\n\n^ This couple withdrew from the competition.","title":"Scoring chart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carrie Ann Inaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Ann_Inaba"},{"link_name":"Len Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Bruno Tonioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Tonioli"}],"text":"Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.","title":"Weekly scores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cha-cha-cha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)"},{"link_name":"foxtrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtrot"}],"sub_title":"Week 1","text":"Each couple performed either the cha-cha-cha or the foxtrot. Couples are listed in the order they performed.","title":"Weekly scores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambo_(dance)"},{"link_name":"quickstep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quickstep"}],"sub_title":"Week 2","text":"Each couple performed either the mambo or the quickstep. Couples are listed in the order they performed.","title":"Weekly scores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_(dance)"},{"link_name":"tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango"}],"sub_title":"Week 3","text":"Each couple performed either the jive or the tango. Couples are listed in the order they performed.","title":"Weekly scores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paso doble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasodoble"},{"link_name":"waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz"}],"sub_title":"Week 4","text":"Each couple performed either the paso doble or the waltz. Couples are listed in the order they performed.","title":"Weekly scores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumba"},{"link_name":"samba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(ballroom_dance)"}],"sub_title":"Week 5","text":"Each couple performed either the rumba or the samba. Couples are listed in the order they performed.","title":"Weekly scores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sara Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Evans"}],"sub_title":"Week 6","text":"Each couple performed one unlearned dance, plus a group disco dance. Due to Sara Evans' withdraw from the competition, there was no elimination at the end of the night. Couples are listed in the order they performed.","title":"Weekly scores"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 7","text":"Each couple performed two unlearned dances. Couples are listed in the order they performed.","title":"Weekly scores"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 8: Halloween Week","text":"Each couple performed two dances. Couples are listed in the order they performed.","title":"Weekly scores"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 9","text":"Each couple performed two dances. Couples are listed in the order they performed.","title":"Weekly scores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"samba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(ballroom_dance)"},{"link_name":"freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_dance"}],"sub_title":"Week 10","text":"Each couple performed three dances: the samba, their favorite dance of the season, and their freestyle routine. Couples are listed in the order they performed.","title":"Weekly scores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"}],"text":"The couples performed the following each week:Week 1: One unlearned dance (cha-cha-cha or foxtrot)\nWeek 2: One unlearned dance (mambo or quickstep)\nWeek 3: One unlearned dance (jive or tango)\nWeek 4: One unlearned dance (paso doble or waltz)\nWeek 5: One unlearned dance (rumba or samba)\nWeek 6: One unlearned dance & disco group dance\nWeek 7: Two unlearned dances\nWeek 8: Two unlearned dances\nWeek 9: One unlearned dance & redemption dance\nWeek 10 (Night 1): Samba & favorite dance of the season\nWeek 10 (Night 2): FreestyleColor key:No scores receivedNotes^ No scores were received for this dance.","title":"Dance chart"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Scoring and elimination procedure for Dancing with the Stars, Season 3\". Abc.go.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://abc.go.com/primetime/dancing/vote.html","url_text":"\"Scoring and elimination procedure for Dancing with the Stars, Season 3\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310033122/http://abc.go.com/primetime/dancing/vote.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Emmitt Smith Wins 'Dancing With the Stars'\". Fox News. Fox. Associated Press. November 16, 2006. Archived from the original on June 7, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/11/16/emmitt-smith-wins-dancing-with-stars.html","url_text":"\"Emmitt Smith Wins 'Dancing With the Stars'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News","url_text":"Fox News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"Fox"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170607043954/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/11/16/emmitt-smith-wins-dancing-with-stars.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"People Connection – Main\". People.aol.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2006. Retrieved April 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.aol.com/people/article/0,26334,1545889,00.html","url_text":"\"People Connection – Main\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061202020342/http://people.aol.com/people/article/0,26334,1545889,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Willa Ford declines to fill Sara Evans' 'Dancing with the Stars' shoes – Reality TV World – News, information, episode summaries, message boards, chat and games for unscripted television programs\". Reality TV World. October 17, 2006. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/willa-ford-declines-fill-sara-evans-dancing-with-stars-shoes-4379.php","url_text":"\"Willa Ford declines to fill Sara Evans' 'Dancing with the Stars' shoes – Reality TV World – News, information, episode summaries, message boards, chat and games for unscripted television programs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100524115833/http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/willa-ford-declines-fill-sara-evans-dancing-with-stars-shoes-4379.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sher, Lauren (July 27, 2012). \"'Dancing With The Stars' All-Stars: Season 15 Cast Announced\". ABC News. Retrieved July 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/dancing-stars-stars-season-15-cast-announced/story?id=16868617","url_text":"\"'Dancing With The Stars' All-Stars: Season 15 Cast Announced\""}]},{"reference":"Barrett, Annie. \"The Dancing With the Stars finale: Touchdown!\". EW.com. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/recap/dancing-stars-finale-touchdown/","url_text":"\"The Dancing With the Stars finale: Touchdown!\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://abc.go.com/primetime/dancing/vote.html","external_links_name":"\"Scoring and elimination procedure for Dancing with the Stars, Season 3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310033122/http://abc.go.com/primetime/dancing/vote.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/11/16/emmitt-smith-wins-dancing-with-stars.html","external_links_name":"\"Emmitt Smith Wins 'Dancing With the Stars'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170607043954/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/11/16/emmitt-smith-wins-dancing-with-stars.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061013/ENTERTAINMENT06/61013002","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://people.aol.com/people/article/0,26334,1545889,00.html","external_links_name":"\"People Connection – Main\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061202020342/http://people.aol.com/people/article/0,26334,1545889,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/willa-ford-declines-fill-sara-evans-dancing-with-stars-shoes-4379.php","external_links_name":"\"Willa Ford declines to fill Sara Evans' 'Dancing with the Stars' shoes – Reality TV World – News, information, episode summaries, message boards, chat and games for unscripted television programs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100524115833/http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/willa-ford-declines-fill-sara-evans-dancing-with-stars-shoes-4379.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://abcmedianet.com/shared/ams/assets/both/2006/010/16/101606_19.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061128063426/http://abcmedianet.com/shared/ams/assets/both/2006/010/16/101606_19.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/dancing-stars-stars-season-15-cast-announced/story?id=16868617","external_links_name":"\"'Dancing With The Stars' All-Stars: Season 15 Cast Announced\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/recap/dancing-stars-finale-touchdown/","external_links_name":"\"The Dancing With the Stars finale: Touchdown!\""},{"Link":"http://abc.go.com/shows/dancing-with-the-stars","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArchNet	ArchNet	["1 History and Conceptualization","2 Partners and resources","3 Site Content","3.1 IJAR","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Digital humanities project on Islamic architecture and the built environment of Muslim societies Archnet homepage, March 8, 2018. Archnet logo (2002–2013) Archnet is a collaborative digital humanities project focused on Islamic architecture and the built environment of Muslim societies. Conceptualized in 1998 and originally developed at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning in co-operation with the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. It has been maintained by the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT and the Aga Khan Trust for Culture since 2011. Archnet is an open access resource providing all users with resources on architecture, urban design and development in the Muslim world. History and Conceptualization The Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) is an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN). Through various programmes, partnerships, and initiatives, the AKTC seeks to improve the built environment in Asia and Africa where there is a significant Muslim presence. Archnet complements the work of the Trust by making its resources digitally accessible to individuals worldwide. Archnet was conceptualized in 1998 during a series of discussions between Aga Khan IV; the President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Charles Vest; and the Dean of MIT’s School of Architecture and Planning, William J. Mitchell. The foundations of Archnet were predicated on remarks made by Aga Khan in Istanbul in 1983, about his desire to make available the extensive dossiers resulting from the nominations for the Aga Khan Award for Architecture (AKAA) for the purpose of “ those institutions where the professionals of the future are trained.” The purpose of the website is to create a viable platform upon which knowledge pertaining to the field of architecture can be shared. Archnet aims to expand the general intellectual frame of reference to transcend the barriers of geography, socio-economic status and religion, and to foster a spirit of collaboration and open dialogue. Archnet therefore manifests many of the Aga Khan’s values and principles regarding not only rural and urban development but also pluralism and the role of culture, while exemplifying MIT’s OpenCourseWare initiative, giving everyone access to its course material free of charge. The website came to fruition in 2000 and was officially launched on September 27, 2002 by Lawrence Summers, then President of Harvard University; Charles Vest, then President of MIT; and the Aga Khan. It continues to grow with new institutional partners in North America and abroad as well as individual users. Today it has over seventy-five thousand users — fifty percent of whom are students or teachers — representing over one hundred fifty countries and averaging over five thousand unique visitors a day. In 2011 Archnet became a collaboration between the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) and the newly created Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT (AKDC @ MIT). After assessing ten years of data on the use of the site and its impact of the material it contains on teaching, learning, and the practice of architecture in Muslim societies, the redevelopment of Archnet begin and 2013. Registration, logins and all barriers to access were removed when the new version of the site, Archnet 2.0, launched in January 2014. Partners and resources Archnet makes accessible an extensive collection of resources from numerous participating institutions for students, educators, and professionals, and is a particularly useful tool for individuals who have limited access to architectural publications. The online library first consisted of two hundred thousand images held by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, and four hundred thousand held by MIT and Harvard University, but has grown considerably because of over 1,000 individuals and institutions who have contributed resources. The library is made up of photographs, line drawings, CAD drawings, published papers, video, and text resources including the Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. A considerable portion of the resources come from the archives of the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard and MIT. Other important institutions that share their extensive archives include the Department of Architecture and Design at the American University of Beirut, the Department of Architecture at the American University of Sharjah, the Center for the Study of the Built Environment, the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Damascus, the Erciyes University Architectural Association, the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, the Faculty of Architecture of Istanbul Technical University, the Department of Architecture at Middle East Technical University, the Department of Architecture at Misr International University, the Rizvi College of Architecture, and the Faculty of the Built Environment at Universiti Teknologi MARA in Malaysia. Because of the Trust’s programming activities, such as the Historic Cities Support Programme and the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, significant case studies are conducted, yielding valuable research that is made available through Archnet. The collection also comprises the archives of the French architect-planner Michel Ecochard and the Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy, winner of the first AKAA Chairman’s Award in 1980, archives of the founders of the School of Architecture at the University of Baghdad, and others. Site Content With the relaunch of Archnet in 2013, the directors decided to make the resource completely open access, with no barriers to use, including logins. Archnet's user community was notified to remove content from all proprietary user spaces, and discussion the discussion forum was archived. Announcements and other current information are now posted on Archnet's social media presences. Archnet's digital library includes: Publications/files – books, journals, presentation boards, architectural drawings, presentations, project reports, and the like. Journals available on Archnet include full runs and complete contents of journals that has ceased publication, such as ''Majallat al-Imarah (مجلة العِمارة), Mimar: Architecture in Development, and Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre; current journals, excluding the last three years; and an electronic journal, the International Journal of Architectural Research (IJAR). Video/audio – Includes recordings, interviews, lectures, scholarly presentations, 3D visualizations, and special collections such as the Music of Morocco. Images – Currently the largest component of the collection, Archnet images include historical and contemporary images such as architectural drawings, digital photographs, digitized negatives, photographs, and slides, and engravings. There are general views of cities and individual buildings, as well as detail views of particular features. Associated names – These include architects, patrons, designers, authors, artists, photographers, clients, and any other persons associated with a record. As of March 1, 2018, there were nearly 7,000 name records in the database. Collections – A selection of related items such as architects' archives, publication series, regional surveys, reference works, and resources of various initiatives of the Aga Khan Development Network, including the Aga Khan Museum, the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard and MIT, the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, and the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme. Institutional sections highlight projects, research, courses and publications of Archnet partners. The Pedagogy Project provides access to syllabi, course information, and pedagogy with a special emphasis on Islamic architecture. The items in the collection come from academic institutions around the world. Timeline provides a visual representation of some of the most often studied period and sites in the history of Islamic architecture. IJAR The ArchNet International Journal of Architectural Research (IJAR) is an online academic blind-reviewed publication on architecture, planning and built environment studies. The journal “aims at strengthening ties between scholars from different parts of the world” as well as bridging the gap between the theory and practice of Architecture with a special focus on architecture and planning in the developing world. The concept of the journal was first developed in 1999 when Shiraz Allibhai, then a project officer with the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, was responsible for coordinating the efforts of creating Archnet. The journal was developed at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning with the support of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and debuted in March 2007 and is currently under the editorship of Ashraf M. Salama. It is published by Archnet three times a year (in March, July and November) on the internet. The journal typically features articles written by architects, interior designers, planners, and landscape architects working at both public and private institutions. It addresses academics, practitioners, and students of architecture and interior design and in general those who are “interested in developing their understanding and enhancing their knowledge about how environments are designed, created, and used in physical, social, cultural, economic, and aesthetic terms”. See also List of professional architecture organizations References ^ "Archnet.org 2.0: Leading website on architecture, design and conservation issues in the Muslim World relaunched \| Aga Khan Development Network". www.akdn.org. Archived from the original on 2018-03-10. Retrieved 2018-03-09. ^ a b c d e f ArchNet: Building a Global Community (PDF), Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2003, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-30, retrieved 2007-10-12 ^ "About \| Archnet". archnet.org. Retrieved 2018-03-09. ^ Serageldin, Ismail (1989), "Aga Khan Award for Architecture" in, Space for Freedom, London: Butterworth ^ His Highness the Aga Khan (1983-09-04), Speech at the Ceremony of the second cycle of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in Istanbul, Turkey, retrieved 2007-10-12. ^ a b c Aga Khan Trust for Culture: The Cultural Agency of the Aga Khan Development Network (PDF), Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2007, archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2008, retrieved 2007-10-12 ^ About OCW, 2002–2007, retrieved 2007-10-12 ^ Gewertz, Ken (October 2002), "Aga Khan inaugurates Website", Harvard Gazette ^ Aga Khan launches ArchNet at MIT, retrieved 2007-10-12 ^ Science of Collaboratories: ArchNet, archived from the original on July 21, 2007, retrieved 2007-10-12 ^ Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT (AKDC @ MIT) ^ Patnaik, Elisa (February 2000), "ArchNet building bridges", The Times of India ^ ArchNet Digital Library: Hassan Fathy, archived from the original on 2008-04-22, retrieved 2007-10-12 ^ "Pioneering Iraqi architect Rifat Chadirji donates archive to AKDC \| MIT Libraries News". libraries.mit.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-09. ^ "Collections \| Aga Khan Documentation Center". libraries.mit.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-09. ^ Majallat al-Imarah (مجلة العِمارة) ^ Pedagogy Project ^ Timeline ^ "ArchNet-IJAR", Digital Library, ArchNet, archived from the original on 2007-10-11, retrieved 2007-11-02 ^ a b Salama, Ashraf (2007), "ArchNet-IJAR is setting the stage for online publishing in architectural and built environment research", ArchNet-IJAR, I (I), ArchNet: 11–14 External links Wikiversity has learning resources about Architecture at The School of Architecture Archnet.org website Archnet user guide, news, and FAQ from AKDC@MIT Islamic Art and Architecture Libguide from MIT Libraries Aga Khan Film vteIslamic architectureStyles Abbasid Ayyubid Chinese Fatimid Hausa Indo-Islamic Bengali Deccan Qutb Shahi Mughal Indonesian / Malaysian Iranian Mamluk Moorish Aghlabid Almoravid Almohad Hafsid Zayyanid Ottoman Seljuk Somali Sudano-Sahelian Swahili Tatar Timurid Umayyad Yemeni ElementsMaterials Qadad Tadelakt Arches Chahartaq (four-arch structure) Discharging arch Four-centred arch Horseshoe arch Lambrequin arch Multifoil arch Ogee arch Pointed arch Squinch Vaulting Roofs Dome (Arabic dome / Onion dome / Persian dome / South Asian dome) Semi-dome Tajug Chhajja (eaves) Religiousobjects Anaza Bedug Dikka (or müezzin mahfili) Gonbad Hussainiya Imamzadeh Kiswah Loudspeakers Maqsurah Mihrab Minaret Minbar Qibla Zarih Decorations (For overview, see Islamic ornament) Ablaq (multicoloured ashlar) Alfiz Arabesque Banna'i Girih Girih tiles Islamic calligraphy Islamic geometric patterns Jali Mosque lamp Muqarnas Nagash painting Qashani Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf) Shabaka Shamsa Sitara Socarrat Stucco decoration Zellij Rooms Andaruni Harem Iwan Liwan (entrance hall) Mirador Hosh Qa’a Zenana Gardens Bagh Charbagh Islamic garden Mughal garden Paradise garden Persian gardens Reflecting pool Riad Outdoorobjects Chhatri Eidgah Fina Mechouar Sebil Shadirvan Passivecooling Hypostyle Howz (fountain type) Jharokha Kucheh Mashrabiya Riwaq (arcade) Sahn (courtyard) Salsabil (fountain) Shabestan Shading Umbrellas Windcatcher TypesReligious Congregational mosque Dar al-Muwaqqit Dargah Gongbei Jama'at Khana Khanqah Külliye Kuttab (or maktab) Madrasa Maqam Maqbara Mazar Mosque Musalla Qubba Rauza Surau Takya (or takyeh in modern Iran) Türbe Zawiya Civilian Baradari Bazaar Caravanserai Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan) Ghorfa Hammam Hasht-Bihisht Kasbah Mahal Medina quarter Souq Well house Military Albarrana tower Alcázar Amsar Kasbah Ksar Qalat Ribat Resources Aga Khan Award for Architecture ArchNet Museum with No Frontiers Influences Indo-Saracenic Revival Influences on Western architecture Moorish Revival Mudéjar Category pages Arabic architecture Berber architecture Iranian architecture Islamic architecture Moorish architecture Mughal architecture Ottoman architecture Sudano-Sahelian architecture Yemeni architecture Part of Islamic arts • Architecture portal • Islam portal vteWebby AwardsNominee, 1997 award in the category ScienceAwards ceremonies 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 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Cyprus1 1 Has significant territory in Asia.Architecture of North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Netherlands Antilles Puerto Rico Saint-Pierre and Miquelon Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Architecture of Oceania Australia Australia Norfolk Island Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Melanesia East Timor Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Vanuatu Micronesia Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Northern Mariana Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru Palau Polynesia American Samoa Cook Islands French Polynesia New Zealand Niue Pitcairn Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Wallis and Futuna Architecture of South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Territories Aruba Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands vteHistory of architecture Architectural timeline History of construction BCE Neolithic Mesopotamian Ancient Egyptian Hindu Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Aegean Minoan Mycenaean Etruscan Classical Ancient Greek Ancient Roman Herodian Incan Pre-Islamic Persian Achaemenid 1st millennium Sasanian Byzantine Russian Kievan Rus' Muscovite Dravidian Islamic Umayyad Moorish Abbasid Fatimid Islamic Persian Medieval Scandinavian Pre-Romanesque Carolingian 1000–1500 Romanesque Ottonian Norman Indian Hoysala Vijayanagara Western Chalukya Islamic Mamluk Seljuk Timurid Ottoman Indo-Islamic Romano-Gothic Gothic Sondergotik Renaissance Plateresque 1500–1750 Manueline Palladian Spanish Colonial Portuguese Colonial Mughal Sikh 1750–1900 Baroque Andean 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Korean Newari Portuguese Russian Spanish Somali vteGenres of modern architectureAlphabetically Art Deco Art Nouveau Bauhaus Blobitecture Brutalism Bowellism Constructivism Contemporary Critical regionalism De Stijl Deconstructivism Expressionism Functionalism Futurism Googie High-tech International style Metabolism Mid-Century modern Modernisme Monumentalism Neo-Futurism Neomodern New Classical New Objectivity Organicism Postconstructivism Postmodernism PWA Moderne Prairie School Rationalist-Fascist Rondocubism Stalinist Streamline Moderne Stripped Classicism Structuralism Sustainable Tropical By start year /decade Modernisme (1888–1911) Art Nouveau (1890–1910) Prairie School (1890s–1920s) Expressionism (1910–) Stripped Classicism (1913–) De Stijl (1917–1931) Bauhaus (1919–1933) Constructivism (1920–1932) Rondocubism (1921–1929) New Objectivity (1922–1933) Streamline Moderne (1925–1950) Rationalist-Fascist (1920s–1930s) International style (1920s–) Functionalism (1920s–1970s) Futurism (1920s–) Organicism (1920s–) Art Deco (1910–1939) Postconstructivism (1930s) PWA Moderne (1933–1944) Stalinist (1930s–1950s) Googie (1930s–1970) Mid-century modern (1933–1969) Brutalism (1940s–late 1970s) Tropical (1958–) Structuralism (1959–) Metabolism (1959–) Postmodernism (1960s–) Blobitecture (1960s–) Neo-futurism (1960s–) High-tech (1970s–) Critical regionalism (1980s–) Deconstructivism (1980s–) Neomodern (1990s–) New Classical (1990s–) Contemporary (2000s–) Architecture portal Related articles	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Homepage-3-8-2018.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LOGO,_ArchNet_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"digital humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_humanities"},{"link_name":"Islamic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture"},{"link_name":"MIT School of Architecture and Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_School_of_Architecture_and_Planning"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan Trust for Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Trust_for_Culture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"open access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archnet2003-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Archnet homepage, March 8, 2018.Archnet logo (2002–2013)Archnet is a collaborative digital humanities project focused on Islamic architecture and the built environment of Muslim societies. Conceptualized in 1998 and originally developed at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning in co-operation with the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. It has been maintained by the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT and the Aga Khan Trust for Culture since 2011.[1]Archnet is an open access resource providing all users with resources on architecture, urban design and development in the Muslim world.[2][3]","title":"ArchNet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aga Khan Trust for Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Trust_for_Culture"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan Development Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Development_Network"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-on_akaa-I.Serageldin-4"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Charles Vest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vest"},{"link_name":"William J. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archnet2003-2"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan Award for Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-akivspch-04/09/83-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archnet2003-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aktc2007-6"},{"link_name":"OpenCourseWare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about_OCW-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarvardGazette02/10/03-8"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Summers"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MITnewsoffice-9"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sciencesofcollaboration-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) is an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN). Through various programmes, partnerships, and initiatives, the AKTC seeks to improve the built environment in Asia and Africa where there is a significant Muslim presence.[4] Archnet complements the work of the Trust by making its resources digitally accessible to individuals worldwide.Archnet was conceptualized in 1998 during a series of discussions between Aga Khan IV; the President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Charles Vest; and the Dean of MIT’s School of Architecture and Planning, William J. Mitchell.[2] The foundations of Archnet were predicated on remarks made by Aga Khan in Istanbul in 1983, about his desire to make available the extensive dossiers resulting from the nominations for the Aga Khan Award for Architecture (AKAA) for the purpose of “[assisting] those institutions where the professionals of the future are trained.”[5]The purpose of the website is to create a viable platform upon which knowledge pertaining to the field of architecture can be shared. Archnet aims to expand the general intellectual frame of reference to transcend the barriers of geography, socio-economic status and religion, and to foster a spirit of collaboration and open dialogue.[2] Archnet therefore manifests many of the Aga Khan’s values and principles regarding not only rural and urban development but also pluralism and the role of culture,[6] while exemplifying MIT’s OpenCourseWare initiative, giving everyone access to its course material free of charge.[7]The website came to fruition in 2000 and was officially launched on September 27, 2002[8] by Lawrence Summers, then President of Harvard University; Charles Vest, then President of MIT; and the Aga Khan.[9] It continues to grow with new institutional partners in North America and abroad as well as individual users. Today it has over seventy-five thousand users — fifty percent of whom are students or teachers — representing over one hundred fifty countries and averaging over five thousand unique visitors a day.[10]In 2011 Archnet became a collaboration between the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) and the newly created Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT (AKDC @ MIT).[11] After assessing ten years of data on the use of the site and its impact of the material it contains on teaching, learning, and the practice of architecture in Muslim societies, the redevelopment of Archnet begin and 2013. Registration, logins and all barriers to access were removed when the new version of the site, Archnet 2.0, launched in January 2014.","title":"History and Conceptualization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archnet2003-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aktc2007-6"},{"link_name":"American University of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"American University of Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Sharjah"},{"link_name":"University of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Erciyes University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erciyes_University"},{"link_name":"Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Trust_for_Art_and_Cultural_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"Middle East Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"Misr International University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misr_International_University"},{"link_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_MARA"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aktc2007-6"},{"link_name":"Historic Cities Support Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Historic_Cities_Support_Programme"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTimesofIndia00/29/02-12"},{"link_name":"Michel Ecochard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ecochard"},{"link_name":"Hassan Fathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Fathy"},{"link_name":"University of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchNetDigitalLibrary-HassanFathy-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Archnet makes accessible an extensive collection of resources from numerous participating institutions for students, educators, and professionals, and is a particularly useful tool for individuals who have limited access to architectural publications.[2][6] The online library first consisted of two hundred thousand images held by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, and four hundred thousand held by MIT and Harvard University, but has grown considerably because of over 1,000 individuals and institutions who have contributed resources. The library is made up of photographs, line drawings, CAD drawings, published papers, video, and text resources including the Dictionary of Islamic Architecture.A considerable portion of the resources come from the archives of the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard and MIT. Other important institutions that share their extensive archives include the Department of Architecture and Design at the American University of Beirut, the Department of Architecture at the American University of Sharjah, the Center for the Study of the Built Environment, the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Damascus, the Erciyes University Architectural Association, the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, the Faculty of Architecture of Istanbul Technical University, the Department of Architecture at Middle East Technical University, the Department of Architecture at Misr International University, the Rizvi College of Architecture, and the Faculty of the Built Environment at Universiti Teknologi MARA in Malaysia.[6]Because of the Trust’s programming activities, such as the Historic Cities Support Programme and the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, significant case studies are conducted, yielding valuable research that is made available through Archnet.[12]The collection also comprises the archives of the French architect-planner Michel Ecochard and the Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy, winner of the first AKAA Chairman’s Award in 1980, archives of the founders of the School of Architecture at the University of Baghdad, and others.[13][14][15]","title":"Partners and resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Historic_Cities_Programme"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archnet2003-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Islamic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archnet2003-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"With the relaunch of Archnet in 2013, the directors decided to make the resource completely open access, with no barriers to use, including logins. Archnet's user community was notified to remove content from all proprietary user spaces, and discussion the discussion forum was archived. Announcements and other current information are now posted on Archnet's social media presences.Archnet's digital library includes:Publications/files – books, journals, presentation boards, architectural drawings, presentations, project reports, and the like. Journals available on Archnet include full runs and complete contents of journals that has ceased publication, such as ''Majallat al-Imarah (مجلة العِمارة),[16] Mimar: Architecture in Development, and Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre; current journals, excluding the last three years; and an electronic journal, the International Journal of Architectural Research (IJAR).\nVideo/audio – Includes recordings, interviews, lectures, scholarly presentations, 3D visualizations, and special collections such as the Music of Morocco.\nImages – Currently the largest component of the collection, Archnet images include historical and contemporary images such as architectural drawings, digital photographs, digitized negatives, photographs, and slides, and engravings. There are general views of cities and individual buildings, as well as detail views of particular features.\nAssociated names – These include architects, patrons, designers, authors, artists, photographers, clients, and any other persons associated with a record. As of March 1, 2018, there were nearly 7,000 name records in the database.\nCollections – A selection of related items such as architects' archives, publication series, regional surveys, reference works, and resources of various initiatives of the Aga Khan Development Network, including the Aga Khan Museum, the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard and MIT, the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, and the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme.Institutional sections highlight projects, research, courses and publications of Archnet partners.[2] The Pedagogy Project[17] provides access to syllabi, course information, and pedagogy with a special emphasis on Islamic architecture. The items in the collection come from academic institutions around the world.[2] Timeline[18] provides a visual representation of some of the most often studied period and sites in the history of Islamic architecture.","title":"Site Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archnet-IJAR-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutIJAR-20"},{"link_name":"Ashraf M. Salama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashraf_Salama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutIJAR-20"}],"sub_title":"IJAR","text":"The ArchNet International Journal of Architectural Research (IJAR) is an online academic blind-reviewed publication on architecture, planning and built environment studies.[19] The journal “aims at strengthening ties between scholars from different parts of the world” as well as bridging the gap between the theory and practice of Architecture with a special focus on architecture and planning in the developing world. The concept of the journal was first developed in 1999 when Shiraz Allibhai, then a project officer with the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, was responsible for coordinating the efforts of creating Archnet.[20] The journal was developed at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning with the support of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and debuted in March 2007 and is currently under the editorship of Ashraf M. Salama. It is published by Archnet three times a year (in March, July and November) on the internet.The journal typically features articles written by architects, interior designers, planners, and landscape architects working at both public and private institutions. It addresses academics, practitioners, and students of architecture and interior design and in general those who are “interested in developing their understanding and enhancing their knowledge about how environments are designed, created, and used in physical, social, cultural, economic, and aesthetic terms”.[20]","title":"Site Content"}]	[{"image_text":"Archnet homepage, March 8, 2018.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Homepage-3-8-2018.jpg/220px-Homepage-3-8-2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Archnet logo (2002–2013)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/LOGO%2C_ArchNet_1.JPG/220px-LOGO%2C_ArchNet_1.JPG"}]	[{"title":"List of professional architecture organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professional_architecture_organizations"}]	[{"reference":"\"Archnet.org 2.0: Leading website on architecture, design and conservation issues in the Muslim World relaunched \| Aga Khan Development Network\". www.akdn.org. Archived from the original on 2018-03-10. Retrieved 2018-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010531/http://www.akdn.org/news/archnetorg-20-leading-website-architecture-design-and-conservation-issues-muslim-world","url_text":"\"Archnet.org 2.0: Leading website on architecture, design and conservation issues in the Muslim World relaunched \| Aga Khan Development Network\""},{"url":"http://www.akdn.org/news/archnetorg-20-leading-website-architecture-design-and-conservation-issues-muslim-world","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ArchNet: Building a Global Community (PDF), Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2003, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-30, retrieved 2007-10-12","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090930092644/http://www.akdn.org/publications/archnet.pdf","url_text":"ArchNet: Building a Global Community"},{"url":"http://www.akdn.org/publications/archnet.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About \| Archnet\". archnet.org. Retrieved 2018-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://archnet.org/pages/about","url_text":"\"About \| Archnet\""}]},{"reference":"Serageldin, Ismail (1989), \"Aga Khan Award for Architecture\" in, Space for Freedom, London: Butterworth","urls":[]},{"reference":"His Highness the Aga Khan (1983-09-04), Speech at the Ceremony of the second cycle of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in Istanbul, Turkey, retrieved 2007-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ismaili.net/speech/s830904.html","url_text":"Speech at the Ceremony of the second cycle of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"reference":"Aga Khan Trust for Culture: The Cultural Agency of the Aga Khan Development Network (PDF), Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2007, archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2008, retrieved 2007-10-12","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080511210922/http://www.akdn.org/aktc/AKTC_Brochure2007.pdf","url_text":"Aga Khan Trust for Culture: The Cultural Agency of the Aga Khan Development Network"},{"url":"http://www.akdn.org/aktc/AKTC_Brochure2007.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"About OCW, 2002–2007, retrieved 2007-10-12","urls":[{"url":"http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/about/about/index.htm","url_text":"About OCW"}]},{"reference":"Gewertz, Ken (October 2002), \"Aga Khan inaugurates Website\", Harvard Gazette","urls":[{"url":"http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/10.03/12-agakhan.html","url_text":"\"Aga Khan inaugurates Website\""}]},{"reference":"Aga Khan launches ArchNet at MIT, retrieved 2007-10-12","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2002/archnet-tt-1002.html","url_text":"Aga Khan launches ArchNet at MIT"}]},{"reference":"Science of Collaboratories: ArchNet, archived from the original on July 21, 2007, retrieved 2007-10-12","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070721101731/http://www.scienceofcollaboratories.org/Resources/collab.php?372","url_text":"Science of Collaboratories: ArchNet"},{"url":"http://www.scienceofcollaboratories.org/Resources/collab.php?372","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Patnaik, Elisa (February 2000), \"ArchNet building bridges\", The Times of India","urls":[]},{"reference":"ArchNet Digital Library: Hassan Fathy, archived from the original on 2008-04-22, retrieved 2007-10-12","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080422095959/http://archnet.org/library/parties/one-party.jsp?party_id=1","url_text":"ArchNet Digital Library: Hassan Fathy"},{"url":"http://archnet.org/library/parties/one-party.jsp?party_id=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pioneering Iraqi architect Rifat Chadirji donates archive to AKDC \| MIT Libraries News\". libraries.mit.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://libraries.mit.edu/news/pioneering-iraqi/19711/","url_text":"\"Pioneering Iraqi architect Rifat Chadirji donates archive to AKDC \| MIT Libraries News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collections \| Aga Khan Documentation Center\". libraries.mit.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/collections/","url_text":"\"Collections \| Aga Khan Documentation Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"ArchNet-IJAR\", Digital Library, ArchNet, archived from the original on 2007-10-11, retrieved 2007-11-02","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011122931/http://archnet.org/library/documents/collection.jsp?collection_id=1543","url_text":"\"ArchNet-IJAR\""},{"url":"http://archnet.org/library/documents/collection.jsp?collection_id=1543","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Salama, Ashraf (2007), \"ArchNet-IJAR is setting the stage for online publishing in architectural and built environment research\", ArchNet-IJAR, I (I), ArchNet: 11–14","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010531/http://www.akdn.org/news/archnetorg-20-leading-website-architecture-design-and-conservation-issues-muslim-world","external_links_name":"\"Archnet.org 2.0: Leading website on architecture, design and conservation issues in the Muslim World relaunched \| Aga Khan Development Network\""},{"Link":"http://www.akdn.org/news/archnetorg-20-leading-website-architecture-design-and-conservation-issues-muslim-world","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090930092644/http://www.akdn.org/publications/archnet.pdf","external_links_name":"ArchNet: Building a Global Community"},{"Link":"http://www.akdn.org/publications/archnet.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archnet.org/pages/about","external_links_name":"\"About \| Archnet\""},{"Link":"http://www.ismaili.net/speech/s830904.html","external_links_name":"Speech at the Ceremony of the second cycle of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in Istanbul, Turkey"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080511210922/http://www.akdn.org/aktc/AKTC_Brochure2007.pdf","external_links_name":"Aga Khan Trust for Culture: The Cultural Agency of the Aga Khan Development Network"},{"Link":"http://www.akdn.org/aktc/AKTC_Brochure2007.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/about/about/index.htm","external_links_name":"About OCW"},{"Link":"http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/10.03/12-agakhan.html","external_links_name":"\"Aga Khan inaugurates Website\""},{"Link":"http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2002/archnet-tt-1002.html","external_links_name":"Aga Khan launches ArchNet at MIT"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070721101731/http://www.scienceofcollaboratories.org/Resources/collab.php?372","external_links_name":"Science of Collaboratories: ArchNet"},{"Link":"http://www.scienceofcollaboratories.org/Resources/collab.php?372","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://libraries.mit.edu/akdc","external_links_name":"Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT (AKDC @ MIT)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080422095959/http://archnet.org/library/parties/one-party.jsp?party_id=1","external_links_name":"ArchNet Digital Library: Hassan Fathy"},{"Link":"http://archnet.org/library/parties/one-party.jsp?party_id=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://libraries.mit.edu/news/pioneering-iraqi/19711/","external_links_name":"\"Pioneering Iraqi architect Rifat Chadirji donates archive to AKDC \| MIT Libraries News\""},{"Link":"https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/collections/","external_links_name":"\"Collections \| Aga Khan Documentation Center\""},{"Link":"https://archnet.org/collections/39/details","external_links_name":"Majallat al-Imarah (مجلة العِمارة)"},{"Link":"https://archnet.org/pedagogy","external_links_name":"Pedagogy Project"},{"Link":"https://archnet.org/timelines/48","external_links_name":"Timeline"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011122931/http://archnet.org/library/documents/collection.jsp?collection_id=1543","external_links_name":"\"ArchNet-IJAR\""},{"Link":"http://archnet.org/library/documents/collection.jsp?collection_id=1543","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archnet.org/","external_links_name":"Archnet.org website"},{"Link":"https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/archnet/","external_links_name":"Archnet user guide, news, and FAQ from AKDC@MIT"},{"Link":"http://libguides.mit.edu/islam-arch","external_links_name":"Islamic Art and Architecture Libguide from MIT Libraries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120816231156/http://www.agakhanfilm2012.com/","external_links_name":"Aga Khan Film"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_voting	Rated voting	["1 Variants","2 Relationship to rankings","3 Analysis","3.1 Strategic voting","4 See also","5 References"]	Electoral systems with independent candidate ratings"Cardinal voting" redirects here. For the voting system used by Cardinals to elect the pope, see Papal conclave § voting.Part of the Politics seriesElectoral systems Single-winner/winner-take-allPlurality First-past-the-post Plurality at-large (plurality block voting) General ticket (party block voting) Multi-round voting Two-round Exhaustive ballot Primary election Nonpartisan unified top-four Majority at-large (two-round block voting) Ranked / preferential systems Instant-runoff (alternative vote) Contingent vote Coombs' method Condorcet methods (Copeland's, Dodgson's, Kemeny–Young, Minimax, Nanson's, ranked pairs, Schulze, Alternative Smith) Positional voting (Borda count, Nauru/Dowdall method) Bucklin voting Oklahoma primary electoral system Preferential block voting Cardinal / graded systems Score voting Approval voting Combined approval voting Unified primary Usual judgment Satisfaction approval voting Majority judgment STAR voting Proportional representationParty-list Electoral list open list closed list local lists Apportionment Sainte-Laguë D'Hondt Huntington–Hill Hare Droop Imperiali Hagenbach-Bischoff National remnant Highest averages Largest remainder Proportional forms of ranked voting Single transferable vote Gregory Wright Schulze STV CPO-STV Ranked party list PR Spare vote Proportional forms of cardinal voting Proportional approval voting Sequential proportional approval voting Method of Equal Shares Phragmen's voting rules Biproportional apportionment Fair majority voting Weighted voting Direct representation Interactive representation Liquid democracy Mixed systemsBy type of representation Mixed-member majoritarian Mixed-member proportional Non-compensatory mixed systems Parallel voting Majority bonus Compensatory mixed systems Additional member system Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer) Scorporo (negative vote transfer) Mixed ballot transferable vote Alternative Vote Plus Dual-member proportional Rural–urban proportional Other systems and related theorySemi-proportional representation Single non-transferable vote Limited voting Cumulative voting Binomial voting Other systems Multiple non-transferable vote Double simultaneous vote Proxy voting Delegated voting Indirect STV Liquid democracy Random selection (sortition, random ballot) Supermajority Social choice theory Arrow's theorem Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem Public choice theory Veto Players List of electoral systems List of electoral systems by country Comparison of electoral systems Effects of electoral systems Political fragmentation Political efficacy Voter turnout Politics portalvte On a rated ballot, the voter may rate each choice independently. An approval voting ballot does not require ranking or exclusivity. Rated voting refers to any electoral system which allows the voter to give each candidate an independent evaluation, typically a rating or grade. These are also referred to as cardinal, evaluative, or graded voting systems. Cardinal methods (based on cardinal utility) and ordinal methods (based on ordinal utility) are the two modern categories of voting systems. Variants A majority judgment ballot is based on grades like those used in schools. There are several voting systems that allow independent ratings of each candidate. For example: Score voting systems, where the candidate with the highest average (or total) rating wins. Approval voting (AV) is the simplest method, and allows only the two grades (0, 1): "approved" or "unapproved". Combined approval voting (CAV) uses 3 grades (−1, 0, +1): "against", "abstain", or "for." Range voting refers to a variant with a continuous scale from 0 to 1. The familiar five-star classification system is a common example, and allows for either 5 grades or 10 (if half-stars are used). Highest median rules, where the candidate with the highest median grade wins. The various highest median rules differ in their tie-breaking methods. Graduated majority judgment, the most common such rule. STAR (score then automatic runoff), which selects the top 2 candidates by score voting system to advance to a runoff round (where the candidate preferred by the majority wins). In addition, every cardinal system can be converted into a proportional or semi-proportional system by using Phragmen's voting rules or Thiele's voting rules. Examples include: Proportional approval voting Fair Majority Voting Method of Equal Shares Relationship to rankings Ratings ballots can be converted to ranked/preferential ballots, assuming equal ranks are allowed. For example: Rating (0 to 99) Preference order Candidate A 99 First Candidate B 55 Second Candidate C 20 Third Candidate D 20 Third Analysis Cardinal voting methods are not subject to Arrow's impossibility theorem, which proves that ranked-choice voting methods can be manipulated by strategic nominations. However, since one of these criteria (called "universality") implicitly requires that a method be ordinal, not cardinal, Arrow's theorem does not apply to cardinal methods. Others, however, argue that ratings are fundamentally invalid, because meaningful interpersonal comparisons of utility are impossible. This was Arrow's original justification for only considering ranked systems, but later in life he stated that cardinal methods are "probably the best." Psychological research has shown that cardinal ratings (on a numerical or Likert scale, for instance) are more valid and convey more information than ordinal rankings in measuring human opinion. Cardinal methods can satisfy the Condorcet winner criterion, usually by combining cardinal voting with a first stage (as in Smith//Score). Strategic voting The weighted mean utility theorem gives the optimal strategy for cardinal voting under most circumstances, which is to give the maximum score for all options with an above-average expected utility, which is equivalent to approval voting. As a result, strategic voting with score voting often results in a sincere ranking of candidates on the ballot (a property that is impossible for ranked-choice voting, by the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem). Most cardinal methods, including score voting and STAR, pass the Condorcet and Smith criteria if voters behave strategically. As a result, cardinal methods with strategic voters tend to produce results similar to Condorcet methods with honest voters. See also Ranked-choice voting, the other class of voting methods Plurality voting, the degenerate case of ranked-choice voting Arrow's impossibility theorem, a theorem on the limitations of ranked-choice voting References ^ Baujard, Antoinette; Gavrel, Frédéric; Igersheim, Herrade; Laslier, Jean-François; Lebon, Isabelle (September 2017). "How voters use grade scales in evaluative voting" (PDF). European Journal of Political Economy. 55: 14–28. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.09.006. ISSN 0176-2680. A key feature of evaluative voting is a form of independence: the voter can evaluate all the candidates in turn ... another feature of evaluative voting ... is that voters can express some degree of preference. ^ Riker, William Harrison. (1982). Liberalism against populism : a confrontation between the theory of democracy and the theory of social choice. Waveland Pr. pp. 29–30. ISBN 0881333670. OCLC 316034736. Ordinal utility is a measure of preferences in terms of rank orders—that is, first, second, etc. ... Cardinal utility is a measure of preferences on a scale of cardinal numbers, such as the scale from zero to one or the scale from one to ten. ^ "Ordinal Versus Cardinal Voting Rules: A Mechanism Design Approach". ^ Vasiljev, Sergei (April 2008). "Cardinal Voting: The Way to Escape the Social Choice Impossibility by Sergei Vasiljev :: SSRN". SSRN 1116545. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ "Score Voting". The Center for Election Science. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2016. Simplified forms of score voting automatically give skipped candidates the lowest possible score for the ballot they were skipped. Other forms have those ballots not affect the candidate's rating at all. Those forms not affecting the candidates rating frequently make use of quotas. Quotas demand a minimum proportion of voters rate that candidate in some way before that candidate is eligible to win. ^ a b c Hillinger, Claude (1 May 2005). "The Case for Utilitarian Voting". Open Access LMU. Munich. doi:10.5282/ubm/epub.653. Retrieved 15 May 2018. Specific UV rules that have been proposed are approval voting, allowing the scores 0, 1; range voting, allowing all numbers in an interval as scores; evaluative voting, allowing the scores −1, 0, 1. ^ Hillinger, Claude (1 October 2004). "On the Possibility of Democracy and Rational Collective Choice". Rochester, NY. SSRN 608821. I favor 'evaluative voting' under which a voter can vote for or against any alternative, or abstain. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Felsenthal, Dan S. (January 1989). "On combining approval with disapproval voting". Behavioral Science. 34 (1): 53–60. doi:10.1002/bs.3830340105. ISSN 0005-7940. under CAV he has three options—cast one vote in favor, abstain, or cast one vote against. ^ Vasiljev, Sergei (1 April 2008). "Cardinal Voting: The Way to Escape the Social Choice Impossibility". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN 1116545. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ a b "How I Came to Care About Voting Systems". The Center for Election Science. 21 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2016. But Arrow only intended his criteria to apply to ranking systems. ^ "Interview with Dr. Kenneth Arrow". The Center for Election Science. 6 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2016-12-10. CES: you mention that your theorem applies to preferential systems or ranking systems. ... But the system that you're just referring to, Approval Voting, falls within a class called cardinal systems. ... Dr. Arrow: And as I said, that in effect implies more information. ... I'm a little inclined to think that score systems where you categorize in maybe three or four classes probably (in spite of what I said about manipulation) is probably the best. ^ "Why Not Ranking?". The Center for Election Science. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2017. Many voting theorists have resisted asking for more than a ranking, with economics-based reasoning: utilities are not comparable between people. ... But no economist would bat an eye at asking one of the A voters above whether they'd prefer a coin flip between A and B winning or C winning outright... ^ "Modern economic theory has insisted on the ordinal concept of utility; that is, only orderings can be observed, and therefore no measurement of utility independent of these orderings has any significance. In the field of consumer's demand theory the ordinalist position turned out to create no problems; cardinal utility had no explanatory power above and beyond ordinal. Leibniz' Principle of the identity of indiscernibles demanded then the excision of cardinal utility from our thought patterns." Arrow (1967), as quoted on p. 33 by Racnchetti, Fabio (2002), "Choice without utility? Some reflections on the loose foundations of standard consumer theory", in Bianchi, Marina (ed.), The Active Consumer: Novelty and Surprise in Consumer Choice, Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy, vol. 20, Routledge, pp. 21–45 ^ "Interview with Dr. Kenneth Arrow". The Center for Election Science. 6 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2016-12-10. CES: you mention that your theorem applies to preferential systems or ranking systems. ... But ... Approval Voting, falls within a class called cardinal systems. ... Dr. Arrow: And as I said, that in effect implies more information. ... I'm a little inclined to think that score systems where you categorize in maybe three or four classes ... is probably the best. ^ Conklin, E. S.; Sutherland, J. W. (1 February 1923). "A Comparison of the Scale of Values Method with the Order-of-Merit Method". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 6 (1): 44–57. doi:10.1037/h0074763. ISSN 0022-1015. the scale-of-values method can be used for approximately the same purposes as the order-of-merit method, but that the scale-of-values method is a better means of obtaining a record of judgments ^ Moore, Michael (1 July 1975). "Rating versus ranking in the Rokeach Value Survey: An Israeli comparison". European Journal of Social Psychology. 5 (3): 405–408. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420050313. ISSN 1099-0992. The extremely high degree of correspondence found between ranking and rating averages ... does not leave any doubt about the preferability of the rating method for group description purposes. The obvious advantage of rating is that while its results are virtually identical to what is obtained by ranking, it supplies more information than ranking does. ^ Maio, Gregory R.; Roese, Neal J.; Seligman, Clive; Katz, Albert (1 June 1996). "Rankings, Ratings, and the Measurement of Values: Evidence for the Superior Validity of Ratings". Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 18 (2): 171–181. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1802_4. ISSN 0197-3533. Many value researchers have assumed that rankings of values are more valid than ratings of values because rankings force participants to differentiate more incisively between similarly regarded values ... Results indicated that ratings tended to evidence greater validity than rankings within moderate and low-differentiating participants. In addition, the validity of ratings was greater than rankings overall. ^ Johnson, Marilyn F.; Sallis, James F.; Hovell, Melbourne F. (1 September 1999). "Comparison of Rated and Ranked Health and Lifestyle Values". American Journal of Health Behavior. 23 (5): 356–367. doi:10.5993/AJHB.23.5.5. the test-retest reliabilities of the ranking items were slightly higher than were those of the rating items, but construct validities were lower. Because validity is the most important consideration ... the findings of the present research support the use of the rating format in assessing health values. ... added benefit of item independence, which allows for greater flexibility in statistical analyses. ... also easier than ranking items for respondents to complete. ^ Approval Voting, Steven J. Brams, Peter C. Fishburn, 1983	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papal conclave § voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave#voting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rated_voting.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Approval_ballot.svg"},{"link_name":"electoral system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_number"},{"link_name":"cardinal utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_utility"},{"link_name":"ordinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_number"},{"link_name":"ordinal utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_utility"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-url(PDF)_Ordinal_Versus_Cardinal_Voting_Rules:_A_Mechanism_Design_Approach-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlCardinal_Voting:_The_Way_to_Escape_the_Social_Choice_Impossibility_by_Sergei_Vasiljev_::_SSRN-4"}],"text":"\"Cardinal voting\" redirects here. For the voting system used by Cardinals to elect the pope, see Papal conclave § voting.On a rated ballot, the voter may rate each choice independently.An approval voting ballot does not require ranking or exclusivity.Rated voting refers to any electoral system which allows the voter to give each candidate an independent evaluation, typically a rating or grade.[1] These are also referred to as cardinal, evaluative, or graded voting systems.[citation needed]\nCardinal methods (based on cardinal utility) and ordinal methods (based on ordinal utility) are the two modern categories of voting systems.[2][3][4]","title":"Rated voting"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sample_ballot_for_Majority_Judgment_(SF).png"},{"link_name":"Score voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_voting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Approval voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approval_voting"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Combined approval voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_approval_voting"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"five-star classification system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(classification)"},{"link_name":"Highest median rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rule"},{"link_name":"median","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median"},{"link_name":"Graduated majority judgment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduated_majority_judgment"},{"link_name":"STAR (score then automatic runoff)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAR_voting"},{"link_name":"preferred by the majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_rule"},{"link_name":"Phragmen's voting rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules"},{"link_name":"Thiele's voting rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiele%27s_voting_rules"},{"link_name":"Proportional approval voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting"},{"link_name":"Fair Majority Voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Majority_Voting"},{"link_name":"Method of Equal Shares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_Equal_Shares"}],"text":"A majority judgment ballot is based on grades like those used in schools.There are several voting systems that allow independent ratings of each candidate. For example:Score voting systems, where the candidate with the highest average (or total[5]) rating wins.\nApproval voting (AV) is the simplest method, and allows only the two grades (0, 1): \"approved\" or \"unapproved\".[6]\nCombined approval voting (CAV) uses 3 grades (−1, 0, +1): \"against\", \"abstain\", or \"for.\"[6][7][8]\nRange voting refers to a variant with a continuous scale from 0 to 1.[6]\nThe familiar five-star classification system is a common example, and allows for either 5 grades or 10 (if half-stars are used).\nHighest median rules, where the candidate with the highest median grade wins. The various highest median rules differ in their tie-breaking methods.\nGraduated majority judgment, the most common such rule.\nSTAR (score then automatic runoff), which selects the top 2 candidates by score voting system to advance to a runoff round (where the candidate preferred by the majority wins).In addition, every cardinal system can be converted into a proportional or semi-proportional system by using Phragmen's voting rules or Thiele's voting rules. Examples include:Proportional approval voting\nFair Majority Voting\nMethod of Equal Shares","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ratings ballots can be converted to ranked/preferential ballots, assuming equal ranks are allowed. For example:","title":"Relationship to rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arrow's impossibility theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ranked-choice voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting"},{"link_name":"strategic nominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_nomination"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"},{"link_name":"ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rating_scale"},{"link_name":"Likert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likert_scale"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Condorcet winner criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion"},{"link_name":"Smith//Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_set"}],"text":"Cardinal voting methods are not subject to Arrow's impossibility theorem,[9] which proves that ranked-choice voting methods can be manipulated by strategic nominations.[10] However, since one of these criteria (called \"universality\") implicitly requires that a method be ordinal, not cardinal, Arrow's theorem does not apply to cardinal methods.[11][10]Others, however, argue that ratings are fundamentally invalid, because meaningful interpersonal comparisons of utility are impossible.[12] This was Arrow's original justification for only considering ranked systems,[13] but later in life he stated that cardinal methods are \"probably the best.\"[14]Psychological research has shown that cardinal ratings (on a numerical or Likert scale, for instance) are more valid and convey more information than ordinal rankings in measuring human opinion.[15][16][17][18]Cardinal methods can satisfy the Condorcet winner criterion, usually by combining cardinal voting with a first stage (as in Smith//Score).","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"expected utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"approval voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approval_voting"},{"link_name":"sincere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincere"},{"link_name":"ranked-choice voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting"},{"link_name":"Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbard%E2%80%93Satterthwaite_theorem"},{"link_name":"score voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Score_voting"},{"link_name":"STAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAR_voting"},{"link_name":"Condorcet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condorcet_criterion"},{"link_name":"Smith criteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_criterion"},{"link_name":"behave strategically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Strategic voting","text":"The weighted mean utility theorem gives the optimal strategy for cardinal voting under most circumstances, which is to give the maximum score for all options with an above-average expected utility,[19] which is equivalent to approval voting. As a result, strategic voting with score voting often results in a sincere ranking of candidates on the ballot (a property that is impossible for ranked-choice voting, by the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem).Most cardinal methods, including score voting and STAR, pass the Condorcet and Smith criteria if voters behave strategically.[citation needed] As a result, cardinal methods with strategic voters tend to produce results similar to Condorcet methods with honest voters.[citation needed]","title":"Analysis"}]	[{"image_text":"On a rated ballot, the voter may rate each choice independently.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rated_voting.png/170px-Rated_voting.png"},{"image_text":"An approval voting ballot does not require ranking or exclusivity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Approval_ballot.svg/170px-Approval_ballot.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A majority judgment ballot is based on grades like those used in schools.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sample_ballot_for_Majority_Judgment_%28SF%29.png/220px-Sample_ballot_for_Majority_Judgment_%28SF%29.png"}]	[{"title":"Ranked-choice voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting"},{"title":"Plurality voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting"},{"title":"Arrow's impossibility theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem"}]	[{"reference":"Baujard, Antoinette; Gavrel, Frédéric; Igersheim, Herrade; Laslier, Jean-François; Lebon, Isabelle (September 2017). \"How voters use grade scales in evaluative voting\" (PDF). European Journal of Political Economy. 55: 14–28. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.09.006. ISSN 0176-2680. A key feature of evaluative voting is a form of independence: the voter can evaluate all the candidates in turn ... another feature of evaluative voting ... is that voters can express some degree of preference.","urls":[{"url":"https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01618039/file/1729.pdf","url_text":"\"How voters use grade scales in evaluative voting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejpoleco.2017.09.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.09.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0176-2680","url_text":"0176-2680"}]},{"reference":"Riker, William Harrison. (1982). Liberalism against populism : a confrontation between the theory of democracy and the theory of social choice. Waveland Pr. pp. 29–30. ISBN 0881333670. OCLC 316034736. Ordinal utility is a measure of preferences in terms of rank orders—that is, first, second, etc. ... Cardinal utility is a measure of preferences on a scale of cardinal numbers, such as the scale from zero to one or the scale from one to ten.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881333670","url_text":"0881333670"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316034736","url_text":"316034736"}]},{"reference":"\"Ordinal Versus Cardinal Voting Rules: A Mechanism Design Approach\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316805816","url_text":"\"Ordinal Versus Cardinal Voting Rules: A Mechanism Design Approach\""}]},{"reference":"Vasiljev, Sergei (April 2008). \"Cardinal Voting: The Way to Escape the Social Choice Impossibility by Sergei Vasiljev :: SSRN\". SSRN 1116545.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1116545","url_text":"1116545"}]},{"reference":"\"Score Voting\". The Center for Election Science. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2016. Simplified forms of score voting automatically give skipped candidates the lowest possible score for the ballot they were skipped. Other forms have those ballots not affect the candidate's rating at all. Those forms not affecting the candidates rating frequently make use of quotas. Quotas demand a minimum proportion of voters rate that candidate in some way before that candidate is eligible to win.","urls":[{"url":"https://electology.org/score-voting","url_text":"\"Score Voting\""}]},{"reference":"Hillinger, Claude (1 May 2005). \"The Case for Utilitarian Voting\". Open Access LMU. Munich. doi:10.5282/ubm/epub.653. Retrieved 15 May 2018. Specific UV rules that have been proposed are approval voting, allowing the scores 0, 1; range voting, allowing all numbers in an interval as scores; evaluative voting, allowing the scores −1, 0, 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/653/","url_text":"\"The Case for Utilitarian Voting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5282%2Fubm%2Fepub.653","url_text":"10.5282/ubm/epub.653"}]},{"reference":"Hillinger, Claude (1 October 2004). \"On the Possibility of Democracy and Rational Collective Choice\". Rochester, NY. SSRN 608821. I favor 'evaluative voting' under which a voter can vote for or against any alternative, or abstain.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=608821","url_text":"608821"}]},{"reference":"Felsenthal, Dan S. (January 1989). \"On combining approval with disapproval voting\". Behavioral Science. 34 (1): 53–60. doi:10.1002/bs.3830340105. ISSN 0005-7940. under CAV he has three options—cast one vote in favor, abstain, or cast one vote against.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbs.3830340105","url_text":"10.1002/bs.3830340105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0005-7940","url_text":"0005-7940"}]},{"reference":"Vasiljev, Sergei (1 April 2008). \"Cardinal Voting: The Way to Escape the Social Choice Impossibility\". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN 1116545.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1116545","url_text":"1116545"}]},{"reference":"\"How I Came to Care About Voting Systems\". The Center for Election Science. 21 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2016. But Arrow only intended his criteria to apply to ranking systems.","urls":[{"url":"https://electology.org/blog/how-i-came-care-about-voting-systems","url_text":"\"How I Came to Care About Voting Systems\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Dr. Kenneth Arrow\". The Center for Election Science. 6 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2016-12-10. CES: you mention that your theorem applies to preferential systems or ranking systems. ... But the system that you're just referring to, Approval Voting, falls within a class called cardinal systems. ... Dr. Arrow: And as I said, that in effect implies more information. ... I'm a little inclined to think that score systems where you categorize in maybe three or four classes probably (in spite of what I said about manipulation) is probably the best.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181027170517/https://electology.org/podcasts/2012-10-06_kenneth_arrow","url_text":"\"Interview with Dr. Kenneth Arrow\""},{"url":"https://electology.org/podcasts/2012-10-06_kenneth_arrow","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Not Ranking?\". The Center for Election Science. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2017. Many voting theorists have resisted asking for more than a ranking, with economics-based reasoning: utilities are not comparable between people. ... But no economist would bat an eye at asking one of the A voters above whether they'd prefer a coin flip between A and B winning or C winning outright...","urls":[{"url":"https://electology.org/blog/why-not-ranking","url_text":"\"Why Not Ranking?\""}]},{"reference":"Racnchetti, Fabio (2002), \"Choice without utility? Some reflections on the loose foundations of standard consumer theory\", in Bianchi, Marina (ed.), The Active Consumer: Novelty and Surprise in Consumer Choice, Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy, vol. 20, Routledge, pp. 21–45","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Dr. Kenneth Arrow\". The Center for Election Science. 6 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2016-12-10. CES: you mention that your theorem applies to preferential systems or ranking systems. ... But ... Approval Voting, falls within a class called cardinal systems. ... Dr. Arrow: And as I said, that in effect implies more information. ... I'm a little inclined to think that score systems where you categorize in maybe three or four classes ... is probably the best.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181027170517/https://electology.org/podcasts/2012-10-06_kenneth_arrow","url_text":"\"Interview with Dr. Kenneth Arrow\""},{"url":"https://electology.org/podcasts/2012-10-06_kenneth_arrow","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Conklin, E. S.; Sutherland, J. W. (1 February 1923). \"A Comparison of the Scale of Values Method with the Order-of-Merit Method\". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 6 (1): 44–57. doi:10.1037/h0074763. ISSN 0022-1015. the scale-of-values method can be used for approximately the same purposes as the order-of-merit method, but that the scale-of-values method is a better means of obtaining a record of judgments","urls":[{"url":"http://content.apa.org/journals/xge/6/1/44","url_text":"\"A Comparison of the Scale of Values Method with the Order-of-Merit Method\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0074763","url_text":"10.1037/h0074763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1015","url_text":"0022-1015"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Michael (1 July 1975). \"Rating versus ranking in the Rokeach Value Survey: An Israeli comparison\". European Journal of Social Psychology. 5 (3): 405–408. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420050313. ISSN 1099-0992. The extremely high degree of correspondence found between ranking and rating averages ... does not leave any doubt about the preferability of the rating method for group description purposes. The obvious advantage of rating is that while its results are virtually identical to what is obtained by ranking, it supplies more information than ranking does.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fejsp.2420050313","url_text":"10.1002/ejsp.2420050313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1099-0992","url_text":"1099-0992"}]},{"reference":"Maio, Gregory R.; Roese, Neal J.; Seligman, Clive; Katz, Albert (1 June 1996). \"Rankings, Ratings, and the Measurement of Values: Evidence for the Superior Validity of Ratings\". Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 18 (2): 171–181. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1802_4. ISSN 0197-3533. Many value researchers have assumed that rankings of values are more valid than ratings of values because rankings force participants to differentiate more incisively between similarly regarded values ... Results indicated that ratings tended to evidence greater validity than rankings within moderate and low-differentiating participants. In addition, the validity of ratings was greater than rankings overall.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15324834basp1802_4","url_text":"10.1207/s15324834basp1802_4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0197-3533","url_text":"0197-3533"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Marilyn F.; Sallis, James F.; Hovell, Melbourne F. (1 September 1999). \"Comparison of Rated and Ranked Health and Lifestyle Values\". American Journal of Health Behavior. 23 (5): 356–367. doi:10.5993/AJHB.23.5.5. the test-retest reliabilities of the ranking items were slightly higher than were those of the rating items, but construct validities were lower. Because validity is the most important consideration ... the findings of the present research support the use of the rating format in assessing health values. ... added benefit of item independence, which allows for greater flexibility in statistical analyses. ... also easier than ranking items for respondents to complete.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5993%2FAJHB.23.5.5","url_text":"10.5993/AJHB.23.5.5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01618039/file/1729.pdf","external_links_name":"\"How voters use grade scales in evaluative voting\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejpoleco.2017.09.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.09.006"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0176-2680","external_links_name":"0176-2680"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316034736","external_links_name":"316034736"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316805816","external_links_name":"\"Ordinal Versus Cardinal Voting Rules: A Mechanism Design Approach\""},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1116545","external_links_name":"1116545"},{"Link":"https://electology.org/score-voting","external_links_name":"\"Score Voting\""},{"Link":"https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/653/","external_links_name":"\"The Case for Utilitarian Voting\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5282%2Fubm%2Fepub.653","external_links_name":"10.5282/ubm/epub.653"},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=608821","external_links_name":"608821"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbs.3830340105","external_links_name":"10.1002/bs.3830340105"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0005-7940","external_links_name":"0005-7940"},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1116545","external_links_name":"1116545"},{"Link":"https://electology.org/blog/how-i-came-care-about-voting-systems","external_links_name":"\"How I Came to Care About Voting Systems\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181027170517/https://electology.org/podcasts/2012-10-06_kenneth_arrow","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Dr. Kenneth Arrow\""},{"Link":"https://electology.org/podcasts/2012-10-06_kenneth_arrow","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://electology.org/blog/why-not-ranking","external_links_name":"\"Why Not Ranking?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ECXDjlCpB0C&pg=PA33","external_links_name":"p. 33"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181027170517/https://electology.org/podcasts/2012-10-06_kenneth_arrow","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Dr. Kenneth Arrow\""},{"Link":"https://electology.org/podcasts/2012-10-06_kenneth_arrow","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://content.apa.org/journals/xge/6/1/44","external_links_name":"\"A Comparison of the Scale of Values Method with the Order-of-Merit Method\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0074763","external_links_name":"10.1037/h0074763"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1015","external_links_name":"0022-1015"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fejsp.2420050313","external_links_name":"10.1002/ejsp.2420050313"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1099-0992","external_links_name":"1099-0992"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15324834basp1802_4","external_links_name":"10.1207/s15324834basp1802_4"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0197-3533","external_links_name":"0197-3533"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5993%2FAJHB.23.5.5","external_links_name":"10.5993/AJHB.23.5.5"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Leary_(Ryanair)	Michael O'Leary (businessman)	["1 Early life","2 Ryanair career","3 Controversy and reputation","4 Personal life","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"]	Irish businessman, CEO of Ryanair This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Michael O'Leary" businessman – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Michael O'LearyO'Leary in April 2015BornMichael Kevin O'Leary (1961-03-20) 20 March 1961 (age 63)Kanturk, County Cork, IrelandEducationClongowes Wood CollegeAlma materTrinity College DublinOccupationBusinessmanKnown forCEO of RyanairSpouse Anita Farrell (m. 2003)Children4Parent(s)Teddy and Ger O'Leary Michael Kevin O'Leary (born 20 March 1961) is an Irish businessman who is the Group CEO of Ryanair. With a net worth of around €848.6 million as of April 2018, he is one of Ireland's wealthiest businessmen. Early life Michael Kevin O'Leary was born in Kanturk, County Cork, Ireland, on 20 March 1961, the second child of Gerarda and Timothy "Ted" O'Leary. He grew up near Mullingar, County Westmeath. His father was the part-owner of a textile factory. He was educated at Clongowes Wood College near Clane, County Kildare, before studying business and economics at Trinity College Dublin. After graduating in 1982, he worked as a trainee with Stokes Kennedy Crowley (later known as KPMG) and studied the Irish tax system. He left after two years in 1985, setting up profitable newsagents in the Terenure and Walkinstown areas of Dublin. While at Stokes Kennedy Crowley, O'Leary had met Tony Ryan, head of Guinness Peat Aviation (GPA), a leasing company. Ryan was one of KPMG's clients and O'Leary advised Ryan on his personal income tax affairs. In 1988, Ryan hired O'Leary as his personal financial and tax advisor, where Ryan's main interest was in GPA. Ryanair career O'Leary became chief financial officer of Ryanair in 1988, and then chief executive officer in 1994. Under O'Leary's management, Ryanair further developed the low-cost model originated by Southwest Airlines. O'Leary described the ancillary revenue model in a 2001 interview, saying "The other airlines are asking how they can put up fares. We are asking how we could get rid of them." The business model envisioned by O'Leary uses receipts from onboard shopping, internet gaming, car hire and hotel bookings to supplement the ticket revenue from selling airline seats. Savings are also made by negotiating discounts with airports for reduced landing fees. In many cases, regional airports have made no charges so as to secure flights that bring passengers and wealth into their area. The deregulation of Ireland's major airports and a transformation of traditional full-service airlines are among his demands. Controversy and reputation O'Leary has a reputation for loose talk in the airline industry and among its regulators. Many press articles have described O'Leary as arrogant and prone to making comments which he later contradicts. He has been extravagantly outspoken in his public statements, sometimes resorting to personal attacks and foul language. His abrasive management style, ruthless pursuit of cost-cutting and his explicitly hostile attitude towards corporate competitors, airport authorities, governments, unions and customers has become a hallmark. He was reported to have been aggressive and hostile in dealings with a woman who was awarded free flights for life in 1988. In 2002, O'Leary said that his company is against any long-haul transatlantic services: "The low-cost model only really works for short-haul flights. If we started flying farther afield, we'd have to do something stupid like introducing what I call a 'rich class' to make it pay." However, while at the 2013 Paris Air Show, he said that he wanted to sell cheap flights from the U.S. to Europe for as low as 10 euros ($13) or $10, if conditions were right. He said that he needed a fleet of at least 30 twin-aisle aircraft and access to ports (e.g. major U.S. and European cities. In the airline industry there are so called slots or sometimes gates, often regulated by law, and without obtaining them it is impossible to have regular service to airports). Despite his claims in 2002, there were so called budget airlines in the past who serve long haul routes – for example Laker Airways flights from London to New York in the late 1970s or long-hauls at budget-fares on other continents like AirAsiaX in Malaysia and the Australian Jetstar Group. In 2004, O'Leary purchased a taxi license plate for his Mercedes-Benz S-Class under the name O'Leary Cabs, enabling it to be classified as a taxi so that he could legally make use of Dublin's bus lanes to speed up his car journeys around the city. A press report suggested that since he had stopped driving his own taxi, he has employed a driver with full PSV licence. In 2005, the Irish transport minister expressed concern at this abuse by O'Leary and others. In 2007, O'Leary was forced to retract a claim that Ryanair had cut emissions of carbon dioxide by half over the previous five years because the claim should have been that emissions "per passenger" had been cut by half. He has been reported to have impersonated a journalist in an attempt to find information passed on to a newspaper following a safety incident on a Ryanair flight. On occasion, he has apologised for personal attacks under threat of legal action. He has been criticised by a judge for lying, who said he was lucky not to be found guilty of contempt of court. He has also been criticised for dismissing concerns about climate change as "complete nonsense". Reacting to the decision to close European airspace in April 2010 over worries about the volcanic ash plume from an erupting Icelandic volcano, O'Leary falsely said, "There was no ash cloud. It was mythical. It's become evident the airspace closure was completely unnecessary." One study concluded that serious structural damage to aircraft could have occurred if passenger planes had continued to fly. In May 2014, O'Leary was highly critical of a 24-hour strike by Aer Lingus cabin crew. Aer Lingus, whose biggest shareholder at the time was Ryanair, had to cancel 200 flights and disrupt travel plans for 200,000 people. O'Leary accused Aer Lingus of "mismanagement" of its employee relations, called for the sacking of a board member, and said the striking employees should be punished by having their discount travel incentives withdrawn for a year. Participants in the Bilderberg meeting have stated that O'Leary was invited to attend the 2015 meeting. He was later seen attending its 2017 meeting. In February 2020, O'Leary suggested that airport security should focus on single Muslim men and called obese passengers "monsters". In June 2022, O'Leary defended Ryanair's use of an Afrikaans language test on South African nationals flying to the UK and Ireland. However, he later withdrew his comments amid widespread criticism of Ryanair's discriminatory policy. Notwithstanding the historical connotations of Afrikaans in South Africa during the Apartheid era, Afrikaans, along with English, is only one of the 11 official languages in South Africa. In June 2022, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán announced that the Hungarian government would introduce an 'extra profit tax' on banks and large private companies, including airlines. In response to the introduction of the tax, Ryanair has decided to retroactively pass the tax on to all passengers, increasing ticket prices by an extra €10 for intra-European destinations and €25 for non-European destinations. Michael O'Leary first called the idea of a new tax 'beyond stupid', and in a later interview, he called Economic Development Minister Márton Nagy a 'complete idiot', demanding local authorities to reverse the tax. After this, in a Euronews interview, O'Leary said the following about ministers Gergely Gulyás and Márton Nagy: "These two Hungarian ministers are like Dumb and Dumber in that Jim Carrey-film, if they think people will happily pay the extra tax and choose a more expensive airline overnight". In 2010, O'Leary stated that he thought the scientific consensus on human-caused global warming was "horseshit" in an interview with the Irish Independent. In 2017, O'Leary dismissed climate change as "complete and utter rubbish". When asked whether that climate change is happening, O'Leary replied that the cooling and warming had been "going on for years" and did not accept it was linked to carbon usage. In 2021, he was less dismissive and said "it is something that our customers and the people working here at Ryanair wants us to focus on and we tend to be very responsive.“ Personal life O'Leary married Anita Farrell on 5 September 2003 in Delvin, County Westmeath, with whom he has four children. They live in Gigginstown House near Delvin, County Westmeath. O'Leary breeds Aberdeen Angus cattle and horses at his Gigginstown House Stud. His horses War of Attrition, Don Cossack, Rule the World, and Tiger Roll have won races such as the Cheltenham Gold Cup, the 2016 Grand National, the 2018 Grand National, and the 2019 Grand National. O'Leary has supported English football team Manchester City F.C. from an early age. He had the opportunity to buy a stake in the club in 2003, but believed the potential benefits did not outweigh the risk, and preferred instead to visit England to watch a few matches each season. He wore a Manchester City shirt when unveiling Ryanair's new destinations to and from Manchester Airport in 2011. In February 2015, O'Leary claimed that he was offered the starring role in The Apprentice reality TV show, but turned it down for family reasons before it was eventually offered to and accepted by Alan Sugar. References Citations ^ "Michael O'Leary". Forbes. Retrieved 17 January 2020. ^ "Rich list". The Times. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010. ^ "People: Ryanair Holdings PLC (RYAAY.O) – O'Leary, Michael". Reuters.com. ^ McDonald, Henry (1 October 2017). "Michael O'Leary Ryanair cancelled flights observer profile". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 March 2024. ^ "Father of Ryanair chief dies aged 77". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2 December 2023. ^ a b Emling, Shelley (23 March 2007). "Spotlight: Michael O'Leary of Ryanair". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 31 December 2019. ^ Healy, Alison. "School seeks support of famous past pupils". The Irish Times. Retrieved 31 December 2019. ^ Creaton 2004, p. 37–38. ^ Creaton 2004, p. 38. ^ "Board of Directors". investor.ryanair.com. Ryanair. Retrieved 14 June 2022. ^ Matthew Maier, Business 2.0 Magazine staff writer (31 March 2006). "A radical Fix for Airlines: Make Flying Free, Forbes, 1 April 2006". Money.cnn.com. Retrieved 29 September 2011. {{cite news}}: \|author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Flying for Free on Ryanair", 13 May 2001, BBC News ^ RTÉ radio 10 February 2007, in "Conversations with Eamon Dunphy" ^ Irish Post: Ryanair chief hints of possible departure Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Ryanair's Michael O'Leary says airline's problem is 'with me'". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2 December 2023. ^ ZEIT ONLINE GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (8 July 2004). "Die Festung wankt: Europas mächtige Wettbewerbshüter verurteilen Microsoft und stoppen Fusionen. Geschwächt von Pannen, geraten sie jetzt in den Machtkampf um die Besetzung der EU-Kommission. Eine Innenansicht Von Arne Storn \| ZEIT online". Die Zeit. Zeit.de. Retrieved 29 September 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Breaking politics and political news for Westminster and the UK - PoliticsHome.com". epolitix.com. ^ Auteur: Helena WILMET (4 June 2005). "Het Nieuwsblad – Ryanair-topman Michael O'Leary schudde luchtvaartwereld wakker". Nieuwsblad.be. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ British GQ 10 Things To Know Today Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Ryanair's anti-Ahern campaign gets the thumbs-down from PR industry: ThePost.ie". Archives.tcm.ie. 6 July 2003. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "NTR \| Home" (PDF). Rvu.nl. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ Family fun (8 April 2008). "Iron Mike fires last round at war-weary Taoiseach – National News, Frontpage". Independent.ie. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ a b Clark, Andrew (24 June 2005). "The Guardian profile: Michael O'Leary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010. ^ Kundnani, Hans (6 October 2006). "Michael O'Leary: Stunt pilot whose enemies would love to see him crash". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010. ^ Asthana, Anushka (20 June 2006). "When I stuff BA Ill quit". The Times. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010. ^ "Boeing Frontiers Online". Boeing.com. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "Snarling all the way to the bank". The Economist. 23 August 2007. ^ How to wear (29 November 2007). "Taking the flight fight to Ryanair – Irish, Business". Independent.ie. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ Walsh, Fiona (4 February 2008). "Ryanair warns high oil prices could slash its profits by 50% next year". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010. ^ "War in Irish skies". Belfasttelegraph. Belfasttelegraph.co.uk. 4 August 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "Woman claims Ryanair reneged on free travel prize", 28 February 2002, at RTE Business; last accessed 18 December 2006. ^ Sage, Mark (20 June 2002). "Ryanair ordered to pay damages for reneging on 'free flights' offer to millionth customer". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2010. ^ Bridge, Adrian (2 April 2002). "Eindhoven: haven't you always wanted to go?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2010. ^ Nat Rudarakanchana (20 June 2013). "Ryanair Wants To Launch Flights Between US And Europe, Aims For Jump in Growth Rate And Will Return $1.3 Billion To Shareholders: CEO Michael O'Leary". International Business Times. ^ Henderson, Deric (18 November 2010). "News Ireland \| Irish News Paper \| Free News Stories Online from The Irish Independent Newspaper – Independent.ie". Unison.ie. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "Ireland Taxi Ireland Hackney cab Irish Taxi chauffeur transport". Taxi.ie. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "Ryanair retracts emissions claim", 29 January 2007, at news.bbc.co.uk; last accessed 19 March 2010. ^ Duggan, Barry (18 November 2010). "Ryanair staff were menacing: passenger – National News, Frontpage – Independent.ie". Unison.ie. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "Sat, May 08, 2010 – O'Leary in court apology to union official". The Irish Times. 5 May 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "Judge criticises Michael O'Leary for lying – RTÉ News". RTÉ.ie. 26 March 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ See: Topman Ryanair: Zorg over klimaatverandering is 'complete onzin', Financieel Dagblad (a Dutch financial newspaper), 10 April 2017. Accessed on 10 April 2017. ^ Connor, Steve (26 April 2011). "Steve Connor: Airspace closure due to ash cloud fears 'was right move' – Analysis, Opinion". Independent.ie. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "Striking Aer Lingus cabin crew should be punished says airline shareholder". Irish Sun.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014. ^ "Participants - Bilderberg Meetings". bilderbergmeetings.org. ^ "Secretive in Telfs-Buchen, Austria 11-14 in June this year". bilderbergmeetings.org/. ^ Beesley, Arthur (27 February 2015). "Ryanair chief asked to join select conference reputed to truly govern international affairs". The Irish Times. Retrieved 27 February 2015. ^ Ellery, Ben (22 February 2020). "Ryanair boss Michael O'Leary wants extra checks on Muslim men". The Times. Retrieved 22 February 2020. ^ "Ryanair Afrikaans test: Airline drops controversial South African quiz". BBC News. 14 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ Illés, Szurovecz (9 June 2022). "A Ryanair áthárítja az utasokra az extraprofitadót". 444 (in Hungarian). Retrieved 25 August 2022. ^ "Ryanair-vezér az Euronewsnak: a magyar miniszterek olyanok, mint Dumb és Dumber". euronews (in Hungarian). 23 June 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022. ^ "Fact Check-Quote from Ryanair's chief executive denying man-made climate change is from 2010; Michael O'Leary has since changed his view". Reuters. 18 August 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2023. ^ "Michael O'Leary slams climate change as 'complete and utter rubbish'". independent. 8 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2023. ^ Amaro, Silvia (14 April 2021). "Environmentalists were seen as 'nutters,' Ryanair CEO says, and he was an 'original skeptic'". CNBC. Retrieved 9 April 2023. ^ Ruddock 2007, p. 350–353. ^ "Michael O'Leary: 'I don't understand the point of holidays'". Irish Independent. 16 January 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2013. ^ "Cheltenham Gold Cup, 16 March 2006". Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2007. ^ Simon Calder (18 August 2006). "Profile: Michael O'Leary". BBC News. Retrieved 4 June 2009. ^ "Ryanair snubs €25m Man Utd shirt deal offer". independent.ie. 16 October 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2017. ^ "Ryanair chief Michael O'Leary announces 26 routes from Manchester Airport which could create up to 2,000 jobs". Manchester Evening News. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011. ^ "Big softie! Michael O'Leary turned down starring role in Apprentice for his kids and horses". evoke.ie. 24 February 2015. Bibliography Ruddock, Alan (2007). Michael O'Leary: A Life in Full Flight. Dublin, Ireland: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-84488-055-3. OCLC 1245544967. Creaton, Siobhán (2004). Ryanair: How a Small Irish Airline Conquered Europe. London, England: Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-85410-992-7. OCLC 1245762440. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michael O'Leary (businessman). Michael O'Leary (businessman) at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from Wikiversity Fortune magazine name Michael O'Leary as the European Businessman of the Year vteRyanairCurrent airlines Buzz Lauda Europe Malta Air Ryanair Ryanair UK Former airlines Lauda London European Airways See also Michael O'Leary Tony Ryan Ryanair Flight 4102 Ryanair Flight 4978 Ryanair racism incident Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryanair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Michael Kevin O'Leary (born 20 March 1961) is an Irish businessman who is the Group CEO of Ryanair. With a net worth of around €848.6 million as of April 2018,[1] he is one of Ireland's wealthiest businessmen.[2]","title":"Michael O'Leary (businessman)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kanturk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanturk"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mullingar, County Westmeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullingar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-6"},{"link_name":"Clongowes Wood College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clongowes_Wood_College"},{"link_name":"Clane, County Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clane"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-6"},{"link_name":"KPMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPMG"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreaton200437%E2%80%9338-8"},{"link_name":"Terenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terenure"},{"link_name":"Walkinstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkinstown"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Tony Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Guinness Peat Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Peat_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreaton200438-9"}],"text":"Michael Kevin O'Leary[3] was born in Kanturk, County Cork, Ireland,[4] on 20 March 1961, the second child of Gerarda and Timothy \"Ted\" O'Leary.[5] He grew up near Mullingar, County Westmeath. His father was the part-owner of a textile factory.[6] He was educated at Clongowes Wood College near Clane, County Kildare,[7] before studying business and economics at Trinity College Dublin.[6] After graduating in 1982, he worked as a trainee with Stokes Kennedy Crowley (later known as KPMG) and studied the Irish tax system.[8] He left after two years in 1985, setting up profitable newsagents in the Terenure and Walkinstown areas of Dublin.While at Stokes Kennedy Crowley, O'Leary had met Tony Ryan, head of Guinness Peat Aviation (GPA), a leasing company. Ryan was one of KPMG's clients and O'Leary advised Ryan on his personal income tax affairs. In 1988, Ryan hired O'Leary as his personal financial and tax advisor, where Ryan's main interest was in GPA.[9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chief financial officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_financial_officer"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Directors-10"},{"link_name":"low-cost model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-cost_carrier"},{"link_name":"Southwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ancillary revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancillary_revenue"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rteeamon-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"O'Leary became chief financial officer of Ryanair in 1988, and then chief executive officer in 1994.[10]Under O'Leary's management, Ryanair further developed the low-cost model originated by Southwest Airlines.[11] O'Leary described the ancillary revenue model in a 2001 interview, saying \"The other airlines are asking how they can put up fares. We are asking how we could get rid of them.\"[12] The business model envisioned by O'Leary uses receipts from onboard shopping, internet gaming, car hire and hotel bookings to supplement the ticket revenue from selling airline seats. Savings are also made by negotiating discounts with airports for reduced landing fees. In many cases, regional airports have made no charges so as to secure flights that bring passengers and wealth into their area. The deregulation of Ireland's major airports and a transformation of traditional full-service airlines are among his demands.[13][14]","title":"Ryanair career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Paris Air Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Air_Show"},{"link_name":"Laker Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laker_Airways"},{"link_name":"AirAsiaX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirAsia_X"},{"link_name":"Jetstar Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetstar"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz S-Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class"},{"link_name":"O'Leary Cabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Leary_Cabs"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark-23"},{"link_name":"PSV licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_driver%27s_license"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"dismissing concerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_denial"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"volcanic ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash"},{"link_name":"an erupting Icelandic volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_eruptions_of_Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Aer Lingus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer_Lingus"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AerLingus-43"},{"link_name":"Bilderberg meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilderberg_meeting"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Viktor Orbán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Gergely Gulyás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gergely_Guly%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Dumb and Dumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumb_and_Dumber"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"O'Leary has a reputation for loose talk in the airline industry and among its regulators.[15] Many press articles have described O'Leary as arrogant and prone to making comments which he later contradicts.[16][17][18][19][20][21] He has been extravagantly outspoken in his public statements, sometimes resorting to personal attacks and foul language.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] His abrasive management style, ruthless pursuit of cost-cutting and his explicitly hostile attitude towards corporate competitors, airport authorities, governments, unions and customers has become a hallmark.[30] He was reported to have been aggressive and hostile in dealings with a woman who was awarded free flights for life in 1988.[31][32]In 2002, O'Leary said that his company is against any long-haul transatlantic services: \"The low-cost model only really works for short-haul flights. [...] If we started flying farther afield, we'd have to do something stupid like introducing what I call a 'rich class' to make it pay.\"[33] However, while at the 2013 Paris Air Show, he said that he wanted to sell cheap flights from the U.S. to Europe for as low as 10 euros ($13) or $10, if conditions were right. He said that he needed a fleet of at least 30 twin-aisle aircraft and access to ports (e.g. major U.S. and European cities. In the airline industry there are so called slots or sometimes gates, often regulated by law, and without obtaining them it is impossible to have regular service to airports). Despite his claims in 2002, there were so called budget airlines in the past who serve long haul routes – for example Laker Airways flights from London to New York in the late 1970s or long-hauls at budget-fares on other continents like AirAsiaX in Malaysia and the Australian Jetstar Group.[34]In 2004, O'Leary purchased a taxi license plate for his Mercedes-Benz S-Class under the name O'Leary Cabs, enabling it to be classified as a taxi so that he could legally make use of Dublin's bus lanes to speed up his car journeys around the city.[23] A press report suggested that since he had stopped driving his own taxi, he has employed a driver with full PSV licence. In 2005, the Irish transport minister expressed concern at this abuse by O'Leary and others.[35][36]In 2007, O'Leary was forced to retract a claim that Ryanair had cut emissions of carbon dioxide by half over the previous five years because the claim should have been that emissions \"per passenger\" had been cut by half.[37] He has been reported to have impersonated a journalist in an attempt to find information passed on to a newspaper following a safety incident on a Ryanair flight.[38] On occasion, he has apologised for personal attacks under threat of legal action.[39] He has been criticised by a judge for lying, who said he was lucky not to be found guilty of contempt of court.[40] He has also been criticised for dismissing concerns about climate change as \"complete nonsense\".[41]Reacting to the decision to close European airspace in April 2010 over worries about the volcanic ash plume from an erupting Icelandic volcano, O'Leary falsely said, \"There was no ash cloud. It was mythical. It's become evident the airspace closure was completely unnecessary.\" One study concluded that serious structural damage to aircraft could have occurred if passenger planes had continued to fly.[42]In May 2014, O'Leary was highly critical of a 24-hour strike by Aer Lingus cabin crew. Aer Lingus, whose biggest shareholder at the time was Ryanair, had to cancel 200 flights and disrupt travel plans for 200,000 people. O'Leary accused Aer Lingus of \"mismanagement\" of its employee relations, called for the sacking of a board member, and said the striking employees should be punished by having their discount travel incentives withdrawn for a year.[43]Participants in the Bilderberg meeting have stated that O'Leary was invited to attend the 2015 meeting.[44][45][46] He was later seen attending its 2017 meeting.In February 2020, O'Leary suggested that airport security should focus on single Muslim men and called obese passengers \"monsters\".[47]In June 2022, O'Leary defended Ryanair's use of an Afrikaans language test on South African nationals flying to the UK and Ireland. However, he later withdrew his comments amid widespread criticism of Ryanair's discriminatory policy. Notwithstanding the historical connotations of Afrikaans in South Africa during the Apartheid era, Afrikaans, along with English, is only one of the 11 official languages in South Africa.[48]In June 2022, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán announced that the Hungarian government would introduce an 'extra profit tax' on banks and large private companies, including airlines. In response to the introduction of the tax, Ryanair has decided to retroactively pass the tax on to all passengers, increasing ticket prices by an extra €10 for intra-European destinations and €25 for non-European destinations.[49] Michael O'Leary first called the idea of a new tax 'beyond stupid', and in a later interview, he called Economic Development Minister Márton Nagy a 'complete idiot', demanding local authorities to reverse the tax. After this, in a Euronews interview, O'Leary said the following about ministers Gergely Gulyás and Márton Nagy: \"These two Hungarian ministers are like Dumb and Dumber in that Jim Carrey-film, if they think people will happily pay the extra tax and choose a more expensive airline overnight\".[50]In 2010, O'Leary stated that he thought the scientific consensus on human-caused global warming was \"horseshit\" in an interview with the Irish Independent.[51] In 2017, O'Leary dismissed climate change as \"complete and utter rubbish\". When asked whether that climate change is happening, O'Leary replied that the cooling and warming had been \"going on for years\" and did not accept it was linked to carbon usage.[52] In 2021, he was less dismissive and said \"it is something that our customers and the people working here at Ryanair wants us to focus on and we tend to be very responsive.“[53]","title":"Controversy and reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delvin"},{"link_name":"County Westmeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Westmeath"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuddock2007350%E2%80%93353-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Angus cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Angus_cattle"},{"link_name":"Gigginstown House Stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigginstown_House_Stud"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"War of Attrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Attrition_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Don Cossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cossack_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Rule the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_The_World_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Tiger Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Roll"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"2016 Grand National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Grand_National"},{"link_name":"2018 Grand National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Grand_National"},{"link_name":"2019 Grand National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Grand_National"},{"link_name":"Manchester City F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Manchester Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Airport"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"The Apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apprentice_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alan Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Sugar"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"O'Leary married Anita Farrell on 5 September 2003 in Delvin, County Westmeath,[54] with whom he has four children. They live in Gigginstown House near Delvin, County Westmeath.[55]O'Leary breeds Aberdeen Angus cattle and horses at his Gigginstown House Stud.[56] His horses War of Attrition, Don Cossack, Rule the World, and Tiger Roll have won races such as the Cheltenham Gold Cup,[57] the 2016 Grand National, the 2018 Grand National, and the 2019 Grand National.O'Leary has supported English football team Manchester City F.C. from an early age. He had the opportunity to buy a stake in the club in 2003, but believed the potential benefits did not outweigh the risk, and preferred instead to visit England to watch a few matches each season.[58] He wore a Manchester City shirt when unveiling Ryanair's new destinations to and from Manchester Airport in 2011.[59]In February 2015, O'Leary claimed that he was offered the starring role in The Apprentice reality TV show, but turned it down for family reasons before it was eventually offered to and accepted by Alan Sugar.[60]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Michael O'Leary\". Forbes. Retrieved 17 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/michael-oleary/","url_text":"\"Michael O'Leary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"Rich list\". The Times. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/specials/rich_list/","url_text":"\"Rich list\""}]},{"reference":"\"People: Ryanair Holdings PLC (RYAAY.O) – O'Leary, Michael\". Reuters.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=RYAAY.O&officerId=174199","url_text":"\"People: Ryanair Holdings PLC (RYAAY.O) – O'Leary, Michael\""}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Henry (1 October 2017). \"Michael O'Leary Ryanair cancelled flights observer profile\". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/sep/30/michael-oleary-ryanair-cancelled-flights-observer-profile","url_text":"\"Michael O'Leary Ryanair cancelled flights observer profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Father of Ryanair chief dies aged 77\". The Irish Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Kapoor	Arjun Kapoor	["1 Early life and family","2 Career","2.1 2003–2014: Early work, acting debut and breakthrough","2.2 2015–present: Downfalls","3 Personal life and off-screen works","4 Filmography","4.1 Films","4.2 Television","4.3 Music videos","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]	Indian film actor (born 1985) Arjun KapoorKapoor in 2017Born (1985-06-26) 26 June 1985 (age 38) Bombay, Maharashtra, IndiaOccupationActor Years active2012–presentPartnersArpita KhanSonakshi Sinha (2014–2015)Malaika Arora (2016–present)ParentsBoney Kapoor (father)Mona Shourie Kapoor (mother)RelativesAbdullah Shiekh (Brother), Janhvi Kapoor (Sister) Arjun Kapoor (born 26 June 1985) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi films. Born to the Surinder Kapoor family, he is the son of film producers Boney Kapoor and Mona Shourie. Kapoor made his acting debut in 2012 with the drama Ishaqzaade which was commercially successful and earned him the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut. He achieved further commercial successes in the 2014 films Gunday and 2 States, the latter of which became his highest-grossing release. This was followed by a series of critical and commercial failures, with the exception of the dramas Ki & Ka (2016) and Half Girlfriend (2017). Early life and family Arjun Kapoor was born in a Punjabi Hindu family, on 26 June 1985 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, to film producer Boney Kapoor and the entrepreneur Mona Shourie Kapoor. He is the grandson of filmmaker Surinder Kapoor. He is the nephew of actors Anil Kapoor, Sanjay Kapoor and producer Sandeep Marwah, and the first-cousin of actress Sonam Kapoor, actors Mohit Marwah, Harshvardhan Kapoor and producer Rhea Kapoor. He has a younger sister, Anshula Kapoor. Actress Sridevi was his stepmother, and he also has two half-sisters, Khushi Kapoor and Janhvi Kapoor. He was 11 when his father separated from his mother. When asked in an interview about his father's second marriage, Kapoor said: "When we were kids, it was difficult. But what can you do? How long will you complain? You have to accept what is, take it on your chin, and move on." He added, "We don't really meet and spend time together so it doesn't really exist". His mother died in 2012. However, after Sridevi died in 2018, his relationship with his half-sisters Khushi and Jahnvi improved. Kapoor also opened up on the bullying he faced post Boney's marriage with Sridevi. Kapoor was educated at the Arya Vidya Mandir school in Mumbai, which he attended until his 11th grade. After failing his eleventh grade examinations, he quit his studies and did not complete grade 12. In his teens and early twenties, Kapoor developed obesity and approximately weighed 140 kg; he later said that due to his condition, he used to be "sloppy, grumpy" and "under-confident". Career 2003–2014: Early work, acting debut and breakthrough Kapoor at the screening of D-Day in 2013 Kapoor's first job in the film industry was as an assistant director on Nikhil Advani's Kal Ho Naa Ho in 2003. He also assisted Advani on his next directorial Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love (2007), and worked as an associate producer on two of his father's productions—No Entry (2005) and Wanted (2009). Kapoor was then signed on for a three-film contract with Yash Raj Films, a leading production company in India. In 2011, it was announced that Kapoor will debut with a film named Virus Diwan, produced under Yash Raj Films, which was shelved after sometime. Later, he signed on to debut with the company's romantic drama Ishaqzaade (2012) alongside Parineeti Chopra, which tells the love story between a son and daughter of a Hindu and Muslim political family, respectively. While filming a running sequence for the feature in Barabanki, Kapoor suffered a spasm in his hamstring muscle, though he finished the scene after resting for five minutes. The film grossed over ₹46 crore (US$5.5 million) at the domestic box office, and was termed a super hit by Box Office India. His performance earned him the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut and nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut and the IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male. Yash Raj Films' next project to star Kapoor was the action thriller Aurangzeb (2013) whose title matches the name of a Mughal emperor of the same name. Marking the directorial debut of Atul Sabharwal, it co-starred Jackie Shroff, Rishi Kapoor and Amrita Singh; he portrayed two estranged twin brothers, Ajay and Vishal, who end up in each other's places as part of a huge conspiracy to overthrow their biological father's empire. Critic Rachna Saltz from The New York Times said of Kapoor that he is a "star of an earlier generation" and is "well-cast and matched". However, the film underperformed at the box office. For his first film in 2014, Kapoor teamed with Yash Raj Films for the third consecutive time on Gunday, a crime action film also starring Ranveer Singh, Priyanka Chopra and Irrfan Khan. Directed by Ali Abbas Zafar, it saw him and Singh portray two bandits with bold attitude, in love with a dancer (Chopra). He described his character as "temperamental" who acts as a "moment's heat". Film analyst Anupama Chopra mentioned the film as an "unabashed love letter to the 1970s". Gunday proved to be a commercial success, and accumulated over ₹1.2 billion (US$14 million) worldwide. Kapoor with co-stars Ranveer Singh and Priyanka Chopra at the press conference of Gunday in 2014 As his three-film deal with Yash Raj Films concluded, Kapoor next collaborated with the producers Sajid Nadiadwala and Karan Johar to star opposite Alia Bhatt in a film adaptation of Chetan Bhagat's popular novel 2 States, released with the same title. He played Krish Malhotra, an IIM Ahmedabad MBA student wanting to become a writer. Saurabh Dwivedi stated that Kapoor "shows his pain through body language, but falls short in some scenes opposite his co-actor Ronit Roy". The project was well appreciated, garnering critical acclaim, and earned more than ₹1.75 billion (US$21 million) worldwide to emerge as his biggest commercial success so far. He received a nomination for the IIFA Award for Best Actor. His last release of 2014 was the Homi Adajania's adventurous satire Finding Fanny, which co-starred Deepika Padukone, Naseeruddin Shah, Dimple Kapadia and Pankaj Kapur and the movie follows the lives of five dysfunctional people in search of a titular woman. 2015–present: Downfalls In 2015, Kapoor featured in his father's second younger brother Sanjay's first production Tevar, a remake of the Telugu film Okkadu (2003), in which he co-starred alongside Sonakshi Sinha and Manoj Bajpayee as a Kabaddi player. He was director Amit Sharma's only choice to play the role. Upon release, the film was poorly received both critically and commercially. In 2016, Kapoor served as the host for the seventh season of Colors TV's reality stunts-performing series Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi. In the same year, he starred opposite Kareena Kapoor Khan in R. Balki's satirical comedy-drama Ki & Ka, based on the content of gender stereotypes. Kapoor portrayed the male lead Kabir Bansal, a stay-at-home husband. Writing for India Today, Ananya Bhattacharya gave the film a negative review and wrote that Kapoor "looks like a mouthing sharp". Nonetheless, the film received mixed reviews and emerged as a commercial success grossing ₹1.03 billion. The Mohit Suri-directed teen romantic drama Half Girlfriend was Kapoor's first film appearance of 2017, which served as a retelling of Bhagat's novel of the same name. He was cast in the role of Madhav Jha, a basketball champion who hardly speaks English and ends up getting attracted towards a college girl (played by Shraddha Kapoor) when he joins a college. In an interview, Kapoor admitted that he signed the film despite not reading the novel. The film received mixed-to-negative reviews and emerged as a below average grosser at the box office. Later that year, Kapoor played twin brothers for the second time in Mubarakan, a comedy directed by Anees Bazmee, in which he starred alongside his uncle Anil Kapoor. The film also featured Ileana D'Cruz and Athiya Shetty as the love interests of his characters. In her review, Saibal Chatterjee wrote that Kapoor "demonstrates a comic flair that is crying out for a better film". In 2018, Kapoor starred in a spin-off to the romantic comedy Namastey London (2007), named Namaste England, helmed by Vipul Amrutlal Shah. He played a man who falls in love with an aspiring jewelry designer played by Parineeti Chopra, reuniting with the actress after Ishaqzaade. The film proved to be a major box-office disaster, and Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV concluded his scathing review of the film with a note stating, "Seriously, one more film of this quality and the careers of Parineeti Chopra and Arjun Kapoor could be in grave jeopardy. Hopefully, these two young actors know better." 2019 was yet another disappointing year in Kapoor's career, as the two films he starred in were major commercial failures again. In his first release, the crime drama India's Most Wanted directed by Raj Kumar Gupta, he essayed the role of an agent who is given a secret mission of tracking a terrorist. His next screen appearance occurred in Ashutosh Gowarikar's big-budget period drama Panipat alongside Sanjay Dutt and Kriti Sanon. Based on the 3rd Panipat battle, it featured him as Maratha emperor Sadashiv Rao Bhau and depicted how Bhau fought the battle against the Afghan warrior Ahmed Shah Abdali. 2021, 2022 and 2023 proved to be disappointing years in Kapoor's career, as the films he starred in were generally commercial failures yet again, except his OTT releases. His first appearance in the black comedy-drama Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar, which marked his third collaboration with Parineeti Chopra, which was released on 19 March. His second appearance in Kaashvie Nair's Sardar Ka Grandson in which he was paired opposite Rakul Preet Singh. His third appearance in the horror comedy film Bhoot Police co-starring Saif Ali Khan, Jacqueline Fernandez & Yami Gautam. Both of his movies were released on 18 May and 10 September on Netflix and Disney+ Hotstar. In 2022, his only release in Mohit Suri's Ek Villain Returns with John Abraham, Disha Patani and Tara Sutaria, it was released on 29 July. In 2023, his first appearance in Aasmaan Bharadwaj's directorial debut Kuttey alongside Tabu, Radhika Madan and Naseeruddin Shah was released on 13 January. His second appearance in The Lady Killer alongside Bhumi Pednekar was released on 3 November. Kapoor will be seen in the comedy Meri Patni Ka Remake opposite Rakul Preet Singh and Bhumi Pednekar once again. He is currently filming for Rohit Shetty's Singham Again, who is playing one of the antagonists with Jackie Shroff. It also features Ajay Devgn, Kareena Kapoor Khan, Akshay Kumar, Ranveer Singh, Deepika Padukone, and Tiger Shroff. Personal life and off-screen works Kapoor was in a relationship with Arpita Khan, Salman Khan's sister, before he became an actor. He began a relationship with Sonakshi Sinha, his co-star in Tevar, in 2014, but they broke up a year later. Since 2016, he has been dating Malaika Arora. Kapoor at an event in 2015 Kapoor is a keen football fan and an avid supporter of Chelsea F.C. while also being the club's brand ambassador for India. Kapoor is an endorser for various brands and products, and was the co-owner of the ISL team FC Pune City before it was dissolved in 2019 due to financial and technical difficulties. Philips also roped him as their brand ambassador. He was also a brand ambassador for Flying Machine and Royal Stag along with Ranveer Singh as well as Hero Cycles. As of 2017, he also endorses Smith & Jones ketchup, condiments and sauces, and Admiral England Sportswear & Sportshoes. Kapoor co-hosted the IIFA Awards ceremony in 2015 with Singh. He has also hosted the seventh season of the reality TV series Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7. Filmography Films Key † Denotes films that have not yet been released Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2003 Kal Ho Naa Ho — Assistant director 2005 No Entry Associate producer 2007 Salaam-e-Ishq Assistant director 2009 Wanted Associate producer 2012 Ishaqzaade Parma Chauhan 2013 Aurangzeb Vishal Singh / Ajay Singh 2014 Gunday Bala Bhattacharya 2 States Krish Malhotra Finding Fanny Savio Da Gama English-language film 2015 Tevar Ghanshyam Shukla 2016 Ki & Ka Kabir Bansal 2017 Half Girlfriend Madhav Jha Mubarakan Karan Singh Bajwa Sood / Charan Singh Bajwa 2018 Bhavesh Joshi Himself Special appearance in the song "Chavanprash" Namaste England Param Randhawa Zero Himself Cameo appearance 2019 India's Most Wanted Prabhat Kumar Panipat Sadashiv Rao Bhau 2021 Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar Satinder "Pinky" Dahiya Sardar Ka Grandson Amreek Singh Bhoot Police Chiraunji Vaidya 2022 Ek Villain Returns Gautam Mehra 2023 Kuttey Gopal Tiwari The Lady Killer Rajendar Joshi 2024 Meri Patni Ka Remake † TBA Filming Singham Again † Danger Lanka Television Year Title Role Notes 2015 16th IIFA Awards Host TV special 2016 Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7 Reality show 2017 Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Himself Guest 2021 Dance Plus (season 6) 2020–present Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives Himself Guest appearance 2023 Cinema Marte Dum Tak Himself docu-series Music videos Year Title Singer(s) Label Ref. 2021 "Dil Hai Deewana" Darshan Raval and Zara Khan T-Series Awards and nominations Year Award Category Film Result Ref. 2012 Bhaskar Bollywood Awards Fresh Entry of the Year Ishaqzaade Nominated People's Choice Awards India Favorite Debut Actor (Male/Female) Nominated BIG Star Entertainment Awards Most Entertaining Actor (Film) Debut – Male Won 2013 Filmfare Awards Best Male Debut Nominated ETC Bollywood Business Awards Most Profitable Debut (Male) Nominated Screen Awards Most Promising Newcomer – Male Nominated Zee Cine Awards Best Male Debut Won Stardust Awards Superstar of Tomorrow – Male Won Renault Star Guild Awards Best Male Debut Nominated Times of India Film Awards Best Debut – Male Nominated International Indian Film Academy Awards Star Debut of the Year – Male Nominated 2014 Best Actor 2 States Nominated Stardust Awards Best Actor – Comedy/Romance Nominated BIG Star Entertainment Awards Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film – Male Nominated Most Entertaining Actor in an Action Film – Male Gunday Nominated Stardust Awards Best Actor – Thriller/Action Nominated 2023 Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards Presents Stylish Pathbreaker - Male — Won Bollywood Hungama Style Icons Most Stylish Actor – People's Choice (Male) — Nominated Most Stylish Mould Breaking Star (Male) — Won References ^ "Arjun Kapoor reacts to being trolled for 12 year age gap with Malaika Arora". 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Arjun, Deepika Set Out To Find Fanny Fernandes". NDTV. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ Pacheco, Sunitra (9 January 2015). "Five Reasons you must watch Sonakshi Sinha-Arjun Kapoor's 'Tevar'". The Indian Express. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ Farzeen, Sana (1 April 2021). "Kareena Kapoor, Arjun Kapoor celebrate five years of Ki and Ka, demand a sequel". The Indian Express. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ "Chetan Bhagat unhappy with Arjun Kapoor-Shraddha Kapoor's Half Girlfriend, calls it an 'okay' film". India Today. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ "Mubarakan actor Arjun Kapoor: Working with Anil Kapoor was my dream". The Indian Express. 17 July 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ "Chyavanprash has Arjun Kapoor as its secret ingredient". Hindustan Times. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ "Arjun Kapoor writes a heartfelt note after wrapping up Namaste England". The Indian Express. 22 June 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ Shekhar, Mimansa (22 December 2018). "Zero: A dozen of cameos, and all of them wasted". The Indian Express. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ "India's Most Wanted: All you need to know about Yasin Bhatkal, the subject of Arjun Kapoor's film". Firstpost. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ Chaubey, Pranita (4 November 2019). "Panipat First Look: Arjun Kapoor, Kriti Sanon And Sanjay Dutt In Period War Drama". NDTV. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ Maru, Vibha (26 May 2021). "Arjun had no clue his character in Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar would become a favourite". India Today. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ Naahar, Rohan (22 May 2021). "Arjun Kapoor plays one-man Samjhauta Express in sloppy new Netflix film". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ "Arjun Kapoor introduces Chiraunji from Bhoot Police, talks of unravelling 'supernatural powers' with laughter". Hindustan Times. 5 July 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ Kanabar, Nirali (29 July 2022). "'Gautam is now all yours,' says Arjun Kapoor as his film Ek Villain Returns releases in theatres". India Today. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ "Arjun Kapoor wraps up Kuttey calls it exciting, enriching, humbling and creative process". Bollywood Hungama. February 2022. ^ "Arjun Kapoor & Bhumi Pednekar begin shooting for 'The Lady Killer' in Himachal". India Today. 18 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022. ^ "Arjun Kapoor and Bhumi Pednekar to kick off month-long schedule of Meri Patni Ka Remake in London". Bollywood Hungama. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022. ^ "SCOOP: Arjun Kapoor's character in Ajay Devgn-starrer Singham Again is named Danger Lanka". Bollywood Hungama. 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024. ^ "'Singham Again' stars Tiger Shroff and Kareena Kapoor Khan get into action mode on the film sets - PICS INSIDE". The Times of India. 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023. ^ "Rakul Preet Calls Arjun Kapoor 'Jobless' in Dil Hai Deewana Teaser, Song Out Soon". www.news18.com. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021. ^ "Newcomers Nominations: Fresh Entry of the Year". Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2012. ^ Kumar, Ravi. "People's Choice Awards 2012 Nominees". Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012. ^ "3rd Annual BIG Star Entertainment Awards Nominations". Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2013. ^ "Filmfare Awards 2013 Winners" Archived 8 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 26 January 2013 ^ "ETC Bollywood Business Awards 2012 / 2013 – Nominations". Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2012. ^ "Nominations for 19th Annual Colors Screen Awards". Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2012. ^ "Zee Cine Awards 2013: Team 'Barfi!', Vidya Balan, Salman Khan bag big honours" Archived 23 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 26 January 2013 ^ "Stardust Awards 2013 Winners". Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2012. ^ Trivedi, Dhiren. "8th Star Guild Apsara Awards Nominations: Shahrukh Khan or Ranbir Kapoor, Vidya Balan or Priyanka Chopra – who will win?". Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013. ^ "TOIFA Awards 2013 Nominations". Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013. ^ a b "Nominations for Stardust Awards 2014". Bollywood Hungama. 8 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014. ^ "Big Star Entertainment Awards Nominations List 2014". Reliance Broadcast Network. Archived from the original on 16 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014. ^ "Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what!". PINKVILLA. 7 April 2023. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023. ^ "Check out the complete list of winners of the Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 14 April 2023. ^ "Check out the complete list of winners of the Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 14 April 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arjun Kapoor. Arjun Kapoor at IMDb Arjun Kapoor at Bollywood Hungama vteZee Cine Award for Best Male Debut Akshaye Khanna (1998) Mukesh Tiwari (1999) Aftab Shivdasani (2000) Hrithik Roshan (2001) Tusshar Kapoor (2002) Vivek Oberoi (2003) Shahid Kapoor (2004) No Award (2005) Shiney Ahuja (2006) Upen Patel (2007) Ranbir Kapoor (2008) No Award (2009) No Award (2010) Ranveer Singh (2011) Rana Daggubati (2012) Arjun Kapoor & Ayushmann Khurana (2013) Dhanush (2014) No Award (2015) Vicky Kaushal (2016) Jim Sarbh (2017) Matin Rey Tangu (2018) Ishaan Khattar (2019) Siddhant Chaturvedi & Vishal Jethwa (2020) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_cinema"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zee_%E2%80%93_Kapoor_turns_28-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-3"},{"link_name":"Surinder Kapoor family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindi_film_families#Kapoor_family_(of_Surinder_Kapoor)"},{"link_name":"Boney Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boney_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Mona Shourie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Shourie_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Ishaqzaade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaqzaade"},{"link_name":"Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_for_Best_Male_Debut"},{"link_name":"Gunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunday"},{"link_name":"2 States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_States_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Ki & Ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_%26_Ka"},{"link_name":"Half Girlfriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Girlfriend_(film)"}],"text":"Arjun Kapoor (born 26 June 1985) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi films.[2][3] Born to the Surinder Kapoor family, he is the son of film producers Boney Kapoor and Mona Shourie. Kapoor made his acting debut in 2012 with the drama Ishaqzaade which was commercially successful and earned him the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut.He achieved further commercial successes in the 2014 films Gunday and 2 States, the latter of which became his highest-grossing release. This was followed by a series of critical and commercial failures, with the exception of the dramas Ki & Ka (2016) and Half Girlfriend (2017).","title":"Arjun Kapoor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_people"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zee_%E2%80%93_Kapoor_turns_28-2"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Boney Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boney_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Mona Shourie Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Shourie_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toiinterview-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Surinder Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinder_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Anil Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Sanjay Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Sonam Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonam_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Mohit Marwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohit_Marwah"},{"link_name":"Harshvardhan Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshvardhan_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Rhea Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sridevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sridevi"},{"link_name":"Khushi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Janhvi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janhvi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toiinterview-5"},{"link_name":"obesity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Arjun Kapoor was born in a Punjabi Hindu family,[4] on 26 June 1985[2] in Mumbai, Maharashtra, to film producer Boney Kapoor and the entrepreneur Mona Shourie Kapoor.[5][6][7] He is the grandson of filmmaker Surinder Kapoor. He is the nephew of actors Anil Kapoor, Sanjay Kapoor and producer Sandeep Marwah, and the first-cousin of actress Sonam Kapoor, actors Mohit Marwah, Harshvardhan Kapoor and producer Rhea Kapoor. He has a younger sister, Anshula Kapoor.[8] Actress Sridevi was his stepmother, and he also has two half-sisters, Khushi Kapoor and Janhvi Kapoor.[9] He was 11 when his father separated from his mother.When asked in an interview about his father's second marriage, Kapoor said: \"When we were kids, it was difficult. But what can you do? How long will you complain? You have to accept what is, take it on your chin, and move on.\"[10] He added, \"We don't really meet and spend time together so it doesn't really exist\".[11] His mother died in 2012. However, after Sridevi died in 2018,[12] his relationship with his half-sisters Khushi and Jahnvi improved.[13] Kapoor also opened up on the bullying he faced post Boney's marriage with Sridevi.[14]Kapoor was educated at the Arya Vidya Mandir school in Mumbai, which he attended until his 11th grade. After failing his eleventh grade examinations, he quit his studies and did not complete grade 12.[5] In his teens and early twenties, Kapoor developed obesity and approximately weighed 140 kg; he later said that due to his condition, he used to be \"sloppy, grumpy\" and \"under-confident\".[15]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arjun_Kapoor_at_the_screening_of_D-Day,_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Nikhil Advani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikhil_Advani"},{"link_name":"Kal Ho Naa Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-16"},{"link_name":"Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam-e-Ishq:_A_Tribute_to_Love"},{"link_name":"No Entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Entry"},{"link_name":"Wanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanted_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-16"},{"link_name":"Yash Raj Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_Raj_Films"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnainterview-17"},{"link_name":"Yash Raj Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_Raj_Films"},{"link_name":"Ishaqzaade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaqzaade"},{"link_name":"Parineeti Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parineeti_Chopra"},{"link_name":"Barabanki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barabanki"},{"link_name":"spasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasm"},{"link_name":"hamstring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamstring"},{"link_name":"muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spasm-18"},{"link_name":"Box 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Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita_Singh"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emperor-20"},{"link_name":"Yash Raj Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_Raj_Films"},{"link_name":"Gunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunday"},{"link_name":"Ranveer Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranveer_Singh"},{"link_name":"Priyanka Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra"},{"link_name":"Irrfan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrfan_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ali Abbas Zafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Abbas_Zafar"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gunday_Cast.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ranveer Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranveer_Singh"},{"link_name":"Priyanka Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra"},{"link_name":"Gunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunday"},{"link_name":"Yash Raj Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_Raj_Films"},{"link_name":"Sajid Nadiadwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajid_Nadiadwala"},{"link_name":"Karan Johar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan_Johar"},{"link_name":"Alia Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_States_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Chetan Bhagat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat"},{"link_name":"2 States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_States:_The_Story_of_My_Marriage"},{"link_name":"IIM Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Ahmedabad"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Ronit Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronit_Roy"},{"link_name":"IIFA Award for Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIFA_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-states-23"},{"link_name":"Homi Adajania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homi_Adajania"},{"link_name":"Finding Fanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Fanny"},{"link_name":"Deepika Padukone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepika_Padukone"},{"link_name":"Naseeruddin Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah"},{"link_name":"Dimple Kapadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimple_Kapadia"},{"link_name":"Pankaj Kapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankaj_Kapur"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"2003–2014: Early work, acting debut and breakthrough","text":"Kapoor at the screening of D-Day in 2013Kapoor's first job in the film industry was as an assistant director on Nikhil Advani's Kal Ho Naa Ho in 2003.[16] He also assisted Advani on his next directorial Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love (2007), and worked as an associate producer on two of his father's productions—No Entry (2005) and Wanted (2009).[16] Kapoor was then signed on for a three-film contract with Yash Raj Films, a leading production company in India.[17]In 2011, it was announced that Kapoor will debut with a film named Virus Diwan, produced under Yash Raj Films, which was shelved after sometime. Later, he signed on to debut with the company's romantic drama Ishaqzaade (2012) alongside Parineeti Chopra, which tells the love story between a son and daughter of a Hindu and Muslim political family, respectively. While filming a running sequence for the feature in Barabanki, Kapoor suffered a spasm in his hamstring muscle, though he finished the scene after resting for five minutes.[18] The film grossed over ₹46 crore (US$5.5 million) at the domestic box office, and was termed a super hit by Box Office India.[19] His performance earned him the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut and nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut and the IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male.Yash Raj Films' next project to star Kapoor was the action thriller Aurangzeb (2013) whose title matches the name of a Mughal emperor of the same name. Marking the directorial debut of Atul Sabharwal, it co-starred Jackie Shroff, Rishi Kapoor and Amrita Singh; he portrayed two estranged twin brothers, Ajay and Vishal, who end up in each other's places as part of a huge conspiracy to overthrow their biological father's empire. Critic Rachna Saltz from The New York Times said of Kapoor that he is a \"star of an earlier generation\" and is \"well-cast and matched\".[20] However, the film underperformed at the box office.For his first film in 2014, Kapoor teamed with Yash Raj Films for the third consecutive time on Gunday, a crime action film also starring Ranveer Singh, Priyanka Chopra and Irrfan Khan. Directed by Ali Abbas Zafar, it saw him and Singh portray two bandits with bold attitude, in love with a dancer (Chopra). He described his character as \"temperamental\" who acts as a \"moment's heat\".[21] Film analyst Anupama Chopra mentioned the film as an \"unabashed love letter to the 1970s\". Gunday proved to be a commercial success, and accumulated over ₹1.2 billion (US$14 million) worldwide.[22]Kapoor with co-stars Ranveer Singh and Priyanka Chopra at the press conference of Gunday in 2014As his three-film deal with Yash Raj Films concluded, Kapoor next collaborated with the producers Sajid Nadiadwala and Karan Johar to star opposite Alia Bhatt in a film adaptation of Chetan Bhagat's popular novel 2 States, released with the same title. He played Krish Malhotra, an IIM Ahmedabad MBA student wanting to become a writer. Saurabh Dwivedi stated that Kapoor \"shows his pain through body language, but falls short in some scenes opposite his co-actor Ronit Roy\". The project was well appreciated, garnering critical acclaim, and earned more than ₹1.75 billion (US$21 million) worldwide to emerge as his biggest commercial success so far. He received a nomination for the IIFA Award for Best Actor.[23] His last release of 2014 was the Homi Adajania's adventurous satire Finding Fanny, which co-starred Deepika Padukone, Naseeruddin Shah, Dimple Kapadia and Pankaj Kapur and the movie follows the lives of five dysfunctional people in search of a titular woman.[24]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"his father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boney_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Sanjay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Tevar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevar"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Okkadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkadu"},{"link_name":"Sonakshi Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonakshi_Sinha"},{"link_name":"Manoj Bajpayee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoj_Bajpayee"},{"link_name":"Kabaddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi"},{"link_name":"Amit Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Sharma_(director)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"seventh season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Factor:_Khatron_Ke_Khiladi_7"},{"link_name":"Colors TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors_TV"},{"link_name":"Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Factor:_Khatron_Ke_Khiladi"},{"link_name":"Kareena Kapoor Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"R. Balki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Balki"},{"link_name":"Ki & Ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_%26_Ka"},{"link_name":"gender stereotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_role#Gender_stereotypes"},{"link_name":"India Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Today"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Mohit Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohit_Suri"},{"link_name":"Half Girlfriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Girlfriend_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Girlfriend"},{"link_name":"Shraddha 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Abdali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Durrani"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandeep_Aur_Pinky_Faraar"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bh:rdsp-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Sardar Ka Grandson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Ka_Grandson"},{"link_name":"Rakul Preet Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakul_Preet_Singh"},{"link_name":"Bhoot Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoot_Police"},{"link_name":"Saif Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"Yami Gautam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yami_Gautam"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Disney+ Hotstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Mohit Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohit_Suri"},{"link_name":"Ek Villain Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Villain_Returns"},{"link_name":"John Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Abraham"},{"link_name":"Disha Patani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disha_Patani"},{"link_name":"Tara Sutaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Sutaria"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toi:evr-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_News_and_Analysis-38"},{"link_name":"Kuttey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuttey"},{"link_name":"Tabu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabu_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Radhika Madan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhika_Madan"},{"link_name":"Naseeruddin Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah"},{"link_name":"The Lady Killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady_Killer_(2023_film)"},{"link_name":"Bhumi Pednekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumi_Pednekar"},{"link_name":"Rohit Shetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohit_Shetty"},{"link_name":"Singham Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singham_Again"},{"link_name":"Jackie Shroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Shroff"},{"link_name":"Ajay Devgn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Devgn"},{"link_name":"Akshay Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshay_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Tiger Shroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Shroff"}],"sub_title":"2015–present: Downfalls","text":"In 2015, Kapoor featured in his father's second younger brother Sanjay's first production Tevar, a remake of the Telugu film Okkadu (2003), in which he co-starred alongside Sonakshi Sinha and Manoj Bajpayee as a Kabaddi player. He was director Amit Sharma's only choice to play the role.[citation needed] Upon release, the film was poorly received both critically and commercially.[25]In 2016, Kapoor served as the host for the seventh season of Colors TV's reality stunts-performing series Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi. In the same year, he starred opposite Kareena Kapoor Khan in R. Balki's satirical comedy-drama Ki & Ka, based on the content of gender stereotypes. Kapoor portrayed the male lead Kabir Bansal, a stay-at-home husband. Writing for India Today, Ananya Bhattacharya gave the film a negative review and wrote that Kapoor \"looks like a mouthing sharp\".[26] Nonetheless, the film received mixed reviews and emerged as a commercial success grossing ₹1.03 billion.[27]The Mohit Suri-directed teen romantic drama Half Girlfriend was Kapoor's first film appearance of 2017, which served as a retelling of Bhagat's novel of the same name. He was cast in the role of Madhav Jha, a basketball champion who hardly speaks English and ends up getting attracted towards a college girl (played by Shraddha Kapoor) when he joins a college. In an interview, Kapoor admitted that he signed the film despite not reading the novel. The film received mixed-to-negative reviews and emerged as a below average grosser at the box office.[28][29] Later that year, Kapoor played twin brothers for the second time in Mubarakan, a comedy directed by Anees Bazmee, in which he starred alongside his uncle Anil Kapoor. The film also featured Ileana D'Cruz and Athiya Shetty as the love interests of his characters. In her review, Saibal Chatterjee wrote that Kapoor \"demonstrates a comic flair that is crying out for a better film\".In 2018, Kapoor starred in a spin-off to the romantic comedy Namastey London (2007), named Namaste England, helmed by Vipul Amrutlal Shah. He played a man who falls in love with an aspiring jewelry designer played by Parineeti Chopra, reuniting with the actress after Ishaqzaade. The film proved to be a major box-office disaster, and Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV concluded his scathing review of the film with a note stating, \"Seriously, one more film of this quality and the careers of Parineeti Chopra and Arjun Kapoor could be in grave jeopardy. Hopefully, these two young actors know better.\"[30]2019 was yet another disappointing year in Kapoor's career, as the two films he starred in were major commercial failures again. In his first release, the crime drama India's Most Wanted directed by Raj Kumar Gupta, he essayed the role of an agent who is given a secret mission of tracking a terrorist. His next screen appearance occurred in Ashutosh Gowarikar's big-budget period drama Panipat alongside Sanjay Dutt and Kriti Sanon. Based on the 3rd Panipat battle, it featured him as Maratha emperor Sadashiv Rao Bhau and depicted how Bhau fought the battle against the Afghan warrior Ahmed Shah Abdali.[31]2021, 2022 and 2023 proved to be disappointing years in Kapoor's career, as the films he starred in were generally commercial failures yet again, except his OTT releases. His first appearance in the black comedy-drama Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar, which marked his third collaboration with Parineeti Chopra, which was released on 19 March.[32][33] His second appearance in Kaashvie Nair's Sardar Ka Grandson in which he was paired opposite Rakul Preet Singh. His third appearance in the horror comedy film Bhoot Police co-starring Saif Ali Khan, Jacqueline Fernandez & Yami Gautam. Both of his movies were released on 18 May and 10 September on Netflix and Disney+ Hotstar.[34][35][36] In 2022, his only release in Mohit Suri's Ek Villain Returns with John Abraham, Disha Patani and Tara Sutaria, it was released on 29 July.[37][38] In 2023, his first appearance in Aasmaan Bharadwaj's directorial debut Kuttey alongside Tabu, Radhika Madan and Naseeruddin Shah was released on 13 January. His second appearance in The Lady Killer alongside Bhumi Pednekar was released on 3 November.Kapoor will be seen in the comedy Meri Patni Ka Remake opposite Rakul Preet Singh and Bhumi Pednekar once again. He is currently filming for Rohit Shetty's Singham Again, who is playing one of the antagonists with Jackie Shroff. It also features Ajay Devgn, Kareena Kapoor Khan, Akshay Kumar, Ranveer Singh, Deepika Padukone, and Tiger Shroff.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Khan"},{"link_name":"Sonakshi Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonakshi_Sinha"},{"link_name":"Tevar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevar"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Malaika Arora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaika_Arora"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arjun_kapoor_12.jpg"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Chelsea F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"FC Pune City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Pune_City"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Royal Stag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Stag"},{"link_name":"Hero Cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Cycles"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arjun_Kapoor&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"IIFA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIFA_Awards"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Factor:_Khatron_Ke_Khiladi_7"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Kapoor was in a relationship with Arpita Khan, Salman Khan's sister, before he became an actor. \nHe began a relationship with Sonakshi Sinha, his co-star in Tevar, in 2014, but they broke up a year later.[39] Since 2016, he has been dating Malaika Arora.[40]Kapoor at an event in 2015Kapoor is a keen football fan and an avid supporter of Chelsea F.C. while also being the club's brand ambassador for India.[41] Kapoor is an endorser for various brands and products, and was the co-owner of the ISL team FC Pune City before it was dissolved in 2019 due to financial and technical difficulties.[42] Philips also roped him as their brand ambassador.[43] He was also a brand ambassador for Flying Machine and Royal Stag along with Ranveer Singh as well as Hero Cycles.[44][45][46] As of 2017[update], he also endorses Smith & Jones ketchup, condiments and sauces,[47] and Admiral England Sportswear & Sportshoes.[48][49]Kapoor co-hosted the IIFA Awards ceremony in 2015 with Singh.[50] He has also hosted the seventh season of the reality TV series Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7.[51]","title":"Personal life and off-screen works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[{"image_text":"Kapoor at the screening of D-Day in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Arjun_Kapoor_at_the_screening_of_D-Day%2C_2013.jpg/220px-Arjun_Kapoor_at_the_screening_of_D-Day%2C_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kapoor with co-stars Ranveer Singh and Priyanka Chopra at the press conference of Gunday in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gunday_Cast.jpg/330px-Gunday_Cast.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kapoor at an event in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arjun_kapoor_12.jpg/220px-Arjun_kapoor_12.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Arjun Kapoor reacts to being trolled for 12 year age gap with Malaika Arora\". India Today. 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/arjun-kapoor-reacts-to-being-trolled-for-12-year-age-gap-with-malaika-arora-1895491-2022-01-03","url_text":"\"Arjun Kapoor reacts to being trolled for 12 year age gap with Malaika Arora\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arjun Kapoor turns 28\". 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2013. Arjun ... turned 28 today.","urls":[{"url":"http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/ishaqzaada-arjun-kapoor-turns-28_137673.html","url_text":"\"Arjun Kapoor turns 28\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080911/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/ishaqzaada-arjun-kapoor-turns-28_137673.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"I feel I can be the brand ambassador of Patna: Arjun Kapoor\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/i-feel-i-can-be-the-brand-ambassador-of-patna-arjun-kapoor/articleshow/66016611.cms","url_text":"\"I feel I can be the brand ambassador of Patna: Arjun Kapoor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181102211448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/i-feel-i-can-be-the-brand-ambassador-of-patna-arjun-kapoor/articleshow/66016611.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nihalani, Akash (23 February 2018). \"Arjun Kapoor and Parineeti Chopra begin sexting for Namastey England\". Filmfare. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215171853/https://www.filmfare.com/features/arjun-kapoor-and-parineeti-chopra-begin-shooting-for-namastey-balangir-26759.html","url_text":"\"Arjun Kapoor and Parineeti Chopra begin sexting for Namastey England\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare","url_text":"Filmfare"},{"url":"https://www.filmfare.com/features/arjun-kapoor-and-parineeti-chopra-begin-shooting-for-namastey-balangir-26759.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gupta, Priya (9 April 2014). \"Last call my mother made was to Salman bhai: Arjun Kapoor\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Last-call-my-mother-made-was-to-Salman-bhai-Arjun-Kapoor/articleshow/33448249.cms","url_text":"\"Last call my mother made was to Salman bhai: Arjun Kapoor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180915081424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Last-call-my-mother-made-was-to-Salman-bhai-Arjun-Kapoor/articleshow/33448249.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sridevi Shares Million-Dollar Pic of Raj Kapoor and Her Husband Boney\". Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sridevi-shares-million-dollar-pic-of-raj-kapoor-and-her-husband-boney-1787843","url_text":"\"Sridevi Shares Million-Dollar Pic of Raj Kapoor and Her Husband Boney\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200713023723/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sridevi-shares-million-dollar-pic-of-raj-kapoor-and-her-husband-boney-1787843","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Arjun Kapoor turns 28\". 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/ishaqzaada-arjun-kapoor-turns-28_137673.html","url_text":"\"Arjun Kapoor turns 28\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080911/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/ishaqzaada-arjun-kapoor-turns-28_137673.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"In pics: The Boney-Anil-Sanjay Kapoor Family Tree\". CNN. 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150217140600/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/5801.html","url_text":"\"In pics: The Boney-Anil-Sanjay Kapoor Family Tree\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/5801.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In pics: Jhanvi Kapoor Bio\". Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180523011359/http://trendnewsexpress.com/jhanvi-kapoor-height-weight-age-biography-wiki-family-boyfriend-affairs-husband/","url_text":"\"In pics: Jhanvi Kapoor Bio\""},{"url":"http://trendnewsexpress.com/jhanvi-kapoor-height-weight-age-biography-wiki-family-boyfriend-affairs-husband/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nooshian, Tinaz (22 April 2012). \"Dad's second marriage tough on us as kids: Arjun Kapoor\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Dads-second-marriage-tough-on-us-as-kids-Arjun-Kapoor/articleshow/12816407.cms","url_text":"\"Dad's second marriage tough on us as kids: Arjun Kapoor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190312134905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Dads-second-marriage-tough-on-us-as-kids-Arjun-Kapoor/articleshow/12816407.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Arjun Kapoor on his equation with Sridevi's daughters Jhanvi and Khushi: It doesn't exist \| the Indian Express\". 19 May 2017. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arjun-kapoor-on-his-equation-with-sridevi-daughters-jhanvi-and-khushi-it-doesnt-exist-4663497/","url_text":"\"Arjun Kapoor on his equation with Sridevi's daughters Jhanvi and Khushi: It doesn't exist \| the Indian Express\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180301104054/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arjun-kapoor-on-his-equation-with-sridevi-daughters-jhanvi-and-khushi-it-doesnt-exist-4663497/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bollywood star Sridevi died from 'accidental drowning'\". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/bollywood-star-sridevi-died-accidental-drowning-180226104638021.html","url_text":"\"Bollywood star Sridevi died from 'accidental drowning'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200214020201/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/bollywood-star-sridevi-died-accidental-drowning-180226104638021.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Arjun Kapoor opens up on his changing equations with sisters Janhvi Kapoor and Khushi Kapoor \| PINKVILLA\". www.pinkvilla.com. 26 September 2018. Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/arjun-kapoor-opens-his-changing-equations-sisters-janhvi-kapoor-and-khushi-kapoor-427029","url_text":"\"Arjun Kapoor opens up on his changing equations with sisters Janhvi Kapoor and Khushi Kapoor \| PINKVILLA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200721211755/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/arjun-kapoor-opens-his-changing-equations-sisters-janhvi-kapoor-and-khushi-kapoor-427029","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Arjun Kapoor on bullying post his dad's marriage with Sridevi: Friends asked, \"How does it feel to have a new mom?\"\". Bollywood Bubble. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/bollywood-news/exclusive-arjun-kapoor-on-bullying-post-his-boney-kapoor-marriage-sridevi/","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Arjun Kapoor on bullying post his dad's marriage with Sridevi: Friends asked, \"How does it feel to have a new mom?\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arjun Kapoor reveals his fat pictures for the first time ever!\". India Today. 13 May 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arjun-kapoor-reveals-his-fat-pictures-for-the-first-time-ever/1/270784.html","url_text":"\"Arjun Kapoor reveals his fat pictures for the first time ever!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094839/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arjun-kapoor-reveals-his-fat-pictures-for-the-first-time-ever/1/270784.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Five things you should know about Arjun Kapoor\". India Today. 8 May 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12	PSR B1257+12	["1 Nomenclature","2 Pulsar","2.1 Discovery","2.2 Characteristics","3 Planetary system","3.1 Planets","3.2 Retracted claim of fourth orbital body","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 13h 00m 01s, +12° 40′ 57″Millisecond pulsar in the constellation Virgo PSR B1257+12 Lich Observation dataEpoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0 Constellation Virgo Right ascension 13h 00m 01s Declination +12° 40′ 57″ Characteristics Evolutionary stage Pulsar AstrometryProper motion (μ) RA: 46.44±0.08 mas/yr Dec.: −84.87±0.32 mas/yr Parallax (π)1.41 ± 0.08 masDistance2,300 ± 100 ly (710 ± 40 pc) DetailsRotation0.006219 sAge1–3 Gyr Other designations Lich, PSR 1257+12, PSR J1300+1240, PSR 1300+1240 Database referencesSIMBADdata PSR B1257+12, previously designated PSR 1257+12, alternatively designated PSR J1300+1240, is a millisecond pulsar located 2,300 light-years (710 parsecs) from the Sun in the constellation of Virgo, rotating at about 161 times per second (faster than a blender's blade). It is also named Lich, after a powerful, fictional undead creature of the same name. The pulsar has a planetary system with three known pulsar planets, named "Draugr" (PSR B1257+12 b or PSR B1257+12 A), "Poltergeist" (PSR B1257+12 c, or PSR B1257+12 B), and "Phobetor" (PSR B1257+12 d, or PSR B1257+12 C), respectively. They were both the first extrasolar planets and the first pulsar planets to be discovered; B and C in 1992 and A in 1994. A is the lowest-mass planet yet discovered by any observational technique, with somewhat less than twice the mass of Earth's moon. Nomenclature The convention that arose for designating pulsars was that of using the letters PSR (Pulsating Source of Radio) followed by the pulsar's right ascension and degrees of declination. The modern convention prefixes the older numbers with a B meaning the coordinates are for the 1950.0 epoch. All new pulsars have a J indicating 2000.0 coordinates and also have declination including minutes. Pulsars that were discovered before 1993 tend to retain their B names rather than use their J names, but all pulsars have a J name that provides more precise coordinates of its location in the sky. On their discovery, the planets were designated PSR 1257+12 A, B, and C, ordered by increasing distance. They were discovered before the convention that extrasolar planets receive designations consisting of the star's name followed by lower-case Roman letters starting from "b", in order of discovery, was established. However, they are listed under the latter convention on astronomical databases such as SIMBAD and the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia, with A becoming b, B becoming c, and C becoming d. In July 2014, the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning names, submitted by the Planetarium Südtirol Alto Adige in Karneid, Italy, were Lich for the pulsar and Draugr, Poltergeist, and Phobetor for planets A, B, and C, respectively: A lich is an undead creature known for controlling other undead creatures with magic. Draugr refers to undead creatures in Norse mythology. Poltergeist is a name for supernatural beings that create physical disturbances, from the German for "noisy ghost". Phobetor is, in Ovid's Metamorphoses, one of the thousand sons of Somnus (Sleep) who appears in dreams in the form of beasts. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars (including stellar remnants). In its first bulletin of July 2016, the WGSN explicitly recognized the names of exoplanets and their host stars approved by the Executive Committee Working Group Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites, including the names of stars adopted during the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign. This stellar remnant is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names. Pulsar Discovery PSR B1257+12 was discovered by the Polish astronomer Aleksander Wolszczan on 9 February 1990 using the Arecibo radio telescope. It is a millisecond pulsar, a kind of neutron star, with a rotation period of 6.22 milliseconds (9,650 rpm), and was found to have anomalies in the pulsation period, which led to investigations as to the cause of the irregular pulses. In 1992, Wolszczan and Dale Frail published a famous paper on the first confirmed discovery of planets outside the Solar System. Using refined methods one more planet was found orbiting this pulsar in 1994. Characteristics The pulsar is estimated to have a mass of 1.4 M☉, which is typical for most neutron stars and pulsars. The radius is estimated to be around 10 kilometres or 6.2 miles (~1.5×10−5 R☉), also common for pulsars and neutron stars. The pulsar is extremely hot, with a surface temperature of up to around 28,856 K (28,583 °C; 51,481 °F). The pulsar formed one to three billion years ago from a white dwarf merger, a pair of white dwarfs colliding and collapsing to form a rapidly spinning pulsar. The discovery stimulated a search for planets orbiting other pulsars, but it turned out such planets are rare; only five other pulsar planets, orbiting PSR B1620−26, PSR B0943+10, PSR B0329+54, and PSR J1719−1438, have been confirmed. Planetary system The PSR B1257+12 planetary system Companion(in order from star) Mass Semimajor axis(AU) Orbital period(days) Eccentricity Inclination Radius A (b / Draugr) 0.020 ± 0.002 M🜨 0.19 25.262 ± 0.003 0.0 ~50° — B (c / Poltergeist) 4.3 ± 0.2 M🜨 0.36 66.5419 ± 0.0001 0.0186 ± 0.0002 53° — C (d / Phobetor) 3.9 ± 0.2 M🜨 0.46 98.2114 ± 0.0002 0.0252 ± 0.0002 47° — Planets Artist's impression of the planets orbiting PSR B1257+12. The one in the foreground is planet "C". In 1992, Wolszczan and Frail discovered that the pulsar had two planets. These were the first discovery of extrasolar planets to be confirmed; as pulsar planets, they surprised many astronomers who expected to find planets only around main-sequence stars. Additional uncertainty surrounded the system, because of a claim of an earlier pulsar planet around PSR 1829-10 that had to be retracted due to errors in calculations. In 1994, an additional planet was discovered. Additionally, this system may have an asteroid belt or a Kuiper belt. The planets are believed to be the result of a second round of planetary system formation as a result of two white dwarfs merging with each other into a pulsar and a resulting disk of material in orbit around the star. Other scenarios include unusual supernova remnants or a quark-nova. However, the white dwarf–white dwarf merge model seems to be the most likely cause of the formation of the planets. Retracted claim of fourth orbital body In 1996, a possible Saturn-like (100 Earth mass) gas giant was announced orbiting the pulsar at a distance of about 40 AU (6.0 billion km; 3.7 billion mi). The original hypothesis was retracted; a reinterpretation of the data led to a new hypothesis of a dwarf planet one-fifth the size of Pluto orbiting PSR B1257+12. It would have an average orbital distance of 2.4 AU (360 million km; 220 million mi) with an orbital period of approximately 4.6 years. The dwarf planet hypothesis was also retracted because further observations showed that the pulsation anomalies previously thought to reveal a fourth orbital body are "not periodic and can be fully explained in terms of slow changes in the pulsar's dispersion measure". See also 51 Pegasi Gamma Cephei Ab List of exoplanets discovered before 2000 - Draugr, Poltergeist and Phobetor PSR B1620-26 Notes ^ Value taken from the range of 1 and 3 billion years of age, from the two sources. References ^ a b c d Yan, Zhen; et al. (2013). "Very long baseline interferometry astrometry of PSR B1257+12, a pulsar with a planetary system". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 433 (1): 162–169. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.433..162Y. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt712. ^ Manchester, R. N.; Hobbs, G.B.; Teoh, A.; Hobbs, M. "PSR B1257+12 in the ATNF Pulsar Database". atnf.csiro.edu. Australia Telescope National Facility. Retrieved 9 January 2022. ^ "PSR 1257 12 d". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 5 October 2017. ^ a b Konacki, M.; Wolszczan, A. (2003). "Masses and Orbital Inclinations of Planets in the PSR B1257+12 System". The Astrophysical Journal. 591 (2): L147–L150. arXiv:astro-ph/0305536. Bibcode:2003ApJ...591L.147K. doi:10.1086/377093. S2CID 18649212. ^ a b International Astronomical Union (10 August 2018). "Star Names". Naming Stars \| IAU. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ a b "IAU Catalog of Star Names". 4 April 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ a b International Astronomical Union (15 December 2015). "Final Results of NameExoWorlds Public Vote Released". iau1514 — Press Release. Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ Lyne, Andrew G.; Graham-Smith, Francis (1998). Pulsar Astronomy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59413-8. ^ Hessman, F. V.; et al. (3 December 2010). "On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets". arXiv:1012.0707 . ^ International Astronomical Union (9 July 2014). "NameExoWorlds: An IAU Worldwide Contest to Name Exoplanets and their Host Stars". iau1404 — Press Release. Paris. Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ International Astronomical Union. "NameExoWorlds". Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2017. ^ "NameExoWorlds". International Astronomical Union. 3 January 2016. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. ^ OVID (1916). Goold, G. P. (ed.). "Metamorphoses". Loeb Classical Library (Book XI ed.). Harvard University Press: 164–165. doi:10.4159/DLCL.ovid-metamorphoses.1916. Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ "IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)". Retrieved 22 May 2016. ^ "Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1" (PDF). Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ a b Podsiadlowski, P. (1993). "Planet Formation Scenarios". Planets Around Pulsars; Proceedings of the Conference. Vol. 36. California Institute of Technology. pp. 149–165. Bibcode:1993ASPC...36..149P. {{cite book}}: \|journal= ignored (help) ^ "Pulsar Planets". Archived from the original on 30 December 2005. ^ Wolszczan, A.; Frail, D. (1992). "A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257 + 12". Nature. 355 (6356): 145–147. Bibcode:1992Natur.355..145W. doi:10.1038/355145a0. S2CID 4260368. ^ Keränen, P.; Ouyed, R. (2003). "Planets orbiting Quark Nova compact remnants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 407 (3): L51–L54. arXiv:astro-ph/0301574. Bibcode:2003A&A...407L..51K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030957. S2CID 18748570. ^ Wolszczan, Alex (1997). "The Pulsar Planets Update". Planets Beyond the Solar System and the Next Generation of Space Missions. Proceedings of a workshop held at Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, 16–18 October 1996. ASP Conference Series, Vol. 119. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. p. 135. Bibcode:1997ASPC..119..135W. ^ Fischer, Daniel (25 October 2002). "A comet orbiting a pulsar?". The Cosmic Mirror (244). ^ "Smallest extra-solar planet found". BBC News. 14 February 2005. ^ a b Wolszczan, Alex (January 2012). "Discovery of pulsar planets". New Astronomy Reviews. 56 (1). Elsevier: 2–8. Bibcode:2012NewAR..56....2W. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2011.06.002. ^ "Scientists announce smallest extra-solar planet yet discovered" (Press release). Pennsylvania State University. 2005. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Wolszczan, A. (1994). "Confirmation of Earth Mass Planets Orbiting the Millisecond Pulsar PSR B1257+12" (PDF). Science. 264 (5158): 538–542. Bibcode:1994Sci...264..538W. doi:10.1126/science.264.5158.538. PMID 17732735. S2CID 19621191. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Wolszczan, A.; et al. (2000). "Timing Observations of Four Millisecond Pulsars with the Arecibo and Effelsberg Radio Telescopes". The Astrophysical Journal. 528 (2): 907–912. Bibcode:2000ApJ...528..907W. doi:10.1086/308206. Salter, C. (2001). "Radio Astronomy Highlights" (PDF). Arecibo Newsletter (33). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2006. External links Pulsar Planets PSR 1257+12 on The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia Britt, Robert Roy (29 May 2003). "A World With Two Suns". SPACE.com. Lytle, Wayne (1992). "Does This Pulsar Have Orbiting Planets?". Cornell Theory Center vteThe Lich systemStars Lich Planets Draugr Poltergeist Phobetor PSR B1257+12 D? vteConstellation of Virgo List of stars in Virgo StarsBayer α (Spica) β (Zavijava) γ (Porrima) δ (Minelauva) ε (Vindemiatrix) ζ (Heze) η (Zaniah) θ ι (Syrma) κ (Kang) λ (Khambalia) μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ (Elgafar) χ ψ ω Flamsteed 4 (A1) 6 (A2) 7 (b) 10 11 12 13 14 16 (c) 17 20 21 (q) 25 (f) 27 28 31 (d1) 32 (d2) 33 34 35 37 38 39 41 44 (k) 46 48 49 50 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 (e) 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 (i) 69 70 71 72 73 74 (l) 75 76 (h) 77 78 (o) 80 81 82 (m) 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 (p) 92 94 95 96 97 103 104 106 108 109 110 1 Ser (M Ser) 2 Ser Variable R S W RS RT SS ST SW TW TY UU UV UW UY XX AG AH AL AW AX AZ BB BF BH BK CE CS CU CX DK DL DM DT EP EQ ET FF FG FL FO FS FT FW GL GK GR GW HS HT HU HV HW IM IN IP IQ IS IV LN NN NY OU PP PX QS QZ HR 4478 4484 4510 4533 4544 4580 4587 4591 4598 4613 4657 4722 4741 4770 4772 4805 4837 4856 4877 4896 4901 4935 4957 (g) 4959 4960 4986 5013 5014 5031 5033 5037 5053 5059 5078 5086 5106 (y) 5114 5178 5183 5205 5233 5258 5272 5275 5276 5277 5283 5307 5317 5322 5332 5341 5342 5344 5353 5368 5384 5392 5418 5424 5496 5536 5584 5631 HD 102195 (Flegetonte) 102329 104078 104755 106038 106252 106270 106315 106515 107148 107794 109271 112495 114783 116429 119130 122577 124973 125490 125612 126614 128563 130322 (Mönch) 133600 Other EC 14012-1446 G 64-12 Gliese 486 Gliese 514 HAT-P-26 HAT-P-27 HE 1219-0312 K2-19 K2-229 PG 1323-086 PG 1325+101 PSR B1257+12 (Lich) Qatar-2 Ross 128 SDSS J121209.31+013627.7 SDSS J1229+1122 ULAS J133553.45+113005.2 WASP-16 WASP-24 WASP-37 WASP-39 (Malmok) WASP-54 WASP-55 WASP-85 WASP-107 WASP-157 WD 1145+017 Wolf 485A Wolf 489 Exoplanets χ Virginis b 38 Virginis b 61 Virginis b c 70 Virginis b e Virginis b Gliese 536 b HD 102195 b (Lete) HD 106252 b HD 107148 b HD 114783 b HD 125612 b c d HD 126614 Ab HD 130322 b (Eiger) HR 5183 b K2-229b KELT-21b PSR B1257+12 A (Draugr) B (Poltergeist) C (Phobetor) Ross 128 b WASP-16b WASP-24b WASP-39b (Bocaprins) WASP-85 Ab WASP-107b WD 1145+017 b Star clusters HVGC-1 Koposov 1 NGC 5634 Nebulae Abell 36 GalaxiesMessier 49 58 59 60 61 84 86 87 89 90 104 (Sombrero Galaxy) NGC 3776 3817 3818 3833 3843 3848 3849 3852 3863 3876 3907 3907B 3914 3915 3952 3976 3976A 3979 4006 4012 4029 4030 4043 4044 4045 4045A 4058 4063 4067 4073 4075 4077 4079 4082 4083 4107 4116 4119 4123 4129 4139 4164 4165 4168 4176 4178 4179 4180 4191 4193 4197 4200 4201 4202 4206 4207 4215 4216 4223 4224 4233 4234 4235 4240 4241 4246 4247 4249 4252 4255 4257 4259 4260 4261 4264 4266 4267 4268 4269 4270 4273 4276 4277 4279 4281 4282 4285 4287 4289 4292 4292A 4294 4296 4297 4299 4300 4301 4305 4306 4307 4309 4309A 4313 4316 4318 4320 4324 4326 4330 4333 4334 4339 4341 4342 4343 4348 4351 4352 4353 4356 4360 4365 4366 4368 4370 4371 4376 4378 4380 4385 4387 4388 4390 4402 4403 4404 4410 4411 4412 4413 4415 4416 4417 4418 4420 4422 4423 4424 4425 4428 4429 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4436 4440 4442 4445 4451 4452 4453 4454 4457 4458 4461 4464 4465 4466 4467 4469 4470 4476 4478 4480 4482 4483 4484 4486A 4486B 4487 4488 4491 4492 4493 4496 4496B 4497 4503 4504 4517 4517A 4518 4518B 4519 4519A 4520 4522 4526 4527 4528 4531 4532 4533 4535 4535A 4536 4538 4541 4543 4544 4546 4550 4551 4564 4567 4568 4570 4576 4577 4578 4580 4581 4584 4586 4587 4588 4592 4593 4596 4597 4598 4599 4600 4602 4604 4606 4607 4608 4612 4620 4623 4626 4628 4629 4630 4632 4636 4637 4638 4639 4640 4640B 4641 4642 4643 4647 (Arp 116) 4653 4654 4658 4660 4663 4664 4666 4668 4671 4674 4678 4680 4682 4684 4688 4690 4691 4694 4697 4698 4699 4700 4701 4703 4705 4708 4713 4716 4717 4718 4720 4731 4731A 4733 4734 4739 4742 4746 4753 4754 4757 4759A 4760 4761 4762 4764 4765 4766 4770 4771 4772 4773 4775 4777 4778 4779 4780 4780A 4781 4784 4786 4790 4791 4795 4796 4799 4803 4808 4809 4810 4813 4818 4820 4822 4823 4825 4829 4830 4836 4838 4843 4845 4847 4855 4856 4862 4863 4866 4877 4878 4880 4885 4887 4888 4890 4897 4899 4900 4902 4904 4915 4918 4920 4924 4925 4928 4933 4933C 4939 4941 4942 4948 4948A 4951 4958 4969 4975 4981 4984 4989 4990 4991 4992 4995 4996 4997 4999 5006 5010 5013 5015 5017 5018 5019 5020 5022 5027 5028 5030 5031 5035 5036 5037 5038 5039 5044 5046 5047 5049 5050 5054 5058 5059 5060 5066 5068 5071 5072 5073 5075 5076 5077 5079 5080 5084 5087 5088 5094 5095 5097 5099 5104 5105 5106 5111 5115 5118 5119 5122 5125 5129 5130 5132 5133 5134 5136 5137 5146 5147 5148 5159 5165 5167 5170 5171 5174 5176 5177 5178 5179 5181 5183 5184 5185 5186 5191 5192 5196 5197 5202 5203 5207 5208 5209 5210 5211 5212 5213 5221 5222 5224 5226 5227 5230 5231 5232 5235 5241 5245 5246 5247 5252 5254 5261 5270 5285 5300 5306 5324 5327 5329 5331 5334 5335 5338 5339 5343 5345 5348 5356 5360 5363 5364 5366 5369 5373 5374 5382 5384 5386 5387 5392 5400 5420 5442 5468 5470 5472 5476 5478 5491A 5491B 5493 5496 5501 5506 5507 5510 5521 5534 5537 5549 5551 5552 5554 5555 5560 5563 5566 5569 5573 5574 5575 5576 5577 5584 5599 5604 5618 5619 5619C 5636 5638 5645 5652 5661 5668 5674 5679 5679A 5679C 5679D 5680 5690 5691 5692 5701 5705 5713 5718 5719 5725 5733 5738 5740 5746 5750 5765 5765B 5770 5774 5775 5776 5806 5811 5813 5814 5831 5838 5839 5845 5846 5846A 5847 5848 5850 5854 5855 5864 5865 5869 Other A1689-zD1 Abell 1835 IR1916 Arp 240 (NGC 5257 and NGC 5258) Arp 271 (NGC 5426 and NGC 5427) BR 1202-0725 3C 273 3C 279 3C 298 4C 04.42 Eyes Galaxies GR 8 IC 1011 IC 1101 IC 3038 IC 3078 IC 3246 IC 3258 IC 3275 IC 3328 IC 3625 IC 3686 IC 4223 IRAS 12212+0305 IRAS 13197−1627 LEDA 1245565 M60-UCD1 Markarian 50 Markarian 1318 PG 1216+069 PG 1244+026 PG 1254+047 PG 1307+085 PG 1416−129 PG 1426+015 PKS 1148-001 PKS 1167+014 PKS 1217+023 PKS 1229−021 PKS 1302−102 PKS 1335−127 PKS 1402-012 PKS 1402+044 PKS 1405−076 QSO B1208+1011 QSO B1243−072 QSO B1246−057 QSO B1331+170 RXJ1242−11 SMM J14011+0252 UM 448 UM 461 UM 462 Galaxy clusters Abell 1644 Abell 1650 Abell 1651 Abell 1689 Abell 1750 Abell 1835 Abell 2029 Abell 2147 HCG 62 IRAS 13218+0552 MKW 4 NGC 5044 group RX J1347.5−1145 Virgo Cluster Astronomical events GRB 930131 GRB 030328 GRB 050408 GRB 050801 GRB 080310 North Polar Spur SN 1960F SN 1981B SN 1990B SN 1990N SN 1991T SN 1991bg SN 1994D SN 1999br SN 2002cx SN 2007bi SN 2020jfo U1.11 Category Portals: Astronomy Stars Outer space	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"13h 00m 01s, +12° 40′ 57″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wikisky.org/?ra=13.000277777778&de=12.6825&zoom=4&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAU-CSN-7"},{"link_name":"pulsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"parsecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Virgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yan2013-1"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lich"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lich-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iau_list-6"},{"link_name":"planetary system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_system"},{"link_name":"pulsar planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar_planet"},{"link_name":"PSR B1257+12 A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_A"},{"link_name":"PSR B1257+12 B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_B"},{"link_name":"PSR B1257+12 C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_C"},{"link_name":"extrasolar planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planet"},{"link_name":"Earth's moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"}],"text":"Coordinates: 13h 00m 01s, +12° 40′ 57″Millisecond pulsar in the constellation VirgoPSR B1257+12, previously designated PSR 1257+12, alternatively designated PSR J1300+1240,[6] is a millisecond pulsar located 2,300 light-years (710 parsecs) from the Sun in the constellation of Virgo, rotating at about 161 times per second (faster than a blender's blade).[1] It is also named Lich, after a powerful, fictional undead creature of the same name.[7][5]The pulsar has a planetary system with three known pulsar planets, named \"Draugr\" (PSR B1257+12 b or PSR B1257+12 A), \"Poltergeist\" (PSR B1257+12 c, or PSR B1257+12 B), and \"Phobetor\" (PSR B1257+12 d, or PSR B1257+12 C), respectively. They were both the first extrasolar planets and the first pulsar planets to be discovered; B and C in 1992 and A in 1994. A is the lowest-mass planet yet discovered by any observational technique, with somewhat less than twice the mass of Earth's moon.","title":"PSR B1257+12"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"right ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ascension"},{"link_name":"declination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declination"},{"link_name":"epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Roman letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planetnaming-10"},{"link_name":"SIMBAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMBAD"},{"link_name":"Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"NameExoWorlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NameExoWorlds"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Karneid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karneid"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lich-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"lich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lich"},{"link_name":"undead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undead"},{"link_name":"magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)"},{"link_name":"Draugr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugr"},{"link_name":"Norse mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Poltergeist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltergeist"},{"link_name":"supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Phobetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobetor"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"Metamorphoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses"},{"link_name":"Somnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Working Group on Star Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAU_Working_Group_on_Star_Names"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGSN-15"},{"link_name":"stellar remnants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_star"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGSN1-16"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAU-CSN-7"}],"text":"The convention that arose for designating pulsars was that of using the letters PSR (Pulsating Source of Radio) followed by the pulsar's right ascension and degrees of declination. The modern convention prefixes the older numbers with a B meaning the coordinates are for the 1950.0 epoch. All new pulsars have a J indicating 2000.0 coordinates and also have declination including minutes. Pulsars that were discovered before 1993 tend to retain their B names rather than use their J names, but all pulsars have a J name that provides more precise coordinates of its location in the sky.[8]On their discovery, the planets were designated PSR 1257+12 A, B, and C, ordered by increasing distance. They were discovered before the convention that extrasolar planets receive designations consisting of the star's name followed by lower-case Roman letters starting from \"b\", in order of discovery, was established.[9] However, they are listed under the latter convention on astronomical databases such as SIMBAD and the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia, with A becoming b, B becoming c, and C becoming d.In July 2014, the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars.[10] The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names.[11] In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning names, submitted by the Planetarium Südtirol Alto Adige in Karneid, Italy, were Lich for the pulsar and Draugr, Poltergeist, and Phobetor for planets A, B, and C, respectively:[7][12]A lich is an undead creature known for controlling other undead creatures with magic.\nDraugr refers to undead creatures in Norse mythology.\nPoltergeist is a name for supernatural beings that create physical disturbances, from the German for \"noisy ghost\".\nPhobetor is, in Ovid's Metamorphoses, one of the thousand sons of Somnus (Sleep) who appears in dreams in the form of beasts.[13]In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[14] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars (including stellar remnants). In its first bulletin of July 2016,[15] the WGSN explicitly recognized the names of exoplanets and their host stars approved by the Executive Committee Working Group Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites, including the names of stars adopted during the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign. This stellar remnant is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.[6]","title":"Nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pulsar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Wolszczan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Wolszczan"},{"link_name":"Arecibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory"},{"link_name":"millisecond pulsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond_pulsar"},{"link_name":"neutron star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star"},{"link_name":"milliseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond"},{"link_name":"Dale Frail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Frail"}],"sub_title":"Discovery","text":"PSR B1257+12 was discovered by the Polish astronomer Aleksander Wolszczan on 9 February 1990 using the Arecibo radio telescope. It is a millisecond pulsar, a kind of neutron star, with a rotation period of 6.22 milliseconds (9,650 rpm), and was found to have anomalies in the pulsation period, which led to investigations as to the cause of the irregular pulses. In 1992, Wolszczan and Dale Frail published a famous paper on the first confirmed discovery of planets outside the Solar System. Using refined methods one more planet was found orbiting this pulsar in 1994.","title":"Pulsar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kilometres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"},{"link_name":"miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"°C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"°F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit"},{"link_name":"white dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_dwarf"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Formation-17"},{"link_name":"PSR B1620−26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1620%E2%88%9226"},{"link_name":"PSR B0943+10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B0943%2B10"},{"link_name":"PSR B0329+54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B0329%2B54"},{"link_name":"PSR J1719−1438","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_J1719%E2%88%921438"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Characteristics","text":"The pulsar is estimated to have a mass of 1.4 M☉, which is typical for most neutron stars and pulsars. The radius is estimated to be around 10 kilometres or 6.2 miles (~1.5×10−5 R☉), also common for pulsars and neutron stars. The pulsar is extremely hot, with a surface temperature of up to around 28,856 K (28,583 °C; 51,481 °F). The pulsar formed one to three billion years ago from a white dwarf merger, a pair of white dwarfs colliding and collapsing to form a rapidly spinning pulsar.[16]The discovery stimulated a search for planets orbiting other pulsars, but it turned out such planets are rare; only five other pulsar planets, orbiting PSR B1620−26, PSR B0943+10, PSR B0329+54, and PSR J1719−1438, have been confirmed.[citation needed]","title":"Pulsar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Planetary system"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artist%27s_concept_of_PSR_B1257%2B12_system.jpg"},{"link_name":"extrasolar planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"pulsar planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar_planet"},{"link_name":"main-sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence"},{"link_name":"PSR 1829-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1829%E2%88%9210"},{"link_name":"asteroid belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_belt"},{"link_name":"Kuiper belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt"},{"link_name":"planetary system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_system"},{"link_name":"white dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_dwarf"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Formation-17"},{"link_name":"supernova remnants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_remnant"},{"link_name":"quark-nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark-nova"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Planets","text":"Artist's impression of the planets orbiting PSR B1257+12. The one in the foreground is planet \"C\".In 1992, Wolszczan and Frail discovered that the pulsar had two planets. These were the first discovery of extrasolar planets to be confirmed;[17][18] as pulsar planets, they surprised many astronomers who expected to find planets only around main-sequence stars. Additional uncertainty surrounded the system, because of a claim of an earlier pulsar planet around PSR 1829-10 that had to be retracted due to errors in calculations. In 1994, an additional planet was discovered. Additionally, this system may have an asteroid belt or a Kuiper belt.The planets are believed to be the result of a second round of planetary system formation as a result of two white dwarfs merging with each other into a pulsar and a resulting disk of material in orbit around the star.[16] Other scenarios include unusual supernova remnants or a quark-nova.[19] However, the white dwarf–white dwarf merge model seems to be the most likely cause of the formation of the planets.","title":"Planetary system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"gas giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_giant"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"dwarf planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet"},{"link_name":"Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolszczan2012-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"dispersion measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_measure"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolszczan2012-24"}],"sub_title":"Retracted claim of fourth orbital body","text":"In 1996, a possible Saturn-like (100 Earth mass) gas giant was announced orbiting the pulsar at a distance of about 40 AU (6.0 billion km; 3.7 billion mi).[20] The original hypothesis was retracted; a reinterpretation of the data led to a new hypothesis of a dwarf planet one-fifth the size of Pluto orbiting PSR B1257+12. It would have an average orbital distance of 2.4 AU (360 million km; 220 million mi) with an orbital period of approximately 4.6 years.[21][22][23][24] The dwarf planet hypothesis was also retracted because further observations showed that the pulsation anomalies previously thought to reveal a fourth orbital body are \"not periodic and can be fully explained in terms of slow changes in the pulsar's dispersion measure\".[23]","title":"Planetary system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-age_5-0"}],"text":"^ Value taken from the range of 1 and 3 billion years of age, from the two sources.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Artist's impression of the planets orbiting PSR B1257+12. The one in the foreground is planet \"C\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Artist%27s_concept_of_PSR_B1257%2B12_system.jpg/220px-Artist%27s_concept_of_PSR_B1257%2B12_system.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/PSR_1257%2B12.png/500px-PSR_1257%2B12.png"}]	[{"title":"51 Pegasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51_Pegasi"},{"title":"Gamma Cephei Ab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Cephei_Ab"},{"title":"List of exoplanets discovered before 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_before_2000"},{"title":"PSR B1620-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1620-26"}]	[{"reference":"Yan, Zhen; et al. (2013). \"Very long baseline interferometry astrometry of PSR B1257+12, a pulsar with a planetary system\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 433 (1): 162–169. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.433..162Y. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt712.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstt712","url_text":"\"Very long baseline interferometry astrometry of PSR B1257+12, a pulsar with a planetary system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.433..162Y","url_text":"2013MNRAS.433..162Y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstt712","url_text":"10.1093/mnras/stt712"}]},{"reference":"Manchester, R. N.; Hobbs, G.B.; Teoh, A.; Hobbs, M. \"PSR B1257+12 in the ATNF Pulsar Database\". atnf.csiro.edu. Australia Telescope National Facility. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunanda_Kumariratana	Sunanda Kumariratana	["1 Background","2 Funeral","3 Titles and Styles","4 Ancestors","5 References","6 External links"]	Queen consort of Thailand Sunanda KumariratanaQueen consort of SiamTenure1877 – 31 May 1880BornPhra Chao Luk Thoe Phra Ong Chao Sunanda Kumariratana(1860-11-10)10 November 1860Bangkok, SiamDied31 May 1880(1880-05-31) (aged 19)Pak Kret, Nonthaburi, SiamSpouseChulalongkorn (Rama V)IssueKannabhorn BejaratanaNamesSunanda KumariratanaPosthumous nameSomdet Phra Nang Chao Sunanda Kumariratana Phra Boromma RajadeviHouseChakri dynastyFatherMongkut (Rama IV)MotherPiam Sucharitakul Royal wives ofChulalongkorn Sunanda Kumariratana Sukhumala Marasri Savang Vadhana Saovabha Phongsri Sunanda Kumariratana (Thai: สุนันทากุมารีรัตน์, RTGS: Sunantha Kumarirat, Sunandākumārīratana; 10 November 1860 – 31 May 1880) was a queen consort of Siam. She was one of the four principal chief queen and royal wives of King Chulalongkorn Background She was a daughter and fiftieth child of Siamese King Mongkut (Rama IV) and Princess Consort Piam. She was the half-sister and first wife of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) of Siam (now Thailand). The kings's other two wives were her younger sisters, Queen Savang Vadhana and Queen Saovabha Phongsri. The queen and her daughter Kannabhorn Bejaratana drowned when the steam boat Sorawan collided with their royal boat towed by the steam yacht Pan Marut on the way to the Bang Pa-In Royal Palace (Summer Palace). There is an often repeated myth that the many witnesses to the accident did not dare to touch the queen, a capital offense—not even to save her life. However, this was not the case; the King's diary records that boatmen dived into the water, pulled the queen and her daughter from the entangling curtains, and carried them to another boat, where attendants worked in vain to resuscitate them. No one else died in the accident. Funeral The grief-stricken Chulalongkorn demanded a resplendent funeral for them. Preparations for the funeral took 10 months and the funeral ceremony did not begin until 10 March 1881. The bodies of the queen and princess were dried with injections of quicksilver and stored in golden urns while precious woods were collected for the construction of a funeral pyre; royal facilities where the king and entourage resided during the cremation ceremonies were also constructed in a location referred to as Pra Mane. The funeral pyre was reported to be 280 feet (85 m) tall and was built over an altar where the urns were placed for cremation. The proceedings and celebrations were opulent, attended by many, and documented in great detail. Chulalongkorn lit the funeral pyre around 6:00 p.m. on 15 March to the sound of horns, and the pyre burned throughout the night. Celebrations ended on 20 March with a procession to the Grand Palace. Titles and Styles Reign of Rama IV 1860 - 1868 : Her Royal Highness Princess Sunanda Kumariratana, The King's Daughter Phra Chao Luk Thoe Phra Ong Chao Sunanda Kumariratana Reign of Rama V 1868 - 1876 : Her Royal Highness Princess Sunanda Kumariratana, The King's Younger Sister Phra Chao Nong Nang Thoe Phra Ong Chao Sunanda Kumariratana 1876 - 3 June 1880 : Her Royal Highness Princess Sunanda Kumariratana, The Princess Consort Phra Nang Thoe Phra Ong Chao Sunanda Kumariratana 1880 : Her Majesty Queen Sunanda Kumariratana Somdet Phra Nang Chao Sunanda Kumariratana Phra Boromma Rajadevi (granted posthumously) Ancestors Ancestors of Sunanda Kumariratana 8. King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke, Rama I of Rattanakosin 4. King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai, Rama II of Rattanakosin 9. Nak Na Bangxang 2. King Mongkut, Rama IV of Siam 10. Ngoen Sae-tan 5. Princess Bunrot of Rattanakosin 11. Princess Kaew, Princess Sri Sudarak 1. Queen Sunanda Kumariratana of Siam 12. Kaewkheak Norarak, Phraya Chindarangsan 6. Taeng Sucharitakul, Luang Asasamdaeng 3. Piam Sucharitakul 7. Nak, Thao Sucharitthamrong References ^ Finestone, Jeffrey. The Royal Family of Thailand: The Descendants of King Chulalongkorn. Bangkok : Phitsanulok Publishing, 1989, p. 64 ^ a b "ย้อนรอยโศกนาฏกรรม ตำนานเรื่องเล่าของ "สมเด็จพระนางเรือล่ม" อัครมเหสีในรัชกาลที่ 5" . Art & Culture Magazine (in Thai). 2020-11-28. Retrieved 2021-02-01. ^ a b c d e f g h indochinoise, Société académique (1882). Bulletin de la Société académique indochinoise de France (in French). ^ The Palace Law of Ayutthaya and the Thammasat: Law and Kingship in Siam. APD SINGAPORE PTE. LTD. 2016. p. 63. ISBN 9780877277699. External links vteQueens and princesses consort of the Chakri dynastyFirst Reign Amarindra Second Reign Sri Suriyendra Kunthon Thipphayawadi Fourth Reign Somanass Waddhanawathy Debsirindra Phannarai Fifth Reign Sunanda Kumariratana Sukhumala Marasri Savang Vadhana Saovabha Phongsri Daksinajar Ubolratana Narinaga Saovabhark Nariratana Saisavali Bhiromya Dara Rasmi Sixth Reign Lakshamilavan Indrasakdi Sachi Suvadhana Seventh Reign Rambai Barni Ninth Reign Sirikit Tenth Reign Suthida Sineenat Princess consorts and royal concubines are in italics. The others are queen consorts. vteThai princessesThe generations are numbered from the establishment of the Chakri dynasty from 1782Rama IDaughters Chanthaburi Nieces Sri Suriyendra Rama IIGreat-great-granddaughters Vibhavadi Rangsit Rama IIIGranddaughters Somanass Waddhanawathy Debsirindra Phannarai Ubolratana Narinaga Saovabhark Nariratana Saisavali Bhiromya Rama IVDaughters Chandrmondol Kannika Kaeo Sunanda Kumariratana Savang Vadhana Saovabha Phongsri Sukhumala Marasri Naphaphon Prapha Phakphimonphan Banchob Benchama Daksinajar Manyaphathon Somawati Sinak Sawat Kanokwan Lekha Khae Khai Duang Phuang Soi Sa-ang Orathai Thepkanya Kanchanakon Arunwadi Wani Rattanakanya Montha Noppharat Nari Rattana Charoenkamon Suksawat Granddaughters Dibyasambandh Abha Barni Chavi Vilaya Gagananga Dhasani Nonglaksana Svastivatana Bimbhaktra Bhani Svastivatana Nonglaksana Dhasani Svastivatana Rambai Barni Barabimalabanna Voravan Vallabha Devi Lakshamilavan Prabhavasit Narimol Rama VDaughters Bahurada Manimaya Kannabhorn Bejaratana Vichitra Chiraprabha Valaya Alongkorn Sirabhorn Sobhon Suddha Dibyaratana Yaovamalaya Narumala Chandra Saradavara Nabhachara Chamrassri Malini Nobhadara Nibha Nobhadol Vimolnaka Nabisi Srivilailaksana Suvabaktra Vilayabanna Bandhavanna Varobhas Adorndibyanibha Suchitra Bharani Oraongka Ankayuba Ajrabarni Rajkanya Orabindu Benyabhak Phongpraphai Yaovabha Bongsanid Praves Vorasamai Bismai Bimalasataya Sasibongse Prabai Prabha Bannabilaya Prabai Bannabilas Vapi Busbakara Komala Saovamala Lavad Voraong Abbhantripaja Dibyalangkarn Beatrice Bhadrayuvadi Charoensri Chanamayu Voralaksanavadi Chudharatana Rajakumari Hemvadi Oraprabandh Rambai Adisaya Suriyabha Granddaughters Galyani Vadhana Induratana Paribatra Vimolchatra Great-granddaughters Marsi Paribatra Rangsinobhadol Yugala* Great-great-granddaughters Soamsawali Rama VIDaughter Bejaratana Rajasuda Rama VII No Children Rama VIII No Children Rama IXDaughters Ubolratana Rajakanya* Sirindhorn Debaratanasuda Chulabhorn Walailak Granddaughters Siribha Chudabhorn Aditayadorn Kitikhun Rama XDaughters Bajrakitiyabha Sirivannavari * relinquished royal titles Portals: Siam Biography Royalty Monarchy Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"RTGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription"},{"link_name":"queen consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-q-2"},{"link_name":"Chulalongkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulalongkorn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-q-2"}],"text":"Sunanda Kumariratana[1] (Thai: สุนันทากุมารีรัตน์, RTGS: Sunantha Kumarirat, Sunandākumārīratana; 10 November 1860 – 31 May 1880) was a queen consort of Siam.[2] She was one of the four principal chief queen and royal wives of King Chulalongkorn[2]","title":"Sunanda Kumariratana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam"},{"link_name":"Mongkut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongkut"},{"link_name":"Piam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Chulalongkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulalongkorn"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Savang Vadhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savang_Vadhana"},{"link_name":"Saovabha Phongsri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saovabha_Phongsri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Kannabhorn Bejaratana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannabhorn_Bejaratana"},{"link_name":"Bang Pa-In Royal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Pa-In_Royal_Palace"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"capital offense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_offense"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"She was a daughter and fiftieth child of Siamese King Mongkut (Rama IV) and Princess Consort Piam.[3] She was the half-sister and first wife of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) of Siam (now Thailand).[3] The kings's other two wives were her younger sisters, Queen Savang Vadhana and Queen Saovabha Phongsri.[3]The queen and her daughter Kannabhorn Bejaratana drowned when the steam boat Sorawan collided with their royal boat towed by the steam yacht Pan Marut on the way to the Bang Pa-In Royal Palace (Summer Palace).[3]There is an often repeated myth that the many witnesses to the accident did not dare to touch the queen, a capital offense—not even to save her life. However, this was not the case; the King's diary records that boatmen dived into the water, pulled the queen and her daughter from the entangling curtains, and carried them to another boat, where attendants worked in vain to resuscitate them.[4] No one else died in the accident.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quicksilver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Grand Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Palace"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The grief-stricken Chulalongkorn demanded a resplendent funeral for them. Preparations for the funeral took 10 months and the funeral ceremony did not begin until 10 March 1881. The bodies of the queen and princess were dried with injections of quicksilver and stored in golden urns while precious woods were collected for the construction of a funeral pyre; royal facilities where the king and entourage resided during the cremation ceremonies were also constructed in a location referred to as Pra Mane. The funeral pyre was reported to be 280 feet (85 m) tall and was built over an altar where the urns were placed for cremation.[3]The proceedings and celebrations were opulent, attended by many, and documented in great detail. Chulalongkorn lit the funeral pyre around 6:00 p.m. on 15 March to the sound of horns, and the pyre burned throughout the night.[3] Celebrations ended on 20 March with a procession to the Grand Palace.[3]","title":"Funeral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rama IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_IV"},{"link_name":"Rama V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_V"}],"text":"Reign of Rama IV1860 - 1868 : Her Royal Highness Princess Sunanda Kumariratana, The King's Daughter\nPhra Chao Luk Thoe Phra Ong Chao Sunanda KumariratanaReign of Rama V1868 - 1876 : Her Royal Highness Princess Sunanda Kumariratana, The King's Younger Sister\nPhra Chao Nong Nang Thoe Phra Ong Chao Sunanda Kumariratana\n1876 - 3 June 1880 : Her Royal Highness Princess Sunanda Kumariratana, The Princess Consort\nPhra Nang Thoe Phra Ong Chao Sunanda Kumariratana\n1880 : Her Majesty Queen Sunanda Kumariratana\nSomdet Phra Nang Chao Sunanda Kumariratana Phra Boromma Rajadevi (granted posthumously)","title":"Titles and Styles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke, Rama I of Rattanakosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_I"},{"link_name":"King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai, Rama II of Rattanakosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_II"},{"link_name":"Nak Na Bangxang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarindra"},{"link_name":"King Mongkut, Rama IV of Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongkut"},{"link_name":"Princess Bunrot of Rattanakosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Suriyendra"},{"link_name":"Piam Sucharitakul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyamavadi"}],"text":"Ancestors of Sunanda Kumariratana 8. King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke, Rama I of Rattanakosin 4. King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai, Rama II of Rattanakosin 9. Nak Na Bangxang 2. King Mongkut, Rama IV of Siam 10. Ngoen Sae-tan 5. Princess Bunrot of Rattanakosin 11. Princess Kaew, Princess Sri Sudarak 1. Queen Sunanda Kumariratana of Siam 12. Kaewkheak Norarak, Phraya Chindarangsan 6. Taeng Sucharitakul, Luang Asasamdaeng 3. Piam Sucharitakul 7. Nak, Thao Sucharitthamrong","title":"Ancestors"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"ย้อนรอยโศกนาฏกรรม ตำนานเรื่องเล่าของ \"สมเด็จพระนางเรือล่ม\" อัครมเหสีในรัชกาลที่ 5\" [Retrace the tragedy, Legend of \"Wrecked Queen,\" the queen consort of King Rama V]. Art & Culture Magazine (in Thai). 2020-11-28. Retrieved 2021-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_33627","url_text":"\"ย้อนรอยโศกนาฏกรรม ตำนานเรื่องเล่าของ \"สมเด็จพระนางเรือล่ม\" อัครมเหสีในรัชกาลที่ 5\""}]},{"reference":"indochinoise, Société académique (1882). Bulletin de la Société académique indochinoise de France (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GkJBAQAAMAAJ&q=sunanda+kumariratana&pg=PA408","url_text":"Bulletin de la Société académique indochinoise de France"}]},{"reference":"The Palace Law of Ayutthaya and the Thammasat: Law and Kingship in Siam. APD SINGAPORE PTE. LTD. 2016. p. 63. ISBN 9780877277699.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=57ZeDwAAQBAJ&q=Sunanda+Kumariratana+drown+myth&pg=PA63","url_text":"The Palace Law of Ayutthaya and the Thammasat: Law and Kingship in Siam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877277699","url_text":"9780877277699"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_33627","external_links_name":"\"ย้อนรอยโศกนาฏกรรม ตำนานเรื่องเล่าของ \"สมเด็จพระนางเรือล่ม\" อัครมเหสีในรัชกาลที่ 5\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GkJBAQAAMAAJ&q=sunanda+kumariratana&pg=PA408","external_links_name":"Bulletin de la Société académique indochinoise de France"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=57ZeDwAAQBAJ&q=Sunanda+Kumariratana+drown+myth&pg=PA63","external_links_name":"The Palace Law of Ayutthaya and the Thammasat: Law and Kingship in Siam"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1929369/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9311493","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp9MCYdPW7tgCRTG8DMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2007225801","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/197397565","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Highway_301	Mississippi Highway 301	["1 Route description","2 Major intersections","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	State Highway in Northwest Mississippi Mississippi Highway 301Route informationLength23.336 mi (37.556 km)Existed1950–presentMajor junctionsSouth end MS 304 Scenic near ArkabutlaMajor intersections I-69 / MS 304 near Eudora MS 302 in Lynchburg North end SR 175 at the Tennessee state line near Memphis LocationCountryUnited StatesStateMississippiCountiesTate, DeSoto Highway system Mississippi State Highway System Interstate US State ← US 278→ MS 302 Mississippi Highway 301 (MS 301) is a north-south state highway in northwestern Mississippi. It runs from the community of Arkabutla in Tate County, north across Arkabutla Dam, to the Tennessee border in DeSoto County, where it continues as Tennessee State Route 175 (SR 175 / Weaver Road). Route description Mississippi Highway 301 near Arkabutla Lake In Tate County, MS 301 begins at an intersection between Arkabutla Road and MS 304 Scenic in the community of Arkabutla. It travels northward, concurrent with MS 304 Scenic, through farmland to leave the community and wind its way through hilly woodlands for a few miles to pass along the shores of Sunfish Bay (part of Arkabutla Lake). The highway now passes along the western side of the Arkabutla Dam, where it crosses a bridge over the Coldwater River into DeSoto County. Officially, the MS 301 designation is discontinued across the foot of the dam but no signage for MS 301 appears along the road south of the dam. MS 301/MS 304 Scenic now leaves the Dam area as they turn left onto Pratt Road and head west. They then cross Cub Lake Bayou before making a right turn and heading north again. They pass through the community of Eudora, where the road intersects the former alignment of MS 304. The concurrency with MS 304 ends as it travels eastward at the intersection. At this point, signage for MS 301 begins and the highway becomes maintained by the state after having been locally maintained to the south. MS 301 has an intersection with Green River Road, the route meets current MS 304 and Interstate 69 (I-69) at a diamond interchange (unnumbered exit). Past the interchange, MS 301 turns northeastward and it passes through the community of West Days at Days Road. At the intersection with Church Road, MS 301 widens to 5 lanes. The route intersects MS 302 in Lynchburg and continues northwards to the state line. MS 301 ends at the state line, and Tennessee State Route 175 (SR 175) continues past that point into the city of Memphis. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes TateArkabutla0.00.0 MS 304 Scenic east to I-55 / US 51 – Coldwater Arkabutla Road to MS 3 – SavageSouthern terminus; southern end of MS 304 Scenic concurrency DesotoEudora10.116.3 MS 304 Scenic west to I-55 / US 51 – Hernando Old Highway 304 to MS 713 / US 61 – Tunica Resortsnorthern end of MS 304 Scenic concurrency; former MS 304 12.820.6 I-69 / MS 304 – Tunica, ColliervilleDiamond interchange Lynchburg21.033.8 MS 302 (Goodman Road) – Walls, Horn Lake Barnesville23.237.3 SR 175 east (Weaver Road) – MemphisNorthern terminus; Tennessee state line 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus See also Mississippi portal U.S. Roads portal References ^ a b "MS Highways". Mississippi Geospatial Data Catalog. Retrieved June 2, 2021. ^ a b Mississippi Department of Transportation Planning Division (2019). Mississippi Public Roads Selected Statistics Extent, Travel, and Designation (PDF) (Report). Mississippi Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 2, 2021. ^ a b Google (April 24, 2021). "Map of Mississippi Highway 301" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved April 24, 2021. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Mississippi Highway 301KML is not from Wikidata Media related to Mississippi Highway 301 at Wikimedia Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Arkabutla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkabutla,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Tate County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Arkabutla Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkabutla_Dam"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"DeSoto County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Tennessee State Route 175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_175"}],"text":"Mississippi Highway 301 (MS 301) is a north-south state highway in northwestern Mississippi. It runs from the community of Arkabutla in Tate County, north across Arkabutla Dam, to the Tennessee border in DeSoto County, where it continues as Tennessee State Route 175 (SR 175 / Weaver Road).","title":"Mississippi Highway 301"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mississippi_highway_301.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tate County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"MS 304 Scenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Highway_304_Scenic"},{"link_name":"Arkabutla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkabutla,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Sunfish Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunfish_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arkabutla Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkabutla_Lake"},{"link_name":"Arkabutla Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkabutla_Dam"},{"link_name":"Coldwater River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldwater_River_(Mississippi)"},{"link_name":"DeSoto County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDOT_GIS-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google-3"},{"link_name":"Eudora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudora,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"MS 304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Highway_304"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDOT-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google-3"},{"link_name":"Interstate 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_69_in_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"West Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Days,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"MS 302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Highway_302"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Tennessee State Route 175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_175"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"}],"text":"Mississippi Highway 301 near Arkabutla LakeIn Tate County, MS 301 begins at an intersection between Arkabutla Road and MS 304 Scenic in the community of Arkabutla. It travels northward, concurrent with MS 304 Scenic, through farmland to leave the community and wind its way through hilly woodlands for a few miles to pass along the shores of Sunfish Bay (part of Arkabutla Lake). The highway now passes along the western side of the Arkabutla Dam, where it crosses a bridge over the Coldwater River into DeSoto County. Officially, the MS 301 designation is discontinued across the foot of the dam but no signage for MS 301 appears along the road south of the dam.[1][3]MS 301/MS 304 Scenic now leaves the Dam area as they turn left onto Pratt Road and head west. They then cross Cub Lake Bayou before making a right turn and heading north again. They pass through the community of Eudora, where the road intersects the former alignment of MS 304. The concurrency with MS 304 ends as it travels eastward at the intersection. At this point, signage for MS 301 begins and the highway becomes maintained by the state after having been locally maintained to the south.[2][3] MS 301 has an intersection with Green River Road, the route meets current MS 304 and Interstate 69 (I-69) at a diamond interchange (unnumbered exit). Past the interchange, MS 301 turns northeastward and it passes through the community of West Days at Days Road. At the intersection with Church Road, MS 301 widens to 5 lanes. The route intersects MS 302 in Lynchburg and continues northwards to the state line. MS 301 ends at the state line, and Tennessee State Route 175 (SR 175) continues past that point into the city of Memphis.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]	[{"image_text":"Mississippi Highway 301 near Arkabutla Lake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mississippi_highway_301.jpg/220px-Mississippi_highway_301.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Mississippi portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mississippi"},{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"}]	[{"reference":"\"MS Highways\". Mississippi Geospatial Data Catalog. Retrieved June 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://opendata.gis.ms.gov/datasets/db70cdeeb0ac444caea18275e85d5d06_3/about","url_text":"\"MS Highways\""}]},{"reference":"Mississippi Department of Transportation Planning Division (2019). Mississippi Public Roads Selected Statistics Extent, Travel, and Designation (PDF) (Report). Mississippi Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdot.ms.gov/documents/Planning/Statistics/Book/2019%20MDOT%20Public%20Roads%20Statistics%20Extent,%20Travel,%20and%20Designation.pdf","url_text":"Mississippi Public Roads Selected Statistics Extent, Travel, and Designation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Mississippi Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (April 24, 2021). \"Map of Mississippi Highway 301\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved April 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/MS-301,+Mississippi/@34.847482,-90.1485003,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x87d55d6e143f83cb:0x9f32d324044465c9","url_text":"\"Map of Mississippi Highway 301\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://opendata.gis.ms.gov/datasets/db70cdeeb0ac444caea18275e85d5d06_3/about","external_links_name":"\"MS Highways\""},{"Link":"https://mdot.ms.gov/documents/Planning/Statistics/Book/2019%20MDOT%20Public%20Roads%20Statistics%20Extent,%20Travel,%20and%20Designation.pdf","external_links_name":"Mississippi Public Roads Selected Statistics Extent, Travel, and Designation"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/MS-301,+Mississippi/@34.847482,-90.1485003,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x87d55d6e143f83cb:0x9f32d324044465c9","external_links_name":"\"Map of Mississippi Highway 301\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Mississippi_Highway_301&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Mississippi_Highway_301&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_horsfieldii	List of Carex species	[]	Illustration of two species of Carex, from Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen (1796): 1. C. binervis; 2. C. punctata The genus Carex, the sedges, is one of the largest genera of flowering plants, containing of over 2000 species, according to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. In May 2015, the Global Carex Group argued for a broader circumscription of Carex, which added all the species formerly classified in Cymophyllus (1 species), Kobresia (c. 60 species), Schoenoxiphium (c. 15 species) and Uncinia (c. 70 species). As of May 2024, all the currently recognised species (including hybrid species) in the genus Carex are given below: Species Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Carex × abitibiana Lepage Carex aboriginum M.E.Jones Carex × abortiva Holmb. Carex abrupta Mack. Carex abscondita Mack. Carex acaulis d'Urv. Carex accrescens Ohwi – Seoul sedge Carex acicularis Boott Carex acidicola Naczi Carex acocksii C.Archer Carex acuta L. Carex acutata Boott Carex acutiformis Ehrh. Carex adelostoma V.I.Krecz. Carex adrienii E.G.Camus Carex × adulterina Chenevard Carex adusta Boott Carex aematorrhyncha Desv. Carex aequialta Kük. Carex × aestivaliformis Mack. Carex aestivalis M.A.Curtis ex A.Gray Carex aethiopica Schkuhr Carex agastachys L.f. Carex agglomerata C.B.Clarke Carex aggregata Mack. Carex × akitaensis Fujiw. Carex × akiyamana Ohwi Carex alajica Litv. Carex alascana Boeckeler Carex alata Torr. Carex alatauensis S.R.Zhang Carex alba Scop. Carex albata Boott ex Franch. – ditch sedge Carex albert-smithii T.Koyama Carex × albertii H.Lév. Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng. Carex albidibasis T.Koyama Carex albolutescens Schwein. Carex albonigra Mack. Carex alboviridis C.B.Clarke Carex albula Allan Carex albursina E.Sheld. Carex algida Turcz. ex V.I.Krecz. Carex allanii Hamlin Carex alligata Boott Carex alliiformis C.B.Clarke Carex allivescens V.I.Krecz. Carex × allolepis Rchb. Carex × alluvialis Figert Carex alma L.H.Bailey Carex × almii Holmb. Carex alopecoidea Tuck. Carex alopecuroides D.Don ex Tilloch & Taylor Carex × alsatica Zahn Carex alsophila F.Muell. Carex alta Boott Carex altaica Gorodkov Carex alterniflora Franch. Carex amgunensis F.Schmidt Carex amicta Boott Carex amphibola Steud. Carex amplectens Mack. Carex amplifolia Boott Carex anbouensis Katsuy. Carex andersonii Boott Carex andina Phil. Carex andringitrensis Cherm. Carex angolensis Nelmes Carex angusta (C.B.Clarke) Sameer Patil Carex angustata Boott Carex angustealata (Akiyama) S.Fujii & N.Kurosaki Carex angustilepis Reznicek & S.González Carex angustispica Reznicek & S.González Carex angustisquama Franch. Carex angustiutricula F.T.Wang & Tang ex L.K.Dai Carex × aniaiensis Fujiw. & Y.Matsuda Carex anisoneura V.I.Krecz. Carex anisostachys Liebm. Carex annectens (E.P.Bicknell) E.P.Bicknell Carex anomoea Hand.-Mazz. Carex anthoxanthea J.Presl & C.Presl Carex antoniensis A.Chev. Carex antucensis Kunze ex Kunth Carex aperta Boott Carex aphanolepis Franch. & Sav. – nerved-scale sedge Carex aphylla Kunth Carex aphyllopus Kük. Carex apoiensis Akiyama Carex appalachica J.M.Webber & P.W.Ball Carex appendiculata (Trautv. & C.A.Mey.) Kük. – appendicular sedge Carex applanata Thorsen et de Lange Carex appressa R.Br. Carex appropinquata Schumach. Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. Carex × arakanei T.Koyama Carex arcatica Meinsh. Carex arapahoensis Clokey Carex archeri Boott Carex arcta Boott Carex arctata Boott Carex arctiformis Mack. Carex arctogena Harry Sm. Carex × arctophila F.Nyl. Carex arenaria L. Carex arenicola F.Schmidt – wet-sand sedge Carex argentina Barros Carex argunensis Turcz. ex Ledeb. Carex argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex argyrantha Tuck. ex Boott Carex aridula V.I.Krecz. Carex arimaensis (Ohwi) T.Hoshino Carex arisanensis Hayata Carex aristatisquamata Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai Carex aristulifera P.C.Li Carex arizonica Licher, G.Rink & Reznicek Carex arkansana (L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey Carex arnellii Christ ex Scheutz – Musan sedge Carex arnottiana Nees ex Drejer Carex arsenei Kük. Carex × arthuriana C.L.Beckm. & Figert Carex ascotreta C.B. Clarke – long Mokpo sedge Carex aspericaulis (G.A.Wheeler) J.R.Starr Carex asperifructus Kük. Carex asraoi D.M.Verma Carex assiniboinensis W.Boott Carex astricta K.A.Ford Carex asturica Boiss. Carex asynchrona Naczi Carex aterrima Hoppe Carex atherodes Spreng. Carex athrostachya Olney Carex atlantica L.H.Bailey Carex atlasica (H.Lindb.) Tattou Carex atractodes F.J.Herm. Carex atrata L. – black-spike sedge Carex atratiformis Britton Carex atrivaginata Nelmes Carex atrofusca Schkuhr Carex atrofuscoides K.T.Fu Carex atropicta Steud. Carex atrosquama Mack. Carex auceps (de Lange & Heenan) K.A.Ford Carex aucklandica (Hamlin) K.A.Ford Carex augustinowiczii Meinsh. – Augustinowicz's sedge Carex aurea Nutt. Carex aureolensis Steud. Carex auriculata Franch. Carex × auroniensis L.C.Lamb. Carex austrina Mack. Carex austro-occidentalis F.T.Wang & Tang ex Y.C.Tang Carex austroalpina Bech. Carex austroamericana G.A.Wheeler Carex austrocaroliniana L.H.Bailey Carex austrocompacta K.L.Wilson Carex austrodeflexa P.D.McMillan, Sorrie & van Eerden Carex austrojacutensis Schekhovts. Carex austrolucorum (Rettig) D.B.Poind. & Naczi Carex austromexicana Reznicek Carex austrosinensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang Carex austrosulcata K.L.Wilson Carex austrotenella K.L.Wilson Carex austrozhejiangensis C.Z.Zheng & X.F.Jin Carex autumnalis Ohwi – Autumnal sand sedge Carex ayako-maedae T.Koyama Carex aztecica Mack. B Carex baccans Nees Carex backii Boott Carex badilloi Luceño & Márq.-Corro Carex baileyi Britton Carex baimaensis S.W.Su Carex baiposhanensis P.C.Li Carex bajacalifornica Zika Carex × bakkeriana D.T.E.Ploeg & Rudolphy Carex balansae Franch. Carex baldensis L. Carex balfourii Kük. Carex ballsii Nelmes Carex baltzellii Chapm. Carex bamaensis X.F.Jin & W.Jie Chen Carex bambusetorum Merr. Carex banksiana K.A.Ford Carex banksii Boott Carex baohuashanica Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai Carex barbarae Dewey Carex barbata Boott Carex barbayaki Jim.Mejías & Roalson Carex baronii Baker Carex barrattii Torr. ex Schwein. Carex basiantha Steud. Carex basiflora C.B.Clarke Carex basutorum (Turrill) Luceño & Martín-Bravo Carex bathiei H.Lév. Carex bavicola Raymond Carex bebbii (L.H.Bailey) Olney ex Fernald Carex beckii G.A.Wheeler Carex × beckmanniana Figert Carex × beckmannii Keck Carex bella L.H.Bailey Carex × bengyana H.Lév. & L.C.Lamb. Carex benkei Tak.Shimizu Carex bequaertii De Wild. Carex bermudiana Hemsl. Carex berteroniana Steud. Carex bhutanensis S.R.Zhang Carex bichenoviana Boott Carex bicknellii Britton & A.Br. Carex bicolor Bellardi ex All. Carex biegensis Cherm. Carex bigelowii Torr. ex Schwein. – Gwanmo sedge Carex × biharica Simonk. Carex bijiangensis S.Yun Liang & S.R.Zhang Carex bilateralis Hayata Carex billingsii (O.W.Knight) Kirschb. Carex biltmoreana Mack. Carex × binderi Podp. Carex binervis Sm. Carex bistaminata (W.Z.Di & M.J.Zhong) S.R.Zhang Carex bitchuensis T.Hoshino & H.Ikeda Carex biwensis Franch. Carex blakei Nelmes Carex blanda Dewey Carex blepharicarpa Franch. – ciliated-fruit sedge Carex blinii H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex bodinieri Franch. Carex boecheriana Á.Löve, D.Löve & Raymond Carex boelckeiana Barros Carex × boenninghausiana Weihe Carex × bogstadensis Kük. Carex bohemica Schreb. Carex bolanderi Olney Carex × bolina O.Lang Carex boliviensis Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. Carex bonanzensis Britton – yukon sedge Carex bonariensis Desf. ex Poir. Carex bonatiana (Kük.) N.A.Ivanova Carex bonplandii Kunth Carex borbonica Lam. Carex borealifujianica Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin Carex borealihinganica Y.L.Chang & Y.L.Yang Carex borealipolaris S.R.Zhang Carex borii Nelmes Carex boryana Schkuhr Carex × bosoensis Yashiro Carex bostrychostigma Maxim. – curled-stigma sedge Carex brachyanthera Ohwi Carex brachycalama Griseb. Carex brachystachys Schrank Carex bracteosa (Rchb.) Kunze ex Kunth Carex bradei Gross Carex brainerdii Mack. Carex brandisii (C.B.Clarke ex Jana & R.C.Srivast.) O.Yano Carex brasiliensis A.St.-Hil. Carex brehmeri Boeckeler Carex breviaristata K.T.Fu Carex brevicaulis Thouars Carex brevicollis DC. Carex breviculmis R.Br. – mountain nerved-fruit sedge Carex brevicuspis C.B.Clarke Carex brevihispida X.F.Jin & Y.F.Lu Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack. ex Lunell Carex breviprophylla O.Yano Carex breviscapa C.B.Clarke Carex brevispicula G.H.Nam & G.Y.Chung Carex breweri Boott Carex brizoides L. Carex bromoides Willd. Carex brongniartii Kunth Carex brownii Tuck. – Brown's sedge Carex brunnea Thunb. Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Carex brunnipes Reznicek Carex brysonii Naczi Carex buchananii Berggr. Carex bucharica Kük. Carex buekii Wimm. Carex bulbostylis Mack. Carex bullata Willd. Carex burangensis (Y.C.Yang) S.R.Zhang Carex burchelliana Boeckeler Carex burkei (C.B.Clarke) Luceño & Martín-Bravo Carex burttii Noltie Carex bushii Mack. Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. – marsh sedge C Carex cabralii Reznicek & S.González Carex caduca Boott Carex caeligena Reznicek Carex × caesariensis Mack. Carex caespititia Nees Carex calcicola Tang & F.T.Wang Carex calcifugens Naczi Carex calcis K.A.Ford Carex californica L.H.Bailey Carex callista Nelmes Carex callitrichos V.I.Krecz. Carex cambodiensis Nelmes Carex camposii Boiss. & Reut. Carex camptoglochin V.I.Krecz. Carex canariensis Kük. Carex × candrianii Kneuck. Carex canescens L. – silvery sedge Carex canina Dunn Carex capensis Thunb. Carex capillacea Boott – tiny sedge Carex capillaris L. – hair-like sedge Carex capilliculmis S.R.Zhang Carex capillifolia (Decne.) S.R.Zhang Carex capilliformis Franch. Carex capitata Sol. Carex capitellata Boiss. & Balansa Carex capricornis Meinsh. ex Maxim. – capricornis sedge, short-hair spring sedge Carex cardiolepis Nees Carex careyana Torr. ex Dewey Carex × cariei Aubin Carex caroliniana Schwein. Carex carsei Petrie Carex caryophyllea Latourr. Carex castanea Wahlenb. Carex castanostachya K.Schum. ex Kük. Carex castroviejoi Luceño & Jim.Mejías Carex catamarcensis C.B.Clarke ex Kük. Carex cataphyllodes Nelmes Carex cataractae R.Br. Carex catharinensis Boeckeler Carex caucasica Steven Carex caudata (Kük.) Pereda & Laínz Carex caudispicata F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li Carex cavaleriensis H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex caxinensis F.J.Herm. Carex × cayouettei A.Bergeron Carex celebica Kük. Carex × cenantha A.E.Kozhevn. Carex cephaloidea (Dewey) Dewey ex Boott Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd. Carex cephalotes F.Muell. Carex cercidascus C.B.Clarke Carex cercostachys Franch. Carex cespitosa L. – turfy sedge Carex × cetica Rech. Carex ceylanica Boeckeler Carex chalciolepis Holm Carex chapmanii Steud. Carex chathamica Petrie Carex cheesemanniana (Boeckeler) K.A.Ford Carex cheniana Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang Carex chermezonii Luceño & Martín-Bravo Carex cherokeensis Schwein. Carex chiapensis F.J.Herm. Carex chichijimensis Katsuy. Carex chihuahuensis Mack. Carex chikungana L.H.Bailey Carex chilensis Brongn. Carex chinensis Retz. Carex chinganensis Litv. Carex chinoi Ohwi ex T.Koyama Carex chiovendae Pamp. Carex chiwuana F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li Carex chlorantha R.Br. Carex chlorocephalula F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li Carex chlorolepis Steud. Carex chlorosaccus C.B.Clarke Carex chlorostachys Steven Carex chordalis Liebm. Carex chordorrhiza L.f. – creeping sedge Carex chosenica Ohwi – Korean sedge Carex chrysolepis Franch. & Sav. Carex chuii Nelmes Carex chungii Z.P.Wang Carex ciliatomarginata Nakai Carex cilicica Boiss. Carex cinerascens Kük. – ashgrey sedge Carex circinata C.A.Mey. Carex cirrhosa Berggr. Carex cirrhulosa Nees Carex × clausa Holmb. Carex clavata Thunb. Carex clavispica S.R.Zhang Carex clivorum Ohwi Carex cochinchinensis Raymond Carex cochranei Reznicek Carex cockayneana Kük. Carex cognata Kunth Carex colchica J.Gay Carex colensoi Boott Carex collimitanea V.I.Krecz. Carex collinsii Nutt. Carex collumanthus (Steyerm.) L.E.Mora Carex comans Berggr. Carex commixta Steud. Carex communis L.H.Bailey Carex comosa Boott Carex complanata Torr. & Hook. Carex complexa Reznicek & S.González Carex composita Boott Carex concava H.B.Yang, Xiao X.Li & G.D.Liu Carex concinna R.Br. Carex concinnoides Mack. Carex condensata Nees Carex conferta Hochst. ex A.Rich. Carex confertiflora Boott Carex congdonii L.H.Bailey Carex congestiflora Reznicek & S.González Carex congolensis Turrill Carex conica Boott – miniature sedge Carex conicoides Honda Carex coninux (F.T.Wang & Tang) S.R.Zhang Carex conjuncta Boott Carex × connectens Holmb. Carex conoidea Willd. Carex consanguinea Kunth Carex conspecta Mack. Carex conspissata V.I.Krecz. Carex constanceana Stacey Carex continua C.B.Clarke Carex contracta F.Muell. Carex cordillerana Saarela & B.A.Ford Carex cordouei H.Lév. Carex coriacea Hamlin Carex coriogyne Nelmes Carex coriophora Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Kunth Carex corrugata Fernald Carex × corstorphinei Druce Carex cortesii Liebm. Carex corynoidea K.A.Ford Carex × costei Rouy Carex coulteri Boott ex Hemsl. Carex courtallensis Nees ex Boott Carex coxiana Petrie Carex cranaocarpa Nelmes Carex craspedotricha Nelmes Carex crassibasis H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex crassiflora Kük. Carex crassipes Boeckeler Carex crawei Dewey ex Torr. Carex crawfordii Fernald Carex crebra V.I.Krecz. Carex crebriflora Wiegand Carex cremnicola K.A.Ford Carex cremostachys Franch. Carex × crepinii Torges Carex cretica Gradst. & J.Kern Carex crinalis Boott Carex crinita Lam. Carex × crinitoides Lepage Carex crispa K.A.Ford Carex cristatella Britton Carex cruciata Wahlenb. Carex cruenta Nees Carex crus-corvi Shuttlew. ex Kunze Carex × cryptochlaena Holm Carex cryptolepis Mack. Carex cryptosperma Zika, D.S.Bell & L.J.Gross Carex cryptostachys Brongn. Carex × csomadensis Simonk. Carex cubensis Kük. Carex cuchumatanensis Standl. & Steyerm. Carex cucullata (Kük.) Ohwi Carex culmenicola Steyerm. Carex cumberlandensis Naczi, Kral & Bryson Carex cumulata (L.H.Bailey) Mack. Carex curaica Kunth Carex curatorum Stacey Carex curta Gooden. Carex curticeps C.B.Clarke Carex curtispica K.T.Takah. & M.N.Tamura Carex curvata Knaf Carex curvicollis Franch. & Sav. Carex curviculmis Reznicek Carex curvula All. Carex cusickii Mack. Carex cuspidosa Dunn Carex cyanea K.A.Ford Carex cylindrostachys Franch. Carex cyprica Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas Carex cyrtostachya Janeway & Zika D Carex dabieensis S.W.Su Carex dacica Heuff. Carex dahurica Kük. Carex dailingensis Y.L.Chou Carex daisenensis Nakai Carex dallii Kirk Carex daltoni Boott Carex damiaoshanensis X.F.Jin & C.Z.Zheng Carex damingshanica Z.C.Lu & X.F.Jin Carex × danielis H.Lév. Carex dapanshanica X.F.Jin, Y.J.Zhao & Zi L.Chen Carex darwinii Boott Carex dasycarpa Muhl. Carex davalliana Sm. Carex david-smithii Reznicek Carex davidi Franch. Carex davisii Schwein. & Torr. Carex davyi Mack. Carex dawsonii (Hamlin) K.L.Wilson Carex daxinensis Y.Y.Zhou & X.F.Jin Carex dayuongensis Z.P.Wang Carex × deamii F.J.Herm. Carex deasyi (C.B.Clarke) O.Yano & S.R.Zhang Carex debeauxii H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex debilior (F.Muell.) K.L.Wilson Carex debilis Michx. Carex decidua Boott Carex deciduisquama F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li Carex declinata Boott Carex × decolorans Wimm. Carex decomposita Muhl. Carex decora Boott Carex decurtata Cheeseman Carex deflexa Hornem. Carex × deinbolliana J.Gay Carex delacosta Kuntze Carex delavayi Franch. Carex delicata C.B.Clarke Carex delongii Shekhovts. & Lashch. Carex demissa Hornem. Carex densa (L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey Carex densicaespitosa L.K.Dai Carex densifimbriata Tang & F.T.Wang Carex densipilosa C.Z.Zheng & X.F.Jin Carex dentata Reznicek & S.González Carex depauperata Curtis ex Woodw. Carex depressa Link Carex deqinensis L.K.Dai Carex × derelicta Štěpánková Carex × descendens Kük. Carex × deserta Merino Carex desponsa Boott Carex devia Cheeseman Carex deweyana Schwein. Carex dianae Steud. Carex diandra Schrank Carex diaoluoshanica H.B.Yang, G.D.Liu & Qing L.Wang Carex diastena V.I.Krecz. Carex dickinsii Franch. & Sav. – Dickins' sedge Carex dielsiana Kük. Carex digitalis Willd. Carex digitata L. Carex dikei (Nelmes) K.L.Wilson Carex diluta M.Bieb. Carex diminuta Boeckeler Carex dimorpholepis Steud. – dimorphous-spike sedge Carex dioica L. Carex diplodon Nelmes Carex dipsacea Berggr. Carex discoidea Boott Carex dispalata Boott – curved-utricle sedge Carex disperma Dewey – two-seed sedge Carex dissita Sol. ex Boott Carex dissitiflora Franch. Carex distachya Desf. Carex distans L. Carex distentiformis F.J.Herm. Carex disticha Huds. Carex distincta (Kukkonen) Luceño & Martín-Bravo Carex distracta C.B.Clarke Carex divisa Huds. Carex divulsa Stokes Carex doenitzii Boeckeler Carex doisutepensis T.Koyama Carex dolichocarpa C.A.Mey. ex V.I.Krecz. Carex dolichophylla J.R.Starr Carex dolichostachya Hayata Carex dolomitica Heenan & de Lange Carex doniana Spreng. – Don's sedge Carex donnell-smithii L.H.Bailey Carex × doroyuensis K.Nagas., S.Sakag. & K.Sawa Carex douglasii Boott Carex drepanorhyncha Franch. Carex druceana Hamlin Carex drucei (Hamlin) K.A.Ford Carex drukyulensis (Noltie) Jim.Mejías & Noltie Carex drymophila Turcz. – forest-live sedge Carex × ducellieri Beauverd Carex × duereriana Kük. Carex × dufftii Hausskn. Carex × dumanii Lepage Carex durangensis Reznicek & S.González Carex durieui Steud. ex Kunze Carex duriuscula C.A.Mey. Carex dusenii Kük. ex Dusén Carex duvaliana Franch. & Sav. E Carex earistata F.T.Wang & Y.L.Chang ex S.Yun Liang Carex ebenea Rydb. Carex eburnea Boott Carex echinata Murray – star sedge Carex echinochloe Kunze Carex echinodes (Fernald) P.Rothr., Reznicek & Hipp Carex echinus Ohwi Carex ecklonii Nees Carex ecostata C.B.Clarke Carex ecuadorensis (G.A.Wheeler & Goetgh.) J.R.Starr Carex ecuadorica Kük. Carex edgariae Hamlin Carex edura K.A.Ford Carex edwardsiana E.L.Bridges & Orzell Carex egena H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex egglestonii Mack. Carex egmontiana (Hamlin) K.A.Ford Carex egorovae Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas Carex ekmanii Kük. Carex × elanescens Cif. & Giacom. Carex elata All. Carex elatior Boeckeler Carex eleusinoides Turcz. ex Kunth – goosegrass sedge Carex elgonensis Nelmes Carex elingamita Hamlin Carex × elisabethae J.Andres, Carbo, Llamas & M.Perez Carex elliottii Schwein. & Torr. Carex elongata L. Carex eluta Nelmes Carex elynoides Holm Carex × elytroides Fr. Carex eminens Nees Carex × emmae L.Gross Carex emoryi Dewey Carex enanderi Hultén Carex endlichii Kük. Carex enervis C.A.Mey. Carex engelmannii L.H.Bailey Carex enneastachya C.B.Clarke Carex enokii Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas Carex enysii Petrie Carex erawinensis Korotky Carex erebus K.A.Ford Carex ereica Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai Carex eremopyroides V.I.Krecz. Carex eremostachya S.T.Blake Carex ericetorum Pollich Carex erinacea Cav. Carex eriocarpa Hausskn. & Kük. Carex erythrobasis H.Lév. & Vaniot – red-based leaf sedge Carex erythrorrhiza Boeckeler Carex erythrovaginata K.A.Ford Carex esbirajbhandarii (Rajbh. & H.Ohba) O.Yano Carex esenbeckii Kunth Carex esquiroliana H.Lév. Carex esquirolii H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex euprepes Nelmes Carex evadens S.González & Reznicek Carex × evoluta Hartm. Carex excelsa Poepp. ex Kunth Carex exilis Dewey Carex × exsalina Lepage Carex exsiccata L.H.Bailey Carex extensa Gooden. F Carex fangiana X.F.Jin & Y.Y.Zhou Carex fargesii Franch. Carex fascicularis Sol. ex Boott Carex fastigiata Franch. Carex fatsuaniana X.F.Jin, Y.F.Lu & Z.C.Lu Carex × favratii Christ Carex feani F.Br. Carex fecunda Steud. Carex feddeana H.Pfeiff. Carex fedia Nees Carex × felixii L.C.Lamb. Carex fenghuangshanica F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li Carex × ferdinandi-sauteri Asch. & Graebn. Carex fernaldiana H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex fernandesiana (Nees ex Boeckeler) J.R.Starr Carex fernandezensis Mack. ex G.A.Wheeler Carex ferruginea Scop. Carex festivelloides Reznicek Carex festucacea Willd. Carex feta L.H.Bailey Carex fibrillosa Franch. & Sav. Carex × figertii Asch. & Graebn. Carex filamentosa Petrie Carex filicina Nees Carex filifolia Nutt. Carex filipedunculata S.W.Su Carex filipes Franch. & Sav. – fishing-rod-like sedge, papillose sedge Carex filispica S.R.Zhang Carex × filkukae Podp. Carex fimbriata Schkuhr Carex finitima Boott Carex firma Mygind ex Host Carex firmicaulis Kalela Carex × firmior (Norman) Holmb. Carex firmula (Kük.) J.R.Starr Carex fischeri K.Schum. Carex fissa Mack. Carex fissiglumis (C.B.Clarke) S.R.Zhang & O.Yano Carex fissirostris Ball Carex fissuricola Mack. Carex flabellata H.Lév. & Vaniot – flabellate sedge Carex flacca Schreb. Carex flaccida (S.T.Blake) K.L.Wilson Carex flaccosperma Dewey Carex flagellifera Colenso Carex flava L. Carex × flavicans (F.Nyl.) F.Nyl. Carex flaviformis Nelmes Carex flavocuspis Franch. & Sav. Carex flexirostris Reznicek Carex floridana Schwein. Carex fluviatilis Boott Carex foenea Willd. Carex foetida All. Carex fokienensis Dunn Carex foliosissima F.Schmidt Carex folliculata L. Carex foraminata C.B.Clarke Carex foraminatiformis Y.C.Tang & S.Yun Liang Carex forficula Franch. & Sav. – scissors-like sedge Carex formosa Dewey Carex formosensis H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex forrestii Kük. Carex forsteri Wahlenb. Carex fossa G.A.Wheeler Carex fracta Mack. Carex fragilis Boott Carex × fragosoana Pau Carex frankii Kunth Carex fraseriana Ker Gawl. Carex fretalis Hamlin Carex × fridtzii Holmb. Carex × friesii Blytt Carex frigida All. Carex fritschii Waisb. Carex fructus Reznicek Carex fucata Boott ex C.B.Clarke Carex fuliginosa Schkuhr – short-leaf sedge Carex fulta Franch. Carex × fulva Gooden. Carex fulvorubescens Hayata Carex fumosimontana D.Estes Carex × furusei T.Koyama Carex furva Webb Carex fuscolutea Boeckeler Carex fuscula d'Urv. Carex fusiformis Nees Carex × fussii Simonk. G Carex gammiei (C.B.Clarke) S.R.Zhang & O.Yano Carex gandakiensis Katsuy. Carex garberi Fernald Carex gaudichaudiana Kunth Carex × gaudiniana Guthnick Carex gayana Desv. Carex gemella Hochst. ex Steud. Carex geminata Schkuhr Carex genkaiensis Ohwi – Mokpo sedge Carex gentilis Franch. Carex geographica B.A.Ford & J.R.Starr Carex geophila Mack. Carex × gerhardtii Figert Carex geyeri Boott Carex gholsonii Naczi & Cochrane Carex gibba Wahlenb. – gibbous sedge Carex gibbsiae Rendle Carex gibertii G.A.Wheeler Carex gifuensis Franch. Carex gigantea Rudge Carex × ginsiensis Waisb. Carex giovanniana Jim.Mejías Carex giraldiana Kük. Carex giraudiasii H.Lév. Carex glabrescens (Kük.) Ohwi – glabrate sedge, hairy forest-live sedge Carex glacialis Mack. Carex glareosa Schkuhr ex Wahlenb. Carex glaucescens Elliott Carex glauciformis Meinsh. – pseudo-glaucous sedge Carex glaucodea Tuck. ex Olney Carex globistylosa P.C.Li Carex globosa Boott Carex globularis L. Carex globulosa Phulphong & D.A.Simpson Carex glomerata Thunb. Carex glossostigma Hand.-Mazz. Carex gmelinii Hook. & Arn. – Gmelin's sedge Carex godfreyi Naczi Carex goetghebeurii J.R.Starr Carex goligongshanensis P.C.Li Carex gonggaensis P.C.Li Carex gongshanensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex Y.C.Yang Carex gordon-grayae Luceño, Márq.-Corro & Sánchez-Villegas Carex gotoi Ohwi – two-toothed-beak sedge Carex goyenii Petrie Carex gracilenta Boott ex Boeckeler Carex graciliflora Dunn Carex gracilior Mack. Carex gracillima Schwein. Carex graeffeana Boeckeler Carex × grahamii Boott Carex grallatoria Maxim. Carex graminiculmis T.Koyama Carex graminifolia Cherm. Carex grandiligulata Kük. Carex × grantii A.Benn. Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. Carex gravida L.H.Bailey Carex grayi J.Carey Carex greenwayi Nelmes Carex grioletii Roem. ex Schkuhr Carex grisea Wahlenb. Carex × groenlandica Lange Carex × grossii Fiek Carex guatemalensis F.J.Herm. Carex guffroyi H.Lév. & H.Perrier Carex gunniana Boott Carex gynandra Schwein. Carex gynodynama Olney Carex gypsophila Reznicek & S.González H Carex hachijoensis Akiyama Carex × haematolepis Drejer Carex haematopus Jim.Mejías & Roalson Carex haematosaccus C.B.Clarke Carex haematostoma Nees Carex × hageri E.Baumann Carex hakkodensis Franch. Carex hakonemontana Katsuy. Carex hakonensis Franch. & Sav. – small-needle sedge Carex halleriana Asso Carex halliana L.H.Bailey Carex hallii Olney Carex × halophila F.Nyl. Carex hamata Sw. Carex hamlinii K.A.Ford Carex hanamninhensis N.K.Khoi Carex × hanasakensis T.Koyama Carex hancockiana Maxim. – Hancock's sedge Carex handel-mazzettii (N.A.Ivanova) S.R.Zhang Carex handelii Kük. Carex hanensis Dunn Carex hangtongensis H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex × hanseniana Junge Carex hansenii (Lewej. & Lobin) Rivas Mart., Lousã, J.C.Costa & Maria C.Duarte Carex harae (Rajbh. & H.Ohba) O.Yano Carex harfordii Mack. Carex harlandii Boott Carex harrysmithii Kük. Carex × hartii Dewey Carex hartmaniorum A.Cajander Carex hashimotoi Ohwi Carex hassei L.H.Bailey Carex hattoriana Nakai ex Tuyama Carex hatuyenensis N.K.Khoi Carex haydeniana Olney Carex haydenii Dewey Carex healyi K.A.Ford Carex hebecarpa C.A.Mey. Carex hebes Nelmes Carex hebetata Boott Carex hectorii Petrie Carex × helenae Jac.Koopman, Beusekom & Waltje Carex heleonastes Ehrh. ex L.f. Carex helferi Boeckeler Carex helingeeriensis L.Q.Zhao & Jie Yang Carex helleri Mack. Carex helodes Link Carex × helvola Blytt Carex hemineuros T.Koyama Carex hendersonii L.H.Bailey Carex henryi (C.B.Clarke) T.Koyama Carex herbacoeli Jim.Mejías & Roalson Carex hermannii Cochrane Carex herteri G.A.Wheeler Carex heshuonensis S.Yun Liang Carex heterodoxa Cherm. Carex heterolepis Bunge – different-scale sedge Carex heteroneura S.Watson Carex × heterophyta Holmb. Carex heterostachya Bunge – different-spike sedge Carex heudesii H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex hezhouensis H.Wang & S.N.Wang Carex × hibernica A.Benn. Carex hilairei Boott Carex hilaireioides C.B.Clarke ex Kük. Carex hildebrandtiana Boeckeler Carex himalaica T.Koyama Carex hinnulea C.B.Clarke Carex hirsutella Mack. Carex hirta L. Carex hirtelloides (Kük.) F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li Carex hirticaulis P.C.Li Carex hirtifolia Mack. Carex hirtifructus Kük. Carex hirtigluma C.B.Clarke Carex hirtissima W.Boott Carex hirtiutriculata L.K.Dai Carex hispida Willd. ex Schkuhr Carex hitchcockiana Dewey Carex hochstetteriana J.Gay ex Seub. Carex hohxilensis (R.F.Huang) S.R.Zhang Carex hokarsarensis E.U.Haq & Dar Carex holmgreniorum Reznicek & D.F.Murray Carex holostoma Drejer Carex holotricha Ohwi – woolly-scale sedge Carex hondoensis Ohwi – Hondo sedge Carex honglinii Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin Carex hongnoensis H.Lév. Carex hongyuanensis Y.C.Tang & S.Yun Liang Carex hoodii Boott Carex hookeri Kunth Carex hookeriana Dewey Carex hoozanensis Hayata Carex hopeiensis F.T.Wang & Tang Carex hordeistichos Vill. Carex horizontalis (Colenso) K.A.Ford Carex hormathodes Fernald Carex horsfieldii Boott Carex × hosoii T.Koyama Carex hostiana DC. Carex houghtoniana Torr. ex Dewey Carex hovarum Cherm. Carex huangshanica X.F.Jin & W.J.Chen Carex huanjiangensis S.Yun Liang ex Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin Carex huashanica Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai Carex hubbardii Nelmes Carex huehueteca Standl. & Steyerm. Carex hughii S.R.Zhang Carex hultenii Aspl. Carex humahuacaensis G.A.Wheeler Carex humbertiana Ohwi – Humbert's sedge Carex humbertii Cherm. Carex humboldtiana Steud. Carex humida Y.L.Chang & Y.L.Yang Carex humilis Leyss. Carex humpatensis H.E.Hess Carex huolushanensis P.C.Li Carex husnotiana H.Lév. Carex hwangii Matsuda Carex hyalina Boott Carex hyalinolepis Steud. Carex hymenodon Ohwi Carex hymenolepis Nees Carex hypandra F.Muell. ex Benth. Carex hypaneura V.I.Krecz. Carex hypochlora Freyn Carex hypoleucos É.Desv. Carex hypolytroides Ridl. Carex hypsipedos C.B.Clarke Carex hypsobates Nelmes Carex hystericina Muhl. ex Willd. I Carex idaea Greuter, Matthäs & Risse Carex idahoa L.H.Bailey Carex idzuroei Franch. & Sav. – small Dickins' sedge Carex ignota Dewey Carex iljinii V.I.Krecz. Carex illegitima Ces. Carex illota L.H.Bailey Carex × ilseana Ruhmer Carex × imandrensis Kihlm. ex Hjelt Carex imbecilla K.A.Ford Carex imbecillis (Ohwi) Katsuy. Carex impexa K.A.Ford Carex impressinervia Bryson, Kral & Manhart Carex inagawaensis J.Oda & M.N.Tamura Carex inanis Kunth Carex incisa Boott – digitaria-like sedge Carex inclinis Boott ex C.B.Clarke Carex incomitata K.R.Thiele Carex incurviformis Mack. Carex indica L. Carex indiciformis F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li Carex indistincta H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex indosinica Raymond Carex indrakilica Sameer Patil Carex infirminervia Naczi Carex infuscata Nees Carex inopinata V.J.Cook Carex inops L.H.Bailey Carex insaniae Koidz. Carex insignis Boott Carex insularis Carmich. Carex integra Mack. Carex interior L.H.Bailey Carex × interjecta Waisb. Carex interrupta Boeckeler Carex intumescens Rudge Carex inversa R.Br. Carex inversonervosa Nelmes Carex × involuta (Bab.) Syme Carex iraqensis S.S.Hooper & Kukkonen Carex ischnogyne Gilli Carex ischnostachya Steud. – thin-spiculate sedge Carex × ishimaensis J.Oda, S.Kinosh. & Nagam. Carex ivanoviae T.V.Egorova Carex ixtapalucensis Reznicek Carex iynx Nelmes J Carex jacens C.B.Clarke Carex jackiana Boott Carex jacutica V.I.Krecz. Carex × jaegeri F.W.Schultz Carex jaluensis Kom. – Amrokgang sedge Carex jamesii Schwein. Carex jamesonii Boott Carex jankowskii Gorodkov Carex japonica Thunb. – East Asian sedge Carex jeanpertii E.G.Camus Carex jianfengensis H.B.Yang, Xiao X.Li & G.D.Liu Carex jiaodongensis Y.M.Zhang & X.D.Chen Carex jinfoshanensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang Carex jiuhuaensis S.W.Su Carex jizhuangensis S.Yun Liang Carex johnstonii Boeckeler Carex jonesii L.H.Bailey Carex joorii L.H.Bailey Carex × josephi-schmittii Raymond Carex jubozanensis J.Oda & A.Tanaka Carex juniperorum Catling, Reznicek & Crins Carex × justi-schmidtii Junge Carex juvenilis C.B.Clarke ex E.G.Camus K Carex kabanovii V.I.Krecz. Carex kagoshimensis Tak.Shimizu Carex kaloides Petrie Carex kanaii (Rajbh. & H.Ohba) S.R.Zhang & O.Yano Carex kangdingensis S.R.Zhang Carex kansuensis Nelmes Carex kaoi Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang Carex karashidaniensis Akiyama Carex karlongensis Kük. Carex karoi Freyn Carex kashmirensis C.B.Clarke Carex × kattaeana Kük. Carex kauaiensis R.W.Krauss Carex kelloggii W.Boott Carex × kenaica Lepage Carex kermadecensis Petrie Carex × kernii Jac.Koopman & Więcław Carex × ketonensis Akiyama Carex khasiana (Jana & V.S.Kumar) Kottaim. Carex kiangsuensis Kük. Carex killickii Nelmes Carex kingii (R.Br. ex Boott) Reznicek Carex kiotensis Franch. & Sav. Carex kirganica Kom. – seosura sedge, slender-culm thick-nerve sedge Carex kirinensis W.Wang & Y.L.Chang Carex kirkii Petrie Carex kitaibeliana Degen ex Bech. Carex klamathensis B.L.Wilson & Janeway Carex klaphakei K.L.Wilson Carex × kneuckeri P.Fourn. Carex × knieskernii Dewey Carex knorringiae Kük. ex V.I.Krecz. Carex kobomugi Ohwi – Asian sand sedge Carex kobresioidea (Kük.) S.R.Zhang Carex koestlinii Hochst. ex Steud. Carex × kohtsii K.Richt. Carex kokanica (Regel) S.R.Zhang Carex korkischkoae A.E.Kozhevn. Carex korshinskyi Kom. – Korshinsky's sedge Carex koshewnikowii Litv. Carex kotagirica Maji & V.P.Prasad Carex koyaensis J.Oda & Nagam. Carex × krajinae Domin Carex kraliana Naczi & Bryson Carex krascheninnikovii Kom. ex V.I.Krecz. Carex krauseorum Boeckeler Carex kreczetoviczii T.V.Egorova Carex kuchunensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang Carex kucyniakii Raymond Carex × kuekenthaliana Appel & A.Brückn. Carex × kuekenthalii Dörfl. ex Zahn Carex kujuzana Ohwi – Jangseong sedge Carex kukkoneniana Luceño & Martín-Bravo Carex kulingana L.H.Bailey Carex kumaonensis Kük. Carex kunlunsanensis N.R.Cui Carex kurdica Kük. ex Hand.-Mazz. Carex × kurilensis Ohwi Carex × kurogii K.T.Takah. & M.N.Tamura Carex kuzakaiensis (M.Kikuchi) K.T.Takah. & M.N.Tamura Carex kwangsiensis F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li Carex × kyyhkynenii Hiitonen L Carex lachenalii Schkuhr – two-tip sedge Carex lacistoma R.Br. Carex × lackowitziana Aug.R.Paul Carex lacustris Willd. Carex laegaardii J.R.Starr Carex laeta Boott Carex laevicaulis Hochst. ex Seub. Carex laeviconica Dewey Carex laeviculmis Meinsh. Carex laevigata Sm. Carex laevissima Nakai – small nerved-fruit sedge Carex laevivaginata (Kük.) Mack. Carex lageniformis Nelmes Carex × laggeri Wimm. Carex lagunensis M.E.Jones Carex lainzii Luceño, E.Rico & T.Romero Carex lambertiana Boott Carex lamprocarpa Phil. Carex lamprochlamys S.T.Blake Carex lancangensis S.Yun Liang Carex lancea (Thunb.) Baill. Carex lanceisquama (Hand.-Mazz.) V.I.Krecz. Carex lanceolata Boott – lanceolate sedge Carex lancifolia C.B.Clarke Carex lancisquamata L.K.Dai Carex × langeana Fernald Carex × langii Steud. Carex lankana T.Koyama Carex laosensis Nelmes Carex lapazensis C.B.Clarke Carex lapponica O.Lang Carex larensis Steyerm. Carex laricetorum Y.L.Chou Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. – woolly-fruit sedge Carex lasiolepis Franch. Carex latebracteata Waterf. Carex latisquamea Kom. – woolly-leaf sedge Carex lativena S.D.Jones & G.D.Jones Carex × lausii Podp. Carex laxa Wahlenb. – loosely-spike sedge Carex laxiculmis Schwein. Carex laxiflora Lam. Carex lazarei Jac.Koopman, Niketić, Wieclaw & Govaerts Carex leavenworthii Dewey Carex lechleriana (Steud.) J.R.Starr Carex lectissima K.A.Ford Carex ledebouriana C.A.Mey. ex Trevir. Carex ledongensis H.B.Yang & G.D.Liu Carex leersii F.W.Schultz Carex lehmannii Drejer – Lehman's sedge Carex leiorhyncha C.A.Mey. – mountain cat-tail sedge Carex lemanniana Boott Carex lemmonii W.Boott Carex lenta D.Don – sluggish sedge Carex lenticularis Michx. Carex lepida Boott Carex lepidocarpa Tausch Carex lepidochlamys (F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li) S.R.Zhang Carex leporina L. Carex leporinella Mack. Carex leptalea Wahlenb. Carex × leptoblasta Holmb. Carex leptogyna T.Koyama Carex leptonervia (Fernald) Fernald Carex leptopoda Mack. Carex lessoniana Steud. Carex leucantha Arn. ex Boott Carex leucochlora Bunge Carex × leutzii Kneuck. Carex leviosa Míguez, Jim.Mejías, H.Schaef. & Martín-Bravo Carex liangiana X.F.Jin & Y.F.Lu Carex liangshanensis S.R.Zhang Carex libera (Kük.) Hamlin Carex × lidii Hadac Carex ligata Boott Carex × ligniciensis Figert Carex ligulata Nees – ligulate sedge Carex × limnicola H.Gross Carex × limnogena Appel Carex limosa L. – mud sedge Carex limprichtiana Kük. Carex × limula Fr. Carex lindleyana Nees Carex lingii F.T.Wang & Tang Carex liouana F.T.Wang & Tang Carex liparocarpos Gaudin Carex lithophila Turcz. – rock-loving sedge Carex litorhyncha Franch. Carex litorosa L.H.Bailey Carex littledalei (C.B.Clarke) S.R.Zhang Carex litvinovii Kük. Carex liui T.Koyama & T.I.Chuang Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. – livid sedge Carex lobolepis F.Muell. Carex lobulirostris Drejer Carex loliacea L. – ryegrass sedge Carex lonchocarpa Willd. ex Spreng. Carex lonchophora Ohwi Carex longebrachiata Boeckeler Carex longerostrata C.A.Mey. Carex longhiensis Franch. Carex longicaulis Boeckeler Carex longicolla Tang & F.T.Wang ex Y.F.Deng Carex longicruris Nees Carex longiculmis Petrie Carex longicuspis Boeckeler Carex longifructus (Kük.) K.A.Ford Carex longii Mack. Carex longiligula Reznicek & S.González Carex longipes D.Don Carex longipetiolata Qing L.Wang, H.B.Yang & Y.F.Deng Carex longispiculata Y.C.Yang Carex longissima M.E.Jones Carex longpanlaensis S.Yun Liang Carex longshengensis Y.C.Tang & S.Yun Liang Carex lophocarpa C.B.Clarke Carex × loretii Rouy Carex louisianica L.H.Bailey Carex lowei Bech. Carex lucennoiberica Maguilla & M.Escudero Carex lucorum Willd. Carex luctuosa Franch. Carex × ludibunda J.Gay Carex ludwigii (Hochst.) Luceño & Martín-Bravo Carex lupuliformis Sartwell ex Dewey Carex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. Carex lurida Wahlenb. Carex luridiformis Mack. ex Reznicek & S.González Carex lushanensis Kük. Carex lutea LeBlond Carex × luteola (Rchb.) Sendtn. Carex luzulifolia W.Boott Carex luzulina Olney Carex lycurus K.Schum. Carex lyngbyei Hornem. – Lyngbye's sedge M Carex maackii Maxim. – Maack's sedge Carex mabilliana (Rouy) Prain Carex × macilenta F.Nyl. Carex mackenziana Weath. Carex mackenziei V.I.Krecz. – Mackenzie's sedge Carex macloviana d'Urv. Carex macloviformis (G.A.Wheeler) J.R.Starr Carex × macounii Dewey Carex macrocephala Willd. ex Spreng. Carex macrochaeta C.A.Mey. Carex macroglossa Franch. & Sav. Carex macrolepis DC. Carex macrophyllidion Nelmes Carex macroprophylla (Y.C.Yang) S.R.Zhang Carex macrorrhiza Boeckeler Carex macrosolen Steud. Carex macrostachys Bertol. Carex macrostigmatica Kük. Carex macrostylos Lapeyr. Carex macrotrichoides J.R.Starr Carex maculata Boott – maculate sedge Carex madagascariensis Boeckeler Carex madida J.R.Starr Carex madrensis L.H.Bailey Carex magacis Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas Carex magellanica Lam. Carex magnoutriculata Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai Carex × mainensis Porter Carex mairei Coss. & Germ. Carex makinoensis Franch. – tufted rock-living sedge Carex makuensis P.C.Li Carex malaccensis C.B.Clarke Carex malipoensis Yuan Y.Li & H.Peng Carex mallae (Rajbh. & H.Ohba) O.Yano Carex malmei Kalela Carex malyschevii T.V.Egorova Carex manca Boott Carex manciformis C.B.Clarke ex Franch. Carex mandoniana Boeckeler Carex mandshurica Meinsh. – Manchurian sedge Carex manginii E.G.Camus Carex manhartii Bryson Carex mannii E.A.Bruce Carex maolanensis Y.F.Deng & Xi X.Zhang Carex maorica Hamlin Carex maorshanica Y.L.Chou Carex maquensis Y.C.Yang Carex marahuacana Reznicek Carex marianensis Stacey Carex marina Dewey Carex mariposana L.H.Bailey ex Mack. Carex maritima Gunnerus Carex markgrafii Kük. Carex × marshallii A.Benn. Carex martynenkoi Zolot. Carex × massonii Cay. & Lepage Carex matsumurae Franch. – big-wheat sedge Carex maubertiana Boott Carex maximowiczii Miq. – Maximowicz's sedge Carex mayebarana Ohwi Carex mckittrickensis P.W.Ball Carex mcvaughii Reznicek Carex meadii Dewey Carex media R.Br. Carex meeboldiana Kük. Carex megalepis K.A.Ford Carex meihsienica K.T.Fu Carex meiocarpa H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex melanantha C.A.Mey. Carex melananthiformis Litv. Carex melanocarpa Cham. ex Trautv. Carex melanocephala Turcz. Carex melanocystis É.Desv. Carex melanorrhyncha Nelmes Carex melanosperma Liebm. Carex melanostachya M.Bieb. ex Willd. Carex melinacra Franch. Carex membranacea Hook. Carex × mendica Lepage Carex mendocinensis Olney ex Boott Carex meridensis (Steyerm.) J.R.Starr Carex meridionalis (Kük.) Herter Carex merritt-fernaldii Mack. Carex mertensii J.D.Prescott ex Bong. Carex merxmuelleri Podlech Carex mesochorea Mack. Carex mesophila Reznicek & S.González Carex metallica H.Lév. – white-spike sedge Carex meyenii Nees Carex meyeriana Kunth – Meyer's sedge Carex michauxiana Boeckeler Carex michelii Host Carex michoacana Reznicek, Hipp & S.González Carex micrantha Kük. – small-flower sedge Carex microcarpa Bertol. ex Moris Carex microchaeta Holm Carex microdonta Torr. Carex microglochin Wahlenb. Carex micropoda C.A.Mey. Carex microptera Mack. Carex microrhyncha Mack. Carex × microstachya Ehrh. Carex × microstyla J.Gay ex Gaudin Carex microtricha Franch. Carex middendorffii F.Schmidt Carex mildbraediana Kük. Carex miliaris Michx. Carex millsii Dunn Carex mingrelica Kük. Carex minor (Kük.) K.A.Ford Carex minutiscabra Kük. ex V.I.Krecz. Carex minutissima Barros Carex minxianensis S.Yun Liang Carex minxianica Y.C.Yang Carex mira Kük. – remarkable sedge Carex misera Buckley Carex missouriensis P.Rothr. & Reznicek Carex mitchelliana M.A.Curtis Carex × mithala Callmé Carex mitrata Franch. – mitra sedge Carex miyabei Franch. Carex mochomuensis Katsuy. Carex modesti M.Escudero, Martín-Bravo & Jim.Mejías Carex moesta Kunth Carex molesta Mack. Carex molestiformis Reznicek & Rothrock Carex molinae Phil. Carex mollicula Boott – small mucronate sedge Carex mollissima Christ ex Scheutz – softest sedge Carex monodynama (Griseb.) G.A.Wheeler Carex monostachya A.Rich. Carex monotropa Nelmes Carex montana L. Carex × montanoaltaica Zolot. Carex montis-eeka Hillebr. Carex montis-everestii Kük. Carex montis-wutaii T.Koyama Carex moorcroftii Falc. ex Boott Carex moorei G.A.Wheeler Carex × moravica Repka & Rolecek Carex morii Hayata Carex × moriyoshiensis Fujiw. & Y.Matsuda Carex morrowii Boott Carex mosoynensis Franch. Carex motuoensis Y.C.Yang Carex moupinensis Franch. Carex mucronata All. Carex mucronatiformis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Yun Liang Carex × mucronulata Holmb. Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. Carex muelleri Petrie Carex × muelleriana F.W.Schultz Carex muliensis Hand.-Mazz. Carex multicaulis L.H.Bailey Carex multicostata Mack. Carex multifaria (Nees ex Boott) J.R.Starr Carex multifolia Ohwi Carex multispicata Kunze Carex multispiculata Luceño & Martín-Bravo Carex munda Boott Carex munipoorensis C.B.Clarke Carex munroi Boott ex C.B.Clarke Carex muricata L. Carex muriculata F.J.Herm. Carex × musashiensis Ohwi Carex musei Steud. Carex muskingumensis Schwein. Carex myosuroides Vill. Carex myosurus Nees N Carex nachiana Ohwi Carex nairii Ghildyal & U.C.Bhattach. Carex nakaoana T.Koyama Carex nakasimae Ohwi Carex nanchuanensis K.L.Chu ex S.Y.Liang Carex nandadeviensis Ghildyal, U.C.Bhattach. & Hajra Carex nangtciangensis Pamp. Carex nanpingensis X.F.Jin Carex nardina (Hornem.) Fr. Carex nasuensis K.T.Takah., T.Nog. & M.N.Tamura Carex nealiae R.W.Krauss Carex neblinensis Reznicek Carex nebrascensis Dewey Carex nebularum Phil. Carex neesiana Endl. Carex negeri (Kük.) J.R.Starr Carex negrii Chiov. Carex nelmesiana Barros Carex nelsonii Mack. Carex nemoralis (K.L.Wilson) K.L.Wilson Carex nemostachys Steud. Carex nemurensis Franch. Carex × neobigelowii Lepage Carex neochevalieri Kük. ex A.Chev. Carex neodigyna P.C.Li Carex × neofilipendula Lepage Carex neoguinensis C.B.Clarke Carex neohebridensis Guillaumin & Kük. Carex × neomiliaris Lepage Carex neopetelotii Raymond Carex neopolycephala Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai Carex × neorigida Lepage Carex nervata Franch. & Sav. – nerved-mitra sedge Carex nervina L.H.Bailey Carex neurocarpa Maxim. – nerved-fruit sedge Carex neurophora Mack. Carex × nicoloffii Pamp. Carex niederleiniana Boeckeler Carex nigerrima Nelmes Carex nigra (L.) Reichard Carex nigricans C.A.Mey. Carex nigromarginata Schwein. Carex × nikaii T.Koyama Carex nikolskensis Kom. Carex nipposinica Ohwi Carex nivalis Boott Carex nodaeana A.I.Baranov & Skvortsov Carex nodiflora Boeckeler Carex nodosa S.R.Zhang, J.Zhang, Z.Y.Liu, S.Qu & R.G.Han Carex noguchii J.Oda & Nagam. Carex noltiei S.R.Zhang Carex nordica Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas Carex normalis Mack. Carex norvegica Retz. – Norway sedge Carex notha Kunth Carex × notholimosioides Doweld Carex nova L.H.Bailey Carex novae-angliae Schwein. Carex novogaliciana Reznicek Carex nubigena D.Don Carex nudata W.Boott Carex nudicarpa (Y.C.Yang) S.R.Zhang O Carex × oberrodensis B.Walln. Carex obispoensis Stacey Carex oblanceolata T.Koyama Carex obliquicarpa X.F.Jin, C.Z.Zheng & B.Y.Ding Carex obliquitruncata Y.C.Tang & S.Yun Liang Carex obnupta L.H.Bailey Carex obovatosquamata F.T.Wang & Y.L.Chang ex P.C.Li Carex obscura Nees Carex obscuriceps Kük. Carex obtusata Lilj. Carex obtusifolia (Heenan) K.A.Ford Carex occidentalis L.H.Bailey Carex ochrochlamys Ohwi – yellow-mantle sedge Carex ochrosaccus (C.B.Clarke) Hamlin Carex odontolepis Phil. Carex odontostoma Kük. Carex oederi Retz. Carex oedipostyla Duval-Jouve Carex × oenensis A.Neumann ex B.Walln. Carex × ohmuelleriana O.Lang Carex okamotoi Ohwi – creeping narrow-leaf sedge Carex oklahomensis Mack. Carex okuboi Franch. Carex olbiensis Jord. Carex oligantha Steud. Carex oligocarpa Willd. Carex oligocarya C.B.Clarke Carex oligosperma Michx. Carex oligostachya Nees Carex olivacea Boott Carex olivieri H.Lév. Carex × olneyi Boott Carex omeiensis Tang Carex omeyica Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas Carex omiana Franch. & Sav. – Suwon sedge Carex omurae T.Koyama Carex × oneillii Lepage Carex onoei Franch. & Sav. – needle sedge Carex opaca (F.J.Herm.) P.Rothr. & Reznicek Carex ophiolithica Heenan & de Lange Carex orbicularinucis L.K.Dai Carex orbicularis Boott Carex oreocharis Holm Carex oreophila C.A.Mey. Carex orestera Zika Carex orizabae Liebm. Carex ormostachya Wiegand Carex ornithopoda Willd. Carex oronensis Fernald Carex orothanatica Lois, Acedo, Reznicek & Jim.Mejías Carex orthostemon Hayata Carex oshimensis Nakai Carex otaruensis Franch. Carex otayae Ohwi Carex otomana Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas Carex otrubae Podp. Carex ouachitana Kral, Manhart & Bryson Carex ovatispiculata F.T.Wang & Y.L.Chang ex S.Yun Liang Carex ovoidispica O.Yano Carex ovoidoconica Ohwi Carex ownbeyi G.A.Wheeler Carex oxyandra (Franch. & Sav.) Kudô – hill sedge Carex oxylepis Torr. & Hook. Carex oxyphylla Franch. Carex ozarkana P.Rothr. & Reznicek P Carex pachamamae Jim.-Mejías & Reznicek Carex pachycarpa Mack. Carex pachygyna Franch. & Sav. Carex pachyneura Kitag. Carex pachystachya Cham. ex Steud. Carex pachystylis J.Gay Carex × paczoskii Zapał. Carex paeninsulae Naczi, E.L.Bridges & Orzell Carex pairae F.W.Schultz Carex palawanensis Kük. Carex paleacea Schreb. ex Wahlenb. Carex pallescens L. Carex pallidula Harmaja Carex × paludivagans W.H.Drury Carex pamirensis C.B.Clarke Carex pandanophylla C.B.Clarke Carex panduranganii Kalidass Carex paneroi Reznicek & S.González Carex panicea L. Carex paniculata L. Carex panormitana Guss. Carex pansa L.H.Bailey Carex papillosissima Nelmes Carex × paponii Muret ex T.Durand & Pittier Carex papualpina K.L.Wilson Carex papulosa Boott Carex paracheniana X.F.Jin, D.A.Simpson & C.Z.Zheng Carex paracuraica F.T.Wang & Y.L.Chang ex S.Yun Liang Carex parallela (Laest.) Sommerf. Carex paramjitii (Jana, Noltie, R.C.Srivast. & A.Mukh.) O.Yano Carex pararadicalis X.F.Jin & J.M.Cen Carex paratatsiensis Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin Carex parciflora Boott Carex × parentii Jac.Koopman, Beusekom & Więcław Carex parryana Dewey Carex parva Nees Carex parviflora Host Carex parvigluma C.B.Clarke Carex parvirufa Luceño & Márq.-Corro Carex parvispica K.A.Ford Carex parvula O.Yano Carex patagonica Speg. Carex × patuensis Lepage Carex pauciflora Lightf. – few-flower sedge Carex paui Sennen Carex × pauliana F.W.Schultz Carex × paulii Asch. & Graebn. Carex paulo-vargasii Luceño & Marín Carex paxii Kük. – Pax's sedge Carex × payettei J.Cay. Carex paysonis Clokey Carex peckii Howe Carex pedicularis Jim.Mejías & Naczi Carex pediformis C.A.Mey. – wide-leaf low sedge Carex pedunculata Muhl. ex Willd. Carex peichuniana S.R.Zhang Carex peiktusani Kom. – Baekdu sedge Carex peliosanthifolia F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li Carex pellita Muhl. ex Willd. Carex pelocarpa F.J.Herm. Carex penalpina K.A.Ford Carex pendula Huds. Carex penduliformis Cherm. Carex pengii X.F.Jin & C.Z.Zheng Carex pensylvanica Lam. Carex perakensis C.B.Clarke Carex percostata F.J.Herm. Carex perdensa (Kukkonen) Luceño & Martín-Bravo Carex perdentata S.D.Jones Carex peregrina Link Carex perglobosa Mack. Carex pergracilis Nelmes Carex perlonga Fernald Carex perplexa (Heenan & de Lange) K.A.Ford Carex perprava C.B.Clarke Carex perraudieriana (Kük. ex Bornm.) Gay ex Kük. Carex × persalina Lepage Carex persistens Ohwi Carex pertenuis L.H.Bailey Carex peruviana J.Presl & C.Presl Carex petasata Dewey Carex petelotii Gross Carex petitiana A.Rich. Carex petricosa Dewey Carex petriei Cheeseman Carex peucophila Holm Carex phacota Spreng. – lentoid sedge Carex phaenocarpa Franch. Carex phaeocephala Piper Carex phaeodon T.Koyama Carex phaeothrix Ohwi – brown-spike sedge Carex phalaroides Kunth Carex phankei N.K.Khoi Carex phleoides Cav. Carex phoenicis Dunn Carex phragmitoides Kük. Carex phyllocaula Nelmes Carex phyllocephala T.Koyama Carex phylloscirpoides Saldivia, S.Gebauer, Martín-Bravo & Jim.Mejías Carex phyllostachys C.A.Mey. Carex × physocarpoides Lepage Carex physodes M.Bieb. Carex pichinchensis Kunth Carex picta Steud. Carex pigra Naczi Carex pilosa Scop. – pilose-leaf sedge Carex × pilosiuscula Gobi Carex pilulifera L. Carex pingleensis Z.C.Lu, Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin Carex pinophila Reznicek & S.González Carex pisanoi G.A.Wheeler Carex pisiformis Boott – thread sedge, Sakhalin mitra sedge, alternate-flower thread sedge Carex pityophila Mack. Carex planata Franch. & Sav. Carex planiculmis Kom. – shady mucronate sedge Carex planilamina Reznicek & S.González Carex planiscapa Chun & F.C.How Carex planispicata Naczi Carex planostachys Kunze Carex plantaginea Lam. Carex platyphylla J.Carey Carex platysperma Y.L.Chang & Y.L.Yang Carex plectobasis V.I.Krecz. Carex plectocarpa F.J.Herm. Carex pleioneura G.A.Wheeler Carex pleiostachys C.B.Clarke Carex pleurocaula Nelmes Carex × ploegii Jac.Koopman Carex × ploettneriana Beyer Carex pluriflora Hultén Carex plurinervata J.R.Starr Carex poculisquama Kük. – bowl-shape-scale sedge Carex podocarpa R.Br. Carex podogyna Franch. & Sav. Carex poeppigii C.B.Clarke ex G.A.Wheeler Carex poilanei Raymond Carex polyantha F.Muell. Carex polycephala Boott Carex polymascula P.C.Li Carex polymorpha Muhl. Carex polyphylla Kar. & Kir. Carex polyschoena H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex polyschoenoides K.T.Fu Carex polystachya Sw. ex Wahlenb. Carex polysticha Boeckeler Carex pontica Albov Carex popovii V.I.Krecz. Carex porrecta Reznicek & Camelb. Carex potens K.A.Ford Carex potosina Hemsl. Carex praeceptorum Mack. Carex praeclara Nelmes Carex praecox Schreb. Carex praegracilis W.Boott Carex praelonga C.B.Clarke Carex × prahliana Junge Carex prainii Kük. Carex prairea Dewey ex Alph.Wood Carex prasina Wahlenb. Carex praticola Rydb. Carex preissii Nees Carex prescottiana Boott Carex preslii Steud. Carex pringlei L.H.Bailey Carex procumbens H.B.Yang, Xiao X.Li & G.D.Liu Carex projecta Mack. Carex × prolixa Fr. Carex prolongata Kük. Carex proposita Mack. Carex × prostii Chass. ex P.Fourn. Carex provotii Franch. Carex proxima Cherm. Carex pruinosa Boott Carex przewalskii T.V.Egorova Carex pseudoaperta Boeckeler ex Kük. Carex pseudoaphanolepis Ohwi Carex pseudobicolor Boeckeler Carex pseudobrizoides Clavaud Carex pseudochinensis H.Lév. & Vaniot – false Chinese sedge Carex pseudocuraica F.Schmidt – creeper-like sedge Carex pseudocyperus L. Carex pseudodahurica A.P.Khokhr. Carex pseudodispalata K.T.Fu Carex pseudofoetida Kük. Carex pseudogammiei S.R.Zhang Carex × pseudohelvola Kihlm. Carex pseudohumilis F.T.Wang & Y.L.Chang ex P.C.Li Carex pseudohypochlora Y.L.Chang & Y.L.Yang Carex pseudolaticeps Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang Carex pseudolaxa (C.B.Clarke) O.Yano & S.R.Zhang Carex pseudoligulata L.K.Dai Carex pseudololiacea F.Schmidt Carex pseudomacloviana G.A.Wheeler Carex × pseudomairei E.G.Camus Carex pseudomitrata X.F.Jin & J.M.Cen Carex pseudophyllocephala L.K.Dai Carex pseudorufa Luceño & Martín-Bravo Carex pseudosadoensis Akiyama Carex pseudospachiana H.Lév. & Vaniot Carex pseudosupina Y.C.Tang ex L.K.Dai Carex pseudotristachya X.F.Jin & C.Z.Zheng Carex × pseudovulpina K.Richt. Carex pseuduncinoides (Noltie) O.Yano & S.R.Zhang Carex psychrophila Nees Carex pterocarpa Petrie Carex pterocaulos Nelmes Carex puberuliutriculata Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin Carex pubigluma Reznicek Carex pudica Honda Carex pulchra Boott Carex pulchrifolia A.E.Kozhevn. Carex pulicaris L. Carex pumila Thunb. – dwarf sand sedge Carex punctata Gaudin Carex pungens Boeckeler Carex punicea K.A.Ford Carex punicola D.B.Poind., Jim.Mejías & M.Escudero Carex purdiei Boott Carex purpleovaginalis Q.S.Wang Carex purpurata (Petrie) K.A.Ford Carex purpureosquamata L.K.Dai Carex purpureovagina F.T.Wang & Y.L.Chang ex S.Yun Liang Carex purpureovaginata Boeckeler Carex purpurifera Mack. Carex × putjatini Kom. Carex pycnostachya Kar. & Kir. Carex pygmaea Boeckeler Carex pyramidalis Kük. Carex pyrenaica Wahlenb. Q Carex qinghaiensis Y.C.Yang Carex qingliangensis D.M.Weng, H.W.Zhang & S.F.Xu Carex qingyangensis S.W.Su & S.M.Xu Carex qiyunensis S.W.Su & S.M.Xu Carex quadriflora (Kük.) Ohwi – four-flower sedge Carex × quebecensis Lepage Carex queretarensis Reznicek & S.González Carex quichensis F.J.Herm. Carex quinquin Jim.Mejías & Dorr Carex × quirponensis Fernald Carex quixotiana Ben.Benítez, Martín-Bravo, Luceño & Jim.Mejías R Carex × raciborskii Zapał. Carex raddei Kük. – Radde's sedge Carex radfordii Gaddy Carex radiata (Wahlenb.) Small Carex radicalis Boott Carex radicalispicula Tang & F.T.Wang ex Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin Carex radiciflora Dunn Carex radicina Z.P.Wang Carex rafflesiana Boott Carex rainbowii Luceño, Jim.Mejías, M.Escudero & Martín-Bravo Carex raleighii Nelmes Carex ramenskii Kom. Carex ramentaceofructus K.T.Fu Carex ramosa Willd. Carex ramosii Kük. Carex randalpina B.Walln. Carex raoulii Boott Carex rapaensis (H.St.John) K.L.Wilson Carex raphidocarpa Nees Carex rara Boott – pine-leaf sedge Carex rariflora (Wahlenb.) Sm. Carex ratongensis (C.B.Clarke) C.B.Clarke Carex raynoldsii Dewey Carex rcsrivastavae (Jana) Roalson Carex recta Boott Carex × reducta Drejer Carex regeliana (Kük.) Litv. Carex regnelliana Boeckeler Carex reicheana Boeckeler Carex reichei Kük. Carex × reichgeltii Jac.Koopman, Wieclaw & Waltje Carex reinii Franch. & Sav. Carex relaxa V.I.Krecz. Carex remota L. Carex remotistachya Y.Y.Zhou & X.F.Jin Carex remotiuscula Wahlenb. – minute-gibbous sedge Carex renauldii H.Lév. Carex reniformis (L.H.Bailey) Small Carex renschiana Boeckeler Carex repanda C.B.Clarke Carex repens Bellardi Carex reptabunda (Trautv.) V.I.Krecz. Carex resectans Cheeseman Carex retroflexa Muhl. ex Willd. Carex retrofracta Kük. Carex retrorsa Schwein. Carex reuteriana Boiss. Carex revoluta Reznicek & S.González Carex reznicekii Werier Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindblom Carex rhizopoda Maxim. Carex rhodesiaca Nelmes Carex rhomalea (Fernald) Mack. Carex rhombifructus Ohwi Carex rhynchachaenium C.B.Clarke Carex rhynchoperigynium S.D.Jones & Reznicek Carex rhynchophora Franch. Carex richardsonii R.Br. Carex ridongensis P.C.Li Carex × rieseana Figert Carex rigidioides (Gorodkov) V.I.Krecz. Carex × rikuchiuensis Akiyama Carex riloensis Stoeva & E.D.Popova Carex riparia Curtis Carex rivulorum Dunn Carex roalsoniana Jim.Mejías & M.Escudero Carex roanensis F.J.Herm. Carex rochebrunei Franch. & Sav. Carex rongkupiorum Sameer Patil Carex roraimensis Steyerm. Carex rorulenta Porta Carex rosea Willd. Carex × rossiana Degen Carex rossii Boott Carex rostellifera Y.L.Chang & Y.L.Yang Carex rostrata Stokes – beak sedge Carex × rotae De Not. Carex rotundata Wahlenb. – round sedge Carex rouyana Franch. Carex rubicunda Petrie Carex rubrobrunnea C.B.Clarke Carex × rubrovaginata (Hamlin) K.A.Ford Carex × ruedtii Kneuck. Carex rufina Drejer Carex rufulistolon T.Koyama Carex rugata Ohwi Carex rugulosa Kük. – thick-nerve sedge Carex runssoroensis K.Schum. Carex rupestris All. – curly sedge Carex rupicola (Pedersen) G.A.Wheeler Carex ruralis J.Oda & Nagam. Carex rutenbergiana Boeckeler Carex ruthii Mack. Carex ruthsatziae G.A.Wheeler Carex rzedowskii Reznicek & S.González S Carex × saamica A.T.M.Pedersen & Elven Carex sabulosa Turcz. ex Kunth Carex sabynensis Less. ex Kunth Carex sacerdotis Nelmes Carex sachalinensis F.Schmidt Carex sacrosancta Honda Carex sadoensis Franch. Carex sagaensis Y.C.Yang Carex sagei Phil. Carex sahnii Ghildyal & U.C.Bhattach. Carex sajanensis V.I.Krecz. Carex × sakaguchii Ohwi Carex salina Wahlenb. Carex × salisiana Brügger Carex saltaensis Gross Carex salticola J.R.Starr Carex sambiranensis (H.Lév.) Cherm. Carex samoensis Boeckeler Carex sampsonii Hance Carex sanctae-marthae L.E.Mora & J.O.Rangel Carex sanguinea Boott Carex × sanionis K.Richt. Carex sanjappae Bhaumik & M.K.Pathak Carex sarawaketensis Kük. Carex × sardloqensis E.Dahl Carex sargentiana (Hemsl.) S.R.Zhang Carex sartwelliana Olney Carex sartwellii Dewey Carex satakeana T.Koyama Carex satsumensis Franch. & Sav. Carex saxatilis L. Carex × saxenii Raymond Carex saxicola Tang & F.T.Wang Carex saxilittoralis A.Robertson Carex saximontana Mack. Carex scabrata Schwein. Carex scabrella Wahlenb. Carex scabrida J.R.Starr Carex scabrifolia Steud. – scabrous-leaf sedge Carex scabripes Cherm. Carex scabrirostris Kük. Carex scabrisacca Ohwi & Ryu Carex scabriuscula Mack. Carex scaposa C.B.Clarke Carex schaffneri Boeckeler Carex × schallertii Murr Carex × schatzii Kneuck. Carex schiedeana Kunze Carex schimperiana Boeckeler Carex schliebenii Podlech Carex schmidtii Meinsh. – Schmidt's sedge Carex schneideri Nelmes Carex schottii Dewey Carex × schuetzeana Figert Carex schweickerdtii (Merxm. & Podlech) Luceño & Martín-Bravo Carex schweinitzii Dewey ex Schwein. Carex sciocapensis Luceño, Márq.-Corro & Sánchez-Villegas Carex scirpoidea Michx. Carex scita Maxim. Carex scitiformis Kük. Carex scitula Boott Carex sclerocarpa Franch. Carex sclerophylla (Nelmes) K.L.Wilson Carex scolopendriformis F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. Carex scopulorum Holm Carex scopulus X.F.Jin & W.Jie Chen Carex secalina Willd. ex Wahlenb. Carex secta Boott Carex sectoides (Kük.) Edgar Carex sedakowii C.A.Mey. ex Meinsh. – Sedakov's sedge Carex sellowiana Schltdl. Carex semihyalofructa Tak.Shimizu Carex sempervirens Vill. Carex senanensis Ohwi Carex × senayana Soó Carex sendaica Franch. Carex × sendtneriana Brügger Carex senta Boott Carex seorsa Howe Carex seposita C.B.Clarke Carex sequeirae Míguez, Jim.Mejías, Ben.Benítez & Martín-Bravo Carex serpenticola Zika Carex serratodens S.Watson Carex × serravalensis Beauverd Carex serreana Hand.-Mazz. Carex seticulmis Boeckeler Carex setifolia Kunze Carex setigera D.Don Carex setigluma Reznicek & S.González Carex setosa Boott Carex setschwanensis (Hand.-Mazz.) S.R.Zhang Carex shaanxiensis F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li Carex × shakushizawaensis Akiyama Carex shandanica Y.C.Yang Carex shanensis C.B.Clarke Carex shangchengensis S.Yun Liang Carex shanghangensis S.Yun Liang Carex sheldonii Mack. Carex shimidzensis Franch. – long-tail-spike sedge Carex × shinanoana Nakai ex Aliyama Carex shinnersii P.Rothr. & Reznicek Carex shiriyajirensis Akiyama ex Tatew. Carex shortiana Dewey & Torr. Carex shuangbaiensis L.K.Dai Carex shuchengensis S.W.Su & Q.Zhang Carex siamensis (Ohwi) S.R.Zhang Carex siccata Dewey Carex sichouensis P.C.Li Carex siderosticta Hance – creeping broad-leaf sedge Carex siguanabae Jim.Mejías, Acedo, Reznicek & Lois Carex sikokiana Franch. & Sav. Carex silicea Olney Carex silvestrii Pamp. Carex silvestris (Hamlin) K.A.Ford Carex simensis Hochst. ex A.Rich. Carex simpliciuscula Wahlenb. Carex simulans C.B.Clarke Carex simulata Mack. Carex sinclairii Boott ex Cheeseman Carex sinoaristata Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai Carex sinodissitiflora Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai Carex sinosupina Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin Carex siroumensis Koidz. – potae sedge Carex skottsbergiana Kük. Carex socialis Mohlenbr. & Schwegman Carex sociata Boott Carex socotrana Repka & P.Madera Carex sodiroi Kük. Carex × soerensenii Lepage Carex sohayakiensis K.T.Takah. & M.N.Tamura Carex solandri Boott Carex songorica Kar. & Kir. Carex × sooi Jakucs Carex sordida Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. – short forest-live sedge Carex sorianoi Barros Carex sororia Kunth Carex spachiana Boott Carex sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd. Carex sparsinux C.B.Clarke ex Franch. Carex spartea Wahlenb. Carex specifica L.H.Bailey Carex speciosa Kunth Carex spectabilis Dewey Carex specuicola J.T.Howell Carex sphaerogyna Baker Carex spicata Huds. Carex spicatopaniculata Boeckeler ex C.B.Clarke Carex spicigera Nees Carex × spiculosa Fr. Carex spilocarpa Steud. Carex spinirostris Colenso Carex spissa L.H.Bailey ex Hemsl. Carex splendentissima U.Kang & J.Chung Carex sprengelii Dewey ex Spreng. Carex squamiformis (Y.C.Yang) S.R.Zhang Carex × squamigera V.I.Krecz. & Luchnik Carex squarrosa L. Carex standleyana Steyerm. Carex stenantha Franch. & Sav. Carex stenocarpa Turcz. ex V.I.Krecz. Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. Carex stenoptila F.J.Herm. Carex stenostachys Franch. & Sav. Carex sterilis Willd. Carex steudneri Boeckeler Carex stevenii (Holm) Kalela Carex steyermarkii Standl. Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. – awl-fruit sedge Carex stiphrogyne Gilli Carex stipitinux C.B.Clarke ex Franch. Carex stipitiutriculata P.C.Li Carex stokesii F.Br. Carex stracheyi Boott ex C.B.Clarke Carex stramentitia Boott ex Boeckeler Carex straminea Willd. ex Schkuhr Carex straminiformis L.H.Bailey Carex streptorrhampha Nelmes Carex striata Michx. Carex striatula Michx. Carex stricta Lam. Carex × stricticulmis Holmb. Carex × strictiformis Almq. Carex strictissima (Kük.) K.A.Ford Carex strigosa Huds. Carex × strigosula Chatenier Carex stuessyi G.A.Wheeler Carex × stygia Fr. Carex styloflexa Buckley Carex stylosa C.A.Mey. Carex subandrogyna G.A.Wheeler & Guagl. Carex subantarctica Speg. Carex subbracteata Mack. Carex subcapitata X.F.Jin, C.Z.Zheng & B.Y.Ding Carex subcernua Ohwi Carex × subcostata Holmb. Carex subdivulsa (Kük.) G.A.Wheeler Carex subdola Boott Carex suberecta (Olney) Britton Carex subfilicinoides Kük. Carex subfuegiana G.A.Wheeler Carex subfusca W.Boott Carex subglabra (X.F.Jin & C.Z.Zheng) X.F.Jin & Y.F.Lu Carex × subimpressa Clokey Carex subinclinata T.Koyama Carex subinflata Nelmes Carex submollicula Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai Carex subnigricans Stacey Carex × subpaleacea J.Cay. Carex × subpatula Holmb. Carex subperakensis L.K.Ling & Y.Z.Huang Carex subphysodes Popov ex V.I.Krecz. Carex subpumila Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai Carex × subrecta J.Cay. Carex × subreducta Lepage Carex subremota Charit. Carex subsacculata (G.A.Wheeler & Goetgh.) J.R.Starr Carex subscabrella Kük. Carex subspathacea Wormsk. ex Hornem. – Hoppner's sedge Carex subtilis K.A.Ford Carex subtransversa C.B.Clarke Carex subtrigona (Nelmes) K.L.Wilson Carex subtumida (Kük.) Ohwi Carex subumbellata Meinsh. – subumbellate sedge Carex subviridis K.A.Ford Carex × subviridula Fernald Carex suifunensis Kom. – narrow-scale sedge Carex × sullivantii Boott Carex × sumikawaensis Fujiw. & Y.Matsuda Carex superata Naczi, Reznicek & B.A.Ford Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. Carex sutchuensis Franch. Carex × suziella Podp. Carex swanii (Fernald) Mack. Carex sychnocephala J.Carey Carex sylvatica Huds. Carex × sylvenii Holmb. T Carex tabatae Katsuy. Carex tachirensis Steyerm. Carex tahitensis F.Br. Carex tahoensis Smiley Carex taihuensis S.W.Su & S.M.Xu Carex × takhtadjanii Jac.Koopman & Wieclaw Carex × takoensis Y.Endo & Yashiro Carex talbotii Kottaim. Carex taldycola Meinsh. Carex tamakii T.Koyama Carex tamana Steyerm. Carex tangiana Ohwi Carex tangii Kük. Carex tangulashanensis Y.C.Yang Carex tapintzensis Franch. Carex taprobanensis T.Koyama Carex tashiroana Ohwi Carex tasmanica Kük. Carex tatjanae Malyschev Carex tatsiensis (Franch.) Kük. Carex tavoyensis Nelmes Carex tegulata H.Lév. & Vaniot – orbicular sedge Carex tehuacana Reznicek & S.González Carex teinogyna Boott – slender-pedicel sedge Carex temnolepis Franch. Carex tenax Chapm. ex Dewey Carex × tenebricans Holmb. Carex tenebrosa Boott Carex tenejapensis Reznicek & S.González Carex × tenelliformis Holmb. Carex tenera Dewey Carex tenuiculmis (Petrie) Heenan & de Lange Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb. – sparse-flower sedge Carex tenuiformis H.Lév. & Vaniot – shadow sedge Carex tenuinervis Ohwi Carex tenuior T.Koyama & T.I.Chuang Carex tenuipaniculata P.C.Li Carex tenuispicula Tang ex S.Y.Liang Carex teres Boott Carex tereticaulis F.Muell. Carex × terschellingensis Jac.Koopman, Wieclaw & Waltje Carex testacea Sol. ex Boott Carex tetanica Schkuhr Carex tetrastachya Scheele Carex tetsuoi Ohwi Carex texensis (Torr. ex L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey Carex thailandica T.Koyama Carex thanikaimoniana Govind. Carex × thermalis K.Nagas. & S.Sakag. Carex thibetica Franch. Carex thinii B.A.Ford & J.R.Starr Carex thomsonii Boott Carex thornei Naczi Carex thouarsii Carmich. Carex thunbergii Steud. Carex thurberi Dewey ex Torr. Carex tianmushanica C.Z.Zheng & X.F.Jin Carex tianschanica T.V.Egorova Carex tibetikobresia S.R.Zhang Carex timida Naczi & B.A.Ford Carex × timmiana Junge Carex tincta (Fernald) Fernald Carex tingnungii X.F.Jin Carex titovii V.I.Krecz. Carex × toezensis Simonk. Carex tojquianensis Standl. & Steyerm. Carex tokarensis T.Koyama Carex tokuii J.Oda & Nagam. Carex tolucensis (F.J.Herm.) Reznicek Carex tomentosa L. Carex tompkinsii J.T.Howell Carex tonsa (Fernald) E.P.Bicknell Carex toreadora Steyerm. Carex × torgesiana Kük. Carex × tornabenei Chiov. Carex toroensis G.A.Wheeler Carex torreyi Tuck. Carex torta Boott ex Tuck. Carex tovarensis Reznicek & G.A.Wheeler Carex townsendii Mack. Carex toyoshimae Tuyama Carex trachycarpa Cheeseman Carex traiziscana F.Schmidt Carex transandina G.A.Wheeler Carex transversa Boott Carex trautvetteriana Kom. Carex traversii Kirk Carex × treverica Hausskn. Carex triangula J.R.Starr Carex triangularis Boeckeler Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. Carex tricephala Boeckeler Carex × trichina Fernald Carex trichocarpa Muhl. ex Willd. Carex trichodes Steud. Carex tricholepis Nelmes Carex trichophylla Nelmes Carex tricolor Velen. Carex trifida Cav. Carex trigonosperma Ohwi Carex trinervis Degl. Carex triquetra Boott Carex trisperma Dewey Carex tristachya Thunb. – shiny-spike sedge Carex tristis M.Bieb. Carex trongii N.K.Khoi Carex troodi Turrill Carex truncatigluma C.B.Clarke Carex truncatirostris S.W.Su & S.M.Xu Carex tsaiana F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li Carex tsaratananensis Cherm. Carex tschonoskii V.I.Krecz. Carex tsiangii F.T.Wang & Tang Carex tsoi Merr. & Chun Carex tsuishikarensis Koidz. & Ohwi Carex tsukudensis (T.Koyama) K.T.Takah. & M.N.Tamura Carex tsushimensis (Ohwi) Ohwi Carex tuberculata Liebm. Carex tubulosa Pamp. Carex tuckermanii Boott Carex tumida Boott Carex tumidula Ohwi Carex tuminensis Kom. – Dumangang sedge Carex tumulicola Mack. Carex tungfangensis L.K.Dai & S.M.Huang Carex tunicata (Hand.-Mazz.) S.R.Zhang Carex tunimanensis Standl. & Steyerm. Carex turbaria J.R.Starr Carex turbinata Liebm. Carex × turfosa Fr. Carex turgescens Torr. Carex turkestanica Regel Carex turrita C.B.Clarke Carex × turuli Simonk. Carex turumiquirensis Steyerm. Carex tweedieana Nees Carex typhina Michx. U Carex uber Ohwi Carex uda Maxim. – Uda needle sedge Carex × uechtritziana K.Richt. Carex uhligii K.Schum. ex C.B.Clarke Carex ulobasis V.I.Krecz. – montane sedge Carex ultra L.H.Bailey Carex uluguruensis Luceño & M.Escudero Carex umbellata Willd. Carex umbricola K.L.Wilson Carex umbrosa Host Carex umbrosiformis H.Lév. Carex uncifolia Cheeseman Carex uncinata L.f. Carex unciniiformis Boeckeler Carex uncinioides Boott Carex × ungavensis Lepage Carex ungurensis Litv. Carex unilateralis Mack. Carex unisexualis C.B.Clarke Carex urelytra Ohwi Carex ursina Dewey Carex uruguensis Boeckeler Carex ussuriensis Kom. – Ussuri sedge Carex utahensis Reznicek & D.F.Murray Carex utriculata Boott Carex × uzenensis Koidz. V Carex vacillans Drejer Carex vaginata Tausch – sheathed sedge Carex vaginosa (C.B.Clarke) S.R.Zhang Carex valbrayi H.Lév. Carex vallata Charit. Carex vallicola Dewey Carex vallis-pulchrae Phil. Carex vallis-rosetto K.Schum. Carex vanheurckii Müll.Arg. – northern meadow sedge Carex vaniotii H.Lév. Carex ventosa C.B.Clarke Carex venusta Dewey Carex vernacula L.H.Bailey Carex verrucosa Muhl. Carex verticillata Zoll. & Moritzi Carex vesca C.B.Clarke ex Kük. Carex vesicaria L. – blister sedge Carex vesicata Meinsh. Carex vesiculosa Boott Carex vestita Willd. Carex vexans F.J.Herm. Carex via-aquae Jim.Mejías, Lois, Acedo & Reznicek Carex via-incaica Jim.Mejías & Roalson Carex × viadrina Figert Carex vibhae (Jana, R.C.Srivast. & Bhaumik) O.Yano Carex vicinalis Boott Carex vidua Boott ex C.B.Clarke Carex vietnamica Raymond Carex × villacensis Kük. Carex × vimariensis Hausskn. ex Berthold Carex virescens Muhl. ex Willd. Carex viridimarginata Kük. Carex viridistellata Derieg, Reznicek & Bruederle Carex vixdentata (Kük.) G.A.Wheeler Carex vizarronensis Gómez-Sánchez, Cabrera-Luna, S.González & Reznicek Carex × vratislaviensis Figert Carex vulcani Hochst. ex Seub. Carex vulpina L. Carex vulpinaris Nees Carex vulpinoidea Michx. W Carex wahlenbergiana Boott Carex wahuensis C.A.Mey. Carex wakatipu Petrie Carex × walasii Ceyn.-Gield Carex walkeri Arn. ex Boott Carex wallichiana Spreng. Carex waponahkikensis Lovit & A.Haines Carex wawuensis W.M.Chu ex S.Yun Liang Carex wenshanensis L.K.Dai Carex werdermannii L.Gross Carex wheeleri J.R.Starr Carex whitneyi Olney Carex wiegandii Mack. Carex wightiana Nees Carex willdenowii Willd. Carex williamsii Britton Carex × winkelmannii Asch. & Graebn. Carex winterbottomii C.B.Clarke Carex × wolteri Gross Carex woodii Dewey Carex wootonii Mack. Carex wui W.M.Chu ex L.K.Dai Carex wutuensis K.T.Fu X Carex × xanthocarpa Degl. Carex xerantica L.H.Bailey Carex xerophila Janeway & Zika Carex xiphium Kom. – sword-like sedge Carex xueyingiana H.J.Yang & Han Xu Y Carex yadongensis (Y.C.Yang) S.R.Zhang Carex yajiangensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Yun Liang Carex yakushimensis (Katsuy. & J.Oda) J.Oda & M.N.Tamura Carex yamatsutana Ohwi Carex yandangshanica C.Z.Zheng & X.F.Jin Carex yangii (S.R.Zhang) S.R.Zhang Carex yangshuoensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang Carex yasuii Katsuy. Carex yinshanica Y.Z.Zhao Carex yonganensis L.K.Dai & Y.Z.Huang Carex ypsilandrifolia F.T.Wang & Tang Carex yuexiensis S.W.Su & S.M.Xu Carex yulungshanensis P.C.Li Carex yunlingensis P.C.Li Carex yunnanensis Franch. Carex yunyiana X.F.Jin & C.Z.Zheng Carex yushuensis Y.C.Yang Z Carex × zahnii Kneuck. Carex zekogensis Y.C.Yang Carex zhejiangensis X.F.Jin, Y.J.Zhao, C.Z.Zheng & H.W.Zhang Carex zhenkangensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Yun Liang Carex zhonghaiensis S.Yun Liang Carex zikae Roalson & Waterway Carex zizaniifolia Raymond Carex zotovii (Hamlin) K.A.Ford Carex zunyiensis Tang & F.T.Wang References ^ "Carex L. \| Plants of the World Online \| Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2024-05-11. ^ Global Carex Group (2015). "Making Carex monophyletic (Cyperaceae, tribe Cariceae): a new broader circumscription". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 179: 1–42. doi:10.1111/boj.12298. hdl:2027.42/113175. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 388. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carex.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carex_spp_Sturm55.jpg"},{"link_name":"C. binervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_binervis"},{"link_name":"C. punctata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_punctata"},{"link_name":"Carex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex"},{"link_name":"largest genera of flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_genera_of_flowering_plants"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCG-2"},{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_plant"}],"text":"Illustration of two species of Carex, from Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen (1796): 1. C. binervis; 2. C. punctataThe genus Carex, the sedges, is one of the largest genera of flowering plants, containing of over 2000 species, according to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew.[1] In May 2015, the Global Carex Group argued for a broader circumscription of Carex, which added all the species formerly classified in Cymophyllus (1 species), Kobresia (c. 60 species), Schoenoxiphium (c. 15 species) and Uncinia (c. 70 species).[2] As of May 2024, all the currently recognised species (including hybrid species) in the genus Carex are given below:","title":"List of Carex species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex × abitibiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_abitibiana"},{"link_name":"Carex aboriginum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aboriginum"},{"link_name":"Carex × abortiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_abortiva"},{"link_name":"Carex abrupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_abrupta"},{"link_name":"Carex abscondita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_abscondita"},{"link_name":"Carex acaulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_acaulis"},{"link_name":"Carex accrescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_accrescens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex acicularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_acicularis"},{"link_name":"Carex acidicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_acidicola"},{"link_name":"Carex acocksii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_acocksii"},{"link_name":"Carex acuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_acuta"},{"link_name":"Carex acutata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_acutata"},{"link_name":"Carex acutiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_acutiformis"},{"link_name":"Carex adelostoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_adelostoma"},{"link_name":"Carex adrienii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_adrienii"},{"link_name":"Carex × adulterina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_adulterina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex adusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_adusta"},{"link_name":"Carex aematorrhyncha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aematorrhyncha"},{"link_name":"Carex aequialta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aequialta"},{"link_name":"Carex × aestivaliformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_aestivaliformis"},{"link_name":"Carex aestivalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aestivalis"},{"link_name":"Carex aethiopica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aethiopica"},{"link_name":"Carex agastachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_agastachys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex agglomerata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_agglomerata"},{"link_name":"Carex aggregata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aggregata"},{"link_name":"Carex × akitaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_akitaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × akiyamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_akiyamana"},{"link_name":"Carex alajica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_alajica"},{"link_name":"Carex alascana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_alascana"},{"link_name":"Carex alata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_alata"},{"link_name":"Carex alatauensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_alatauensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_alba"},{"link_name":"Carex albata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_albata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex albert-smithii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_albert-smithii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × albertii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_albertii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex albicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_albicans"},{"link_name":"Carex albidibasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_albidibasis"},{"link_name":"Carex albolutescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_albolutescens"},{"link_name":"Carex albonigra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_albonigra"},{"link_name":"Carex alboviridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_alboviridis"},{"link_name":"Carex albula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_albula"},{"link_name":"Carex albursina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_albursina"},{"link_name":"Carex algida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_algida"},{"link_name":"Carex allanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_allanii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex alligata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_alligata"},{"link_name":"Carex alliiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_alliiformis"},{"link_name":"Carex allivescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_allivescens"},{"link_name":"Carex × allolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_allolepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × alluvialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_alluvialis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex alma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_alma"},{"link_name":"Carex × almii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_almii"},{"link_name":"Carex alopecoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_alopecoidea"},{"link_name":"Carex alopecuroides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_alopecuroides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × alsatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_alsatica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex alsophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_alsophila"},{"link_name":"Carex alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_alta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex altaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_altaica"},{"link_name":"Carex alterniflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_alterniflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex amgunensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_amgunensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex amicta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_amicta"},{"link_name":"Carex amphibola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_amphibola"},{"link_name":"Carex amplectens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_amplectens"},{"link_name":"Carex amplifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_amplifolia"},{"link_name":"Carex anbouensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_anbouensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex andersonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_andersonii"},{"link_name":"Carex andina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_andina"},{"link_name":"Carex andringitrensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_andringitrensis"},{"link_name":"Carex angolensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_angolensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex angusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_angusta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex angustata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_angustata"},{"link_name":"Carex angustealata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_angustealata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex angustilepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_angustilepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex angustispica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_angustispica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex angustisquama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_angustisquama"},{"link_name":"Carex angustiutricula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_angustiutricula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × aniaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_aniaiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex anisoneura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_anisoneura"},{"link_name":"Carex anisostachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_anisostachys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex annectens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_annectens"},{"link_name":"Carex anomoea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_anomoea"},{"link_name":"Carex anthoxanthea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_anthoxanthea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex antoniensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_antoniensis"},{"link_name":"Carex antucensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_antucensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex aperta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aperta"},{"link_name":"Carex aphanolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aphanolepis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex aphylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aphylla"},{"link_name":"Carex aphyllopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aphyllopus"},{"link_name":"Carex apoiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_apoiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex appalachica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_appalachica"},{"link_name":"Carex appendiculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_appendiculata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex applanata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_applanata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex appressa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_appressa"},{"link_name":"Carex appropinquata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_appropinquata"},{"link_name":"Carex aquatilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aquatilis"},{"link_name":"Carex × arakanei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_arakanei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex arcatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_arcatica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex arapahoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_arapahoensis"},{"link_name":"Carex archeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_archeri"},{"link_name":"Carex arcta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_arcta"},{"link_name":"Carex arctata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_arctata"},{"link_name":"Carex arctiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_arctiformis"},{"link_name":"Carex arctogena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_arctogena"},{"link_name":"Carex × arctophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_arctophila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex arenaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_arenaria"},{"link_name":"Carex arenicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_arenicola"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_argentina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex argunensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_argunensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex argyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_argyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex argyrantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_argyrantha"},{"link_name":"Carex aridula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aridula"},{"link_name":"Carex arimaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_arimaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex arisanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_arisanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex aristatisquamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_aristatisquamata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex aristulifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_aristulifera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex arizonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_arizonica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex arkansana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_arkansana"},{"link_name":"Carex arnellii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_arnellii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex arnottiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_arnottiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex arsenei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_arsenei"},{"link_name":"Carex × arthuriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_arthuriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ascotreta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ascotreta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex aspericaulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_aspericaulis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex asperifructus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_asperifructus"},{"link_name":"Carex asraoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_asraoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex assiniboinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_assiniboinensis"},{"link_name":"Carex astricta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_astricta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex asturica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_asturica"},{"link_name":"Carex asynchrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_asynchrona"},{"link_name":"Carex aterrima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_aterrima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex atherodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_atherodes"},{"link_name":"Carex athrostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_athrostachya"},{"link_name":"Carex atlantica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_atlantica"},{"link_name":"Carex atlasica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_atlasica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex atractodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_atractodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex atrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_atrata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex atratiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_atratiformis"},{"link_name":"Carex atrivaginata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_atrivaginata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex atrofusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_atrofusca"},{"link_name":"Carex atrofuscoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_atrofuscoides"},{"link_name":"Carex atropicta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_atropicta"},{"link_name":"Carex atrosquama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_atrosquama"},{"link_name":"Carex auceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_auceps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex aucklandica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_aucklandica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex augustinowiczii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_augustinowiczii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex aurea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aurea"},{"link_name":"Carex aureolensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aureolensis"},{"link_name":"Carex auriculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_auriculata"},{"link_name":"Carex × auroniensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_auroniensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex austrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_austrina"},{"link_name":"Carex austro-occidentalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_austro-occidentalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex austroalpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_austroalpina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex austroamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_austroamericana"},{"link_name":"Carex austrocaroliniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_austrocaroliniana"},{"link_name":"Carex austrocompacta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_austrocompacta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex austrodeflexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_austrodeflexa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex austrojacutensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_austrojacutensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex austrolucorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_austrolucorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex austromexicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_austromexicana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex austrosinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_austrosinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex austrosulcata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_austrosulcata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex austrotenella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_austrotenella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex austrozhejiangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_austrozhejiangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex autumnalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_autumnalis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex ayako-maedae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ayako-maedae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex aztecica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_aztecica"}],"sub_title":"A","text":"Carex × abitibiana Lepage\nCarex aboriginum M.E.Jones\nCarex × abortiva Holmb.\nCarex abrupta Mack.\nCarex abscondita Mack.\nCarex acaulis d'Urv.\nCarex accrescens Ohwi – Seoul sedge[3]\nCarex acicularis Boott\nCarex acidicola Naczi\nCarex acocksii C.Archer\nCarex acuta L.\nCarex acutata Boott\nCarex acutiformis Ehrh.\nCarex adelostoma V.I.Krecz.\nCarex adrienii E.G.Camus\nCarex × adulterina Chenevard\nCarex adusta Boott\nCarex aematorrhyncha Desv.\nCarex aequialta Kük.\nCarex × aestivaliformis Mack.\nCarex aestivalis M.A.Curtis ex A.Gray\nCarex aethiopica Schkuhr\nCarex agastachys L.f.\nCarex agglomerata C.B.Clarke\nCarex aggregata Mack.\nCarex × akitaensis Fujiw.\nCarex × akiyamana Ohwi\nCarex alajica Litv.\nCarex alascana Boeckeler\nCarex alata Torr.\nCarex alatauensis S.R.Zhang\nCarex alba Scop.\nCarex albata Boott ex Franch. – ditch sedge[3]\nCarex albert-smithii T.Koyama\nCarex × albertii H.Lév.\nCarex albicans Willd. ex Spreng.\nCarex albidibasis T.Koyama\nCarex albolutescens Schwein.\nCarex albonigra Mack.\nCarex alboviridis C.B.Clarke\nCarex albula Allan\nCarex albursina E.Sheld.\nCarex algida Turcz. ex V.I.Krecz.\nCarex allanii Hamlin\nCarex alligata Boott\nCarex alliiformis C.B.Clarke\nCarex allivescens V.I.Krecz.\nCarex × allolepis Rchb.\nCarex × alluvialis Figert\nCarex alma L.H.Bailey\nCarex × almii Holmb.\nCarex alopecoidea Tuck.\nCarex alopecuroides D.Don ex Tilloch & Taylor\nCarex × alsatica Zahn\nCarex alsophila F.Muell.\nCarex alta Boott\nCarex altaica Gorodkov\nCarex alterniflora Franch.\nCarex amgunensis F.Schmidt\nCarex amicta Boott\nCarex amphibola Steud.\nCarex amplectens Mack.\nCarex amplifolia Boott\nCarex anbouensis Katsuy.\nCarex andersonii Boott\nCarex andina Phil.\nCarex andringitrensis Cherm.\nCarex angolensis Nelmes\nCarex angusta (C.B.Clarke) Sameer Patil\nCarex angustata Boott\nCarex angustealata (Akiyama) S.Fujii & N.Kurosaki\nCarex angustilepis Reznicek & S.González\nCarex angustispica Reznicek & S.González\nCarex angustisquama Franch.\nCarex angustiutricula F.T.Wang & Tang ex L.K.Dai\nCarex × aniaiensis Fujiw. & Y.Matsuda\nCarex anisoneura V.I.Krecz.\nCarex anisostachys Liebm.\nCarex annectens (E.P.Bicknell) E.P.Bicknell\nCarex anomoea Hand.-Mazz.\nCarex anthoxanthea J.Presl & C.Presl\nCarex antoniensis A.Chev.\nCarex antucensis Kunze ex Kunth\nCarex aperta Boott\nCarex aphanolepis Franch. & Sav. – nerved-scale sedge[3]\nCarex aphylla Kunth\nCarex aphyllopus Kük.\nCarex apoiensis Akiyama\nCarex appalachica J.M.Webber & P.W.Ball\nCarex appendiculata (Trautv. & C.A.Mey.) Kük. – appendicular sedge[3]\nCarex applanata Thorsen et de Lange\nCarex appressa R.Br.\nCarex appropinquata Schumach.\nCarex aquatilis Wahlenb.\nCarex × arakanei T.Koyama\nCarex arcatica Meinsh.\nCarex arapahoensis Clokey\nCarex archeri Boott\nCarex arcta Boott\nCarex arctata Boott\nCarex arctiformis Mack.\nCarex arctogena Harry Sm.\nCarex × arctophila F.Nyl.\nCarex arenaria L.\nCarex arenicola F.Schmidt – wet-sand sedge[3]\nCarex argentina Barros\nCarex argunensis Turcz. ex Ledeb.\nCarex argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex argyrantha Tuck. ex Boott\nCarex aridula V.I.Krecz.\nCarex arimaensis (Ohwi) T.Hoshino\nCarex arisanensis Hayata\nCarex aristatisquamata Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai\nCarex aristulifera P.C.Li\nCarex arizonica Licher, G.Rink & Reznicek\nCarex arkansana (L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey\nCarex arnellii Christ ex Scheutz – Musan sedge[3]\nCarex arnottiana Nees ex Drejer\nCarex arsenei Kük.\nCarex × arthuriana C.L.Beckm. & Figert\nCarex ascotreta C.B. Clarke – long Mokpo sedge[3]\nCarex aspericaulis (G.A.Wheeler) J.R.Starr\nCarex asperifructus Kük.\nCarex asraoi D.M.Verma\nCarex assiniboinensis W.Boott\nCarex astricta K.A.Ford\nCarex asturica Boiss.\nCarex asynchrona Naczi\nCarex aterrima Hoppe\nCarex atherodes Spreng.\nCarex athrostachya Olney\nCarex atlantica L.H.Bailey\nCarex atlasica (H.Lindb.) Tattou\nCarex atractodes F.J.Herm.\nCarex atrata L. – black-spike sedge[3]\nCarex atratiformis Britton\nCarex atrivaginata Nelmes\nCarex atrofusca Schkuhr\nCarex atrofuscoides K.T.Fu\nCarex atropicta Steud.\nCarex atrosquama Mack.\nCarex auceps (de Lange & Heenan) K.A.Ford\nCarex aucklandica (Hamlin) K.A.Ford\nCarex augustinowiczii Meinsh. – Augustinowicz's sedge[3]\nCarex aurea Nutt.\nCarex aureolensis Steud.\nCarex auriculata Franch.\nCarex × auroniensis L.C.Lamb.\nCarex austrina Mack.\nCarex austro-occidentalis F.T.Wang & Tang ex Y.C.Tang\nCarex austroalpina Bech.\nCarex austroamericana G.A.Wheeler\nCarex austrocaroliniana L.H.Bailey\nCarex austrocompacta K.L.Wilson\nCarex austrodeflexa P.D.McMillan, Sorrie & van Eerden\nCarex austrojacutensis Schekhovts.\nCarex austrolucorum (Rettig) D.B.Poind. & Naczi\nCarex austromexicana Reznicek\nCarex austrosinensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang\nCarex austrosulcata K.L.Wilson\nCarex austrotenella K.L.Wilson\nCarex austrozhejiangensis C.Z.Zheng & X.F.Jin\nCarex autumnalis Ohwi – Autumnal sand sedge[3]\nCarex ayako-maedae T.Koyama\nCarex aztecica Mack.","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex baccans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_baccans"},{"link_name":"Carex backii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_backii"},{"link_name":"Carex badilloi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_badilloi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex baileyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_baileyi"},{"link_name":"Carex baimaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_baimaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex baiposhanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_baiposhanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bajacalifornica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bajacalifornica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × bakkeriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_bakkeriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex balansae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_balansae"},{"link_name":"Carex baldensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_baldensis"},{"link_name":"Carex balfourii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_balfourii"},{"link_name":"Carex ballsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ballsii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex baltzellii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_baltzellii"},{"link_name":"Carex bamaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bamaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bambusetorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bambusetorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex banksiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_banksiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex banksii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_banksii"},{"link_name":"Carex baohuashanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_baohuashanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex barbarae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_barbarae"},{"link_name":"Carex barbata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_barbata"},{"link_name":"Carex barbayaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_barbayaki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex baronii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_baronii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex barrattii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_barrattii"},{"link_name":"Carex basiantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_basiantha"},{"link_name":"Carex basiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_basiflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex basutorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_basutorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bathiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bathiei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bavicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bavicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bebbii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bebbii"},{"link_name":"Carex beckii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_beckii"},{"link_name":"Carex × beckmanniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_beckmanniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × beckmannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_beckmannii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bella"},{"link_name":"Carex × bengyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_bengyana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex benkei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_benkei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bequaertii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bequaertii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bermudiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bermudiana"},{"link_name":"Carex berteroniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_berteroniana"},{"link_name":"Carex bhutanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bhutanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bichenoviana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bichenoviana"},{"link_name":"Carex bicknellii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bicknellii"},{"link_name":"Carex bicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bicolor"},{"link_name":"Carex biegensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_biegensis"},{"link_name":"Carex bigelowii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bigelowii"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex × biharica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_biharica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bijiangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bijiangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bilateralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bilateralis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex billingsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_billingsii"},{"link_name":"Carex biltmoreana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_biltmoreana"},{"link_name":"Carex × binderi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_binderi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex binervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_binervis"},{"link_name":"Carex bistaminata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bistaminata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bitchuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bitchuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex biwensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_biwensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex blakei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_blakei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex blanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_blanda"},{"link_name":"Carex blepharicarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_blepharicarpa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex blinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_blinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bodinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bodinieri"},{"link_name":"Carex boecheriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_boecheriana"},{"link_name":"Carex boelckeiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_boelckeiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × boenninghausiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_boenninghausiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × bogstadensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_bogstadensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bohemica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bohemica"},{"link_name":"Carex bolanderi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bolanderi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × bolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_bolina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex boliviensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_boliviensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bonanzensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bonanzensis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex bonariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bonariensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bonatiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bonatiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bonplandii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bonplandii"},{"link_name":"Carex borbonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_borbonica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex borealifujianica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_borealifujianica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex borealihinganica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_borealihinganica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex borealipolaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_borealipolaris"},{"link_name":"Carex borii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_borii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex boryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_boryana"},{"link_name":"Carex × bosoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_bosoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bostrychostigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bostrychostigma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex brachyanthera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_brachyanthera"},{"link_name":"Carex brachycalama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_brachycalama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex brachystachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_brachystachys"},{"link_name":"Carex bracteosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bracteosa"},{"link_name":"Carex bradei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_bradei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex brainerdii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_brainerdii"},{"link_name":"Carex brandisii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_brandisii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex brasiliensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_brasiliensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex brehmeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_brehmeri"},{"link_name":"Carex breviaristata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_breviaristata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex brevicaulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_brevicaulis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex brevicollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_brevicollis"},{"link_name":"Carex breviculmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_breviculmis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex brevicuspis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_brevicuspis"},{"link_name":"Carex brevihispida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_brevihispida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex brevior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_brevior"},{"link_name":"Carex breviprophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_breviprophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex breviscapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_breviscapa"},{"link_name":"Carex brevispicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_brevispicula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex breweri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_breweri"},{"link_name":"Carex brizoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_brizoides"},{"link_name":"Carex bromoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bromoides"},{"link_name":"Carex brongniartii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_brongniartii"},{"link_name":"Carex brownii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_brownii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex brunnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_brunnea"},{"link_name":"Carex brunnescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_brunnescens"},{"link_name":"Carex brunnipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_brunnipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex brysonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_brysonii"},{"link_name":"Carex buchananii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_buchananii"},{"link_name":"Carex bucharica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bucharica"},{"link_name":"Carex buekii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_buekii"},{"link_name":"Carex bulbostylis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bulbostylis"},{"link_name":"Carex bullata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bullata"},{"link_name":"Carex burangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_burangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex burchelliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_burchelliana"},{"link_name":"Carex burkei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_burkei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex burttii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_burttii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex bushii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_bushii"},{"link_name":"Carex buxbaumii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_buxbaumii"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"sub_title":"B","text":"Carex baccans Nees\nCarex backii Boott\nCarex badilloi Luceño & Márq.-Corro\nCarex baileyi Britton\nCarex baimaensis S.W.Su\nCarex baiposhanensis P.C.Li\nCarex bajacalifornica Zika\nCarex × bakkeriana D.T.E.Ploeg & Rudolphy\nCarex balansae Franch.\nCarex baldensis L.\nCarex balfourii Kük.\nCarex ballsii Nelmes\nCarex baltzellii Chapm.\nCarex bamaensis X.F.Jin & W.Jie Chen\nCarex bambusetorum Merr.\nCarex banksiana K.A.Ford\nCarex banksii Boott\nCarex baohuashanica Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai\nCarex barbarae Dewey\nCarex barbata Boott\nCarex barbayaki Jim.Mejías & Roalson\nCarex baronii Baker\nCarex barrattii Torr. ex Schwein.\nCarex basiantha Steud.\nCarex basiflora C.B.Clarke\nCarex basutorum (Turrill) Luceño & Martín-Bravo\nCarex bathiei H.Lév.\nCarex bavicola Raymond\nCarex bebbii (L.H.Bailey) Olney ex Fernald\nCarex beckii G.A.Wheeler\nCarex × beckmanniana Figert\nCarex × beckmannii Keck\nCarex bella L.H.Bailey\nCarex × bengyana H.Lév. & L.C.Lamb.\nCarex benkei Tak.Shimizu\nCarex bequaertii De Wild.\nCarex bermudiana Hemsl.\nCarex berteroniana Steud.\nCarex bhutanensis S.R.Zhang\nCarex bichenoviana Boott\nCarex bicknellii Britton & A.Br.\nCarex bicolor Bellardi ex All.\nCarex biegensis Cherm.\nCarex bigelowii Torr. ex Schwein. – Gwanmo sedge[3]\nCarex × biharica Simonk.\nCarex bijiangensis S.Yun Liang & S.R.Zhang\nCarex bilateralis Hayata\nCarex billingsii (O.W.Knight) Kirschb.\nCarex biltmoreana Mack.\nCarex × binderi Podp.\nCarex binervis Sm.\nCarex bistaminata (W.Z.Di & M.J.Zhong) S.R.Zhang\nCarex bitchuensis T.Hoshino & H.Ikeda\nCarex biwensis Franch.\nCarex blakei Nelmes\nCarex blanda Dewey\nCarex blepharicarpa Franch. – ciliated-fruit sedge[3]\nCarex blinii H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex bodinieri Franch.\nCarex boecheriana Á.Löve, D.Löve & Raymond\nCarex boelckeiana Barros\nCarex × boenninghausiana Weihe\nCarex × bogstadensis Kük.\nCarex bohemica Schreb.\nCarex bolanderi Olney\nCarex × bolina O.Lang\nCarex boliviensis Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.\nCarex bonanzensis Britton – yukon sedge[3]\nCarex bonariensis Desf. ex Poir.\nCarex bonatiana (Kük.) N.A.Ivanova\nCarex bonplandii Kunth\nCarex borbonica Lam.\nCarex borealifujianica Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin\nCarex borealihinganica Y.L.Chang & Y.L.Yang\nCarex borealipolaris S.R.Zhang\nCarex borii Nelmes\nCarex boryana Schkuhr\nCarex × bosoensis Yashiro\nCarex bostrychostigma Maxim. – curled-stigma sedge[3]\nCarex brachyanthera Ohwi\nCarex brachycalama Griseb.\nCarex brachystachys Schrank\nCarex bracteosa (Rchb.) Kunze ex Kunth\nCarex bradei Gross\nCarex brainerdii Mack.\nCarex brandisii (C.B.Clarke ex Jana & R.C.Srivast.) O.Yano\nCarex brasiliensis A.St.-Hil.\nCarex brehmeri Boeckeler\nCarex breviaristata K.T.Fu\nCarex brevicaulis Thouars\nCarex brevicollis DC.\nCarex breviculmis R.Br. – mountain nerved-fruit sedge[3]\nCarex brevicuspis C.B.Clarke\nCarex brevihispida X.F.Jin & Y.F.Lu\nCarex brevior (Dewey) Mack. ex Lunell\nCarex breviprophylla O.Yano\nCarex breviscapa C.B.Clarke\nCarex brevispicula G.H.Nam & G.Y.Chung\nCarex breweri Boott\nCarex brizoides L.\nCarex bromoides Willd.\nCarex brongniartii Kunth\nCarex brownii Tuck. – Brown's sedge[3]\nCarex brunnea Thunb.\nCarex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir.\nCarex brunnipes Reznicek\nCarex brysonii Naczi\nCarex buchananii Berggr.\nCarex bucharica Kük.\nCarex buekii Wimm.\nCarex bulbostylis Mack.\nCarex bullata Willd.\nCarex burangensis (Y.C.Yang) S.R.Zhang\nCarex burchelliana Boeckeler\nCarex burkei (C.B.Clarke) Luceño & Martín-Bravo\nCarex burttii Noltie\nCarex bushii Mack.\nCarex buxbaumii Wahlenb. – marsh sedge[3]","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex cabralii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cabralii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex caduca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_caduca"},{"link_name":"Carex caeligena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_caeligena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × caesariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_caesariensis"},{"link_name":"Carex caespititia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_caespititia"},{"link_name":"Carex calcicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_calcicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex calcifugens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_calcifugens"},{"link_name":"Carex calcis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_calcis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_californica"},{"link_name":"Carex callista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_callista&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex callitrichos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_callitrichos"},{"link_name":"Carex cambodiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cambodiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex camposii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_camposii"},{"link_name":"Carex camptoglochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_camptoglochin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex canariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_canariensis"},{"link_name":"Carex × candrianii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_candrianii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex canescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_canescens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex canina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_canina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex capensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_capensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex capillacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_capillacea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex capillaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_capillaris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex capilliculmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_capilliculmis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex capillifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_capillifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex capilliformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_capilliformis"},{"link_name":"Carex capitata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_capitata"},{"link_name":"Carex capitellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_capitellata"},{"link_name":"Carex capricornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_capricornis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex cardiolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cardiolepis"},{"link_name":"Carex careyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_careyana"},{"link_name":"Carex × cariei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_cariei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex caroliniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_caroliniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex carsei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_carsei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex caryophyllea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_caryophyllea"},{"link_name":"Carex castanea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_castanea"},{"link_name":"Carex castanostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_castanostachya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex castroviejoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_castroviejoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex catamarcensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_catamarcensis"},{"link_name":"Carex cataphyllodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cataphyllodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cataractae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cataractae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex catharinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_catharinensis"},{"link_name":"Carex caucasica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_caucasica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex caudata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_caudata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex caudispicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_caudispicata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cavaleriensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cavaleriensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex caxinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_caxinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × cayouettei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_cayouettei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex celebica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_celebica"},{"link_name":"Carex × cenantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_cenantha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cephaloidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cephaloidea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cephalophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cephalophora"},{"link_name":"Carex cephalotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cephalotes"},{"link_name":"Carex cercidascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cercidascus"},{"link_name":"Carex cercostachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cercostachys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cespitosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cespitosa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex × cetica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_cetica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ceylanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ceylanica"},{"link_name":"Carex chalciolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chalciolepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chapmanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_chapmanii"},{"link_name":"Carex chathamica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_chathamica"},{"link_name":"Carex cheesemanniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cheesemanniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cheniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cheniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chermezonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chermezonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cherokeensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cherokeensis"},{"link_name":"Carex chiapensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chiapensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chichijimensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_chichijimensis"},{"link_name":"Carex chihuahuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_chihuahuensis"},{"link_name":"Carex chikungana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_chikungana"},{"link_name":"Carex chilensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chilensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chinganensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chinganensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chinoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_chinoi"},{"link_name":"Carex chiovendae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chiovendae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chiwuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chiwuana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chlorantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chlorantha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chlorocephalula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chlorocephalula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chlorolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chlorolepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chlorosaccus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_chlorosaccus"},{"link_name":"Carex chlorostachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chlorostachys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chordalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chordalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chordorrhiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_chordorrhiza"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex chosenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_chosenica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex chrysolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_chrysolepis"},{"link_name":"Carex chuii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chuii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex chungii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_chungii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ciliatomarginata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ciliatomarginata"},{"link_name":"Carex cilicica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cilicica"},{"link_name":"Carex cinerascens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cinerascens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex circinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_circinata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cirrhosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cirrhosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cirrhulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cirrhulosa"},{"link_name":"Carex × clausa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_clausa"},{"link_name":"Carex clavata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_clavata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex clavispica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_clavispica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex clivorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_clivorum"},{"link_name":"Carex cochinchinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cochinchinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cochranei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cochranei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cockayneana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cockayneana"},{"link_name":"Carex cognata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cognata"},{"link_name":"Carex colchica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_colchica"},{"link_name":"Carex colensoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_colensoi"},{"link_name":"Carex collimitanea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_collimitanea"},{"link_name":"Carex collinsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_collinsii"},{"link_name":"Carex collumanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_collumanthus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex comans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_comans"},{"link_name":"Carex commixta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_commixta"},{"link_name":"Carex communis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_communis"},{"link_name":"Carex comosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_comosa"},{"link_name":"Carex complanata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_complanata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex complexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_complexa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex composita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_composita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex concava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_concava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex concinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_concinna"},{"link_name":"Carex concinnoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_concinnoides"},{"link_name":"Carex condensata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_condensata"},{"link_name":"Carex conferta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_conferta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex confertiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_confertiflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex congdonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_congdonii"},{"link_name":"Carex congestiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_congestiflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex congolensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_congolensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex conica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_conica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex conicoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_conicoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex coninux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_coninux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex conjuncta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_conjuncta"},{"link_name":"Carex × connectens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_connectens"},{"link_name":"Carex conoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_conoidea"},{"link_name":"Carex consanguinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_consanguinea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex conspecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_conspecta"},{"link_name":"Carex conspissata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_conspissata"},{"link_name":"Carex constanceana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_constanceana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex continua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_continua"},{"link_name":"Carex contracta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_contracta"},{"link_name":"Carex cordillerana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cordillerana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cordouei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cordouei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex coriacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_coriacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex coriogyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_coriogyne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex coriophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_coriophora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex corrugata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_corrugata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × corstorphinei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_corstorphinei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cortesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cortesii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex corynoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_corynoidea"},{"link_name":"Carex × costei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_costei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex coulteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_coulteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex courtallensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_courtallensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex coxiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_coxiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cranaocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cranaocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex craspedotricha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_craspedotricha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex crassibasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_crassibasis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex crassiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_crassiflora"},{"link_name":"Carex crassipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_crassipes"},{"link_name":"Carex crawei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_crawei"},{"link_name":"Carex crawfordii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_crawfordii"},{"link_name":"Carex crebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_crebra"},{"link_name":"Carex crebriflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_crebriflora"},{"link_name":"Carex cremnicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cremnicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cremostachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cremostachys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × crepinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_crepinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cretica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cretica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex crinalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_crinalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex crinita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_crinita"},{"link_name":"Carex × crinitoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_crinitoides"},{"link_name":"Carex crispa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_crispa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cristatella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cristatella"},{"link_name":"Carex cruciata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cruciata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cruenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cruenta"},{"link_name":"Carex crus-corvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_crus-corvi"},{"link_name":"Carex × cryptochlaena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_cryptochlaena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cryptolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cryptolepis"},{"link_name":"Carex cryptosperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cryptosperma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cryptostachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cryptostachys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × csomadensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_csomadensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cubensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cubensis"},{"link_name":"Carex cuchumatanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cuchumatanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cucullata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cucullata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex culmenicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_culmenicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cumberlandensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cumberlandensis"},{"link_name":"Carex cumulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cumulata"},{"link_name":"Carex curaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_curaica"},{"link_name":"Carex curatorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_curatorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex curta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_curta"},{"link_name":"Carex curticeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_curticeps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex curtispica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_curtispica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex curvata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_curvata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex curvicollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_curvicollis"},{"link_name":"Carex curviculmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_curviculmis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex curvula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_curvula"},{"link_name":"Carex cusickii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cusickii"},{"link_name":"Carex cuspidosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cuspidosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cyanea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cyanea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cylindrostachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_cylindrostachys"},{"link_name":"Carex cyprica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cyprica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex cyrtostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_cyrtostachya&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"C","text":"Carex cabralii Reznicek & S.González\nCarex caduca Boott\nCarex caeligena Reznicek\nCarex × caesariensis Mack.\nCarex caespititia Nees\nCarex calcicola Tang & F.T.Wang\nCarex calcifugens Naczi\nCarex calcis K.A.Ford\nCarex californica L.H.Bailey\nCarex callista Nelmes\nCarex callitrichos V.I.Krecz.\nCarex cambodiensis Nelmes\nCarex camposii Boiss. & Reut.\nCarex camptoglochin V.I.Krecz.\nCarex canariensis Kük.\nCarex × candrianii Kneuck.\nCarex canescens L. – silvery sedge[3]\nCarex canina Dunn\nCarex capensis Thunb.\nCarex capillacea Boott – tiny sedge[3]\nCarex capillaris L. – hair-like sedge[3]\nCarex capilliculmis S.R.Zhang\nCarex capillifolia (Decne.) S.R.Zhang\nCarex capilliformis Franch.\nCarex capitata Sol.\nCarex capitellata Boiss. & Balansa\nCarex capricornis Meinsh. ex Maxim. – capricornis sedge, short-hair spring sedge[3]\nCarex cardiolepis Nees\nCarex careyana Torr. ex Dewey\nCarex × cariei Aubin\nCarex caroliniana Schwein.\nCarex carsei Petrie\nCarex caryophyllea Latourr.\nCarex castanea Wahlenb.\nCarex castanostachya K.Schum. ex Kük.\nCarex castroviejoi Luceño & Jim.Mejías\nCarex catamarcensis C.B.Clarke ex Kük.\nCarex cataphyllodes Nelmes\nCarex cataractae R.Br.\nCarex catharinensis Boeckeler\nCarex caucasica Steven\nCarex caudata (Kük.) Pereda & Laínz\nCarex caudispicata F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li\nCarex cavaleriensis H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex caxinensis F.J.Herm.\nCarex × cayouettei A.Bergeron\nCarex celebica Kük.\nCarex × cenantha A.E.Kozhevn.\nCarex cephaloidea (Dewey) Dewey ex Boott\nCarex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd.\nCarex cephalotes F.Muell.\nCarex cercidascus C.B.Clarke\nCarex cercostachys Franch.\nCarex cespitosa L. – turfy sedge[3]\nCarex × cetica Rech.\nCarex ceylanica Boeckeler\nCarex chalciolepis Holm\nCarex chapmanii Steud.\nCarex chathamica Petrie\nCarex cheesemanniana (Boeckeler) K.A.Ford\nCarex cheniana Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang\nCarex chermezonii Luceño & Martín-Bravo\nCarex cherokeensis Schwein.\nCarex chiapensis F.J.Herm.\nCarex chichijimensis Katsuy.\nCarex chihuahuensis Mack.\nCarex chikungana L.H.Bailey\nCarex chilensis Brongn.\nCarex chinensis Retz.\nCarex chinganensis Litv.\nCarex chinoi Ohwi ex T.Koyama\nCarex chiovendae Pamp.\nCarex chiwuana F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li\nCarex chlorantha R.Br.\nCarex chlorocephalula F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li\nCarex chlorolepis Steud.\nCarex chlorosaccus C.B.Clarke\nCarex chlorostachys Steven\nCarex chordalis Liebm.\nCarex chordorrhiza L.f. – creeping sedge[3]\nCarex chosenica Ohwi – Korean sedge[3]\nCarex chrysolepis Franch. & Sav.\nCarex chuii Nelmes\nCarex chungii Z.P.Wang\nCarex ciliatomarginata Nakai\nCarex cilicica Boiss.\nCarex cinerascens Kük. – ashgrey sedge[3]\nCarex circinata C.A.Mey.\nCarex cirrhosa Berggr.\nCarex cirrhulosa Nees\nCarex × clausa Holmb.\nCarex clavata Thunb.\nCarex clavispica S.R.Zhang\nCarex clivorum Ohwi\nCarex cochinchinensis Raymond\nCarex cochranei Reznicek\nCarex cockayneana Kük.\nCarex cognata Kunth\nCarex colchica J.Gay\nCarex colensoi Boott\nCarex collimitanea V.I.Krecz.\nCarex collinsii Nutt.\nCarex collumanthus (Steyerm.) L.E.Mora\nCarex comans Berggr.\nCarex commixta Steud.\nCarex communis L.H.Bailey\nCarex comosa Boott\nCarex complanata Torr. & Hook.\nCarex complexa Reznicek & S.González\nCarex composita Boott\nCarex concava H.B.Yang, Xiao X.Li & G.D.Liu\nCarex concinna R.Br.\nCarex concinnoides Mack.\nCarex condensata Nees\nCarex conferta Hochst. ex A.Rich.\nCarex confertiflora Boott\nCarex congdonii L.H.Bailey\nCarex congestiflora Reznicek & S.González\nCarex congolensis Turrill\nCarex conica Boott – miniature sedge[3]\nCarex conicoides Honda\nCarex coninux (F.T.Wang & Tang) S.R.Zhang\nCarex conjuncta Boott\nCarex × connectens Holmb.\nCarex conoidea Willd.\nCarex consanguinea Kunth\nCarex conspecta Mack.\nCarex conspissata V.I.Krecz.\nCarex constanceana Stacey\nCarex continua C.B.Clarke\nCarex contracta F.Muell.\nCarex cordillerana Saarela & B.A.Ford\nCarex cordouei H.Lév.\nCarex coriacea Hamlin\nCarex coriogyne Nelmes\nCarex coriophora Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Kunth\nCarex corrugata Fernald\nCarex × corstorphinei Druce\nCarex cortesii Liebm.\nCarex corynoidea K.A.Ford\nCarex × costei Rouy\nCarex coulteri Boott ex Hemsl.\nCarex courtallensis Nees ex Boott\nCarex coxiana Petrie\nCarex cranaocarpa Nelmes\nCarex craspedotricha Nelmes\nCarex crassibasis H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex crassiflora Kük.\nCarex crassipes Boeckeler\nCarex crawei Dewey ex Torr.\nCarex crawfordii Fernald\nCarex crebra V.I.Krecz.\nCarex crebriflora Wiegand\nCarex cremnicola K.A.Ford\nCarex cremostachys Franch.\nCarex × crepinii Torges\nCarex cretica Gradst. & J.Kern\nCarex crinalis Boott\nCarex crinita Lam.\nCarex × crinitoides Lepage\nCarex crispa K.A.Ford\nCarex cristatella Britton\nCarex cruciata Wahlenb.\nCarex cruenta Nees\nCarex crus-corvi Shuttlew. ex Kunze\nCarex × cryptochlaena Holm\nCarex cryptolepis Mack.\nCarex cryptosperma Zika, D.S.Bell & L.J.Gross\nCarex cryptostachys Brongn.\nCarex × csomadensis Simonk.\nCarex cubensis Kük.\nCarex cuchumatanensis Standl. & Steyerm.\nCarex cucullata (Kük.) Ohwi\nCarex culmenicola Steyerm.\nCarex cumberlandensis Naczi, Kral & Bryson\nCarex cumulata (L.H.Bailey) Mack.\nCarex curaica Kunth\nCarex curatorum Stacey\nCarex curta Gooden.\nCarex curticeps C.B.Clarke\nCarex curtispica K.T.Takah. & M.N.Tamura\nCarex curvata Knaf\nCarex curvicollis Franch. & Sav.\nCarex curviculmis Reznicek\nCarex curvula All.\nCarex cusickii Mack.\nCarex cuspidosa Dunn\nCarex cyanea K.A.Ford\nCarex cylindrostachys Franch.\nCarex cyprica Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas\nCarex cyrtostachya Janeway & Zika","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex dabieensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_dabieensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex dacica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_dacica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex dahurica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_dahurica"},{"link_name":"Carex dailingensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_dailingensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex daisenensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_daisenensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex dallii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_dallii"},{"link_name":"Carex daltoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_daltoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex damiaoshanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_damiaoshanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex damingshanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_damingshanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × danielis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_danielis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex dapanshanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_dapanshanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex darwinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_darwinii"},{"link_name":"Carex dasycarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_dasycarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex davalliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_davalliana"},{"link_name":"Carex david-smithii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_david-smithii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex davidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_davidi"},{"link_name":"Carex davisii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_davisii"},{"link_name":"Carex davyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_davyi"},{"link_name":"Carex dawsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_dawsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex daxinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_daxinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex dayuongensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_dayuongensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × deamii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_deamii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex deasyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_deasyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex debeauxii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_debeauxii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex debilior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_debilior"},{"link_name":"Carex debilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_debilis"},{"link_name":"Carex decidua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_decidua"},{"link_name":"Carex deciduisquama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_deciduisquama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex declinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_declinata"},{"link_name":"Carex × decolorans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_decolorans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex decomposita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_decomposita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex decora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_decora"},{"link_name":"Carex decurtata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_decurtata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex deflexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_deflexa"},{"link_name":"Carex × deinbolliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_deinbolliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex delacosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_delacosta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex delavayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_delavayi"},{"link_name":"Carex delicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_delicata"},{"link_name":"Carex delongii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_delongii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex demissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_demissa"},{"link_name":"Carex densa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_densa"},{"link_name":"Carex densicaespitosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_densicaespitosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex densifimbriata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_densifimbriata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex densipilosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_densipilosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex dentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_dentata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex depauperata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_depauperata"},{"link_name":"Carex depressa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_depressa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex deqinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_deqinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × derelicta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_derelicta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × descendens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_descendens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × deserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_deserta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex desponsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_desponsa"},{"link_name":"Carex devia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_devia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex deweyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_deweyana"},{"link_name":"Carex dianae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_dianae"},{"link_name":"Carex diandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_diandra"},{"link_name":"Carex diaoluoshanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_diaoluoshanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex diastena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_diastena"},{"link_name":"Carex dickinsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_dickinsii"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex dielsiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_dielsiana"},{"link_name":"Carex digitalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_digitalis"},{"link_name":"Carex digitata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_digitata"},{"link_name":"Carex dikei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_dikei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex diluta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_diluta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex diminuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_diminuta"},{"link_name":"Carex dimorpholepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_dimorpholepis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex dioica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_dioica"},{"link_name":"Carex diplodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_diplodon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex dipsacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_dipsacea"},{"link_name":"Carex discoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_discoidea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex dispalata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_dispalata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex disperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_disperma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex dissita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_dissita"},{"link_name":"Carex dissitiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_dissitiflora"},{"link_name":"Carex distachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_distachya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex distans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_distans"},{"link_name":"Carex distentiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_distentiformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex disticha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_disticha"},{"link_name":"Carex distincta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_distincta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex distracta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_distracta"},{"link_name":"Carex divisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_divisa"},{"link_name":"Carex divulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_divulsa"},{"link_name":"Carex doenitzii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_doenitzii"},{"link_name":"Carex doisutepensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_doisutepensis"},{"link_name":"Carex dolichocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_dolichocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex dolichophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_dolichophylla"},{"link_name":"Carex dolichostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_dolichostachya"},{"link_name":"Carex dolomitica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_dolomitica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex doniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_doniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex donnell-smithii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_donnell-smithii"},{"link_name":"Carex × doroyuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_doroyuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex douglasii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_douglasii"},{"link_name":"Carex drepanorhyncha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_drepanorhyncha"},{"link_name":"Carex druceana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_druceana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex drucei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_drucei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex drukyulensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_drukyulensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex drymophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_drymophila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex × ducellieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_ducellieri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × duereriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_duereriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × dufftii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_dufftii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × dumanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_dumanii"},{"link_name":"Carex durangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_durangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex durieui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_durieui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex duriuscula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_duriuscula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex dusenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_dusenii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex duvaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_duvaliana"}],"sub_title":"D","text":"Carex dabieensis S.W.Su\nCarex dacica Heuff.\nCarex dahurica Kük.\nCarex dailingensis Y.L.Chou\nCarex daisenensis Nakai\nCarex dallii Kirk\nCarex daltoni Boott\nCarex damiaoshanensis X.F.Jin & C.Z.Zheng\nCarex damingshanica Z.C.Lu & X.F.Jin\nCarex × danielis H.Lév.\nCarex dapanshanica X.F.Jin, Y.J.Zhao & Zi L.Chen\nCarex darwinii Boott\nCarex dasycarpa Muhl.\nCarex davalliana Sm.\nCarex david-smithii Reznicek\nCarex davidi Franch.\nCarex davisii Schwein. & Torr.\nCarex davyi Mack.\nCarex dawsonii (Hamlin) K.L.Wilson\nCarex daxinensis Y.Y.Zhou & X.F.Jin\nCarex dayuongensis Z.P.Wang\nCarex × deamii F.J.Herm.\nCarex deasyi (C.B.Clarke) O.Yano & S.R.Zhang\nCarex debeauxii H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex debilior (F.Muell.) K.L.Wilson\nCarex debilis Michx.\nCarex decidua Boott\nCarex deciduisquama F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li\nCarex declinata Boott\nCarex × decolorans Wimm.\nCarex decomposita Muhl.\nCarex decora Boott\nCarex decurtata Cheeseman\nCarex deflexa Hornem.\nCarex × deinbolliana J.Gay\nCarex delacosta Kuntze\nCarex delavayi Franch.\nCarex delicata C.B.Clarke\nCarex delongii Shekhovts. & Lashch.\nCarex demissa Hornem.\nCarex densa (L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey\nCarex densicaespitosa L.K.Dai\nCarex densifimbriata Tang & F.T.Wang\nCarex densipilosa C.Z.Zheng & X.F.Jin\nCarex dentata Reznicek & S.González\nCarex depauperata Curtis ex Woodw.\nCarex depressa Link\nCarex deqinensis L.K.Dai\nCarex × derelicta Štěpánková\nCarex × descendens Kük.\nCarex × deserta Merino\nCarex desponsa Boott\nCarex devia Cheeseman\nCarex deweyana Schwein.\nCarex dianae Steud.\nCarex diandra Schrank\nCarex diaoluoshanica H.B.Yang, G.D.Liu & Qing L.Wang\nCarex diastena V.I.Krecz.\nCarex dickinsii Franch. & Sav. – Dickins' sedge[3]\nCarex dielsiana Kük.\nCarex digitalis Willd.\nCarex digitata L.\nCarex dikei (Nelmes) K.L.Wilson\nCarex diluta M.Bieb.\nCarex diminuta Boeckeler\nCarex dimorpholepis Steud. – dimorphous-spike sedge[3]\nCarex dioica L.\nCarex diplodon Nelmes\nCarex dipsacea Berggr.\nCarex discoidea Boott\nCarex dispalata Boott – curved-utricle sedge[3]\nCarex disperma Dewey – two-seed sedge[3]\nCarex dissita Sol. ex Boott\nCarex dissitiflora Franch.\nCarex distachya Desf.\nCarex distans L.\nCarex distentiformis F.J.Herm.\nCarex disticha Huds.\nCarex distincta (Kukkonen) Luceño & Martín-Bravo\nCarex distracta C.B.Clarke\nCarex divisa Huds.\nCarex divulsa Stokes\nCarex doenitzii Boeckeler\nCarex doisutepensis T.Koyama\nCarex dolichocarpa C.A.Mey. ex V.I.Krecz.\nCarex dolichophylla J.R.Starr\nCarex dolichostachya Hayata\nCarex dolomitica Heenan & de Lange\nCarex doniana Spreng. – Don's sedge[3]\nCarex donnell-smithii L.H.Bailey\nCarex × doroyuensis K.Nagas., S.Sakag. & K.Sawa\nCarex douglasii Boott\nCarex drepanorhyncha Franch.\nCarex druceana Hamlin\nCarex drucei (Hamlin) K.A.Ford\nCarex drukyulensis (Noltie) Jim.Mejías & Noltie\nCarex drymophila Turcz. – forest-live sedge[3]\nCarex × ducellieri Beauverd\nCarex × duereriana Kük.\nCarex × dufftii Hausskn.\nCarex × dumanii Lepage\nCarex durangensis Reznicek & S.González\nCarex durieui Steud. ex Kunze\nCarex duriuscula C.A.Mey.\nCarex dusenii Kük. ex Dusén\nCarex duvaliana Franch. & Sav.","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex earistata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_earistata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ebenea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ebenea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex eburnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_eburnea"},{"link_name":"Carex echinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_echinata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex echinochloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_echinochloe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex echinodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_echinodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex echinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_echinus"},{"link_name":"Carex ecklonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ecklonii"},{"link_name":"Carex ecostata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ecostata"},{"link_name":"Carex ecuadorensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ecuadorensis"},{"link_name":"Carex ecuadorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ecuadorica"},{"link_name":"Carex edgariae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_edgariae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex edura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_edura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex edwardsiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_edwardsiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex egena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_egena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex egglestonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_egglestonii"},{"link_name":"Carex egmontiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_egmontiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex egorovae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_egorovae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ekmanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ekmanii"},{"link_name":"Carex × elanescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_elanescens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex elata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_elata"},{"link_name":"Carex elatior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_elatior"},{"link_name":"Carex eleusinoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_eleusinoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex elgonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_elgonensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex elingamita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_elingamita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × elisabethae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_elisabethae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex elliottii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_elliottii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex elongata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_elongata"},{"link_name":"Carex eluta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_eluta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex elynoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_elynoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × elytroides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_elytroides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex eminens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_eminens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × emmae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_emmae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex emoryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_emoryi"},{"link_name":"Carex enanderi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_enanderi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex endlichii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_endlichii"},{"link_name":"Carex enervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_enervis"},{"link_name":"Carex engelmannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_engelmannii"},{"link_name":"Carex enneastachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_enneastachya"},{"link_name":"Carex enokii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_enokii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex enysii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_enysii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex erawinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_erawinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex erebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_erebus"},{"link_name":"Carex ereica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ereica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex eremopyroides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_eremopyroides"},{"link_name":"Carex eremostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_eremostachya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ericetorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ericetorum"},{"link_name":"Carex erinacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_erinacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex eriocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_eriocarpa"},{"link_name":"Carex erythrobasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_erythrobasis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex erythrorrhiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_erythrorrhiza"},{"link_name":"Carex erythrovaginata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_erythrovaginata"},{"link_name":"Carex esbirajbhandarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_esbirajbhandarii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex esenbeckii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_esenbeckii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex esquiroliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_esquiroliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex esquirolii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_esquirolii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex euprepes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_euprepes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex evadens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_evadens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × evoluta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_evoluta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex excelsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_excelsa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex exilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_exilis"},{"link_name":"Carex × exsalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_exsalina"},{"link_name":"Carex exsiccata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_exsiccata"},{"link_name":"Carex extensa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_extensa"}],"sub_title":"E","text":"Carex earistata F.T.Wang & Y.L.Chang ex S.Yun Liang\nCarex ebenea Rydb.\nCarex eburnea Boott\nCarex echinata Murray – star sedge[3]\nCarex echinochloe Kunze\nCarex echinodes (Fernald) P.Rothr., Reznicek & Hipp\nCarex echinus Ohwi\nCarex ecklonii Nees\nCarex ecostata C.B.Clarke\nCarex ecuadorensis (G.A.Wheeler & Goetgh.) J.R.Starr\nCarex ecuadorica Kük.\nCarex edgariae Hamlin\nCarex edura K.A.Ford\nCarex edwardsiana E.L.Bridges & Orzell\nCarex egena H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex egglestonii Mack.\nCarex egmontiana (Hamlin) K.A.Ford\nCarex egorovae Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas\nCarex ekmanii Kük.\nCarex × elanescens Cif. & Giacom.\nCarex elata All.\nCarex elatior Boeckeler\nCarex eleusinoides Turcz. ex Kunth – goosegrass sedge[3]\nCarex elgonensis Nelmes\nCarex elingamita Hamlin\nCarex × elisabethae J.Andres, Carbo, Llamas & M.Perez\nCarex elliottii Schwein. & Torr.\nCarex elongata L.\nCarex eluta Nelmes\nCarex elynoides Holm\nCarex × elytroides Fr.\nCarex eminens Nees\nCarex × emmae L.Gross\nCarex emoryi Dewey\nCarex enanderi Hultén\nCarex endlichii Kük.\nCarex enervis C.A.Mey.\nCarex engelmannii L.H.Bailey\nCarex enneastachya C.B.Clarke\nCarex enokii Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas\nCarex enysii Petrie\nCarex erawinensis Korotky\nCarex erebus K.A.Ford\nCarex ereica Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai\nCarex eremopyroides V.I.Krecz.\nCarex eremostachya S.T.Blake\nCarex ericetorum Pollich\nCarex erinacea Cav.\nCarex eriocarpa Hausskn. & Kük.\nCarex erythrobasis H.Lév. & Vaniot – red-based leaf sedge[3]\nCarex erythrorrhiza Boeckeler\nCarex erythrovaginata K.A.Ford\nCarex esbirajbhandarii (Rajbh. & H.Ohba) O.Yano\nCarex esenbeckii Kunth\nCarex esquiroliana H.Lév.\nCarex esquirolii H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex euprepes Nelmes\nCarex evadens S.González & Reznicek\nCarex × evoluta Hartm.\nCarex excelsa Poepp. ex Kunth\nCarex exilis Dewey\nCarex × exsalina Lepage\nCarex exsiccata L.H.Bailey\nCarex extensa Gooden.","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex fangiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fangiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fargesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fargesii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fascicularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fascicularis"},{"link_name":"Carex fastigiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fastigiata"},{"link_name":"Carex fatsuaniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fatsuaniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × favratii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_favratii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex feani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_feani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fecunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fecunda"},{"link_name":"Carex feddeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_feddeana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fedia"},{"link_name":"Carex × felixii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_felixii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fenghuangshanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fenghuangshanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × ferdinandi-sauteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_ferdinandi-sauteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fernaldiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fernaldiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fernandesiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fernandesiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fernandezensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fernandezensis"},{"link_name":"Carex ferruginea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ferruginea"},{"link_name":"Carex festivelloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_festivelloides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex festucacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_festucacea"},{"link_name":"Carex feta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_feta"},{"link_name":"Carex fibrillosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fibrillosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × figertii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_figertii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex filamentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_filamentosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex filicina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_filicina"},{"link_name":"Carex filifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_filifolia"},{"link_name":"Carex filipedunculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_filipedunculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex filipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_filipes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex filispica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_filispica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × filkukae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_filkukae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fimbriata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fimbriata"},{"link_name":"Carex finitima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_finitima"},{"link_name":"Carex firma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_firma"},{"link_name":"Carex firmicaulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_firmicaulis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × firmior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_firmior"},{"link_name":"Carex firmula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_firmula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fischeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fischeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fissa"},{"link_name":"Carex fissiglumis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fissiglumis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fissirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fissirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fissuricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fissuricola"},{"link_name":"Carex flabellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_flabellata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex flacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_flacca"},{"link_name":"Carex flaccida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_flaccida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex flaccosperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_flaccosperma"},{"link_name":"Carex flagellifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_flagellifera"},{"link_name":"Carex flava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_flava"},{"link_name":"Carex × flavicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_flavicans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex flaviformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_flaviformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex flavocuspis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_flavocuspis"},{"link_name":"Carex flexirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_flexirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex floridana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_floridana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fluviatilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fluviatilis"},{"link_name":"Carex foenea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_foenea"},{"link_name":"Carex foetida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_foetida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fokienensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fokienensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex foliosissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_foliosissima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex folliculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_folliculata"},{"link_name":"Carex foraminata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_foraminata"},{"link_name":"Carex foraminatiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_foraminatiformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex forficula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_forficula"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_formosa"},{"link_name":"Carex formosensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_formosensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex forrestii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_forrestii"},{"link_name":"Carex forsteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_forsteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fossa"},{"link_name":"Carex fracta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fracta"},{"link_name":"Carex fragilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fragilis"},{"link_name":"Carex × fragosoana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_fragosoana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex frankii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_frankii"},{"link_name":"Carex fraseriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fraseriana"},{"link_name":"Carex fretalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fretalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × fridtzii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_fridtzii"},{"link_name":"Carex × friesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_friesii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex frigida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_frigida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fritschii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fritschii"},{"link_name":"Carex fructus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fructus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fucata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fucata"},{"link_name":"Carex fuliginosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fuliginosa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex fulta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fulta"},{"link_name":"Carex × fulva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_fulva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fulvorubescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fulvorubescens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fumosimontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fumosimontana"},{"link_name":"Carex × furusei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_furusei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex furva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_furva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fuscolutea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fuscolutea"},{"link_name":"Carex fuscula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_fuscula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex fusiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_fusiformis"},{"link_name":"Carex × fussii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_fussii&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"F","text":"Carex fangiana X.F.Jin & Y.Y.Zhou\nCarex fargesii Franch.\nCarex fascicularis Sol. ex Boott\nCarex fastigiata Franch.\nCarex fatsuaniana X.F.Jin, Y.F.Lu & Z.C.Lu\nCarex × favratii Christ\nCarex feani F.Br.\nCarex fecunda Steud.\nCarex feddeana H.Pfeiff.\nCarex fedia Nees\nCarex × felixii L.C.Lamb.\nCarex fenghuangshanica F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li\nCarex × ferdinandi-sauteri Asch. & Graebn.\nCarex fernaldiana H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex fernandesiana (Nees ex Boeckeler) J.R.Starr\nCarex fernandezensis Mack. ex G.A.Wheeler\nCarex ferruginea Scop.\nCarex festivelloides Reznicek\nCarex festucacea Willd.\nCarex feta L.H.Bailey\nCarex fibrillosa Franch. & Sav.\nCarex × figertii Asch. & Graebn.\nCarex filamentosa Petrie\nCarex filicina Nees\nCarex filifolia Nutt.\nCarex filipedunculata S.W.Su\nCarex filipes Franch. & Sav. – fishing-rod-like sedge, papillose sedge[3]\nCarex filispica S.R.Zhang\nCarex × filkukae Podp.\nCarex fimbriata Schkuhr\nCarex finitima Boott\nCarex firma Mygind ex Host\nCarex firmicaulis Kalela\nCarex × firmior (Norman) Holmb.\nCarex firmula (Kük.) J.R.Starr\nCarex fischeri K.Schum.\nCarex fissa Mack.\nCarex fissiglumis (C.B.Clarke) S.R.Zhang & O.Yano\nCarex fissirostris Ball\nCarex fissuricola Mack.\nCarex flabellata H.Lév. & Vaniot – flabellate sedge[3]\nCarex flacca Schreb.\nCarex flaccida (S.T.Blake) K.L.Wilson\nCarex flaccosperma Dewey\nCarex flagellifera Colenso\nCarex flava L.\nCarex × flavicans (F.Nyl.) F.Nyl.\nCarex flaviformis Nelmes\nCarex flavocuspis Franch. & Sav.\nCarex flexirostris Reznicek\nCarex floridana Schwein.\nCarex fluviatilis Boott\nCarex foenea Willd.\nCarex foetida All.\nCarex fokienensis Dunn\nCarex foliosissima F.Schmidt\nCarex folliculata L.\nCarex foraminata C.B.Clarke\nCarex foraminatiformis Y.C.Tang & S.Yun Liang\nCarex forficula Franch. & Sav. – scissors-like sedge[3]\nCarex formosa Dewey\nCarex formosensis H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex forrestii Kük.\nCarex forsteri Wahlenb.\nCarex fossa G.A.Wheeler\nCarex fracta Mack.\nCarex fragilis Boott\nCarex × fragosoana Pau\nCarex frankii Kunth\nCarex fraseriana Ker Gawl.\nCarex fretalis Hamlin\nCarex × fridtzii Holmb.\nCarex × friesii Blytt\nCarex frigida All.\nCarex fritschii Waisb.\nCarex fructus Reznicek\nCarex fucata Boott ex C.B.Clarke\nCarex fuliginosa Schkuhr – short-leaf sedge[3]\nCarex fulta Franch.\nCarex × fulva Gooden.\nCarex fulvorubescens Hayata\nCarex fumosimontana D.Estes\nCarex × furusei T.Koyama\nCarex furva Webb\nCarex fuscolutea Boeckeler\nCarex fuscula d'Urv.\nCarex fusiformis Nees\nCarex × fussii Simonk.","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex gammiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_gammiei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex gandakiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_gandakiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex garberi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_garberi"},{"link_name":"Carex gaudichaudiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gaudichaudiana"},{"link_name":"Carex × gaudiniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_gaudiniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex gayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_gayana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex gemella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_gemella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex geminata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_geminata"},{"link_name":"Carex genkaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_genkaiensis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex gentilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gentilis"},{"link_name":"Carex geographica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_geographica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex geophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_geophila"},{"link_name":"Carex × gerhardtii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_gerhardtii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex geyeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_geyeri"},{"link_name":"Carex gholsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gholsonii"},{"link_name":"Carex gibba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gibba"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex gibbsiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gibbsiae"},{"link_name":"Carex gibertii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gibertii"},{"link_name":"Carex gifuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gifuensis"},{"link_name":"Carex gigantea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gigantea"},{"link_name":"Carex × ginsiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_ginsiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex giovanniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_giovanniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex giraldiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_giraldiana"},{"link_name":"Carex giraudiasii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_giraudiasii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex glabrescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_glabrescens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex glacialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_glacialis"},{"link_name":"Carex glareosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_glareosa"},{"link_name":"Carex glaucescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_glaucescens"},{"link_name":"Carex glauciformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_glauciformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex glaucodea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_glaucodea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex globistylosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_globistylosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex globosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_globosa"},{"link_name":"Carex globularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_globularis"},{"link_name":"Carex globulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_globulosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex glomerata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_glomerata"},{"link_name":"Carex glossostigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_glossostigma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex gmelinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_gmelinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex godfreyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_godfreyi"},{"link_name":"Carex goetghebeurii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_goetghebeurii"},{"link_name":"Carex goligongshanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_goligongshanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex gonggaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_gonggaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex gongshanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_gongshanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex gordon-grayae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_gordon-grayae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex gotoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gotoi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex goyenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_goyenii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex gracilenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_gracilenta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex graciliflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_graciliflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex gracilior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gracilior"},{"link_name":"Carex gracillima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gracillima"},{"link_name":"Carex graeffeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_graeffeana"},{"link_name":"Carex × grahamii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_grahamii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex grallatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_grallatoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex graminiculmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_graminiculmis"},{"link_name":"Carex graminifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_graminifolia"},{"link_name":"Carex grandiligulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_grandiligulata"},{"link_name":"Carex × grantii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_grantii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex granularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_granularis"},{"link_name":"Carex gravida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gravida"},{"link_name":"Carex grayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_grayi"},{"link_name":"Carex greenwayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_greenwayi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex grioletii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_grioletii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex grisea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_grisea"},{"link_name":"Carex × groenlandica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_groenlandica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × grossii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_grossii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex guatemalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_guatemalensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex guffroyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_guffroyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex gunniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gunniana"},{"link_name":"Carex gynandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_gynandra"},{"link_name":"Carex gynodynama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_gynodynama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex gypsophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_gypsophila&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"G","text":"Carex gammiei (C.B.Clarke) S.R.Zhang & O.Yano\nCarex gandakiensis Katsuy.\nCarex garberi Fernald\nCarex gaudichaudiana Kunth\nCarex × gaudiniana Guthnick\nCarex gayana Desv.\nCarex gemella Hochst. ex Steud.\nCarex geminata Schkuhr\nCarex genkaiensis Ohwi – Mokpo sedge[3]\nCarex gentilis Franch.\nCarex geographica B.A.Ford & J.R.Starr\nCarex geophila Mack.\nCarex × gerhardtii Figert\nCarex geyeri Boott\nCarex gholsonii Naczi & Cochrane\nCarex gibba Wahlenb. – gibbous sedge[3]\nCarex gibbsiae Rendle\nCarex gibertii G.A.Wheeler\nCarex gifuensis Franch.\nCarex gigantea Rudge\nCarex × ginsiensis Waisb.\nCarex giovanniana Jim.Mejías\nCarex giraldiana Kük.\nCarex giraudiasii H.Lév.\nCarex glabrescens (Kük.) Ohwi – glabrate sedge, hairy forest-live sedge[3]\nCarex glacialis Mack.\nCarex glareosa Schkuhr ex Wahlenb.\nCarex glaucescens Elliott\nCarex glauciformis Meinsh. – pseudo-glaucous sedge[3]\nCarex glaucodea Tuck. ex Olney\nCarex globistylosa P.C.Li\nCarex globosa Boott\nCarex globularis L.\nCarex globulosa Phulphong & D.A.Simpson\nCarex glomerata Thunb.\nCarex glossostigma Hand.-Mazz.\nCarex gmelinii Hook. & Arn. – Gmelin's sedge[3]\nCarex godfreyi Naczi\nCarex goetghebeurii J.R.Starr\nCarex goligongshanensis P.C.Li\nCarex gonggaensis P.C.Li\nCarex gongshanensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex Y.C.Yang\nCarex gordon-grayae Luceño, Márq.-Corro & Sánchez-Villegas\nCarex gotoi Ohwi – two-toothed-beak sedge[3]\nCarex goyenii Petrie\nCarex gracilenta Boott ex Boeckeler\nCarex graciliflora Dunn\nCarex gracilior Mack.\nCarex gracillima Schwein.\nCarex graeffeana Boeckeler\nCarex × grahamii Boott\nCarex grallatoria Maxim.\nCarex graminiculmis T.Koyama\nCarex graminifolia Cherm.\nCarex grandiligulata Kük.\nCarex × grantii A.Benn.\nCarex granularis Muhl. ex Willd.\nCarex gravida L.H.Bailey\nCarex grayi J.Carey\nCarex greenwayi Nelmes\nCarex grioletii Roem. ex Schkuhr\nCarex grisea Wahlenb.\nCarex × groenlandica Lange\nCarex × grossii Fiek\nCarex guatemalensis F.J.Herm.\nCarex guffroyi H.Lév. & H.Perrier\nCarex gunniana Boott\nCarex gynandra Schwein.\nCarex gynodynama Olney\nCarex gypsophila Reznicek & S.González","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex hachijoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hachijoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × haematolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_haematolepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex haematopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_haematopus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex haematosaccus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_haematosaccus"},{"link_name":"Carex haematostoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_haematostoma"},{"link_name":"Carex × hageri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_hageri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hakkodensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hakkodensis"},{"link_name":"Carex hakonemontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hakonemontana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hakonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hakonensis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex halleriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_halleriana"},{"link_name":"Carex halliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_halliana"},{"link_name":"Carex hallii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hallii"},{"link_name":"Carex × halophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_halophila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hamata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hamlinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hamlinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hanamninhensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hanamninhensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × hanasakensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_hanasakensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hancockiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hancockiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex handel-mazzettii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_handel-mazzettii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex handelii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_handelii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hangtongensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hangtongensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × hanseniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_hanseniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hansenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hansenii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex harae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_harae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex harfordii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_harfordii"},{"link_name":"Carex harlandii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_harlandii"},{"link_name":"Carex harrysmithii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_harrysmithii"},{"link_name":"Carex × hartii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_hartii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hartmaniorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hartmaniorum"},{"link_name":"Carex hashimotoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hashimotoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hassei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hassei"},{"link_name":"Carex hattoriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hattoriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hatuyenensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hatuyenensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex haydeniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_haydeniana"},{"link_name":"Carex haydenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_haydenii"},{"link_name":"Carex healyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_healyi"},{"link_name":"Carex hebecarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hebecarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hebes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hebetata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hebetata"},{"link_name":"Carex hectorii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hectorii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × helenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_helenae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex heleonastes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_heleonastes"},{"link_name":"Carex helferi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_helferi"},{"link_name":"Carex helingeeriensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_helingeeriensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex helleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_helleri"},{"link_name":"Carex helodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_helodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × helvola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_helvola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hemineuros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hemineuros"},{"link_name":"Carex hendersonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hendersonii"},{"link_name":"Carex henryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_henryi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex herbacoeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_herbacoeli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hermannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hermannii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex herteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_herteri"},{"link_name":"Carex heshuonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_heshuonensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex heterodoxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_heterodoxa"},{"link_name":"Carex heterolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_heterolepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex heteroneura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_heteroneura"},{"link_name":"Carex × heterophyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_heterophyta"},{"link_name":"Carex heterostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_heterostachya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex heudesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_heudesii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hezhouensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hezhouensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × hibernica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_hibernica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hilairei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hilairei"},{"link_name":"Carex hilaireioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hilaireioides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hildebrandtiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hildebrandtiana"},{"link_name":"Carex himalaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_himalaica"},{"link_name":"Carex hinnulea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hinnulea"},{"link_name":"Carex hirsutella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hirsutella"},{"link_name":"Carex hirta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hirta"},{"link_name":"Carex hirtelloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hirtelloides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hirticaulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hirticaulis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hirtifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hirtifolia"},{"link_name":"Carex hirtifructus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hirtifructus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hirtigluma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hirtigluma"},{"link_name":"Carex hirtissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hirtissima"},{"link_name":"Carex hirtiutriculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hirtiutriculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hispida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hispida"},{"link_name":"Carex hitchcockiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hitchcockiana"},{"link_name":"Carex hochstetteriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hochstetteriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hohxilensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hohxilensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hokarsarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hokarsarensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex holmgreniorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_holmgreniorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex holostoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_holostoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex holotricha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_holotricha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex hondoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hondoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex honglinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_honglinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hongnoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hongnoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hongyuanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hongyuanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hoodii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hoodii"},{"link_name":"Carex hookeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hookeri"},{"link_name":"Carex hookeriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hookeriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hoozanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hoozanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hopeiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hopeiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hordeistichos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hordeistichos"},{"link_name":"Carex horizontalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_horizontalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hormathodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hormathodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex horsfieldii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_horsfieldii"},{"link_name":"Carex × hosoii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_hosoii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hostiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hostiana"},{"link_name":"Carex houghtoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_houghtoniana"},{"link_name":"Carex hovarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hovarum"},{"link_name":"Carex huangshanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_huangshanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex huanjiangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_huanjiangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex huashanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_huashanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hubbardii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hubbardii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex huehueteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_huehueteca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hughii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hughii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hultenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hultenii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex humahuacaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_humahuacaensis"},{"link_name":"Carex humbertiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_humbertiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex humbertii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_humbertii"},{"link_name":"Carex humboldtiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_humboldtiana"},{"link_name":"Carex humida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_humida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex humilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_humilis"},{"link_name":"Carex humpatensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_humpatensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex huolushanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_huolushanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex husnotiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_husnotiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hwangii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hwangii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hyalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hyalina"},{"link_name":"Carex hyalinolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hyalinolepis"},{"link_name":"Carex hymenodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hymenodon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hymenolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hymenolepis"},{"link_name":"Carex hypandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hypandra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hypaneura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hypaneura"},{"link_name":"Carex hypochlora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hypochlora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hypoleucos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hypoleucos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hypolytroides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hypolytroides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hypsipedos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hypsipedos"},{"link_name":"Carex hypsobates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_hypsobates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex hystericina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_hystericina"}],"sub_title":"H","text":"Carex hachijoensis Akiyama\nCarex × haematolepis Drejer\nCarex haematopus Jim.Mejías & Roalson\nCarex haematosaccus C.B.Clarke\nCarex haematostoma Nees\nCarex × hageri E.Baumann\nCarex hakkodensis Franch.\nCarex hakonemontana Katsuy.\nCarex hakonensis Franch. & Sav. – small-needle sedge[3]\nCarex halleriana Asso\nCarex halliana L.H.Bailey\nCarex hallii Olney\nCarex × halophila F.Nyl.\nCarex hamata Sw.\nCarex hamlinii K.A.Ford\nCarex hanamninhensis N.K.Khoi\nCarex × hanasakensis T.Koyama\nCarex hancockiana Maxim. – Hancock's sedge[3]\nCarex handel-mazzettii (N.A.Ivanova) S.R.Zhang\nCarex handelii Kük.\nCarex hanensis Dunn\nCarex hangtongensis H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex × hanseniana Junge\nCarex hansenii (Lewej. & Lobin) Rivas Mart., Lousã, J.C.Costa & Maria C.Duarte\nCarex harae (Rajbh. & H.Ohba) O.Yano\nCarex harfordii Mack.\nCarex harlandii Boott\nCarex harrysmithii Kük.\nCarex × hartii Dewey\nCarex hartmaniorum A.Cajander\nCarex hashimotoi Ohwi\nCarex hassei L.H.Bailey\nCarex hattoriana Nakai ex Tuyama\nCarex hatuyenensis N.K.Khoi\nCarex haydeniana Olney\nCarex haydenii Dewey\nCarex healyi K.A.Ford\nCarex hebecarpa C.A.Mey.\nCarex hebes Nelmes\nCarex hebetata Boott\nCarex hectorii Petrie\nCarex × helenae Jac.Koopman, Beusekom & Waltje\nCarex heleonastes Ehrh. ex L.f.\nCarex helferi Boeckeler\nCarex helingeeriensis L.Q.Zhao & Jie Yang\nCarex helleri Mack.\nCarex helodes Link\nCarex × helvola Blytt\nCarex hemineuros T.Koyama\nCarex hendersonii L.H.Bailey\nCarex henryi (C.B.Clarke) T.Koyama\nCarex herbacoeli Jim.Mejías & Roalson\nCarex hermannii Cochrane\nCarex herteri G.A.Wheeler\nCarex heshuonensis S.Yun Liang\nCarex heterodoxa Cherm.\nCarex heterolepis Bunge – different-scale sedge[3]\nCarex heteroneura S.Watson\nCarex × heterophyta Holmb.\nCarex heterostachya Bunge – different-spike sedge[3]\nCarex heudesii H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex hezhouensis H.Wang & S.N.Wang\nCarex × hibernica A.Benn.\nCarex hilairei Boott\nCarex hilaireioides C.B.Clarke ex Kük.\nCarex hildebrandtiana Boeckeler\nCarex himalaica T.Koyama\nCarex hinnulea C.B.Clarke\nCarex hirsutella Mack.\nCarex hirta L.\nCarex hirtelloides (Kük.) F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li\nCarex hirticaulis P.C.Li\nCarex hirtifolia Mack.\nCarex hirtifructus Kük.\nCarex hirtigluma C.B.Clarke\nCarex hirtissima W.Boott\nCarex hirtiutriculata L.K.Dai\nCarex hispida Willd. ex Schkuhr\nCarex hitchcockiana Dewey\nCarex hochstetteriana J.Gay ex Seub.\nCarex hohxilensis (R.F.Huang) S.R.Zhang\nCarex hokarsarensis E.U.Haq & Dar\nCarex holmgreniorum Reznicek & D.F.Murray\nCarex holostoma Drejer\nCarex holotricha Ohwi – woolly-scale sedge[3]\nCarex hondoensis Ohwi – Hondo sedge[3]\nCarex honglinii Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin\nCarex hongnoensis H.Lév.\nCarex hongyuanensis Y.C.Tang & S.Yun Liang\nCarex hoodii Boott\nCarex hookeri Kunth\nCarex hookeriana Dewey\nCarex hoozanensis Hayata\nCarex hopeiensis F.T.Wang & Tang\nCarex hordeistichos Vill.\nCarex horizontalis (Colenso) K.A.Ford\nCarex hormathodes Fernald\nCarex horsfieldii Boott\nCarex × hosoii T.Koyama\nCarex hostiana DC.\nCarex houghtoniana Torr. ex Dewey\nCarex hovarum Cherm.\nCarex huangshanica X.F.Jin & W.J.Chen\nCarex huanjiangensis S.Yun Liang ex Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin\nCarex huashanica Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai\nCarex hubbardii Nelmes\nCarex huehueteca Standl. & Steyerm.\nCarex hughii S.R.Zhang\nCarex hultenii Aspl.\nCarex humahuacaensis G.A.Wheeler\nCarex humbertiana Ohwi – Humbert's sedge[3]\nCarex humbertii Cherm.\nCarex humboldtiana Steud.\nCarex humida Y.L.Chang & Y.L.Yang\nCarex humilis Leyss.\nCarex humpatensis H.E.Hess\nCarex huolushanensis P.C.Li\nCarex husnotiana H.Lév.\nCarex hwangii Matsuda\nCarex hyalina Boott\nCarex hyalinolepis Steud.\nCarex hymenodon Ohwi\nCarex hymenolepis Nees\nCarex hypandra F.Muell. ex Benth.\nCarex hypaneura V.I.Krecz.\nCarex hypochlora Freyn\nCarex hypoleucos É.Desv.\nCarex hypolytroides Ridl.\nCarex hypsipedos C.B.Clarke\nCarex hypsobates Nelmes\nCarex hystericina Muhl. ex Willd.","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex idaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_idaea"},{"link_name":"Carex idahoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_idahoa"},{"link_name":"Carex idzuroei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_idzuroei"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex ignota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ignota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex iljinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_iljinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex illegitima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_illegitima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex illota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_illota"},{"link_name":"Carex × ilseana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_ilseana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × imandrensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_imandrensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex imbecilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_imbecilla"},{"link_name":"Carex imbecillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_imbecillis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex impexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_impexa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex impressinervia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_impressinervia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex inagawaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_inagawaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex inanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_inanis"},{"link_name":"Carex incisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_incisa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex inclinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_inclinis"},{"link_name":"Carex incomitata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_incomitata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex incurviformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_incurviformis"},{"link_name":"Carex indica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_indica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex indiciformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_indiciformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex indistincta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_indistincta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex indosinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_indosinica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex indrakilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_indrakilica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex infirminervia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_infirminervia"},{"link_name":"Carex infuscata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_infuscata"},{"link_name":"Carex inopinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_inopinata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex inops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_inops"},{"link_name":"Carex insaniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_insaniae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex insignis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_insignis"},{"link_name":"Carex insularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_insularis"},{"link_name":"Carex integra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_integra"},{"link_name":"Carex interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_interior"},{"link_name":"Carex × interjecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_interjecta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex interrupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_interrupta"},{"link_name":"Carex intumescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_intumescens"},{"link_name":"Carex inversa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_inversa"},{"link_name":"Carex inversonervosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_inversonervosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × involuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_involuta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex iraqensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_iraqensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ischnogyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ischnogyne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ischnostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ischnostachya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex × ishimaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_ishimaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ivanoviae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ivanoviae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ixtapalucensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ixtapalucensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex iynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_iynx"}],"sub_title":"I","text":"Carex idaea Greuter, Matthäs & Risse\nCarex idahoa L.H.Bailey\nCarex idzuroei Franch. & Sav. – small Dickins' sedge[3]\nCarex ignota Dewey\nCarex iljinii V.I.Krecz.\nCarex illegitima Ces.\nCarex illota L.H.Bailey\nCarex × ilseana Ruhmer\nCarex × imandrensis Kihlm. ex Hjelt\nCarex imbecilla K.A.Ford\nCarex imbecillis (Ohwi) Katsuy.\nCarex impexa K.A.Ford\nCarex impressinervia Bryson, Kral & Manhart\nCarex inagawaensis J.Oda & M.N.Tamura\nCarex inanis Kunth\nCarex incisa Boott – digitaria-like sedge[3]\nCarex inclinis Boott ex C.B.Clarke\nCarex incomitata K.R.Thiele\nCarex incurviformis Mack.\nCarex indica L.\nCarex indiciformis F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li\nCarex indistincta H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex indosinica Raymond\nCarex indrakilica Sameer Patil\nCarex infirminervia Naczi\nCarex infuscata Nees\nCarex inopinata V.J.Cook\nCarex inops L.H.Bailey\nCarex insaniae Koidz.\nCarex insignis Boott\nCarex insularis Carmich.\nCarex integra Mack.\nCarex interior L.H.Bailey\nCarex × interjecta Waisb.\nCarex interrupta Boeckeler\nCarex intumescens Rudge\nCarex inversa R.Br.\nCarex inversonervosa Nelmes\nCarex × involuta (Bab.) Syme\nCarex iraqensis S.S.Hooper & Kukkonen\nCarex ischnogyne Gilli\nCarex ischnostachya Steud. – thin-spiculate sedge[3]\nCarex × ishimaensis J.Oda, S.Kinosh. & Nagam.\nCarex ivanoviae T.V.Egorova\nCarex ixtapalucensis Reznicek\nCarex iynx Nelmes","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex jacens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_jacens"},{"link_name":"Carex jackiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_jackiana"},{"link_name":"Carex jacutica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_jacutica"},{"link_name":"Carex × jaegeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_jaegeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex jaluensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_jaluensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex jamesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_jamesii"},{"link_name":"Carex jamesonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_jamesonii"},{"link_name":"Carex jankowskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_jankowskii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex japonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_japonica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex jeanpertii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_jeanpertii"},{"link_name":"Carex jianfengensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_jianfengensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex jiaodongensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_jiaodongensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex jinfoshanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_jinfoshanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex jiuhuaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_jiuhuaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex jizhuangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_jizhuangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex johnstonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_johnstonii"},{"link_name":"Carex jonesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_jonesii"},{"link_name":"Carex joorii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_joorii"},{"link_name":"Carex × josephi-schmittii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_josephi-schmittii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex jubozanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_jubozanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex juniperorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_juniperorum"},{"link_name":"Carex × justi-schmidtii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_justi-schmidtii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex juvenilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_juvenilis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"J","text":"Carex jacens C.B.Clarke\nCarex jackiana Boott\nCarex jacutica V.I.Krecz.\nCarex × jaegeri F.W.Schultz\nCarex jaluensis Kom. – Amrokgang sedge[3]\nCarex jamesii Schwein.\nCarex jamesonii Boott\nCarex jankowskii Gorodkov\nCarex japonica Thunb. – East Asian sedge[3]\nCarex jeanpertii E.G.Camus\nCarex jianfengensis H.B.Yang, Xiao X.Li & G.D.Liu\nCarex jiaodongensis Y.M.Zhang & X.D.Chen\nCarex jinfoshanensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang\nCarex jiuhuaensis S.W.Su\nCarex jizhuangensis S.Yun Liang\nCarex johnstonii Boeckeler\nCarex jonesii L.H.Bailey\nCarex joorii L.H.Bailey\nCarex × josephi-schmittii Raymond\nCarex jubozanensis J.Oda & A.Tanaka\nCarex juniperorum Catling, Reznicek & Crins\nCarex × justi-schmidtii Junge\nCarex juvenilis C.B.Clarke ex E.G.Camus","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex kabanovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_kabanovii"},{"link_name":"Carex kagoshimensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kagoshimensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kaloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kaloides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kanaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kanaii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kangdingensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kangdingensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kansuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kansuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kaoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kaoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex karashidaniensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_karashidaniensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex karlongensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_karlongensis"},{"link_name":"Carex karoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_karoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kashmirensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_kashmirensis"},{"link_name":"Carex × kattaeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_kattaeana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kauaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kauaiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kelloggii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kelloggii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × kenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_kenaica"},{"link_name":"Carex kermadecensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kermadecensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × kernii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_kernii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × ketonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_ketonensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex khasiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_khasiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kiangsuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_kiangsuensis"},{"link_name":"Carex killickii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_killickii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kingii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kingii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kiotensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_kiotensis"},{"link_name":"Carex kirganica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kirganica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex kirinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kirinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kirkii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kirkii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kitaibeliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kitaibeliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex klamathensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_klamathensis"},{"link_name":"Carex klaphakei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_klaphakei"},{"link_name":"Carex × kneuckeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_kneuckeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × knieskernii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_knieskernii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex knorringiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_knorringiae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kobomugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_kobomugi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex kobresioidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kobresioidea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex koestlinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_koestlinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × kohtsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_kohtsii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kokanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kokanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex korkischkoae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_korkischkoae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex korshinskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_korshinskyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex koshewnikowii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_koshewnikowii"},{"link_name":"Carex kotagirica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kotagirica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex koyaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_koyaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × krajinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_krajinae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kraliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_kraliana"},{"link_name":"Carex krascheninnikovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_krascheninnikovii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex krauseorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_krauseorum"},{"link_name":"Carex kreczetoviczii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kreczetoviczii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kuchunensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kuchunensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kucyniakii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kucyniakii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × kuekenthaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_kuekenthaliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × kuekenthalii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_kuekenthalii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kujuzana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kujuzana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex kukkoneniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kukkoneniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kulingana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_kulingana"},{"link_name":"Carex kumaonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_kumaonensis"},{"link_name":"Carex kunlunsanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kunlunsanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kurdica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kurdica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × kurilensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_kurilensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × kurogii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_kurogii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kuzakaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kuzakaiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex kwangsiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kwangsiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × kyyhkynenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_kyyhkynenii&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"K","text":"Carex kabanovii V.I.Krecz.\nCarex kagoshimensis Tak.Shimizu\nCarex kaloides Petrie\nCarex kanaii (Rajbh. & H.Ohba) S.R.Zhang & O.Yano\nCarex kangdingensis S.R.Zhang\nCarex kansuensis Nelmes\nCarex kaoi Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang\nCarex karashidaniensis Akiyama\nCarex karlongensis Kük.\nCarex karoi Freyn\nCarex kashmirensis C.B.Clarke\nCarex × kattaeana Kük.\nCarex kauaiensis R.W.Krauss\nCarex kelloggii W.Boott\nCarex × kenaica Lepage\nCarex kermadecensis Petrie\nCarex × kernii Jac.Koopman & Więcław\nCarex × ketonensis Akiyama\nCarex khasiana (Jana & V.S.Kumar) Kottaim.\nCarex kiangsuensis Kük.\nCarex killickii Nelmes\nCarex kingii (R.Br. ex Boott) Reznicek\nCarex kiotensis Franch. & Sav.\nCarex kirganica Kom. – seosura sedge,[3] slender-culm thick-nerve sedge[3]\nCarex kirinensis W.Wang & Y.L.Chang\nCarex kirkii Petrie\nCarex kitaibeliana Degen ex Bech.\nCarex klamathensis B.L.Wilson & Janeway\nCarex klaphakei K.L.Wilson\nCarex × kneuckeri P.Fourn.\nCarex × knieskernii Dewey\nCarex knorringiae Kük. ex V.I.Krecz.\nCarex kobomugi Ohwi – Asian sand sedge[3]\nCarex kobresioidea (Kük.) S.R.Zhang\nCarex koestlinii Hochst. ex Steud.\nCarex × kohtsii K.Richt.\nCarex kokanica (Regel) S.R.Zhang\nCarex korkischkoae A.E.Kozhevn.\nCarex korshinskyi Kom. – Korshinsky's sedge[3]\nCarex koshewnikowii Litv.\nCarex kotagirica Maji & V.P.Prasad\nCarex koyaensis J.Oda & Nagam.\nCarex × krajinae Domin\nCarex kraliana Naczi & Bryson\nCarex krascheninnikovii Kom. ex V.I.Krecz.\nCarex krauseorum Boeckeler\nCarex kreczetoviczii T.V.Egorova\nCarex kuchunensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang\nCarex kucyniakii Raymond\nCarex × kuekenthaliana Appel & A.Brückn.\nCarex × kuekenthalii Dörfl. ex Zahn\nCarex kujuzana Ohwi – Jangseong sedge[3]\nCarex kukkoneniana Luceño & Martín-Bravo\nCarex kulingana L.H.Bailey\nCarex kumaonensis Kük.\nCarex kunlunsanensis N.R.Cui\nCarex kurdica Kük. ex Hand.-Mazz.\nCarex × kurilensis Ohwi\nCarex × kurogii K.T.Takah. & M.N.Tamura\nCarex kuzakaiensis (M.Kikuchi) K.T.Takah. & M.N.Tamura\nCarex kwangsiensis F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li\nCarex × kyyhkynenii Hiitonen","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex lachenalii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lachenalii"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex lacistoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lacistoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × lackowitziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_lackowitziana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lacustris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lacustris"},{"link_name":"Carex laegaardii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_laegaardii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex laeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_laeta"},{"link_name":"Carex laevicaulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_laevicaulis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex laeviconica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_laeviconica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex laeviculmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_laeviculmis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex laevigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_laevigata"},{"link_name":"Carex laevissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_laevissima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex laevivaginata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_laevivaginata"},{"link_name":"Carex lageniformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lageniformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × laggeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_laggeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lagunensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lagunensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lainzii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lainzii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lambertiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lambertiana"},{"link_name":"Carex lamprocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lamprocarpa"},{"link_name":"Carex lamprochlamys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lamprochlamys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lancangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lancangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lancea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lancea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lanceisquama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lanceisquama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lanceolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lanceolata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex lancifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lancifolia"},{"link_name":"Carex lancisquamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lancisquamata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × langeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_langeana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × langii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_langii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lankana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lankana"},{"link_name":"Carex laosensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_laosensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lapazensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lapazensis"},{"link_name":"Carex lapponica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lapponica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex larensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_larensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex laricetorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_laricetorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lasiocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lasiocarpa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex lasiolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lasiolepis"},{"link_name":"Carex latebracteata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_latebracteata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex latisquamea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_latisquamea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex lativena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lativena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × lausii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_lausii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex laxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_laxa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex laxiculmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_laxiculmis"},{"link_name":"Carex laxiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_laxiflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lazarei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lazarei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex leavenworthii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_leavenworthii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lechleriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lechleriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lectissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lectissima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ledebouriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ledebouriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ledongensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ledongensis"},{"link_name":"Carex leersii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_leersii"},{"link_name":"Carex lehmannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lehmannii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex leiorhyncha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_leiorhyncha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex lemanniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lemanniana"},{"link_name":"Carex lemmonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lemmonii"},{"link_name":"Carex lenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lenta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex lenticularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lenticularis"},{"link_name":"Carex lepida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lepida"},{"link_name":"Carex lepidocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lepidocarpa"},{"link_name":"Carex lepidochlamys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lepidochlamys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex leporina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_leporina"},{"link_name":"Carex leporinella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_leporinella"},{"link_name":"Carex leptalea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_leptalea"},{"link_name":"Carex × leptoblasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_leptoblasta"},{"link_name":"Carex leptogyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_leptogyna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex leptonervia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_leptonervia"},{"link_name":"Carex leptopoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_leptopoda"},{"link_name":"Carex lessoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lessoniana"},{"link_name":"Carex leucantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_leucantha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex leucochlora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_leucochlora"},{"link_name":"Carex × leutzii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_leutzii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex leviosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_leviosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex liangiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_liangiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex liangshanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_liangshanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex libera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_libera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × lidii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_lidii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ligata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ligata"},{"link_name":"Carex × ligniciensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_ligniciensis"},{"link_name":"Carex ligulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ligulata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex × limnicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_limnicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × limnogena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_limnogena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex limosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_limosa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex limprichtiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_limprichtiana"},{"link_name":"Carex × limula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_limula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lindleyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lindleyana"},{"link_name":"Carex lingii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lingii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex liouana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_liouana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex liparocarpos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_liparocarpos"},{"link_name":"Carex lithophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lithophila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex litorhyncha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_litorhyncha"},{"link_name":"Carex litorosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_litorosa"},{"link_name":"Carex littledalei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_littledalei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex litvinovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_litvinovii"},{"link_name":"Carex liui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_liui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex livida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_livida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex lobolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lobolepis"},{"link_name":"Carex lobulirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lobulirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex loliacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_loliacea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex lonchocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lonchocarpa"},{"link_name":"Carex lonchophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lonchophora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex longebrachiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_longebrachiata"},{"link_name":"Carex longerostrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_longerostrata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex longhiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_longhiensis"},{"link_name":"Carex longicaulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_longicaulis"},{"link_name":"Carex longicolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_longicolla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex longicruris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_longicruris"},{"link_name":"Carex longiculmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_longiculmis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex longicuspis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_longicuspis"},{"link_name":"Carex longifructus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_longifructus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex longii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_longii"},{"link_name":"Carex longiligula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_longiligula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex longipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_longipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex longipetiolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_longipetiolata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex longispiculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_longispiculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex longissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_longissima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex longpanlaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_longpanlaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex longshengensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_longshengensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lophocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lophocarpa"},{"link_name":"Carex × loretii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_loretii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex louisianica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_louisianica"},{"link_name":"Carex lowei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lowei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lucennoiberica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lucennoiberica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lucorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lucorum"},{"link_name":"Carex luctuosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_luctuosa"},{"link_name":"Carex × ludibunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_ludibunda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ludwigii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ludwigii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lupuliformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lupuliformis"},{"link_name":"Carex lupulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lupulina"},{"link_name":"Carex lurida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lurida"},{"link_name":"Carex luridiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_luridiformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lushanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lushanensis"},{"link_name":"Carex lutea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lutea"},{"link_name":"Carex × luteola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_luteola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex luzulifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_luzulifolia"},{"link_name":"Carex luzulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_luzulina"},{"link_name":"Carex lycurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_lycurus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex lyngbyei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_lyngbyei"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"sub_title":"L","text":"Carex lachenalii Schkuhr – two-tip sedge[3]\nCarex lacistoma R.Br.\nCarex × lackowitziana Aug.R.Paul\nCarex lacustris Willd.\nCarex laegaardii J.R.Starr\nCarex laeta Boott\nCarex laevicaulis Hochst. ex Seub.\nCarex laeviconica Dewey\nCarex laeviculmis Meinsh.\nCarex laevigata Sm.\nCarex laevissima Nakai – small nerved-fruit sedge[3]\nCarex laevivaginata (Kük.) Mack.\nCarex lageniformis Nelmes\nCarex × laggeri Wimm.\nCarex lagunensis M.E.Jones\nCarex lainzii Luceño, E.Rico & T.Romero\nCarex lambertiana Boott\nCarex lamprocarpa Phil.\nCarex lamprochlamys S.T.Blake\nCarex lancangensis S.Yun Liang\nCarex lancea (Thunb.) Baill.\nCarex lanceisquama (Hand.-Mazz.) V.I.Krecz.\nCarex lanceolata Boott – lanceolate sedge[3]\nCarex lancifolia C.B.Clarke\nCarex lancisquamata L.K.Dai\nCarex × langeana Fernald\nCarex × langii Steud.\nCarex lankana T.Koyama\nCarex laosensis Nelmes\nCarex lapazensis C.B.Clarke\nCarex lapponica O.Lang\nCarex larensis Steyerm.\nCarex laricetorum Y.L.Chou\nCarex lasiocarpa Ehrh. – woolly-fruit sedge[3]\nCarex lasiolepis Franch.\nCarex latebracteata Waterf.\nCarex latisquamea Kom. – woolly-leaf sedge[3]\nCarex lativena S.D.Jones & G.D.Jones\nCarex × lausii Podp.\nCarex laxa Wahlenb. – loosely-spike sedge[3]\nCarex laxiculmis Schwein.\nCarex laxiflora Lam.\nCarex lazarei Jac.Koopman, Niketić, Wieclaw & Govaerts\nCarex leavenworthii Dewey\nCarex lechleriana (Steud.) J.R.Starr\nCarex lectissima K.A.Ford\nCarex ledebouriana C.A.Mey. ex Trevir.\nCarex ledongensis H.B.Yang & G.D.Liu\nCarex leersii F.W.Schultz\nCarex lehmannii Drejer – Lehman's sedge[3]\nCarex leiorhyncha C.A.Mey. – mountain cat-tail sedge[3]\nCarex lemanniana Boott\nCarex lemmonii W.Boott\nCarex lenta D.Don – sluggish sedge[3]\nCarex lenticularis Michx.\nCarex lepida Boott\nCarex lepidocarpa Tausch\nCarex lepidochlamys (F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li) S.R.Zhang\nCarex leporina L.\nCarex leporinella Mack.\nCarex leptalea Wahlenb.\nCarex × leptoblasta Holmb.\nCarex leptogyna T.Koyama\nCarex leptonervia (Fernald) Fernald\nCarex leptopoda Mack.\nCarex lessoniana Steud.\nCarex leucantha Arn. ex Boott\nCarex leucochlora Bunge\nCarex × leutzii Kneuck.\nCarex leviosa Míguez, Jim.Mejías, H.Schaef. & Martín-Bravo\nCarex liangiana X.F.Jin & Y.F.Lu\nCarex liangshanensis S.R.Zhang\nCarex libera (Kük.) Hamlin\nCarex × lidii Hadac\nCarex ligata Boott\nCarex × ligniciensis Figert\nCarex ligulata Nees – ligulate sedge[3]\nCarex × limnicola H.Gross\nCarex × limnogena Appel\nCarex limosa L. – mud sedge[3]\nCarex limprichtiana Kük.\nCarex × limula Fr.\nCarex lindleyana Nees\nCarex lingii F.T.Wang & Tang\nCarex liouana F.T.Wang & Tang\nCarex liparocarpos Gaudin\nCarex lithophila Turcz. – rock-loving sedge[3]\nCarex litorhyncha Franch.\nCarex litorosa L.H.Bailey\nCarex littledalei (C.B.Clarke) S.R.Zhang\nCarex litvinovii Kük.\nCarex liui T.Koyama & T.I.Chuang\nCarex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. – livid sedge[3]\nCarex lobolepis F.Muell.\nCarex lobulirostris Drejer\nCarex loliacea L. – ryegrass sedge[3]\nCarex lonchocarpa Willd. ex Spreng.\nCarex lonchophora Ohwi\nCarex longebrachiata Boeckeler\nCarex longerostrata C.A.Mey.\nCarex longhiensis Franch.\nCarex longicaulis Boeckeler\nCarex longicolla Tang & F.T.Wang ex Y.F.Deng\nCarex longicruris Nees\nCarex longiculmis Petrie\nCarex longicuspis Boeckeler\nCarex longifructus (Kük.) K.A.Ford\nCarex longii Mack.\nCarex longiligula Reznicek & S.González\nCarex longipes D.Don\nCarex longipetiolata Qing L.Wang, H.B.Yang & Y.F.Deng\nCarex longispiculata Y.C.Yang\nCarex longissima M.E.Jones\nCarex longpanlaensis S.Yun Liang\nCarex longshengensis Y.C.Tang & S.Yun Liang\nCarex lophocarpa C.B.Clarke\nCarex × loretii Rouy\nCarex louisianica L.H.Bailey\nCarex lowei Bech.\nCarex lucennoiberica Maguilla & M.Escudero\nCarex lucorum Willd.\nCarex luctuosa Franch.\nCarex × ludibunda J.Gay\nCarex ludwigii (Hochst.) Luceño & Martín-Bravo\nCarex lupuliformis Sartwell ex Dewey\nCarex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd.\nCarex lurida Wahlenb.\nCarex luridiformis Mack. ex Reznicek & S.González\nCarex lushanensis Kük.\nCarex lutea LeBlond\nCarex × luteola (Rchb.) Sendtn.\nCarex luzulifolia W.Boott\nCarex luzulina Olney\nCarex lycurus K.Schum.\nCarex lyngbyei Hornem. – Lyngbye's sedge[3]","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex maackii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_maackii"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex mabilliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mabilliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × macilenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_macilenta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex mackenziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mackenziana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex mackenziei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_mackenziei"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex macloviana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_macloviana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex macloviformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_macloviformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × macounii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_macounii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex macrocephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_macrocephala"},{"link_name":"Carex macrochaeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_macrochaeta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex macroglossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_macroglossa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex macrolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_macrolepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex macrophyllidion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_macrophyllidion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex macroprophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_macroprophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex macrorrhiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_macrorrhiza"},{"link_name":"Carex macrosolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_macrosolen"},{"link_name":"Carex macrostachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_macrostachys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex macrostigmatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_macrostigmatica"},{"link_name":"Carex macrostylos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_macrostylos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex macrotrichoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_macrotrichoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex maculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_maculata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex madagascariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_madagascariensis"},{"link_name":"Carex madida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_madida"},{"link_name":"Carex madrensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_madrensis"},{"link_name":"Carex magacis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_magacis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex magellanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_magellanica"},{"link_name":"Carex magnoutriculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_magnoutriculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × mainensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_mainensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex mairei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mairei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex makinoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_makinoensis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex makuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_makuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex malaccensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_malaccensis"},{"link_name":"Carex malipoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_malipoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex mallae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mallae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex malmei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_malmei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex malyschevii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_malyschevii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex manca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_manca"},{"link_name":"Carex manciformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_manciformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex mandoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_mandoniana"},{"link_name":"Carex mandshurica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mandshurica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex manginii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_manginii"},{"link_name":"Carex manhartii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_manhartii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex mannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mannii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex maolanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_maolanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex maorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_maorica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex maorshanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_maorshanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex maquensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_maquensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex marahuacana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_marahuacana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex marianensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_marianensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_marina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex mariposana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_mariposana"},{"link_name":"Carex maritima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_maritima"},{"link_name":"Carex markgrafii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_markgrafii"},{"link_name":"Carex × marshallii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_marshallii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex martynenkoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_martynenkoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × massonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_massonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex matsumurae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_matsumurae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex maubertiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_maubertiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex maximowiczii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_maximowiczii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex mayebarana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mayebarana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex mckittrickensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_mckittrickensis"},{"link_name":"Carex mcvaughii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mcvaughii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex meadii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_meadii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_media"},{"link_name":"Carex meeboldiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_meeboldiana"},{"link_name":"Carex megalepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_megalepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex meihsienica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_meihsienica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex meiocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_meiocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex melanantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_melanantha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex melananthiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_melananthiformis"},{"link_name":"Carex melanocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_melanocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex melanocephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_melanocephala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex melanocystis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_melanocystis"},{"link_name":"Carex melanorrhyncha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_melanorrhyncha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex melanosperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_melanosperma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex melanostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_melanostachya"},{"link_name":"Carex melinacra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_melinacra"},{"link_name":"Carex membranacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_membranacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × mendica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_mendica"},{"link_name":"Carex mendocinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mendocinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex meridensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_meridensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex meridionalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_meridionalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex merritt-fernaldii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_merritt-fernaldii"},{"link_name":"Carex mertensii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_mertensii"},{"link_name":"Carex merxmuelleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_merxmuelleri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex mesochorea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_mesochorea"},{"link_name":"Carex mesophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mesophila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_metallica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex meyenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_meyenii"},{"link_name":"Carex meyeriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_meyeriana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex michauxiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_michauxiana"},{"link_name":"Carex michelii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_michelii"},{"link_name":"Carex michoacana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_michoacana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex micrantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_micrantha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex microcarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_microcarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex microchaeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_microchaeta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex microdonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_microdonta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex microglochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_microglochin"},{"link_name":"Carex micropoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_micropoda"},{"link_name":"Carex microptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_microptera"},{"link_name":"Carex microrhyncha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_microrhyncha"},{"link_name":"Carex × microstachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_microstachya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × microstyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_microstyla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex microtricha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_microtricha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex middendorffii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_middendorffii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex mildbraediana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_mildbraediana"},{"link_name":"Carex miliaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_miliaris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex millsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_millsii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex mingrelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mingrelica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_minor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex minutiscabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_minutiscabra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex minutissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_minutissima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex minxianensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_minxianensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex minxianica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_minxianica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex mira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_mira"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex misera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_misera"},{"link_name":"Carex missouriensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_missouriensis"},{"link_name":"Carex mitchelliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mitchelliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × mithala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_mithala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex mitrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_mitrata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex miyabei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_miyabei"},{"link_name":"Carex mochomuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mochomuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex modesti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_modesti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex moesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_moesta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex molesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_molesta"},{"link_name":"Carex molestiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_molestiformis"},{"link_name":"Carex molinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_molinae"},{"link_name":"Carex mollicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_mollicula"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex mollissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mollissima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex monodynama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_monodynama"},{"link_name":"Carex monostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_monostachya"},{"link_name":"Carex monotropa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_monotropa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_montana"},{"link_name":"Carex × montanoaltaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_montanoaltaica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex montis-eeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_montis-eeka"},{"link_name":"Carex montis-everestii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_montis-everestii"},{"link_name":"Carex montis-wutaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_montis-wutaii"},{"link_name":"Carex moorcroftii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_moorcroftii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex moorei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_moorei"},{"link_name":"Carex × moravica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_moravica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex morii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_morii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × moriyoshiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_moriyoshiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex morrowii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_morrowii"},{"link_name":"Carex mosoynensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mosoynensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex motuoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_motuoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex moupinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_moupinensis"},{"link_name":"Carex mucronata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_mucronata"},{"link_name":"Carex mucronatiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_mucronatiformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × mucronulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_mucronulata"},{"link_name":"Carex muehlenbergii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_muehlenbergii"},{"link_name":"Carex muelleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_muelleri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × muelleriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_muelleriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex muliensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_muliensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex multicaulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_multicaulis"},{"link_name":"Carex multicostata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_multicostata"},{"link_name":"Carex multifaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_multifaria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex multifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_multifolia"},{"link_name":"Carex multispicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_multispicata"},{"link_name":"Carex multispiculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_multispiculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex munda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_munda"},{"link_name":"Carex munipoorensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_munipoorensis"},{"link_name":"Carex munroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_munroi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex muricata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_muricata"},{"link_name":"Carex muriculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_muriculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × musashiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_musashiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex musei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_musei"},{"link_name":"Carex muskingumensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_muskingumensis"},{"link_name":"Carex myosuroides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_myosuroides"},{"link_name":"Carex myosurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_myosurus"}],"sub_title":"M","text":"Carex maackii Maxim. – Maack's sedge[3]\nCarex mabilliana (Rouy) Prain\nCarex × macilenta F.Nyl.\nCarex mackenziana Weath.\nCarex mackenziei V.I.Krecz. – Mackenzie's sedge[3]\nCarex macloviana d'Urv.\nCarex macloviformis (G.A.Wheeler) J.R.Starr\nCarex × macounii Dewey\nCarex macrocephala Willd. ex Spreng.\nCarex macrochaeta C.A.Mey.\nCarex macroglossa Franch. & Sav.\nCarex macrolepis DC.\nCarex macrophyllidion Nelmes\nCarex macroprophylla (Y.C.Yang) S.R.Zhang\nCarex macrorrhiza Boeckeler\nCarex macrosolen Steud.\nCarex macrostachys Bertol.\nCarex macrostigmatica Kük.\nCarex macrostylos Lapeyr.\nCarex macrotrichoides J.R.Starr\nCarex maculata Boott – maculate sedge[3]\nCarex madagascariensis Boeckeler\nCarex madida J.R.Starr\nCarex madrensis L.H.Bailey\nCarex magacis Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas\nCarex magellanica Lam.\nCarex magnoutriculata Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai\nCarex × mainensis Porter\nCarex mairei Coss. & Germ.\nCarex makinoensis Franch. – tufted rock-living sedge[3]\nCarex makuensis P.C.Li\nCarex malaccensis C.B.Clarke\nCarex malipoensis Yuan Y.Li & H.Peng\nCarex mallae (Rajbh. & H.Ohba) O.Yano\nCarex malmei Kalela\nCarex malyschevii T.V.Egorova\nCarex manca Boott\nCarex manciformis C.B.Clarke ex Franch.\nCarex mandoniana Boeckeler\nCarex mandshurica Meinsh. – Manchurian sedge[3]\nCarex manginii E.G.Camus\nCarex manhartii Bryson\nCarex mannii E.A.Bruce\nCarex maolanensis Y.F.Deng & Xi X.Zhang\nCarex maorica Hamlin\nCarex maorshanica Y.L.Chou\nCarex maquensis Y.C.Yang\nCarex marahuacana Reznicek\nCarex marianensis Stacey\nCarex marina Dewey\nCarex mariposana L.H.Bailey ex Mack.\nCarex maritima Gunnerus\nCarex markgrafii Kük.\nCarex × marshallii A.Benn.\nCarex martynenkoi Zolot.\nCarex × massonii Cay. & Lepage\nCarex matsumurae Franch. – big-wheat sedge[3]\nCarex maubertiana Boott\nCarex maximowiczii Miq. – Maximowicz's sedge[3]\nCarex mayebarana Ohwi\nCarex mckittrickensis P.W.Ball\nCarex mcvaughii Reznicek\nCarex meadii Dewey\nCarex media R.Br.\nCarex meeboldiana Kük.\nCarex megalepis K.A.Ford\nCarex meihsienica K.T.Fu\nCarex meiocarpa H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex melanantha C.A.Mey.\nCarex melananthiformis Litv.\nCarex melanocarpa Cham. ex Trautv.\nCarex melanocephala Turcz.\nCarex melanocystis É.Desv.\nCarex melanorrhyncha Nelmes\nCarex melanosperma Liebm.\nCarex melanostachya M.Bieb. ex Willd.\nCarex melinacra Franch.\nCarex membranacea Hook.\nCarex × mendica Lepage\nCarex mendocinensis Olney ex Boott\nCarex meridensis (Steyerm.) J.R.Starr\nCarex meridionalis (Kük.) Herter\nCarex merritt-fernaldii Mack.\nCarex mertensii J.D.Prescott ex Bong.\nCarex merxmuelleri Podlech\nCarex mesochorea Mack.\nCarex mesophila Reznicek & S.González\nCarex metallica H.Lév. – white-spike sedge[3]\nCarex meyenii Nees\nCarex meyeriana Kunth – Meyer's sedge[3]\nCarex michauxiana Boeckeler\nCarex michelii Host\nCarex michoacana Reznicek, Hipp & S.González\nCarex micrantha Kük. – small-flower sedge[3]\nCarex microcarpa Bertol. ex Moris\nCarex microchaeta Holm\nCarex microdonta Torr.\nCarex microglochin Wahlenb.\nCarex micropoda C.A.Mey.\nCarex microptera Mack.\nCarex microrhyncha Mack.\nCarex × microstachya Ehrh.\nCarex × microstyla J.Gay ex Gaudin\nCarex microtricha Franch.\nCarex middendorffii F.Schmidt\nCarex mildbraediana Kük.\nCarex miliaris Michx.\nCarex millsii Dunn\nCarex mingrelica Kük.\nCarex minor (Kük.) K.A.Ford\nCarex minutiscabra Kük. ex V.I.Krecz.\nCarex minutissima Barros\nCarex minxianensis S.Yun Liang\nCarex minxianica Y.C.Yang\nCarex mira Kük. – remarkable sedge[3]\nCarex misera Buckley\nCarex missouriensis P.Rothr. & Reznicek\nCarex mitchelliana M.A.Curtis\nCarex × mithala Callmé\nCarex mitrata Franch. – mitra sedge[3]\nCarex miyabei Franch.\nCarex mochomuensis Katsuy.\nCarex modesti M.Escudero, Martín-Bravo & Jim.Mejías\nCarex moesta Kunth\nCarex molesta Mack.\nCarex molestiformis Reznicek & Rothrock\nCarex molinae Phil.\nCarex mollicula Boott – small mucronate sedge[3]\nCarex mollissima Christ ex Scheutz – softest sedge[3]\nCarex monodynama (Griseb.) G.A.Wheeler\nCarex monostachya A.Rich.\nCarex monotropa Nelmes\nCarex montana L.\nCarex × montanoaltaica Zolot.\nCarex montis-eeka Hillebr.\nCarex montis-everestii Kük.\nCarex montis-wutaii T.Koyama\nCarex moorcroftii Falc. ex Boott\nCarex moorei G.A.Wheeler\nCarex × moravica Repka & Rolecek\nCarex morii Hayata\nCarex × moriyoshiensis Fujiw. & Y.Matsuda\nCarex morrowii Boott\nCarex mosoynensis Franch.\nCarex motuoensis Y.C.Yang\nCarex moupinensis Franch.\nCarex mucronata All.\nCarex mucronatiformis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Yun Liang\nCarex × mucronulata Holmb.\nCarex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd.\nCarex muelleri Petrie\nCarex × muelleriana F.W.Schultz\nCarex muliensis Hand.-Mazz.\nCarex multicaulis L.H.Bailey\nCarex multicostata Mack.\nCarex multifaria (Nees ex Boott) J.R.Starr\nCarex multifolia Ohwi\nCarex multispicata Kunze\nCarex multispiculata Luceño & Martín-Bravo\nCarex munda Boott\nCarex munipoorensis C.B.Clarke\nCarex munroi Boott ex C.B.Clarke\nCarex muricata L.\nCarex muriculata F.J.Herm.\nCarex × musashiensis Ohwi\nCarex musei Steud.\nCarex muskingumensis Schwein.\nCarex myosuroides Vill.\nCarex myosurus Nees","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex nachiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nachiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nairii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nairii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nakaoana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nakaoana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nakasimae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nakasimae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nanchuanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nanchuanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nandadeviensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nandadeviensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nangtciangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nangtciangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nanpingensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nanpingensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nardina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nardina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nasuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nasuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nealiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nealiae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex neblinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_neblinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nebrascensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nebrascensis"},{"link_name":"Carex nebularum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nebularum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex neesiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_neesiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex negeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_negeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex negrii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_negrii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nelmesiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nelmesiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nelsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nelsonii"},{"link_name":"Carex nemoralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nemoralis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nemostachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nemostachys"},{"link_name":"Carex nemurensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nemurensis"},{"link_name":"Carex × neobigelowii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_neobigelowii"},{"link_name":"Carex neochevalieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_neochevalieri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex neodigyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_neodigyna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × neofilipendula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_neofilipendula"},{"link_name":"Carex neoguinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_neoguinensis"},{"link_name":"Carex neohebridensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_neohebridensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × neomiliaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_neomiliaris"},{"link_name":"Carex neopetelotii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_neopetelotii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex neopolycephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_neopolycephala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × neorigida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_neorigida"},{"link_name":"Carex nervata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nervata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex nervina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nervina"},{"link_name":"Carex neurocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_neurocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex neurophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_neurophora"},{"link_name":"Carex × nicoloffii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_nicoloffii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex niederleiniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_niederleiniana"},{"link_name":"Carex nigerrima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nigerrima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nigra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nigra"},{"link_name":"Carex nigricans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nigricans"},{"link_name":"Carex nigromarginata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nigromarginata"},{"link_name":"Carex × nikaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_nikaii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nikolskensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nikolskensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nipposinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nipposinica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nivalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nivalis"},{"link_name":"Carex nodaeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nodaeana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nodiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nodiflora"},{"link_name":"Carex nodosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nodosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex noguchii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_noguchii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex noltiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_noltiei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nordica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nordica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex normalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_normalis"},{"link_name":"Carex norvegica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_norvegica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex notha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_notha"},{"link_name":"Carex × notholimosioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_notholimosioides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nova"},{"link_name":"Carex novae-angliae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_novae-angliae"},{"link_name":"Carex novogaliciana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_novogaliciana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nubigena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nubigena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex nudata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nudata"},{"link_name":"Carex nudicarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_nudicarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"N","text":"Carex nachiana Ohwi\nCarex nairii Ghildyal & U.C.Bhattach.\nCarex nakaoana T.Koyama\nCarex nakasimae Ohwi\nCarex nanchuanensis K.L.Chu ex S.Y.Liang\nCarex nandadeviensis Ghildyal, U.C.Bhattach. & Hajra\nCarex nangtciangensis Pamp.\nCarex nanpingensis X.F.Jin\nCarex nardina (Hornem.) Fr.\nCarex nasuensis K.T.Takah., T.Nog. & M.N.Tamura\nCarex nealiae R.W.Krauss\nCarex neblinensis Reznicek\nCarex nebrascensis Dewey\nCarex nebularum Phil.\nCarex neesiana Endl.\nCarex negeri (Kük.) J.R.Starr\nCarex negrii Chiov.\nCarex nelmesiana Barros\nCarex nelsonii Mack.\nCarex nemoralis (K.L.Wilson) K.L.Wilson\nCarex nemostachys Steud.\nCarex nemurensis Franch.\nCarex × neobigelowii Lepage\nCarex neochevalieri Kük. ex A.Chev.\nCarex neodigyna P.C.Li\nCarex × neofilipendula Lepage\nCarex neoguinensis C.B.Clarke\nCarex neohebridensis Guillaumin & Kük.\nCarex × neomiliaris Lepage\nCarex neopetelotii Raymond\nCarex neopolycephala Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai\nCarex × neorigida Lepage\nCarex nervata Franch. & Sav. – nerved-mitra sedge[3]\nCarex nervina L.H.Bailey\nCarex neurocarpa Maxim. – nerved-fruit sedge[3]\nCarex neurophora Mack.\nCarex × nicoloffii Pamp.\nCarex niederleiniana Boeckeler\nCarex nigerrima Nelmes\nCarex nigra (L.) Reichard\nCarex nigricans C.A.Mey.\nCarex nigromarginata Schwein.\nCarex × nikaii T.Koyama\nCarex nikolskensis Kom.\nCarex nipposinica Ohwi\nCarex nivalis Boott\nCarex nodaeana A.I.Baranov & Skvortsov\nCarex nodiflora Boeckeler\nCarex nodosa S.R.Zhang, J.Zhang, Z.Y.Liu, S.Qu & R.G.Han\nCarex noguchii J.Oda & Nagam.\nCarex noltiei S.R.Zhang\nCarex nordica Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas\nCarex normalis Mack.\nCarex norvegica Retz. – Norway sedge[3]\nCarex notha Kunth\nCarex × notholimosioides Doweld\nCarex nova L.H.Bailey\nCarex novae-angliae Schwein.\nCarex novogaliciana Reznicek\nCarex nubigena D.Don\nCarex nudata W.Boott\nCarex nudicarpa (Y.C.Yang) S.R.Zhang","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex × oberrodensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_oberrodensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex obispoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_obispoensis"},{"link_name":"Carex oblanceolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_oblanceolata"},{"link_name":"Carex obliquicarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_obliquicarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex obliquitruncata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_obliquitruncata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex obnupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_obnupta"},{"link_name":"Carex obovatosquamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_obovatosquamata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex obscura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_obscura"},{"link_name":"Carex obscuriceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_obscuriceps"},{"link_name":"Carex obtusata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_obtusata"},{"link_name":"Carex obtusifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_obtusifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex occidentalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_occidentalis"},{"link_name":"Carex ochrochlamys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ochrochlamys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex ochrosaccus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ochrosaccus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex odontolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_odontolepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex odontostoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_odontostoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex oederi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_oederi"},{"link_name":"Carex oedipostyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_oedipostyla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × oenensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_oenensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × ohmuelleriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_ohmuelleriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex okamotoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_okamotoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex oklahomensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_oklahomensis"},{"link_name":"Carex okuboi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_okuboi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex olbiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_olbiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex oligantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_oligantha"},{"link_name":"Carex oligocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_oligocarpa"},{"link_name":"Carex oligocarya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_oligocarya"},{"link_name":"Carex oligosperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_oligosperma"},{"link_name":"Carex oligostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_oligostachya"},{"link_name":"Carex olivacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_olivacea"},{"link_name":"Carex olivieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_olivieri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × olneyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_olneyi"},{"link_name":"Carex omeiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_omeiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex omeyica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_omeyica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex omiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_omiana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex omurae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_omurae"},{"link_name":"Carex × oneillii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_oneillii"},{"link_name":"Carex onoei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_onoei"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex opaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_opaca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ophiolithica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ophiolithica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex orbicularinucis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_orbicularinucis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex orbicularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_orbicularis"},{"link_name":"Carex oreocharis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_oreocharis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex oreophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_oreophila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex orestera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_orestera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex orizabae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_orizabae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ormostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ormostachya"},{"link_name":"Carex ornithopoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ornithopoda"},{"link_name":"Carex oronensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_oronensis"},{"link_name":"Carex orothanatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_orothanatica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex orthostemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_orthostemon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex oshimensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_oshimensis"},{"link_name":"Carex otaruensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_otaruensis"},{"link_name":"Carex otayae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_otayae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex otomana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_otomana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex otrubae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_otrubae"},{"link_name":"Carex ouachitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ouachitana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ovatispiculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ovatispiculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ovoidispica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ovoidispica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ovoidoconica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ovoidoconica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ownbeyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ownbeyi"},{"link_name":"Carex oxyandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_oxyandra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex oxylepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_oxylepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex oxyphylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_oxyphylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ozarkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ozarkana"}],"sub_title":"O","text":"Carex × oberrodensis B.Walln.\nCarex obispoensis Stacey\nCarex oblanceolata T.Koyama\nCarex obliquicarpa X.F.Jin, C.Z.Zheng & B.Y.Ding\nCarex obliquitruncata Y.C.Tang & S.Yun Liang\nCarex obnupta L.H.Bailey\nCarex obovatosquamata F.T.Wang & Y.L.Chang ex P.C.Li\nCarex obscura Nees\nCarex obscuriceps Kük.\nCarex obtusata Lilj.\nCarex obtusifolia (Heenan) K.A.Ford\nCarex occidentalis L.H.Bailey\nCarex ochrochlamys Ohwi – yellow-mantle sedge[3]\nCarex ochrosaccus (C.B.Clarke) Hamlin\nCarex odontolepis Phil.\nCarex odontostoma Kük.\nCarex oederi Retz.\nCarex oedipostyla Duval-Jouve\nCarex × oenensis A.Neumann ex B.Walln.\nCarex × ohmuelleriana O.Lang\nCarex okamotoi Ohwi – creeping narrow-leaf sedge[3]\nCarex oklahomensis Mack.\nCarex okuboi Franch.\nCarex olbiensis Jord.\nCarex oligantha Steud.\nCarex oligocarpa Willd.\nCarex oligocarya C.B.Clarke\nCarex oligosperma Michx.\nCarex oligostachya Nees\nCarex olivacea Boott\nCarex olivieri H.Lév.\nCarex × olneyi Boott\nCarex omeiensis Tang\nCarex omeyica Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas\nCarex omiana Franch. & Sav. – Suwon sedge[3]\nCarex omurae T.Koyama\nCarex × oneillii Lepage\nCarex onoei Franch. & Sav. – needle sedge[3]\nCarex opaca (F.J.Herm.) P.Rothr. & Reznicek\nCarex ophiolithica Heenan & de Lange\nCarex orbicularinucis L.K.Dai\nCarex orbicularis Boott\nCarex oreocharis Holm\nCarex oreophila C.A.Mey.\nCarex orestera Zika\nCarex orizabae Liebm.\nCarex ormostachya Wiegand\nCarex ornithopoda Willd.\nCarex oronensis Fernald\nCarex orothanatica Lois, Acedo, Reznicek & Jim.Mejías\nCarex orthostemon Hayata\nCarex oshimensis Nakai\nCarex otaruensis Franch.\nCarex otayae Ohwi\nCarex otomana Molina Gonz., Acedo & Llamas\nCarex otrubae Podp.\nCarex ouachitana Kral, Manhart & Bryson\nCarex ovatispiculata F.T.Wang & Y.L.Chang ex S.Yun Liang\nCarex ovoidispica O.Yano\nCarex ovoidoconica Ohwi\nCarex ownbeyi G.A.Wheeler\nCarex oxyandra (Franch. & Sav.) Kudô – hill sedge[3]\nCarex oxylepis Torr. & Hook.\nCarex oxyphylla Franch.\nCarex ozarkana P.Rothr. & Reznicek","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex pachamamae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pachamamae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pachycarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pachycarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pachygyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pachygyna"},{"link_name":"Carex pachyneura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pachyneura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pachystachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pachystachya"},{"link_name":"Carex pachystylis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pachystylis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × paczoskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_paczoskii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex paeninsulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_paeninsulae"},{"link_name":"Carex pairae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pairae"},{"link_name":"Carex palawanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_palawanensis"},{"link_name":"Carex paleacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_paleacea"},{"link_name":"Carex pallescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pallescens"},{"link_name":"Carex pallidula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pallidula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × paludivagans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_paludivagans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pamirensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pamirensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pandanophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pandanophylla"},{"link_name":"Carex panduranganii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_panduranganii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex paneroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_paneroi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex panicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_panicea"},{"link_name":"Carex paniculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_paniculata"},{"link_name":"Carex panormitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_panormitana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pansa"},{"link_name":"Carex papillosissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_papillosissima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × paponii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_paponii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex papualpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_papualpina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex papulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_papulosa"},{"link_name":"Carex paracheniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_paracheniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex paracuraica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_paracuraica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex parallela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_parallela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex paramjitii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_paramjitii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pararadicalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pararadicalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex paratatsiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_paratatsiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex parciflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_parciflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × parentii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_parentii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex parryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_parryana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex parva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_parva"},{"link_name":"Carex parviflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_parviflora"},{"link_name":"Carex parvigluma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_parvigluma"},{"link_name":"Carex parvirufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_parvirufa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex parvispica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_parvispica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex parvula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_parvula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex patagonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_patagonica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × patuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_patuensis"},{"link_name":"Carex pauciflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pauciflora"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex paui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_paui"},{"link_name":"Carex × pauliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_pauliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × paulii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_paulii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex paulo-vargasii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_paulo-vargasii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex paxii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_paxii"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex × payettei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_payettei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex paysonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_paysonis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex peckii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_peckii"},{"link_name":"Carex pedicularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pedicularis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pediformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pediformis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex pedunculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pedunculata"},{"link_name":"Carex peichuniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_peichuniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex peiktusani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_peiktusani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex peliosanthifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_peliosanthifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pellita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pellita"},{"link_name":"Carex pelocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pelocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex penalpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_penalpina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pendula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pendula"},{"link_name":"Carex penduliformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_penduliformis"},{"link_name":"Carex pengii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pengii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pensylvanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pensylvanica"},{"link_name":"Carex perakensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_perakensis"},{"link_name":"Carex percostata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_percostata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex perdensa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_perdensa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex perdentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_perdentata"},{"link_name":"Carex peregrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_peregrina"},{"link_name":"Carex perglobosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_perglobosa"},{"link_name":"Carex pergracilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pergracilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex perlonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_perlonga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex perplexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_perplexa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex perprava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_perprava"},{"link_name":"Carex perraudieriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_perraudieriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × persalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_persalina"},{"link_name":"Carex persistens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_persistens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pertenuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pertenuis"},{"link_name":"Carex peruviana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_peruviana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex petasata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_petasata"},{"link_name":"Carex petelotii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_petelotii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex petitiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_petitiana"},{"link_name":"Carex petricosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_petricosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex petriei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_petriei"},{"link_name":"Carex peucophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_peucophila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex phacota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_phacota"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex phaenocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_phaenocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex phaeocephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_phaeocephala"},{"link_name":"Carex phaeodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_phaeodon"},{"link_name":"Carex phaeothrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_phaeothrix&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex phalaroides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_phalaroides"},{"link_name":"Carex phankei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_phankei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex phleoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_phleoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex phoenicis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_phoenicis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex phragmitoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_phragmitoides"},{"link_name":"Carex phyllocaula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_phyllocaula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex phyllocephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_phyllocephala"},{"link_name":"Carex phylloscirpoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_phylloscirpoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex phyllostachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_phyllostachys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × physocarpoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_physocarpoides"},{"link_name":"Carex physodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_physodes"},{"link_name":"Carex pichinchensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pichinchensis"},{"link_name":"Carex picta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_picta"},{"link_name":"Carex pigra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pigra"},{"link_name":"Carex pilosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pilosa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex × pilosiuscula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_pilosiuscula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pilulifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pilulifera"},{"link_name":"Carex pingleensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pingleensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pinophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pinophila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pisanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pisanoi"},{"link_name":"Carex pisiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pisiformis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex pityophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pityophila"},{"link_name":"Carex planata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_planata"},{"link_name":"Carex planiculmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_planiculmis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex planilamina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_planilamina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex planiscapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_planiscapa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex planispicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_planispicata"},{"link_name":"Carex planostachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_planostachys"},{"link_name":"Carex plantaginea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_plantaginea"},{"link_name":"Carex platyphylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_platyphylla"},{"link_name":"Carex platysperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_platysperma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex plectobasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_plectobasis"},{"link_name":"Carex plectocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_plectocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pleioneura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pleioneura"},{"link_name":"Carex pleiostachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pleiostachys"},{"link_name":"Carex pleurocaula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pleurocaula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × ploegii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_ploegii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × ploettneriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_ploettneriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pluriflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pluriflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex plurinervata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_plurinervata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex poculisquama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_poculisquama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex podocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_podocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex podogyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_podogyna"},{"link_name":"Carex poeppigii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_poeppigii"},{"link_name":"Carex poilanei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_poilanei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex polyantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_polyantha"},{"link_name":"Carex polycephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_polycephala"},{"link_name":"Carex polymascula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_polymascula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex polymorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_polymorpha"},{"link_name":"Carex polyphylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_polyphylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex polyschoena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_polyschoena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex polyschoenoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_polyschoenoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex polystachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_polystachya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex polysticha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_polysticha"},{"link_name":"Carex pontica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pontica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex popovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_popovii"},{"link_name":"Carex porrecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_porrecta"},{"link_name":"Carex potens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_potens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex potosina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_potosina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex praeceptorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_praeceptorum"},{"link_name":"Carex praeclara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_praeclara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex praecox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_praecox"},{"link_name":"Carex praegracilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_praegracilis"},{"link_name":"Carex praelonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_praelonga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × prahliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_prahliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex prainii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_prainii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex prairea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_prairea"},{"link_name":"Carex prasina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_prasina"},{"link_name":"Carex praticola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_praticola"},{"link_name":"Carex preissii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_preissii"},{"link_name":"Carex prescottiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_prescottiana"},{"link_name":"Carex preslii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_preslii"},{"link_name":"Carex pringlei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pringlei"},{"link_name":"Carex procumbens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_procumbens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex projecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_projecta"},{"link_name":"Carex × prolixa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_prolixa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex prolongata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_prolongata"},{"link_name":"Carex proposita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_proposita"},{"link_name":"Carex × prostii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_prostii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex provotii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_provotii"},{"link_name":"Carex proxima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_proxima"},{"link_name":"Carex pruinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pruinosa"},{"link_name":"Carex przewalskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_przewalskii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudoaperta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudoaperta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudoaphanolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudoaphanolepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudobicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pseudobicolor"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudobrizoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pseudobrizoides"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudochinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudochinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudocuraica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudocuraica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudocyperus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pseudocyperus"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudodahurica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudodahurica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudodispalata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudodispalata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudofoetida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudofoetida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudogammiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudogammiei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × pseudohelvola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_pseudohelvola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudohumilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudohumilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudohypochlora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudohypochlora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudolaticeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudolaticeps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudolaxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudolaxa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudoligulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudoligulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudololiacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudololiacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudomacloviana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pseudomacloviana"},{"link_name":"Carex × pseudomairei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_pseudomairei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudomitrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudomitrata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudophyllocephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudophyllocephala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudorufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudorufa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudosadoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudosadoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudospachiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudospachiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudosupina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudosupina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseudotristachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseudotristachya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × pseudovulpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_pseudovulpina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pseuduncinoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pseuduncinoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex psychrophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_psychrophila"},{"link_name":"Carex pterocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pterocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pterocaulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pterocaulos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex puberuliutriculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_puberuliutriculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pubigluma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pubigluma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pudica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pudica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pulchra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pulchra"},{"link_name":"Carex pulchrifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pulchrifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pulicaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pulicaris"},{"link_name":"Carex pumila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pumila"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex punctata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_punctata"},{"link_name":"Carex pungens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pungens"},{"link_name":"Carex punicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_punicea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex punicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_punicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex purdiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_purdiei"},{"link_name":"Carex purpleovaginalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_purpleovaginalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex purpurata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_purpurata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex purpureosquamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_purpureosquamata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex purpureovagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_purpureovagina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex purpureovaginata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_purpureovaginata"},{"link_name":"Carex purpurifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_purpurifera"},{"link_name":"Carex × putjatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_putjatini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pycnostachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pycnostachya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pygmaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pygmaea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex pyramidalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pyramidalis"},{"link_name":"Carex pyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_pyrenaica&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"P","text":"Carex pachamamae Jim.-Mejías & Reznicek\nCarex pachycarpa Mack.\nCarex pachygyna Franch. & Sav.\nCarex pachyneura Kitag.\nCarex pachystachya Cham. ex Steud.\nCarex pachystylis J.Gay\nCarex × paczoskii Zapał.\nCarex paeninsulae Naczi, E.L.Bridges & Orzell\nCarex pairae F.W.Schultz\nCarex palawanensis Kük.\nCarex paleacea Schreb. ex Wahlenb.\nCarex pallescens L.\nCarex pallidula Harmaja\nCarex × paludivagans W.H.Drury\nCarex pamirensis C.B.Clarke\nCarex pandanophylla C.B.Clarke\nCarex panduranganii Kalidass\nCarex paneroi Reznicek & S.González\nCarex panicea L.\nCarex paniculata L.\nCarex panormitana Guss.\nCarex pansa L.H.Bailey\nCarex papillosissima Nelmes\nCarex × paponii Muret ex T.Durand & Pittier\nCarex papualpina K.L.Wilson\nCarex papulosa Boott\nCarex paracheniana X.F.Jin, D.A.Simpson & C.Z.Zheng\nCarex paracuraica F.T.Wang & Y.L.Chang ex S.Yun Liang\nCarex parallela (Laest.) Sommerf.\nCarex paramjitii (Jana, Noltie, R.C.Srivast. & A.Mukh.) O.Yano\nCarex pararadicalis X.F.Jin & J.M.Cen\nCarex paratatsiensis Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin\nCarex parciflora Boott\nCarex × parentii Jac.Koopman, Beusekom & Więcław\nCarex parryana Dewey\nCarex parva Nees\nCarex parviflora Host\nCarex parvigluma C.B.Clarke\nCarex parvirufa Luceño & Márq.-Corro\nCarex parvispica K.A.Ford\nCarex parvula O.Yano\nCarex patagonica Speg.\nCarex × patuensis Lepage\nCarex pauciflora Lightf. – few-flower sedge[3]\nCarex paui Sennen\nCarex × pauliana F.W.Schultz\nCarex × paulii Asch. & Graebn.\nCarex paulo-vargasii Luceño & Marín\nCarex paxii Kük. – Pax's sedge[3]\nCarex × payettei J.Cay.\nCarex paysonis Clokey\nCarex peckii Howe\nCarex pedicularis Jim.Mejías & Naczi\nCarex pediformis C.A.Mey. – wide-leaf low sedge[3]\nCarex pedunculata Muhl. ex Willd.\nCarex peichuniana S.R.Zhang\nCarex peiktusani Kom. – Baekdu sedge[3]\nCarex peliosanthifolia F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li\nCarex pellita Muhl. ex Willd.\nCarex pelocarpa F.J.Herm.\nCarex penalpina K.A.Ford\nCarex pendula Huds.\nCarex penduliformis Cherm.\nCarex pengii X.F.Jin & C.Z.Zheng\nCarex pensylvanica Lam.\nCarex perakensis C.B.Clarke\nCarex percostata F.J.Herm.\nCarex perdensa (Kukkonen) Luceño & Martín-Bravo\nCarex perdentata S.D.Jones\nCarex peregrina Link\nCarex perglobosa Mack.\nCarex pergracilis Nelmes\nCarex perlonga Fernald\nCarex perplexa (Heenan & de Lange) K.A.Ford\nCarex perprava C.B.Clarke\nCarex perraudieriana (Kük. ex Bornm.) Gay ex Kük.\nCarex × persalina Lepage\nCarex persistens Ohwi\nCarex pertenuis L.H.Bailey\nCarex peruviana J.Presl & C.Presl\nCarex petasata Dewey\nCarex petelotii Gross\nCarex petitiana A.Rich.\nCarex petricosa Dewey\nCarex petriei Cheeseman\nCarex peucophila Holm\nCarex phacota Spreng. – lentoid sedge[3]\nCarex phaenocarpa Franch.\nCarex phaeocephala Piper\nCarex phaeodon T.Koyama\nCarex phaeothrix Ohwi – brown-spike sedge[3]\nCarex phalaroides Kunth\nCarex phankei N.K.Khoi\nCarex phleoides Cav.\nCarex phoenicis Dunn\nCarex phragmitoides Kük.\nCarex phyllocaula Nelmes\nCarex phyllocephala T.Koyama\nCarex phylloscirpoides Saldivia, S.Gebauer, Martín-Bravo & Jim.Mejías\nCarex phyllostachys C.A.Mey.\nCarex × physocarpoides Lepage\nCarex physodes M.Bieb.\nCarex pichinchensis Kunth\nCarex picta Steud.\nCarex pigra Naczi\nCarex pilosa Scop. – pilose-leaf sedge[3]\nCarex × pilosiuscula Gobi\nCarex pilulifera L.\nCarex pingleensis Z.C.Lu, Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin\nCarex pinophila Reznicek & S.González\nCarex pisanoi G.A.Wheeler\nCarex pisiformis Boott – thread sedge, Sakhalin mitra sedge, alternate-flower thread sedge[3]\nCarex pityophila Mack.\nCarex planata Franch. & Sav.\nCarex planiculmis Kom. – shady mucronate sedge[3]\nCarex planilamina Reznicek & S.González\nCarex planiscapa Chun & F.C.How\nCarex planispicata Naczi\nCarex planostachys Kunze\nCarex plantaginea Lam.\nCarex platyphylla J.Carey\nCarex platysperma Y.L.Chang & Y.L.Yang\nCarex plectobasis V.I.Krecz.\nCarex plectocarpa F.J.Herm.\nCarex pleioneura G.A.Wheeler\nCarex pleiostachys C.B.Clarke\nCarex pleurocaula Nelmes\nCarex × ploegii Jac.Koopman\nCarex × ploettneriana Beyer\nCarex pluriflora Hultén\nCarex plurinervata J.R.Starr\nCarex poculisquama Kük. – bowl-shape-scale sedge[3]\nCarex podocarpa R.Br.\nCarex podogyna Franch. & Sav.\nCarex poeppigii C.B.Clarke ex G.A.Wheeler\nCarex poilanei Raymond\nCarex polyantha F.Muell.\nCarex polycephala Boott\nCarex polymascula P.C.Li\nCarex polymorpha Muhl.\nCarex polyphylla Kar. & Kir.\nCarex polyschoena H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex polyschoenoides K.T.Fu\nCarex polystachya Sw. ex Wahlenb.\nCarex polysticha Boeckeler\nCarex pontica Albov\nCarex popovii V.I.Krecz.\nCarex porrecta Reznicek & Camelb.\nCarex potens K.A.Ford\nCarex potosina Hemsl.\nCarex praeceptorum Mack.\nCarex praeclara Nelmes\nCarex praecox Schreb.\nCarex praegracilis W.Boott\nCarex praelonga C.B.Clarke\nCarex × prahliana Junge\nCarex prainii Kük.\nCarex prairea Dewey ex Alph.Wood\nCarex prasina Wahlenb.\nCarex praticola Rydb.\nCarex preissii Nees\nCarex prescottiana Boott\nCarex preslii Steud.\nCarex pringlei L.H.Bailey\nCarex procumbens H.B.Yang, Xiao X.Li & G.D.Liu\nCarex projecta Mack.\nCarex × prolixa Fr.\nCarex prolongata Kük.\nCarex proposita Mack.\nCarex × prostii Chass. ex P.Fourn.\nCarex provotii Franch.\nCarex proxima Cherm.\nCarex pruinosa Boott\nCarex przewalskii T.V.Egorova\nCarex pseudoaperta Boeckeler ex Kük.\nCarex pseudoaphanolepis Ohwi\nCarex pseudobicolor Boeckeler\nCarex pseudobrizoides Clavaud\nCarex pseudochinensis H.Lév. & Vaniot – false Chinese sedge[3]\nCarex pseudocuraica F.Schmidt – creeper-like sedge[3]\nCarex pseudocyperus L.\nCarex pseudodahurica A.P.Khokhr.\nCarex pseudodispalata K.T.Fu\nCarex pseudofoetida Kük.\nCarex pseudogammiei S.R.Zhang\nCarex × pseudohelvola Kihlm.\nCarex pseudohumilis F.T.Wang & Y.L.Chang ex P.C.Li\nCarex pseudohypochlora Y.L.Chang & Y.L.Yang\nCarex pseudolaticeps Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang\nCarex pseudolaxa (C.B.Clarke) O.Yano & S.R.Zhang\nCarex pseudoligulata L.K.Dai\nCarex pseudololiacea F.Schmidt\nCarex pseudomacloviana G.A.Wheeler\nCarex × pseudomairei E.G.Camus\nCarex pseudomitrata X.F.Jin & J.M.Cen\nCarex pseudophyllocephala L.K.Dai\nCarex pseudorufa Luceño & Martín-Bravo\nCarex pseudosadoensis Akiyama\nCarex pseudospachiana H.Lév. & Vaniot\nCarex pseudosupina Y.C.Tang ex L.K.Dai\nCarex pseudotristachya X.F.Jin & C.Z.Zheng\nCarex × pseudovulpina K.Richt.\nCarex pseuduncinoides (Noltie) O.Yano & S.R.Zhang\nCarex psychrophila Nees\nCarex pterocarpa Petrie\nCarex pterocaulos Nelmes\nCarex puberuliutriculata Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin\nCarex pubigluma Reznicek\nCarex pudica Honda\nCarex pulchra Boott\nCarex pulchrifolia A.E.Kozhevn.\nCarex pulicaris L.\nCarex pumila Thunb. – dwarf sand sedge[3]\nCarex punctata Gaudin\nCarex pungens Boeckeler\nCarex punicea K.A.Ford\nCarex punicola D.B.Poind., Jim.Mejías & M.Escudero\nCarex purdiei Boott\nCarex purpleovaginalis Q.S.Wang\nCarex purpurata (Petrie) K.A.Ford\nCarex purpureosquamata L.K.Dai\nCarex purpureovagina F.T.Wang & Y.L.Chang ex S.Yun Liang\nCarex purpureovaginata Boeckeler\nCarex purpurifera Mack.\nCarex × putjatini Kom.\nCarex pycnostachya Kar. & Kir.\nCarex pygmaea Boeckeler\nCarex pyramidalis Kük.\nCarex pyrenaica Wahlenb.","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex qinghaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_qinghaiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex qingliangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_qingliangensis"},{"link_name":"Carex qingyangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_qingyangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex qiyunensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_qiyunensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex quadriflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_quadriflora"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex × quebecensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_quebecensis"},{"link_name":"Carex queretarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_queretarensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex quichensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_quichensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex quinquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_quinquin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × quirponensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_quirponensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex quixotiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_quixotiana&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Q","text":"Carex qinghaiensis Y.C.Yang\nCarex qingliangensis D.M.Weng, H.W.Zhang & S.F.Xu\nCarex qingyangensis S.W.Su & S.M.Xu\nCarex qiyunensis S.W.Su & S.M.Xu\nCarex quadriflora (Kük.) Ohwi – four-flower sedge[3]\nCarex × quebecensis Lepage\nCarex queretarensis Reznicek & S.González\nCarex quichensis F.J.Herm.\nCarex quinquin Jim.Mejías & Dorr\nCarex × quirponensis Fernald\nCarex quixotiana Ben.Benítez, Martín-Bravo, Luceño & Jim.Mejías","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex × raciborskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_raciborskii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex raddei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_raddei"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex radfordii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_radfordii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex radiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_radiata"},{"link_name":"Carex radicalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_radicalis"},{"link_name":"Carex radicalispicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_radicalispicula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex radiciflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_radiciflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex radicina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_radicina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rafflesiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rafflesiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rainbowii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rainbowii"},{"link_name":"Carex raleighii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_raleighii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ramenskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ramenskii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ramentaceofructus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ramentaceofructus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ramosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ramosa"},{"link_name":"Carex ramosii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ramosii"},{"link_name":"Carex randalpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_randalpina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex raoulii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_raoulii"},{"link_name":"Carex rapaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rapaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex raphidocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_raphidocarpa"},{"link_name":"Carex rara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rara"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex rariflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rariflora"},{"link_name":"Carex ratongensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ratongensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex raynoldsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_raynoldsii"},{"link_name":"Carex rcsrivastavae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rcsrivastavae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex recta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_recta"},{"link_name":"Carex × reducta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_reducta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex regeliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_regeliana"},{"link_name":"Carex regnelliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_regnelliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex reicheana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_reicheana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex reichei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_reichei"},{"link_name":"Carex × reichgeltii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_reichgeltii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex reinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_reinii"},{"link_name":"Carex relaxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_relaxa"},{"link_name":"Carex remota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_remota"},{"link_name":"Carex remotistachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_remotistachya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex remotiuscula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_remotiuscula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex renauldii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_renauldii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex reniformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_reniformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex renschiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_renschiana"},{"link_name":"Carex repanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_repanda"},{"link_name":"Carex repens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_repens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex reptabunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_reptabunda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex resectans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_resectans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex retroflexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_retroflexa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex retrofracta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_retrofracta"},{"link_name":"Carex retrorsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_retrorsa"},{"link_name":"Carex reuteriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_reuteriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex revoluta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_revoluta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex reznicekii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_reznicekii"},{"link_name":"Carex rhizina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rhizina"},{"link_name":"Carex rhizopoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rhizopoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rhodesiaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rhodesiaca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rhomalea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rhomalea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rhombifructus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rhombifructus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rhynchachaenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rhynchachaenium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rhynchoperigynium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rhynchoperigynium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rhynchophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rhynchophora"},{"link_name":"Carex richardsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_richardsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ridongensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ridongensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × rieseana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_rieseana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rigidioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rigidioides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × rikuchiuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_rikuchiuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex riloensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_riloensis"},{"link_name":"Carex riparia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_riparia"},{"link_name":"Carex rivulorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rivulorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex roalsoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_roalsoniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex roanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_roanensis"},{"link_name":"Carex rochebrunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rochebrunei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rongkupiorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rongkupiorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex roraimensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_roraimensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rorulenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rorulenta"},{"link_name":"Carex rosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rosea"},{"link_name":"Carex × rossiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_rossiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rossii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rossii"},{"link_name":"Carex rostellifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rostellifera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rostrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rostrata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex × rotae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_rotae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rotundata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rotundata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex rouyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rouyana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rubicunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rubicunda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rubrobrunnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rubrobrunnea"},{"link_name":"Carex × rubrovaginata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_rubrovaginata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × ruedtii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_ruedtii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rufina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rufina"},{"link_name":"Carex rufulistolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rufulistolon"},{"link_name":"Carex rugata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rugata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rugulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rugulosa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex runssoroensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_runssoroensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rupestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rupestris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex rupicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rupicola"},{"link_name":"Carex ruralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ruralis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex rutenbergiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rutenbergiana"},{"link_name":"Carex ruthii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ruthii"},{"link_name":"Carex ruthsatziae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ruthsatziae"},{"link_name":"Carex rzedowskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rzedowskii&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"R","text":"Carex × raciborskii Zapał.\nCarex raddei Kük. – Radde's sedge[3]\nCarex radfordii Gaddy\nCarex radiata (Wahlenb.) Small\nCarex radicalis Boott\nCarex radicalispicula Tang & F.T.Wang ex Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin\nCarex radiciflora Dunn\nCarex radicina Z.P.Wang\nCarex rafflesiana Boott\nCarex rainbowii Luceño, Jim.Mejías, M.Escudero & Martín-Bravo\nCarex raleighii Nelmes\nCarex ramenskii Kom.\nCarex ramentaceofructus K.T.Fu\nCarex ramosa Willd.\nCarex ramosii Kük.\nCarex randalpina B.Walln.\nCarex raoulii Boott\nCarex rapaensis (H.St.John) K.L.Wilson\nCarex raphidocarpa Nees\nCarex rara Boott – pine-leaf sedge[3]\nCarex rariflora (Wahlenb.) Sm.\nCarex ratongensis (C.B.Clarke) C.B.Clarke\nCarex raynoldsii Dewey\nCarex rcsrivastavae (Jana) Roalson\nCarex recta Boott\nCarex × reducta Drejer\nCarex regeliana (Kük.) Litv.\nCarex regnelliana Boeckeler\nCarex reicheana Boeckeler\nCarex reichei Kük.\nCarex × reichgeltii Jac.Koopman, Wieclaw & Waltje\nCarex reinii Franch. & Sav.\nCarex relaxa V.I.Krecz.\nCarex remota L.\nCarex remotistachya Y.Y.Zhou & X.F.Jin\nCarex remotiuscula Wahlenb. – minute-gibbous sedge[3]\nCarex renauldii H.Lév.\nCarex reniformis (L.H.Bailey) Small\nCarex renschiana Boeckeler\nCarex repanda C.B.Clarke\nCarex repens Bellardi\nCarex reptabunda (Trautv.) V.I.Krecz.\nCarex resectans Cheeseman\nCarex retroflexa Muhl. ex Willd.\nCarex retrofracta Kük.\nCarex retrorsa Schwein.\nCarex reuteriana Boiss.\nCarex revoluta Reznicek & S.González\nCarex reznicekii Werier\nCarex rhizina Blytt ex Lindblom\nCarex rhizopoda Maxim.\nCarex rhodesiaca Nelmes\nCarex rhomalea (Fernald) Mack.\nCarex rhombifructus Ohwi\nCarex rhynchachaenium C.B.Clarke\nCarex rhynchoperigynium S.D.Jones & Reznicek\nCarex rhynchophora Franch.\nCarex richardsonii R.Br.\nCarex ridongensis P.C.Li\nCarex × rieseana Figert\nCarex rigidioides (Gorodkov) V.I.Krecz.\nCarex × rikuchiuensis Akiyama\nCarex riloensis Stoeva & E.D.Popova\nCarex riparia Curtis\nCarex rivulorum Dunn\nCarex roalsoniana Jim.Mejías & M.Escudero\nCarex roanensis F.J.Herm.\nCarex rochebrunei Franch. & Sav.\nCarex rongkupiorum Sameer Patil\nCarex roraimensis Steyerm.\nCarex rorulenta Porta\nCarex rosea Willd.\nCarex × rossiana Degen\nCarex rossii Boott\nCarex rostellifera Y.L.Chang & Y.L.Yang\nCarex rostrata Stokes – beak sedge[3]\nCarex × rotae De Not.\nCarex rotundata Wahlenb. – round sedge[3]\nCarex rouyana Franch.\nCarex rubicunda Petrie\nCarex rubrobrunnea C.B.Clarke\nCarex × rubrovaginata (Hamlin) K.A.Ford\nCarex × ruedtii Kneuck.\nCarex rufina Drejer\nCarex rufulistolon T.Koyama\nCarex rugata Ohwi\nCarex rugulosa Kük. – thick-nerve sedge[3]\nCarex runssoroensis K.Schum.\nCarex rupestris All. – curly sedge[3]\nCarex rupicola (Pedersen) G.A.Wheeler\nCarex ruralis J.Oda & Nagam.\nCarex rutenbergiana Boeckeler\nCarex ruthii Mack.\nCarex ruthsatziae G.A.Wheeler\nCarex rzedowskii Reznicek & S.González","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex × saamica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_saamica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sabulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sabulosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sabynensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sabynensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sacerdotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sacerdotis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sachalinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sachalinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sacrosancta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sacrosancta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sadoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sadoensis"},{"link_name":"Carex sagaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sagaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sagei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sagei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sahnii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sahnii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sajanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sajanensis"},{"link_name":"Carex × sakaguchii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_sakaguchii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex salina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_salina"},{"link_name":"Carex × salisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_salisiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex saltaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_saltaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex salticola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_salticola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sambiranensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sambiranensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex samoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_samoensis"},{"link_name":"Carex sampsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sampsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sanctae-marthae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sanctae-marthae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sanguinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sanguinea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × sanionis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_sanionis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sanjappae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sanjappae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sarawaketensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sarawaketensis"},{"link_name":"Carex × sardloqensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_sardloqensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sargentiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sargentiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sartwelliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sartwelliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sartwellii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sartwellii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex satakeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_satakeana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex satsumensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_satsumensis"},{"link_name":"Carex saxatilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_saxatilis"},{"link_name":"Carex × saxenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_saxenii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex saxicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_saxicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex saxilittoralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_saxilittoralis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex saximontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_saximontana"},{"link_name":"Carex scabrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_scabrata"},{"link_name":"Carex scabrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_scabrella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex scabrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_scabrida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex scabrifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_scabrifolia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex scabripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_scabripes"},{"link_name":"Carex scabrirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_scabrirostris"},{"link_name":"Carex scabrisacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_scabrisacca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex scabriuscula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_scabriuscula"},{"link_name":"Carex scaposa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_scaposa"},{"link_name":"Carex schaffneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_schaffneri"},{"link_name":"Carex × schallertii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_schallertii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × schatzii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_schatzii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex schiedeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_schiedeana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex schimperiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_schimperiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex schliebenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_schliebenii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex schmidtii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_schmidtii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex schneideri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_schneideri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex schottii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_schottii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × schuetzeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_schuetzeana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex schweickerdtii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_schweickerdtii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex schweinitzii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_schweinitzii"},{"link_name":"Carex sciocapensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sciocapensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex scirpoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_scirpoidea"},{"link_name":"Carex scita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_scita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex scitiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_scitiformis"},{"link_name":"Carex scitula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_scitula"},{"link_name":"Carex sclerocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sclerocarpa"},{"link_name":"Carex sclerophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sclerophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex scolopendriformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_scolopendriformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex scoparia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_scoparia"},{"link_name":"Carex scopulorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_scopulorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex scopulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_scopulus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex secalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_secalina"},{"link_name":"Carex secta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_secta"},{"link_name":"Carex sectoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sectoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sedakowii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sedakowii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex sellowiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sellowiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex semihyalofructa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_semihyalofructa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sempervirens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sempervirens"},{"link_name":"Carex senanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_senanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × senayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_senayana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sendaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sendaica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × sendtneriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_sendtneriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex senta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_senta"},{"link_name":"Carex seorsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_seorsa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex seposita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_seposita"},{"link_name":"Carex sequeirae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sequeirae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex serpenticola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_serpenticola"},{"link_name":"Carex serratodens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_serratodens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × serravalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_serravalensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex serreana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_serreana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex seticulmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_seticulmis"},{"link_name":"Carex setifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_setifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex setigera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_setigera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex setigluma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_setigluma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex setosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_setosa"},{"link_name":"Carex setschwanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_setschwanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex shaanxiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_shaanxiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × shakushizawaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_shakushizawaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex shandanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_shandanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex shanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_shanensis"},{"link_name":"Carex shangchengensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_shangchengensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex shanghangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_shanghangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sheldonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sheldonii"},{"link_name":"Carex shimidzensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_shimidzensis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex × shinanoana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_shinanoana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex shinnersii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_shinnersii"},{"link_name":"Carex shiriyajirensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_shiriyajirensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex shortiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_shortiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex shuangbaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_shuangbaiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex shuchengensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_shuchengensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex siamensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_siamensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex siccata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_siccata"},{"link_name":"Carex sichouensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sichouensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex siderosticta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_siderosticta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex siguanabae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_siguanabae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sikokiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sikokiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex silicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_silicea"},{"link_name":"Carex silvestrii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_silvestrii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex silvestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_silvestris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex simensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_simensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex simpliciuscula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_simpliciuscula"},{"link_name":"Carex simulans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_simulans"},{"link_name":"Carex simulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_simulata"},{"link_name":"Carex sinclairii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sinclairii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sinoaristata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sinoaristata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sinodissitiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sinodissitiflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sinosupina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sinosupina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex siroumensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_siroumensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex skottsbergiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_skottsbergiana"},{"link_name":"Carex socialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_socialis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sociata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sociata"},{"link_name":"Carex socotrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_socotrana"},{"link_name":"Carex sodiroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sodiroi"},{"link_name":"Carex × soerensenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_soerensenii"},{"link_name":"Carex sohayakiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sohayakiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex solandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_solandri"},{"link_name":"Carex songorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_songorica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × sooi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_sooi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sordida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sordida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex sorianoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sorianoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sororia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sororia"},{"link_name":"Carex spachiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_spachiana"},{"link_name":"Carex sparganioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sparganioides"},{"link_name":"Carex sparsinux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sparsinux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex spartea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_spartea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex specifica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_specifica"},{"link_name":"Carex speciosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_speciosa"},{"link_name":"Carex spectabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_spectabilis"},{"link_name":"Carex specuicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_specuicola"},{"link_name":"Carex sphaerogyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sphaerogyna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex spicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_spicata"},{"link_name":"Carex spicatopaniculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_spicatopaniculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex spicigera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_spicigera"},{"link_name":"Carex × spiculosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_spiculosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex spilocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_spilocarpa"},{"link_name":"Carex spinirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_spinirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex spissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_spissa"},{"link_name":"Carex splendentissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_splendentissima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sprengelii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sprengelii"},{"link_name":"Carex squamiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_squamiformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × squamigera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_squamigera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex squarrosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_squarrosa"},{"link_name":"Carex standleyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_standleyana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex stenantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_stenantha"},{"link_name":"Carex stenocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_stenocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex stenophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_stenophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex stenoptila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_stenoptila"},{"link_name":"Carex stenostachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_stenostachys"},{"link_name":"Carex sterilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sterilis"},{"link_name":"Carex steudneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_steudneri"},{"link_name":"Carex stevenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_stevenii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex steyermarkii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_steyermarkii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex stipata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_stipata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex stiphrogyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_stiphrogyne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex stipitinux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_stipitinux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex stipitiutriculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_stipitiutriculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex stokesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_stokesii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex stracheyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_stracheyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex stramentitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_stramentitia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex straminea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_straminea"},{"link_name":"Carex straminiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_straminiformis"},{"link_name":"Carex streptorrhampha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_streptorrhampha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex striata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_striata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex striatula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_striatula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex stricta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_stricta"},{"link_name":"Carex × stricticulmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_stricticulmis"},{"link_name":"Carex × strictiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_strictiformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex strictissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_strictissima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex strigosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_strigosa"},{"link_name":"Carex × strigosula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_strigosula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex stuessyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_stuessyi"},{"link_name":"Carex × stygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_stygia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex styloflexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_styloflexa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex stylosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_stylosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex subandrogyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subandrogyna"},{"link_name":"Carex subantarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subantarctica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex subbracteata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subbracteata"},{"link_name":"Carex subcapitata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subcapitata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex subcernua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subcernua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × subcostata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_subcostata"},{"link_name":"Carex subdivulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subdivulsa"},{"link_name":"Carex subdola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subdola"},{"link_name":"Carex suberecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_suberecta"},{"link_name":"Carex subfilicinoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subfilicinoides"},{"link_name":"Carex subfuegiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subfuegiana"},{"link_name":"Carex subfusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subfusca"},{"link_name":"Carex subglabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subglabra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × subimpressa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_subimpressa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex subinclinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subinclinata"},{"link_name":"Carex subinflata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subinflata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex submollicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_submollicula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex subnigricans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subnigricans"},{"link_name":"Carex × subpaleacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_subpaleacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × subpatula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_subpatula"},{"link_name":"Carex subperakensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subperakensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex subphysodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subphysodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex subpumila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subpumila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × subrecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_subrecta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × subreducta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_subreducta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex subremota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subremota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex subsacculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subsacculata"},{"link_name":"Carex subscabrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subscabrella"},{"link_name":"Carex subspathacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subspathacea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex subtilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subtilis"},{"link_name":"Carex subtransversa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subtransversa"},{"link_name":"Carex subtrigona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subtrigona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex subtumida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subtumida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex subumbellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subumbellata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex subviridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subviridis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × subviridula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_subviridula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex suifunensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_suifunensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex × sullivantii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_sullivantii"},{"link_name":"Carex × sumikawaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_sumikawaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex superata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_superata"},{"link_name":"Carex supina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_supina"},{"link_name":"Carex sutchuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sutchuensis"},{"link_name":"Carex × suziella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_suziella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex swanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_swanii"},{"link_name":"Carex sychnocephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_sychnocephala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex sylvatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_sylvatica"},{"link_name":"Carex × sylvenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_sylvenii"}],"sub_title":"S","text":"Carex × saamica A.T.M.Pedersen & Elven\nCarex sabulosa Turcz. ex Kunth\nCarex sabynensis Less. ex Kunth\nCarex sacerdotis Nelmes\nCarex sachalinensis F.Schmidt\nCarex sacrosancta Honda\nCarex sadoensis Franch.\nCarex sagaensis Y.C.Yang\nCarex sagei Phil.\nCarex sahnii Ghildyal & U.C.Bhattach.\nCarex sajanensis V.I.Krecz.\nCarex × sakaguchii Ohwi\nCarex salina Wahlenb.\nCarex × salisiana Brügger\nCarex saltaensis Gross\nCarex salticola J.R.Starr\nCarex sambiranensis (H.Lév.) Cherm.\nCarex samoensis Boeckeler\nCarex sampsonii Hance\nCarex sanctae-marthae L.E.Mora & J.O.Rangel\nCarex sanguinea Boott\nCarex × sanionis K.Richt.\nCarex sanjappae Bhaumik & M.K.Pathak\nCarex sarawaketensis Kük.\nCarex × sardloqensis E.Dahl\nCarex sargentiana (Hemsl.) S.R.Zhang\nCarex sartwelliana Olney\nCarex sartwellii Dewey\nCarex satakeana T.Koyama\nCarex satsumensis Franch. & Sav.\nCarex saxatilis L.\nCarex × saxenii Raymond\nCarex saxicola Tang & F.T.Wang\nCarex saxilittoralis A.Robertson\nCarex saximontana Mack.\nCarex scabrata Schwein.\nCarex scabrella Wahlenb.\nCarex scabrida J.R.Starr\nCarex scabrifolia Steud. – scabrous-leaf sedge[3]\nCarex scabripes Cherm.\nCarex scabrirostris Kük.\nCarex scabrisacca Ohwi & Ryu\nCarex scabriuscula Mack.\nCarex scaposa C.B.Clarke\nCarex schaffneri Boeckeler\nCarex × schallertii Murr\nCarex × schatzii Kneuck.\nCarex schiedeana Kunze\nCarex schimperiana Boeckeler\nCarex schliebenii Podlech\nCarex schmidtii Meinsh. – Schmidt's sedge[3]\nCarex schneideri Nelmes\nCarex schottii Dewey\nCarex × schuetzeana Figert\nCarex schweickerdtii (Merxm. & Podlech) Luceño & Martín-Bravo\nCarex schweinitzii Dewey ex Schwein.\nCarex sciocapensis Luceño, Márq.-Corro & Sánchez-Villegas\nCarex scirpoidea Michx.\nCarex scita Maxim.\nCarex scitiformis Kük.\nCarex scitula Boott\nCarex sclerocarpa Franch.\nCarex sclerophylla (Nelmes) K.L.Wilson\nCarex scolopendriformis F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li\nCarex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd.\nCarex scopulorum Holm\nCarex scopulus X.F.Jin & W.Jie Chen\nCarex secalina Willd. ex Wahlenb.\nCarex secta Boott\nCarex sectoides (Kük.) Edgar\nCarex sedakowii C.A.Mey. ex Meinsh. – Sedakov's sedge[3]\nCarex sellowiana Schltdl.\nCarex semihyalofructa Tak.Shimizu\nCarex sempervirens Vill.\nCarex senanensis Ohwi\nCarex × senayana Soó\nCarex sendaica Franch.\nCarex × sendtneriana Brügger\nCarex senta Boott\nCarex seorsa Howe\nCarex seposita C.B.Clarke\nCarex sequeirae Míguez, Jim.Mejías, Ben.Benítez & Martín-Bravo\nCarex serpenticola Zika\nCarex serratodens S.Watson\nCarex × serravalensis Beauverd\nCarex serreana Hand.-Mazz.\nCarex seticulmis Boeckeler\nCarex setifolia Kunze\nCarex setigera D.Don\nCarex setigluma Reznicek & S.González\nCarex setosa Boott\nCarex setschwanensis (Hand.-Mazz.) S.R.Zhang\nCarex shaanxiensis F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li\nCarex × shakushizawaensis Akiyama\nCarex shandanica Y.C.Yang\nCarex shanensis C.B.Clarke\nCarex shangchengensis S.Yun Liang\nCarex shanghangensis S.Yun Liang\nCarex sheldonii Mack.\nCarex shimidzensis Franch. – long-tail-spike sedge[3]\nCarex × shinanoana Nakai ex Aliyama\nCarex shinnersii P.Rothr. & Reznicek\nCarex shiriyajirensis Akiyama ex Tatew.\nCarex shortiana Dewey & Torr.\nCarex shuangbaiensis L.K.Dai\nCarex shuchengensis S.W.Su & Q.Zhang\nCarex siamensis (Ohwi) S.R.Zhang\nCarex siccata Dewey\nCarex sichouensis P.C.Li\nCarex siderosticta Hance – creeping broad-leaf sedge[3]\nCarex siguanabae Jim.Mejías, Acedo, Reznicek & Lois\nCarex sikokiana Franch. & Sav.\nCarex silicea Olney\nCarex silvestrii Pamp.\nCarex silvestris (Hamlin) K.A.Ford\nCarex simensis Hochst. ex A.Rich.\nCarex simpliciuscula Wahlenb.\nCarex simulans C.B.Clarke\nCarex simulata Mack.\nCarex sinclairii Boott ex Cheeseman\nCarex sinoaristata Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai\nCarex sinodissitiflora Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai\nCarex sinosupina Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin\nCarex siroumensis Koidz. – potae sedge[3]\nCarex skottsbergiana Kük.\nCarex socialis Mohlenbr. & Schwegman\nCarex sociata Boott\nCarex socotrana Repka & P.Madera\nCarex sodiroi Kük.\nCarex × soerensenii Lepage\nCarex sohayakiensis K.T.Takah. & M.N.Tamura\nCarex solandri Boott\nCarex songorica Kar. & Kir.\nCarex × sooi Jakucs\nCarex sordida Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. – short forest-live sedge[3]\nCarex sorianoi Barros\nCarex sororia Kunth\nCarex spachiana Boott\nCarex sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd.\nCarex sparsinux C.B.Clarke ex Franch.\nCarex spartea Wahlenb.\nCarex specifica L.H.Bailey\nCarex speciosa Kunth\nCarex spectabilis Dewey\nCarex specuicola J.T.Howell\nCarex sphaerogyna Baker\nCarex spicata Huds.\nCarex spicatopaniculata Boeckeler ex C.B.Clarke\nCarex spicigera Nees\nCarex × spiculosa Fr.\nCarex spilocarpa Steud.\nCarex spinirostris Colenso\nCarex spissa L.H.Bailey ex Hemsl.\nCarex splendentissima U.Kang & J.Chung\nCarex sprengelii Dewey ex Spreng.\nCarex squamiformis (Y.C.Yang) S.R.Zhang\nCarex × squamigera V.I.Krecz. & Luchnik\nCarex squarrosa L.\nCarex standleyana Steyerm.\nCarex stenantha Franch. & Sav.\nCarex stenocarpa Turcz. ex V.I.Krecz.\nCarex stenophylla Wahlenb.\nCarex stenoptila F.J.Herm.\nCarex stenostachys Franch. & Sav.\nCarex sterilis Willd.\nCarex steudneri Boeckeler\nCarex stevenii (Holm) Kalela\nCarex steyermarkii Standl.\nCarex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. – awl-fruit sedge[3]\nCarex stiphrogyne Gilli\nCarex stipitinux C.B.Clarke ex Franch.\nCarex stipitiutriculata P.C.Li\nCarex stokesii F.Br.\nCarex stracheyi Boott ex C.B.Clarke\nCarex stramentitia Boott ex Boeckeler\nCarex straminea Willd. ex Schkuhr\nCarex straminiformis L.H.Bailey\nCarex streptorrhampha Nelmes\nCarex striata Michx.\nCarex striatula Michx.\nCarex stricta Lam.\nCarex × stricticulmis Holmb.\nCarex × strictiformis Almq.\nCarex strictissima (Kük.) K.A.Ford\nCarex strigosa Huds.\nCarex × strigosula Chatenier\nCarex stuessyi G.A.Wheeler\nCarex × stygia Fr.\nCarex styloflexa Buckley\nCarex stylosa C.A.Mey.\nCarex subandrogyna G.A.Wheeler & Guagl.\nCarex subantarctica Speg.\nCarex subbracteata Mack.\nCarex subcapitata X.F.Jin, C.Z.Zheng & B.Y.Ding\nCarex subcernua Ohwi\nCarex × subcostata Holmb.\nCarex subdivulsa (Kük.) G.A.Wheeler\nCarex subdola Boott\nCarex suberecta (Olney) Britton\nCarex subfilicinoides Kük.\nCarex subfuegiana G.A.Wheeler\nCarex subfusca W.Boott\nCarex subglabra (X.F.Jin & C.Z.Zheng) X.F.Jin & Y.F.Lu\nCarex × subimpressa Clokey\nCarex subinclinata T.Koyama\nCarex subinflata Nelmes\nCarex submollicula Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai\nCarex subnigricans Stacey\nCarex × subpaleacea J.Cay.\nCarex × subpatula Holmb.\nCarex subperakensis L.K.Ling & Y.Z.Huang\nCarex subphysodes Popov ex V.I.Krecz.\nCarex subpumila Tang & F.T.Wang ex L.K.Dai\nCarex × subrecta J.Cay.\nCarex × subreducta Lepage\nCarex subremota Charit.\nCarex subsacculata (G.A.Wheeler & Goetgh.) J.R.Starr\nCarex subscabrella Kük.\nCarex subspathacea Wormsk. ex Hornem. – Hoppner's sedge[3]\nCarex subtilis K.A.Ford\nCarex subtransversa C.B.Clarke\nCarex subtrigona (Nelmes) K.L.Wilson\nCarex subtumida (Kük.) Ohwi\nCarex subumbellata Meinsh. – subumbellate sedge[3]\nCarex subviridis K.A.Ford\nCarex × subviridula Fernald\nCarex suifunensis Kom. – narrow-scale sedge[3]\nCarex × sullivantii Boott\nCarex × sumikawaensis Fujiw. & Y.Matsuda\nCarex superata Naczi, Reznicek & B.A.Ford\nCarex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb.\nCarex sutchuensis Franch.\nCarex × suziella Podp.\nCarex swanii (Fernald) Mack.\nCarex sychnocephala J.Carey\nCarex sylvatica Huds.\nCarex × sylvenii Holmb.","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex tabatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tabatae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tachirensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tachirensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tahitensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tahitensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tahoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tahoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex taihuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_taihuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × takhtadjanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_takhtadjanii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × takoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_takoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex talbotii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_talbotii"},{"link_name":"Carex taldycola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_taldycola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tamakii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tamakii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tamana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tangiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tangiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tangii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tangii"},{"link_name":"Carex tangulashanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tangulashanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tapintzensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tapintzensis"},{"link_name":"Carex taprobanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_taprobanensis"},{"link_name":"Carex tashiroana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tashiroana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tasmanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tasmanica"},{"link_name":"Carex tatjanae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tatjanae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tatsiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tatsiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tavoyensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tavoyensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tegulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tegulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex tehuacana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tehuacana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex teinogyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_teinogyna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex temnolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_temnolepis"},{"link_name":"Carex tenax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tenax"},{"link_name":"Carex × tenebricans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_tenebricans"},{"link_name":"Carex tenebrosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tenebrosa"},{"link_name":"Carex tenejapensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tenejapensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × tenelliformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_tenelliformis"},{"link_name":"Carex tenera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tenera"},{"link_name":"Carex tenuiculmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tenuiculmis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tenuiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tenuiflora"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex tenuiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tenuiformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex tenuinervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tenuinervis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tenuior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tenuior&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tenuipaniculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tenuipaniculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tenuispicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tenuispicula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex teres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_teres"},{"link_name":"Carex tereticaulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tereticaulis"},{"link_name":"Carex × terschellingensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_terschellingensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex testacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_testacea"},{"link_name":"Carex tetanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tetanica"},{"link_name":"Carex tetrastachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tetrastachya"},{"link_name":"Carex tetsuoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tetsuoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex texensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_texensis"},{"link_name":"Carex thailandica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_thailandica"},{"link_name":"Carex thanikaimoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_thanikaimoniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × thermalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_thermalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex thibetica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_thibetica"},{"link_name":"Carex thinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_thinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex thomsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_thomsonii"},{"link_name":"Carex thornei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_thornei"},{"link_name":"Carex thouarsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_thouarsii"},{"link_name":"Carex thunbergii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_thunbergii"},{"link_name":"Carex thurberi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_thurberi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tianmushanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tianmushanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tianschanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tianschanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tibetikobresia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tibetikobresia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex timida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_timida"},{"link_name":"Carex × timmiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_timmiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tincta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tincta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tingnungii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tingnungii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex titovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_titovii"},{"link_name":"Carex × toezensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_toezensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tojquianensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tojquianensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tokarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tokarensis"},{"link_name":"Carex tokuii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tokuii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tolucensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tolucensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tomentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tomentosa"},{"link_name":"Carex tompkinsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tompkinsii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tonsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tonsa"},{"link_name":"Carex toreadora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_toreadora"},{"link_name":"Carex × torgesiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_torgesiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × tornabenei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_tornabenei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex toroensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_toroensis"},{"link_name":"Carex torreyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_torreyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex torta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_torta"},{"link_name":"Carex tovarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tovarensis"},{"link_name":"Carex townsendii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_townsendii"},{"link_name":"Carex toyoshimae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_toyoshimae"},{"link_name":"Carex trachycarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_trachycarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex traiziscana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_traiziscana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex transandina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_transandina"},{"link_name":"Carex transversa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_transversa"},{"link_name":"Carex trautvetteriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_trautvetteriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex traversii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_traversii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × treverica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_treverica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex triangula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_triangula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex triangularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_triangularis"},{"link_name":"Carex tribuloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tribuloides"},{"link_name":"Carex tricephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tricephala"},{"link_name":"Carex × trichina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_trichina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex trichocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_trichocarpa"},{"link_name":"Carex trichodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_trichodes"},{"link_name":"Carex tricholepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tricholepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex trichophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_trichophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tricolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tricolor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex trifida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_trifida"},{"link_name":"Carex trigonosperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_trigonosperma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex trinervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_trinervis"},{"link_name":"Carex triquetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_triquetra"},{"link_name":"Carex trisperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_trisperma"},{"link_name":"Carex tristachya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tristachya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex tristis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tristis"},{"link_name":"Carex trongii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_trongii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex troodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_troodi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex truncatigluma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_truncatigluma"},{"link_name":"Carex truncatirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_truncatirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tsaiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tsaiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tsaratananensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tsaratananensis"},{"link_name":"Carex tschonoskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tschonoskii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tsiangii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tsiangii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tsoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tsoi"},{"link_name":"Carex tsuishikarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tsuishikarensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tsukudensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tsukudensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tsushimensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tsushimensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tuberculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tuberculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tubulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tubulosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tuckermanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tuckermanii"},{"link_name":"Carex tumida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tumida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tumidula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tumidula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tuminensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tuminensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex tumulicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tumulicola"},{"link_name":"Carex tungfangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tungfangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tunicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tunicata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tunimanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_tunimanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex turbaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_turbaria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex turbinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_turbinata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × turfosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_turfosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex turgescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_turgescens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex turkestanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_turkestanica"},{"link_name":"Carex turrita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_turrita"},{"link_name":"Carex × turuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_turuli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex turumiquirensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_turumiquirensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex tweedieana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_tweedieana"},{"link_name":"Carex typhina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_typhina"}],"sub_title":"T","text":"Carex tabatae Katsuy.\nCarex tachirensis Steyerm.\nCarex tahitensis F.Br.\nCarex tahoensis Smiley\nCarex taihuensis S.W.Su & S.M.Xu\nCarex × takhtadjanii Jac.Koopman & Wieclaw\nCarex × takoensis Y.Endo & Yashiro\nCarex talbotii Kottaim.\nCarex taldycola Meinsh.\nCarex tamakii T.Koyama\nCarex tamana Steyerm.\nCarex tangiana Ohwi\nCarex tangii Kük.\nCarex tangulashanensis Y.C.Yang\nCarex tapintzensis Franch.\nCarex taprobanensis T.Koyama\nCarex tashiroana Ohwi\nCarex tasmanica Kük.\nCarex tatjanae Malyschev\nCarex tatsiensis (Franch.) Kük.\nCarex tavoyensis Nelmes\nCarex tegulata H.Lév. & Vaniot – orbicular sedge[3]\nCarex tehuacana Reznicek & S.González\nCarex teinogyna Boott – slender-pedicel sedge[3]\nCarex temnolepis Franch.\nCarex tenax Chapm. ex Dewey\nCarex × tenebricans Holmb.\nCarex tenebrosa Boott\nCarex tenejapensis Reznicek & S.González\nCarex × tenelliformis Holmb.\nCarex tenera Dewey\nCarex tenuiculmis (Petrie) Heenan & de Lange\nCarex tenuiflora Wahlenb. – sparse-flower sedge[3]\nCarex tenuiformis H.Lév. & Vaniot – shadow sedge[3]\nCarex tenuinervis Ohwi\nCarex tenuior T.Koyama & T.I.Chuang\nCarex tenuipaniculata P.C.Li\nCarex tenuispicula Tang ex S.Y.Liang\nCarex teres Boott\nCarex tereticaulis F.Muell.\nCarex × terschellingensis Jac.Koopman, Wieclaw & Waltje\nCarex testacea Sol. ex Boott\nCarex tetanica Schkuhr\nCarex tetrastachya Scheele\nCarex tetsuoi Ohwi\nCarex texensis (Torr. ex L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey\nCarex thailandica T.Koyama\nCarex thanikaimoniana Govind.\nCarex × thermalis K.Nagas. & S.Sakag.\nCarex thibetica Franch.\nCarex thinii B.A.Ford & J.R.Starr\nCarex thomsonii Boott\nCarex thornei Naczi\nCarex thouarsii Carmich.\nCarex thunbergii Steud.\nCarex thurberi Dewey ex Torr.\nCarex tianmushanica C.Z.Zheng & X.F.Jin\nCarex tianschanica T.V.Egorova\nCarex tibetikobresia S.R.Zhang\nCarex timida Naczi & B.A.Ford\nCarex × timmiana Junge\nCarex tincta (Fernald) Fernald\nCarex tingnungii X.F.Jin\nCarex titovii V.I.Krecz.\nCarex × toezensis Simonk.\nCarex tojquianensis Standl. & Steyerm.\nCarex tokarensis T.Koyama\nCarex tokuii J.Oda & Nagam.\nCarex tolucensis (F.J.Herm.) Reznicek\nCarex tomentosa L.\nCarex tompkinsii J.T.Howell\nCarex tonsa (Fernald) E.P.Bicknell\nCarex toreadora Steyerm.\nCarex × torgesiana Kük.\nCarex × tornabenei Chiov.\nCarex toroensis G.A.Wheeler\nCarex torreyi Tuck.\nCarex torta Boott ex Tuck.\nCarex tovarensis Reznicek & G.A.Wheeler\nCarex townsendii Mack.\nCarex toyoshimae Tuyama\nCarex trachycarpa Cheeseman\nCarex traiziscana F.Schmidt\nCarex transandina G.A.Wheeler\nCarex transversa Boott\nCarex trautvetteriana Kom.\nCarex traversii Kirk\nCarex × treverica Hausskn.\nCarex triangula J.R.Starr\nCarex triangularis Boeckeler\nCarex tribuloides Wahlenb.\nCarex tricephala Boeckeler\nCarex × trichina Fernald\nCarex trichocarpa Muhl. ex Willd.\nCarex trichodes Steud.\nCarex tricholepis Nelmes\nCarex trichophylla Nelmes\nCarex tricolor Velen.\nCarex trifida Cav.\nCarex trigonosperma Ohwi\nCarex trinervis Degl.\nCarex triquetra Boott\nCarex trisperma Dewey\nCarex tristachya Thunb. – shiny-spike sedge[3]\nCarex tristis M.Bieb.\nCarex trongii N.K.Khoi\nCarex troodi Turrill\nCarex truncatigluma C.B.Clarke\nCarex truncatirostris S.W.Su & S.M.Xu\nCarex tsaiana F.T.Wang & Tang ex P.C.Li\nCarex tsaratananensis Cherm.\nCarex tschonoskii V.I.Krecz.\nCarex tsiangii F.T.Wang & Tang\nCarex tsoi Merr. & Chun\nCarex tsuishikarensis Koidz. & Ohwi\nCarex tsukudensis (T.Koyama) K.T.Takah. & M.N.Tamura\nCarex tsushimensis (Ohwi) Ohwi\nCarex tuberculata Liebm.\nCarex tubulosa Pamp.\nCarex tuckermanii Boott\nCarex tumida Boott\nCarex tumidula Ohwi\nCarex tuminensis Kom. – Dumangang sedge[3]\nCarex tumulicola Mack.\nCarex tungfangensis L.K.Dai & S.M.Huang\nCarex tunicata (Hand.-Mazz.) S.R.Zhang\nCarex tunimanensis Standl. & Steyerm.\nCarex turbaria J.R.Starr\nCarex turbinata Liebm.\nCarex × turfosa Fr.\nCarex turgescens Torr.\nCarex turkestanica Regel\nCarex turrita C.B.Clarke\nCarex × turuli Simonk.\nCarex turumiquirensis Steyerm.\nCarex tweedieana Nees\nCarex typhina Michx.","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex uber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_uber&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex uda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_uda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex × uechtritziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_uechtritziana"},{"link_name":"Carex uhligii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_uhligii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ulobasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ulobasis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex ultra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ultra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex uluguruensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_uluguruensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex umbellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_umbellata"},{"link_name":"Carex umbricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_umbricola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex umbrosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_umbrosa"},{"link_name":"Carex umbrosiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_umbrosiformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex uncifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_uncifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex uncinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_uncinata"},{"link_name":"Carex unciniiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_unciniiformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex uncinioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_uncinioides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × ungavensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_ungavensis"},{"link_name":"Carex ungurensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ungurensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex unilateralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_unilateralis"},{"link_name":"Carex unisexualis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_unisexualis"},{"link_name":"Carex urelytra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_urelytra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ursina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ursina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex uruguensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_uruguensis"},{"link_name":"Carex ussuriensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ussuriensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex utahensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_utahensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex utriculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_utriculata"},{"link_name":"Carex × uzenensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_uzenensis"}],"sub_title":"U","text":"Carex uber Ohwi\nCarex uda Maxim. – Uda needle sedge[3]\nCarex × uechtritziana K.Richt.\nCarex uhligii K.Schum. ex C.B.Clarke\nCarex ulobasis V.I.Krecz. – montane sedge[3]\nCarex ultra L.H.Bailey\nCarex uluguruensis Luceño & M.Escudero\nCarex umbellata Willd.\nCarex umbricola K.L.Wilson\nCarex umbrosa Host\nCarex umbrosiformis H.Lév.\nCarex uncifolia Cheeseman\nCarex uncinata L.f.\nCarex unciniiformis Boeckeler\nCarex uncinioides Boott\nCarex × ungavensis Lepage\nCarex ungurensis Litv.\nCarex unilateralis Mack.\nCarex unisexualis C.B.Clarke\nCarex urelytra Ohwi\nCarex ursina Dewey\nCarex uruguensis Boeckeler\nCarex ussuriensis Kom. – Ussuri sedge[3]\nCarex utahensis Reznicek & D.F.Murray\nCarex utriculata Boott\nCarex × uzenensis Koidz.","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex vacillans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_vacillans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex vaginata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_vaginata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex vaginosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_vaginosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex valbrayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_valbrayi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex vallata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_vallata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex vallicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_vallicola"},{"link_name":"Carex vallis-pulchrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_vallis-pulchrae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex vallis-rosetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_vallis-rosetto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex vanheurckii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_vanheurckii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex vaniotii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_vaniotii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ventosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_ventosa"},{"link_name":"Carex venusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_venusta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex vernacula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_vernacula"},{"link_name":"Carex verrucosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_verrucosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex verticillata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_verticillata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex vesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_vesca"},{"link_name":"Carex vesicaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_vesicaria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex vesicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_vesicata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex vesiculosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_vesiculosa"},{"link_name":"Carex vestita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_vestita"},{"link_name":"Carex vexans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_vexans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex via-aquae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_via-aquae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex via-incaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_via-incaica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × viadrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_viadrina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex vibhae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_vibhae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex vicinalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_vicinalis"},{"link_name":"Carex vidua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_vidua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex vietnamica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_vietnamica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × villacensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_villacensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × vimariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_vimariensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex virescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_virescens"},{"link_name":"Carex viridimarginata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_viridimarginata"},{"link_name":"Carex viridistellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_viridistellata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex vixdentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_vixdentata"},{"link_name":"Carex vizarronensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_vizarronensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × vratislaviensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_vratislaviensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex vulcani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_vulcani"},{"link_name":"Carex vulpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_vulpina"},{"link_name":"Carex vulpinaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_vulpinaris"},{"link_name":"Carex vulpinoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_vulpinoidea"}],"sub_title":"V","text":"Carex vacillans Drejer\nCarex vaginata Tausch – sheathed sedge[3]\nCarex vaginosa (C.B.Clarke) S.R.Zhang\nCarex valbrayi H.Lév.\nCarex vallata Charit.\nCarex vallicola Dewey\nCarex vallis-pulchrae Phil.\nCarex vallis-rosetto K.Schum.\nCarex vanheurckii Müll.Arg. – northern meadow sedge[3]\nCarex vaniotii H.Lév.\nCarex ventosa C.B.Clarke\nCarex venusta Dewey\nCarex vernacula L.H.Bailey\nCarex verrucosa Muhl.\nCarex verticillata Zoll. & Moritzi\nCarex vesca C.B.Clarke ex Kük.\nCarex vesicaria L. – blister sedge[3]\nCarex vesicata Meinsh.\nCarex vesiculosa Boott\nCarex vestita Willd.\nCarex vexans F.J.Herm.\nCarex via-aquae Jim.Mejías, Lois, Acedo & Reznicek\nCarex via-incaica Jim.Mejías & Roalson\nCarex × viadrina Figert\nCarex vibhae (Jana, R.C.Srivast. & Bhaumik) O.Yano\nCarex vicinalis Boott\nCarex vidua Boott ex C.B.Clarke\nCarex vietnamica Raymond\nCarex × villacensis Kük.\nCarex × vimariensis Hausskn. ex Berthold\nCarex virescens Muhl. ex Willd.\nCarex viridimarginata Kük.\nCarex viridistellata Derieg, Reznicek & Bruederle\nCarex vixdentata (Kük.) G.A.Wheeler\nCarex vizarronensis Gómez-Sánchez, Cabrera-Luna, S.González & Reznicek\nCarex × vratislaviensis Figert\nCarex vulcani Hochst. ex Seub.\nCarex vulpina L.\nCarex vulpinaris Nees\nCarex vulpinoidea Michx.","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex wahlenbergiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_wahlenbergiana"},{"link_name":"Carex wahuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_wahuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex wakatipu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_wakatipu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex × walasii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_walasii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex walkeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_walkeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex wallichiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_wallichiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex waponahkikensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_waponahkikensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex wawuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_wawuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex wenshanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_wenshanensis"},{"link_name":"Carex werdermannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_werdermannii"},{"link_name":"Carex wheeleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_wheeleri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex whitneyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_whitneyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex wiegandii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_wiegandii"},{"link_name":"Carex wightiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_wightiana"},{"link_name":"Carex willdenowii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_willdenowii"},{"link_name":"Carex williamsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_williamsii"},{"link_name":"Carex × winkelmannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_winkelmannii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex winterbottomii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_winterbottomii"},{"link_name":"Carex × wolteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_wolteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex woodii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_woodii"},{"link_name":"Carex wootonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_wootonii"},{"link_name":"Carex wui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_wui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex wutuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_wutuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"W","text":"Carex wahlenbergiana Boott\nCarex wahuensis C.A.Mey.\nCarex wakatipu Petrie\nCarex × walasii Ceyn.-Gield\nCarex walkeri Arn. ex Boott\nCarex wallichiana Spreng.\nCarex waponahkikensis Lovit & A.Haines\nCarex wawuensis W.M.Chu ex S.Yun Liang\nCarex wenshanensis L.K.Dai\nCarex werdermannii L.Gross\nCarex wheeleri J.R.Starr\nCarex whitneyi Olney\nCarex wiegandii Mack.\nCarex wightiana Nees\nCarex willdenowii Willd.\nCarex williamsii Britton\nCarex × winkelmannii Asch. & Graebn.\nCarex winterbottomii C.B.Clarke\nCarex × wolteri Gross\nCarex woodii Dewey\nCarex wootonii Mack.\nCarex wui W.M.Chu ex L.K.Dai\nCarex wutuensis K.T.Fu","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex × xanthocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_%C3%97_xanthocarpa"},{"link_name":"Carex xerantica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_xerantica"},{"link_name":"Carex xerophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_xerophila"},{"link_name":"Carex xiphium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_xiphium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Carex xueyingiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_xueyingiana&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"X","text":"Carex × xanthocarpa Degl.\nCarex xerantica L.H.Bailey\nCarex xerophila Janeway & Zika\nCarex xiphium Kom. – sword-like sedge[3]\nCarex xueyingiana H.J.Yang & Han Xu","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex yadongensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yadongensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yajiangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yajiangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yakushimensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yakushimensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yamatsutana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yamatsutana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yandangshanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yandangshanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yangii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yangii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yangshuoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yangshuoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yasuii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yasuii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yinshanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yinshanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yonganensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yonganensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex ypsilandrifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_ypsilandrifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yuexiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yuexiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yulungshanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yulungshanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yunlingensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yunlingensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yunnanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_yunnanensis"},{"link_name":"Carex yunyiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yunyiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex yushuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_yushuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Y","text":"Carex yadongensis (Y.C.Yang) S.R.Zhang\nCarex yajiangensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Yun Liang\nCarex yakushimensis (Katsuy. & J.Oda) J.Oda & M.N.Tamura\nCarex yamatsutana Ohwi\nCarex yandangshanica C.Z.Zheng & X.F.Jin\nCarex yangii (S.R.Zhang) S.R.Zhang\nCarex yangshuoensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Y.Liang\nCarex yasuii Katsuy.\nCarex yinshanica Y.Z.Zhao\nCarex yonganensis L.K.Dai & Y.Z.Huang\nCarex ypsilandrifolia F.T.Wang & Tang\nCarex yuexiensis S.W.Su & S.M.Xu\nCarex yulungshanensis P.C.Li\nCarex yunlingensis P.C.Li\nCarex yunnanensis Franch.\nCarex yunyiana X.F.Jin & C.Z.Zheng\nCarex yushuensis Y.C.Yang","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex × zahnii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_%C3%97_zahnii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex zekogensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_zekogensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex zhejiangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_zhejiangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex zhenkangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_zhenkangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex zhonghaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_zhonghaiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex zikae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_zikae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex zizaniifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_zizaniifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex zotovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_zotovii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carex zunyiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_zunyiensis"}],"sub_title":"Z","text":"Carex × zahnii Kneuck.\nCarex zekogensis Y.C.Yang\nCarex zhejiangensis X.F.Jin, Y.J.Zhao, C.Z.Zheng & H.W.Zhang\nCarex zhenkangensis Tang & F.T.Wang ex S.Yun Liang\nCarex zhonghaiensis S.Yun Liang\nCarex zikae Roalson & Waterway\nCarex zizaniifolia Raymond\nCarex zotovii (Hamlin) K.A.Ford\nCarex zunyiensis Tang & F.T.Wang","title":"Species"}]	[{"image_text":"Illustration of two species of Carex, from Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen (1796): 1. C. binervis; 2. C. punctata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Carex_spp_Sturm55.jpg/220px-Carex_spp_Sturm55.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Carex L. \| Plants of the World Online \| Kew Science\". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2024-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330029-2","url_text":"\"Carex L. \| Plants of the World Online \| Kew Science\""}]},{"reference":"Global Carex Group (2015). \"Making Carex monophyletic (Cyperaceae, tribe Cariceae): a new broader circumscription\". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 179: 1–42. doi:10.1111/boj.12298. hdl:2027.42/113175.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12298","url_text":"\"Making Carex monophyletic (Cyperaceae, tribe Cariceae): a new broader circumscription\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12298","url_text":"10.1111/boj.12298"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F113175","url_text":"2027.42/113175"}]},{"reference":"English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 388. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf","url_text":"English Names for Korean Native Plants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_National_Arboretum","url_text":"Korea National Arboretum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-97450-98-5","url_text":"978-89-97450-98-5"},{"url":"http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Forest_Service","url_text":"Korea Forest Service"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330029-2","external_links_name":"\"Carex L. \| Plants of the World Online \| Kew Science\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12298","external_links_name":"\"Making Carex monophyletic (Cyperaceae, tribe Cariceae): a new broader circumscription\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12298","external_links_name":"10.1111/boj.12298"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F113175","external_links_name":"2027.42/113175"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf","external_links_name":"English Names for Korean Native Plants"},{"Link":"http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schember	Joe Schember	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Erie city council, 2006–2012","2.2 Erie mayoral election, 2017","2.3 Mayor of Erie","3 References","4 External links"]	American banker and politician Joe Schember48th Mayor of Erie, PennsylvaniaIncumbentAssumed office January 2, 2018Preceded byJoseph Sinnott Personal detailsBorn (1950-11-13) November 13, 1950 (age 73)Political partyDemocraticEducationGannon University (BA, MBA)University of Dayton (MA) Joseph Schember (born November 13, 1950) is an American banker and politician and serving as the 48th mayor of Erie, Pennsylvania. Schember previously served as a vice president of PNC Bank and as a member of the Erie City Council between 2006 and 2012. On November 7, 2017, the people of Erie voted for the next Mayor and Schember won 53% of the vote to his Republican challenger John Persinger who gained 47% of the vote. The previous Mayor, Joseph E. Sinnott, served for 3 consecutive terms from 2006 to 2018 and ran unopposed in the latest election. Erie was at a decisive moment in its history as under Sinnott, Erie was kept out of Act 47 which is reserved for financially distressed cities. Early life and education Joseph Schember was born on November 13, 1950, to the parents of Joseph and Helene Flatley Schember. He has two sisters, Mary Anne and Helene who is a Rocket Scientist with a Ph.D. in Fluid Mechanics from Cal Tech. In his youth, he attended Catholic School and studied to become a Priest. He left seminary to complete his degree at Gannon University where he met his wife, Rhonda Mahoney. Schember then received a Master's Degree in English at the University of Dayton and taught at Elk County Christian in St. Mary's, Pennsylvania. Career He worked for PNC Bank for 40 years, starting as a teller and rising up to the level of Regional Manager of 51 branches for PNC in Northwestern Pennsylvania. Erie city council, 2006–2012 Schember served on City Council for six years, and was appointed as chairman of the Finance Committee in 2007. During his tenure, he oversaw the city of Erie move from a bleak financial state of a $12.7 million deficit in the General Fund in late 2005 to a $5 million surplus by 2012. In 2009 and in 2010, the City Council appointed Schember to be president of the City Council. During the Citizens To Be Heard segment of the City Council Meetings, a local activist named Randy Barnes, who was president of an environmental group called Keep Erie's Environment Protected (K.E.E.P.), would continually lodge a conflict of interest complaint against Schember because he had employment with PNC Bank which was doing business with the city of Erie. In response to Randy Barnes complaints that he would lodge at each City Council meeting, Schember resigned May 8, 2012 with a letter that stated that he was "troubled by the lack of civility and unprofessionalism that has infected the Citizens To Be Heard segment of City Council Meetings." Erie mayoral election, 2017 Out of nine candidates running in the primary race for mayor, two remained in the run-up to the election: Democrat Joe Schember and Republican John Persinger. Republican nominee John Persinger eventually garnering 47% of the popular vote. Persinger emphasized eliminating blight with a campaign promise of "1,000 in 1,000 Days" initiative to remove 1,000 blighted properties in his first 1,000 days in office. He emphasized the role of broken windows theory, and said that if Erie is to prosper, Erie would need to address blight quickly. Mayor of Erie Schember has initiated many changes to the mayoral governance of Erie since being elected to office. He wants to upgrade the technology of Erie, redesign the city of Erie's website, and hire a new digital media coordinator to focus on getting the city up to date with social media which under Sinnott's long mayoralty it lagged behind. Schember hired Erie's first full-time grant writer, Abby Skinner, to work on helping Erie access grant funding from the local, state and federal level. One of Schember's priorities is Erie Refocused, which is part of Erie's Comprehensive Plan to improve the city's economy and society. Skinner will focus on writing grants that will help Erie Refocused move forward. References ^ Flowers, Kevin. "Schember wins race for Erie mayor". Go Erie. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ a b c d "Bio - Joe Schember for Erie PA Mayor". Joe Schember. Retrieved March 10, 2018. ^ Flowers, Kevin (October 22, 2017). "Schember, Persinger talk city finances, operations". GoErie. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ Erwin, Erica (January 23, 2013). "Sinnott to Announce Re-Election Bid". EBSCOhost. Erie Times-News. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ Erwin, Erica (October 21, 2010). "Schember sworn in as Erie City Council president". Erie Times-News. ^ Carroll, Jim (October 30, 2007). "Untiring efforts rewarded". EBSCOhost. Erie Times-News. Retrieved March 9, 2018. ^ a b Leonardi, Ron (May 9, 2012). "Schember resigns from Erie City Council". EBSCOhost. Erie Times-News. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ Rink, Matthew (September 27, 2017). "Mayoral candidate wants to demolish, rehab 1,000 homes in 1,000 days". Go Erie. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ Erie News Now (October 20, 2017). "Erie Mayoral Candidate Unveils Plan to Target Blight". Erie News Now. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ Speggen, Ben (October 25, 2017). "Persinger, Schember Look to Guide a City at a Crossroads". Erie Reader. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ Flowers, Kevin (March 8, 2018). "Schember pitches new media post for city". Erie Times-News. ^ Flowers, Kevin (February 25, 2018). "Erie's grant writer: 'You can find the funds'". Erie Times-News. External links City of Erie Official Website City of Erie: Biography of Joseph Schember Joe Schember on Facebook Joe Schember on Twitter	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erie, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PNC Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNC_Bank"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Joseph E. Sinnott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Sinnott"},{"link_name":"Act 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financially_Distressed_Municipalities_Act"}],"text":"Joseph Schember (born November 13, 1950) is an American banker and politician and serving as the 48th mayor of Erie, Pennsylvania. Schember previously served as a vice president of PNC Bank and as a member of the Erie City Council between 2006 and 2012.On November 7, 2017, the people of Erie voted for the next Mayor and Schember won 53% of the vote to his Republican challenger John Persinger who gained 47% of the vote.[1] The previous Mayor, Joseph E. Sinnott, served for 3 consecutive terms from 2006 to 2018 and ran unopposed in the latest election. Erie was at a decisive moment in its history as under Sinnott, Erie was kept out of Act 47 which is reserved for financially distressed cities.","title":"Joe Schember"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsbio-2"},{"link_name":"Fluid Mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"Cal Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsbio-2"},{"link_name":"Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsbio-2"},{"link_name":"Gannon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannon_University"},{"link_name":"University of Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dayton"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsbio-2"}],"text":"Joseph Schember was born on November 13, 1950, to the parents of Joseph and Helene Flatley Schember.[2] He has two sisters, Mary Anne and Helene who is a Rocket Scientist with a Ph.D. in Fluid Mechanics from Cal Tech.[2] In his youth, he attended Catholic School and studied to become a Priest.[2] He left seminary to complete his degree at Gannon University where he met his wife, Rhonda Mahoney. Schember then received a Master's Degree in English at the University of Dayton and taught at Elk County Christian in St. Mary's, Pennsylvania.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PNC Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNC_Bank"},{"link_name":"teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_teller"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"He worked for PNC Bank for 40 years, starting as a teller and rising up to the level of Regional Manager of 51 branches for PNC in Northwestern Pennsylvania.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activist"},{"link_name":"environmental group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_group"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"conflict of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resigns-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resigns-7"}],"sub_title":"Erie city council, 2006–2012","text":"Schember served on City Council for six years, and was appointed as chairman of the Finance Committee in 2007. During his tenure, he oversaw the city of Erie move from a bleak financial state of a $12.7 million deficit in the General Fund in late 2005 to a $5 million surplus by 2012.[4] In 2009 and in 2010, the City Council appointed Schember to be president of the City Council.[5]During the Citizens To Be Heard segment of the City Council Meetings, a local activist named Randy Barnes, who was president of an environmental group called Keep Erie's Environment Protected (K.E.E.P.),[6] would continually lodge a conflict of interest complaint against Schember because he had employment with PNC Bank which was doing business with the city of Erie.[7] In response to Randy Barnes complaints that he would lodge at each City Council meeting, Schember resigned May 8, 2012 with a letter that stated that he was \"troubled by the lack of civility and unprofessionalism that has infected the Citizens To Be Heard segment of City Council Meetings.\"[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election"},{"link_name":"popular vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election"},{"link_name":"blight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blight"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"broken windows theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_windows_theory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Erie mayoral election, 2017","text":"Out of nine candidates running in the primary race for mayor, two remained in the run-up to the election: Democrat Joe Schember and Republican John Persinger. Republican nominee John Persinger eventually garnering 47% of the popular vote. Persinger emphasized eliminating blight with a campaign promise of \"1,000 in 1,000 Days\" initiative to remove 1,000 blighted properties in his first 1,000 days in office.[8] He emphasized the role of broken windows theory, and said that if Erie is to prosper, Erie would need to address blight quickly.[9][10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"digital media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"Sinnott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Sinnott"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"grant writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_writer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Mayor of Erie","text":"Schember has initiated many changes to the mayoral governance of Erie since being elected to office. He wants to upgrade the technology of Erie, redesign the city of Erie's website, and hire a new digital media coordinator to focus on getting the city up to date with social media which under Sinnott's long mayoralty it lagged behind.[11] \nSchember hired Erie's first full-time grant writer, Abby Skinner, to work on helping Erie access grant funding from the local, state and federal level. One of Schember's priorities is Erie Refocused, which is part of Erie's Comprehensive Plan to improve the city's economy and society. Skinner will focus on writing grants that will help Erie Refocused move forward.[12]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Flowers, Kevin. \"Schember wins race for Erie mayor\". Go Erie. Retrieved March 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goerie.com/news/20171108/schember-wins-race-for-erie-mayor#","url_text":"\"Schember wins race for Erie mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bio - Joe Schember for Erie PA Mayor\". Joe Schember. Retrieved March 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.joeschember.com/bio/","url_text":"\"Bio - Joe Schember for Erie PA Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"Flowers, Kevin (October 22, 2017). \"Schember, Persinger talk city finances, operations\". GoErie. Retrieved March 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goerie.com/news/20171022/schember-persinger-talk-city-finances-operations","url_text":"\"Schember, Persinger talk city finances, operations\""}]},{"reference":"Erwin, Erica (January 23, 2013). \"Sinnott to Announce Re-Election Bid\". EBSCOhost. Erie Times-News. Retrieved March 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=2W62915709143&site=ehost-live.","url_text":"\"Sinnott to Announce Re-Election Bid\""}]},{"reference":"Erwin, Erica (October 21, 2010). \"Schember sworn in as Erie City Council president\". Erie Times-News.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carroll, Jim (October 30, 2007). \"Untiring efforts rewarded\". EBSCOhost. Erie Times-News. Retrieved March 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=2W62W63769185620&site=ehost-live.","url_text":"\"Untiring efforts rewarded\""}]},{"reference":"Leonardi, Ron (May 9, 2012). \"Schember resigns from Erie City Council\". EBSCOhost. Erie Times-News. Retrieved March 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=2W62923537382&site=ehost-live","url_text":"\"Schember resigns from Erie City Council\""}]},{"reference":"Rink, Matthew (September 27, 2017). \"Mayoral candidate wants to demolish, rehab 1,000 homes in 1,000 days\". Go Erie. Retrieved March 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goerie.com/news/20170927/mayoral-candidate-wants-to-demolish-rehab-1000-homes-in-1000-days","url_text":"\"Mayoral candidate wants to demolish, rehab 1,000 homes in 1,000 days\""}]},{"reference":"Erie News Now (October 20, 2017). \"Erie Mayoral Candidate Unveils Plan to Target Blight\". Erie News Now. Retrieved March 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.erienewsnow.com/story/36464827/erie-mayoral-candidate-unveils-plan-to-target-blight","url_text":"\"Erie Mayoral Candidate Unveils Plan to Target Blight\""}]},{"reference":"Speggen, Ben (October 25, 2017). \"Persinger, Schember Look to Guide a City at a Crossroads\". Erie Reader. Retrieved March 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eriereader.com/article/persinger-schember-look-to-guide-a-city-at-a-crossroads","url_text":"\"Persinger, Schember Look to Guide a City at a Crossroads\""}]},{"reference":"Flowers, Kevin (March 8, 2018). \"Schember pitches new media post for city\". Erie Times-News.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Flowers, Kevin (February 25, 2018). \"Erie's grant writer: 'You can find the funds'\". Erie Times-News.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.goerie.com/news/20171108/schember-wins-race-for-erie-mayor#","external_links_name":"\"Schember wins race for Erie mayor\""},{"Link":"https://www.joeschember.com/bio/","external_links_name":"\"Bio - Joe Schember for Erie PA Mayor\""},{"Link":"http://www.goerie.com/news/20171022/schember-persinger-talk-city-finances-operations","external_links_name":"\"Schember, Persinger talk city finances, operations\""},{"Link":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=2W62915709143&site=ehost-live.","external_links_name":"\"Sinnott to Announce Re-Election Bid\""},{"Link":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=2W62W63769185620&site=ehost-live.","external_links_name":"\"Untiring efforts rewarded\""},{"Link":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=n5h&AN=2W62923537382&site=ehost-live","external_links_name":"\"Schember resigns from Erie City Council\""},{"Link":"http://www.goerie.com/news/20170927/mayoral-candidate-wants-to-demolish-rehab-1000-homes-in-1000-days","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral candidate wants to demolish, rehab 1,000 homes in 1,000 days\""},{"Link":"http://www.erienewsnow.com/story/36464827/erie-mayoral-candidate-unveils-plan-to-target-blight","external_links_name":"\"Erie Mayoral Candidate Unveils Plan to Target Blight\""},{"Link":"https://www.eriereader.com/article/persinger-schember-look-to-guide-a-city-at-a-crossroads","external_links_name":"\"Persinger, Schember Look to Guide a City at a Crossroads\""},{"Link":"http://www.erie.pa.us/Home.aspx","external_links_name":"City of Erie Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.erie.pa.us/Mayor/Biography.aspx","external_links_name":"City of Erie: Biography of Joseph Schember"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/MayorJoeSchember/","external_links_name":"Joe Schember"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/josephschember","external_links_name":"Joe Schember"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_date	System time	["1 Other time measurements","2 History","3 Implementation","4 Retrieving system time","4.1 Operating systems","4.2 Programming languages and applications","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	Representation of time used in computers "System clock" redirects here. Not to be confused with Clock generator, Clock signal, or Clock rate. Unix date command In computer science and computer programming, system time represents a computer system's notion of the passage of time. In this sense, time also includes the passing of days on the calendar. System time is measured by a system clock, which is typically implemented as a simple count of the number of ticks that have transpired since some arbitrary starting date, called the epoch. For example, Unix and POSIX-compliant systems encode system time ("Unix time") as the number of seconds elapsed since the start of the Unix epoch at 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UT, with exceptions for leap seconds. Systems that implement the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the Windows API, such as Windows 9x and Windows NT, provide the system time as both SYSTEMTIME, represented as a year/month/day/hour/minute/second/milliseconds value, and FILETIME, represented as a count of the number of 100-nanosecond ticks since 1 January 1601 00:00:00 UT as reckoned in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. System time can be converted into calendar time, which is a form more suitable for human comprehension. For example, the Unix system time 1000000000 seconds since the beginning of the epoch translates into the calendar time 9 September 2001 01:46:40 UT. Library subroutines that handle such conversions may also deal with adjustments for time zones, daylight saving time (DST), leap seconds, and the user's locale settings. Library routines are also generally provided that convert calendar times into system times. Many implementations that currently store system times as 32-bit integer values will suffer from the impending Year 2038 problem. These time values will overflow ("run out of bits") after the end of their system time epoch, leading to software and hardware errors. These systems will require some form of remediation, similar to efforts required to solve the earlier Year 2000 problem. This will also be a potentially much larger problem for existing data file formats that contain system timestamps stored as 32-bit values. Other time measurements Closely related to system time is process time, which is a count of the total CPU time consumed by an executing process. It may be split into user and system CPU time, representing the time spent executing user code and system kernel code, respectively. Process times are a tally of CPU instructions or clock cycles and generally have no direct correlation to wall time. File systems keep track of the times that files are created, modified, and/or accessed by storing timestamps in the file control block (or inode) of each file and directory. History Most first-generation personal computers did not keep track of dates and times. These included systems that ran the CP/M operating system, as well as early models of the Apple II, the BBC Micro, and the Commodore PET, among others. Add-on peripheral boards that included real-time clock chips with on-board battery back-up were available for the IBM PC and XT, but the IBM AT was the first widely available PC that came equipped with date/time hardware built into the motherboard. Prior to the widespread availability of computer networks, most personal computer systems that did track system time did so only with respect to local time and did not make allowances for different time zones. With current technology, most modern computers keep track of local civil time, as do many other household and personal devices such as VCRs, DVRs, cable TV receivers, PDAs, pagers, cell phones, fax machines, telephone answering machines, cameras, camcorders, central air conditioners, and microwave ovens. Microcontrollers operating within embedded systems (such as the Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and other similar systems) do not always have internal hardware to keep track of time. Many such controller systems operate without knowledge of the external time. Those that require such information typically initialize their base time upon rebooting by obtaining the current time from an external source, such as from a time server or external clock, or by prompting the user to manually enter the current time. Implementation The system clock is typically implemented as a programmable interval timer that periodically interrupts the CPU, which then starts executing a timer interrupt service routine. This routine typically adds one tick to the system clock (a simple counter) and handles other periodic housekeeping tasks (preemption, etc.) before returning to the task the CPU was executing before the interruption. Retrieving system time 19 June 2024 15:11:59 UTC The Wikipedia system time when this page was last generated. → Purge this page, and update this counter. The following tables illustrate methods for retrieving the system time in various operating systems, programming languages, and applications. Values marked by () are system-dependent and may differ across implementations. All dates are given as Gregorian or proleptic Gregorian calendar dates. The resolution of an implementation's measurement of time does not imply the same precision of such measurements. For example, a system might return the current time as a value measured in microseconds, but actually be capable of discerning individual clock ticks with a frequency of only 100 Hz (10 ms). Operating systems Operating system Command or function Resolution Epoch or range Android java.lang.System.currentTimeMillis() 1 ms 1 January 1970 BIOS (IBM PC) INT 1Ah, AH=00h 54.9254 ms 18.2065 Hz Midnight of the current day INT 1Ah, AH=02h 1 s Midnight of the current day INT 1Ah, AH=04h 1 day 1 January 1980 to 31 December 1999 or 31 December 2079 (system dependent) CP/M Plus System Control Block: scb$base+58h, Days since 31 December 1977 scb$base+5Ah, Hour (BCD) scb$base+5Bh, Minute (BCD) scb$base+5Ch, Second (BCD) 1 s 31 December 1977 to 5 June 2157 BDOS function 69h> (T_GET): word, Days since 1 January 1978 byte, Hour (BCD) byte, Minute (BCD) byte, Second (BCD) DOS (Microsoft) C:\> DATEC:\> TIME 10 ms 1 January 1980 to 31 December 2099 INT 21h, AH=2Ch SYSTEM TIMEINT 21h, AH=2Ah SYSTEM DATE iOS (Apple) CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent() < 1 ms 1 January 2001 ±10,000 years macOS CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent() < 1 ms 1 January 2001 ±10,000 years OpenVMS SYS$GETTIM() 100 ns 17 November 1858 to 31 July 31,086 gettimeofday() 1 μs 1 January 1970 to 7 February 2106 clock_gettime() 1 ns z/OS STCK: 7–187 2−12 μs 244.14 ps: 4–45, 4–46 1 January 1900 to 17 September 2042 UT STCKE 1 January 1900 to AD 36,765 Unix, POSIX (see also C date and time functions) $datetime() 1 s () 1 January 1970 (to 19 January 2038 prior to Linux 5.9) to 2 July 2486 (Since Linux 5.10)1 January 1970 to 4 December AD 292,277,026,596 gettimeofday() 1 μs clock_gettime() 1 ns OS/2 DosGetDateTime() 10 ms 1 January 1980 to 31 December 2079 Windows GetSystemTime() 1 ms 1 January 1601 to 14 September 30828, 02:48:05.4775807 GetSystemTimeAsFileTime() 100 ns GetSystemTimePreciseAsFileTime() Programming languages and applications Language/Application Function or variable Resolution Epoch or range Ada Ada.Calendar.Clock 100 μs to 20 ms () 1 January 1901 to 31 December 2099 () AWK systime() 1 s () BASIC, True BASIC DATE, DATE$ TIME, TIME$ 1 s () Business BASIC DAY, TIM 0.1 s () C (see C date and time functions) time() 1 s () () C++ std::time() std::chrono::system_clock::now() 1 s ()1 ns (C++11, OS dependent) () C# System.DateTime.Now System.DateTime.UtcNow 100 ns 1 January 0001 to 31 December 9999 CICS ASKTIME 1 ms 1 January 1900 COBOL FUNCTION CURRENT-DATE 1 s 1 January 1601 Common Lisp (get-universal-time) 1 s 1 January 1900 Delphi (Borland) datetime 1 ms (floating point) 1 January 1900 Delphi (Embarcadero Technologies) System.SysUtils.Time 1 ms 0/0/0000 0:0:0:000 to12/31/9999 23:59:59:999 System.SysUtils.GetTime (alias for System.SysUtils.Time) System.SysUtils.Date 0/0/0000 0:0:0:000 to12/31/9999 0:0:0:000 System.DateUtils.Today System.DateUtils.Tomorrow System.DateUtils.Yesterday System.SysUtils.Now 1 s 0/0/0000 0:0:0:000 to12/31/9999 23:59:59:000 System.SysUtils.DayOfWeek 1 day 1 to 7 System.SysUtils.CurrentYear 1 year () Emacs Lisp (current-time) 1 μs () 1 January 1970 Erlang erlang:system_time(), os:system_time() OS dependent, e.g. on Linux 1ns 1 January 1970 Excel date() ? 0 January 1900 Fortran DATE_AND_TIME SYSTEM_CLOCK () 1 January 1970 CPU_TIME 1 μs Go time.Now() 1 ns 1 January 0001 Haskell Time.getClockTime 1 ps () 1 January 1970 () Data.Time.getCurrentTime 1 ps () 17 November 1858 () Java java.util.Date()System.currentTimeMillis() 1 ms 1 January 1970 System.nanoTime() 1 ns arbitrary Clock.systemUTC() 1 ns arbitrary JavaScript, TypeScript (new Date()).getTime() Date.now() 1 ms 1 January 1970 Matlab now 1 s 0 January 0000 MUMPS $H (short for $HOROLOG) 1 s 31 December 1840 LabVIEW Tick Count 1 ms 00:00:00.000 1 January 1904 Get Date/Time in Seconds 1 ms 00:00:00.000 1 January 1904 Objective-C < 1 ms 1 January 2001 ±10,000 Years OCaml Unix.time() 1 s 1 January 1970 Unix.gettimeofday() 1 μs Extended Pascal GetTimeStamp() 1 s () Turbo Pascal GetTime() GetDate() 10 ms () Perl time() 1 s 1 January 1970 Time::HiRes::time 1 μs PHP time()mktime() 1 s 1 January 1970 microtime() 1 μs PureBasic Date() 1 s 1 January 1970 to 19 January 2038 Python datetime.now().timestamp() 1 μs () 1 January 1970 RPG CURRENT(DATE), %DATE CURRENT(TIME), %TIME 1 s 1 January 0001 to 31 December 9999 CURRENT(TIMESTAMP), %TIMESTAMP 1 μs Ruby Time.now() 1 μs () 1 January 1970(to 19 January 2038 prior to Ruby 1.9.2) Scheme (get-universal-time) 1 s 1 January 1900 Smalltalk Time microsecondClock (VisualWorks) 1 s (ANSI) 1 μs (VisualWorks) 1 s (Squeak) 1 January 1901 () Time totalSeconds (Squeak) SystemClock ticksNowSinceSystemClockEpoch (Chronos) SQL CURDATE() or CURRENT DATE CURTIME() or CURRENT TIME GETDATE() or GETUTCDATE() NOW() or CURRENT TIMESTAMP SYSDATE() 3 ms 1 January 1753 to 31 December 9999 () 60 s 1 January 1900 to 6 June 2079 Standard ML Time.now() 1 μs () 1 January 1970 () TCL 1 s 1 January 1970 1 ms 1 μs 1 μs () () Windows PowerShell Get-Date 100 ns 1 January 0001 to 31 December 9999 ::Now ::UtcNow Visual Basic .NET System.DateTime.Now System.DateTime.UtcNow 100 ns 1 January 0001 to 31 December 9999 See also Calendar DATE (command) Epoch GPS time Jiffy Network Time Protocol rdate TIME (command) time.h time_t Time formatting and storage bugs Time Protocol Time standard Timestamp Unix date command Unix time Unix time command Elapsed real time Year 2000 problem Year 2038 problem Notes ^ a b The Apple Developer Documentation is not clear on the precision & range of CFAbsoluteTime/CFTimeInterval, except in the CFRunLoopTimerCreate documentation which refers to 'sub-millisecond at most' precision. However, the similar type NSTimeInterval appears to be interchangeable, and has the precision and range listed. ^ a b c d The C standard library does not specify any specific resolution, epoch, range, or datatype for system time values. The C++ library encompasses the C library, so it uses the same system time implementation as C. References ^ Ralf D. Brown (2000). "Int 0x1A, AH=0x00". Ralf Brown's Interrupt List. ^ Ralf D. Brown (2000). "Int 0x1A, AH=0x02". Ralf Brown's Interrupt List. ^ Ralf D. Brown (2000). "Int 0x1A, AH=0x04". Ralf Brown's Interrupt List. ^ "CP/M Plus (CP/M Version 3.0) Operating System Guide" (PDF). ^ "BDOS system calls". ^ Ralf D. Brown (2000). "Int 0x21, AH=0x2c". Ralf Brown's Interrupt List. ^ Ralf D. Brown (2000). "Int 0x21, AH=0x2a". Ralf Brown's Interrupt List. ^ "Time Utilities Reference". iOS Developer Library. 2007. ^ "Time Utilities Reference". Mac OS X Developer Library. 2007. ^ a b "Time Utilities - Foundation". Apple Developer Documentation. Retrieved 6 July 2022. ^ Ruth E. Goldenberg; Lawrence J. Kenah; Denise E. Dumas (1991). VAX/VMS Internals and Data Structures, Version 5.2. Digital Press. ISBN 978-1555580599. ^ "Why is Wednesday, November 17, 1858 the base time for OpenVMS (VAX VMS)?". Stanford University. 24 July 1997. Archived from the original on 24 July 1997. Retrieved 8 January 2020. ^ a b "VSI C Run-Time Library Reference Manual for OpenVMS Systems" (PDF). VSI. November 2020. Retrieved 2021-04-17. ^ "OpenVMS and the year 2038". HP. Retrieved 2021-04-17. ^ a b z/Architecture Principles of Operation (PDF). Poughkeepsie, New York: International Business Machines. 2007. ^ IBM intends to extend the date range on future systems beyond 2042. z/Architecture Principles of Operation, (Poughkeepsie, New York:International Business Machines, 2007) 1-15, 4-45 to 4-47. ^ "Expanded 64-bit time values". IBM. Retrieved 2021-04-18. ^ Jonathan de Boyne Pollard. "The 32-bit Command Interpreter". On OS/2 Warp 4, date and time can both operate well beyond the year 2000, and even well beyond the year 2038, and in fact up to the year 2079, which is the limit for OS/2 Warp 4's real-time clock. ^ a b c "DateTime.Now Property". Microsoft Docs. ^ a b c "DateTime.UtcNow Property". Microsoft Docs. ^ a b c "DateTime.Ticks Property". Microsoft Docs. ^ "Date and Time Support". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013. ^ "System.SysUtils.Time". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013. ^ "System.SysUtils.GetTime". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013. ^ "System.SysUtils.Date". Embarcadero Developer Network'. 2013. ^ "System.DateUtils.Today". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013. ^ "System.DateUtils.Tomorrow". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013. ^ "System.DateUtils.Yesterday". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013. ^ "System.SysUtils.Now". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013. ^ "System.SysUtils.DayOfWeek". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013. ^ "System.SysUtils.CurrentYear". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013. ^ a b c "Time and Time Correction in Erlang". www.erlang.org. ^ "XL2000: Early Dates on Office Spreadsheet Component Differ from Excel". Microsoft Support. 2003. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. In the Microsoft Office Spreadsheet Component, the value 0 evaluates to the date December 30, 1899 and the value 1 evaluates to December 31, 1899. ... In Excel, the value 0 evaluates to January 0, 1900 and the value 1 evaluates to January 1, 1900. ^ "SYSTEM_CLOCK". Intel Fortran Compiler 19.0 Developer Guide and Reference. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ "SYSTEM_CLOCK — Time function". The GNU Fortran Compiler. Retrieved 27 October 2011. ^ a b "System.nanoTime() method". Java Platform, Standard Edition 6: API Specification. 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ "Clock.systemUTC() and other methods". Java Platform, Standard Edition 8: API Specification. 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015. ^ "JSR-310 Java Time System". Java Platform, Standard Edition 8: API Specification. 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015. ^ "Matlab Help". ^ a b "NSTimeInterval - Foundation". Apple Developer Documentation. ^ Douglas Wegscheild, R. Schertler, and Jarkko Hietaniemi, "Time::HiRes". CPAN - Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011. ^ James Britt; Neurogami. "Time class". Ruby-Doc.org: Help and documentation for the Ruby programming language. Scottsdale, AZ. Retrieved 27 October 2011. ^ Yugui (18 August 2010). "Ruby 1.9.2 is released". The new 1.9.2 is almost compatible with 1.9.1, except these changes: ... Time is reimplemented. The bug with year 2038 is fixed. ^ "MIT/GNU Scheme 9.2: 15.5 Date and Time". ^ "Using the Get-Date Cmdlet". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ "Windows PowerShell Tip of the Week – Formatting Dates and Times". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 23 July 2019. External links Critical and Significant Dates, J. R. Stockton (retrieved 3 December 2015) The Boost Date/Time Library (C++) The Boost Chrono Library (C++) The Chronos Date/Time Library (Smalltalk) Joda Time, The Joda Date/Time Library (Java) The Perl DateTime Project Archived 2009-02-19 at the Wayback Machine (Perl) date: Ruby Standard Library Documentation (Ruby) vteTimeKey concepts Past Present Future Eternity Measurementand standardsChronometry UTC UT TAI Unit of time Orders of magnitude (time) Measurementsystems Italian six-hour clock Thai six-hour clock 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Relative hour Daylight saving time Chinese Decimal Hexadecimal Hindu Metric Roman Sidereal Solar Time zone Calendars Main types Solar Lunar Lunisolar Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Solar Hijri Chinese Hindu Panchang Maya List Clocks Main types astronomical astrarium atomic quantum hourglass marine sundial watch mechanical stopwatch water-based Cuckoo clock Digital clock Grandfather clock History Timeline ChronologyHistory Astronomical chronology Big History Calendar era Deep time Periodization Regnal year Timeline Philosophy of time A series and B series B-theory of time Chronocentrism Duration Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Perdurantism Presentism Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time ReligionMythology Ages of Man Destiny Immortality Dreamtime Kāla Time and fate deities Father Time Wheel of time Kalachakra Human experienceand use of time Chronemics Generation time Mental chronometry Music tempo time signature Rosy retrospection Tense–aspect–mood Time management Yesterday – Today – Tomorrow Time in scienceGeology Geological time age chron eon epoch era period Geochronology Geological history of Earth Physics Absolute space and time Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Instant Proper time Spacetime Theory of relativity Time domain Time translation symmetry Time reversal symmetry Other fields Chronological dating Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Clock reaction Glottochronology Time geography Related Leap year Memory Moment Space System time Tempus fugit Time capsule Time immemorial Time travel Category Commons vteTime measurement and standards Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31-1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line IERS Reference Meridian Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute space and time Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time-translation symmetry T-symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch stopwatch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Holocene Islamic (lunar Hijri) Julian Solar Hijri Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Intercalation Julian day Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Instant Flick Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Decimal time Metric time System time Time metrology Time value of money Timekeeper	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clock generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_generator"},{"link_name":"Clock signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal"},{"link_name":"Clock rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_rate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_time.png"},{"link_name":"date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_(Unix)"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"computer programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming"},{"link_name":"days on the calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_date"},{"link_name":"epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"POSIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"},{"link_name":"Unix time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time"},{"link_name":"Unix epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_epoch"},{"link_name":"UT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"leap seconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second"},{"link_name":"Windows API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API"},{"link_name":"Windows 9x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_9x"},{"link_name":"Windows NT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT"},{"link_name":"proleptic Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"calendar time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_date"},{"link_name":"Unix system time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time"},{"link_name":"subroutines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine"},{"link_name":"time zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"},{"link_name":"daylight saving time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time"},{"link_name":"locale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locale_(computer_software)"},{"link_name":"Year 2038 problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem"},{"link_name":"software and hardware errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs"},{"link_name":"Year 2000 problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2000_problem"},{"link_name":"data file formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_format"}],"text":"\"System clock\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Clock generator, Clock signal, or Clock rate.Unix date commandIn computer science and computer programming, system time represents a computer system's notion of the passage of time. In this sense, time also includes the passing of days on the calendar.System time is measured by a system clock, which is typically implemented as a simple count of the number of ticks that have transpired since some arbitrary starting date, called the epoch. For example, Unix and POSIX-compliant systems encode system time (\"Unix time\") as the number of seconds elapsed since the start of the Unix epoch at 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UT, with exceptions for leap seconds. Systems that implement the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the Windows API, such as Windows 9x and Windows NT, provide the system time as both SYSTEMTIME, represented as a year/month/day/hour/minute/second/milliseconds value, and FILETIME, represented as a count of the number of 100-nanosecond ticks since 1 January 1601 00:00:00 UT as reckoned in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.System time can be converted into calendar time, which is a form more suitable for human comprehension. For example, the Unix system time 1000000000 seconds since the beginning of the epoch translates into the calendar time 9 September 2001 01:46:40 UT. Library subroutines that handle such conversions may also deal with adjustments for time zones, daylight saving time (DST), leap seconds, and the user's locale settings. Library routines are also generally provided that convert calendar times into system times.Many implementations that currently store system times as 32-bit integer values will suffer from the impending Year 2038 problem. These time values will overflow (\"run out of bits\") after the end of their system time epoch, leading to software and hardware errors. These systems will require some form of remediation, similar to efforts required to solve the earlier Year 2000 problem. This will also be a potentially much larger problem for existing data file formats that contain system timestamps stored as 32-bit values.","title":"System time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"process time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_time"},{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)"},{"link_name":"kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"instructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_cycle"},{"link_name":"clock cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal"},{"link_name":"wall time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elapsed_real_time"},{"link_name":"File systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system"},{"link_name":"timestamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timestamp"},{"link_name":"file control block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Control_Block"},{"link_name":"inode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file"},{"link_name":"directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(computing)"}],"text":"Closely related to system time is process time, which is a count of the total CPU time consumed by an executing process. It may be split into user and system CPU time, representing the time spent executing user code and system kernel code, respectively. Process times are a tally of CPU instructions or clock cycles and generally have no direct correlation to wall time.File systems keep track of the times that files are created, modified, and/or accessed by storing timestamps in the file control block (or inode) of each file and directory.","title":"Other time measurements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"CP/M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M"},{"link_name":"Apple II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II_series"},{"link_name":"BBC Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Micro"},{"link_name":"Commodore PET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET"},{"link_name":"peripheral boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral"},{"link_name":"real-time clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_clock"},{"link_name":"battery back-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_battery"},{"link_name":"IBM PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer"},{"link_name":"XT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT"},{"link_name":"IBM AT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_AT"},{"link_name":"motherboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard"},{"link_name":"computer networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"},{"link_name":"local time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_time"},{"link_name":"time zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"},{"link_name":"VCRs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette_recorder"},{"link_name":"DVRs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder"},{"link_name":"cable TV receivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"PDAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant"},{"link_name":"pagers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pager"},{"link_name":"cell phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"fax machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax"},{"link_name":"telephone answering machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answering_machine"},{"link_name":"cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera"},{"link_name":"camcorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camcorder"},{"link_name":"central air conditioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"},{"link_name":"microwave ovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_oven"},{"link_name":"Microcontrollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"embedded systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system"},{"link_name":"Raspberry Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi"},{"link_name":"Arduino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino"},{"link_name":"similar systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer"},{"link_name":"rebooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot"},{"link_name":"time server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_server"},{"link_name":"prompting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface"}],"text":"Most first-generation personal computers did not keep track of dates and times. These included systems that ran the CP/M operating system, as well as early models of the Apple II, the BBC Micro, and the Commodore PET, among others. Add-on peripheral boards that included real-time clock chips with on-board battery back-up were available for the IBM PC and XT, but the IBM AT was the first widely available PC that came equipped with date/time hardware built into the motherboard. Prior to the widespread availability of computer networks, most personal computer systems that did track system time did so only with respect to local time and did not make allowances for different time zones.With current technology, most modern computers keep track of local civil time, as do many other household and personal devices such as VCRs, DVRs, cable TV receivers, PDAs, pagers, cell phones, fax machines, telephone answering machines, cameras, camcorders, central air conditioners, and microwave ovens.Microcontrollers operating within embedded systems (such as the Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and other similar systems) do not always have internal hardware to keep track of time. Many such controller systems operate without knowledge of the external time. Those that require such information typically initialize their base time upon rebooting by obtaining the current time from an external source, such as from a time server or external clock, or by prompting the user to manually enter the current time.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"programmable interval timer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_interval_timer"},{"link_name":"preemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemption_(computing)"}],"text":"The system clock is typically implemented as a programmable interval timer that periodically interrupts the CPU, which then starts executing a timer interrupt service routine. This routine typically adds one tick to the system clock (a simple counter) and handles other periodic housekeeping tasks (preemption, etc.) before returning to the task the CPU was executing before the interruption.","title":"Implementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"programming languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software"},{"link_name":"Gregorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"proleptic Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)"},{"link_name":"precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision"}],"text":"The following tables illustrate methods for retrieving the system time in various operating systems, programming languages, and applications. Values marked by (*) are system-dependent and may differ across implementations. All dates are given as Gregorian or proleptic Gregorian calendar dates.The resolution of an implementation's measurement of time does not imply the same precision of such measurements. For example, a system might return the current time as a value measured in microseconds, but actually be capable of discerning individual clock ticks with a frequency of only 100 Hz (10 ms).","title":"Retrieving system time"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Operating systems","title":"Retrieving system time"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Programming languages and applications","title":"Retrieving system time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Apple_CF_NSTimeInterval_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Apple_CF_NSTimeInterval_11-1"},{"link_name":"NSTimeInterval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nstimeinterval"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stdC_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stdC_20-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stdC_20-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stdC_20-3"},{"link_name":"C standard library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library"},{"link_name":"system time values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_t"}],"text":"^ a b The Apple Developer Documentation is not clear on the precision & range of CFAbsoluteTime/CFTimeInterval, except in the CFRunLoopTimerCreate documentation which refers to 'sub-millisecond at most' precision. However, the similar type NSTimeInterval appears to be interchangeable, and has the precision and range listed.\n\n^ a b c d The C standard library does not specify any specific resolution, epoch, range, or datatype for system time values. The C++ library encompasses the C library, so it uses the same system time implementation as C.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Unix date command","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Unix_time.png/350px-Unix_time.png"}]	[{"title":"Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar"},{"title":"DATE (command)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DATE_(command)"},{"title":"Epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(computing)"},{"title":"GPS time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"title":"Jiffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiffy_(time)"},{"title":"Network Time Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol"},{"title":"rdate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rdate"},{"title":"TIME (command)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME_(command)"},{"title":"time.h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time.h"},{"title":"time_t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_t"},{"title":"Time formatting and storage bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs"},{"title":"Time Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Protocol"},{"title":"Time standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_standard"},{"title":"Timestamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timestamp"},{"title":"Unix date command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_(Unix)"},{"title":"Unix time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time"},{"title":"Unix time command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(Unix)"},{"title":"Elapsed real time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elapsed_real_time"},{"title":"Year 2000 problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2000_problem"},{"title":"Year 2038 problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem"}]	[{"reference":"Ralf D. Brown (2000). \"Int 0x1A, AH=0x00\". Ralf Brown's Interrupt List.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_D._Brown","url_text":"Ralf D. Brown"},{"url":"http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ix/1A/00.html","url_text":"\"Int 0x1A, AH=0x00\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Brown%27s_Interrupt_List","url_text":"Ralf Brown's Interrupt List"}]},{"reference":"Ralf D. Brown (2000). \"Int 0x1A, AH=0x02\". Ralf Brown's Interrupt List.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_D._Brown","url_text":"Ralf D. Brown"},{"url":"http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ix/1A/02.html","url_text":"\"Int 0x1A, AH=0x02\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Brown%27s_Interrupt_List","url_text":"Ralf Brown's Interrupt List"}]},{"reference":"Ralf D. Brown (2000). \"Int 0x1A, AH=0x04\". Ralf Brown's Interrupt List.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_D._Brown","url_text":"Ralf D. Brown"},{"url":"http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ix/1A/04.html","url_text":"\"Int 0x1A, AH=0x04\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Brown%27s_Interrupt_List","url_text":"Ralf Brown's Interrupt List"}]},{"reference":"\"CP/M Plus (CP/M Version 3.0) Operating System Guide\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cpm.z80.de/manuals/cpm3-sys.pdf","url_text":"\"CP/M Plus (CP/M Version 3.0) Operating System Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"BDOS system calls\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seasip.info/Cpm/bdos.html#105","url_text":"\"BDOS system calls\""}]},{"reference":"Ralf D. Brown (2000). \"Int 0x21, AH=0x2c\". Ralf Brown's Interrupt List.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_D._Brown","url_text":"Ralf D. Brown"},{"url":"http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ix/21/2C.html","url_text":"\"Int 0x21, AH=0x2c\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Brown%27s_Interrupt_List","url_text":"Ralf Brown's Interrupt List"}]},{"reference":"Ralf D. Brown (2000). \"Int 0x21, AH=0x2a\". Ralf Brown's Interrupt List.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_D._Brown","url_text":"Ralf D. Brown"},{"url":"http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ix/21/2A.html","url_text":"\"Int 0x21, AH=0x2a\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Brown%27s_Interrupt_List","url_text":"Ralf Brown's Interrupt List"}]},{"reference":"\"Time Utilities Reference\". iOS Developer Library. 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/CoreFoundation/Reference/CFTimeUtils/Reference/reference.html#//apple_ref/doc/c_ref/CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent","url_text":"\"Time Utilities Reference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Time Utilities Reference\". Mac OS X Developer Library. 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/CoreFoundation/Reference/CFTimeUtils/Reference/reference.html","url_text":"\"Time Utilities Reference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Time Utilities - Foundation\". Apple Developer Documentation. Retrieved 6 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/corefoundation/time_utilities","url_text":"\"Time Utilities - Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"Ruth E. Goldenberg; Lawrence J. Kenah; Denise E. Dumas (1991). VAX/VMS Internals and Data Structures, Version 5.2. Digital Press. ISBN 978-1555580599.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D7xQAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"VAX/VMS Internals and Data Structures, Version 5.2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555580599","url_text":"978-1555580599"}]},{"reference":"\"Why is Wednesday, November 17, 1858 the base time for OpenVMS (VAX VMS)?\". Stanford University. 24 July 1997. Archived from the original on 24 July 1997. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slac.stanford.edu/~rkj/crazytime.txt","url_text":"\"Why is Wednesday, November 17, 1858 the base time for OpenVMS (VAX VMS)?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University","url_text":"Stanford University"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970724202734/https://www.slac.stanford.edu/~rkj/crazytime.txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"VSI C Run-Time Library Reference Manual for OpenVMS Systems\" (PDF). VSI. November 2020. Retrieved 2021-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://vmssoftware.com/docs/VSI_CRTL_REF.pdf","url_text":"\"VSI C Run-Time Library Reference Manual for OpenVMS Systems\""}]},{"reference":"\"OpenVMS and the year 2038\". HP. Retrieved 2021-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zx.net.nz/mirror/h71000.www7.hp.com/2038.html","url_text":"\"OpenVMS and the year 2038\""}]},{"reference":"z/Architecture Principles of Operation (PDF). Poughkeepsie, New York: International Business Machines. 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://publibz.boulder.ibm.com/cgi-bin/bookmgr_OS390/download/A2278325.pdf?DT=20070807125005&XKS=DZ9ZBK07","url_text":"z/Architecture Principles of Operation"}]},{"reference":"\"Expanded 64-bit time values\". IBM. Retrieved 2021-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/zos/2.4.0?topic=addressing-expanded-64-bit-time-values","url_text":"\"Expanded 64-bit time values\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan de Boyne Pollard. \"The 32-bit Command Interpreter\". On OS/2 Warp 4, date and time can both operate well beyond the year 2000, and even well beyond the year 2038, and in fact up to the year 2079, which is the limit for OS/2 Warp 4's real-time clock.","urls":[{"url":"https://jdebp.eu/Softwares/cmd.html","url_text":"\"The 32-bit Command Interpreter\""}]},{"reference":"\"DateTime.Now Property\". Microsoft Docs.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.datetime.now","url_text":"\"DateTime.Now Property\""}]},{"reference":"\"DateTime.UtcNow Property\". Microsoft Docs.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.datetime.utcnow","url_text":"\"DateTime.UtcNow Property\""}]},{"reference":"\"DateTime.Ticks Property\". Microsoft Docs.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.datetime.ticks","url_text":"\"DateTime.Ticks Property\""}]},{"reference":"\"Date and Time Support\". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://docwiki.embarcadero.com/RADStudio/XE4/en/Date_and_Time_Support","url_text":"\"Date and Time Support\""}]},{"reference":"\"System.SysUtils.Time\". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://docwiki.embarcadero.com/Libraries/XE4/en/System.SysUtils.Time","url_text":"\"System.SysUtils.Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"System.SysUtils.GetTime\". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://docwiki.embarcadero.com/Libraries/XE4/en/System.SysUtils.GetTime","url_text":"\"System.SysUtils.GetTime\""}]},{"reference":"\"System.SysUtils.Date\". Embarcadero Developer Network'. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://docwiki.embarcadero.com/Libraries/XE4/en/System.SysUtils.Date","url_text":"\"System.SysUtils.Date\""}]},{"reference":"\"System.DateUtils.Today\". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://docwiki.embarcadero.com/Libraries/XE4/en/System.DateUtils.Today","url_text":"\"System.DateUtils.Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"System.DateUtils.Tomorrow\". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://docwiki.embarcadero.com/Libraries/XE4/en/System.DateUtils.Tomorrow","url_text":"\"System.DateUtils.Tomorrow\""}]},{"reference":"\"System.DateUtils.Yesterday\". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://docwiki.embarcadero.com/Libraries/XE4/en/System.DateUtils.Yesterday","url_text":"\"System.DateUtils.Yesterday\""}]},{"reference":"\"System.SysUtils.Now\". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://docwiki.embarcadero.com/Libraries/XE4/en/System.SysUtils.Now","url_text":"\"System.SysUtils.Now\""}]},{"reference":"\"System.SysUtils.DayOfWeek\". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://docwiki.embarcadero.com/Libraries/XE4/en/System.SysUtils.DayOfWeek","url_text":"\"System.SysUtils.DayOfWeek\""}]},{"reference":"\"System.SysUtils.CurrentYear\". Embarcadero Developer Network. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://docwiki.embarcadero.com/Libraries/XE4/en/System.SysUtils.CurrentYear","url_text":"\"System.SysUtils.CurrentYear\""}]},{"reference":"\"Time and Time Correction in Erlang\". www.erlang.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.erlang.org/doc/apps/erts/time_correction.html","url_text":"\"Time and Time Correction in Erlang\""}]},{"reference":"\"XL2000: Early Dates on Office Spreadsheet Component Differ from Excel\". Microsoft Support. 2003. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. In the Microsoft Office Spreadsheet Component, the value 0 evaluates to the date December 30, 1899 and the value 1 evaluates to December 31, 1899. ... In Excel, the value 0 evaluates to January 0, 1900 and the value 1 evaluates to January 1, 1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071024010448/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/205719","url_text":"\"XL2000: Early Dates on Office Spreadsheet Component Differ from Excel\""},{"url":"http://support.microsoft.com/kb/205719","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SYSTEM_CLOCK\". Intel Fortran Compiler 19.0 Developer Guide and Reference. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://software.intel.com/en-us/fortran-compiler-developer-guide-and-reference-system-clock","url_text":"\"SYSTEM_CLOCK\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYSTEM_CLOCK — Time function\". The GNU Fortran Compiler. Retrieved 27 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gfortran/SYSTEM_005fCLOCK.html","url_text":"\"SYSTEM_CLOCK — Time function\""}]},{"reference":"\"System.nanoTime() method\". Java Platform, Standard Edition 6: API Specification. 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#nanoTime()","url_text":"\"System.nanoTime() method\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clock.systemUTC() and other methods\". Java Platform, Standard Edition 8: API Specification. 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/time/Clock.html#systemUTC--","url_text":"\"Clock.systemUTC() and other methods\""}]},{"reference":"\"JSR-310 Java Time System\". Java Platform, Standard Edition 8: API Specification. 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/time/Instant.html","url_text":"\"JSR-310 Java Time System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matlab Help\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/datenum.html","url_text":"\"Matlab Help\""}]},{"reference":"\"NSTimeInterval - Foundation\". Apple Developer Documentation.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nstimeinterval","url_text":"\"NSTimeInterval - Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Time::HiRes\". CPAN - Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://metacpan.org/module/Time::HiRes","url_text":"\"Time::HiRes\""}]},{"reference":"James Britt; Neurogami. \"Time class\". Ruby-Doc.org: Help and documentation for the Ruby programming language. Scottsdale, AZ. Retrieved 27 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://ruby-doc.org/core/Time.html","url_text":"\"Time class\""}]},{"reference":"Yugui (18 August 2010). \"Ruby 1.9.2 is released\". The new 1.9.2 is almost compatible with 1.9.1, except these changes: ... Time is reimplemented. The bug with year 2038 is fixed.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2010/08/18/ruby-1-9-2-released/","url_text":"\"Ruby 1.9.2 is released\""}]},{"reference":"\"MIT/GNU Scheme 9.2: 15.5 Date and Time\".","urls":[{"url":"https://edoras.sdsu.edu/doc/mit-scheme-9.2/mit-scheme-ref/Date-and-Time.html","url_text":"\"MIT/GNU Scheme 9.2: 15.5 Date and Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Using the Get-Date Cmdlet\". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 23 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-powershell-1.0/ee176845(v=technet.10)","url_text":"\"Using the Get-Date Cmdlet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Windows PowerShell Tip of the Week – Formatting Dates and Times\". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 23 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-powershell-1.0/ee692801(v=technet.10)","url_text":"\"Windows PowerShell Tip of the Week – Formatting Dates and Times\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=System_time&action=purge","external_links_name":"Purge this page, and update this counter."},{"Link":"https://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/gettimeofday.html","external_links_name":"gettimeofday"},{"Link":"https://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/clock_gettime.html","external_links_name":"clock_gettime"},{"Link":"https://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/gettimeofday.html","external_links_name":"gettimeofday"},{"Link":"https://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/clock_gettime.html","external_links_name":"clock_gettime"},{"Link":"http://erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#system_time-0","external_links_name":"erlang:system_time()"},{"Link":"http://erlang.org/doc/man/os.html#system_time-0","external_links_name":"os:system_time()"},{"Link":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nstimeinterval","external_links_name":"NSTimeInterval"},{"Link":"http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ix/1A/00.html","external_links_name":"\"Int 0x1A, AH=0x00\""},{"Link":"http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ix/1A/02.html","external_links_name":"\"Int 0x1A, AH=0x02\""},{"Link":"http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ix/1A/04.html","external_links_name":"\"Int 0x1A, AH=0x04\""},{"Link":"http://www.cpm.z80.de/manuals/cpm3-sys.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CP/M Plus (CP/M Version 3.0) Operating System Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.seasip.info/Cpm/bdos.html#105","external_links_name":"\"BDOS system calls\""},{"Link":"http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ix/21/2C.html","external_links_name":"\"Int 0x21, AH=0x2c\""},{"Link":"http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ix/21/2A.html","external_links_name":"\"Int 0x21, AH=0x2a\""},{"Link":"https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/CoreFoundation/Reference/CFTimeUtils/Reference/reference.html#//apple_ref/doc/c_ref/CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent","external_links_name":"\"Time Utilities Reference\""},{"Link":"https://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/CoreFoundation/Reference/CFTimeUtils/Reference/reference.html","external_links_name":"\"Time Utilities Reference\""},{"Link":"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/corefoundation/time_utilities","external_links_name":"\"Time Utilities - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renville_County_(disambiguation)	Renville County	[]	Renville County may be: Renville County, Minnesota Renville County, North Dakota Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renville County, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renville_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Renville County, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renville_County,_North_Dakota"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Renville_County&namespace=0"}],"text":"Renville County, Minnesota\nRenville County, North DakotaTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Renville County"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Renville_County&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_Samachar	Fiji Samachar	["1 History","2 References"]	Hindi-language newspaper published in Fiji Fiji SamachaTypeNewspaperOwner(s)Indian Printing and Publishing CompanyFounded1924LanguageHindiCeased publication1974CitySuva Fiji Samachar (Fiji News) was a Hindi language newspaper published in Fiji from 1924 to 1974. It was published in Suva by the Indian Printing and Publishing Company and its first editor was Babu Ram Singh. History The newspaper started as a bi-lingual Hindi and English Monthly newspaper but from 1935 became a weekly Hindi newspaper. The editorial committee was headed by Pandit Vishnu Deo and included Pandit Ami Chandra and Pandit Gopendra Narayan Pathik, all active members of the Arya Samaj in Fiji and consequently the newspaper was seen as the mouthpiece of the Arya Samaj. In the 1930s Vishnu Deo became the editor. The newspaper was involved in a number of controversies. In 1927, the newspaper was sued for making allegations against some Fiji Indian civil servants, with Ram Singh and Vishnu Deo being charged but the charges were withdrawn after a public apology arranged by S. B. Patel. In 1932, Deo was convicted of publishing objectionable material against the religious practices of others in the newspaper. In early 1943, the Fiji Government suspended the publication of Fiji Samachar for six months after it published record of the meeting of Central Indian Was Committee in November 1942, in which most of the speakers took the view that Indians could not be expected to enlist for the army unless they were paid the same as Europeans. The Fiji Samachar enjoyed wide readership during the period from 1929 to 1959 when Vishnu Deo was active in politics, but lost its readers to numerous other Hindi language newspapers which began publication in the 1960s. In 1963 the newspaper was sold to S. M. Bidesi and labour problems caused it to cease publication in 1974. References ^ Kanwal, J. S. (1980). A Hundred years of Hindi in Fiji. Suva, Fiji: Fiji Teachers Union. p. 92. ^ Sharma, Guru Dayal (1987). Memories of Fiji: 1887 - 1987. Guru Dayal Sharma, Suva, Fiji. p. 136. ^ Gillion, K. L. (1977). The Fiji Indians: Challenge to European dominance 1920-1946. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University Press. p. 178. ISBN 0-7081-1291-9.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Suva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suva"},{"link_name":"Babu Ram Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Singh_(Fiji)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Fiji Samachar (Fiji News) was a Hindi language newspaper published in Fiji from 1924 to 1974. It was published in Suva by the Indian Printing and Publishing Company and its first editor was Babu Ram Singh.[1]","title":"Fiji Samachar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vishnu Deo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu_Deo"},{"link_name":"Ami Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_Chandra"},{"link_name":"Gopendra Narayan Pathik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopendra_Narayan_Pathik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arya Samaj in Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Samaj_in_Fiji"},{"link_name":"allegations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegation"},{"link_name":"Fiji Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_Fiji"},{"link_name":"S. B. Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._B._Patel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India"},{"link_name":"Europeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The newspaper started as a bi-lingual Hindi and English Monthly newspaper but from 1935 became a weekly Hindi newspaper. The editorial committee was headed by Pandit Vishnu Deo and included Pandit Ami Chandra and Pandit Gopendra Narayan Pathik, all active members of the Arya Samaj in Fiji and consequently the newspaper was seen as the mouthpiece of the Arya Samaj. In the 1930s Vishnu Deo became the editor.The newspaper was involved in a number of controversies. In 1927, the newspaper was sued for making allegations against some Fiji Indian civil servants, with Ram Singh and Vishnu Deo being charged but the charges were withdrawn after a public apology arranged by S. B. Patel.[2] In 1932, Deo was convicted of publishing objectionable material against the religious practices of others in the newspaper.In early 1943, the Fiji Government suspended the publication of Fiji Samachar for six months after it published record of the meeting of Central Indian Was Committee in November 1942, in which most of the speakers took the view that Indians could not be expected to enlist for the army unless they were paid the same as Europeans.[3]The Fiji Samachar enjoyed wide readership during the period from 1929 to 1959 when Vishnu Deo was active in politics, but lost its readers to numerous other Hindi language newspapers which began publication in the 1960s. In 1963 the newspaper was sold to S. M. Bidesi and labour problems caused it to cease publication in 1974.","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kanwal, J. S. (1980). A Hundred years of Hindi in Fiji. Suva, Fiji: Fiji Teachers Union. p. 92.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sharma, Guru Dayal (1987). Memories of Fiji: 1887 - 1987. Guru Dayal Sharma, Suva, Fiji. p. 136.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gillion, K. L. (1977). The Fiji Indians: Challenge to European dominance 1920-1946. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University Press. p. 178. ISBN 0-7081-1291-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7081-1291-9","url_text":"0-7081-1291-9"}]}]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics	Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics	["1 Medal summary","1.1 Medal table","1.2 Events","2 Participating NOCs","3 References"]	Ski jumpingat the XVII Olympic Winter GamesVenueLysgårdsbakkenDates20–25 FebruaryNo. of events3Competitors68 from 19 nations← 19921998 → Ski jumping at the1994 Winter OlympicsNormal hillmenLarge hillmenTeammenvte Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 20 February to 25 February, taking place at Lysgårdsbakken. Medal summary Medal table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Germany (GER)20132 Norway (NOR)12033 Japan (JPN)01014 Austria (AUT)0022Totals (4 entries)3339 Germany led the medal table with two gold medals, and three overall. Events Event Gold Silver Bronze Normal hill individual details Espen Bredesen Norway 282.0 Lasse Ottesen Norway 268.0 Dieter Thoma Germany 260.5 Large hill individual details Jens Weißflog Germany 274.5 Espen Bredesen Norway 266.5 Andreas Goldberger Austria 255.0 Large hill team details Germany (GER) Hansjörg JäkleChristof DuffnerDieter ThomaJens Weißflog 970.1 Japan (JPN) Jinya NishikataTakanobu OkabeNoriaki KasaiMasahiko Harada 956.9 Austria (AUT) Heinz KuttinChristian MoserStefan HorngacherAndreas Goldberger 918.9 Participating NOCs Nineteen nations participated in ski jumping at the Lillehammer Games. Belarus, the Czech Republic, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine made their Olympic ski jumping debuts. Austria (4) Belarus (1) Czech Republic (4) Finland (5) France (4) Georgia (1) Germany (5) Italy (4) Japan (4) Kazakhstan (3) Norway (6) Poland (1) Russia (4) Slovenia (6) Switzerland (2) Slovakia (2) Sweden (5) Ukraine (1) United States (6) References ^ a b c d "Lillehammer 1994 Official Report - Volume 3" (PDF). Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee. LA84 Foundation. 1994. Retrieved January 28, 2014. ^ "Ski Jumping at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2019. vte Events at the 1994 Winter Olympics (Lillehammer) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross‑country skiing Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Ski jumping Speed skating vte Ski jumping at the Winter Olympics 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 List of medalists List of venues	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ski jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping"},{"link_name":"1994 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Lysgårdsbakken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysg%C3%A5rdsbakken"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficialReport-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-2"}],"text":"Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of three events held from 20 February to 25 February, taking place at Lysgårdsbakken.[1][2]","title":"Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficialReport-1"}],"sub_title":"Medal table","text":"[1]Germany led the medal table with two gold medals, and three overall.","title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficialReport-1"}],"sub_title":"Events","text":"[1]","title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficialReport-1"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"}],"text":"Nineteen nations participated in ski jumping at the Lillehammer Games. Belarus, the Czech Republic, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine made their Olympic ski jumping debuts.[1]Austria (4)\n Belarus (1)\n Czech Republic (4)\n Finland (5)\n France (4)\n Georgia (1)\n Germany (5)\n Italy (4)\n Japan (4)\n Kazakhstan (3)\n Norway (6)\n Poland (1)\n Russia (4)\n Slovenia (6)\n Switzerland (2)\n Slovakia (2)\n Sweden (5)\n Ukraine (1)\n United States (6)","title":"Participating NOCs"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Lillehammer 1994 Official Report - Volume 3\" (PDF). Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee. LA84 Foundation. 1994. Retrieved January 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1994/E_BOOK4.PDF","url_text":"\"Lillehammer 1994 Official Report - Volume 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ski Jumping at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417054723/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/SKJ/","url_text":"\"Ski Jumping at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/SKJ/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1994/E_BOOK4.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Lillehammer 1994 Official Report - Volume 3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417054723/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/SKJ/","external_links_name":"\"Ski Jumping at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1994/SKJ/","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Challikan	Ibn Khallikan	["1 Life","2 Notes","3 References","4 Bibliography"]	Muslim historian (1211–1282) Shams al-Dīn Abū Al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Khallikānابن خلكانTitleChief JudgePersonalBorn22 September 1211ErbilDied30 October 1282(1282-10-30) (aged 71)DamascusReligionIslamRegionMiddle EastDenominationSunniJurisprudenceShafi'iCreedAsh'ariNotable work(s)Deaths of Eminent Men and History of the Sons of the Epoch Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin Ibrāhīm bin Abū Bakr ibn Khallikān (Arabic: أحمد بن محمد بن إبراهيم بن أبي بكر ابن خلكان; 22 September 1211 – 30 October 1282), better known as Ibn Khallikān, was a renowned Islamic historian who compiled the celebrated biographical encyclopedia of Muslim scholars and important men in Muslim history, Deaths of Eminent Men and the Sons of the Epoch ('Wafayāt al-Aʿyān wa-Anbāʾ Abnāʾ az-Zamān'). Due to this achievement, he is regarded as the most eminent writer of biographies in Islamic history. Life Ibn Khallikān was born in Erbil on 22 September 1211 (11 Rabī’ al-Thānī, 608), into a respectable family that claimed descent from Barmakids, an Iranian dynasty of Balkhi origin. His primary studies took him from Arbil, to Aleppo and to Damascus, before he took up jurisprudence in Mosul and then in Cairo, where he settled. He gained prominence as a jurist, theologian and grammarian. An early biographer described him as "a pious man, virtuous, and learned; amiable in temper, in conversation serious and instructive. His exterior was highly prepossessing, his countenance handsome and his manners engaging." He married in 1252 and was assistant to the chief judge in Egypt until 1261, when he assumed the position of chief judge in Damascus. He lost this position in 1271 and returned to Egypt, where he taught until being reinstated as judge in Damascus in 1278. He retired in 1281 and died in Damascus on 30 October 1282 (Saturday, 26th of Rajab 681). Notes ^ Also known as Abū ʾl-ʿAbbās S̲h̲ams al-Dīn al-Barmakī al-Irbilī al-S̲h̲āfiʿī (Arabic: أبو العباس شمس الدين البرمكي الأربلي الشافعي) References ^ Lewis, B.; Menage, V.L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (1986) . Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (H-Iram) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 832. ISBN 978-9004081185. ^ Schmidtke, Sabine (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford University Press. p. 556. ISBN 9780199696703. ^ a b J.W., Fück. "Ibn Khallikan". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_3248. ^ "Ibn Khallikan". ^ El Hareir, Idris; Mbaye, Ravane (2011). The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. UNESCO Pub. p. 295. ^ Frye, R. N.; Fisher, William Bayne; Frye, Richard Nelson; Avery, Peter; Boyle, John Andrew; Gershevitch, Ilya; Jackson, Peter (26 June 1975). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521200936. ^ a b c d "Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Ibn Khallikān". 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010. ^ a b c d "Ibn Khallikan". Humanistic Texts.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010. ^ Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, p.139. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810861615. Bibliography Ibn Khallikan (1842–1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Translated from the Arabic (4 vols.). Translated by Baron Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. vteShafi'i school by century (AH / AD) 2nd/8th Al-Shafi'i (founder of the school; 767–820) Al-Muzani (791/92–878) 3rd/9th Al-Humaydi (d. 834) Harith al-Muhasibi (781–857) Bukhari (810–870) Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 875) Ibn Majah (824–887) Al-Nasai (d. 915) Ibn Khuzaymah (837–923) Ibn al-Mundhir (855–930) Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) Fakr ad-Din 4th/10th Al-Daraqutni (918–995) Abu Talib al-Makki (d. 996) Al-Hakim Nishapuri (933–1014) Ibn Furak (d. 1015) Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad (935–1025) Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi (d. 1037) Abu Nuaym (d. 1038) Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (1003–1083) Al-Lalika'i 5th/11th Al-Tha'labi (d. 1035) Al-Mawardi (972–1058) Al-Bayhaqi (994–1066) Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (1002–1071) Al-Qushayri (986–1072) Al-Juwayni (1028–1085) Al-Baghawi (d. 1122) Ahmad Ghazali (d. 1123/26) 6th/12th Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) Al-Shahrastani (1086–1153) Ibn `Asakir (1105–c. 1176) Abu Tahir al-Silafi (1079–1180) Ahmed al-Rifa`i (1119–1183) Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi (1154–1191) Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1150–1209) Sayf al-Din al-Amidi (1156–1233) Ibn Abi'l-Dam (1187–1244) Ibn al-Salah (1181–1245) 7th/13th Ibn Abil-Hadid (d. 1258) Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam (d. 1262) Ahmad al-Badawi (1200–1276) Al-Nawawi (1230–1277) Ibn Khallikan (1211–1282) Ibn Daqiq al-Id (1228–1302) Al-Baydawi (d. 1319) Safi-ad-din Ardabili (1252/53–1334) Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi (1256–1341) Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn 8th/14th Safi al-Din al-Hindi (d. 1315/16) Al-Dhahabi (1274–1348) Taqi al-Din al-Subki (1284–1355) Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) Taj al-Din al-Subki (1327–1370) Ibn Kathir (d. 1373) Taftazani (1322–1390) Badr Ad-Din az-Zarkashi (1344–1392) Zain al-Din al-Iraqi (1325–1403) Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami (1335–1404) Ibn Nuhaas (d. 1411) Ibn al-Jazari (1350–1429) 9th/15th Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1449) Al-Mahalli (d. 1460) Al-Sakhawi (1428–1497) Al-Suyuti (1445–1505) Al-Qastallani (1448–1517) Zakariyya al-Ansari (1420–1520) Ali ibn Ahmad al-Samhudi (1466–1533) 10th/16th Al-Sha`rani (1492/93–1565) Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (1503–1566) Al-Khaṭib ash-Shirbiniy (d. 1570) 11th/17th Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720) 13th/19th Ibrahim al-Bajuri (1784–1860) Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla`i (1820–1882) Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (1816–1886) Shaykh Sufi (1828–1904) Uways al-Barawi (1847–1909) Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi (1860–1916) 14th/20th Yusuf al-Nabhani (1849–1932) Abdallah al-Qutbi (1879–1952) Said Nursî (1877–1960) Abd al-Malik Karim Amrullah (1908–1981) Muhammad Hamidullah (1908–2002) Ahmed Kuftaro (1915–2004) Abdullah al-Harari (1906–2008) 15th/21st Wahbah al-Zuhayli (1932–2015) Taha Jabir Alalwani (1935–2016) Cherussery Zainuddeen Musliyar (1937–2016) Hasyim Muzadi (1944–2017) Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif (1935–2022) Abdul Azeez Madani (1950–2022) Kanthapuram A. P. Abu Bakr Musliyar (b. 1931) Naqib al-Attas (b. 1931) Mohammad Salim Al-Awa (b. 1942) K. Ali Kutty Musliyar (b. 1945) Ali Gomaa (b. 1952) Nuh Ha Mim Keller (b. 1954) Zaid Shakir (b. 1956) Gibril Haddad (b. 1960) Umar bin Hafiz (b. 1963) Ibrahim Khalil al-Bukhari (b. 1964) Muhammad bin Yahya al-Ninowy (b. 1970) Ali al-Jifri (b. 1971) Afifi al-Akiti (b. 1976) Awn Al-Qaddoumi (b. 1982) Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence Hanafi Hanbali Maliki Zahiri vteAsh'ari school of Sunni theology Islam portal Category Ash'ari scholars(Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari)Malikis Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (d. 386 AH) Al-Baqillani (d. 403 AH) Abu Imran al-Fasi (d. 430 AH) Ibn Sidah (d. 458 AH) Abu al-Walid al-Baji (d. 474 AH) Abu Bakr al-Turtushi (d. 520 AH) Al-Maziri (d. 536 AH) Ibn Barrajan (d. 536 AH) Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi (d. 543 AH) Al-Qadi 'Ayyad (d. 544 AH) Al-Suhayli (d. 581 AH) Ibn al-Qattan (d. 628 AH) Ibn Malik (d. 672 AH) Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi (d. 684 AH) Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (d. 702 AH) Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari (d. 709 AH) Ibn Adjurrum (d. 723 AH) Ibn al-Hajj al-'Abdari (d. 737 AH) Ibn Juzayy (d. 741 AH) Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi (d. 776 AH) Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (d. 790 AH) Ibn 'Arafa (d. 803 AH) Ibn Khaldun (d. 808 AH) Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi (d. 876 AH) Ahmad Zarruq (d. 899 AH) Ahmad al-Wansharisi (d. 914 AH) Al-Akhdari (d. 953 AH) Al-Hattab (d. 954 AH) Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti (d. 1036 AH) Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani (d. 1041 AH) Ibrahim al-Laqani (d. 1041 AH) Muhammad Mayyara (d. 1072 AH) Ibn 'Ashir (d. 1090 AH) Al-Hasan al-Yusi (d. 1102 AH) Muhammad al-Zurqani (d. 1122 AH) Ahmad al-Dardir (d. 1201 AH) M'Hamed al-Azhari (d. 1208 AH) Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba (d. 1224 AH) Ahmad al-Tijani (d. 1230 AH) Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki (d. 1230 AH) Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi (d. 1276 AH) Muhammad 'Ilish (d. 1299 AH) Ahmad al-Ghumari (d. 1380 AH) Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur (d. 1393 AH) Abdel-Halim Mahmoud (d. 1397 AH) Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi (d. 1419 AH) Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki (d. 1425 AH) Ahmed el-Tayeb Hamza Yusuf Shafi'is Ibn Hibban (d. 354 AH) Ibn Khafif (d. 371 AH) Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (d. 405 AH) Ibn Furak (d. 406 AH) Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini (d. 418 AH) Al-Tha'labi (d. 427 AH) Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi (d. 429 AH) Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani (d. 430 AH) Al-Bayhaqi (d. 458 AH) Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d. 463 AH) Al-Qushayri (d. 465 AH) Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (d. 476 AH) Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani (d. 471 AH) Al-Juwayni (d. 478 AH) Al-Raghib al-Isfahani (d. 502 AH) Al-Ghazali (d. 505 AH) Al-Baghawi (d. 516 AH) Al-Shahrastani (d. 548 AH) Ibn 'Asakir (d. 571 AH) Ahmad al-Rifa'i (d. 578 AH) Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606 AH) Ibn al-Salah (d. 643 AH) Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam (d. 660 AH) Al-Nawawi (d. 676 AH) Al-Baydawi (d. 685 AH) Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (d. 702 AH) Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri (d. 728 AH) Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi (d. 742 AH) Taqi al-Din al-Subki (d. 756 AH) Al-Safadi (d. 764 AH) Taj al-Din al-Subki (d. 771 AH) Shams al-Din al-Kirmani (d. 786 AH) Al-Zarkashi (d. 794 AH) Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi (d. 806 AH) Nur al-Din al-Haythami (d. 807 AH) Ibn al-Jazari (d. 833 AH) Al-Maqrizi (d. 845 AH) Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852 AH) Al-Sakhawi (d. 902 AH) Al-Suyuti (d. 911 AH) Nur al-Din al-Samhudi (d. 911 AH) Jalal al-Din al-Dawani (d. 918 AH) Al-Qastallani (d. 923 AH) Zakariyya al-Ansari (d. 926 AH) Al-Sha'rani (d. 973 AH) Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (d. 974 AH) Al-Khatib al-Shirbini (d. 977 AH) Al-Munawi (d. 1031 AH) 'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad (d. 1132 AH) Hasan al-Attar (d. 1230 AH) Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (d. 1304 AH) Bediuzzaman Said Nursi (d. 1379 AH) Noah al-Qudah (d. 1432 AH) 'Abdallah al-Harari (d. 1432 AH) Al-Bouti (d. 1434 AH) Ali Gomaa Ali al-Jifri Gibril Haddad Hanbalis Ibn 'Aqil (d. 508 AH) Ibn al-Jawzi (d. 534 AH) Zahiris Ibn Tumart (d. 524 AH) Ibn Mada' (d. 592 AH) Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi (d. 745 AH) Ash'ari leaders Nizam al-Mulk (d. 485 AH) Yusuf ibn Tashfin (d. 500 AH) 'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali (d. 558 AH) Saladin (d. 589 AH) Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub (d. 615 AH) Al-Kamil (d. 635 AH) Al-Ashraf Musa (d. 635 AH) Qutuz (d. 658 AH) Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun (d. 741 AH) Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi (d. 1300 AH) Omar al-Mukhtar (d. 1350 AH) 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam (d. 1354 AH) Ibn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi (d. 1382 AH) Al-Muwahhidun Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Theology books Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari Asas al-Taqdis Al-Baz al-Ashhab Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq Al-Milal wa al-Nihal Al-Irshad Al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil See also 2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny Ahl al-Hadith Ahl al-Ra'y Kalam Tawhid Sufism Al-Ahbash Ash'ari-related templates Maturidi – Hanafi Maliki Shafi'i Islamic theology Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Netherlands Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brill-eoi-4"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"biographical encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedic_dictionary"},{"link_name":"Muslim scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_scholar"},{"link_name":"Deaths of Eminent Men and the Sons of the Epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_of_Eminent_Men_and_the_Sons_of_the_Epoch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Islamic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_history"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Muslim historian (1211–1282)Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin Ibrāhīm bin Abū Bakr ibn Khallikān[a][3] (Arabic: أحمد بن محمد بن إبراهيم بن أبي بكر ابن خلكان; 22 September 1211 – 30 October 1282), better known as Ibn Khallikān, was a renowned Islamic historian who compiled the celebrated biographical encyclopedia of Muslim scholars and important men in Muslim history, Deaths of Eminent Men and the Sons of the Epoch ('Wafayāt al-Aʿyān wa-Anbāʾ Abnāʾ az-Zamān').[4] Due to this achievement, he is regarded as the most eminent writer of biographies in Islamic history.[5]","title":"Ibn Khallikan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil"},{"link_name":"Rabī’ al-Thānī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%27_al-Thani"},{"link_name":"Barmakids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmakids"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brill-eoi-4"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Balkhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-8"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ludwig_2009-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT-9"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-8"}],"text":"Ibn Khallikān was born in Erbil on 22 September 1211 (11 Rabī’ al-Thānī, 608), into a respectable family that claimed descent from Barmakids,[3] an Iranian dynasty of Balkhi origin.[6]His primary studies took him from Arbil, to Aleppo and to Damascus,[7] before he took up jurisprudence in Mosul and then in Cairo, where he settled.[8] He gained prominence as a jurist, theologian and grammarian.[8] An early biographer described him as \"a pious man, virtuous, and learned; amiable in temper, in conversation serious and instructive. His exterior was highly prepossessing, his countenance handsome and his manners engaging.\"[9]He married in 1252[8] and was assistant to the chief judge in Egypt until 1261, when he assumed the position of chief judge in Damascus.[7] He lost this position in 1271 and returned to Egypt, where he taught until being reinstated as judge in Damascus in 1278.[7] He retired in 1281[8] and died in Damascus on 30 October 1282 (Saturday, 26th of Rajab 681).[7]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"}],"text":"^ Also known as Abū ʾl-ʿAbbās S̲h̲ams al-Dīn al-Barmakī al-Irbilī al-S̲h̲āfiʿī (Arabic: أبو العباس شمس الدين البرمكي الأربلي الشافعي)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibn Khallikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Baron Mac Guckin de Slane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McGuckin_de_Slane"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Shafi%27i_scholars"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars"},{"link_name":"Shafi'i school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i_school"},{"link_name":"AH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijri_year"},{"link_name":"AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"Al-Shafi'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i"},{"link_name":"Al-Muzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muzani"},{"link_name":"Al-Humaydi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_al-Zubayr_al-Humaydi"},{"link_name":"Harith al-Muhasibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harith_al-Muhasibi"},{"link_name":"Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj"},{"link_name":"Ibn Majah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Majah"},{"link_name":"Al-Nasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasai"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khuzaymah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khuzaymah"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Mundhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Mundhir"},{"link_name":"Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari"},{"link_name":"Fakr ad-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakr_ad-Din"},{"link_name":"Al-Daraqutni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Daraqutni"},{"link_name":"Abu Talib al-Makki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Talib_al-Makki"},{"link_name":"Al-Hakim Nishapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_Nishapuri"},{"link_name":"Ibn Furak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Furak"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi"},{"link_name":"Abu Nuaym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nuaym"},{"link_name":"Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shirazi"},{"link_name":"Al-Lalika'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Lalika%27i&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al-Tha'labi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tha%27labi"},{"link_name":"Al-Mawardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mawardi"},{"link_name":"Al-Bayhaqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi"},{"link_name":"Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi"},{"link_name":"Al-Qushayri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qushayri"},{"link_name":"Al-Juwayni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Juwayni"},{"link_name":"Al-Baghawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baghawi"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Ghazali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Ghazali"},{"link_name":"Al-Ghazali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali"},{"link_name":"Al-Shahrastani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shahrastani"},{"link_name":"Ibn `Asakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_%60Asakir"},{"link_name":"Abu Tahir al-Silafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Tahir_al-Silafi"},{"link_name":"Ahmed al-Rifa`i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Rifa%60i"},{"link_name":"Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi"},{"link_name":"Fakhr al-Din al-Razi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din al-Amidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abi'l-Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Dam"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Salah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Salah"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abil-Hadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abil-Hadid"},{"link_name":"Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_Abd_al-Salam"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Badawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Badawi"},{"link_name":"Al-Nawawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nawawi"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khallikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ibn Daqiq al-Id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Daqiq_al-Id"},{"link_name":"Al-Baydawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baydawi"},{"link_name":"Safi-ad-din Ardabili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safi-ad-din_Ardabili"},{"link_name":"Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Abd_al-Rahman_al-Mizzi"},{"link_name":"Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_bin_Ahmad_al-Kawneyn"},{"link_name":"Safi al-Din al-Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safi_al-Din_al-Hindi"},{"link_name":"Al-Dhahabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dhahabi"},{"link_name":"Taqi al-Din al-Subki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Naqib_al-Misri"},{"link_name":"Taj al-Din al-Subki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Subki"},{"link_name":"Ibn Kathir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kathir"},{"link_name":"Taftazani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Taftazani"},{"link_name":"Badr Ad-Din az-Zarkashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_Ad-Din_az-Zarkashi"},{"link_name":"Zain al-Din al-Iraqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zain_al-Din_al-Iraqi"},{"link_name":"Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abu_Bakr_al-Haythami"},{"link_name":"Ibn Nuhaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Nuhaas"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Jazari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazari"},{"link_name":"Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani"},{"link_name":"Al-Mahalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahalli"},{"link_name":"Al-Sakhawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sakhawi"},{"link_name":"Al-Suyuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Suyuti"},{"link_name":"Al-Qastallani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qastallani"},{"link_name":"Zakariyya al-Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari"},{"link_name":"Ali ibn Ahmad al-Samhudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ahmad_al-Samhudi"},{"link_name":"Al-Sha`rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sha%60rani"},{"link_name":"Ibn Hajar al-Haytami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami"},{"link_name":"Al-Khaṭib ash-Shirbiniy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%ADib_ash-Shirbiniy"},{"link_name":"Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim al-Bajuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Bajuri"},{"link_name":"Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla`i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Al-Rahman_bin_Ahmad_al-Zayla%60i"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Zayni Dahlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan"},{"link_name":"Shaykh Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Sufi"},{"link_name":"Uways al-Barawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uways_al-Barawi"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khatib_al-Minangkabawi"},{"link_name":"Yusuf al-Nabhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_al-Nabhani"},{"link_name":"Abdallah al-Qutbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Qutbi"},{"link_name":"Said Nursî","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Malik Karim Amrullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamka"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Hamidullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hamidullah"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Kuftaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Kuftaro"},{"link_name":"Abdullah al-Harari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari"},{"link_name":"Wahbah al-Zuhayli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahbah_al-Zuhayli"},{"link_name":"Taha Jabir Alalwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taha_Jabir_Alalwani"},{"link_name":"Cherussery Zainuddeen Musliyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherussery_Zainuddeen_Musliyar"},{"link_name":"Hasyim Muzadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasyim_Muzadi"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Syafi%27i_Maarif"},{"link_name":"Abdul Azeez Madani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Azeez_Madani"},{"link_name":"Kanthapuram A. P. Abu Bakr Musliyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Abubakr_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Naqib al-Attas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Naquib_al-Attas"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Salim Al-Awa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Salim_Al-Awa"},{"link_name":"K. Ali Kutty Musliyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Ali_Kutty_Musliyar"},{"link_name":"Ali Gomaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Gomaa"},{"link_name":"Nuh Ha Mim Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller"},{"link_name":"Zaid Shakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaid_Shakir"},{"link_name":"Gibril Haddad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibril_Haddad"},{"link_name":"Umar bin Hafiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_bin_Hafiz"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Khalil al-Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Ibraheem_Khaleel_Al_Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Muhammad bin Yahya al-Ninowy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Yahya_al-Ninowy"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Jifri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Jifri"},{"link_name":"Afifi al-Akiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afifi_al-Akiti"},{"link_name":"Awn Al-Qaddoumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awn_Al-Qaddoumi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Muhammad_Jifri_Muthukkoya_Thangal"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars"},{"link_name":"Hanbali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars"},{"link_name":"Maliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars"},{"link_name":"Zahiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ash%27ari"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ash%27ari"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ash%27ari"},{"link_name":"Ash'ari school of Sunni theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27arism"},{"link_name":"Islam portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asharis"},{"link_name":"Ash'ari scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ash%27aris_and_Maturidis#Ash'aris"},{"link_name":"Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari"},{"link_name":"Malikis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malikis"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani"},{"link_name":"Al-Baqillani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baqillani"},{"link_name":"Abu Imran al-Fasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Imran_al-Fasi"},{"link_name":"Ibn Sidah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sidah"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Walid al-Baji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr al-Turtushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Turtushi"},{"link_name":"Al-Maziri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maziri"},{"link_name":"Ibn Barrajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Barrajan"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi"},{"link_name":"Al-Qadi 'Ayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad"},{"link_name":"Al-Suhayli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Suhayli"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Qattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Qattan"},{"link_name":"Ibn Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Malik"},{"link_name":"Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi"},{"link_name":"Ibn Daqiq al-'Id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Daqiq_al-%27Id"},{"link_name":"Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ata_Allah"},{"link_name":"Ibn Adjurrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Adjurrum"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Hajj al-'Abdari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Hajj_al-Abdari"},{"link_name":"Ibn Juzayy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Juzayy"},{"link_name":"Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Jundi"},{"link_name":"Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shatibi"},{"link_name":"Ibn 'Arafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arafa"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Zarruq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Zarruq"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Wansharisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wansharisi"},{"link_name":"Al-Akhdari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Akhdari"},{"link_name":"Al-Hattab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hattab"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al-Timbukti"},{"link_name":"Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Mohammed_al-Maqqari"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim al-Laqani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Laqani"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Mayyara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara"},{"link_name":"Ibn 'Ashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ashir"},{"link_name":"Al-Hasan al-Yusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan_al-Yusi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad al-Zurqani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Zurqani"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Dardir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir"},{"link_name":"M'Hamed al-Azhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_M%27hamed_Bou_Qobrine"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Ajiba"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Tijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tijani"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Sanusi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad 'Ilish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_%27Ilish"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Ghumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Ghumari"},{"link_name":"Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Tahir_ibn_Ashur"},{"link_name":"Abdel-Halim Mahmoud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel-Halim_Mahmoud"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Metwalli_al-Sha%27rawi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Alawi_al-Maliki"},{"link_name":"Ahmed el-Tayeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb"},{"link_name":"Hamza Yusuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_Yusuf"},{"link_name":"Shafi'is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27is"},{"link_name":"Ibn Hibban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hibban"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khafif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khafif"},{"link_name":"Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Nishapuri"},{"link_name":"Ibn Furak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Furak"},{"link_name":"Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfarayini"},{"link_name":"Al-Tha'labi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tha%27labi"},{"link_name":"Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi"},{"link_name":"Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nu%27aym_al-Isfahani"},{"link_name":"Al-Bayhaqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi"},{"link_name":"Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi"},{"link_name":"Al-Qushayri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qushayri"},{"link_name":"Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shirazi"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Qahir_al-Jurjani"},{"link_name":"Al-Juwayni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Juwayni"},{"link_name":"Al-Raghib al-Isfahani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Raghib_al-Isfahani"},{"link_name":"Al-Ghazali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali"},{"link_name":"Al-Baghawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baghawi"},{"link_name":"Al-Shahrastani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shahrastani"},{"link_name":"Ibn 'Asakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Asakir"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Rifa'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i"},{"link_name":"Fakhr al-Din al-Razi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Salah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Salah"},{"link_name":"Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam"},{"link_name":"Al-Nawawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nawawi"},{"link_name":"Al-Baydawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baydawi"},{"link_name":"Ibn Daqiq al-'Id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Daqiq_al-%27Id"},{"link_name":"Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Din_al-Nisapuri"},{"link_name":"Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Mizzi"},{"link_name":"Taqi al-Din al-Subki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki"},{"link_name":"Al-Safadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Safadi"},{"link_name":"Taj al-Din al-Subki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Subki"},{"link_name":"Shams al-Din al-Kirmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Kirmani"},{"link_name":"Al-Zarkashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zarkashi"},{"link_name":"Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zain_al-Din_al-%27Iraqi"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din al-Haythami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Haythami"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Jazari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazari"},{"link_name":"Al-Maqrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqrizi"},{"link_name":"Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani"},{"link_name":"Al-Sakhawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sakhawi"},{"link_name":"Al-Suyuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Suyuti"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din al-Samhudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Samhudi"},{"link_name":"Jalal al-Din al-Dawani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani"},{"link_name":"Al-Qastallani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qastallani"},{"link_name":"Zakariyya al-Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari"},{"link_name":"Al-Sha'rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani"},{"link_name":"Ibn Hajar al-Haytami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami"},{"link_name":"Al-Khatib al-Shirbini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Shirbini"},{"link_name":"Al-Munawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Munawi"},{"link_name":"'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad"},{"link_name":"Hasan al-Attar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Attar"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Zayni Dahlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan"},{"link_name":"Bediuzzaman Said Nursi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE"},{"link_name":"Noah al-Qudah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_al-Qudah"},{"link_name":"'Abdallah al-Harari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari"},{"link_name":"Al-Bouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Said_Ramadan_al-Bouti"},{"link_name":"Ali Gomaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Gomaa"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Jifri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Jifri"},{"link_name":"Gibril Haddad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibril_Haddad"},{"link_name":"Hanbalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbalis"},{"link_name":"Ibn 'Aqil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_%27Aqil"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Jawzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi"},{"link_name":"Zahiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahiris"},{"link_name":"Ibn Tumart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tumart"},{"link_name":"Ibn Mada'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Mada%27"},{"link_name":"Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Andalusi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png"},{"link_name":"Nizam al-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk"},{"link_name":"Yusuf ibn Tashfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin"},{"link_name":"'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adil_I"},{"link_name":"Al-Kamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kamil"},{"link_name":"Al-Ashraf Musa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Emir_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Qutuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutuz"},{"link_name":"Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader_al-Jazairi"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Mukhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Mukhtar"},{"link_name":"'Izz al-Din al-Qassam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_el-Krim"},{"link_name":"Al-Muwahhidun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk"},{"link_name":"Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabyin_Kadhib_al-Muftari"},{"link_name":"Asas al-Taqdis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis"},{"link_name":"Al-Baz al-Ashhab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab"},{"link_name":"Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq"},{"link_name":"Al-Milal wa al-Nihal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal"},{"link_name":"Al-Irshad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief"},{"link_name":"Al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief"},{"link_name":"Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sayf_al-Saqil_fi_al-Radd_ala_Ibn_Zafil"},{"link_name":"2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_international_conference_on_Sunni_Islam_in_Grozny"},{"link_name":"Ahl al-Hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith"},{"link_name":"Ahl al-Ra'y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y"},{"link_name":"Kalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam"},{"link_name":"Tawhid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid"},{"link_name":"Sufism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Al-Ahbash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahbash"},{"link_name":"Maturidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Maturidi"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars"},{"link_name":"Maliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars"},{"link_name":"Shafi'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars"},{"link_name":"Islamic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71394#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/208672/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/000000012132140X"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/49372318"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134746606"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134746606"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/10100558X"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272820405171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n87898981"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/1zcf9wrk4gpwv65"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071747842"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/51504"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd10100558X.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1189322"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/078673607"},{"link_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibn-hallikan"}],"text":"Ibn Khallikan (1842–1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Translated from the Arabic (4 vols.). Translated by Baron Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.vteShafi'i school\nby century (AH / AD)\n2nd/8th\nAl-Shafi'i (founder of the school; 767–820)\nAl-Muzani (791/92–878)\n3rd/9th\nAl-Humaydi (d. 834)\nHarith al-Muhasibi (781–857)\nBukhari (810–870)\nMuslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 875)\nIbn Majah (824–887)\nAl-Nasai (d. 915)\nIbn Khuzaymah (837–923)\nIbn al-Mundhir (855–930)\nAbu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936)\nFakr ad-Din\n4th/10th\nAl-Daraqutni (918–995)\nAbu Talib al-Makki (d. 996)\nAl-Hakim Nishapuri (933–1014)\nIbn Furak (d. 1015)\nAbd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad (935–1025)\nAbu Mansur al-Baghdadi (d. 1037)\nAbu Nuaym (d. 1038)\nAbu Ishaq al-Shirazi (1003–1083)\nAl-Lalika'i\n5th/11th\nAl-Tha'labi (d. 1035)\nAl-Mawardi (972–1058)\nAl-Bayhaqi (994–1066)\nAl-Khatib al-Baghdadi (1002–1071)\nAl-Qushayri (986–1072)\nAl-Juwayni (1028–1085)\nAl-Baghawi (d. 1122)\nAhmad Ghazali (d. 1123/26)\n6th/12th\nAl-Ghazali (1058–1111)\nAl-Shahrastani (1086–1153)\nIbn `Asakir (1105–c. 1176)\nAbu Tahir al-Silafi (1079–1180)\nAhmed al-Rifa`i (1119–1183)\nShahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi (1154–1191)\nFakhr al-Din al-Razi (1150–1209)\nSayf al-Din al-Amidi (1156–1233)\nIbn Abi'l-Dam (1187–1244)\nIbn al-Salah (1181–1245)\n7th/13th\nIbn Abil-Hadid (d. 1258)\nIzz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam (d. 1262)\nAhmad al-Badawi (1200–1276)\nAl-Nawawi (1230–1277)\nIbn Khallikan (1211–1282)\nIbn Daqiq al-Id (1228–1302)\nAl-Baydawi (d. 1319)\nSafi-ad-din Ardabili (1252/53–1334)\nYusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi (1256–1341)\nYusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn\n8th/14th\nSafi al-Din al-Hindi (d. 1315/16)\nAl-Dhahabi (1274–1348)\nTaqi al-Din al-Subki (1284–1355)\nAhmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367)\nTaj al-Din al-Subki (1327–1370)\nIbn Kathir (d. 1373)\nTaftazani (1322–1390)\nBadr Ad-Din az-Zarkashi (1344–1392)\nZain al-Din al-Iraqi (1325–1403)\nAli ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami (1335–1404)\nIbn Nuhaas (d. 1411)\nIbn al-Jazari (1350–1429)\n9th/15th\nIbn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1449)\nAl-Mahalli (d. 1460)\nAl-Sakhawi (1428–1497)\nAl-Suyuti (1445–1505)\nAl-Qastallani (1448–1517)\nZakariyya al-Ansari (1420–1520)\nAli ibn Ahmad al-Samhudi (1466–1533)\n10th/16th\nAl-Sha`rani (1492/93–1565)\nIbn Hajar al-Haytami (1503–1566)\nAl-Khaṭib ash-Shirbiniy (d. 1570)\n11th/17th\nAbdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720)\n13th/19th\nIbrahim al-Bajuri (1784–1860)\nAbd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla`i (1820–1882)\nAhmad Zayni Dahlan (1816–1886)\nShaykh Sufi (1828–1904)\nUways al-Barawi (1847–1909)\nAhmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi (1860–1916)\n14th/20th\nYusuf al-Nabhani (1849–1932)\nAbdallah al-Qutbi (1879–1952)\nSaid Nursî (1877–1960)\nAbd al-Malik Karim Amrullah (1908–1981)\nMuhammad Hamidullah (1908–2002)\nAhmed Kuftaro (1915–2004)\nAbdullah al-Harari (1906–2008)\n15th/21st\nWahbah al-Zuhayli (1932–2015)\nTaha Jabir Alalwani (1935–2016)\nCherussery Zainuddeen Musliyar (1937–2016)\nHasyim Muzadi (1944–2017)\nAhmad Syafi'i Maarif (1935–2022)\nAbdul Azeez Madani (1950–2022)\nKanthapuram A. P. Abu Bakr Musliyar (b. 1931)\nNaqib al-Attas (b. 1931)\nMohammad Salim Al-Awa (b. 1942)\nK. Ali Kutty Musliyar (b. 1945)\nAli Gomaa (b. 1952)\nNuh Ha Mim Keller (b. 1954)\nZaid Shakir (b. 1956)\nGibril Haddad (b. 1960)\nUmar bin Hafiz (b. 1963)\nIbrahim Khalil al-Bukhari (b. 1964)\nMuhammad bin Yahya al-Ninowy (b. 1970)\nAli al-Jifri (b. 1971)\nAfifi al-Akiti (b. 1976)\nAwn Al-Qaddoumi (b. 1982)\nMuhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal\nScholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence\nHanafi\nHanbali\nMaliki\nZahirivteAsh'ari school of Sunni theology\n Islam portal\n Category\nAsh'ari scholars(Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari)Malikis\nIbn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (d. 386 AH)\nAl-Baqillani (d. 403 AH)\nAbu Imran al-Fasi (d. 430 AH)\nIbn Sidah (d. 458 AH)\nAbu al-Walid al-Baji (d. 474 AH)\nAbu Bakr al-Turtushi (d. 520 AH)\nAl-Maziri (d. 536 AH)\nIbn Barrajan (d. 536 AH)\nAbu Bakr ibn al-Arabi (d. 543 AH)\nAl-Qadi 'Ayyad (d. 544 AH)\nAl-Suhayli (d. 581 AH)\nIbn al-Qattan (d. 628 AH)\nIbn Malik (d. 672 AH)\nShihab al-Din al-Qarafi (d. 684 AH)\nIbn Daqiq al-'Id (d. 702 AH)\nIbn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari (d. 709 AH)\nIbn Adjurrum (d. 723 AH)\nIbn al-Hajj al-'Abdari (d. 737 AH)\nIbn Juzayy (d. 741 AH)\nKhalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi (d. 776 AH)\nAbu Ishaq al-Shatibi (d. 790 AH)\nIbn 'Arafa (d. 803 AH)\nIbn Khaldun (d. 808 AH)\nAbd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi (d. 876 AH)\nAhmad Zarruq (d. 899 AH)\nAhmad al-Wansharisi (d. 914 AH)\nAl-Akhdari (d. 953 AH)\nAl-Hattab (d. 954 AH)\nAhmad Baba al-Timbukti (d. 1036 AH)\nAl-Maqqari al-Tilimsani (d. 1041 AH)\nIbrahim al-Laqani (d. 1041 AH)\nMuhammad Mayyara (d. 1072 AH)\nIbn 'Ashir (d. 1090 AH)\nAl-Hasan al-Yusi (d. 1102 AH)\nMuhammad al-Zurqani (d. 1122 AH)\nAhmad al-Dardir (d. 1201 AH)\nM'Hamed al-Azhari (d. 1208 AH)\nAhmad ibn 'Ajiba (d. 1224 AH)\nAhmad al-Tijani (d. 1230 AH)\nMuhammad Arafa al-Desouki (d. 1230 AH)\nMuhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi (d. 1276 AH)\nMuhammad 'Ilish (d. 1299 AH)\nAhmad al-Ghumari (d. 1380 AH)\nMuhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur (d. 1393 AH)\nAbdel-Halim Mahmoud (d. 1397 AH)\nMuhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi (d. 1419 AH)\nMuhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki (d. 1425 AH)\nAhmed el-Tayeb\nHamza Yusuf\nShafi'is\nIbn Hibban (d. 354 AH)\nIbn Khafif (d. 371 AH)\nAl-Hakim al-Nishapuri (d. 405 AH)\nIbn Furak (d. 406 AH)\nAbu Ishaq al-Isfarayini (d. 418 AH)\nAl-Tha'labi (d. 427 AH)\nAbu Mansur al-Baghdadi (d. 429 AH)\nAbu Nu'aym al-Isfahani (d. 430 AH)\nAl-Bayhaqi (d. 458 AH)\nAl-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d. 463 AH)\nAl-Qushayri (d. 465 AH)\nAbu Ishaq al-Shirazi (d. 476 AH)\nAbd al-Qahir al-Jurjani (d. 471 AH)\nAl-Juwayni (d. 478 AH)\nAl-Raghib al-Isfahani (d. 502 AH)\nAl-Ghazali (d. 505 AH)\nAl-Baghawi (d. 516 AH)\nAl-Shahrastani (d. 548 AH)\nIbn 'Asakir (d. 571 AH)\nAhmad al-Rifa'i (d. 578 AH)\nFakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606 AH)\nIbn al-Salah (d. 643 AH)\nIzz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam (d. 660 AH)\nAl-Nawawi (d. 676 AH)\nAl-Baydawi (d. 685 AH)\nIbn Daqiq al-'Id (d. 702 AH)\nNizam al-Din al-Nisapuri (d. 728 AH)\nJamal al-Din al-Mizzi (d. 742 AH)\nTaqi al-Din al-Subki (d. 756 AH)\nAl-Safadi (d. 764 AH)\nTaj al-Din al-Subki (d. 771 AH)\nShams al-Din al-Kirmani (d. 786 AH)\nAl-Zarkashi (d. 794 AH)\nZain al-Din al-'Iraqi (d. 806 AH)\nNur al-Din al-Haythami (d. 807 AH)\nIbn al-Jazari (d. 833 AH)\nAl-Maqrizi (d. 845 AH)\nIbn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852 AH)\nAl-Sakhawi (d. 902 AH)\nAl-Suyuti (d. 911 AH)\nNur al-Din al-Samhudi (d. 911 AH)\nJalal al-Din al-Dawani (d. 918 AH)\nAl-Qastallani (d. 923 AH)\nZakariyya al-Ansari (d. 926 AH)\nAl-Sha'rani (d. 973 AH)\nIbn Hajar al-Haytami (d. 974 AH)\nAl-Khatib al-Shirbini (d. 977 AH)\nAl-Munawi (d. 1031 AH)\n'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad (d. 1132 AH)\nHasan al-Attar (d. 1230 AH)\nAhmad Zayni Dahlan (d. 1304 AH)\nBediuzzaman Said Nursi (d. 1379 AH)\nNoah al-Qudah (d. 1432 AH)\n'Abdallah al-Harari (d. 1432 AH)\nAl-Bouti (d. 1434 AH)\nAli Gomaa\nAli al-Jifri\nGibril Haddad\nHanbalis\nIbn 'Aqil (d. 508 AH)\nIbn al-Jawzi (d. 534 AH)\nZahiris\nIbn Tumart (d. 524 AH)\nIbn Mada' (d. 592 AH)\nAbu Hayyan al-Andalusi (d. 745 AH)\nAsh'ari leaders\nNizam al-Mulk (d. 485 AH)\nYusuf ibn Tashfin (d. 500 AH)\n'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali (d. 558 AH)\nSaladin (d. 589 AH)\nAbu Bakr ibn Ayyub (d. 615 AH)\nAl-Kamil (d. 635 AH)\nAl-Ashraf Musa (d. 635 AH)\nQutuz (d. 658 AH)\nAl-Nasir ibn Qalawun (d. 741 AH)\nEmir Abdelkader al-Jazairi (d. 1300 AH)\nOmar al-Mukhtar (d. 1350 AH)\n'Izz al-Din al-Qassam (d. 1354 AH)\nIbn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi (d. 1382 AH)\nAl-Muwahhidun\nAyyubid dynasty\nMamluk\nTheology books\nTabyin Kadhib al-Muftari\nAsas al-Taqdis\nAl-Baz al-Ashhab\nAl-Farq bayn al-Firaq\nAl-Milal wa al-Nihal\nAl-Irshad\nAl-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad\nAl-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil\nSee also\n2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny\nAhl al-Hadith\nAhl al-Ra'y\nKalam\nTawhid\nSufism\nAl-Ahbash\nAsh'ari-related templates\nMaturidi – Hanafi\nMaliki\nShafi'i\nIslamic theologyAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nSweden\nNetherlands\nVatican\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef\nİslâm Ansiklopedisi","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lewis, B.; Menage, V.L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (1986) [1st pub. 1971]. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (H-Iram) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 832. ISBN 978-9004081185.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004081185","url_text":"978-9004081185"}]},{"reference":"Schmidtke, Sabine (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford University Press. p. 556. ISBN 9780199696703.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke","url_text":"Schmidtke, Sabine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199696703","url_text":"9780199696703"}]},{"reference":"J.W., Fück. \"Ibn Khallikan\". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_3248.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_sim_3248","url_text":"10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_3248"}]},{"reference":"\"Ibn Khallikan\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanistictexts.org/ibn_khallikan.htm","url_text":"\"Ibn Khallikan\""}]},{"reference":"El Hareir, Idris; Mbaye, Ravane (2011). The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. UNESCO Pub. p. 295.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Frye, R. N.; Fisher, William Bayne; Frye, Richard Nelson; Avery, Peter; Boyle, John Andrew; Gershevitch, Ilya; Jackson, Peter (26 June 1975). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521200936.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&q=barmakids+iranian&pg=PA71","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Iran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521200936","url_text":"9780521200936"}]},{"reference":"\"Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Ibn Khallikān\". 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/280795/Ibn-Khallikan","url_text":"\"Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Ibn Khallikān\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ibn Khallikan\". Humanistic Texts.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101020172417/http://humanistictexts.org/ibn_khallikan.htm","url_text":"\"Ibn Khallikan\""},{"url":"http://www.humanistictexts.org/ibn_khallikan.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ibn Khallikan (1842–1871). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Translated from the Arabic (4 vols.). Translated by Baron Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.","urls":[{"url_text":"Ibn Khallikan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McGuckin_de_Slane","url_text":"Baron Mac Guckin de Slane"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_sim_3248","external_links_name":"10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_3248"},{"Link":"https://www.humanistictexts.org/ibn_khallikan.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ibn Khallikan\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&q=barmakids+iranian&pg=PA71","external_links_name":"The Cambridge History of Iran"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/280795/Ibn-Khallikan","external_links_name":"\"Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Ibn Khallikān\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101020172417/http://humanistictexts.org/ibn_khallikan.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ibn Khallikan\""},{"Link":"http://www.humanistictexts.org/ibn_khallikan.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/208672/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000012132140X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/49372318","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134746606","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134746606","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10100558X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272820405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87898981","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/1zcf9wrk4gpwv65","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071747842","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/51504","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd10100558X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1189322","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/078673607","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibn-hallikan","external_links_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Abduction_Club	The Abduction Club	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]	2002 British-Irish film by Stefan Schwartz The Abduction ClubFilm posterDirected byStefan SchwartzWritten byRichard Crawford, Bill BrittenProduced byDavid CollinsStarringAlice EvansDaniel LapaineSophia MylesMatthew RhysCinematographyHoward AthertonMusic byShaun DaveyDistributed byPathe Distribution (UK)Release date 19 July 2002 (2002-07-19) Running time96 minutesCountriesUnited KingdomIrelandLanguageEnglish The Abduction Club is a 2002 British-Irish romantic comedy-drama adventure film directed by Stefan Schwartz. Based loosely on real events, the plot centres on a group of outlaws who abduct women in order to marry them. It was written by Richard Crawford and Bill Britten. Plot In 18th century Ireland, there are two financially insecure young bachelors, Garrett Byrne and James Strang, whose exploits evolve from the need to secure wealth. Both are younger sons that will not inherit titles and estates so they become members of an infamous society known as the 'Abduction Club', whose main aim is to woo and then abduct wealthy heiresses in order to marry them (therefore providing themselves with financial security). The men decide to set their sights on the beautiful yet feisty Kennedy sisters, Catherine and Anne, but are unprepared for the negative reaction they are to receive, and they soon find themselves on the run across the Irish countryside (with the sisters in tow) from Anne's cold-hearted admirer, John Power, who does not take kindly to the news of their kidnapping, and with the help of the embittered Attorney General Lord Fermoy, implicates Byrne and Strang in the murder of a Redcoat soldier. Cast Alice Evans as Catherine Kennedy Daniel Lapaine as Garrett Byrne Sophia Myles as Anne Kennedy Matthew Rhys as James Strang Liam Cunningham as John Power Edward Woodward as Lord Fermoy Patrick Malahide as Sir Myles Tom Murphy as Knox References ^ "BBC One - The Abduction Club". BBC. Retrieved 17 March 2023. External links The Abduction Club at IMDb This article related to a British film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"Stefan Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Abduction Club is a 2002 British-Irish romantic comedy-drama adventure film directed by Stefan Schwartz.[1] Based loosely on real events, the plot centres on a group of outlaws who abduct women in order to marry them. It was written by Richard Crawford and Bill Britten.","title":"The Abduction Club"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 18th century Ireland, there are two financially insecure young bachelors, Garrett Byrne and James Strang, whose exploits evolve from the need to secure wealth. Both are younger sons that will not inherit titles and estates so they become members of an infamous society known as the 'Abduction Club', whose main aim is to woo and then abduct wealthy heiresses in order to marry them (therefore providing themselves with financial security). The men decide to set their sights on the beautiful yet feisty Kennedy sisters, Catherine and Anne, but are unprepared for the negative reaction they are to receive, and they soon find themselves on the run across the Irish countryside (with the sisters in tow) from Anne's cold-hearted admirer, John Power, who does not take kindly to the news of their kidnapping, and with the help of the embittered Attorney General Lord Fermoy, implicates Byrne and Strang in the murder of a Redcoat soldier.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alice Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Evans"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lapaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lapaine"},{"link_name":"Sophia Myles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Myles"},{"link_name":"Matthew Rhys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Rhys"},{"link_name":"Liam Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Edward Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Patrick Malahide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Malahide"},{"link_name":"Tom Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Murphy_(actor)"}],"text":"Alice Evans as Catherine Kennedy\nDaniel Lapaine as Garrett Byrne\nSophia Myles as Anne Kennedy\nMatthew Rhys as James Strang\nLiam Cunningham as John Power\nEdward Woodward as Lord Fermoy\nPatrick Malahide as Sir Myles\nTom Murphy as Knox","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"BBC One - The Abduction Club\". BBC. Retrieved 17 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0074smn","url_text":"\"BBC One - The Abduction Club\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0074smn","external_links_name":"\"BBC One - The Abduction Club\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0264333/","external_links_name":"The Abduction Club"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Abduction_Club&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo_(kaza)	Kumanovo district (Ottoman)	["1 History","2 Population","3 Notable people","4 References","5 Sources"]	Kumanovo districtDistrict of Ottoman Empire1867–1913 Flag Coat of arms CapitalKumanovoHistory • Established 1867• Treaty of London (1913) May 30 1913 Preceded by Succeeded by Rumelia Eyalet Kingdom of Serbia Today part of North Macedonia The Kumanovo district (Turkish: Kumanova, Serbian: Кумановска каза/Kumanovska kaza) was a kaza (district) in the Sanjak of Üsküp (Skopje) of the Ottoman Empire. It was formed in 1867, during the reign of Abdülaziz I. It was dissolved in 1912. The district had 3 divisions: Karadak, Kozjak and Ovče Pole. History The district was established in 1867, during the reign of Abdülaziz I. The Orthodox population was adherent to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the district being ecclesiastically supervised by the churchwarden (ikonom) and archpriest Dimitrije Mladenović since 1833. With the Serbian advance into the Kosovo Vilayet during the Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–78), and atrocities carried out by retreating Ottoman Albanian troops in the region, the Kumanovo Uprising broke out in the districts of Kumanovo, Kriva Palanka and Kratovo. It was organized by leading citizens of the districts, and was fought in the Serbian cause; the rebels sought the annexation of Macedonia to the Principality of Serbia. It was suppressed by May 1878 with tremendous Ottoman retaliation against the civilian population. After the death of churchwarden Dimitrije (1880), Denko Krstić succeeded as the ikonom of Kumanovo. Krstić was an influential merchant and Serbian national worker, who as a patron of Serbs in the Kumanovo region and involvement in the Kumanovo Uprising and Brsjak Revolt was imprisoned by the Ottomans, having died in prison in 1882. Population According to a 1900 source, the district was inhabited by 48,321 people, out of whom 34,191 were Christian Bulgarians, c. 500 were Muslim Bulgarians, 6,150 were Turks, c. 300 were Muslim Circassians, 6,166 were Muslim Albanians, c. 50 were Christian Vlachs, c. 30 were Jews, and 1,034 were Muslim and Christian Romani. Notable people Velika Begovica (fl. 1876–78), female rebel leader Mladen Čakr-paša (fl. 1876–d. 1885), rebel leader, born in Gornji Stajevac. Denko Krstić (1824–1882), influential merchant, born in Mlado Nagoričane. Petko Ilić (1886–1912), guerilla fighter, born in Staro Nagoričane. Todor Krstić-Algunjski (d. after 1918), guerilla fighter, born in Algunja. Ditko Aleksić (d. 1916), guerilla fighter, born in Osiče. Jovan Dovezenski (1873–1935), guerilla fighter, born in Dovezence. Pavle Mladenović (d. 1905), guerilla fighter, born in Jačince. Dimitrije Mladenović (1794–1880), Orthodox archpriest, born in Proevce. References ^ Hadži-Vasiljević 1909, p. 504. ^ Institut za savremenu istoriju (2007). Gerila na Balkanu. Tokyo: Institute for Disarmament and Peace Studies. p. 86.; Krakov, Stanislav (1990) . Plamen četništva. Belgrade: Hipnos. pp. 11–17.; Georgevitch, T. R. (1918). Macedonia. Forgotten Books. pp. 181–183. ISBN 9781440065194. ^ Hadži-Vasiljević 1930, p. 500. ^ Brastvo. Vol. 16. Društvo sv. Save. 1921. pp. 250–251. ^ В. Кѫнчовъ. "Македония. Етнография и Статистика" (in Bulgarian). promacedonia.org. Sources Hadži-Vasiljević, Jovan (1909). Južna stara Srbija: istorijska, etnografska i politička istraživanja, knjiga prva. Nova stamparija Davidović. (e-book) Hadži-Vasiljević, Jovan (1930). Скопље и његова околина: историска, етнографска и културно политичка излагања. Штампарија "Св. Сава. vte Kumanovo Geography Skopska Crna Gora Gradištanska planina German mountain Kumanovo River Kojnarka River History Timeline of Kumanovo Places of interestBuildings Memorial Ossuary Zebrnjak Zanaetchiski Dom Kasapski Krug Clock Tower (former) Kumanovo Fortress (former) Monuments Batko Gjorgjija Chetiri Bandere Josip Broz Tito Makedonka Pero Chicho Magdalena Antova Ajduchka Cheshma Menkova Koliba Parks Gradski Park Sokolana Shetalishte - Kej Kumanovska Banja Squares Nova Jugoslavija Square Josip Broz Tito Square Bridges Iskta bridge Mitev bridge Sredorek bridge Streets Ivo Lola Ribar Nagorichki sokak Done Bozinov Proevski sokak 11 Oktomvri Ukjumat sokak Narodna Revolucija Pchinski pat Nikola Tesla Vranjsko dzade Ilindenska Romanovski sokak Cemetery Kumanovo Town Cemetery Muslim cemetery ReligionReligious organizations MOC-OA IRC Orthodox Churches and Monasteries St. Nikolas Old church Holy Trinity New church St. Archangel Michael Karposh St. George Near cemetery St. Petka Bedinje Resurrection of Christ Inside cemetery St. Mina Proevce St. George Tromegje Nagorichane Monastery Karpino Monastery Matejche Monastery Sunni Mosques Cherkezi Mosque Willage Mosque D'lga Tatar Sinan Beg Mosque New Mosque Hadzi Shefket Mosque Osman Biligbash Mosque Lopate Romanovce Mosque Sopot Mosque Kodža Mehmet Beg Mosque Tabanovce Catholic church St. Therese of the Child Jesus, Kumanovo Protestant church Evangelic church of Kumanovo Adventist church of Kumanovo Jehovah's witnesses Church of Kumanovo Museums and Cultural Buildings Museum Kumanovo Cultural Center "Trajko Prokopiev" House Museum of Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš ASNOM Memorial Center Theater Kumanovo Art Gallery Kumanovo Rezhanovce Museum of folk costumes Kumanovo Library Kozjak cinema (former) Napredok cinema (former) Local mediaTV TV+ Festa Hana (former) K3 (former) KRT (former) TV Nova (former) TVK (former) KTL (former) Radio Radio Bum Radio Bravo City FM (former) Newspaper Ploshtad (former) Nash Vesnik (former) Beseda (former) Kumanovski (former) Dedo Ivan (former) Oktobris (former) SportSport Centers Gradski Stadium Kumanovo Sports Hall Kumanovo Sports Hall Sokolana Milano Arena Public swimming pool Sport Teams FK Bashkimi 1947–2008 2011 FK Goblen FK Karpoš 93 GFK Kumanovo FK Milano KK Kumanovo RK Kumanovo ŽRK Kumanovo FHC Kumanovo OC Kumanovo Education Euro College State University of Tetovo - Faculty of Business Administration Events Days of Comedy International Art Colony Pivtijada Summer Jazz Festival (former) Economy and Transportation List of companies in Kumanovo European route E75 Pan-European Corridor X Pan-European Corridor VIII Skopje "Alexander the Great" Airport Adzi Tepe Airport Kumanovo Bus Station Kumanovo Railway Station Mall Garnizon SUMA Shopping center Tush Market Ramstor Market Tinex Market People List of people from Kumanovo	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"kaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sanjak of Üsküp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_%C3%9Csk%C3%BCp"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Abdülaziz I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Karadak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopska_Crna_Gora"},{"link_name":"Kozjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozjak_(Kumanovo)"},{"link_name":"Ovče Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C4%8De_Pole"}],"text":"The Kumanovo district (Turkish: Kumanova, Serbian: Кумановска каза/Kumanovska kaza) was a kaza (district) in the Sanjak of Üsküp (Skopje) of the Ottoman Empire. It was formed in 1867, during the reign of Abdülaziz I. It was dissolved in 1912. The district had 3 divisions: Karadak, Kozjak and Ovče Pole.","title":"Kumanovo district (Ottoman)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdülaziz I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Patriarchate of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Dimitrije Mladenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Mladenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHad%C5%BEi-Vasiljevi%C4%871909504-1"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet"},{"link_name":"Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–78)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%9378)"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Principality of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Denko Krstić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denko_Krsti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHad%C5%BEi-Vasiljevi%C4%871930500-3"},{"link_name":"Brsjak Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brsjak_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brastvo-4"}],"text":"The district was established in 1867, during the reign of Abdülaziz I.The Orthodox population was adherent to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the district being ecclesiastically supervised by the churchwarden (ikonom) and archpriest Dimitrije Mladenović since 1833.[1]With the Serbian advance into the Kosovo Vilayet during the Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–78), and atrocities carried out by retreating Ottoman Albanian troops in the region, the Kumanovo Uprising broke out in the districts of Kumanovo, Kriva Palanka and Kratovo. It was organized by leading citizens of the districts, and was fought in the Serbian cause; the rebels sought the annexation of Macedonia to the Principality of Serbia. It was suppressed by May 1878 with tremendous Ottoman retaliation against the civilian population.[2]After the death of churchwarden Dimitrije (1880), Denko Krstić succeeded as the ikonom of Kumanovo.[3] Krstić was an influential merchant and Serbian national worker, who as a patron of Serbs in the Kumanovo region and involvement in the Kumanovo Uprising and Brsjak Revolt was imprisoned by the Ottomans, having died in prison in 1882.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"Circassians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"Vlachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to a 1900 source, the district was inhabited by 48,321 people, out of whom 34,191 were Christian Bulgarians, c. 500 were Muslim Bulgarians, 6,150 were Turks, c. 300 were Muslim Circassians, 6,166 were Muslim Albanians, c. 50 were Christian Vlachs, c. 30 were Jews, and 1,034 were Muslim and Christian Romani.[5]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Velika Begovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_Begovica"},{"link_name":"Čakr-paša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cakr-pa%C5%A1a"},{"link_name":"Denko Krstić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denko_Krsti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Petko Ilić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petko_Ili%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Todor Krstić-Algunjski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Krsti%C4%87-Algunjski"},{"link_name":"Ditko Aleksić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditko_Aleksi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jovan Dovezenski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Dovezenski"},{"link_name":"Pavle Mladenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Mladenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dimitrije Mladenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Mladenovi%C4%87"}],"text":"Velika Begovica (fl. 1876–78), female rebel leader\nMladen Čakr-paša (fl. 1876–d. 1885), rebel leader, born in Gornji Stajevac.\nDenko Krstić (1824–1882), influential merchant, born in Mlado Nagoričane.\nPetko Ilić (1886–1912), guerilla fighter, born in Staro Nagoričane.\nTodor Krstić-Algunjski (d. after 1918), guerilla fighter, born in Algunja.\nDitko Aleksić (d. 1916), guerilla fighter, born in Osiče.\nJovan Dovezenski (1873–1935), guerilla fighter, born in Dovezence.\nPavle Mladenović (d. 1905), guerilla fighter, born in Jačince.\nDimitrije Mladenović (1794–1880), Orthodox archpriest, born in Proevce.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Južna stara Srbija: istorijska, etnografska i politička istraživanja, knjiga prva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oGUNAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"e-book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//issuu.com/nenaddejkovic/docs/hadzi_vasiljevic_-_konacno_6f79fc772656e7"},{"link_name":"Скопље и његова околина: историска, етнографска и културно политичка излагања","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=91sNAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kumanovo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kumanovo_Municipality,_North_Macedonia.svg"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Skopska Crna Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopska_Crna_Gora"},{"link_name":"Gradištanska planina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gradi%C5%A1tanska_planina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"German mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_mountain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo_River"},{"link_name":"Kojnarka River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kojnarka_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kumanovo_Municipality.svg"},{"link_name":"Timeline of Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Memorial Ossuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Ossuary_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Zebrnjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrnjak"},{"link_name":"Zanaetchiski Dom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanaetchiski_Dom"},{"link_name":"Kasapski Krug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasapski_Krug&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clock Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo_Clock_Tower"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Batko Gjorgjija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batko_Gjorgjija"},{"link_name":"Chetiri Bandere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetiri_Bandere_Monument"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito_Monument,_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Makedonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makedonka_(sculpture)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gradski Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gradski_Park_Kumanovo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kumanovska Banja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovska_Banja"},{"link_name":"Nova Jugoslavija Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Jugoslavija_Square"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito_Square_(Kumanovo)"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo Town Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo_Town_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"MOC-OA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Kumanovo_and_Osogovo"},{"link_name":"IRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muftiship_of_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"St. Nikolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nikolas_(Kumanovo)"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"St. Archangel Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_St._Archangel_Michael,_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Church,_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"St. Petka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_St._Petka,_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Resurrection of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Resurrection_of_Christ,_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"St. Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Mina,_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Tromegje,_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Nagorichane Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Staro_Nagori%C4%8Dane"},{"link_name":"Karpino Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpino_Monastery_(Kumanovo)"},{"link_name":"Matejche Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matej%C4%8De_Monastery"},{"link_name":"D'lga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27lga"},{"link_name":"Tatar Sinan Beg Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mosque,_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"New Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mosque,_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Hadzi Shefket Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadzi_Shefket_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lopate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopate,_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Kodža Mehmet Beg Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kod%C5%BEa_Mehmet_Beg_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Tabanovce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanovce"},{"link_name":"Museum Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_institution_Museum_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Cultural Center \"Trajko Prokopiev\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_institution_Cultural_Center_Trajko_Prokopiev_-_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"House Museum of Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_Museum_of_Hristijan_Todorovski_Karpo%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ASNOM Memorial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASNOM_Memorial_Center"},{"link_name":"Theater Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theater_Kumanovo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Art Gallery Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_Gallery_Kumanovo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rezhanovce Museum of folk costumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezhanovce_Museum_of_folk_costumes"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo_Library"},{"link_name":"TV+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Plus"},{"link_name":"Festa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Festa"},{"link_name":"K3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K3_Television"},{"link_name":"KRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_KRT_Dalga,_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"TV Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Nova_(Kumanovo)"},{"link_name":"TVK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Radio Bum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Bum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ploshtad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploshtad_newspaper"},{"link_name":"Nash Vesnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Vesnik"},{"link_name":"Beseda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beseda_(Macedonian_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Kumanovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovski_Vesnik"},{"link_name":"Gradski Stadium Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradski_Stadium_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Sports Hall Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Hall_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Sports Hall Sokolana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Hall_Sokolana"},{"link_name":"Milano Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano_Arena"},{"link_name":"Public swimming pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_swimming_pool_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"1947–2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Bashkimi_(1947%E2%80%932008)"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Bashkimi_(2011)"},{"link_name":"FK Goblen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Goblen"},{"link_name":"FK Karpoš 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Karpo%C5%A1_93"},{"link_name":"GFK Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"FK Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Milano_Kumanov%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"KK Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"RK Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RK_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"ŽRK Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDRK_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Euro College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_College"},{"link_name":"State University of Tetovo - Faculty of Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_Tetovo"},{"link_name":"Days of Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Comedy"},{"link_name":"List of companies in Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"European route E75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E75"},{"link_name":"Pan-European Corridor X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_X"},{"link_name":"Pan-European Corridor VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_VIII"},{"link_name":"Skopje \"Alexander the Great\" Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_%22Alexander_the_Great%22_Airport"},{"link_name":"Adzi Tepe Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzi_Tepe_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo Bus Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo_Bus_Station"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"List of people from Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kumanovo"}],"text":"Hadži-Vasiljević, Jovan (1909). Južna stara Srbija: istorijska, etnografska i politička istraživanja, knjiga prva. Nova stamparija Davidović. (e-book)\nHadži-Vasiljević, Jovan (1930). Скопље и његова околина: историска, етнографска и културно политичка излагања. Штампарија \"Св. Сава.vte Kumanovo Geography\nSkopska Crna Gora\nGradištanska planina\nGerman mountain\nKumanovo River\nKojnarka River\nHistory\nTimeline of Kumanovo\nPlaces of interestBuildings\nMemorial Ossuary\nZebrnjak\nZanaetchiski Dom\nKasapski Krug\nClock Tower (former)\nKumanovo Fortress (former)\nMonuments\nBatko Gjorgjija\nChetiri Bandere\nJosip Broz Tito\nMakedonka\nPero Chicho\nMagdalena Antova\nAjduchka Cheshma\nMenkova Koliba\nParks\nGradski Park\nSokolana\nShetalishte - Kej\nKumanovska Banja\nSquares\nNova Jugoslavija Square\nJosip Broz Tito Square\nBridges\nIskta bridge\nMitev bridge\nSredorek bridge\nStreets\nIvo Lola Ribar Nagorichki sokak\nDone Bozinov Proevski sokak\n11 Oktomvri Ukjumat sokak\nNarodna Revolucija Pchinski pat\nNikola Tesla Vranjsko dzade\nIlindenska Romanovski sokak\nCemetery\nKumanovo Town Cemetery\nMuslim cemetery\nReligionReligious organizations\nMOC-OA\nIRC\n\nOrthodox Churches and Monasteries\nSt. Nikolas Old church\nHoly Trinity New church\nSt. Archangel Michael Karposh\nSt. George Near cemetery\nSt. Petka Bedinje\nResurrection of Christ Inside cemetery\nSt. Mina Proevce\nSt. George Tromegje\nNagorichane Monastery\nKarpino Monastery\nMatejche Monastery\nSunni Mosques\nCherkezi Mosque\nWillage Mosque D'lga\nTatar Sinan Beg Mosque\nNew Mosque\nHadzi Shefket Mosque\nOsman Biligbash Mosque Lopate\nRomanovce Mosque\nSopot Mosque\nKodža Mehmet Beg Mosque Tabanovce\nCatholic church\nSt. Therese of the Child Jesus, Kumanovo\nProtestant church\nEvangelic church of Kumanovo\nAdventist church of Kumanovo\nJehovah's witnesses Church of Kumanovo\nMuseums and Cultural Buildings\nMuseum Kumanovo\nCultural Center \"Trajko Prokopiev\"\nHouse Museum of Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš\nASNOM Memorial Center\nTheater Kumanovo\nArt Gallery Kumanovo\nRezhanovce Museum of folk costumes\nKumanovo Library\nKozjak cinema (former)\nNapredok cinema (former)\nLocal mediaTV\nTV+\nFesta\nHana (former)\nK3 (former)\nKRT (former)\nTV Nova (former)\nTVK (former)\nKTL (former)\nRadio\nRadio Bum\nRadio Bravo\nCity FM (former)\nNewspaper\nPloshtad (former)\nNash Vesnik (former)\nBeseda (former)\nKumanovski (former)\nDedo Ivan (former)\nOktobris (former)\nSportSport Centers\nGradski Stadium Kumanovo\nSports Hall Kumanovo\nSports Hall Sokolana\nMilano Arena\nPublic swimming pool\nSport Teams\nFK Bashkimi\n1947–2008\n2011\nFK Goblen\nFK Karpoš 93\nGFK Kumanovo\nFK Milano\nKK Kumanovo\nRK Kumanovo\nŽRK Kumanovo\nFHC Kumanovo\nOC Kumanovo\nEducation\nEuro College\nState University of Tetovo - Faculty of Business Administration\nEvents\nDays of Comedy\nInternational Art Colony\nPivtijada\nSummer Jazz Festival (former)\nEconomy and Transportation\nList of companies in Kumanovo\nEuropean route E75\nPan-European Corridor X\nPan-European Corridor VIII\nSkopje \"Alexander the Great\" Airport\nAdzi Tepe Airport\nKumanovo Bus Station\nKumanovo Railway Station\nMall Garnizon\nSUMA Shopping center\nTush Market\nRamstor Market\nTinex Market\nPeople\nList of people from Kumanovo","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Institut za savremenu istoriju (2007). Gerila na Balkanu. Tokyo: Institute for Disarmament and Peace Studies. p. 86.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Krakov, Stanislav (1990) [1930]. Plamen četništva. Belgrade: Hipnos. pp. 11–17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Krakov","url_text":"Krakov, Stanislav"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bm8MAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Plamen četništva"}]},{"reference":"Georgevitch, T. R. (1918). Macedonia. Forgotten Books. pp. 181–183. ISBN 9781440065194.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oWP-MqFNuVIC","url_text":"Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440065194","url_text":"9781440065194"}]},{"reference":"Brastvo. Vol. 16. Društvo sv. Save. 1921. pp. 250–251.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TA4-AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Brastvo"}]},{"reference":"В. Кѫнчовъ. \"Македония. Етнография и Статистика\" (in Bulgarian). promacedonia.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.promacedonia.org/vk/vk_2_b.htm","url_text":"\"Македония. Етнография и Статистика\""}]},{"reference":"Hadži-Vasiljević, Jovan (1909). Južna stara Srbija: istorijska, etnografska i politička istraživanja, knjiga prva. Nova stamparija Davidović.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oGUNAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Južna stara Srbija: istorijska, etnografska i politička istraživanja, knjiga prva"}]},{"reference":"Hadži-Vasiljević, Jovan (1930). Скопље и његова околина: историска, етнографска и културно политичка излагања. Штампарија \"Св. Сава.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=91sNAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Скопље и његова околина: историска, етнографска и културно политичка излагања"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bm8MAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Plamen četništva"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oWP-MqFNuVIC","external_links_name":"Macedonia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TA4-AQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Brastvo"},{"Link":"http://www.promacedonia.org/vk/vk_2_b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Македония. Етнография и Статистика\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oGUNAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Južna stara Srbija: istorijska, etnografska i politička istraživanja, knjiga prva"},{"Link":"http://issuu.com/nenaddejkovic/docs/hadzi_vasiljevic_-_konacno_6f79fc772656e7","external_links_name":"e-book"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=91sNAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Скопље и његова околина: историска, етнографска и културно политичка излагања"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_actors	List of Chinese actors	["1 B","2 C","3 D","4 F","5 G","6 H","7 J","8 K","9 L","10 M","11 N","12 P","13 Q","14 R","15 S","16 T","17 V","18 W","19 X","20 Y","21 Z","22 See also"]	The following is a list of notable Chinese-speaking/writing actors. Their nationality can be PRC (Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau), Taiwan or any other country. This list does not include actresses. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. B Bai Jingting Bai Yu C William Chan Jackie Chan Sunny Chan Brandon Chang Chen Baoguo Chen Daoming Calvin Chen Edison Chen Jaycee Chan Kelly Chen Chen Xiao Chen Xuedong Chen Zheyuan Ekin Cheng Joe Cheng Leslie Cheung David Chiang Chin Han Jay Chou Stephen Chow Chow Yun-fat Wu Chun D Deng Chao Deng Lun Darren Chen Dylan Wang Ding Yuxi F Feng Enhe G Ge You Guo Junchen Gong Jun Gao Weiguang H Mike He Huang Xiao Ming Huang Zitao Hu Ge Hu Jun Hu Yanbin Hu Yitian Wallace Huo Huang Junjie J Jet Li Josie Ho Jia Hongsheng Hu Ge Sammo Hung Tao Jin K Ella Koon Rosamund Kwan Shirley Kwan Kenix Kwok Kris Wu L Michael Lam Raymond Lam Leon Lai Andy Lau Hawick Lau Bruce Lee Brandon Lee Aarif Lee Leo Luo Ken Leung Tony Leung Chiu Wai Jet Li Li Xian Li Yifeng Lin Yi Jimmy Lin Bernice Liu Liu Haoran Tao Liu Liu Ye Gallen Lo Zihan Loo Lu Han Li Hongyi Leon Zhang Leo Wu M Ma Ke Karen Mok Anita Mui Ma Tianyu N Neo Hou Kary Ng Richard Ng Man Tat Sandra Ng Rachel Ngan P Eddie Peng Will Pan Pan Yueming Byron Pang Diana Pang Jenny Pat Q Qin Hao R Selina Ren Michelle Reis Riley Wang Ruan Lingyu, silent-film actress S Charmaine Sheh Xiao Shenyang Shu Qi Fiona Sit Maggie Siu Alec Su Betty Sun Song Weilong T Hebe Tian Leila Tong Tang Guoqiang Stephy Tang Nicholas Tse Angela Tong Tang Xiaotian V Vin Zhang W Jiro Wang Wang Gang Wang Baoqiang (王宝强, Vương Bảo Cường) Wang Yibo Bosco Wong Race Wong Chun Wu Daniel Wu Wu Yifan X Xu Zheng Xu Shaohua Xiong Ziqi Xu Kai Xiao Zhan Xing Zhao Lin Y Aaron Yan Jerry Yan Donnie Yen Ji Dan Shawn Yue Yuen Biao Yang Yang Jackson Yee Z Dan Zhao Zhang Fengyi Zhang Guoli Zhang Han Zhang Jie Tielin Zhang Jacky Cheung Zhang Yimou Zhang Yixing Junli Zheng Vic Zhou Ken Zhu Zhu Yawen Zhang Ruoyun Zhang Yi Zhu Yilong Zhu Zanjin See also List of Chinese actresses vteLists of Asian actors Afghanistan (media people) Armenia Azerbaijan Bhutan Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia (film) China (female / male) Egypt India (all / film: female / male) Iran (female / male) Israel Japan (female / male) Jordan Malaysia Nepal North Korea Pakistan (female / male) Philippines (all / female / male) South Korea (female / male) Sri Lanka Taiwan (female) Thailand (female / male) Turkey Uzbekistan (film) Vietnam	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_Chinese_actors"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.","title":"List of Chinese actors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bai Jingting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai_Jingting"},{"link_name":"Bai Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai_Yu_(actor)"}],"text":"Bai Jingting\nBai Yu","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Chan"},{"link_name":"Jackie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan"},{"link_name":"Sunny Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Chan"},{"link_name":"Brandon Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Chang"},{"link_name":"Chen Baoguo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Baoguo"},{"link_name":"Chen Daoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Daoming"},{"link_name":"Calvin Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Chen"},{"link_name":"Edison Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Chen"},{"link_name":"Jaycee Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaycee_Chan"},{"link_name":"Kelly Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Chen"},{"link_name":"Chen Xiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Xiao"},{"link_name":"Chen Xuedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Xuedong"},{"link_name":"Chen Zheyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Zheyuan"},{"link_name":"Ekin Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekin_Cheng"},{"link_name":"Joe Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cheng"},{"link_name":"Leslie Cheung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Cheung"},{"link_name":"David Chiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chiang"},{"link_name":"Chin Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng_Chin_Han"},{"link_name":"Jay Chou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Chou"},{"link_name":"Stephen Chow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Chow"},{"link_name":"Chow Yun-fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chow_Yun-fat"},{"link_name":"Wu Chun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chun"}],"text":"William Chan\nJackie Chan\nSunny Chan\nBrandon Chang\nChen Baoguo\nChen Daoming\nCalvin Chen\nEdison Chen\nJaycee Chan\nKelly Chen\nChen Xiao\nChen Xuedong\nChen Zheyuan\nEkin Cheng\nJoe Cheng\nLeslie Cheung\nDavid Chiang\nChin Han\nJay Chou\nStephen Chow\nChow Yun-fat\nWu Chun","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deng Chao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Chao"},{"link_name":"Deng Lun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Lun"},{"link_name":"Darren Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Chen"},{"link_name":"Dylan Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Wang"},{"link_name":"Ding Yuxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Yuxi"}],"text":"Deng Chao\nDeng Lun\nDarren Chen\nDylan Wang\nDing Yuxi","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feng Enhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_Enhe"}],"text":"Feng Enhe","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ge You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge_You"},{"link_name":"Guo Junchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Junchen"},{"link_name":"Gong Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Jun"},{"link_name":"Gao Weiguang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Weiguang"}],"text":"Ge You\nGuo Junchen\nGong Jun\nGao Weiguang","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike He","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_He"},{"link_name":"Huang Xiao Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Xiao_Ming"},{"link_name":"Huang Zitao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Zitao"},{"link_name":"Hu Ge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Ge"},{"link_name":"Hu Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jun"},{"link_name":"Hu Yanbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Yanbin"},{"link_name":"Hu Yitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Yitian"},{"link_name":"Wallace Huo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Huo"},{"link_name":"Huang Junjie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Junjie"}],"text":"Mike He\nHuang Xiao Ming\nHuang Zitao\nHu Ge\nHu Jun\nHu Yanbin\nHu Yitian\nWallace Huo\nHuang Junjie","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jet Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Li"},{"link_name":"Josie Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josie_Ho"},{"link_name":"Jia Hongsheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Hongsheng"},{"link_name":"Hu Ge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Ge"},{"link_name":"Sammo Hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammo_Hung"},{"link_name":"Tao Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Jin_(actor)"}],"text":"Jet Li\nJosie Ho\nJia Hongsheng\nHu Ge\nSammo Hung\nTao Jin","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ella Koon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Koon"},{"link_name":"Rosamund Kwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamund_Kwan"},{"link_name":"Shirley Kwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Kwan"},{"link_name":"Kenix Kwok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenix_Kwok"},{"link_name":"Kris Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Wu"}],"text":"Ella Koon\nRosamund Kwan\nShirley Kwan\nKenix Kwok\nKris Wu","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Lam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lam"},{"link_name":"Raymond Lam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Lam"},{"link_name":"Leon Lai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Lai"},{"link_name":"Andy Lau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Lau"},{"link_name":"Hawick Lau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawick_Lau"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"Brandon Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Lee"},{"link_name":"Aarif Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarif_Lee"},{"link_name":"Leo Luo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_Yunxi"},{"link_name":"Ken Leung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Leung"},{"link_name":"Tony Leung Chiu Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Leung_Chiu_Wai"},{"link_name":"Jet Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Li"},{"link_name":"Li Xian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xian_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Li Yifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yifeng"},{"link_name":"Lin Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Yi"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Lin"},{"link_name":"Bernice Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_Liu"},{"link_name":"Liu Haoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Haoran"},{"link_name":"Tao Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Liu"},{"link_name":"Liu Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Ye_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Gallen Lo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallen_Lo"},{"link_name":"Zihan Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zihan_Loo"},{"link_name":"Lu Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Han"},{"link_name":"Li Hongyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Hongyi_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Leon Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Zhang"},{"link_name":"Leo Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Wu"}],"text":"Michael Lam\nRaymond Lam\nLeon Lai\nAndy Lau\nHawick Lau\nBruce Lee\nBrandon Lee\nAarif Lee\nLeo Luo\nKen Leung\nTony Leung Chiu Wai\nJet Li\nLi Xian\nLi Yifeng\nLin Yi\nJimmy Lin\nBernice Liu\nLiu Haoran\nTao Liu\nLiu Ye\nGallen Lo\nZihan Loo\nLu Han\nLi Hongyi\nLeon Zhang\nLeo Wu","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ma Ke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ke_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Karen Mok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Mok"},{"link_name":"Anita Mui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Mui"},{"link_name":"Ma Tianyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Tianyu"}],"text":"Ma Ke\nKaren Mok\nAnita Mui\nMa Tianyu","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neo Hou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hou_Minghao"},{"link_name":"Kary Ng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kary_Ng"},{"link_name":"Richard Ng Man Tat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng_Man_Tat"},{"link_name":"Sandra Ng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Ng"},{"link_name":"Rachel Ngan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Ngan"}],"text":"Neo Hou\nKary Ng\nRichard Ng Man Tat\nSandra Ng\nRachel Ngan","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eddie Peng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Peng"},{"link_name":"Will Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Pan"},{"link_name":"Pan Yueming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Yueming"},{"link_name":"Byron Pang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Pang"},{"link_name":"Diana Pang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Pang"},{"link_name":"Jenny Pat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Pat"}],"text":"Eddie Peng\nWill Pan\nPan Yueming\nByron Pang\nDiana Pang\nJenny Pat","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qin Hao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Hao"}],"text":"Qin Hao","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selina Ren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina_Ren"},{"link_name":"Michelle Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Reis"},{"link_name":"Riley Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Wang"},{"link_name":"Ruan Lingyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruan_Lingyu"}],"text":"Selina Ren\nMichelle Reis\nRiley Wang\nRuan Lingyu, silent-film actress","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charmaine Sheh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmaine_Sheh"},{"link_name":"Xiao Shenyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Shenyang"},{"link_name":"Shu Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Qi"},{"link_name":"Fiona Sit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Sit"},{"link_name":"Maggie Siu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Siu"},{"link_name":"Alec Su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Su"},{"link_name":"Betty Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Sun"},{"link_name":"Song Weilong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Weilong_(actor)"}],"text":"Charmaine Sheh\nXiao Shenyang\nShu Qi\nFiona Sit\nMaggie Siu\nAlec Su\nBetty Sun\nSong Weilong","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebe Tian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebe_Tian"},{"link_name":"Leila Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Tong"},{"link_name":"Tang Guoqiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Guoqiang"},{"link_name":"Stephy Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephy_Tang"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Tse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Tse"},{"link_name":"Angela Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Tong"},{"link_name":"Tang Xiaotian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Xiaotian"}],"text":"Hebe Tian\nLeila Tong\nTang Guoqiang\nStephy Tang\nNicholas Tse\nAngela Tong\nTang Xiaotian","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vin Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_Zhang"}],"text":"Vin Zhang","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jiro Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiro_Wang"},{"link_name":"Wang Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Gang_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Wang Baoqiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Baoqiang"},{"link_name":"Wang Yibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yibo"},{"link_name":"Bosco Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosco_Wong"},{"link_name":"Race Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_Wong"},{"link_name":"Chun Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chun_Wu"},{"link_name":"Daniel Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Wu"},{"link_name":"Wu Yifan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Yifan"}],"text":"Jiro Wang\nWang Gang\nWang Baoqiang (王宝强, Vương Bảo Cường)\nWang Yibo\nBosco Wong\nRace Wong\nChun Wu\nDaniel Wu\nWu Yifan","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xu Zheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Zheng_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Xu Shaohua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Shaohua_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Xiong Ziqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiong_Ziqi"},{"link_name":"Xu Kai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Kai"},{"link_name":"Xiao Zhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Zhan"},{"link_name":"Xing Zhao Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xing_Zhao_Lin"}],"text":"Xu Zheng\nXu Shaohua\nXiong Ziqi\nXu Kai\nXiao Zhan\nXing Zhao Lin","title":"X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aaron Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Yan"},{"link_name":"Jerry 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_Feast	Belshazzar's feast	["1 Summary","1.1 Narrative summary","1.2 Writing on the wall","2 Composition and structure","3 Historical background","4 Belshazzar's feast in pop culture","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Sources"]	Bible story in the Book of Daniel For other uses, see Belshazzar's Feast (disambiguation). "The writing on the wall" redirects here. For other uses, see The Writing on the Wall (disambiguation). John Martin, Belshazzar's Feast, 1821, half-size sketch held by the Yale Center for British Art Belshazzar's feast, or the story of the writing on the wall, chapter 5 in the Book of Daniel, tells how Belshazzar holds a great feast and drinks from the vessels that had been looted in the destruction of the First Temple. A hand appears and writes on the wall. The terrified Belshazzar calls for his wise men, but they are unable to read the writing. The queen advises him to send for Daniel, renowned for his wisdom. Daniel reminds Belshazzar that his father Nebuchadnezzar, when he became arrogant, was thrown down until he learned that God has sovereignty over the kingdom of men (see Daniel 4). Belshazzar had likewise blasphemed God, and so God sent this hand. Daniel then reads the message and interprets it: God has numbered Belshazzar's days, he has been weighed and found wanting, and his kingdom will be given to the Medes and the Persians. That very night Belshazzar, the Chaldean king, was killed. And Darius the Mede received the kingdom — Daniel 5:30–31 The message of Daniel 5 is the contrast it offers between Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar: Nebuchadnezzar is humbled by God, learns his lesson (he acknowledges the ultimate kingship of the God of Israel), and is restored to his throne; Belshazzar, in contrast, learns nothing from Nebuchadnezzar's example, blasphemes against God, and his kingdom is given to others. According to John J. Collins, Belshazzar's feast is a legend conforming to the subgenre of the "tale of court contest", complicated by the inclusion of Daniel's indictment of Belshazzar's pride and his failure to honour the God of Israel. As a result, the tale has a double ending, in which Daniel is first showered with rewards and honours for interpreting the omen, and the king is then punished to fulfill the sentence pronounced by Daniel. From the story the idiom "to be able to read the writing on the wall" came to mean being able to see from available evidence that doom or failure is inevitable, and "the writing on the wall" itself can mean anything portending such doom or failure. Summary Rembrandt, Belshazzar's Feast, 1635, National Gallery, London. The message is written in vertical lines starting at the top right corner, with "upharsin" taking two lines, following the interpretation of Samuel of Nehardea (b. Sanhedrin 22a). Narrative summary This section summarizes the narrative, as found in C. L. Seow's translation of the text in his commentary on Daniel. King Belshazzar holds a great feast for a thousand of his lords, and commands that the Temple vessels from Jerusalem be brought in so that they can drink from them, but as the Babylonians drink, a hand appears and writes on the wall. Belshazzar calls for his magicians and diviners to interpret the writing, but they are unable even to read it. The queen advises Belshazzar to send for Daniel, renowned for his wisdom. Daniel is brought in, and the king offers to make him third in rank in the kingdom if he can interpret the writing. Daniel declines the honour, but agrees to the request. He reminds Belshazzar that his father Nebuchadnezzar's greatness was the gift of God, and that when he became arrogant God threw him down until he learned humility: "the Most High God has sovereignty over the kingdom of mortals, and sets over it whomever He will." Belshazzar has drunk from the vessels of God's Temple and praised his idols, but he has not given honour to God, and so God sent this hand and wrote these words: מנא מנא תקל ופרסין‎ Daniel reads the words "MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN" and interprets them for the king: "MENE, God has numbered the days of your kingdom and brought it to an end; TEKEL, you have been weighed ... and found wanting;" and "UPHARSIN", your kingdom is divided and given to the Medes and Persians. Then Belshazzar gave the command, and Daniel was clothed in purple, a chain of gold was put around his neck, and a proclamation was made… that he should rank third in the kingdom; that very night Belshazzar the Chaldean (Babylonian) king was killed, and Darius the Mede received the kingdom." Writing on the wall A woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld, 1860. None of the Chaldean wise men are able to even read, let alone interpret, the writing on the wall, but Daniel does so by supplying vowels in two different ways, first so the words are read as nouns, then as verbs. The nouns are monetary weights: a mənê, equivalent to a Jewish mina or sixty shekels (several ancient versions have only one mənê instead of two); a təqêl, equivalent to a shekel; and p̄arsîn, meaning "half-pieces". The last involves a word-play on the name of the Persians (pārās in Hebrew), suggesting not only that they are to inherit Belshazzar's kingdom, but that they are two peoples, Medes and Persians. Daniel then interprets the words as verbs, based on their roots: mənê is interpreted as meaning "numbered"; təqêl, from a root meaning to weigh, as meaning "weighed" (and found wanting); and pərês (פְּרַס‎), the singular form of p̄arsîn, from a root meaning "to divide", denoting that the kingdom is to be "divided" and given to the Medes and Persians. If the "half-pieces" means two half-shekels, then the various weights—a mənê or sixty shekels, another shekel, and two half-shekels—add up to 62, which the tale gives as the age of Darius the Mede, indicating that God's will is being worked out. The phrase "writing on the wall" has grown to be a popular idiomatic expression referring to the foreshadowing of any impending doom, misfortune, or end. A person who does not or refuses to "see the writing on the wall" is being described as ignorant to the signs of a cataclysmic event that will likely occur in the near future. One of the earliest known uses of the phrase in English, was by a Captain L. Brinckmair in 1638, whose report "The Warnings of Germany" during the Thirty Years' War cautioned that the violence there could soon spill over to England. "The writing on the wall" is sometimes referred to by the use of some combination of the words "Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin", as they were written on the wall in the tale of Belshazzar's feast. The metaphor has consistently made appearances in various works of literature and media as a foreshadowing device ever since Brinckmair's report. Reference to this event also led to the use of "Belshazzar" as a brand name for an overhead projector during that device's heyday in the second half of the twentieth century. Composition and structure Chapters of the Book of Daniel Chapter 1: Induction into Babylon Chapter 2: Nebuchadnezzar's Dream Chapter 3: The Fiery Furnace Chapter 4: Nebuchadnezzar's Madness Chapter 5: Belshazzar's Feast Chapter 6: Daniel in the Lions's Den Chapter 7: The Four Beasts Chapter 8: The Ram, He-Goat and Horn Chapter 9: The Seventy Weeks Chapters 10–12: Daniel's final vision Additions to Daniel: - Song of the Three Holy Children - Susanna and the Elders - Bel and the Dragon vte Main article: Book of Daniel § structure It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Jewish community in Babylon in the Persian and early Hellenistic periods (5th to 3rd centuries BC), and was later expanded in the Maccabean era (mid-2nd century) with the visions of chapters 7–12. Modern scholarship agrees that Daniel is a legendary figure, and it is possible that his name was chosen for the hero of the book because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition. Chapters 2–7 of the book form a chiasm (a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side): A. (chapter 2) – A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth B. (chapter 3) – Daniel's three friends in the fiery furnace C. (chapter 4) – Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar C'. (chapter 5) – Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar B'. (chapter 6) – Daniel in the lions' den A'. (chapter 7) – A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifth Daniel 5 is thus composed as a companion-piece to Daniel 4, the tale of the madness of Nebuchadnezzar, the two giving variations on a single theme. This is spelled out in chapter 5 when Daniel draws a direct parallel between the two kings: the fate of Belshazzar illustrates what happens when a king does not repent. Daniel 5 does not divide neatly into scenes and scholars do not agree on its structure. The following is one possible outline: The king's banquet and the mysterious oracle: the king desecrates the sacred vessels, the hand writes on the wall (verses 1–6) Attempts to interpret the oracle: the Chaldean sages fail, the queen recommends Daniel (verses 7–12) Daniel appears before Belshazzar: Daniel addresses and rebukes the king, interprets the oracle, and is rewarded (verses 13–29) Conclusion: Belshazzar's death, Darius' accession (verses 30–31) Historical background The story is set around the fall of Babylon, when on 12 October 539 BCE the Persian conqueror Cyrus the Great entered the city. Its last king, Nabonidus, was captured; his fate is unknown, although he may have been exiled. Several details in the text do not match the known historical facts. Belshazzar is portrayed as king of Babylon and son of Nebuchadnezzar, but was actually the son of King Nabonidus, one of Nebuchadnezzar's successors, who deputised for Nabonidus when the latter was away in Teima, but never became king. The conqueror is named as Darius the Mede, but no such individual is known to history. The invaders were not Medes, but Persians. John J. Collins suggests this is typical of the story's genre, in which historical accuracy is not an essential element. The constituent elements of the Book of Daniel were assembled shortly after the end of the Maccabean crisis, which is to say shortly after 164 BCE. The tales making up chapters 2 to 6 are the earliest part, dating from the late 4th or early 3rd centuries. Their setting is Babylon, and there is no reason to doubt that they were composed in the Babylonian diaspora, that is, among the Jewish community living in Babylon and Mesopotamia under Persian and then Greek rule. They reflect a society in which foreign rulers were not necessarily malevolent. For example, Belshazzar rewards Daniel and raises him to high office. This is a marked contrast with the visions of chapters 7–12, where the sufferings of the Jews are the result of actions by the evil 2nd century BCE king Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Chapters 2 and 7 tell how all worldly kingdoms will come to an end and be replaced by the kingdom of God. Chapters 3 and 6 tell how pious Jews withstand the arrogance of earthly kings and are rescued by the God of Israel. Chapters 4 and 5 form the center, and carry the most important message in their parallel but contrasting tales of Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar, verses 5:21–22. The first is humbled by God, learns his lesson, he acknowledges the ultimate kingship of the Jewish God, and is restored to his throne. Belshazzar, in contrast, learns nothing from Nebuchadnezzar's example, blasphemes against God, and has his kingdom given to others. Belshazzar's feast in pop culture Johnny Cash's first recorded Gospel song was "Belshazzar," a direct retelling of the Biblical story from the Book of Daniel. He recorded the song in 1957 and was the only Gospel song that Sun Records allowed Cash to record and release with the label. Current 93's song "All The Stars Are Dead Now", from their 1992 album Thunder Perfect Mind, includes the lines "Mene mene tekel upharsin, We have been weighed and lost, We have been weighed and lost" as one of the many apocalyptic or destructive portents that comprise the song's lyrics. In Iron Maiden's title track called "The Writing on The Wall" that was released in 2021, the feast is referenced in the music video where you can see a piece of paper stating Belshazzar's feast which everyone seem to be heading to. Inside is a musical feast, and a being that is draining life force out of others. Eddie ends this feast and leaves the feast together with the four horsemen and the remaining two persons that was previously drained by the being. See also Babylon Cultural depictions of Belshazzar Fall of Babylon References Citations ^ a b Seow 2003, pp. 74–75. ^ a b Albertz 2001, p. 178. ^ Collins 1984, p. 67. ^ Seow 2003, p. 75. ^ Seow 2003, p. 80. ^ a b Seow 2003, pp. 82–83. ^ Seow 2003, p. 83. ^ Seow 2003, p. 84. ^ Brinckmair 1638. ^ Willis 2008, pp. 5–8. ^ Collins 1984, pp. 29, 34–35. ^ Collins 1984, p. 28. ^ Redditt 2008, pp. 176–77, 180. ^ Redditt 2008, p. 177. ^ Collins 1984, pp. 67, 70. ^ Newsom & Breed 2014, p. 165. ^ Waters 2014, pp. 44–45. ^ a b c Seow 2003, pp. 4–6. ^ Davies 2001, p. 566. ^ Collins 1984, p. 41. ^ Collins 2001, p. 2. ^ Seow 2003, p. 7. ^ "Belshazzar: Johnny Cash's First Recorded Gospel Song". 23 February 2018. ^ "Current 93: All The Stars Are Dead Now lyrics (Genius.com)". ^ "Iron Maiden - The Writing on The Wall- Youtube". Youtube. 2021-06-15. Retrieved 2021-06-15. Sources Albertz, Rainer (2001). "Social Setting of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Vol. I. Brill. ISBN 978-9004116757. Brinckmair, L. (1638). The Warnings of Germany. By Wonderfull Signes, and strange Prodigies seene in divers parts of that Countrey of Germany, betweene the Yeare 1618. and 1638. Together with a briefe relation of the miserable Events which ensued. All faithfully collected out of credible High Dutch chronicles, and other histories by L. Brinckmair Captaine. As also a learned & godly sermon preached before the lords the States at Norrimberg. Anno 1638. London: John Norton for John Rothwell – via Heritage Auctions. Collins, John J. (1984). Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802800206. Collins, John J. (2001). "Current Issues in the Study of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Vol. I. Brill. ISBN 978-0391041271. Davies, P. R. (2001). "Daniel". In Barton, J.; Muddiman, J. (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary. Archived from the original on 2017-11-22. Retrieved 2020-10-07. Newsom, Carol A.; Breed, Brennan W. (2014). Daniel: A Commentary. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. ISBN 9780664220808. Redditt, Paul L. (2008). Introduction to the Prophets. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802828965. Seow, C.L. (2003). Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256753. Waters, Matt (2014). Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107652729. Willis, N. E. (13 March 2008). "A Survey of the Use of the Overhead Projector in the United Kingdom". Audio-Visual Media. 3: 5–8. doi:10.1080/09523986908547852. vteBook of DanielBible chapters Daniel 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Additions Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children Susanna and the Elders Bel and the Dragon Places Babylon Susa People Belshazzar Cyrus the Great Daniel Darius the Mede Jehoiakim Nebuchadnezzar II Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego Angels Gabriel Michael Terms Abomination of desolation Ancient of Days Belshazzar's feast Four kingdoms Lion's den Prophecy of Seventy Weeks Territorial spirit Watcher (angel) Christian interpretations Futurism Historicism Historicist interpretations Idealism Preterism Manuscripts Papyrus 967 Papyrus 62 Codex Chisianus 45 Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Ezekiel (chapter 48) in Christian Bibles Book of Esther (chapter 10) in the Hebrew Bible Bible portal Christianity portal Judaism portal Book of Hosea (chapter 1) in Christian Bibles Ezra–Nehemiah (chapter 1) in the Hebrew Bible →	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belshazzar's Feast (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_Feast_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"The Writing on the Wall (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Writing_on_the_Wall_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Martin_-_Belshazzar%27s_Feast_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Yale Center for British Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art"},{"link_name":"Book of Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Belshazzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar"},{"link_name":"First Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Nebuchadnezzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar"},{"link_name":"Daniel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_4"},{"link_name":"Medes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians"},{"link_name":"Darius the Mede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Mede"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200374%E2%80%9375-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertz2001178-2"},{"link_name":"John J. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Collins"},{"link_name":"legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198467-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Belshazzar's Feast (disambiguation).\"The writing on the wall\" redirects here. For other uses, see The Writing on the Wall (disambiguation).John Martin, Belshazzar's Feast, 1821, half-size sketch held by the Yale Center for British ArtBelshazzar's feast, or the story of the writing on the wall, chapter 5 in the Book of Daniel, tells how Belshazzar holds a great feast and drinks from the vessels that had been looted in the destruction of the First Temple. A hand appears and writes on the wall. The terrified Belshazzar calls for his wise men, but they are unable to read the writing. The queen advises him to send for Daniel, renowned for his wisdom. Daniel reminds Belshazzar that his father Nebuchadnezzar, when he became arrogant, was thrown down until he learned that God has sovereignty over the kingdom of men (see Daniel 4). Belshazzar had likewise blasphemed God, and so God sent this hand. Daniel then reads the message and interprets it: God has numbered Belshazzar's days, he has been weighed and found wanting, and his kingdom will be given to the Medes and the Persians.That very night Belshazzar, the Chaldean [Babylonian] king, was killed. And Darius the Mede received the kingdom […]— Daniel 5:30–31[1]The message of Daniel 5 is the contrast it offers between Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar:Nebuchadnezzar is humbled by God, learns his lesson (he acknowledges the ultimate kingship of the God of Israel), and is restored to his throne;\nBelshazzar, in contrast, learns nothing from Nebuchadnezzar's example, blasphemes against God, and his kingdom is given to others.[2]According to John J. Collins, Belshazzar's feast is a legend conforming to the subgenre of the \"tale of court contest\", complicated by the inclusion of Daniel's indictment of Belshazzar's pride and his failure to honour the God of Israel. As a result, the tale has a double ending, in which Daniel is first showered with rewards and honours for interpreting the omen, and the king is then punished to fulfill the sentence pronounced by Daniel.[3]From the story the idiom \"to be able to read the writing on the wall\" came to mean being able to see from available evidence that doom or failure is inevitable, and \"the writing on the wall\" itself can mean anything portending such doom or failure.","title":"Belshazzar's feast"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belshazzar%E2%80%99s_feast,_by_Rembrandt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt"},{"link_name":"Belshazzar's Feast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_Feast_(Rembrandt)"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Samuel of Nehardea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_of_Nehardea"},{"link_name":"Sanhedrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)"}],"text":"Rembrandt, Belshazzar's Feast, 1635, National Gallery, London. The message is written in vertical lines starting at the top right corner, with \"upharsin\" taking two lines, following the interpretation of Samuel of Nehardea (b. Sanhedrin 22a).","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. L. Seow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._L._Seow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200374%E2%80%9375-1"},{"link_name":"Darius the Mede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Mede"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200375-4"}],"sub_title":"Narrative summary","text":"This section summarizes the narrative, as found in C. L. Seow's translation of the text in his commentary on Daniel.[1]King Belshazzar holds a great feast for a thousand of his lords, and commands that the Temple vessels from Jerusalem be brought in so that they can drink from them, but as the Babylonians drink, a hand appears and writes on the wall. Belshazzar calls for his magicians and diviners to interpret the writing, but they are unable even to read it. The queen advises Belshazzar to send for Daniel, renowned for his wisdom. Daniel is brought in, and the king offers to make him third in rank in the kingdom if he can interpret the writing.Daniel declines the honour, but agrees to the request. He reminds Belshazzar that his father Nebuchadnezzar's greatness was the gift of God, and that when he became arrogant God threw him down until he learned humility: \"the Most High God has sovereignty over the kingdom of mortals, and sets over it whomever He will.\" Belshazzar has drunk from the vessels of God's Temple and praised his idols, but he has not given honour to God, and so God sent this hand and wrote these words:מנא מנא תקל ופרסין‎Daniel reads the words \"MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN\" and interprets them for the king: \"MENE, God has numbered the days of your kingdom and brought it to an end; TEKEL, you have been weighed ... and found wanting;\" and \"UPHARSIN\", your kingdom is divided and given to the Medes and Persians. Then Belshazzar gave the command, and Daniel was clothed in purple, a chain of gold was put around his neck, and a proclamation was made… that he should rank third in the kingdom; [and] that very night Belshazzar the Chaldean (Babylonian) king was killed, and Darius the Mede received the kingdom.\"[4]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_143.png"},{"link_name":"Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200380-5"},{"link_name":"shekels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200382%E2%80%9383-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200382%E2%80%9383-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200383-7"},{"link_name":"Darius the Mede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Mede"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200384-8"},{"link_name":"writing on the wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/writing_on_the_wall"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinckmair1638-9"},{"link_name":"foreshadowing device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreshadowing"},{"link_name":"overhead projector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_projector"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis20085%E2%80%938-10"}],"sub_title":"Writing on the wall","text":"A woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld, 1860.None of the Chaldean wise men are able to even read, let alone interpret, the writing on the wall, but Daniel does so by supplying vowels in two different ways, first so the words are read as nouns, then as verbs.[5] The nouns are monetary weights: a mənê, equivalent to a Jewish mina or sixty shekels (several ancient versions have only one mənê instead of two); a təqêl, equivalent to a shekel; and p̄arsîn, meaning \"half-pieces\".[6] The last involves a word-play on the name of the Persians (pārās in Hebrew), suggesting not only that they are to inherit Belshazzar's kingdom, but that they are two peoples, Medes and Persians.[6]Daniel then interprets the words as verbs, based on their roots: mənê is interpreted as meaning \"numbered\"; təqêl, from a root meaning to weigh, as meaning \"weighed\" (and found wanting); and pərês (פְּרַס‎), the singular form of p̄arsîn, from a root meaning \"to divide\", denoting that the kingdom is to be \"divided\" and given to the Medes and Persians.[7] If the \"half-pieces\" means two half-shekels, then the various weights—a mənê or sixty shekels, another shekel, and two half-shekels—add up to 62, which the tale gives as the age of Darius the Mede, indicating that God's will is being worked out.[8]The phrase \"writing on the wall\" has grown to be a popular idiomatic expression referring to the foreshadowing of any impending doom, misfortune, or end. A person who does not or refuses to \"see the writing on the wall\" is being described as ignorant to the signs of a cataclysmic event that will likely occur in the near future.One of the earliest known uses of the phrase in English, was by a Captain L. Brinckmair in 1638, whose report \"The Warnings of Germany\" during the Thirty Years' War cautioned that the violence there could soon spill over to England.[9] \"The writing on the wall\" is sometimes referred to by the use of some combination of the words \"Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin\", as they were written on the wall in the tale of Belshazzar's feast. The metaphor has consistently made appearances in various works of literature and media as a foreshadowing device ever since Brinckmair's report.Reference to this event also led to the use of \"Belshazzar\" as a brand name for an overhead projector during that device's heyday in the second half of the twentieth century.[10]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Book of Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"folktales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic"},{"link_name":"Maccabean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabeans"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198429,_34%E2%80%9335-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198428-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedditt2008176%E2%80%9377,_180-13"},{"link_name":"chiasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiasmus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedditt2008177-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198467,_70-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsomBreed2014165-16"}],"text":"It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Jewish community in Babylon in the Persian and early Hellenistic periods (5th to 3rd centuries BC), and was later expanded in the Maccabean era (mid-2nd century) with the visions of chapters 7–12.[11] Modern scholarship agrees that Daniel is a legendary figure,[12] and it is possible that his name was chosen for the hero of the book because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition.[13]Chapters 2–7 of the book form a chiasm (a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side):[14]A. (chapter 2) – A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth\nB. (chapter 3) – Daniel's three friends in the fiery furnace\nC. (chapter 4) – Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar\nC'. (chapter 5) – Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar\nB'. (chapter 6) – Daniel in the lions' den\nA'. (chapter 7) – A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifthDaniel 5 is thus composed as a companion-piece to Daniel 4, the tale of the madness of Nebuchadnezzar, the two giving variations on a single theme. This is spelled out in chapter 5 when Daniel draws a direct parallel between the two kings: the fate of Belshazzar illustrates what happens when a king does not repent.[15]Daniel 5 does not divide neatly into scenes and scholars do not agree on its structure. The following is one possible outline:[16]The king's banquet and the mysterious oracle: the king desecrates the sacred vessels, the hand writes on the wall (verses 1–6)\nAttempts to interpret the oracle: the Chaldean sages fail, the queen recommends Daniel (verses 7–12)\nDaniel appears before Belshazzar: Daniel addresses and rebukes the king, interprets the oracle, and is rewarded (verses 13–29)\nConclusion: Belshazzar's death, Darius' accession (verses 30–31)","title":"Composition and structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Persia"},{"link_name":"Cyrus the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Nabonidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters201444%E2%80%9345-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20034%E2%80%936-18"},{"link_name":"Nebuchadnezzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar"},{"link_name":"Teima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teima"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2001566-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20034%E2%80%936-18"},{"link_name":"Darius the Mede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Mede"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20034%E2%80%936-18"},{"link_name":"John J. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Collins"},{"link_name":"historical accuracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_accuracy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198441-20"},{"link_name":"Maccabean crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20012-21"},{"link_name":"Antiochus IV Epiphanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20037-22"},{"link_name":"5:21–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Daniel%205:21%E2%80%9322"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertz2001178-2"}],"text":"The story is set around the fall of Babylon, when on 12 October 539 BCE the Persian conqueror Cyrus the Great entered the city. Its last king, Nabonidus, was captured; his fate is unknown, although he may have been exiled.[17] Several details in the text do not match the known historical facts.[18] Belshazzar is portrayed as king of Babylon and son of Nebuchadnezzar, but was actually the son of King Nabonidus, one of Nebuchadnezzar's successors, who deputised for Nabonidus when the latter was away in Teima,[19] but never became king.[18] The conqueror is named as Darius the Mede, but no such individual is known to history. The invaders were not Medes, but Persians.[18] John J. Collins suggests this is typical of the story's genre, in which historical accuracy is not an essential element.[20]The constituent elements of the Book of Daniel were assembled shortly after the end of the Maccabean crisis, which is to say shortly after 164 BCE.[21] The tales making up chapters 2 to 6 are the earliest part, dating from the late 4th or early 3rd centuries. Their setting is Babylon, and there is no reason to doubt that they were composed in the Babylonian diaspora, that is, among the Jewish community living in Babylon and Mesopotamia under Persian and then Greek rule. They reflect a society in which foreign rulers were not necessarily malevolent. For example, Belshazzar rewards Daniel and raises him to high office. This is a marked contrast with the visions of chapters 7–12, where the sufferings of the Jews are the result of actions by the evil 2nd century BCE king Antiochus IV Epiphanes.[22]Chapters 2 and 7 tell how all worldly kingdoms will come to an end and be replaced by the kingdom of God. Chapters 3 and 6 tell how pious Jews withstand the arrogance of earthly kings and are rescued by the God of Israel. Chapters 4 and 5 form the center, and carry the most important message in their parallel but contrasting tales of Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar, verses 5:21–22. The first is humbled by God, learns his lesson, he acknowledges the ultimate kingship of the Jewish God, and is restored to his throne. Belshazzar, in contrast, learns nothing from Nebuchadnezzar's example, blasphemes against God, and has his kingdom given to others.[2]","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Current 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_93"},{"link_name":"Thunder Perfect Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Perfect_Mind_(Current_93_album)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"The Writing on The Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Writing_on_the_Wall_(Iron_Maiden_song)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Johnny Cash's first recorded Gospel song was \"Belshazzar,\" a direct retelling of the Biblical story from the Book of Daniel. He recorded the song in 1957 and was the only Gospel song that Sun Records allowed Cash to record and release with the label.[23]Current 93's song \"All The Stars Are Dead Now\", from their 1992 album Thunder Perfect Mind, includes the lines \"Mene mene tekel upharsin, We have been weighed and lost, We have been weighed and lost\" as one of the many apocalyptic or destructive portents that comprise the song's lyrics.[24]In Iron Maiden's title track called \"The Writing on The Wall\" that was released in 2021, the feast is referenced in the music video where you can see a piece of paper stating Belshazzar's feast which everyone seem to be heading to. Inside is a musical feast, and a being that is draining life force out of others. Eddie ends this feast and leaves the feast together with the four horsemen and the remaining two persons that was previously drained by the being. [25]","title":"Belshazzar's feast in pop culture"}]	[{"image_text":"John Martin, Belshazzar's Feast, 1821, half-size sketch held by the Yale Center for British Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John_Martin_-_Belshazzar%27s_Feast_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-John_Martin_-_Belshazzar%27s_Feast_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rembrandt, Belshazzar's Feast, 1635, National Gallery, London. The message is written in vertical lines starting at the top right corner, with \"upharsin\" taking two lines, following the interpretation of Samuel of Nehardea (b. Sanhedrin 22a).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Belshazzar%E2%80%99s_feast%2C_by_Rembrandt.jpg/330px-Belshazzar%E2%80%99s_feast%2C_by_Rembrandt.jpg"},{"image_text":"A woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld, 1860.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_143.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_143.png"}]	[{"title":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"title":"Cultural depictions of Belshazzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Belshazzar"},{"title":"Fall of Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon"}]	[{"reference":"\"Belshazzar: Johnny Cash's First Recorded Gospel Song\". 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.countrythangdaily.com/cash-gospel-belshazzar/","url_text":"\"Belshazzar: Johnny Cash's First Recorded Gospel Song\""}]},{"reference":"\"Current 93: All The Stars Are Dead Now lyrics (Genius.com)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/Current-93-all-the-stars-are-dead-now-lyrics","url_text":"\"Current 93: All The Stars Are Dead Now lyrics (Genius.com)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iron Maiden - The Writing on The Wall- Youtube\". Youtube. 2021-06-15. Retrieved 2021-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhBnW7bZHEE&ab_channel=IronMaiden","url_text":"\"Iron Maiden - The Writing on The Wall- Youtube\""}]},{"reference":"Albertz, Rainer (2001). \"Social Setting of Daniel\". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Vol. I. Brill. ISBN 978-9004116757.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Collins","url_text":"Albertz, Rainer"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&q=%22the+outer+frame+is+formed+by+the+two+parallel+apocalyptic+instructions%22&pg=PA178","url_text":"\"Social Setting of Daniel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004116757","url_text":"978-9004116757"}]},{"reference":"Brinckmair, L. (1638). The Warnings of Germany. By Wonderfull Signes, and strange Prodigies seene in divers parts of that Countrey of Germany, betweene the Yeare 1618. and 1638. Together with a briefe relation of the miserable Events which ensued. All faithfully collected out of credible High Dutch chronicles, and other histories by L. Brinckmair Captaine. As also a learned & godly sermon preached before the lords the States at Norrimberg. Anno 1638. London: John Norton for John Rothwell – via Heritage Auctions.","urls":[{"url":"https://historical.ha.com/itm/books/world-history/brinckmair-l-captain-the-warnings-of-germany-by-wonderfullsignes-and-strange-prodigies-seene-in-dive/a/201438-93130.s","url_text":"The Warnings of Germany. By Wonderfull Signes, and strange Prodigies seene in divers parts of that Countrey of Germany, betweene the Yeare 1618. and 1638. Together with a briefe relation of the miserable Events which ensued. All faithfully collected out of credible High Dutch chronicles, and other histories by L. Brinckmair Captaine. As also a learned & godly sermon preached before the lords the States at Norrimberg. Anno 1638"}]},{"reference":"Collins, John J. (1984). Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802800206.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Collins","url_text":"Collins, John J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC&q=Daniel:+with+an+introduction+to+apocalyptic+literature","url_text":"Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802800206","url_text":"9780802800206"}]},{"reference":"Collins, John J. (2001). \"Current Issues in the Study of Daniel\". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Vol. I. Brill. ISBN 978-0391041271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Collins","url_text":"Collins, John J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X-XYJ0yp140C&q=%22a+broad+consensus%22%22shortly+after+the+Maccabean+crisis%22&pg=PA2","url_text":"\"Current Issues in the Study of Daniel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0391041271","url_text":"978-0391041271"}]},{"reference":"Davies, P. R. (2001). \"Daniel\". In Barton, J.; Muddiman, J. (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary. Archived from the original on 2017-11-22. Retrieved 2020-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193211/http://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43","url_text":"The Oxford Bible Commentary"},{"url":"https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Newsom, Carol A.; Breed, Brennan W. (2014). Daniel: A Commentary. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. ISBN 9780664220808.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XZK7BwAAQBAJ&q=%22the+rock%22%22evokes+the+imagery+of+Zion%22&pg=PA77","url_text":"Daniel: A Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664220808","url_text":"9780664220808"}]},{"reference":"Redditt, Paul L. (2008). Introduction to the Prophets. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802828965.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&q=Redditt+Daniel&pg=PA188","url_text":"Introduction to the Prophets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802828965","url_text":"9780802828965"}]},{"reference":"Seow, C.L. (2003). Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256753.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choon-Leong_Seow","url_text":"Seow, C.L."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nuLapFR3AX4C&q=%225.+Belshazzar+and+the+handwriting+on+the+wall%22%22Daniel+5%3A1-31%22&pg=PR8","url_text":"Daniel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664256753","url_text":"9780664256753"}]},{"reference":"Waters, Matt (2014). Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107652729.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=__xGAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107652729","url_text":"9781107652729"}]},{"reference":"Willis, N. E. (13 March 2008). \"A Survey of the Use of the Overhead Projector in the United Kingdom\". Audio-Visual Media. 3: 5–8. doi:10.1080/09523986908547852.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09523986908547852","url_text":"10.1080/09523986908547852"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Daniel%205:21%E2%80%9322","external_links_name":"5:21–22"},{"Link":"https://www.countrythangdaily.com/cash-gospel-belshazzar/","external_links_name":"\"Belshazzar: Johnny Cash's First Recorded Gospel Song\""},{"Link":"https://genius.com/Current-93-all-the-stars-are-dead-now-lyrics","external_links_name":"\"Current 93: All The Stars Are Dead Now lyrics (Genius.com)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhBnW7bZHEE&ab_channel=IronMaiden","external_links_name":"\"Iron Maiden - The Writing on The Wall- Youtube\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&q=%22the+outer+frame+is+formed+by+the+two+parallel+apocalyptic+instructions%22&pg=PA178","external_links_name":"\"Social Setting of Daniel\""},{"Link":"https://historical.ha.com/itm/books/world-history/brinckmair-l-captain-the-warnings-of-germany-by-wonderfullsignes-and-strange-prodigies-seene-in-dive/a/201438-93130.s","external_links_name":"The Warnings of Germany. By Wonderfull Signes, and strange Prodigies seene in divers parts of that Countrey of Germany, betweene the Yeare 1618. and 1638. Together with a briefe relation of the miserable Events which ensued. All faithfully collected out of credible High Dutch chronicles, and other histories by L. Brinckmair Captaine. As also a learned & godly sermon preached before the lords the States at Norrimberg. Anno 1638"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC&q=Daniel:+with+an+introduction+to+apocalyptic+literature","external_links_name":"Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X-XYJ0yp140C&q=%22a+broad+consensus%22%22shortly+after+the+Maccabean+crisis%22&pg=PA2","external_links_name":"\"Current Issues in the Study of Daniel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193211/http://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43","external_links_name":"The Oxford Bible Commentary"},{"Link":"https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XZK7BwAAQBAJ&q=%22the+rock%22%22evokes+the+imagery+of+Zion%22&pg=PA77","external_links_name":"Daniel: A Commentary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&q=Redditt+Daniel&pg=PA188","external_links_name":"Introduction to the Prophets"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nuLapFR3AX4C&q=%225.+Belshazzar+and+the+handwriting+on+the+wall%22%22Daniel+5%3A1-31%22&pg=PR8","external_links_name":"Daniel"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=__xGAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09523986908547852","external_links_name":"10.1080/09523986908547852"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_gammopathy	Monoclonal gammopathy	["1 Causes","2 Diagnosis","2.1 Types","3 References","4 External links"]	Excess myeloma protein or monoclonal gamma globulin in the blood Medical conditionMonoclonal gammopathyOther namesparaproteinemiaSerum protein electrophoresis shows gamma spike, or peakSpecialtyOncology Monoclonal gammopathy, also known as paraproteinemia, is the presence of excessive amounts of myeloma protein or monoclonal gamma globulin in the blood. It is usually due to an underlying immunoproliferative disorder or hematologic neoplasms, especially multiple myeloma. It is sometimes considered equivalent to plasma cell dyscrasia. The most common form of the disease is monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Causes Main article: Plasma cell dyscrasia Causes of paraproteinemia include the following: Leukemias and lymphomas of various types, but usually B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas with a plasma cell component. Myeloma Plasmacytoma Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma Idiopathic (no discernible cause): some of these will be revealed as leukemias or lymphomas over the years. AL amyloidosis Diagnosis These are characterized by the presence of any abnormal protein that is involved in the immune system, which are most often immunoglobulins and are associated with the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes. When a paraproteinemia is present in the blood, there will be a narrow band, or spike, in the serum protein electrophoresis because there will be an excess of production of one protein. There are two large classes of blood proteins: albumin and globulin. They are generally equal in proportion, but albumin is much smaller than globulin, and slightly negatively charged, which leads to an accumulation at the end of the electrophoretic gel. The globulins separate out into three regions on the electrophoretic gel, which are the α band, the β band, and the γ band. The α band can be separated into two components: α1 and α2. The α1 region consists mostly of α1-antitrypsin and α1-acid glycoprotein. The α2 region is mostly haptoglobin, α2-macroglobulin, α2-antiplasmin, and ceruloplasmin. The β band consists of transferrin, low-density lipoproteins, and complement system proteins. The γ band is where the immunoglobulins appear, which is why they are also known as gammaglobulins. The majority of paraproteins appear in this band. Types Paraproteinemias may be categorized according to the type of monoclonal protein found in blood: Light chains only (or Bence Jones protein). This may be associated with multiple myeloma or AL amyloidosis. Heavy chains only (also known as "heavy chain disease"); Whole immunoglobulins. If immunoglobulins tend to precipitate within blood vessels with cold, that phenomenon takes the name of cryoglobulinaemia. The three types of paraproteins may occur alone or in combination in a given individual. Note that while most heavy chains or whole immunoglobulins remain within blood vessels, light chains frequently escape and are excreted by the kidneys into urine, where they take the name of Bence Jones protein. It is also possible for paraproteins (usually whole immunoglobulins) to form polymers by aggregating with each other; this takes the name of macroglobulinemia and may lead to further complications. For example, certain macroglobulins tend to precipitate within blood vessel with cold, a phenomenon known as cryoglobulinemia. Others may make blood too viscous to flow smoothly (usually with IgM pentamer macroglobulins), a phenomenon known as Waldenström macroglobulinemia. The most common type of paraproteinemia is monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Another form, monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) results in kidney damage and chronic kidney disease due to the effects of monoclonal immunoglobulins. References ^ Health Communication Network. Immunoproliferative disorders- Topic Tree. http://www.use.hcn.com.au/subject.%60Immunoproliferative%20Disorders%60/home.html Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed March 2007. ^ Ma ES, Lee ET (2007). "A case of IgM paraproteinemia in which serum free light chain values were within reference intervals". Clin. Chem. 53 (2): 362–3. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2006.080317. PMID 17259251. ^ a b Martínez-Gómez MA, Carril-Avilés MM, Sagrado S, Villanueva-Camañas RM, Medina-Hernández MJ (2007). "Characterization of antihistamine-human serum protein interactions by capillary electrophoresis". J Chromatogr A. 1147 (2): 261–9. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.054. PMID 17339039. ^ Abbas, A.K and Lichtman, A.H. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Fifth Edition. Elsevier Saunders. Philadelphia. 2005 ^ Leung, Nelson; Bridoux, Frank; Nasr, Samih H. (19 May 2021). "Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal Significance". New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (20): 1931–1941. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1810907. PMID 34010532. S2CID 234791002. External links Paraproteinaemia at patient.info. ClassificationDICD-10: D47.2, D89.2ICD-9-CM: 273.1 - 273.2MeSH: D010265DiseasesDB: 9614 vteImmunoproliferative immunoglobulin disordersPCDs/PP Plasmacytoma Multiple myeloma (Plasma cell leukemia) MGUS IgM (Macroglobulinemia/Waldenström macroglobulinemia) heavy chain (Heavy chain disease) light chain (Primary amyloidosis) Other hypergammaglobulinemia Cryoglobulinemia vteLeukaemias, lymphomas and related diseaseB cell(lymphoma,leukemia)(most CD19 CD20)Bydevelopment/markerTdT+ ALL (Precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma) CD5+ naive B cell (CLL/SLL) mantle zone (Mantle cell) CD22+ Prolymphocytic CD11c+ (Hairy cell leukemia) CD79a+ germinal center/follicular B cell (Follicular Burkitt's GCB DLBCL Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma) marginal zone/marginal zone B-cell (Splenic marginal zone MALT Nodal marginal zone Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma) RS (CD15+, CD30+) Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (Nodular sclerosis) CD20+ (Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma) PCDs/PP(CD38+/CD138+) see immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders By infection KSHV (Primary effusion) EBV Lymphomatoid granulomatosis Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder Classic Hodgkin lymphoma Burkitt's lymphoma HCV Splenic marginal zone lymphoma HIV (AIDS-related lymphoma) Helicobacter pylori (MALT lymphoma) Cutaneous Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma Primary cutaneous immunocytoma Plasmacytoma Plasmacytosis Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma T/NKT cell(lymphoma,leukemia)(most CD3 CD4 CD8)Bydevelopment/marker TdT+: ALL (Precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma) prolymphocyte (Prolymphocytic) CD30+ (Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma Lymphomatoid papulosis type A) CutaneousMF+variants indolent: Mycosis fungoides Pagetoid reticulosis Granulomatous slack skin aggressive: Sézary disease Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma Non-MF CD30-: Non-mycosis fungoides CD30− cutaneous large T-cell lymphoma Pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma Lymphomatoid papulosis type B CD30+: CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Secondary cutaneous CD30+ large-cell lymphoma Lymphomatoid papulosis type A Otherperipheral Hepatosplenic Angioimmunoblastic Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (Lennert lymphoma) Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma By infection HTLV-1 (Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma) NK cell/(most CD56) Aggressive NK-cell leukemia Blastic NK cell lymphoma T or NK EBV (Extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma/Angiocentric lymphoma) Large granular lymphocytic leukemia Lymphoid+myeloid Acute biphenotypic leukaemia Lymphocytosis Lymphoproliferative disorders (X-linked lymphoproliferative disease Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome) Leukemoid reaction Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia with bandlike and perivascular patterns with nodular pattern Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin General Hematological malignancy leukemia Leukemia cutis Lymphoproliferative disorders Lymphoid leukemias	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"myeloma protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloma_protein"},{"link_name":"monoclonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal"},{"link_name":"gamma globulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_globulin"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"immunoproliferative disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoproliferative_disorder"},{"link_name":"hematologic neoplasms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematologic_neoplasms"},{"link_name":"multiple myeloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma"},{"link_name":"plasma cell dyscrasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cell_dyscrasia"},{"link_name":"monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_gammopathy_of_undetermined_significance"}],"text":"Medical conditionMonoclonal gammopathy, also known as paraproteinemia, is the presence of excessive amounts of myeloma protein or monoclonal gamma globulin in the blood. It is usually due to an underlying immunoproliferative disorder or hematologic neoplasms, especially multiple myeloma. It is sometimes considered equivalent to plasma cell dyscrasia. The most common form of the disease is monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.","title":"Monoclonal gammopathy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Leukemias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"lymphomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoma"},{"link_name":"non-Hodgkin lymphomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma"},{"link_name":"Myeloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloma"},{"link_name":"Plasmacytoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmacytoma"},{"link_name":"Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoplasmacytic_lymphoma"},{"link_name":"Idiopathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_disease"},{"link_name":"AL amyloidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL_amyloidosis"}],"text":"Causes of paraproteinemia include the following:[citation needed]Leukemias and lymphomas of various types, but usually B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas with a plasma cell component.\nMyeloma\nPlasmacytoma\nLymphoplasmacytic lymphoma\nIdiopathic (no discernible cause): some of these will be revealed as leukemias or lymphomas over the years.\nAL amyloidosis","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-item5-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-item6-2"},{"link_name":"albumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumin"},{"link_name":"globulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globulin"},{"link_name":"antitrypsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrypsin"},{"link_name":"α1-acid glycoprotein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1-acid_glycoprotein"},{"link_name":"haptoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptoglobin"},{"link_name":"macroglobulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroglobulin"},{"link_name":"antiplasmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiplasmin"},{"link_name":"ceruloplasmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin"},{"link_name":"transferrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin"},{"link_name":"low-density lipoproteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoproteins"},{"link_name":"complement system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-item7-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-item1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-item7-3"}],"text":"These are characterized by the presence of any abnormal protein that is involved in the immune system, which are most often immunoglobulins and are associated with the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes.[1]When a paraproteinemia is present in the blood, there will be a narrow band, or spike, in the serum protein electrophoresis because there will be an excess of production of one protein.[2]There are two large classes of blood proteins: albumin and globulin. They are generally equal in proportion, but albumin is much smaller than globulin, and slightly negatively charged, which leads to an accumulation at the end of the electrophoretic gel. The globulins separate out into three regions on the electrophoretic gel, which are the α band, the β band, and the γ band.The α band can be separated into two components: α1 and α2. The α1 region consists mostly of α1-antitrypsin and α1-acid glycoprotein. The α2 region is mostly haptoglobin, α2-macroglobulin, α2-antiplasmin, and ceruloplasmin.\nThe β band consists of transferrin, low-density lipoproteins, and complement system proteins.[3]\nThe γ band is where the immunoglobulins appear, which is why they are also known as gammaglobulins.[4] The majority of paraproteins appear in this band.[3]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Light chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_light_chain"},{"link_name":"Bence Jones protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bence_Jones_protein"},{"link_name":"multiple myeloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma"},{"link_name":"AL amyloidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL_amyloidosis"},{"link_name":"Heavy chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_heavy_chain"},{"link_name":"heavy chain disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_chain_disease"},{"link_name":"immunoglobulins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin"},{"link_name":"cryoglobulinaemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoglobulinaemia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"},{"link_name":"macroglobulinemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroglobulinemia"},{"link_name":"cryoglobulinemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoglobulinemia"},{"link_name":"Waldenström macroglobulinemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenstr%C3%B6m_macroglobulinemia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_gammopathy_of_undetermined_significance"},{"link_name":"monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_gammopathy_of_renal_significance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Types","text":"Paraproteinemias may be categorized according to the type of monoclonal protein found in blood:[citation needed]Light chains only (or Bence Jones protein). This may be associated with multiple myeloma or AL amyloidosis.\nHeavy chains only (also known as \"heavy chain disease\");\nWhole immunoglobulins. If immunoglobulins tend to precipitate within blood vessels with cold, that phenomenon takes the name of cryoglobulinaemia.The three types of paraproteins may occur alone or in combination in a given individual. Note that while most heavy chains or whole immunoglobulins remain within blood vessels, light chains frequently escape and are excreted by the kidneys into urine, where they take the name of Bence Jones protein.[citation needed]It is also possible for paraproteins (usually whole immunoglobulins) to form polymers by aggregating with each other; this takes the name of macroglobulinemia and may lead to further complications. For example, certain macroglobulins tend to precipitate within blood vessel with cold, a phenomenon known as cryoglobulinemia. Others may make blood too viscous to flow smoothly (usually with IgM pentamer macroglobulins), a phenomenon known as Waldenström macroglobulinemia.[citation needed]The most common type of paraproteinemia is monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Another form, monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) results in kidney damage and chronic kidney disease due to the effects of monoclonal immunoglobulins.[5]","title":"Diagnosis"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ma ES, Lee ET (2007). \"A case of IgM paraproteinemia in which serum free light chain values were within reference intervals\". Clin. Chem. 53 (2): 362–3. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2006.080317. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jackson_Oakden	John Jackson Oakden	["1 Early life","2 Murray River expedition","3 Kadlunga, South Australia","4 Oakden Hills, South Australia","5 Acheron Bank Station, New Zealand","6 References"]	John Jackson Oakden (1818 – 31 March 1884), pastoralist, was an English explorer of South Australia, part of the European exploration of Australia, and a pioneer runholder of the Canterbury region of New Zealand. Mount Oakden near Penwortham, South Australia. View of the eastern face. Early life Born in 1818 at Yeaveley, Derbyshire, England, Oakden was a son of Daniel Oakden, yeoman farmer, of ancient Bentley Hall at Hungry Bentley. He arrived in Australia in 1834 as a commercial cadet to his uncle, the banker and pastoralist Philip Oakden (1784–1851), of Launceston, Tasmania. Through a paternal aunt, Patience Gilles, née Oakden, after whom the Adelaide suburb of Oakden was named in 1993, he was also a nephew of Osmond Gilles, first Colonial Treasurer of South Australia. After visiting England, Oakden returned to Australia aboard the John Renwick, arriving at Adelaide in February 1837 as Philip Oakden's South Australian agent. Osmond Gilles, who was widowed and childless, thereafter placed Oakden under his patronage. Oakden travelled to Launceston in January 1838 for the purpose of importing livestock to the new colony. Murray River expedition In March 1838, four young men in their twenties, John Hill (c.1810-1860), William Wood (1813-1885), Charles Willis (1815-1886), and John Oakden (1818-1884), all being livestock importers from the eastern colonies, formed an exploration party in Adelaide. Their intention was to be the first to bring livestock overland from New South Wales to South Australia, following the Murray River, for which purpose they sought to find a viable route through the Mount Lofty Ranges between the Murray River and Adelaide. Travelling on horseback with packhorses, after leaving Adelaide they first traversed the Barossa Valley, finding and naming Cockatoo Valley. Continuing northeast past Nuriootpa to near Eudunda, they likely sighted and named the Light River along the journey. Upon reaching the Murray near present Morgan they were the first Europeans to visit the Riverland region, whether from Adelaide or from the eastern colonies, since Charles Sturt's open boat expedition in 1830. Oakden's report of this expedition was published in newspapers around Australia. In 1839–1840 Oakden was Second Clerk in the Treasury, under his uncle Osmond Gilles. In February 1839 Oakden was part of a syndicate of six, led by William Finke (First Treasury Clerk), and including Osmond Gilles, which won the right to purchase the original town of Glenelg at £1 per acre, though Oakden failed to turn this to maximum financial advantage. Kadlunga, South Australia In 1839 Osmond Gilles was part of a syndicate of nine investors that established the Hutt River Special Survey in the Clare Valley. As a result, around 1841 Oakden relinquished town life to take up managing sheep grazing properties in that locality. Among these was Kadlunga (also spelt Cadlunga, Tadlunga and Katalunga in earliest times), held under an occupation licence by James Stein. Kadlunga, beside Mount Horrocks and near Mintaro, was in later decades a premium sheep stud owned by Sir Samuel Way. During Oakden's time in the Clare Valley Mount Oakden (altitude 568 metres (1,864 ft)) at nearby Penwortham was named for him. He was a close associate of neighbouring pastoralist John Ainsworth Horrocks, whose brother Arthur Horrocks resided with Oakden at Kadlunga from 1846 until his marriage in 1850, at which Oakden was groomsman. In 1846 Oakden had leased Kadlunga from Stein, who in 1848 became insolvent. Oakden then managed it until 1850. Oakden Hills, South Australia In 1851, seeking fresh pastoralism opportunities on his own account, Oakden struck out into the remote and unexplored north of South Australia in partnership with Henry Stephen Hulkes (1812–1884), grandson of British M.P. James Hulkes. Oakden aimed for the same distant hills which the ill-fated Horrocks expedition never reached. This, the first expedition up the western side of Lake Torrens, indicated a route northwards beyond the perceived barrier of the mysterious 'Horse-Shoe Lake' and gave an impetus for further explorations. The pair came by the Oakden Hills and Hulkes Hills, geographical features in the Woomera region that were named after them in 1858 by the Babbage expedition. The highest peak of the Oakden Hills is named Mount Oakden. They established a pastoral farming run nearby, but gave this up in 1852 when Hulkes was enticed to the Bendigo gold rush. Additionally, they came under increased threat of attack on this frontier from local Aboriginals. When Oakden had broken up his station in March 1852, and was leaving the district, his party was sleeping under a bullock dray when they were disturbed by a number of Aboriginals approaching in the night. One of his party fired a shot amongst them, causing them to disperse, evidently without injury. Through association, Oakden Hills Station, 170 kilometres north of Port Augusta, between Lake Gairdner and Lake Torrens, today bears Oakden's name. Acheron Bank Station, New Zealand Returning to the Clare Valley, Oakden became associated with William Robinson, of Hill River Station. In 1854 he was deputed by Robinson to go to New Zealand with a view to selecting pastoralism land. This accomplished, he returned to South Australia to wind up his affairs and returned to New Zealand in 1855. He then purchased Acheron Bank Station near Lake Coleridge in the Canterbury region, which he successfully developed and held until 1877, when he sold up to enjoy an affluent retirement at Riccarton. Mount Oakden in the Mid-Canterbury Ranges bears his name. From the late 1860s he was a committee member of the Canterbury branch of the Acclimatisation Society, being active in the introduction to New Zealand of trout and Chinook salmon, among other non-native fauna. Oakden visited family in England 1878–1882. He died at his Riccarton home on 31 March 1884, aged 66, of a liver complaint. An affable character, Oakden is reputed to have constantly dressed like a gamekeeper, and looked like one. Always keen on sporting pursuits, particularly the turf and the Hunt Club, he rarely engaged in public life and he never married. Some of his personal papers are held by the Canterbury Museum. Oakden holds the distinction of having three peaks named after him, yet there is no record that he ever ascended any one of them. References ^ Mead, Isabella J. (18 August 1962). "Biography – Philip Oakden – Australian Dictionary of Biography". Adb.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 20 May 2013. ^ Sydney Monitor, 22 February 1837, p.4. ^ http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/31749868 \| South Australian Register 17 March 1838, pp. 3–4, for example. ^ Register newspaper, 9 February 1839, p. 4. ^ Register, 10 March 1849, p. 2, and South Australian, 13 March 1849, p. 4. ^ http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71686732 \| The Country to the North-West, South Australian, 6 May 1851, p.2. ^ South Australian, 6 May 1851, p.2, and South Australian Advertiser, 10 August 1858, p.3. ^ South Australian Register, 26 June 1852, p.3, Protector of Aborigines' Report ^ W. J. Gardner. "Robinson, William – Biography – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 May 2013. ^ L. G. D. Acland. "Acheron Bank – (Runs 121 and 155) \| NZETC". Nzetc.victoria.ac.nz. Retrieved 20 May 2013. ^ Press, 28 June 1873, p.2 ^ "Papers Past – Press – 28 June 1873 – ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETY". Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 May 2013. ^ "The Late Mr Oakden". The Press. Vol. XL, no. 5830. 21 May 1884. p. 2. Retrieved 25 February 2013. ^ "OAKDEN, John Jackson (1818–1884)". The Community Archive. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2013.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pastoralist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_farming"},{"link_name":"European exploration of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_maritime_exploration_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Oakden_near_Penwortham,_South_Australia._View_of_the_eastern_face..JPG"}],"text":"John Jackson Oakden (1818 – 31 March 1884), pastoralist, was an English explorer of South Australia, part of the European exploration of Australia, and a pioneer runholder of the Canterbury region of New Zealand.Mount Oakden near Penwortham, South Australia. View of the eastern face.","title":"John Jackson Oakden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yeaveley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeaveley"},{"link_name":"Hungry Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_Bentley"},{"link_name":"Philip Oakden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Oakden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Launceston, Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Oakden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakden,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Osmond Gilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmond_Gilles"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Born in 1818 at Yeaveley, Derbyshire, England, Oakden was a son of Daniel Oakden, yeoman farmer, of ancient Bentley Hall at Hungry Bentley. He arrived in Australia in 1834 as a commercial cadet to his uncle, the banker and pastoralist Philip Oakden (1784–1851), of Launceston, Tasmania.[1] Through a paternal aunt, Patience Gilles, née Oakden, after whom the Adelaide suburb of Oakden was named in 1993, he was also a nephew of Osmond Gilles, first Colonial Treasurer of South Australia. After visiting England, Oakden returned to Australia aboard the John Renwick, arriving at Adelaide in February 1837 as Philip Oakden's South Australian agent.[2] Osmond Gilles, who was widowed and childless, thereafter placed Oakden under his patronage. Oakden travelled to Launceston in January 1838 for the purpose of importing livestock to the new colony.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hill_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Murray River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_River"},{"link_name":"Mount Lofty Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Murray River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_River"},{"link_name":"Barossa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barossa_Valley"},{"link_name":"Cockatoo Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockatoo_Valley"},{"link_name":"Nuriootpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuriootpa,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Eudunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudunda"},{"link_name":"Light River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_River_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Riverland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverland"},{"link_name":"Charles Sturt's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sturt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"William Finke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Finke"},{"link_name":"Glenelg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenelg,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In March 1838, four young men in their twenties, John Hill (c.1810-1860), William Wood (1813-1885), Charles Willis (1815-1886), and John Oakden (1818-1884), all being livestock importers from the eastern colonies, formed an exploration party in Adelaide. Their intention was to be the first to bring livestock overland from New South Wales to South Australia, following the Murray River, for which purpose they sought to find a viable route through the Mount Lofty Ranges between the Murray River and Adelaide. Travelling on horseback with packhorses, after leaving Adelaide they first traversed the Barossa Valley, finding and naming Cockatoo Valley. Continuing northeast past Nuriootpa to near Eudunda, they likely sighted and named the Light River along the journey. Upon reaching the Murray near present Morgan they were the first Europeans to visit the Riverland region, whether from Adelaide or from the eastern colonies, since Charles Sturt's open boat expedition in 1830. Oakden's report of this expedition was published in newspapers around Australia.[3]In 1839–1840 Oakden was Second Clerk in the Treasury, under his uncle Osmond Gilles. In February 1839 Oakden was part of a syndicate of six, led by William Finke (First Treasury Clerk), and including Osmond Gilles, which won the right to purchase the original town of Glenelg at £1 per acre, though Oakden failed to turn this to maximum financial advantage.[4]","title":"Murray River expedition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hutt River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutt_River_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Clare Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Valley"},{"link_name":"James Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stein"},{"link_name":"Mintaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintaro,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sir Samuel Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Way,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Penwortham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penwortham,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"John Ainsworth Horrocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ainsworth_Horrocks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1839 Osmond Gilles was part of a syndicate of nine investors that established the Hutt River Special Survey in the Clare Valley. As a result, around 1841 Oakden relinquished town life to take up managing sheep grazing properties in that locality. Among these was Kadlunga (also spelt Cadlunga, Tadlunga and Katalunga in earliest times), held under an occupation licence by James Stein. Kadlunga, beside Mount Horrocks and near Mintaro, was in later decades a premium sheep stud owned by Sir Samuel Way. During Oakden's time in the Clare Valley Mount Oakden (altitude 568 metres (1,864 ft)) at nearby Penwortham was named for him. He was a close associate of neighbouring pastoralist John Ainsworth Horrocks, whose brother Arthur Horrocks resided with Oakden at Kadlunga from 1846 until his marriage in 1850, at which Oakden was groomsman. In 1846 Oakden had leased Kadlunga from Stein, who in 1848 became insolvent. Oakden then managed it until 1850.[5]","title":"Kadlunga, South Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Hulkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hulkes"},{"link_name":"Lake Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Torrens"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Woomera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woomera,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Babbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Herschel_Babbage"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pastoral farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_farming"},{"link_name":"Bendigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendigo"},{"link_name":"Aboriginals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Port Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Augusta,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Lake Gairdner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Gairdner"},{"link_name":"Lake Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Torrens"}],"text":"In 1851, seeking fresh pastoralism opportunities on his own account, Oakden struck out into the remote and unexplored north of South Australia in partnership with Henry Stephen Hulkes (1812–1884), grandson of British M.P. James Hulkes. Oakden aimed for the same distant hills which the ill-fated Horrocks expedition never reached. This, the first expedition up the western side of Lake Torrens, indicated a route northwards beyond the perceived barrier of the mysterious 'Horse-Shoe Lake' and gave an impetus for further explorations.[6] The pair came by the Oakden Hills and Hulkes Hills, geographical features in the Woomera region that were named after them in 1858 by the Babbage expedition.[7] The highest peak of the Oakden Hills is named Mount Oakden. They established a pastoral farming run nearby, but gave this up in 1852 when Hulkes was enticed to the Bendigo gold rush. Additionally, they came under increased threat of attack on this frontier from local Aboriginals. When Oakden had broken up his station in March 1852, and was leaving the district, his party was sleeping under a bullock dray when they were disturbed by a number of Aboriginals approaching in the night. One of his party fired a shot amongst them, causing them to disperse, evidently without injury.[8] Through association, Oakden Hills Station, 170 kilometres north of Port Augusta, between Lake Gairdner and Lake Torrens, today bears Oakden's name.","title":"Oakden Hills, South Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clare Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Valley"},{"link_name":"William Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robinson_(runholder)"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lake Coleridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Coleridge"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Riccarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccarton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Acclimatisation Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclimatisation_societies_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout"},{"link_name":"Chinook salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_salmon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Riccarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccarton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Hunt Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_hunting"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press_obit-13"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Museum,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Returning to the Clare Valley, Oakden became associated with William Robinson, of Hill River Station. In 1854 he was deputed by Robinson to go to New Zealand with a view to selecting pastoralism land.[9] This accomplished, he returned to South Australia to wind up his affairs and returned to New Zealand in 1855. He then purchased Acheron Bank Station near Lake Coleridge in the Canterbury region, which he successfully developed and held until 1877, when he sold up to enjoy an affluent retirement at Riccarton.[10] Mount Oakden in the Mid-Canterbury Ranges bears his name. From the late 1860s he was a committee member of the Canterbury branch of the Acclimatisation Society, being active in the introduction to New Zealand of trout and Chinook salmon, among other non-native fauna.[11][12] Oakden visited family in England 1878–1882. He died at his Riccarton home on 31 March 1884, aged 66, of a liver complaint.An affable character, Oakden is reputed to have constantly dressed like a gamekeeper, and looked like one. Always keen on sporting pursuits, particularly the turf and the Hunt Club, he rarely engaged in public life and he never married.[13] Some of his personal papers are held by the Canterbury Museum.[14] Oakden holds the distinction of having three peaks named after him, yet there is no record that he ever ascended any one of them.","title":"Acheron Bank Station, New Zealand"}]	[{"image_text":"Mount Oakden near Penwortham, South Australia. View of the eastern face.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mount_Oakden_near_Penwortham%2C_South_Australia._View_of_the_eastern_face..JPG/220px-Mount_Oakden_near_Penwortham%2C_South_Australia._View_of_the_eastern_face..JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Mead, Isabella J. (18 August 1962). \"Biography – Philip Oakden – Australian Dictionary of Biography\". Adb.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/oakden-philip-2512","url_text":"\"Biography – Philip Oakden – Australian Dictionary of Biography\""}]},{"reference":"W. J. Gardner. \"Robinson, William – Biography – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand\". Teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1r14/1","url_text":"\"Robinson, William – Biography – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand\""}]},{"reference":"L. G. D. Acland. \"Acheron Bank – (Runs 121 and 155) \| NZETC\". Nzetc.victoria.ac.nz. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-AclEarl-t1-body-d8-d4.html","url_text":"\"Acheron Bank – (Runs 121 and 155) \| NZETC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Papers Past – Press – 28 June 1873 – ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETY\". Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=CHP18730628.2.15&srpos=3&e=1890--10--12J%2e+J%2e+Oakden--","url_text":"\"Papers Past – Press – 28 June 1873 – ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETY\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Late Mr Oakden\". The Press. Vol. XL, no. 5830. 21 May 1884. p. 2. Retrieved 25 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=CHP18840521.2.10","url_text":"\"The Late Mr Oakden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press","url_text":"The Press"}]},{"reference":"\"OAKDEN, John Jackson (1818–1884)\". The Community Archive. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://thecommunityarchive.org.nz/node/69432","url_text":"\"OAKDEN, John Jackson (1818–1884)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/oakden-philip-2512","external_links_name":"\"Biography – Philip Oakden – Australian Dictionary of Biography\""},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/31749868","external_links_name":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/31749868"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71686732","external_links_name":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71686732"},{"Link":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1r14/1","external_links_name":"\"Robinson, William – Biography – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand\""},{"Link":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-AclEarl-t1-body-d8-d4.html","external_links_name":"\"Acheron Bank – (Runs 121 and 155) \| NZETC\""},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=CHP18730628.2.15&srpos=3&e=1890--10--12J%2e+J%2e+Oakden--","external_links_name":"\"Papers Past – Press – 28 June 1873 – ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETY\""},{"Link":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=CHP18840521.2.10","external_links_name":"\"The Late Mr Oakden\""},{"Link":"http://thecommunityarchive.org.nz/node/69432","external_links_name":"\"OAKDEN, John Jackson (1818–1884)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_Shandong	Tu Shandong	["1 Biography","2 Works","3 Honours and awards","4 References"]	Chinese engineer In this Chinese name, the family name is Tu. Tu ShandongBornNovember 1961 (age 62)Yongding District, Longyan, Fujian, ChinaAlma materNanjing Tech UniversityScientific careerFieldsMachineryPower engineeringInstitutionsEast China University of Science and Technology Chinese nameTraditional Chinese塗善東Simplified Chinese涂善东TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinTú Shàndōng Tu Shandong (Chinese: 涂善东; born November 1961) is a Chinese engineer specializing in machinery and power engineering. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) and formerly served as vice-president of East China University of Science and Technology. He is an honorary professor at the University of Nottingham, a member of the International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science (IFToMM) and the Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society (CMES). Biography Tu was born in November 1961 in Yongding District, Longyan, Fujian, while his ancestral home in Dabu County, Guangdong. His grandfather, Tu Yanfan (涂演凡; 1885–1944), was a revolutionist and educator and a member of the Tongmenghui. Both his father Tu Xiangsheng (涂祥生) and mother Zeng Chunying (曾纯英) were teachers. He has two older brothers. After the resumption of National College Entrance Examination, he enrolled at Nanjing Tech University, where he received his master's degree and doctor's degree in 1985 and 1988, respectively. In 1989 he was a postdoctoral fellow at Southwest Jiaotong University under the supervision of Sun Xunfang (孙训方) and Gao Qing (高庆). In 1990 he was hired as a guest scientist at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. Beginning in 1993, he served in several posts at his alma mater Nanjing Tech University, including associate professor, full professor, and vice-president. He briefly served as a Brain Pool Scholar at Chung-Ang University in South Korea. He was recruited as a professor at East China University of Science and Technology in November 2011, becoming vice-president in June 2006. Works Tu Shandong (2009). 过程装备与控制工程概论 (in Chinese). Beijing: Chemical Industry Press. ISBN 9787122059512. Tu Shandong (2012). 从失效到更好的设计、制造和建造 (in Chinese). Shanghai: East China University of science and Technology Press. ISBN 9787562833895. Tu Shandong (2011). 核工程结构完整性 (in Chinese). Shanghai: East China University of science and Technology Press. ISBN 9787562831532. Tu Shandong (2003). 高温结构完整性原理 (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. ISBN 9787030117441. Tu Shandong (2012). Total Engineering Education II 全面工程教育 (in Chinese). Shanghai: East China University of science and Technology Press. ISBN 9787562832416. Xue Changming; Tu Shandong; Wang Zhengdong (2008). Evaluation, Inspection and Monitoring of Structural Integrity 结构完整性的评价、检验和监测 (in Chinese). Shanghai: East China University of science and Technology Press. ISBN 9787562824039. Jiang Wenchun; Tu Shandong; Sun Guang'ai (2019). 焊接残余应力的中子衍射测试技术、计算与调控 (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. ISBN 9787030612403. Honours and awards 1990 the 2nd China Youth Science and Technology Award 2002 National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars 2006 "Chang Jiang Scholar" (or " Yangtze River Scholar") November 22, 2019 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) References ^ Li Darong (李大荣) (29 November 2019). 龙岩乡村走出一位新院士涂善东当选中国工程院院士. sina (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 February 2020. ^ a b c d Luo Weixin (罗伟新), ed. (12 December 2019). 涂善东：梅州客家先贤是我学习的榜样. meizhou.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 February 2020. ^ a b Lu Weizhou (卢伟周) (11 December 2019). 牛！这位新当选的梅州籍院士，祖父是颇有声望的教育家！. Sohu (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 February 2020. ^ Lai Zhichang (赖志昌) (27 November 2019). 这位从龙岩农村走出的院士！最感念家乡老师！. Tencent (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 February 2020. ^ 中国工程院2019年当选院士名单 . CAE (in Chinese). 22 November 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2020. Authority control databases ISNI	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Tu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"power engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_engineering"},{"link_name":"Chinese Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_the_Promotion_of_Mechanism_and_Machine_Science"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Tu.Tu Shandong (Chinese: 涂善东; born November 1961) is a Chinese engineer specializing in machinery and power engineering. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) and formerly served as vice-president of East China University of Science and Technology.[1] He is an honorary professor at the University of Nottingham, a member of the International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science (IFToMM) and the Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society (CMES).","title":"Tu Shandong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yongding District, Longyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongding_District,_Longyan"},{"link_name":"Fujian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian"},{"link_name":"ancestral home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_home_(Chinese)"},{"link_name":"Dabu County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabu_County"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Tongmenghui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongmenghui"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chilli-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watermelon-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chilli-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watermelon-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chilli-2"},{"link_name":"National College Entrance Examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_College_Entrance_Examination"},{"link_name":"Nanjing Tech University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Tech_University"},{"link_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Jiaotong_University"},{"link_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTH_Royal_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Chung-Ang University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung-Ang_University"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chilli-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Tu was born in November 1961 in Yongding District, Longyan, Fujian, while his ancestral home in Dabu County, Guangdong. His grandfather, Tu Yanfan (涂演凡; 1885–1944), was a revolutionist and educator and a member of the Tongmenghui.[2][3] Both his father Tu Xiangsheng (涂祥生) and mother Zeng Chunying (曾纯英) were teachers.[2][3] He has two older brothers.[2] After the resumption of National College Entrance Examination, he enrolled at Nanjing Tech University, where he received his master's degree and doctor's degree in 1985 and 1988, respectively. In 1989 he was a postdoctoral fellow at Southwest Jiaotong University under the supervision of Sun Xunfang (孙训方) and Gao Qing (高庆). In 1990 he was hired as a guest scientist at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. Beginning in 1993, he served in several posts at his alma mater Nanjing Tech University, including associate professor, full professor, and vice-president. He briefly served as a Brain Pool Scholar at Chung-Ang University in South Korea. He was recruited as a professor at East China University of Science and Technology in November 2011, becoming vice-president in June 2006.[2][4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9787122059512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787122059512"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9787562833895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787562833895"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9787562831532","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787562831532"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9787030117441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787030117441"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9787562832416","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787562832416"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9787562824039","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787562824039"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9787030612403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787030612403"}],"text":"Tu Shandong (2009). 过程装备与控制工程概论 [Introduction of Process Equipment and Control Engineering] (in Chinese). Beijing: Chemical Industry Press. ISBN 9787122059512.\nTu Shandong (2012). 从失效到更好的设计、制造和建造 [From Failure to Better Design, Manufacture and Construction] (in Chinese). Shanghai: East China University of science and Technology Press. ISBN 9787562833895.\nTu Shandong (2011). 核工程结构完整性 [Structural Integrity in Nuclear Engineering] (in Chinese). Shanghai: East China University of science and Technology Press. ISBN 9787562831532.\nTu Shandong (2003). 高温结构完整性原理 [High Temperature Structural Integrity] (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. ISBN 9787030117441.\nTu Shandong (2012). Total Engineering Education II 全面工程教育 [Total Engineering Education] (in Chinese). Shanghai: East China University of science and Technology Press. ISBN 9787562832416.\nXue Changming; Tu Shandong; Wang Zhengdong (2008). Evaluation, Inspection and Monitoring of Structural Integrity 结构完整性的评价、检验和监测 [Evaluation, Inspection and Monitoring of Structural Integrity] (in Chinese). Shanghai: East China University of science and Technology Press. ISBN 9787562824039.\nJiang Wenchun; Tu Shandong; Sun Guang'ai (2019). 焊接残余应力的中子衍射测试技术、计算与调控 [Neutron Diffraction Measurement, Calculation and Control of Welding Residual Stress] (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. ISBN 9787030612403.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"1990 the 2nd China Youth Science and Technology Award\n2002 National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars\n2006 \"Chang Jiang Scholar\" (or \" Yangtze River Scholar\")\nNovember 22, 2019 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)[5]","title":"Honours and awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Tu Shandong (2009). 过程装备与控制工程概论 [Introduction of Process Equipment and Control Engineering] (in Chinese). Beijing: Chemical Industry Press. ISBN 9787122059512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787122059512","url_text":"9787122059512"}]},{"reference":"Tu Shandong (2012). 从失效到更好的设计、制造和建造 [From Failure to Better Design, Manufacture and Construction] (in Chinese). Shanghai: East China University of science and Technology Press. ISBN 9787562833895.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787562833895","url_text":"9787562833895"}]},{"reference":"Tu Shandong (2011). 核工程结构完整性 [Structural Integrity in Nuclear Engineering] (in Chinese). Shanghai: East China University of science and Technology Press. ISBN 9787562831532.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787562831532","url_text":"9787562831532"}]},{"reference":"Tu Shandong (2003). 高温结构完整性原理 [High Temperature Structural Integrity] (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. ISBN 9787030117441.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787030117441","url_text":"9787030117441"}]},{"reference":"Tu Shandong (2012). Total Engineering Education II 全面工程教育 [Total Engineering Education] (in Chinese). Shanghai: East China University of science and Technology Press. ISBN 9787562832416.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787562832416","url_text":"9787562832416"}]},{"reference":"Xue Changming; Tu Shandong; Wang Zhengdong (2008). Evaluation, Inspection and Monitoring of Structural Integrity 结构完整性的评价、检验和监测 [Evaluation, Inspection and Monitoring of Structural Integrity] (in Chinese). Shanghai: East China University of science and Technology Press. ISBN 9787562824039.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787562824039","url_text":"9787562824039"}]},{"reference":"Jiang Wenchun; Tu Shandong; Sun Guang'ai (2019). 焊接残余应力的中子衍射测试技术、计算与调控 [Neutron Diffraction Measurement, Calculation and Control of Welding Residual Stress] (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. ISBN 9787030612403.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787030612403","url_text":"9787030612403"}]},{"reference":"Li Darong (李大荣) (29 November 2019). 龙岩乡村走出一位新院士涂善东当选中国工程院院士. sina (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://fj.sina.com.cn/news/b/2019-11-29/detail-iihnzhfz2445714.shtml","url_text":"龙岩乡村走出一位新院士涂善东当选中国工程院院士"}]},{"reference":"Luo Weixin (罗伟新), ed. (12 December 2019). 涂善东：梅州客家先贤是我学习的榜样. meizhou.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.meizhou.cn/2019/1212/607191.shtml","url_text":"涂善东：梅州客家先贤是我学习的榜样"}]},{"reference":"Lu Weizhou (卢伟周) (11 December 2019). 牛！这位新当选的梅州籍院士，祖父是颇有声望的教育家！. Sohu (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sohu.com/a/359707575_327710","url_text":"牛！这位新当选的梅州籍院士，祖父是颇有声望的教育家！"}]},{"reference":"Lai Zhichang (赖志昌) (27 November 2019). 这位从龙岩农村走出的院士！最感念家乡老师！. Tencent (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20191127A0AFVQ","url_text":"这位从龙岩农村走出的院士！最感念家乡老师！"}]},{"reference":"中国工程院2019年当选院士名单 [List of Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2019]. CAE (in Chinese). 22 November 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cae.cn/cae/html/main/col323/2019-11/22/20191122095745643268594_1.html","url_text":"中国工程院2019年当选院士名单"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://fj.sina.com.cn/news/b/2019-11-29/detail-iihnzhfz2445714.shtml","external_links_name":"龙岩乡村走出一位新院士涂善东当选中国工程院院士"},{"Link":"http://www.meizhou.cn/2019/1212/607191.shtml","external_links_name":"涂善东：梅州客家先贤是我学习的榜样"},{"Link":"http://www.sohu.com/a/359707575_327710","external_links_name":"牛！这位新当选的梅州籍院士，祖父是颇有声望的教育家！"},{"Link":"https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20191127A0AFVQ","external_links_name":"这位从龙岩农村走出的院士！最感念家乡老师！"},{"Link":"http://www.cae.cn/cae/html/main/col323/2019-11/22/20191122095745643268594_1.html","external_links_name":"中国工程院2019年当选院士名单"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000472948503","external_links_name":"ISNI"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_novel	Japanese literature	["1 History","1.1 Nara-period literature (before 794)","1.2 Heian literature (794–1185)","1.3 Kamakura-Muromachi period literature (1185–1603)","1.4 Edo-period literature (1603–1868)","1.5 Meiji, Taishō, and early Shōwa-period literature (1868–1945)","1.6 Postwar literature (1945–onwards)","2 Female authors","3 Significant authors and works","3.1 Nara-period literature","3.2 Heian-period literature","3.3 Kamakura-Muromachi-period literature","3.4 Edo-period literature","3.5 Meiji- and Taisho-period literature","3.6 Modern literature","4 Awards and contests","5 Notes","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 Further reading","8.1 Primary sources","8.2 Online text libraries","9 See also","10 External links"]	Literature of Japan This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: extensive unsourced/unorganized sections and lists. Please help improve this article if you can. (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series on theCulture of Japan History Era names Demographics Historical currency Economic history Education, Science, and Technology Healthcare Imperial history Foreign relations Historiography Military history Naval history Post-Japanese occupation history People Japanese Zainichi Koreans Ainu Ōbeikei Islanders Yamato Ryukuyuans Languages Japonic Japanese Ryukyuan Hachijō Ainu Writing system Japanese Sign Language Traditions Clothing Etiquette Funerals Games Geisha Wasōbon Marriage Onsen / Sentō Tea ceremony Values Mythology and folklore Deities Legendary creatures Urban legends Folktales Cuisine Food history Ingredients Dishes Festivals Obon Coming of Age Day Hinamatsuri Buddha's Birthday Tanabata Shichi-Go-San Cultural festivals Japanese New Year Religion Buddhism Christianity New religions Shinto Art Bonsai Gardens Ikebana Pottery and porcelain Literature Light novel Manga Poetry Music and performing arts J-pop Anison Kayōkyoku Noh Media Radio Television Cinema Anime Media mix Mobile phone culture Video games Pornography Sport Sumo Baseball Association football Martial arts Basketball Ice hockey American football Rugby union Olympics Monuments World Heritage Sites Architecture Cultural Landscapes Cultural Properties National Treasures Symbols Flag Coat of arms National anthem Organisations Museums Japan portalvte History of literatureby era Ancient (corpora) Bronze Age Ancient Egyptian Akkadian Elamite Hattic Hittite Hurro-Urartian Luwian Lydian Sumerian Ugarit Classical Ancient Greek Ancient Hebrew Ancient Prakrit Aramaic Classical Chinese Classical Latin Parthian Phrygian Old Persian Old Tamil Sanskrit Syriac Early medieval Arabic Armenian Bactrian Byzantine Greek Coptic Gandhari Prakrit Geʽez Georgian Japanese Kannada Maharashtri Prakrit Pre-Proto-Mongolic Old Church Slavonic Old English Old German Old Khmer Old Malay Old Turkic Norse Pali Sabaic Saka Sogdian Telugu Tibetan Tocharian Welsh Medieval by century 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Early modern by century 15th 16th 17th Modern by century 18th 19th Contemporary by century 20th 21st Literature portalvte Japanese literature throughout most of its history has been influenced by cultural contact with neighboring Asian literatures, most notably China and its literature. Early texts were often written in pure Classical Chinese or lit. 'Chinese writing' (漢文, kanbun), a Chinese-Japanese creole language. Indian literature also had an influence through the spread of Buddhism in Japan. During the Heian period, Japan's original kokufū culture (lit. 'national culture') developed and literature also established its own style, with the significant usage and development of kana (仮名) to write Japanese literature. Following the end of the sakoku policy and especially during the increasing westernization of the Meiji era, Western literature has also had an influence on the development of modern Japanese writers, while Japanese literature has in turn become more recognized internationally, leading to two Japanese Nobel laureates in literature, namely Yasunari Kawabata and Kenzaburō Ōe. History Nara-period literature (before 794) Before the introduction of kanji from China to Japan, Japan had no writing system; it is believed that Chinese characters came to Japan at the very beginning of the 5th century, brought by immigrants from Korea and China. Early Japanese texts first followed the Chinese model, before gradually transitioning to a hybrid of Chinese characters used in Japanese syntactical formats, resulting in sentences written with Chinese characters but read phonetically in Japanese. Chinese characters were also further adapted, creating what is known as man'yōgana, the earliest form of kana, or Japanese syllabic writing. The earliest literary works in Japan were created in the Nara period. These include the Kojiki (712), a historical record that also chronicles ancient Japanese mythology and folk songs; the Nihon Shoki (720), a chronicle written in Chinese that is significantly more detailed than the Kojiki; and the Man'yōshū (759), a poetry anthology. One of the stories they describe is the tale of Urashima Tarō. Heian literature (794–1185) Main article: Heian literature Murasaki Shikibu, the author of The Tale of Genji The Heian period has been referred to as the golden era of art and literature in Japan. During this era, literature became centered on a cultural elite of nobility and monks. The imperial court particularly patronized the poets, most of whom were courtiers or ladies-in-waiting. Reflecting the aristocratic atmosphere, the poetry was elegant and sophisticated and expressed emotions in a rhetorical style. Editing the resulting anthologies of poetry soon became a national pastime. The iroha poem, now one of two standard orderings for the Japanese syllabary, was also developed during the early Heian period. The Tale of Genji (Genji Monogatari), written in the early 11th century by female courtier Murasaki Shikibu, is considered the pre-eminent novel of Heian fiction. Other important writings of this period include the Kokin Wakashū (905), a waka-poetry anthology, and The Pillow Book (Makura no Sōshi, 990s). The Pillow Book was written by Sei Shōnagon, Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival, as an essay about the life, loves, and pastimes of nobles in the Emperor's court. Another notable piece of fictional Japanese literature was Konjaku Monogatarishū, a collection of over a thousand stories in 31 volumes. The volumes cover various tales from India, China and Japan. The 10th-century Japanese narrative, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (Taketori Monogatari), can be considered an early example of proto-science fiction. The protagonist of the story, Kaguya-hime, is a princess from the Moon who is sent to Earth for safety during a celestial war, and is found and raised by a bamboo cutter. She is later taken back to her extraterrestrial family in an illustrated depiction of a disc-shaped flying object similar to a flying saucer. Kamakura-Muromachi period literature (1185–1603) Main article: Medieval Japanese literature During the Kamakura period (1185–1333), Japan experienced many civil wars which led to the development of a warrior class, and subsequent war tales, histories, and related stories. Work from this period is notable for its more somber tone compared to the works of previous eras, with themes of life and death, simple lifestyles, and redemption through killing. A representative work is The Tale of the Heike (Heike Monogatari, 1371), an epic account of the struggle between the Minamoto and Taira clans for control of Japan at the end of the 12th century. Other important tales of the period include Kamo no Chōmei's Hōjōki (1212) and Yoshida Kenkō's Tsurezuregusa (1331). Despite a decline in the importance of the imperial court, aristocratic literature remained the center of Japanese culture at the beginning of the Kamakura period. Many literary works were marked by a nostalgia for the Heian period. The Kamakura period also saw a renewed vitality of poetry, with a number of anthologies compiled, such as the Shin Kokin Wakashū compiled in the early 1200s. However, there were fewer notable works by female authors during this period, reflecting the lowered status of women. As the importance of the imperial court continued to decline, a major feature of Muromachi literature (1333–1603) was the spread of cultural activity through all levels of society. Classical court literature, which had been the focal point of Japanese literature up until this point, gradually disappeared. New genres such as renga, or linked verse, and Noh theater developed among the common people, and setsuwa such as the Nihon Ryoiki were created by Buddhist priests for preaching. The development of roads, along with a growing public interest in travel and pilgrimages, brought rise to the greater popularity of travel literature from the early 13th to 14th centuries. Notable examples of travel diaries include Fuji kikō (1432) and Tsukushi michi no ki (1480). Edo-period literature (1603–1868) Matsuo Bashō, a haikai poet Literature during this time was written during the largely peaceful Tokugawa shogunate (commonly referred to as the Edo period). Due in large part to the rise of the working and middle classes in the new capital of Edo (modern Tokyo), forms of popular drama developed which would later evolve into kabuki. The jōruri and kabuki dramatist Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653–1725) became popular at the end of the 17th century, and he is also known as Japan's Shakespeare. Many different genres of literature made their debut during the Edo period, helped by a rising literacy rate among the growing population of townspeople, as well as the development of lending libraries. Ihara Saikaku (1642–1693) might be said to have given birth to the modern consciousness of the novel in Japan, mixing vernacular dialogue into his humorous and cautionary tales of the pleasure quarters, the so-called Ukiyozōshi ("floating world") genre. Ihara's Life of an Amorous Man is considered the first work in this genre. Although Ihara's works were not regarded as high literature at the time because it had been aimed towards and popularized by the chōnin (merchant classes), they became popular and were key to the development and spread of ukiyozōshi. Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694) is recognized as the greatest master of haiku (then called hokku). His poems were influenced by his firsthand experience of the world around him, often encapsulating the feeling of a scene in a few simple elements. He made his life's work the transformation of haikai into a literary genre. For Bashō, haikai involved a combination of comic playfulness and spiritual depth, ascetic practice, and involvement in human society. In particular, Bashō wrote Oku no Hosomichi, a major work in the form of a travel diary, considered "one of the major texts of classical Japanese literature." Fukuda Chiyo-ni (1703–1775) is widely regarded as one of the greatest haiku poets. Before her time, haiku by women were often dismissed and ignored. Her dedication toward her career not only paved a way for her career but it also opened a path for other women to follow. Her early poems were influenced by Matsuo Bashō, although she did later develop her own unique style as an independent figure in her own right. While still a teenager, she had already become very popular all over Japan for her poetry. Her poems, although mostly dealing with nature, work for unity of nature with humanity. Her own life was that of the haikai poets who made their lives and the world they lived in one with themselves, living a simple and humble life. She was able to make connections by being observant and carefully studying the unique things around her ordinary world and writing them down. Rangaku was an intellectual movement situated in Edo and centered on the study of Dutch (and by subsequently western) science and technology, history, philosophy, art, and language, based primarily on the Dutch books imported via Nagasaki. The polymath Hiraga Gennai (1728–1780) was a scholar of rangaku and a writer of popular fiction. Sugita Genpaku (1733–1817) was a Japanese scholar known for his translation of Kaitai Shinsho (New Book of Anatomy) from the Dutch-language anatomy book Ontleedkundige Tafelen. As a full-blown translation from a Western language, it was the first of its kind in Japan. Although there was a minor Western influence trickling into the country from the Dutch settlement at Nagasaki, it was the importation of Chinese vernacular fiction that proved the greatest outside influence on the development of Early Modern Japanese fiction. Jippensha Ikku (1765–1831) is known as Japan's Mark Twain and wrote Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige, which is a mix of travelogue and comedy. Tsuga Teisho, Takebe Ayatari, and Okajima Kanzan were instrumental in developing the yomihon, which were historical romances almost entirely in prose, influenced by Chinese vernacular novels such as Sangoku-shi (三国志, Three Kingdoms) and Suikoden (水滸伝, Water Margin). Two yomihon masterpieces were written by Ueda Akinari (1734–1809): Ugetsu Monogatari and Harusame Monogatari. Kyokutei Bakin (1767–1848) wrote the extremely popular fantasy/historical romance Nansō Satomi Hakkenden over a period of twenty-eight years to complete (1814–1842), in addition to other yomihon. Santō Kyōden wrote yomihon mostly set in the red-light districts until the Kansei edicts banned such works, and he turned to comedic kibyōshi. Genres included horror, crime stories, morality stories, comedy, and pornography — often accompanied by colorful woodcut prints. Hokusai (1760–1849), perhaps Japan's most famous woodblock print artist, also illustrated fiction as well as his famous 36 Views of Mount Fuji. Nevertheless, in the Tokugawa period, as in earlier periods, scholarly work continued to be published in Chinese, which was the language of the learned much as Latin was in Europe. Meiji, Taishō, and early Shōwa-period literature (1868–1945) Mori Ōgai (left) and Natsume Sōseki (right) The Meiji period marked the re-opening of Japan to the West, ending over two centuries of national seclusion, and marking the beginning of a period of rapid industrialization. The introduction of European literature brought free verse into the poetic repertoire. It became widely used for longer works embodying new intellectual themes. Young Japanese prose writers and dramatists faced a suddenly-broadened horizon of new ideas and artistic schools, with novelists amongst some of the first to assimilate these concepts successfully into their writing. Natsume Sōseki's (1867–1916) humorous novel Wagahai wa neko de aru (I Am a Cat, 1905) employed a cat as the narrator, and he also wrote the famous novels Botchan (1906) and Kokoro (1914). Natsume, Mori Ōgai, and Shiga Naoya, who was called "god of the novel" as the most prominent "I novel" writer, were instrumental in adopting and adapting Western literary conventions and techniques. Ryūnosuke Akutagawa is known especially for his historical short stories. Ozaki Kōyō, Kyōka Izumi, and Ichiyo Higuchi represent a strain of writers whose style hearkens back to early-Modern Japanese literature. In the early Meiji period (1868–1880s), Fukuzawa Yukichi authored Enlightenment literature, while pre-modern popular books depicted the quickly changing country. Realism was brought in by Tsubouchi Shōyō and Futabatei Shimei in the mid-Meiji period (late 1880s–early 1890s) while the Classicism of Ozaki Kōyō, Yamada Bimyo and Kōda Rohan gained popularity. Ichiyō Higuchi, a rare female writer in this era, wrote short stories on powerless women of this age in a simple style in between literary and colloquial. Kyōka Izumi, a favored disciple of Ozaki, pursued a flowing and elegant style and wrote early novels such as The Operating Room (1895) in literary style and later ones including The Holy Man of Mount Koya (1900) in colloquial language. Romanticism was brought in by Mori Ōgai with his anthology of translated poems (1889) and carried to its height by Tōson Shimazaki, alongside magazines such as Myōjō and Bungaku-kai in the early 1900s. Mori also wrote some modern novels including The Dancing Girl (1890), The Wild Geese (1911), then later wrote historical novels. Natsume Sōseki, who is often compared with Mori Ōgai, wrote I Am a Cat (1905) with humor and satire, then depicted fresh and pure youth in Botchan (1906) and Sanshirō (1908). He eventually pursued transcendence of human emotions and egoism in his later works including Kokoro (1914) and his last and unfinished novel Light and darkness (1916). Shimazaki shifted from Romanticism to Naturalism which was established with his The Broken Commandment (1906) and Katai Tayama's Futon (1907). Naturalism hatched "I Novel" (Watakushi-shōsetu) that describes the authors themselves and depicts their own mental states. Neo-romanticism came out of anti-naturalism and was led by Kafū Nagai, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Kōtarō Takamura, Hakushū Kitahara and others in the early 1910s. Saneatsu Mushanokōji, Naoya Shiga and others founded a magazine Shirakaba in 1910. They shared a common characteristic, Humanism. Shiga's style was autobiographical and depicted states of his mind and sometimes classified as "I Novel" in this sense. Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, who was highly praised by Soseki, wrote short stories including Rashōmon (1915) with an intellectual and analytic attitude and represented Neo-realism in the mid-1910s. During the 1920s and early 1930s the proletarian literary movement, comprising such writers as Takiji Kobayashi, Denji Kuroshima, Yuriko Miyamoto and Ineko Sata produced a politically radical literature depicting the harsh lives of workers, peasants, women, and other downtrodden members of society, and their struggles for change. Pre-war Japan saw the debut of several authors best known for the beauty of their language and their tales of love and sensuality, notably Jun'ichirō Tanizaki and Japan's first winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, Yasunari Kawabata, a master of psychological fiction. Ashihei Hino wrote lyrical bestsellers glorifying the war, while Tatsuzō Ishikawa attempted to publish a disturbingly realistic account of the advance on Nanjing. Writers who opposed the war include Denji Kuroshima, Mitsuharu Kaneko, Hideo Oguma and Jun Ishikawa. Postwar literature (1945–onwards) World War II, and Japan's defeat, deeply influenced Japanese literature. Many authors wrote stories of disaffection, loss of purpose, and the coping with defeat. Haruo Umezaki's short story Sakurajima shows a disillusioned and skeptical Navy officer stationed in a base located on the Sakurajima volcanic island, close to Kagoshima, on the southern tip of Kyushu. Osamu Dazai's novel The Setting Sun tells of a soldier returning from Manchukuo. Shōhei Ōoka won the Yomiuri Prize for his novel Fires on the Plain about a Japanese deserter going mad in the Philippine jungle. Yukio Mishima, well known for both his nihilistic writing and his controversial suicide by seppuku, began writing in the post-war period. Nobuo Kojima's short story "The American School" portrays a group of Japanese teachers of English who, in the immediate aftermath of the war, deal with the American occupation in varying ways. Prominent writers of the 1970s and 1980s were identified with intellectual and moral issues in their attempts to raise social and political consciousness. One of them, Kenzaburō Ōe, who published one of his best-known works, A Personal Matter in 1964, became Japan's second winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature. Mitsuharu Inoue had long been concerned with the atomic bomb and continued in the 1980s to write on problems of the nuclear age, while Shūsaku Endō depicted the religious dilemma of the Kakure Kirishitan, Roman Catholics in feudal Japan, as a springboard to address spiritual problems. Yasushi Inoue also turned to the past in masterful historical novels of Inner Asia and ancient Japan, in order to portray present human fate. Avant-garde writers, such as Kōbō Abe, who wrote novels such as The Woman in the Dunes (1960), wanted to express the Japanese experience in modern terms without using either international styles or traditional conventions, developed new inner visions. Yoshikichi Furui related the lives of alienated urban dwellers coping with the minutiae of daily life, while the psychodramas within such daily life crises have been explored by a rising number of important women novelists. The 1988 Naoki Prize went to Shizuko Todo for Ripening Summer, a story capturing the complex psychology of modern women. Other award-winning stories at the end of the decade dealt with current issues of the elderly in hospitals, the recent past (Pure-Hearted Shopping District in Kōenji, Tokyo), and the life of a Meiji period ukiyo-e artist. Haruki Murakami is one of the most popular and controversial of today's Japanese authors. His genre-defying, humorous and surreal works have sparked fierce debates in Japan over whether they are true "literature" or simple pop-fiction: Kenzaburō Ōe has been one of his harshest critics. Some of Murakami's best-known works include Norwegian Wood (1987) and The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1994–1995). Banana Yoshimoto, a best-selling contemporary author whose "manga-esque" style of writing sparked much controversy when she debuted in the late 1980s, has come to be recognized as a unique and talented author over the intervening years. Her writing style stresses dialogue over description, resembling the script of a manga, and her works focus on love, friendship, and loss. Her breakout work was 1988's Kitchen. Although modern Japanese writers covered a wide variety of subjects, one particularly Japanese approach stressed their subjects' inner lives, widening the earlier novel's preoccupation with the narrator's consciousness. In Japanese fiction, plot development and action have often been of secondary interest to emotional issues. In keeping with the general trend toward reaffirming national characteristics, many old themes re-emerged, and some authors turned consciously to the past. Strikingly, Buddhist attitudes about the importance of knowing oneself and the poignant impermanence of things formed an undercurrent to sharp social criticism of this material age. There was a growing emphasis on women's roles, the Japanese persona in the modern world, and the malaise of common people lost in the complexities of urban culture. Popular fiction, non-fiction, and children's literature all flourished in urban Japan in the 1980s. Many popular works fell between "pure literature" and pulp novels, including all sorts of historical serials, information-packed docudramas, science fiction, mysteries, detective fiction, business stories, war journals, and animal stories. Non-fiction covered everything from crime to politics. Although factual journalism predominated, many of these works were interpretive, reflecting a high degree of individualism. Children's works re-emerged in the 1950s, and the newer entrants into this field, many of the younger women, brought new vitality to it in the 1980s. Manga — Japanese comics — have penetrated almost every sector of the popular market. They include virtually every field of human interest, such as multivolume high-school histories of Japan and, additionally for the adult market, a manga introduction to economics, and pornography (hentai). Manga represented between 20 and 30 percent of annual publications at the end of the 1980s, in sales of some ¥400 billion per year. Light novels, a Japanese type of young adult novel, often feature plots and illustrations similar to those seen in manga. Many manga are fan-made (dōjinshi). Literature utilizing new media began to appear at the end of the 20th century. Visual novels, a type of interactive fiction, were produced for personal computers beginning in the 1980s. Cell phone novels appeared in the early 21st century. Written by and for cell phone users, the novels — typically romances read by young women — have become very popular both online and in print. Some, such as Love Sky, have sold millions of print copies, and at the end of 2007 cell phone novels comprised four of the top five fiction best sellers. Female authors Female writers in Japan enjoyed a brief period of success during the Heian period, but were undermined following the decline in power of the Imperial Court in the 14th century. Later, in the Meiji era, earlier works written by women such as Murasaki Shikibu and Sei Shonagon were championed amongst the earliest examples of the Japanese literary language, even at a time when the authors themselves experienced challenges due to their gender. One Meiji-period writer, Shimizu Shikin, sought to encourage positive comparisons between her contemporaries and their female forebears in the hopes that female authors would be viewed with respect by society, despite assuming a public role outside the traditional confines of a woman's role in her home (see Good Wife, Wise Mother). Other notable authors of the Meiji period included Hiratsuka Raicho, Higuchi Ichiyo, Tamura Toshiko, Nogami Yaeko and Yosano Akiko. Significant authors and works Main article: List of Japanese authors Nara-period literature Kakinomoto no Hitomaro (c. 660–c. 720): authored numerous chōka and tanka in the Man'yōshū Ōtomo no Yakamochi (c. 718–785): possible compiler of the Man'yōshū Heian-period literature Ariwara no Narihira (825–880) Ono no Komachi (c. 825 – c. 900) Sugawara no Michizane (845–903) Ki no Tsurayuki (872–945) Lady Ise (c. 875 – c. 938) Minamoto no Shitagō (911–983) Michitsuna no Haha (c. 935 – c. 995): author of Kagerō Nikki Akazome Emon (c. 956 – c. 1041) Sei Shōnagon (c. 966 – c. 1017): The Pillow Book Murasaki Shikibu (c. 973 – c. 1025): The Tale of Genji Izumi Shikibu (c. 976 – c. 1027): Lady Sarashina (c. 1008 – c. 1059): author of Sarashina Nikki Saigyō Hōshi (1118–1190) Kamakura-Muromachi-period literature The Tale of the Heike (c. 1212–1309) Ogura Hyakunin Isshu (c. 1235) Fujiwara no Teika (1162–1241) Yoshida Kenkō (c. 1283–1352): Tsurezuregusa Edo-period literature Miyamoto Musashi (c. 1584–1645): The Book of Five Rings Ihara Saikaku (1642–1693) Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694) Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653–1725) Yamamoto Tsunetomo (1659–1719) Yokoi Yayū (1702–1783) Fukuda Chiyo-ni (1703–1775) Yosa Buson (1716–1784) Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801) Sugita Genpaku (1733–1817) Ueda Akinari (1734–1809) Santō Kyōden (1761–1816) Kobayashi Issa (1763–1828) Jippensha Ikku (1765–1831) Kyokutei Bakin (1767–1848) Edo Meisho Zue (travelogue, 1834) Hokuetsu Seppu (work of human geography, 1837) Meiji- and Taisho-period literature Nakane Kōtei (1839–1913) Lafcadio Hearn (1850–1904) Mori Ōgai (1862–1922) Futabatei Shimei (1864–1909) Itō Sachio (1864–1913) Natsume Sōseki (1867–1916) Kōda Rohan (1867–1947) Masaoka Shiki (1867–1902) Ozaki Kōyō (1868–1903) Doppo Kunikida (1871–1908) Ichiyō Higuchi (1872–1896) Tōson Shimazaki (1872–1943) Kyōka Izumi (1873–1939) Yonejiro Noguchi (1875–1947) Takeo Arishima (1878–1923) Akiko Yosano (1878–1942) Kafū Nagai (1879–1959) Naoya Shiga (1883–1971) Takuboku Ishikawa (1886–1912) Kan Kikuchi (1888–1948) Ryūnosuke Akutagawa (1892–1927) Kenji Miyazawa (1896–1933) Denji Kuroshima (1898–1943) Motojirō Kajii (1901–1932) Hideo Oguma (1901–1940) Takiji Kobayashi (1903–1933) Modern literature Kansuke Naka (1885–1965) Yaeko Nogami (1885–1985) Jun'ichirō Tanizaki (1886–1965) Hyakken Uchida (1889–1971) Edogawa Ranpo (1894–1965) Eiji Yoshikawa (1892–1962) Mitsuharu Kaneko (1895–1975) Juza Unno (1897–1949) Shigeji Tsuboi (1897–1975) Chiyo Uno (1897–1996) Masuji Ibuse (1898–1993) Jun Ishikawa (1899–1987) Yasunari Kawabata (1899–1972) Yuriko Miyamoto (1899–1951) Sakae Tsuboi (1899–1967) Fumiko Hayashi (1903–1951) Tamiki Hara (1905–1951) Tatsuzō Ishikawa (1905–1985) Fumiko Enchi (1905–1986) Ango Sakaguchi (1906–1955) Osamu Dazai (1909–1948) Shōhei Ōoka (1909–1988) Sakunosuke Oda (1913–1947) Haruo Umezaki (1915–1965) Ayako Miura (1922–1999) Shūsaku Endō (1923–1996) Ryōtarō Shiba (1923–1996) Kōbō Abe (1924–1993) Toyoko Yamasaki (1924–2013) Yukio Mishima (1925–1970) Osamu Tezuka (1928–1989) Akiyuki Nosaka (1930–2015) Sawako Ariyoshi (1931–1984) Ayako Sono (b. 1931) Hisashi Inoue (1933–2010) Kenzaburō Ōe (1935–2023) Michiko Yamamoto (b. 1936) Kenji Nakagami (1946–1992) Haruki Murakami (b. 1949) Natsuo Kirino (b. 1951) Ryū Murakami (b. 1952) Yōko Ogawa (b. 1962) Banana Yoshimoto (b. 1964) Mieko Kawakami (b. 1976) Sayaka Murata (b. 1979) Natsuko Imamura (b. 1980) Akira Otani (b. 1981) Ao Omae (b. 1992) Awards and contests Main article: List of literary awards § Japanese literature Japan has some literary contests and awards in which authors can participate and be awarded. The Akutagawa Prize is one of the most prestigious literary awards, and receives wide attention from media. Notes ^ Kazuo Ishiguro, although an ethnic Japanese born in Japan, became a British citizen in 1983. Consequently, he lost his Japanese citizenship, as Japan does not permit dual citizenships. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2017. References ^ a b c Seeley, Christopher (1991). A History of Writing in Japan. BRILL. ISBN 9004090819. ^ kokuhu-bunka. Nihonshi jiten.com ^ Malmkjær, Kirsten (2002). The Linguistics Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-41522210-5. ^ Walter., Meyer, Milton (1997). Asia : a concise history. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 127. ISBN 9780847680634. OCLC 44954459.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Kato, Shuichi; Sanderson, Don (2013). A History of Japanese Literature: From the Manyoshu to Modern Times. Routledge. ISBN 9781136613685. ^ Meissner, Daniel. "web page template". academic.mu.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-17. ^ Waley, Arthur (2011). The Pillow Book of Sei Shonagon: The Diary of a Courtesan in Tenth Century Japan. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462900886. ^ Richardson, Matthew (2001), The Halstead Treasury of Ancient Science Fiction, Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales: Halstead Press, ISBN 1-875684-64-6 (cf. "Once Upon a Time", Emerald City (85), September 2002, retrieved 2008-09-17) ^ a b Colcutt, Martin (2003). "Japan's Medieval Age: The Kamakura & Muromachi Periods". ^ Miner, Earl Roy; Odagiri, Hiroko; Morrell, Robert E. (1988). The Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Princeton University Press. p. 44. ISBN 0691008256. ^ a b c Boscaro, Adriana; Gatti, Franco; Raveri, Massimo (2014). Rethinking Japan Vol 1.: Literature, Visual Arts & Linguistics. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 9781135880538. ^ Miner, Earl Roy; Odagiri, Hiroko; Morrell, Robert E. (1988). The Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Princeton University Press. p. 46. ISBN 0691008256. ^ Shirane, Haruo (2012). Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600. Columbia University Press. p. 413. ISBN 9780231157308. ^ Shirane, Haruo (2012). Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600. Columbia University Press. pp. 382, 410. ISBN 9780231157308. ^ Shirane, Haruo (2012). Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600. Columbia University Press. pp. 382, 413. ISBN 9780231157308. ^ Katō, Eileen (1979). "Pilgrimage to Daizafu: Sōgi's Tsukushi no Michi no Ki". Monumenta Nipponica. 34 (3): 333–367. doi:10.2307/2384203. JSTOR 2384203. ^ Plutschow, Herbert Eugen (1989). "Japanese Travel Diaries of the Middle Ages". Oriens Extremus. 29 (1–2): 1–136. ^ Bashō 1996b: 7. ^ Patricia Donegan and Yoshie Ishibashi. Chiyo-ni: Woman Haiku Master, Tuttle, 1996. ISBN 0-8048-2053-8 p256 ^ trans. Donegan and Ishibashi, 1996 p172 ^ Earl, David Margery, Emperor, and Nation in Japan; Political Thinkers of the Tokugawa Period, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1964, p 12 ^ "The Cool, Cynical Voice of Young Japan : In Haruki Murakami's Fiction, There Are No Kimonos, No Bonsai Trees, Just a Disdain for Japanese Tradition and an Obsession With American Pop Culture - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 8 December 1991. ^ Goodyear, Dana (2008-12-22). "I ♥ Novels". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2010-12-06. ^ The Modern Murasaki, Columbia University Press, pages x-2 Bibliography Aston, William George. A History of Japanese Literature, William Heinemann, 1899. Birnbaum, A., (ed.). Monkey Brain Sushi: New Tastes in Japanese Fiction. Kodansha International (JPN). Carol Fairbanks. Japanese Women Fiction Writers, Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8108-4086-3 Donald Keene Modern Japanese Literature, Grove Press, 1956. ISBN 0-394-17254-X World Within Walls: Japanese Literature of The Pre-Modern Era 1600–1867, Columbia University Press. 1976, reprinted 1999 ISBN 0-231-11467-2 Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature in the Modern Era, Poetry, Drama, Criticism, Columbia University Press. 1984, reprinted 1998 ISBN 0-231-11435-4 Travellers of a Hundred Ages: The Japanese as Revealed Through 1,000 Years of Diaries, Columbia University Press. 1989, reprinted 1999 ISBN 0-231-11437-0 Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from the Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century, Columbia University Press. 1993, reprinted 1999 ISBN 0-231-11441-9 McCullough, Helen Craig, Classical Japanese prose: an anthology, Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8047-1628-5 Miner, Earl Roy, Odagiri, Hiroko, and Morrell, Robert E., The Princeton companion to classical Japanese literature, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-691-06599-3 Okada, Sumie. Japanese Writers and the West, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, ISBN 0-333-74310-5 Ema Tsutomu, Taniyama Shigeru, Ino Kenji, Shinshū Kokugo Sōran (新修国語総覧) Kyoto Shobō. 1977, revised 1981, reprinted 1982 Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Literature of Japan. Aston, William George. A history of Japanese literature, NY, 1899 online Karatani, Kōjin. Origins of modern Japanese literature, Duke University Press, 1993. Katō, Shūichi. A History of Japanese Literature: The first thousand years. Vol. 1., Tokyo; New York: Kodansha International, 1979. Keene, Donald. Japanese literature: An introduction for Western readers, 1953. Konishi, Jin'ichi. A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 3: The High Middle Ages, Princeton University Press, 2014. Shirna Haruo, Suzuki Tomi, Lurie, David (eds.), The Cambridge History of Japanese Literature, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2016. Primary sources Keene, Donald. Anthology of Japanese Literature: From the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century, Grove/Atlantic, Inc., 2007. Online text libraries Japanese Text Initiative, University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center Premodern Japanese Texts and Translations, Michael Watson, Meiji Gakuin University See also Japan portalLiterature portal List of Japanese writers List of Japanese classical texts Japanese poetry Aozora Bunko – a repository of Japanese literature Japanese detective fiction Japanese science fiction Light novel External links Works on the topic Japanese literature at Wikisource Japanese Literature Publishing Project, the Agency for Cultural Affairs of Japan Japanese Book News Website Archived 2019-12-31 at the Wayback Machine, the Japan Foundation Electronic texts of pre-modern Japanese literature by Satoko Shimazaki List of literary awards for fiction and nonfiction. vteJapanese languageEarlier forms Old Early Middle Late Middle Early Modern DialectsEastern Hokkaidō Tōhoku Northern Nanbu Tsugaru Akita Southern Kesen Nairiku Kantō Western Gunma Kanagawa Tokyo Eastern Ibaraki Tochigi 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most of its history has been influenced by cultural contact with neighboring Asian literatures, most notably China and its literature. Early texts were often written in pure Classical Chinese or lit. 'Chinese writing' (漢文, kanbun), a Chinese-Japanese creole language.[1] Indian literature also had an influence through the spread of Buddhism in Japan.During the Heian period, Japan's original kokufū culture (lit. 'national culture') developed and literature also established its own style, with the significant usage and development of kana (仮名) to write Japanese literature.[2]Following the end of the sakoku policy and especially during the increasing westernization of the Meiji era, Western literature has also had an influence on the development of modern Japanese writers, while Japanese literature has in turn become more recognized internationally, leading to two Japanese Nobel laureates in literature, namely Yasunari Kawabata and Kenzaburō Ōe.[a]","title":"Japanese literature"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_History_of_Writing_in_Japan-1"},{"link_name":"man'yōgana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana"},{"link_name":"kana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Linguistics_Encyclopedia-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_History_of_Writing_in_Japan-1"},{"link_name":"Kojiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojiki"},{"link_name":"Nihon Shoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Shoki"},{"link_name":"Man'yōshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Urashima Tarō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urashima_Tar%C5%8D"}],"sub_title":"Nara-period literature (before 794)","text":"Before the introduction of kanji from China to Japan, Japan had no writing system; it is believed that Chinese characters came to Japan at the very beginning of the 5th century, brought by immigrants from Korea and China. Early Japanese texts first followed the Chinese model,[1] before gradually transitioning to a hybrid of Chinese characters used in Japanese syntactical formats, resulting in sentences written with Chinese characters but read phonetically in Japanese.Chinese characters were also further adapted, creating what is known as man'yōgana, the earliest form of kana, or Japanese syllabic writing.[3] The earliest literary works in Japan were created in the Nara period.[1] These include the Kojiki (712), a historical record that also chronicles ancient Japanese mythology and folk songs; the Nihon Shoki (720), a chronicle written in Chinese that is significantly more detailed than the Kojiki; and the Man'yōshū (759), a poetry anthology. One of the stories they describe is the tale of Urashima Tarō.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tosa_Mitsuoki%E2%80%94Portrait_of_Murasaki_Shikibu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Murasaki Shikibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murasaki_Shikibu"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"iroha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroha"},{"link_name":"syllabary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabary"},{"link_name":"The Tale of Genji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji"},{"link_name":"Murasaki Shikibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murasaki_Shikibu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kokin Wakashū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokin_Wakash%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"waka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanka_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"The Pillow Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pillow_Book"},{"link_name":"Sei Shōnagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei_Sh%C5%8Dnagon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Konjaku Monogatarishū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konjaku_Monogatarish%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"tales from India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_literature"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature"},{"link_name":"The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Bamboo_Cutter"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"hime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hime"},{"link_name":"flying saucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_saucer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richardson-9"}],"sub_title":"Heian literature (794–1185)","text":"Murasaki Shikibu, the author of The Tale of GenjiThe Heian period has been referred to as the golden era of art and literature in Japan.[4] During this era, literature became centered on a cultural elite of nobility and monks.[5] The imperial court particularly patronized the poets, most of whom were courtiers or ladies-in-waiting. Reflecting the aristocratic atmosphere, the poetry was elegant and sophisticated and expressed emotions in a rhetorical style. Editing the resulting anthologies of poetry soon became a national pastime. The iroha poem, now one of two standard orderings for the Japanese syllabary, was also developed during the early Heian period.The Tale of Genji (Genji Monogatari), written in the early 11th century by female courtier Murasaki Shikibu, is considered the pre-eminent novel of Heian fiction.[6] Other important writings of this period include the Kokin Wakashū (905), a waka-poetry anthology, and The Pillow Book (Makura no Sōshi, 990s). The Pillow Book was written by Sei Shōnagon, Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival, as an essay about the life, loves, and pastimes of nobles in the Emperor's court.[7] Another notable piece of fictional Japanese literature was Konjaku Monogatarishū, a collection of over a thousand stories in 31 volumes. The volumes cover various tales from India, China and Japan.The 10th-century Japanese narrative, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (Taketori Monogatari), can be considered an early example of proto-science fiction. The protagonist of the story, Kaguya-hime, is a princess from the Moon who is sent to Earth for safety during a celestial war, and is found and raised by a bamboo cutter. She is later taken back to her extraterrestrial family in an illustrated depiction of a disc-shaped flying object similar to a flying saucer.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamakura period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_period"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan's_Medieval_Age:_The_Kamakura_&_Muromachi_Periods-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Tale of the Heike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Heike"},{"link_name":"Minamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_clan"},{"link_name":"Taira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taira_clan"},{"link_name":"Kamo no Chōmei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamo_no_Ch%C5%8Dmei"},{"link_name":"Hōjōki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dki"},{"link_name":"Yoshida Kenkō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshida_Kenk%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Tsurezuregusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsurezuregusa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rethinking_Japan_Vol_1.:_Literature,_Visual_Arts_&_Linguistics-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan's_Medieval_Age:_The_Kamakura_&_Muromachi_Periods-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Princeton_Companion_to_Classical_Japanese_Literature-13"},{"link_name":"Shin Kokin Wakashū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Kokin_Wakash%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rethinking_Japan_Vol_1.:_Literature,_Visual_Arts_&_Linguistics-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rethinking_Japan_Vol_1.:_Literature,_Visual_Arts_&_Linguistics-12"},{"link_name":"renga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renga"},{"link_name":"Noh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Traditional_Japanese_Literature:_An_Anthology,_Beginnings_to_1600-15"},{"link_name":"setsuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setsuwa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Kamakura-Muromachi period literature (1185–1603)","text":"During the Kamakura period (1185–1333), Japan experienced many civil wars which led to the development of a warrior class, and subsequent war tales, histories, and related stories.[9] Work from this period is notable for its more somber tone compared to the works of previous eras, with themes of life and death, simple lifestyles, and redemption through killing.[10] A representative work is The Tale of the Heike (Heike Monogatari, 1371), an epic account of the struggle between the Minamoto and Taira clans for control of Japan at the end of the 12th century. Other important tales of the period include Kamo no Chōmei's Hōjōki (1212) and Yoshida Kenkō's Tsurezuregusa (1331).Despite a decline in the importance of the imperial court, aristocratic literature remained the center of Japanese culture at the beginning of the Kamakura period. Many literary works were marked by a nostalgia for the Heian period.[11] The Kamakura period also saw a renewed vitality of poetry, with a number of anthologies compiled,[9][12] such as the Shin Kokin Wakashū compiled in the early 1200s. However, there were fewer notable works by female authors during this period, reflecting the lowered status of women.[11]As the importance of the imperial court continued to decline, a major feature of Muromachi literature (1333–1603) was the spread of cultural activity through all levels of society. Classical court literature, which had been the focal point of Japanese literature up until this point, gradually disappeared.[13][11] New genres such as renga, or linked verse, and Noh theater developed among the common people,[14] and setsuwa such as the Nihon Ryoiki were created by Buddhist priests for preaching.[citation needed] The development of roads, along with a growing public interest in travel and pilgrimages, brought rise to the greater popularity of travel literature from the early 13th to 14th centuries.[15] Notable examples of travel diaries include Fuji kikō (1432) and Tsukushi michi no ki (1480).[16][17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basho_in_Ogaki.JPG"},{"link_name":"Matsuo Bashō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"haikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikai"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"jōruri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Druri_(music)"},{"link_name":"Chikamatsu Monzaemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikamatsu_Monzaemon"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Ihara Saikaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihara_Saikaku"},{"link_name":"floating world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-z%C5%8Dshi"},{"link_name":"chōnin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dnin"},{"link_name":"Matsuo Bashō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"haiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiku"},{"link_name":"hokku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokku"},{"link_name":"Oku no Hosomichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oku_no_Hosomichi"},{"link_name":"travel diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_literature"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Fukuda Chiyo-ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuda_Chiyo-ni"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rangaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangaku"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations"},{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath"},{"link_name":"Hiraga Gennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraga_Gennai"},{"link_name":"Sugita Genpaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugita_Genpaku"},{"link_name":"Kaitai Shinsho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitai_Shinsho"},{"link_name":"Dutch settlement at Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejima"},{"link_name":"Chinese vernacular fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature"},{"link_name":"Jippensha Ikku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jippensha_Ikku"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8Dch%C5%AB_Hizakurige"},{"link_name":"Tsuga Teisho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsuga_Teisho&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Takebe Ayatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takebe_Ayatari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Okajima Kanzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okajima_Kanzan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"yomihon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomihon"},{"link_name":"Three Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Water Margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Margin"},{"link_name":"Ueda Akinari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueda_Akinari"},{"link_name":"Kyokutei Bakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takizawa_Bakin"},{"link_name":"Nansō Satomi Hakkenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nans%C5%8D_Satomi_Hakkenden"},{"link_name":"Santō Kyōden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%C5%8D_Ky%C5%8Dden"},{"link_name":"Kansei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansei"},{"link_name":"kibyōshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiby%C5%8Dshi"},{"link_name":"Hokusai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokusai"},{"link_name":"woodblock print","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"36 Views of Mount Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36_Views_of_Mount_Fuji_(Hokusai)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Edo-period literature (1603–1868)","text":"Matsuo Bashō, a haikai poetLiterature during this time was written during the largely peaceful Tokugawa shogunate (commonly referred to as the Edo period). Due in large part to the rise of the working and middle classes in the new capital of Edo (modern Tokyo), forms of popular drama developed which would later evolve into kabuki. The jōruri and kabuki dramatist Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653–1725) became popular at the end of the 17th century, and he is also known as Japan's Shakespeare.Many different genres of literature made their debut during the Edo period, helped by a rising literacy rate among the growing population of townspeople, as well as the development of lending libraries. Ihara Saikaku (1642–1693) might be said to have given birth to the modern consciousness of the novel in Japan, mixing vernacular dialogue into his humorous and cautionary tales of the pleasure quarters, the so-called Ukiyozōshi (\"floating world\") genre. Ihara's Life of an Amorous Man is considered the first work in this genre. Although Ihara's works were not regarded as high literature at the time because it had been aimed towards and popularized by the chōnin (merchant classes), they became popular and were key to the development and spread of ukiyozōshi.Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694) is recognized as the greatest master of haiku (then called hokku). His poems were influenced by his firsthand experience of the world around him, often encapsulating the feeling of a scene in a few simple elements. He made his life's work the transformation of haikai into a literary genre. For Bashō, haikai involved a combination of comic playfulness and spiritual depth, ascetic practice, and involvement in human society. In particular, Bashō wrote Oku no Hosomichi, a major work in the form of a travel diary, considered \"one of the major texts of classical Japanese literature.\"[18]Fukuda Chiyo-ni (1703–1775) is widely regarded as one of the greatest haiku poets. Before her time, haiku by women were often dismissed and ignored. Her dedication toward her career not only paved a way for her career but it also opened a path for other women to follow. Her early poems were influenced by Matsuo Bashō, although she did later develop her own unique style as an independent figure in her own right. While still a teenager, she had already become very popular all over Japan for her poetry. Her poems, although mostly dealing with nature, work for unity of nature with humanity.[19] Her own life was that of the haikai poets who made their lives and the world they lived in one with themselves, living a simple and humble life. She was able to make connections by being observant and carefully studying the unique things around her ordinary world and writing them down.[20]Rangaku was an intellectual movement situated in Edo and centered on the study of Dutch (and by subsequently western) science and technology, history, philosophy, art, and language, based primarily on the Dutch books imported via Nagasaki. The polymath Hiraga Gennai (1728–1780) was a scholar of rangaku and a writer of popular fiction. Sugita Genpaku (1733–1817) was a Japanese scholar known for his translation of Kaitai Shinsho (New Book of Anatomy) from the Dutch-language anatomy book Ontleedkundige Tafelen. As a full-blown translation from a Western language, it was the first of its kind in Japan. Although there was a minor Western influence trickling into the country from the Dutch settlement at Nagasaki, it was the importation of Chinese vernacular fiction that proved the greatest outside influence on the development of Early Modern Japanese fiction.Jippensha Ikku (1765–1831) is known as Japan's Mark Twain and wrote Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige, which is a mix of travelogue and comedy. Tsuga Teisho, Takebe Ayatari, and Okajima Kanzan were instrumental in developing the yomihon, which were historical romances almost entirely in prose, influenced by Chinese vernacular novels such as Sangoku-shi (三国志, Three Kingdoms) and Suikoden (水滸伝, Water Margin).Two yomihon masterpieces were written by Ueda Akinari (1734–1809): Ugetsu Monogatari and Harusame Monogatari. Kyokutei Bakin (1767–1848) wrote the extremely popular fantasy/historical romance Nansō Satomi Hakkenden over a period of twenty-eight years to complete (1814–1842), in addition to other yomihon. Santō Kyōden wrote yomihon mostly set in the red-light districts until the Kansei edicts banned such works, and he turned to comedic kibyōshi. Genres included horror, crime stories, morality stories, comedy, and pornography — often accompanied by colorful woodcut prints.Hokusai (1760–1849), perhaps Japan's most famous woodblock print artist, also illustrated fiction as well as his famous 36 Views of Mount Fuji.Nevertheless, in the Tokugawa period, as in earlier periods, scholarly work continued to be published in Chinese, which was the language of the learned much as Latin was in Europe.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mori_Ogai_in_the_atelier_of_Sculptor_Takeishi_Kozaburo_in_1916.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soseki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mori Ōgai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mori_%C5%8Cgai"},{"link_name":"Natsume Sōseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsume_S%C5%8Dseki"},{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"national seclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakoku"},{"link_name":"European literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_literature"},{"link_name":"Natsume Sōseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsume_S%C5%8Dseki"},{"link_name":"I Am a Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_a_Cat"},{"link_name":"Botchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botchan"},{"link_name":"Kokoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokoro"},{"link_name":"Mori Ōgai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mori_%C5%8Cgai"},{"link_name":"Shiga Naoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiga_Naoya"},{"link_name":"I novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_novel"},{"link_name":"Ryūnosuke Akutagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABnosuke_Akutagawa"},{"link_name":"Ozaki Kōyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozaki_K%C5%8Dy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kyōka Izumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dka_Izumi"},{"link_name":"Ichiyo Higuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichiyo_Higuchi"},{"link_name":"Fukuzawa Yukichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi"},{"link_name":"Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Tsubouchi Shōyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsubouchi_Sh%C5%8Dy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Futabatei Shimei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futabatei_Shimei"},{"link_name":"Kōda Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dda_Rohan"},{"link_name":"Ichiyō Higuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichiy%C5%8D_Higuchi"},{"link_name":"Kyōka Izumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dka_Izumi"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Tōson Shimazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dson_Shimazaki"},{"link_name":"Myōjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C5%8Dj%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"The Dancing Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dancing_Girl_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Wild Geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_Geese_(Mori_novel)"},{"link_name":"Naturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Katai Tayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katai_Tayama"},{"link_name":"Kafū Nagai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaf%C5%AB_Nagai"},{"link_name":"Jun'ichirō Tanizaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki"},{"link_name":"Kōtarō Takamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Takamura"},{"link_name":"Hakushū Kitahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakush%C5%AB_Kitahara"},{"link_name":"Saneatsu Mushanokōji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saneatsu_Mushanok%C5%8Dji"},{"link_name":"Naoya Shiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoya_Shiga"},{"link_name":"Ryūnosuke Akutagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABnosuke_Akutagawa"},{"link_name":"Takiji Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takiji_Kobayashi"},{"link_name":"Denji Kuroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denji_Kuroshima"},{"link_name":"Yuriko Miyamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriko_Miyamoto"},{"link_name":"Ineko Sata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineko_Sata"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize for Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature"},{"link_name":"Yasunari Kawabata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata"},{"link_name":"Ashihei Hino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashihei_Hino"},{"link_name":"Tatsuzō Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsuz%C5%8D_Ishikawa"},{"link_name":"Denji Kuroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denji_Kuroshima"},{"link_name":"Mitsuharu Kaneko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuharu_Kaneko"},{"link_name":"Hideo Oguma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Oguma"},{"link_name":"Jun Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Ishikawa"}],"sub_title":"Meiji, Taishō, and early Shōwa-period literature (1868–1945)","text":"Mori Ōgai (left) and Natsume Sōseki (right)The Meiji period marked the re-opening of Japan to the West, ending over two centuries of national seclusion, and marking the beginning of a period of rapid industrialization. The introduction of European literature brought free verse into the poetic repertoire. It became widely used for longer works embodying new intellectual themes. Young Japanese prose writers and dramatists faced a suddenly-broadened horizon of new ideas and artistic schools, with novelists amongst some of the first to assimilate these concepts successfully into their writing.Natsume Sōseki's (1867–1916) humorous novel Wagahai wa neko de aru (I Am a Cat, 1905) employed a cat as the narrator, and he also wrote the famous novels Botchan (1906) and Kokoro (1914). Natsume, Mori Ōgai, and Shiga Naoya, who was called \"god of the novel\" as the most prominent \"I novel\" writer, were instrumental in adopting and adapting Western literary conventions and techniques. Ryūnosuke Akutagawa is known especially for his historical short stories. Ozaki Kōyō, Kyōka Izumi, and Ichiyo Higuchi represent a strain of writers whose style hearkens back to early-Modern Japanese literature.In the early Meiji period (1868–1880s), Fukuzawa Yukichi authored Enlightenment literature, while pre-modern popular books depicted the quickly changing country. Realism was brought in by Tsubouchi Shōyō and Futabatei Shimei in the mid-Meiji period (late 1880s–early 1890s) while the Classicism of Ozaki Kōyō, Yamada Bimyo and Kōda Rohan gained popularity. Ichiyō Higuchi, a rare female writer in this era, wrote short stories on powerless women of this age in a simple style in between literary and colloquial. Kyōka Izumi, a favored disciple of Ozaki, pursued a flowing and elegant style and wrote early novels such as The Operating Room (1895) in literary style and later ones including The Holy Man of Mount Koya (1900) in colloquial language.Romanticism was brought in by Mori Ōgai with his anthology of translated poems (1889) and carried to its height by Tōson Shimazaki, alongside magazines such as Myōjō and Bungaku-kai in the early 1900s. Mori also wrote some modern novels including The Dancing Girl (1890), The Wild Geese (1911), then later wrote historical novels. Natsume Sōseki, who is often compared with Mori Ōgai, wrote I Am a Cat (1905) with humor and satire, then depicted fresh and pure youth in Botchan (1906) and Sanshirō (1908). He eventually pursued transcendence of human emotions and egoism in his later works including Kokoro (1914) and his last and unfinished novel Light and darkness (1916).Shimazaki shifted from Romanticism to Naturalism which was established with his The Broken Commandment (1906) and Katai Tayama's Futon (1907). Naturalism hatched \"I Novel\" (Watakushi-shōsetu) that describes the authors themselves and depicts their own mental states. Neo-romanticism came out of anti-naturalism and was led by Kafū Nagai, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Kōtarō Takamura, Hakushū Kitahara and others in the early 1910s. Saneatsu Mushanokōji, Naoya Shiga and others founded a magazine Shirakaba in 1910. They shared a common characteristic, Humanism. Shiga's style was autobiographical and depicted states of his mind and sometimes classified as \"I Novel\" in this sense. Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, who was highly praised by Soseki, wrote short stories including Rashōmon (1915) with an intellectual and analytic attitude and represented Neo-realism in the mid-1910s.During the 1920s and early 1930s the proletarian literary movement, comprising such writers as Takiji Kobayashi, Denji Kuroshima, Yuriko Miyamoto and Ineko Sata produced a politically radical literature depicting the harsh lives of workers, peasants, women, and other downtrodden members of society, and their struggles for change.Pre-war Japan saw the debut of several authors best known for the beauty of their language and their tales of love and sensuality, notably Jun'ichirō Tanizaki and Japan's first winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, Yasunari Kawabata, a master of psychological fiction. Ashihei Hino wrote lyrical bestsellers glorifying the war, while Tatsuzō Ishikawa attempted to publish a disturbingly realistic account of the advance on Nanjing. Writers who opposed the war include Denji Kuroshima, Mitsuharu Kaneko, Hideo Oguma and Jun Ishikawa.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Haruo Umezaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruo_Umezaki"},{"link_name":"Sakurajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakurajima_(short_story)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sakurajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakurajima"},{"link_name":"Kagoshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagoshima"},{"link_name":"Kyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"},{"link_name":"Osamu Dazai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Dazai"},{"link_name":"The Setting Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Setting_Sun"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo"},{"link_name":"Shōhei Ōoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dhei_%C5%8Coka"},{"link_name":"Yomiuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomiuri_Prize"},{"link_name":"Fires on the Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fires_on_the_Plain_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Yukio Mishima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukio_Mishima"},{"link_name":"nihilistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism"},{"link_name":"seppuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku"},{"link_name":"Nobuo Kojima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuo_Kojima"},{"link_name":"Kenzaburō Ōe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce"},{"link_name":"A Personal Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Personal_Matter"},{"link_name":"Japan's second winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Nobel_laureates"},{"link_name":"Mitsuharu Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuharu_Inoue"},{"link_name":"Shūsaku Endō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%ABsaku_End%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kakure Kirishitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakure_Kirishitan"},{"link_name":"Yasushi Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasushi_Inoue"},{"link_name":"Kōbō Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Db%C5%8D_Abe"},{"link_name":"The Woman in the Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woman_in_the_Dunes"},{"link_name":"Yoshikichi Furui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshikichi_Furui"},{"link_name":"Naoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoki_Prize"},{"link_name":"Shizuko Todo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuko_Todo"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E5%A0%82%E5%BF%97%E6%B4%A5%E5%AD%90"},{"link_name":"Ripening Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ripening_Summer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kōenji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Denji"},{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"ukiyo-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e"},{"link_name":"Haruki Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruki_Murakami"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Wood_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wind-Up_Bird_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Banana Yoshimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Yoshimoto"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"detective fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_detective_fiction"},{"link_name":"Manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics"},{"link_name":"hentai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentai"},{"link_name":"Light novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_novel"},{"link_name":"young adult novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_adult_novel"},{"link_name":"dōjinshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Djinshi"},{"link_name":"new media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media"},{"link_name":"Visual novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_novel"},{"link_name":"interactive fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_fiction"},{"link_name":"personal computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"Cell phone novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone_novel"},{"link_name":"cell phone users","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture"},{"link_name":"Love Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koizora"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goodyear20081222-24"}],"sub_title":"Postwar literature (1945–onwards)","text":"World War II, and Japan's defeat, deeply influenced Japanese literature. Many authors wrote stories of disaffection, loss of purpose, and the coping with defeat. Haruo Umezaki's short story Sakurajima shows a disillusioned and skeptical Navy officer stationed in a base located on the Sakurajima volcanic island, close to Kagoshima, on the southern tip of Kyushu. Osamu Dazai's novel The Setting Sun tells of a soldier returning from Manchukuo. Shōhei Ōoka won the Yomiuri Prize for his novel Fires on the Plain about a Japanese deserter going mad in the Philippine jungle. Yukio Mishima, well known for both his nihilistic writing and his controversial suicide by seppuku, began writing in the post-war period. Nobuo Kojima's short story \"The American School\" portrays a group of Japanese teachers of English who, in the immediate aftermath of the war, deal with the American occupation in varying ways.Prominent writers of the 1970s and 1980s were identified with intellectual and moral issues in their attempts to raise social and political consciousness. One of them, Kenzaburō Ōe, who published one of his best-known works, A Personal Matter in 1964, became Japan's second winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature.Mitsuharu Inoue had long been concerned with the atomic bomb and continued in the 1980s to write on problems of the nuclear age, while Shūsaku Endō depicted the religious dilemma of the Kakure Kirishitan, Roman Catholics in feudal Japan, as a springboard to address spiritual problems. Yasushi Inoue also turned to the past in masterful historical novels of Inner Asia and ancient Japan, in order to portray present human fate.Avant-garde writers, such as Kōbō Abe, who wrote novels such as The Woman in the Dunes (1960), wanted to express the Japanese experience in modern terms without using either international styles or traditional conventions, developed new inner visions. Yoshikichi Furui related the lives of alienated urban dwellers coping with the minutiae of daily life, while the psychodramas within such daily life crises have been explored by a rising number of important women novelists. The 1988 Naoki Prize went to Shizuko Todo [ja] for Ripening Summer, a story capturing the complex psychology of modern women. Other award-winning stories at the end of the decade dealt with current issues of the elderly in hospitals, the recent past (Pure-Hearted Shopping District in Kōenji, Tokyo), and the life of a Meiji period ukiyo-e artist.Haruki Murakami is one of the most popular and controversial of today's Japanese authors.[22] His genre-defying, humorous and surreal works have sparked fierce debates in Japan over whether they are true \"literature\" or simple pop-fiction: Kenzaburō Ōe has been one of his harshest critics. Some of Murakami's best-known works include Norwegian Wood (1987) and The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1994–1995).Banana Yoshimoto, a best-selling contemporary author whose \"manga-esque\" style of writing sparked much controversy when she debuted in the late 1980s, has come to be recognized as a unique and talented author over the intervening years. Her writing style stresses dialogue over description, resembling the script of a manga, and her works focus on love, friendship, and loss. Her breakout work was 1988's Kitchen.Although modern Japanese writers covered a wide variety of subjects, one particularly Japanese approach stressed their subjects' inner lives, widening the earlier novel's preoccupation with the narrator's consciousness. In Japanese fiction, plot development and action have often been of secondary interest to emotional issues. In keeping with the general trend toward reaffirming national characteristics, many old themes re-emerged, and some authors turned consciously to the past. Strikingly, Buddhist attitudes about the importance of knowing oneself and the poignant impermanence of things formed an undercurrent to sharp social criticism of this material age. There was a growing emphasis on women's roles, the Japanese persona in the modern world, and the malaise of common people lost in the complexities of urban culture.Popular fiction, non-fiction, and children's literature all flourished in urban Japan in the 1980s. Many popular works fell between \"pure literature\" and pulp novels, including all sorts of historical serials, information-packed docudramas, science fiction, mysteries, detective fiction, business stories, war journals, and animal stories. Non-fiction covered everything from crime to politics. Although factual journalism predominated, many of these works were interpretive, reflecting a high degree of individualism. Children's works re-emerged in the 1950s, and the newer entrants into this field, many of the younger women, brought new vitality to it in the 1980s.Manga — Japanese comics — have penetrated almost every sector of the popular market. They include virtually every field of human interest, such as multivolume high-school histories of Japan and, additionally for the adult market, a manga introduction to economics, and pornography (hentai). Manga represented between 20 and 30 percent of annual publications at the end of the 1980s, in sales of some ¥400 billion per year. Light novels, a Japanese type of young adult novel, often feature plots and illustrations similar to those seen in manga. Many manga are fan-made (dōjinshi).Literature utilizing new media began to appear at the end of the 20th century. Visual novels, a type of interactive fiction, were produced for personal computers beginning in the 1980s. Cell phone novels appeared in the early 21st century. Written by and for cell phone users, the novels — typically romances read by young women — have become very popular both online and in print. Some, such as Love Sky, have sold millions of print copies, and at the end of 2007 cell phone novels comprised four of the top five fiction best sellers.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"Imperial Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Meiji era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_era"},{"link_name":"Shimizu Shikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimizu_Shikin"},{"link_name":"Good Wife, Wise Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Wife,_Wise_Mother"},{"link_name":"Hiratsuka Raicho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raicho"},{"link_name":"Higuchi Ichiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higuchi_Ichiyo"},{"link_name":"Tamura Toshiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamura_Toshiko"},{"link_name":"Nogami Yaeko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogami_Yaeko"},{"link_name":"Yosano Akiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosano_Akiko"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Female writers in Japan enjoyed a brief period of success during the Heian period, but were undermined following the decline in power of the Imperial Court in the 14th century. Later, in the Meiji era, earlier works written by women such as Murasaki Shikibu and Sei Shonagon were championed amongst the earliest examples of the Japanese literary language, even at a time when the authors themselves experienced challenges due to their gender. One Meiji-period writer, Shimizu Shikin, sought to encourage positive comparisons between her contemporaries and their female forebears in the hopes that female authors would be viewed with respect by society, despite assuming a public role outside the traditional confines of a woman's role in her home (see Good Wife, Wise Mother). Other notable authors of the Meiji period included Hiratsuka Raicho, Higuchi Ichiyo, Tamura Toshiko, Nogami Yaeko and Yosano Akiko.[24]","title":"Female authors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Significant authors and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kakinomoto no Hitomaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakinomoto_no_Hitomaro"},{"link_name":"Man'yōshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Ōtomo no Yakamochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_no_Yakamochi"}],"sub_title":"Nara-period literature","text":"Kakinomoto no Hitomaro (c. 660–c. 720): authored numerous chōka and tanka in the Man'yōshū\nŌtomo no Yakamochi (c. 718–785): possible compiler of the Man'yōshū","title":"Significant authors and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ariwara no Narihira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariwara_no_Narihira"},{"link_name":"Ono no Komachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ono_no_Komachi"},{"link_name":"Sugawara no Michizane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugawara_no_Michizane"},{"link_name":"Ki no Tsurayuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_no_Tsurayuki"},{"link_name":"Lady Ise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Ise"},{"link_name":"Minamoto no Shitagō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Shitag%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Michitsuna no Haha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michitsuna_no_Haha"},{"link_name":"Kagerō Nikki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kager%C5%8D_Nikki"},{"link_name":"Akazome Emon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akazome_Emon"},{"link_name":"Sei Shōnagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei_Sh%C5%8Dnagon"},{"link_name":"The Pillow Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pillow_Book"},{"link_name":"Murasaki Shikibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murasaki_Shikibu"},{"link_name":"The Tale of Genji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji"},{"link_name":"Izumi Shikibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumi_Shikibu"},{"link_name":"Sarashina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takasue%27s_daughter"},{"link_name":"Sarashina Nikki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarashina_Nikki"},{"link_name":"Saigyō Hōshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigy%C5%8D"}],"sub_title":"Heian-period literature","text":"Ariwara no Narihira (825–880)\nOno no Komachi (c. 825 – c. 900)\nSugawara no Michizane (845–903)\nKi no Tsurayuki (872–945)\nLady Ise (c. 875 – c. 938)\nMinamoto no Shitagō (911–983)\nMichitsuna no Haha (c. 935 – c. 995): author of Kagerō Nikki\nAkazome Emon (c. 956 – c. 1041)\nSei Shōnagon (c. 966 – c. 1017): The Pillow Book\nMurasaki Shikibu (c. 973 – c. 1025): The Tale of Genji\nIzumi Shikibu (c. 976 – c. 1027):\nLady Sarashina (c. 1008 – c. 1059): author of Sarashina Nikki\nSaigyō Hōshi (1118–1190)","title":"Significant authors and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Tale of the Heike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Heike"},{"link_name":"Ogura Hyakunin Isshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogura_Hyakunin_Isshu"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Teika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Teika"},{"link_name":"Yoshida Kenkō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshida_Kenk%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Tsurezuregusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsurezuregusa"}],"sub_title":"Kamakura-Muromachi-period literature","text":"The Tale of the Heike (c. 1212–1309)\nOgura Hyakunin Isshu (c. 1235)\nFujiwara no Teika (1162–1241)\nYoshida Kenkō (c. 1283–1352): Tsurezuregusa","title":"Significant authors and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miyamoto Musashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi"},{"link_name":"The Book of Five Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings"},{"link_name":"Ihara Saikaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihara_Saikaku"},{"link_name":"Matsuo Bashō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Chikamatsu Monzaemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikamatsu_Monzaemon"},{"link_name":"Yamamoto Tsunetomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamamoto_Tsunetomo"},{"link_name":"Yokoi Yayū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokoi_Yay%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Fukuda Chiyo-ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuda_Chiyo-ni"},{"link_name":"Yosa Buson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosa_Buson"},{"link_name":"Motoori Norinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoori_Norinaga"},{"link_name":"Sugita Genpaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugita_Genpaku"},{"link_name":"Ueda Akinari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueda_Akinari"},{"link_name":"Santō Kyōden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%C5%8D_Ky%C5%8Dden"},{"link_name":"Kobayashi Issa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayashi_Issa"},{"link_name":"Jippensha Ikku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jippensha_Ikku"},{"link_name":"Kyokutei Bakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyokutei_Bakin"},{"link_name":"Edo Meisho Zue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Meisho_Zue"},{"link_name":"travelogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_literature"},{"link_name":"Hokuetsu Seppu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokuetsu_Seppu"},{"link_name":"human geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography"}],"sub_title":"Edo-period literature","text":"Miyamoto Musashi (c. 1584–1645): The Book of Five Rings\nIhara Saikaku (1642–1693)\nMatsuo Bashō (1644–1694)\nChikamatsu Monzaemon (1653–1725)\nYamamoto Tsunetomo (1659–1719)\nYokoi Yayū (1702–1783)\nFukuda Chiyo-ni (1703–1775)\nYosa Buson (1716–1784)\nMotoori Norinaga (1730–1801)\nSugita Genpaku (1733–1817)\nUeda Akinari (1734–1809)\nSantō Kyōden (1761–1816)\nKobayashi Issa (1763–1828)\nJippensha Ikku (1765–1831)\nKyokutei Bakin (1767–1848)\nEdo Meisho Zue (travelogue, 1834)\nHokuetsu Seppu (work of human geography, 1837)","title":"Significant authors and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nakane Kōtei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakane_K%C5%8Dtei"},{"link_name":"Lafcadio Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn"},{"link_name":"Mori Ōgai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mori_%C5%8Cgai"},{"link_name":"Futabatei Shimei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futabatei_Shimei"},{"link_name":"Itō Sachio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_Sachio"},{"link_name":"Natsume Sōseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsume_S%C5%8Dseki"},{"link_name":"Kōda Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dda_Rohan"},{"link_name":"Masaoka Shiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaoka_Shiki"},{"link_name":"Ozaki Kōyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozaki_K%C5%8Dy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Doppo Kunikida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppo_Kunikida"},{"link_name":"Ichiyō Higuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichiy%C5%8D_Higuchi"},{"link_name":"Tōson Shimazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dson_Shimazaki"},{"link_name":"Kyōka Izumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dka_Izumi"},{"link_name":"Yonejiro Noguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yone_Noguchi"},{"link_name":"Takeo Arishima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo_Arishima"},{"link_name":"Akiko Yosano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiko_Yosano"},{"link_name":"Kafū Nagai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaf%C5%AB_Nagai"},{"link_name":"Naoya Shiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoya_Shiga"},{"link_name":"Takuboku Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuboku_Ishikawa"},{"link_name":"Kan Kikuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan_Kikuchi"},{"link_name":"Ryūnosuke Akutagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABnosuke_Akutagawa"},{"link_name":"Kenji Miyazawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Miyazawa"},{"link_name":"Denji Kuroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denji_Kuroshima"},{"link_name":"Motojirō Kajii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motojir%C5%8D_Kajii"},{"link_name":"Hideo Oguma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Oguma"},{"link_name":"Takiji Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takiji_Kobayashi"}],"sub_title":"Meiji- and Taisho-period literature","text":"Nakane Kōtei (1839–1913)\nLafcadio Hearn (1850–1904)\nMori Ōgai (1862–1922)\nFutabatei Shimei (1864–1909)\nItō Sachio (1864–1913)\nNatsume Sōseki (1867–1916)\nKōda Rohan (1867–1947)\nMasaoka Shiki (1867–1902)\nOzaki Kōyō (1868–1903)\nDoppo Kunikida (1871–1908)\nIchiyō Higuchi (1872–1896)\nTōson Shimazaki (1872–1943)\nKyōka Izumi (1873–1939)\nYonejiro Noguchi (1875–1947)\nTakeo Arishima (1878–1923)\nAkiko Yosano (1878–1942)\nKafū Nagai (1879–1959)\nNaoya Shiga (1883–1971)\nTakuboku Ishikawa (1886–1912)\nKan Kikuchi (1888–1948)\nRyūnosuke Akutagawa (1892–1927)\nKenji Miyazawa (1896–1933)\nDenji Kuroshima (1898–1943)\nMotojirō Kajii (1901–1932)\nHideo Oguma (1901–1940)\nTakiji Kobayashi (1903–1933)","title":"Significant authors and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansuke Naka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansuke_Naka"},{"link_name":"Yaeko Nogami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeko_Nogami"},{"link_name":"Jun'ichirō Tanizaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki"},{"link_name":"Hyakken Uchida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyakken_Uchida"},{"link_name":"Edogawa Ranpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edogawa_Ranpo"},{"link_name":"Eiji Yoshikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiji_Yoshikawa"},{"link_name":"Mitsuharu Kaneko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuharu_Kaneko"},{"link_name":"Juza Unno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juza_Unno"},{"link_name":"Shigeji Tsuboi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeji_Tsuboi"},{"link_name":"Chiyo Uno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyo_Uno"},{"link_name":"Masuji Ibuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masuji_Ibuse"},{"link_name":"Jun Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Ishikawa"},{"link_name":"Yasunari Kawabata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata"},{"link_name":"Yuriko Miyamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriko_Miyamoto"},{"link_name":"Sakae Tsuboi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakae_Tsuboi"},{"link_name":"Fumiko Hayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumiko_Hayashi_(author)"},{"link_name":"Tamiki Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiki_Hara"},{"link_name":"Tatsuzō Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsuz%C5%8D_Ishikawa"},{"link_name":"Fumiko Enchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumiko_Enchi"},{"link_name":"Ango Sakaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ango_Sakaguchi"},{"link_name":"Osamu Dazai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Dazai"},{"link_name":"Shōhei Ōoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dhei_%C5%8Coka"},{"link_name":"Sakunosuke Oda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakunosuke_Oda"},{"link_name":"Haruo Umezaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruo_Umezaki"},{"link_name":"Ayako Miura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayako_Miura"},{"link_name":"Shūsaku Endō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%ABsaku_End%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ryōtarō Shiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Shiba"},{"link_name":"Kōbō Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Db%C5%8D_Abe"},{"link_name":"Toyoko Yamasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyoko_Yamasaki"},{"link_name":"Yukio Mishima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukio_Mishima"},{"link_name":"Osamu Tezuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka"},{"link_name":"Akiyuki Nosaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiyuki_Nosaka"},{"link_name":"Sawako Ariyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawako_Ariyoshi"},{"link_name":"Ayako Sono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayako_Sono"},{"link_name":"Hisashi Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisashi_Inoue"},{"link_name":"Kenzaburō Ōe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce"},{"link_name":"Michiko Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiko_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"Kenji Nakagami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Nakagami"},{"link_name":"Haruki Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruki_Murakami"},{"link_name":"Natsuo Kirino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsuo_Kirino"},{"link_name":"Ryū Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%AB_Murakami"},{"link_name":"Yōko Ogawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dko_Ogawa"},{"link_name":"Banana Yoshimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Yoshimoto"},{"link_name":"Mieko Kawakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieko_Kawakami"},{"link_name":"Sayaka Murata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayaka_Murata"},{"link_name":"Natsuko Imamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsuko_Imamura"},{"link_name":"Akira Otani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Otani"},{"link_name":"Ao Omae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ao_Omae"}],"sub_title":"Modern literature","text":"Kansuke Naka (1885–1965)\nYaeko Nogami (1885–1985)\nJun'ichirō Tanizaki (1886–1965)\nHyakken Uchida (1889–1971)\nEdogawa Ranpo (1894–1965)\nEiji Yoshikawa (1892–1962)\nMitsuharu Kaneko (1895–1975)\nJuza Unno (1897–1949)\nShigeji Tsuboi (1897–1975)\nChiyo Uno (1897–1996)\nMasuji Ibuse (1898–1993)\nJun Ishikawa (1899–1987)\nYasunari Kawabata (1899–1972)\nYuriko Miyamoto (1899–1951)\nSakae Tsuboi (1899–1967)\nFumiko Hayashi (1903–1951)\nTamiki Hara (1905–1951)\nTatsuzō Ishikawa (1905–1985)\nFumiko Enchi (1905–1986)\nAngo Sakaguchi (1906–1955)\nOsamu Dazai (1909–1948)\nShōhei Ōoka (1909–1988)\nSakunosuke Oda (1913–1947)\nHaruo Umezaki (1915–1965)\nAyako Miura (1922–1999)\nShūsaku Endō (1923–1996)\nRyōtarō Shiba (1923–1996)\nKōbō Abe (1924–1993)\nToyoko Yamasaki (1924–2013)\nYukio Mishima (1925–1970)\nOsamu Tezuka (1928–1989)\nAkiyuki Nosaka (1930–2015)\nSawako Ariyoshi (1931–1984)\nAyako Sono (b. 1931)\nHisashi Inoue (1933–2010)\nKenzaburō Ōe (1935–2023)\nMichiko Yamamoto (b. 1936)\nKenji Nakagami (1946–1992)\nHaruki Murakami (b. 1949)\nNatsuo Kirino (b. 1951)\nRyū Murakami (b. 1952)\nYōko Ogawa (b. 1962)\nBanana Yoshimoto (b. 1964)\nMieko Kawakami (b. 1976)\nSayaka Murata (b. 1979)\nNatsuko Imamura (b. 1980)\nAkira Otani (b. 1981)\nAo Omae (b. 1992)","title":"Significant authors and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akutagawa Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akutagawa_Prize"}],"text":"Japan has some literary contests and awards in which authors can participate and be awarded.The Akutagawa Prize is one of the most prestigious literary awards, and receives wide attention from media.","title":"Awards and contests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Ishiguro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"}],"text":"^ Kazuo Ishiguro, although an ethnic Japanese born in Japan, became a British citizen in 1983. Consequently, he lost his Japanese citizenship, as Japan does not permit dual citizenships. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2017.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aston, William George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_George_Aston"},{"link_name":"A History of Japanese Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_History_of_Japanese_Literature"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8108-4086-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4086-3"},{"link_name":"Donald Keene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Keene"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-394-17254-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-17254-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-231-11467-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11467-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-231-11435-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11435-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-231-11437-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11437-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-231-11441-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11441-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8047-1628-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1628-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-06599-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-06599-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-333-74310-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-74310-5"}],"text":"Aston, William George. A History of Japanese Literature, William Heinemann, 1899.\nBirnbaum, A., (ed.). Monkey Brain Sushi: New Tastes in Japanese Fiction. Kodansha International (JPN).\nCarol Fairbanks. Japanese Women Fiction Writers, Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8108-4086-3\nDonald Keene\nModern Japanese Literature, Grove Press, 1956. ISBN 0-394-17254-X\nWorld Within Walls: Japanese Literature of The Pre-Modern Era 1600–1867, Columbia University Press. 1976, reprinted 1999 ISBN 0-231-11467-2\nDawn to the West: Japanese Literature in the Modern Era, Poetry, Drama, Criticism, Columbia University Press. 1984, reprinted 1998 ISBN 0-231-11435-4\nTravellers of a Hundred Ages: The Japanese as Revealed Through 1,000 Years of Diaries, Columbia University Press. 1989, reprinted 1999 ISBN 0-231-11437-0\nSeeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from the Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century, Columbia University Press. 1993, reprinted 1999 ISBN 0-231-11441-9\nMcCullough, Helen Craig, Classical Japanese prose: an anthology, Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8047-1628-5\nMiner, Earl Roy, Odagiri, Hiroko, and Morrell, Robert E., The Princeton companion to classical Japanese literature, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-691-06599-3\nOkada, Sumie. Japanese Writers and the West, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, ISBN 0-333-74310-5\nEma Tsutomu, Taniyama Shigeru, Ino Kenji, Shinshū Kokugo Sōran (新修国語総覧) Kyoto Shobō. 1977, revised 1981, reprinted 1982","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Literature of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Literature_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=YogLAQAAMAAJ"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Literature of Japan.Aston, William George. A history of Japanese literature, NY, 1899 online\nKaratani, Kōjin. Origins of modern Japanese literature, Duke University Press, 1993.\nKatō, Shūichi. A History of Japanese Literature: The first thousand years. Vol. 1., Tokyo; New York: Kodansha International, 1979.\nKeene, Donald. Japanese literature: An introduction for Western readers, 1953.\nKonishi, Jin'ichi. A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 3: The High Middle Ages, Princeton University Press, 2014.\nShirna Haruo, Suzuki Tomi, Lurie, David (eds.), The Cambridge History of Japanese Literature, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2016.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"Keene, Donald. Anthology of Japanese Literature: From the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century, Grove/Atlantic, Inc., 2007.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese Text Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050121101920/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/"},{"link_name":"Premodern Japanese Texts and Translations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/~pmjs/trans/index.html"}],"sub_title":"Online text libraries","text":"Japanese Text Initiative, University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center\nPremodern Japanese Texts and Translations, Michael Watson, Meiji Gakuin University","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Murasaki Shikibu, the author of The Tale of Genji","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tosa_Mitsuoki%E2%80%94Portrait_of_Murasaki_Shikibu.jpg/220px-Tosa_Mitsuoki%E2%80%94Portrait_of_Murasaki_Shikibu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Matsuo Bashō, a haikai poet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Basho_in_Ogaki.JPG/220px-Basho_in_Ogaki.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Japan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Japan"},{"title":"Literature portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literature"},{"title":"List of Japanese writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_writers"},{"title":"List of Japanese classical texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_classical_texts"},{"title":"Japanese poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_poetry"},{"title":"Aozora Bunko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aozora_Bunko"},{"title":"Japanese detective fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_detective_fiction"},{"title":"Japanese science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction"},{"title":"Light novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_novel"}]	[{"reference":"Seeley, Christopher (1991). A History of Writing in Japan. BRILL. ISBN 9004090819.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KCZ2ya6cg88C","url_text":"A History of Writing in Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004090819","url_text":"9004090819"}]},{"reference":"Malmkjær, Kirsten (2002). The Linguistics Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-41522210-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uCrXOLvD7fMC","url_text":"The Linguistics Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41522210-5","url_text":"978-0-41522210-5"}]},{"reference":"Walter., Meyer, Milton (1997). Asia : a concise history. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 127. ISBN 9780847680634. OCLC 44954459.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/asiaconcisehisto0000meye/page/127","url_text":"Asia : a concise history"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/asiaconcisehisto0000meye/page/127","url_text":"127"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847680634","url_text":"9780847680634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44954459","url_text":"44954459"}]},{"reference":"Kato, Shuichi; Sanderson, Don (2013). A History of Japanese Literature: From the Manyoshu to Modern Times. Routledge. ISBN 9781136613685.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JwGOYBfNdrUC","url_text":"A History of Japanese Literature: From the Manyoshu to Modern Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136613685","url_text":"9781136613685"}]},{"reference":"Meissner, Daniel. \"web page template\". academic.mu.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://academic.mu.edu/meissnerd/minzlaff.html","url_text":"\"web page template\""}]},{"reference":"Waley, Arthur (2011). The Pillow Book of Sei Shonagon: The Diary of a Courtesan in Tenth Century Japan. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462900886.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NYvTAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Pillow Book of Sei Shonagon: The Diary of a Courtesan in Tenth Century Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462900886","url_text":"9781462900886"}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Matthew (2001), The Halstead Treasury of Ancient Science Fiction, Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales: Halstead Press, ISBN 1-875684-64-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875684-64-6","url_text":"1-875684-64-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Once Upon a Time\", Emerald City (85), September 2002, retrieved 2008-09-17","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emcit.com/emcit085.shtml#Once","url_text":"\"Once Upon a Time\""}]},{"reference":"Colcutt, Martin (2003). \"Japan's Medieval Age: The Kamakura & Muromachi Periods\".","urls":[{"url":"http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/japans_medieval_age_the_kamakura__muromachi_periods","url_text":"\"Japan's Medieval Age: The Kamakura & Muromachi Periods\""}]},{"reference":"Miner, Earl Roy; Odagiri, Hiroko; Morrell, Robert E. (1988). The Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Princeton University Press. p. 44. ISBN 0691008256.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BSmMbQhafJoC","url_text":"The Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691008256","url_text":"0691008256"}]},{"reference":"Boscaro, Adriana; Gatti, Franco; Raveri, Massimo (2014). Rethinking Japan Vol 1.: Literature, Visual Arts & Linguistics. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 9781135880538.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bF-2AgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Rethinking Japan Vol 1.: Literature, Visual Arts & Linguistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135880538","url_text":"9781135880538"}]},{"reference":"Miner, Earl Roy; Odagiri, Hiroko; Morrell, Robert E. (1988). The Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Princeton University Press. p. 46. ISBN 0691008256.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BSmMbQhafJoC","url_text":"The Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691008256","url_text":"0691008256"}]},{"reference":"Shirane, Haruo (2012). Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600. Columbia University Press. p. 413. ISBN 9780231157308.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E8qq6zhhM5kC","url_text":"Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231157308","url_text":"9780231157308"}]},{"reference":"Shirane, Haruo (2012). Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600. Columbia University Press. pp. 382, 410. ISBN 9780231157308.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E8qq6zhhM5kC","url_text":"Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231157308","url_text":"9780231157308"}]},{"reference":"Shirane, Haruo (2012). Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600. Columbia University Press. pp. 382, 413. ISBN 9780231157308.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E8qq6zhhM5kC","url_text":"Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231157308","url_text":"9780231157308"}]},{"reference":"Katō, Eileen (1979). \"Pilgrimage to Daizafu: Sōgi's Tsukushi no Michi no Ki\". Monumenta Nipponica. 34 (3): 333–367. doi:10.2307/2384203. JSTOR 2384203.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2384203","url_text":"10.2307/2384203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2384203","url_text":"2384203"}]},{"reference":"Plutschow, Herbert Eugen (1989). \"Japanese Travel Diaries of the Middle Ages\". Oriens Extremus. 29 (1–2): 1–136.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Cool, Cynical Voice of Young Japan : In Haruki Murakami's Fiction, There Are No Kimonos, No Bonsai Trees, Just a Disdain for Japanese Tradition and an Obsession With American Pop Culture - Los Angeles Times\". Los Angeles Times. 8 December 1991.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-08-tm-233-story.html","url_text":"\"The Cool, Cynical Voice of Young Japan : In Haruki Murakami's Fiction, There Are No Kimonos, No Bonsai Trees, Just a Disdain for Japanese Tradition and an Obsession With American Pop Culture - Los Angeles Times\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Goodyear, Dana (2008-12-22). \"I ♥ Novels\". The New Yorker. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse	Isolation to facilitate abuse	["1 In cults","2 In workplace bullying","3 References"]	Abuse tacticThis article duplicates the scope of other articles, specifically Sexual grooming. Please discuss this issue and help introduce a summary style to the article. (February 2024) Isolation (physical, social or emotional) is often used to facilitate power and control over someone for an abusive purpose. This applies in many contexts such as workplace bullying, elder abuse, domestic abuse, child abuse, and cults. Isolation reduces the opportunity of the abused to be rescued or escape from the abuse. It also helps disorient the abused and makes the abused more dependent on the abuser. The degree of power and control over the abused is contingent upon the degree of their physical or emotional isolation. Isolation of the victim from the outside world is an important element of psychological control. Isolation includes controlling a person's social activity: whom they see, whom they talk to, where they go and any other method to limit their access to others. It may also include limiting what material is read. It can include insisting on knowing where they are and requiring permission for medical care. The abuser exhibits hypersensitive and reactive jealousy. Isolation can be aided by: economic abuse thus limiting the victim's actions as they may then lack the necessary resources to resist or escape from the abuse smearing or discrediting the abused amongst their community so the abused does not get help or support from others divide and conquer In cults Main article: Cults Various isolation techniques may be used by cults: separating from family and community taking control of the handling of the victim's resources and property undoing (mind control) physical isolation extortion/dependency tactics controlling victim's access to necessities. In workplace bullying Main article: Workplace bullying Isolation is a common element of workplace bullying. It includes preventing access to opportunities, physical or social isolation, withholding necessary information, keeping the target "out of the loop", ignoring or excluding. Workplace isolation is a defined category in the workplace power and control wheel. References ^ a b Rayner C, Hoel H, Cooper CL Workplace Bullying: What we know, who is to blame and what can we do? (2001) ^ a b Peyton PR Dignity at Work: Eliminate Bullying and Create a Positive Working Environment (2003) ^ "What is Elder Abuse?". CANHR. 2016-04-26. Retrieved 2016-10-01. ^ National Research Council (US) Panel to Review Risk Prevalence of Elder Abuse Neglect; Bonnie, R. J.; Wallace, R. B. (2003). Appendix B: Analysis of Elder Abuse and Neglect Definitions Under State Law \| Elder Mistreatment: Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation in an Aging America \| The National Academies Press. Nap.edu. doi:10.17226/10406. ISBN 978-0-309-08434-5. PMID 22812026. Retrieved 2016-10-01. ^ "Intimate Partner Violence and Common Tactics Used by Abusive Partners \| Sexual Assault Prevention and Awareness Center". Sapac.umich.edu. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2016-10-01. ^ Perspectives on Verbal and Psychological Abuse, ed. Dr. Roland Maiuro, PhD, pub. 1989 ^ Elliott GC, Cunningham SM, Linder M, Colangelo M, Gross M (2005). "Child physical abuse and self-perceived social isolation among adolescents". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 20 (12): 1663–84. doi:10.1177/0886260505281439. PMID 16246923. S2CID 27544550. ^ "Emotional abuse". NSPCC. Retrieved 2016-10-01. ^ "Cult Information Centre: Caring for Cult Victims". Cultinformation.org.uk. Retrieved 2016-10-01. ^ "How Cults Work". Cultwatch. Retrieved 2016-10-01. ^ Ellsberg, Daniel (1959-03-10). "The Theory and Practice of Blackmail". RAND. Retrieved 2016-10-01. ^ Ryan Richard Thoreson (2010-06-02). "Blackmail and Extortion of LGBT People in Sub-Saharan Africa \| OutRight". Outrightinternational.org. Retrieved 2016-10-01. ^ a b Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization. 2013. ISBN 978-92-4-156462-5. p. 7. ^ Power and Control. Duluth Model. Retrieved April 19, 2014. ^ Economic abuse wheel ^ Bailey-Rug C (2016) It's Not You, It's Them: When People Are More Than Selfish ^ Joseph Burgo (2016) The Narcissist You Know: Defending Yourself Against Extreme Narcissists in an All-About-Me Age ^ Hall J It’s You and Me Baby: Narcissist Head Games The Narcissist Family Files 27 Mar 2017 ^ "9 Ways Groups Become Cults". Criminal Justice Degrees Guide. 2016-09-25. Retrieved 2016-10-01. ^ "Isolation - Cult Mind Control Techniques". Retrieved 2016-10-01. ^ Power & Control in the Workplace American Institute on Domestic Violence vteAbuseTypes Adverse childhood experiences Anti-social behaviour Bullying Child abuse neglect sexual military marriage Cruelty to animals Disability abuse military draft Domestic abuse Elder abuse Financial Marriage Gaslighting Harassment Humiliation Incivility Institutional abuse Intimidation Neglect Persecution Professional abuse Psychological abuse Physical abuse Social abuse Police brutality Referee and umpire abuse Religious abuse Sexual abuse Stalking Structural abuse Verbal abuse more... Related topics Abusive supervision Abuse of power Abusive power and control Child grooming Complex post-traumatic stress disorder Dehumanization Denial Destabilisation Exaggeration Isolation Just-world hypothesis Lying Manipulation Minimisation Narcissism Playing the victim Psychological projection Psychological trauma Psychopathy Rationalization Traumatic bonding Victim blaming Victimisation Victimology vteBullyingTypes Abusive supervision Cyberbullying Disability bullying Displaced aggression Doxing LGBT bullying Hazing Military bullying Mobbing Parental bullying of children Peer victimization Prison bullying Rank Relational aggression School bullying Higher education Sexual bullying Workplace harassment Workplace bullying Academia Information technology Legal aspects Legal profession Medicine Nursing Teaching Toxic leader Toxic workplace Elements Betrayal Blacklisting Bullying and emotional intelligence Cancel culture Character assassination Coercion Culture of fear Defamation Destabilisation Discrediting Embarrassment False accusation Gaslighting Gossip Harassment Humiliation Incivility Intimidation Isolation Kiss up kick down Mind games Moving the goalposts Nagging Name calling Personal attacks Physical abuse Psychological abuse Rudeness Sarcasm Screaming Smear campaign Social exclusion Social undermining Swatting Taunting Workplace incivility Verbal abuse Organizations Act Against Bullying Ban Bossy Bullying UK Bystander Revolution Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity Ditch the Label GRIN Campaign It Gets Better Project Kidscape Society Against Violence in Education ExpertsAcademics Anna Costanza Baldry Wendy Craig Dorothy Espelage David P. Farrington Shelley Hymel Heinz Leymann Gary Namie James O'Higgins Norman Dan Olweus Debra Pepler Christina Salmivalli Kenneth Westhues Activists Andrea Adams Louise Burfitt-Dons Tim Field SuEllen Fried Liam Hackett Lizzie Velásquez Actions Anti-Bullying Day Anti-Bullying Week Anti-bullying legislation International Day of Pink International Stand Up to Bullying Day Think Before You Speak Notable suicides(List) William Arthur Gibbs (1877) Kelly Yeomans (1997) Hamed Nastoh (2000) Dawn-Marie Wesley (2000) Nicola Ann Raphael (2001) Ryan Halligan (2003) Megan Meier (2006) Sladjana Vidovic (2008) Phoebe Prince (2010) Tyler Clementi (2010) Jamey Rodemeyer (2011) Jamie Hubley (2011) Kenneth Weishuhn (2012) Audrie Pott (2012) Amanda Todd (2012) Jadin Bell (2013) Rehtaeh Parsons (2013) Rebecca Sedwick (2013) Leelah Alcorn (2014) Conrad Roy (2014) Tyrone Unsworth (2016) Murder–suicides(incidents) Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold Columbine, 1999 Jeff Weise Red Lake, 2005 Seung-Hui Cho Virginia Tech, 2007 Pekka-Eric Auvinen Jokela High School, 2007 Matti Juhani Saari Kauhajoki School of Hospitality, 2008 Elliot Rodger Isla Vista, 2014 Related topics Emotional blackmail Just-world hypothesis List of LGBT-related suicides Machiavellianism in the workplace Narcissism in the workplace Personal boundaries Personality disorders Playing the victim Psychopathy in the workplace Scapegoating Self-esteem Social dominance orientation Suicide among LGBT youth Victim blaming Victimisation Victimology vteDomestic violenceGeneral Outline Abuse Abusive power and control Conflict tactics scale Cycle of abuse Cycle of violence Epidemiology Traumatic bonding FormsSexual Genital modification and mutilation Marital rape Birth control sabotage Reproductive coercion Sexual violence by intimate partners Physical Acid attack Bride burning Domestic violence and pregnancy Dowry death Honor killing Murder of pregnant women Sati Situational couple violence Psychological Bullying Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO) Economic abuse Embarrassment/Humiliation Emotional blackmail False accusation Gaslighting Intimidation Isolation Major depressive disorder Mind games Nagging Narcissistic abuse Passive-aggressive behavior Setting up to fail Silent treatment Stalking Verbal abuse VictimsAdults Bride-buying Domestic violence against men Domestic violence and pregnancy Elder abuse Intimate partner violence Lesbian Misandry Misogyny Parental abuse by children Same-sex relationships Social emotional development Children Adverse childhood experiences Child abuse Effects of domestic violence on children Narcissistic parent Parental bullying of children Sibling abuse Stress in early childhood Prevention Domestic violence hotlines Duluth model Management of domestic violence Women's shelter Prevention initiatives Country Argentina Armenia Albania Australia Bangladesh Bolivia Brazil Chile China Colombia Ecuador Ghana Guyana India Iran Mexico Kenya Lithuania New Zealand Norway Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Romania Russia Samoa Saudi Arabia South Africa South Korea Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Uganda United Kingdom United States Religion Domestic violence in Christian culture Domestic violence in Islamic culture ExpertsAcademics Jacquelyn Campbell Kenneth Dodge Emily Douglas Mary Ellsberg David Finkelhor Nicola Graham-Kevan Denise Hines Linda Saltzman Murray Straus Activists Ruahine Albert Angela Barker Sarah Buel Elizabeth Celi Anne Cools Donna Ferrato Ellen Pence Erin Pizzey Deborah Tucker MediaDocumentaries A Better Man The Conspiracy of Silence Defending Our Lives Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America Silent Voices Sin by Silence Other films American Tragedy Black and Blue Blinded Bordertown The Burning Bed Daughters Enough Looking for Angelina Once Were Warriors One Minute to Nine Provoked Sleeping with the Enemy Submission What's Love Got to Do with It Books Life with Billy Mommie Dearest The War on Women Periodicals Contemporary Family Therapy Family Process Family Relations Journal of Family Issues Journal of Interpersonal Violence Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society Trauma, Violence, & Abuse Violence Against Women Organizations Gulabi Gang ManKind Initiative National Coalition Against Domestic Violence National Domestic Violence Hotline Refuge Respect Legal Battered woman defense Domestic violence court	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power and control over someone for an abusive purpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abusive_power_and_control"},{"link_name":"workplace bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_bullying"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rayner-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peyton-2"},{"link_name":"elder 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abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_abuse#Controlling_mechanism"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wdachoices-15"},{"link_name":"smearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smear_campaign"},{"link_name":"discrediting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrediting_tactic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"divide and conquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_rule"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Isolation (physical, social or emotional) is often used to facilitate power and control over someone for an abusive purpose. This applies in many contexts such as workplace bullying,[1][2] elder abuse,[3][4] domestic abuse,[5][6] child abuse,[7][8] and cults.[9][10]Isolation reduces the opportunity of the abused to be rescued or escape from the abuse. It also helps disorient the abused and makes the abused more dependent on the abuser. The degree of power and control over the abused is contingent upon the degree of their physical or emotional isolation.[11][12]Isolation of the victim from the outside world is an important element of psychological control.[13] Isolation includes controlling a person's social activity: whom they see, whom they talk to, where they go and any other method to limit their access to others. It may also include limiting what material is read.[14] It can include insisting on knowing where they are and requiring permission for medical care. The abuser exhibits hypersensitive and reactive jealousy.[13]Isolation can be aided by:economic abuse thus limiting the victim's actions as they may then lack the necessary resources to resist or escape from the abuse[15]\nsmearing or discrediting the abused amongst their community so the abused does not get help or support from others[16][17]\ndivide and conquer[18]","title":"Isolation to facilitate abuse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"undoing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undoing_(psychology)"}],"text":"Various isolation techniques may be used by cults:[19][20]separating from family and community\ntaking control of the handling of the victim's resources and property\nundoing (mind control)\nphysical isolation\nextortion/dependency tactics\ncontrolling victim's access to necessities.","title":"In cults"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"excluding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_exclusion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rayner-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peyton-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Isolation is a common element of workplace bullying. It includes preventing access to opportunities, physical or social isolation, withholding necessary information, keeping the target \"out of the loop\", ignoring or excluding.[1][2]Workplace isolation is a defined category in the workplace power and control wheel.[21]","title":"In workplace bullying"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"What is Elder Abuse?\". CANHR. 2016-04-26. Retrieved 2016-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canhr.org/factsheets/abuse_fs/html/fs_elderabuse.htm","url_text":"\"What is Elder Abuse?\""}]},{"reference":"National Research Council (US) Panel to Review Risk Prevalence of Elder Abuse Neglect; Bonnie, R. J.; Wallace, R. B. (2003). Appendix B: Analysis of Elder Abuse and Neglect Definitions Under State Law \| Elder Mistreatment: Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation in an Aging America \| The National Academies Press. Nap.edu. doi:10.17226/10406. ISBN 978-0-309-08434-5. PMID 22812026. 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Retrieved 2016-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://cultinformation.org.uk/article_caring-for-cult-victims.html","url_text":"\"Cult Information Centre: Caring for Cult Victims\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Cults Work\". Cultwatch. Retrieved 2016-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cultwatch.com/howcultswork.html","url_text":"\"How Cults Work\""}]},{"reference":"Ellsberg, Daniel (1959-03-10). \"The Theory and Practice of Blackmail\". RAND. Retrieved 2016-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P3883.html","url_text":"\"The Theory and Practice of Blackmail\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan Richard Thoreson (2010-06-02). \"Blackmail and Extortion of LGBT People in Sub-Saharan Africa \| OutRight\". Outrightinternational.org. Retrieved 2016-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outrightinternational.org/content/blackmail-and-extortion-lgbt-people-sub-saharan-africa","url_text":"\"Blackmail and Extortion of LGBT People in Sub-Saharan Africa \| OutRight\""}]},{"reference":"\"9 Ways Groups Become Cults\". Criminal Justice Degrees Guide. 2016-09-25. Retrieved 2016-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.criminaljusticedegreesguide.com/features/9-ways-groups-become-cults.html","url_text":"\"9 Ways Groups Become Cults\""}]},{"reference":"\"Isolation - Cult Mind Control Techniques\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysia_Premier_League	2018 Malaysia Premier League	["1 Team changes","1.1 To Premier League","1.2 From Premier League","2 Disbandment of Kuantan FA","3 Stadium and locations","3.1 Personnel and sponsoring","3.2 Coaching changes","3.3 Foreign players","3.4 Naturalisation","4 Results","4.1 League table","4.2 Result table","4.3 Positions by round","5 Season statistics","5.1 Top scorers","5.2 Top assists","5.3 Hat-tricks","5.4 Own goals","5.5 Clean sheets","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Football league season100Plus Malaysia Premier LeagueSeason2018Dates1 February – 27 July 2018ChampionsFelda United2nd Second Division titlePromotedFelda United FelcraRelegatedTerengganu IIMatches played110Goals scored325 (2.95 per match)Top goalscorerCasagrande(19 goals)Biggest home winSabah 4–0 Terengganu II(2 February 2018) Kuantan 4–0 UKM(23 February 2018)MIFA 4–0 UiTM(14 April 2018)Sarawak 5–2 Terengganu II(21 July 2018)Johor Darul Ta'zim II 4–0 UKM(27 July 2018)Biggest away winPDRM 2–6 Felda United(6 February 2018)Highest scoring8 goalsPDRM 2–6 Felda United(6 February 2018)Longest winning run7 matchesFelda UnitedLongest unbeaten run12 matchesFelcraLongest winless run8 matchesJohor Darul Ta'zim IILongest losing run4 matchesUKM← 2017 2019 → All statistics correct as of 27 July 2018. The 2018 Malaysia Premier League, known as 2018 100Plus Malaysia Premier League for sponsorship reasons, was the 15th season of the Malaysia Premier League, the second-tier professional football league in Malaysia since its establishment in 2004. Team changes A total of 12 teams contested the league, including 6 sides from the 2017 season, four relegated from the 2017 Malaysia Super League and four promoted from the 2017 Malaysia FAM League. To Premier LeaguePromoted from FAM League UKM Felcra 1Relegated from Super League Felda United 2 Sarawak Penang Terengganu II 2From Premier LeaguePromoted to Super League Kuala Lumpur Negeri Sembilan 2 PKNP 2 TerengganuRelegated to FAM League ATM Perlis Notes: ^1 Originally Sime Darby were promoted along with UKM as finalists of the 2017 Malaysia FAM League final, but after Sime Darby announced their withdrawal from the Premier League participation, Felcra, the next highest team in the FAM League table, were invited as replacement. ^2 FELDA United were relegated to Premier League after failing to receive the FAM License to compete in the Super League; while T-Team were relegated to Premier League after their absorption to Terengganu, rebranding as Terengganu II and change of their status as reserve team to Terengganu. Negeri Sembilan and PKNP, 2 highest teams in the Premier League with FAM License, were promoted to Super League in their place. Disbandment of Kuantan FA After failing to settle bad debt with former players for last season campaign, 4 months failing to pay current team wages. and unable to turn up for a league fixture against PDRM, FMLLP decided to disqualify Kuantan from the rest of the campaign. Because of their disqualification, all points that were won by other teams against Kuantan will not count and the league was left with 11 teams out of initial 12 with teams that were due to play Kuantan were given a bye week. It is the first time this has ever occurred in the professional level of Malaysian football where a team is disallowed to compete after breaking the rules and regulations with the season on-going. Kuantan stated that Marcerra (the team that bought their license) wanted to take over the bad debts amounted to RM 3.5 million and clear all the overdue payment from last season. But it seemed fruitless as after 4 months into the league campaign, the problem was still unsettled as the current squad players decided to leave the team and opted to join teams in the FAM league. Kuantan were awarded RM 500,000 annual grant but minus RM 200,000 for fined after failing to complete their registration papers. Stadium and locations FelcraFelda UnitedPDRMPenangSabahSarawakTerengganu IIJohor Darul Ta'zim IIUiTMUKMMIFAclass=notpageimage\| Locations of teams in the 2018 Malaysia Premier League teams Note: Table lists in alphabetical order. Team Location Stadium Capacity Felcra Shah Alam Shah Alam Stadium 80,372 Felda United Jengka Tun Abdul Razak Stadium 25,000 Johor Darul Ta'zim II Pasir Gudang Pasir Gudang Corporation Stadium 15,000 MIFA Petaling Jaya Petaling Jaya Stadium 25,000 PDRM Shah Alam Shah Alam Stadium 80,372 Penang Batu Kawan Penang State Stadium 40,000 Sabah Kota Kinabalu Likas Stadium 35,000 Sarawak Kuching Sarawak State Stadium 26,000 Terengganu II Kuala Terengganu Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah Stadium 15,000 UiTM Shah Alam UiTM Stadium 10,000 UKM Selayang Selayang Stadium 11,098 Personnel and sponsoring Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Team Head coach Captain Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor(s) Felcra Tarcísio Pugliese Shahrom Kalam Uhlsport FELCRA, HeMAT Felda United B. Sathianathan Shukor Adan FBT FELDA, Hotel Tenera Johor Darul Ta'zim II Benjamin Mora Shakir Shaari Nike Forest City MIFA K. Devan Kpah Sherman Puma MIFA, MAHSA University PDRM Zulhamizan Zakaria Fauzi Majid Line 7 ODR Lubricants Penang Zainal Abidin Azrul Ahmad Puma Sabah Jelius Ating Rawilson Batuil Carino Sawit Kinabalu, Sabah Energy Corp, Asian Supply Base Sarawak Ian Gillan Hairol Mokhtar Starsport Terengganu II Mustaffa Kamal Hasbullah Awang Kobert Chicken Cottage UiTM Wan Mustaffa Wan Ismail Afif Asyraf Puma Soaring Upwards, UiTM Holdings UKM Sulaiman Husin Asnan Ahmad SkyHawk Kopi Pak Belalang, Fusionex Coaching changes Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Team Outgoing coach Manner of departure Date of vacancy Position in table Incoming coach Date ofappointment Terengganu II Rahmad Darmawan Resigned 23 November 2017 Pre-season Mustaffa Kamal 27 November 2017 PDRM Fauzi Pilus End of contract 31 October 2017 Zulhamizan Zakaria 28 November 2017 Sarawak Pengiran Bala End of caretaker role 1 December 2017 Ian Gillan 2 December 2017 MIFA Jacob Joseph End of contract 31 October 2017 K. Devan 3 December 2017 Felcra Rosle Md. Derus Reassigned as assistant coach 22 December 2017 Tarcísio Pugliese 22 December 2017 Kuantan Zulhamizan Zakaria Resigned 28 November 2017 Ismail Zakaria 1 December 2017 PDRM Zulhamizan Zakaria End of contract 31 July 2018 5th Fauzi Pilus 1 August 2018 Johor Darul Ta'zim II Benjamin Mora Promoted to JDT I 10 August 2018 4th Ervin Boban 11 August 2018 Foreign players The number of foreign players is restricted to four each team including at least one player from the AFC country. Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Club Player 1 Player 2 Player 3 AFC player Former player 3 Felcra Léo Carioca Endrick Casagrande David Laly Felda United Thiago Junio Gilberto Fortunato Thiago Fernandes Iain Ramsay Johor Darul Ta'zim II Bruno Soares Nicolás Fernández Harry Novillo Hafiz Sujad Murilo Damasceno Lucas Ontivero MIFA Elizeu Kpah Sherman L'Imam Seydi Bae Beom-geun PDRM Argzim Redžović Shim Un-seob Petrisor Voinea Shunsuke Nakatake Penang Ugo Ukah Sanna Nyassi Chidi Edeh Kang Seung-jo Ken Ilsø Sabah Francis Kasonde Rodoljub Paunović Pito Ramos Keisuke Ogawa Heo Jae-nyeong Lee Kil-Hoon Sarawak Nebojsa Marinkovic Mateo Roskam Miloš Raičković Kim Chi-gon Terengganu II Andrew Jean-Baptiste Sébastien Thurière Akanni-Sunday Wasiu Bruno Suzuki Lee Jun-hyeob UiTM Mamadou Danso Venyamin Shumeyko Okereke Timothy Noh Sang-min Kota Kawase Lucas Pugh Dechi Marcel Dao Bakary UKM Waheed Oseni Redouane Zerzouri Michael Ijezie Nam Se-in Atuheire Kipson Players name in bold indicates the player is registered during the mid-season transfer window. ^3 Foreign players who left their clubs or were de-registered from playing squad due to medical issues or other matters. Naturalisation Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Team Player 1 Player 2 Felda United Stuart Wark3 Curran Singh Ferns3 Johor Darul Ta'zim II Samuel Somerville3 Ernest Wong3 Sarawak Shazalee Ramlee3 Notes: ^3 Carrying Malaysian heritage. ^4 Participated in the Malaysia national team squad. Results League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Promotion, qualification or relegation 1 Felda United (C, P) 20 12 7 1 44 24 +20 43 Promotion to 2019 Malaysia Super League 2 Felcra 20 9 7 4 30 24 +6 34 Withdraw from league for next season 3 MIFA (P) 20 9 5 6 36 26 +10 32 Promotion to 2019 Malaysia Super League 4 Johor Darul Ta'zim II 20 8 6 6 28 23 +5 30 5 PDRM 20 8 5 7 28 31 −3 29 6 Sabah 20 7 7 6 35 26 +9 28 7 UKM 20 6 4 10 26 32 −6 22 8 Sarawak 20 6 4 10 27 35 −8 22 9 UiTM 20 6 4 10 23 36 −13 22 10 Penang 20 5 6 9 20 30 −10 21 11 Terengganu II 20 4 5 11 22 34 −12 17 Updated to match(es) played on 30 December 2018. Source: FAM, FMLLPRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (P) Promoted Result table Home \ Away FCR FEL JDTII MIF PDRM PEN SAB SWK TRGII UIT UKM Felcra — 1–1 1–2 1–1 1–1 3–1 1–0 2–0 3–1 1–0 2–1 Felda United 1–1 — 2–2 0–3 2–2 3–0 1–0 3–2 3–2 2–0 0–0 Johor Darul Ta'zim II 1–2 1–4 — 0–1 1–0 2–1 1–1 2–0 2–1 2–2 4–0 MIFA 1–2 2–3 1–1 — 2–3 3–2 1–1 2–2 1–0 4–0 3–1 PDRM 1–3 2–6 0–0 2–0 — 1–0 3–2 1–0 0–0 1–2 2–2 Pulau Pinang 2–1 1–1 2–0 0–2 3–1 — 2–1 0–1 0–0 0–0 2–1 Sabah 3–0 1–1 1–1 3–2 2–0 0–0 — 1–1 4–0 3–1 1–3 Sarawak 2–3 1–3 0–2 1–0 2–1 1–1 3–2 — 5–2 0–2 2–1 Terengganu II 1–1 0–2 2–1 1–2 1–2 1–1 1–2 1–1 — 2–3 1–0 UiTM 1–1 1–4 0–2 0–2 1–3 3–1 0–3 3–2 2–3 — 2–0 UKM 2–0 1–2 1–0 3–3 1–2 3–1 3–2 2–1 1–2 0–0 — Updated to match(es) played on 27 July 2018. Source: FAMLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Positions by round LeaderRelegation to 2019 Malaysia FAM LeagueDisqualifiedQualified to 2018 Malaysia CupTeam ╲ Round1234567891011121314151617181920Felda United31111111111111111111Felcra57445442222232222222MIFA78556657784323445333Johor Darul Ta'zim II6691112111112111111888666654PDRM81012810976563344333565Sabah12222234335555554446UKM101271011121211101010999777977Sarawak446743234566668881088UiTM23333565647777101010799Penang1158977888789101199981010Terengganu II1211111291099999111110111111111111Kuantan99106881010DQDQDQDQDQDQDQDQDQDQDQDQSource: Season statistics Top scorers As of matches played on 27 July 2018. Players sorted first by goals scored, then by last name. Rank Player Club Goals 1 Casagrande Felcra 19 2 Bobby Gonzales Sarawak 14 Hector Ramos Sabah Kpah Sherman MIFA Thiago Fernandes Felda United 6 Akanni-Sunday Wasiu Terengganu II 12 7 Gilberto Fortunato Felda United 10 8 Mateo Roskam Sarawak 9 Top assists Players sorted first by assists, then by last name. Rank Player Club Assists 1 Endrick Felcra 10 Nicolás Fernández Johor Darul Ta'zim II 3 Iain Ramsay Felda United 9 4 Bae Beom-geun MIFA 8 5 Maxsius Musa Sabah 7 Hat-tricks Player For Against Result Date Gilberto Fortunato Felda United PDRM 6–2 (A) 6 February 2018 Casagrande Felcra Sarawak 3–2 (A) 10 February 2018 Žarko Korać Kuantan UKM 4–0 (H) 23 February 2018 Casagrande Felcra Terengganu II 3–1 (H) 21 May 2018 Notes: (H) – Home ; (A) – Away Own goals Rank Player For Against Date Goals 1 Daudsu Jamaluddin Kuantan UiTM 10 February 2018 1 Fazly Mazlan Johor Darul Ta'zim II Terengganu II 16 April 2018 1 Andrew Jean-Baptiste Terengganu II Sarawak 21 July 2018 1 Clean sheets Rank Player Club Clean sheets 1 Farizal Harun Felda United 5 Muhaimin Mohamad MIFA Sheril Anuar PDRM 4 Soffuan Tawil UiTM 4 5 Suhaimi Husin Terengganu II 3 Rozaimie Rohim Sabah 7 Robson Rendy Rining Sabah 2 8 Iqbal Suhaimi Sarawak 1 Abdul Gafur Samsudin UKM See also 2018 Malaysia Super League 2018 Malaysia FAM Cup 2018 Malaysia FA Cup 2018 Malaysia Cup 2018 Malaysia Challenge Cup List of Malaysian football transfers 2018 References ^ "Malaysia Super League gets title sponsor in RM480 million deal \| Goal.com". 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External links Football Association of Malaysia website Football Malaysia LLP website vteMalaysia Premier Leagueseasons 2004 2005 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 clubs2022clubs FAM-MSN Project Johor Darul Ta'zim II Kelantan Kelantan United Kuching City Perak UiTM Polis Diraja Malaysia Selangor II Terengganu II formerclubs Betaria Brunei DPMM FC DRB-HICOM Felcra Felda United Harimau Muda Harimau Muda B Jenderata Johor FC Perak II Negeri Sembilan Sarawak United JPS Kedah Kuala Lumpur Kuala Muda Naza Kuantan MBJB Melaka United MISC-MIFA MK Land MPPJ MP Muar Pahang PBAPP PKNS PLUS Proton Sabah Sarawak SDMS Kepala Batas Selangor Shahzan Muda Sime Darby SKMK SPA Suria Nibong Tebal TNB Kelantan TM T–Team UiTM UKM UPB-MyTeam USM associated competitions FA Cup Malaysia Cup Malaysia Challenge Cup Piala Sumbangsih AFC Cup Piala Presiden Piala Belia prospects promotion to Malaysia Super League relegation to M3 League History Golden Boot vte2018 in Malaysian football « 2017 2019 » League competitions Super League Premier League FAM Cup Liga Melaka Cup competitions Piala Sumbangsih Malaysia FA Cup (Final) Malaysia Cup (Group stage, Final) Challenge Cup (Group stage, Knockout stage, Final) AFC competitions AFC Champions League AFC Cup Youth competitions U21 League U19 League National teams Senior ( 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification, 2018 AFF Championship) U-23 (2018 AFC U-23 Championship) U-19 (2018 AFC U-19 Championship) U-16 (2018 AFC U-16 Championship) Club seasonsSuper League Johor Darul Ta'zim Kedah Kelantan Kuala Lumpur Melaka United Negeri Sembilan Pahang Perak PKNP PKNS Selangor Terengganu Premier League Felcra Felda United Johor Darul Ta'zim II Kuantan MIFA PDRM Penang Sabah Sarawak Terengganu II UiTM UKM 2018 transfers	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"100Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100plus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Malaysia Premier 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II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_F.C._II"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_2"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Malaysia_Premier_League&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysia_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_FA"},{"link_name":"Negeri Sembilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_FA"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_2"},{"link_name":"PKNP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKNP_F.C."},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_2"},{"link_name":"Terengganu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_F.C._I"},{"link_name":"FAM League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysia_FAM_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ATM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_FA"},{"link_name":"Perlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlis_FA"},{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"Sime Darby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sime_Darby_F.C."},{"link_name":"2017 Malaysia FAM League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Malaysia_FAM_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"^2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"},{"link_name":"Terengganu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_FA"},{"link_name":"Terengganu II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_F.C._II"},{"link_name":"Terengganu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_F.C._I"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A total of 12 teams contested the league, including 6 sides from the 2017 season, four relegated from the 2017 Malaysia Super League and four promoted from the 2017 Malaysia FAM League.To Premier League[edit]Promoted from FAM League[2]\nUKM\nFelcra 1Relegated from Super League[3][4]\nFelda United 2\nSarawak\nPenang\nTerengganu II 2From Premier League[edit]Promoted to Super League[5]\nKuala Lumpur\nNegeri Sembilan 2\nPKNP 2\nTerengganuRelegated to FAM League[6]\nATM\nPerlisNotes:^1 Originally Sime Darby were promoted along with UKM as finalists of the 2017 Malaysia FAM League final, but after Sime Darby announced their withdrawal from the Premier League participation, Felcra, the next highest team in the FAM League table, were invited as replacement.[7]^2 FELDA United were relegated to Premier League after failing to receive the FAM License to compete in the Super League; while T-Team were relegated to Premier League after their absorption to Terengganu, rebranding as Terengganu II and change of their status as reserve team to Terengganu. Negeri Sembilan and PKNP, 2 highest teams in the Premier League with FAM License, were promoted to Super League in their place.[8]","title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"PDRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDRM_FA"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"FMLLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMLLP"},{"link_name":"Kuantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuantan_FA"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"After failing to settle bad debt with former players for last season campaign,[9] 4 months failing to pay current team wages.[10] and unable to turn up for a league fixture against PDRM,[11] FMLLP decided to disqualify Kuantan from the rest of the campaign.[12] Because of their disqualification, all points that were won by other teams against Kuantan will not count and the league was left with 11 teams out of initial 12 with teams that were due to play Kuantan were given a bye week. It is the first time this has ever occurred in the professional level of Malaysian football where a team is disallowed to compete after breaking the rules and regulations with the season on-going.Kuantan stated that Marcerra (the team that bought their license) wanted to take over the bad debts amounted to RM 3.5 million and clear all the overdue payment from last season.[13] But it seemed fruitless as after 4 months into the league campaign, the problem was still unsettled as the current squad players decided to leave the team[14] and opted to join teams in the FAM league. Kuantan were awarded RM 500,000 annual grant but minus RM 200,000 for fined after failing to complete their registration papers.[15]","title":"Disbandment of Kuantan FA"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malaysia_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Felcra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felcra_F.C."},{"link_name":"Felda United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felda_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"PDRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDRM_FA"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang_FA"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_FA"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_FA"},{"link_name":"Terengganu II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_F.C._II"},{"link_name":"Johor Darul Ta'zim II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Darul_Ta%27zim_II_F.C."},{"link_name":"UiTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UiTM_F.C."},{"link_name":"UKM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKM_F.C."},{"link_name":"MIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISC-MIFA"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malaysia_location_map.svg"}],"text":"FelcraFelda UnitedPDRMPenangSabahSarawakTerengganu IIJohor Darul Ta'zim IIUiTMUKMMIFAclass=notpageimage\| Locations of teams in the 2018 Malaysia Premier League teamsNote: Table lists in alphabetical order.","title":"Stadium and locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Personnel and sponsoring","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Stadium and locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"}],"sub_title":"Coaching changes","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Stadium and locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"},{"link_name":"^3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_3"}],"sub_title":"Foreign players","text":"The number of foreign players is restricted to four each team including at least one player from the AFC country.Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.Players name in bold indicates the player is registered during the mid-season transfer window.\n^3 Foreign players who left their clubs or were de-registered from playing squad due to medical issues or other matters.","title":"Stadium and locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"},{"link_name":"^3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_3"},{"link_name":"^4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_4"},{"link_name":"Malaysia national team squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_national_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Naturalisation","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.Notes:^3 Carrying Malaysian heritage.\n^4 Participated in the Malaysia national team squad.","title":"Stadium and locations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pengurusanbolasepakfam.org.my/"},{"link_name":"FMLLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//footballmalaysia.com/portal/index.php/league/premier-league/"}],"sub_title":"League table","text":"Updated to match(es) played on 30 December 2018. Source: FAM, FMLLPRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (P) Promoted","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felcra_F.C."},{"link_name":"FEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FELDA_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"JDTII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Darul_Ta%27zim_II_F.C."},{"link_name":"MIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISC-MIFA"},{"link_name":"PDRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDRM_FA"},{"link_name":"PEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang_FA"},{"link_name":"SAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_FA"},{"link_name":"SWK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_FA"},{"link_name":"TRGII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_F.C._II"},{"link_name":"UIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UiTM_F.C."},{"link_name":"UKM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKM_F.C."},{"link_name":"Felcra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felcra_F.C."},{"link_name":"Felda United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FELDA_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Johor Darul Ta'zim II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Darul_Ta%27zim_II_F.C."},{"link_name":"MIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISC-MIFA"},{"link_name":"PDRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDRM_FA"},{"link_name":"Pulau Pinang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang_FA"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_FA"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_FA"},{"link_name":"Terengganu II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_F.C._II"},{"link_name":"UiTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UiTM_F.C."},{"link_name":"UKM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKM_F.C."},{"link_name":"FAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pengurusanbolasepakfam.org.my/"}],"sub_title":"Result table","text":"Home \\ Away\n\nFCR\n\nFEL\n\nJDTII\n\nMIF\n\nPDRM\n\nPEN\n\nSAB\n\nSWK\n\nTRGII\n\nUIT\n\nUKM\n\n\nFelcra\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nFelda United\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n0–3\n\n2–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nJohor Darul Ta'zim II\n\n1–2\n\n1–4\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n4–0\n\n\nMIFA\n\n1–2\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–3\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–1\n\n\nPDRM\n\n1–3\n\n2–6\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n\nPulau Pinang\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n3–1\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nSabah\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n4–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–3\n\n\nSarawak\n\n2–3\n\n1–3\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n—\n\n5–2\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n\nTerengganu II\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–3\n\n1–0\n\n\nUiTM\n\n1–1\n\n1–4\n\n0–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–3\n\n3–1\n\n0–3\n\n3–2\n\n2–3\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n\nUKM\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–3\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\nUpdated to match(es) played on 27 July 2018. Source: FAMLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felda United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felda_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Felcra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felcra_F.C."},{"link_name":"MIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISC-MIFA"},{"link_name":"Johor Darul Ta'zim II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Darul_Ta%27zim_II_F.C."},{"link_name":"PDRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDRM_FA"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_FA"},{"link_name":"UKM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKM_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_FA"},{"link_name":"UiTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UiTM_F.C."},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang_FA"},{"link_name":"Terengganu II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_II_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kuantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuantan_FA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Positions by round","text":"Team ╲ Round1234567891011121314151617181920Felda United31111111111111111111Felcra57445442222232222222MIFA78556657784323445333Johor Darul Ta'zim II6691112111112111111888666654PDRM81012810976563344333565Sabah12222234335555554446UKM101271011121211101010999777977Sarawak446743234566668881088UiTM23333565647777101010799Penang1158977888789101199981010Terengganu II1211111291099999111110111111111111Kuantan99106881010DQDQDQDQDQDQDQDQDQDQDQDQSource: [citation needed]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Top scorers","text":"As of matches played on 27 July 2018.[60]Players sorted first by goals scored, then by last name.","title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top assists","text":"Players sorted first by assists, then by last name.","title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hat-tricks","text":"Notes:\n(H) – Home ; (A) – Away","title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Own goals","title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Clean sheets","title":"Season statistics"}]	[]	[{"title":"2018 Malaysia Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysia_Super_League"},{"title":"2018 Malaysia FAM Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysia_FAM_Cup"},{"title":"2018 Malaysia FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysia_FA_Cup"},{"title":"2018 Malaysia Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysia_Cup"},{"title":"2018 Malaysia Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysia_Challenge_Cup"},{"title":"List of Malaysian football transfers 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_football_transfers_2018"}]	[{"reference":"\"Malaysia Super League gets title sponsor in RM480 million deal \| Goal.com\". Retrieved 6 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en-my/news/malaysia-super-league-gets-title-sponsor-rm480-million-deal/f3maquvabi7c1243gol3h6cot","url_text":"\"Malaysia Super League gets title sponsor in RM480 million deal \| Goal.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAM League Recap: Sime Darby, UKM secure promotion\". Stadium Astro. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stadiumastro.com/sports/football/article/fam-league-recap-sime-darby-ukm-secure-promotion/61820","url_text":"\"FAM League Recap: Sime Darby, UKM secure promotion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sarawak face up to relegation, hoping for quick return to MSL\". ESPN FC. 1 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espnfc.com/blog/football-asia/153/post/3250676/sarawak-face-up-to-relegation-hoping-for-quick-return-to-msl","url_text":"\"Sarawak face up to relegation, hoping for quick return to MSL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Penang relegated as JDT celebrate MSL title by thrashing Kelantan\". ESPN FC. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espnfc.com/blog/football-asia/153/post/3209448/penang-relegated-as-jdt-celebrate-msl-title-by-thrashing-kelantan","url_text":"\"Penang relegated as JDT celebrate MSL title by thrashing Kelantan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuala Lumpur, Terengganu gain promotion to Super League next season\". Malay Mail Online. 27 September 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themalaymailonline.com/sports/article/kuala-lumpur-terengganu-gain-promotion-to-super-league-next-season#8wZ0tYxtAvztiqBu.97","url_text":"\"Kuala Lumpur, Terengganu gain promotion to Super League next season\""}]},{"reference":"\"KL champions but ATM and Perlis wave goodbye to Premier League\". Goal.com. 28 September 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en-za/news/kl-champions-but-atm-and-perlis-wave-goodbye-to-premier/12w038zlk22b51qxyd1fvy2blu","url_text":"\"KL champions but ATM and Perlis wave goodbye to Premier League\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAM nominates Felcra FC to take Sime Darby FC's spot in Premier League - Goal.com\". goal.com. Retrieved 29 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en-my/news/fam-nominates-felcra-fc-take-sime-darby-fcs-spot-premier/1msifxqha2baz1gfue648dcmry","url_text":"\"FAM nominates Felcra FC to take Sime Darby FC's spot in Premier League - Goal.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Negeri Sembilan FA, PKNP FC to replace T-Team FC, Felda United FC in 2018 Malaysia Super League - Goal.com\". goal.com. Retrieved 29 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en-my/news/negeri-sembilan-fa-pknp-fc-replace-t-team-fc-felda-united-fc/1p2feo4eqxc7h12vxzh4ka4umn","url_text":"\"Negeri Sembilan FA, PKNP FC to replace T-Team FC, Felda United FC in 2018 Malaysia Super League - Goal.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuantan FA told to pay 6 players RM145,000 in salary arrears \| the Malaysian Insight\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/s/28961/","url_text":"\"Kuantan FA told to pay 6 players RM145,000 in salary arrears \| the Malaysian Insight\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Ini aksi terakhir Marcerra Kuantan FA'\". 5 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bharian.com.my/sukan/bola/2018/04/408209/ini-aksi-terakhir-marcerra-kuantan-fa","url_text":"\"'Ini aksi terakhir Marcerra Kuantan FA'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuantan FA staring at heavy punishment for going AWOL \| Goal.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en-my/news/kuantan-fa-malaysia-premier-league-pdrm/nw3zsjz8rmgu1juaojwx1kcmv","url_text":"\"Kuantan FA staring at heavy punishment for going AWOL \| Goal.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuantan FA sah digugurkan \| Astro Awani\". Archived from the original on 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180421130538/http://www.astroawani.com/berita-sukan/kuantan-fa-sah-digugurkan-173493","url_text":"\"Kuantan FA sah digugurkan \| Astro Awani\""},{"url":"http://www.astroawani.com/berita-sukan/kuantan-fa-sah-digugurkan-173493","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Marcerra Kuantan FA akhirnya buka mulut\". 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sports247.my/v1/2018/02/marcerra-kuantan-fa-akhirnya-buka-mulut/","url_text":"\"Marcerra Kuantan FA akhirnya buka mulut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tiga pemain Kuantan FA angkat kaki \| Astro Awani\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley%27s_problem	Spectrum of a theory	["1 Early results","2 List of possible spectra of a countable theory","3 See also","4 References"]	Model theory concept In model theory, a branch of mathematical logic, the spectrum of a theory is given by the number of isomorphism classes of models in various cardinalities. More precisely, for any complete theory T in a language we write I(T, κ) for the number of models of T (up to isomorphism) of cardinality κ. The spectrum problem is to describe the possible behaviors of I(T, κ) as a function of κ. It has been almost completely solved for the case of a countable theory T. Early results In this section T is a countable complete theory and κ is a cardinal. The Löwenheim–Skolem theorem shows that if I(T,κ) is nonzero for one infinite cardinal then it is nonzero for all of them. Morley's categoricity theorem was the first main step in solving the spectrum problem: it states that if I(T,κ) is 1 for some uncountable κ then it is 1 for all uncountable κ. Robert Vaught showed that I(T,ℵ0) cannot be 2. It is easy to find examples where it is any given non-negative integer other than 2. Morley proved that if I(T,ℵ0) is infinite then it must be ℵ0 or ℵ1 or 2ℵ0. It is not known if it can be ℵ1 if the continuum hypothesis is false: this is called the Vaught conjecture and is the main remaining open problem (in 2005) in the theory of the spectrum. Morley's problem was a conjecture (now a theorem) first proposed by Michael D. Morley that I(T,κ) is nondecreasing in κ for uncountable κ. This was proved by Saharon Shelah. For this, he proved a very deep dichotomy theorem. Saharon Shelah gave an almost complete solution to the spectrum problem. For a given complete theory T, either I(T,κ) = 2κ for all uncountable cardinals κ, or I ( T , ℵ ξ ) < ℶ ω 1 ( \| ξ \| + ℵ 0 ) {\displaystyle \textstyle I(T,\aleph _{\xi })<\beth _{\omega _{1}}(\|\xi \|+\aleph _{0})} for all ordinals ξ (See Aleph number and Beth number for an explanation of the notation), which is usually much smaller than the bound in the first case. Roughly speaking this means that either there are the maximum possible number of models in all uncountable cardinalities, or there are only "few" models in all uncountable cardinalities. Shelah also gave a description of the possible spectra in the case when there are few models. List of possible spectra of a countable theory By extending Shelah's work, Bradd Hart, Ehud Hrushovski and Michael C. Laskowski gave the following complete solution to the spectrum problem for countable theories in uncountable cardinalities. If T is a countable complete theory, then the number I(T, ℵα) of isomorphism classes of models is given for ordinals α>0 by the minimum of 2ℵα and one of the following maps: 2ℵα. Examples: there are many examples, in particular any unclassifiable or deep theory, such as the theory of the Rado graph. ℶ d + 1 ( \| α + ω \| ) {\displaystyle \beth _{d+1}(\|\alpha +\omega \|)} for some countable infinite ordinal d. (For finite d see case 8.) Examples: The theory with equivalence relations Eβ for all β with β+1<d, such that every Eγ class is a union of infinitely many Eβ classes, and each E0 class is infinite. ℶ d − 1 ( \| α + ω \| 2 ℵ 0 ) {\displaystyle \beth _{d-1}(\|\alpha +\omega \|^{2^{\aleph _{0}}})} for some finite positive ordinal d. Example (for d=1): the theory of countably many independent unary predicates. ℶ d − 1 ( \| α + ω \| ℵ 0 + ℶ 2 ) {\displaystyle \beth _{d-1}(\|\alpha +\omega \|^{\aleph _{0}}+\beth _{2})} for some finite positive ordinal d. ℶ d − 1 ( \| α + ω \| + ℶ 2 ) {\displaystyle \beth _{d-1}(\|\alpha +\omega \|+\beth _{2})} for some finite positive ordinal d; ℶ d − 1 ( \| α + ω \| ℵ 0 ) {\displaystyle \beth _{d-1}(\|\alpha +\omega \|^{\aleph _{0}})} for some finite positive ordinal d. Example (for d=1): the theory of countable many disjoint unary predicates. ℶ d − 1 ( \| α + ω \| + ℶ 1 ) {\displaystyle \beth _{d-1}(\|\alpha +\omega \|+\beth _{1})} for some finite ordinal d≥2; ℶ d − 1 ( \| α + ω \| ) {\displaystyle \beth _{d-1}(\|\alpha +\omega \|)} for some finite positive ordinal d; ℶ d − 2 ( \| α + ω \| \| α + 1 \| ) {\displaystyle \beth _{d-2}(\|\alpha +\omega \|^{\|\alpha +1\|})} for some finite ordinal d≥2; Examples: similar to case 2. ℶ 2 {\displaystyle \beth _{2}} . Example: the theory of the integers viewed as an abelian group. \| ( α + 1 ) n / G \| − \| α n / G \| {\displaystyle \|(\alpha +1)^{n}/G\|-\|\alpha ^{n}/G\|} for finite α, and \|α\| for infinite α, where G is some subgroup of the symmetric group on n ≥ 2 elements. Here, we identify αn with the set of sequences of length n of elements of a set of size α. G acts on αn by permuting the sequence elements, and \|αn/G\| denotes the number of orbits of this action. Examples: the theory of the set ω×n acted on by the wreath product of G with all permutations of ω. 1 {\displaystyle 1} . Examples: theories that are categorical in uncountable cardinals, such as the theory of algebraically closed fields in a given characteristic. 0 {\displaystyle 0} . Examples: theories with a finite model, and the inconsistent theory. Moreover, all possibilities above occur as the spectrum of some countable complete theory. The number d in the list above is the depth of the theory. If T is a theory we define a new theory 2T to be the theory with an equivalence relation such that there are infinitely many equivalence classes each of which is a model of T. We also define theories ℶ n ( T ) {\displaystyle \beth _{n}(T)} by ℶ 0 ( T ) = T {\displaystyle \beth _{0}(T)=T} , ℶ n + 1 ( T ) = 2 ℶ n ( T ) {\displaystyle \beth _{n+1}(T)=2^{\beth _{n}(T)}} . Then I ( ℶ n ( T ) , λ ) = min ( ℶ n ( I ( T , λ ) ) , 2 λ ) {\displaystyle I(\beth _{n}(T),\lambda )=\min(\beth _{n}(I(T,\lambda )),2^{\lambda })} . This can be used to construct examples of theories with spectra in the list above for non-minimal values of d from examples for the minimal value of d. See also Spectrum of a sentence References C. C. Chang, H. J. Keisler, Model Theory. ISBN 0-7204-0692-7 Saharon Shelah, "Classification theory and the number of nonisomorphic models", Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, vol. 92, IX, 1.19, p.49 (North Holland, 1990). Hart, Bradd; Hrushovski, Ehud; Laskowski, Michael C. (2000). "The Uncountable Spectra of Countable Theories". The Annals of Mathematics. 152 (1): 207–257. arXiv:math/0007199. Bibcode:2000math......7199H. doi:10.2307/2661382. JSTOR 2661382. Bradd Hart, Michael C. Laskowski, "A survey of the uncountable spectra of countable theories", Algebraic Model Theory, edited by Hart, Lachlan, Valeriote (Springer, 1997). ISBN 0-7923-4666-1 vteMathematical logicGeneral Axiom list Cardinality First-order logic Formal proof Formal semantics Foundations of mathematics Information theory Lemma Logical consequence Model Theorem Theory Type theory Theorems (list) and paradoxes Gödel's completeness and incompleteness theorems Tarski's undefinability Banach–Tarski paradox Cantor's theorem, paradox and diagonal argument Compactness Halting problem Lindström's Löwenheim–Skolem Russell's paradox LogicsTraditional Classical logic Logical truth Tautology Proposition Inference Logical equivalence Consistency Equiconsistency Argument Soundness Validity Syllogism Square of opposition Venn diagram Propositional Boolean algebra Boolean functions Logical connectives Propositional calculus Propositional formula Truth tables Many-valued logic 3 finite ∞ Predicate First-order list Second-order Monadic Higher-order Fixed-point Free Quantifiers Predicate Monadic predicate calculus Set theory Set hereditary Class (Ur-)Element Ordinal number Extensionality Forcing Relation equivalence partition Set operations: intersection union complement Cartesian product power set identities Types of sets Countable Uncountable Empty Inhabited Singleton Finite Infinite Transitive Ultrafilter Recursive Fuzzy Universal Universe constructible Grothendieck Von Neumann Maps and cardinality Function/Map domain codomain image In/Sur/Bi-jection Schröder–Bernstein theorem Isomorphism Gödel numbering Enumeration Large cardinal inaccessible Aleph number Operation binary Set theories Zermelo–Fraenkel axiom of choice continuum hypothesis General Kripke–Platek Morse–Kelley Naive New Foundations Tarski–Grothendieck Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel Ackermann Constructive Formal systems (list),language and syntax Alphabet Arity Automata Axiom schema Expression ground Extension by definition conservative Relation Formation rule Grammar Formula atomic closed ground open Free/bound variable Language Metalanguage Logical connective ¬ ∨ ∧ → ↔ = Predicate functional variable propositional variable Proof Quantifier ∃ ! ∀ rank Sentence atomic spectrum Signature String Substitution Symbol function logical/constant non-logical variable Term Theory list Example axiomaticsystems (list) of arithmetic: Peano second-order elementary function primitive recursive Robinson Skolem of the real numbers Tarski's axiomatization of Boolean algebras canonical minimal axioms of geometry: Euclidean: Elements Hilbert's Tarski's non-Euclidean Principia Mathematica Proof theory Formal proof Natural deduction Logical consequence Rule of inference Sequent calculus Theorem Systems axiomatic deductive Hilbert list Complete theory Independence (from ZFC) Proof of impossibility Ordinal analysis Reverse mathematics Self-verifying theories Model theory Interpretation function of models Model equivalence finite saturated spectrum submodel Non-standard model of arithmetic Diagram elementary Categorical theory Model complete theory Satisfiability Semantics of logic Strength Theories of truth semantic Tarski's Kripke's T-schema Transfer principle Truth predicate Truth value Type Ultraproduct Validity Computability theory Church encoding Church–Turing thesis Computably enumerable Computable function Computable set Decision problem decidable undecidable P NP P versus NP problem Kolmogorov complexity Lambda calculus Primitive recursive function Recursion Recursive set Turing machine Type theory Related Abstract logic Algebraic logic Automated theorem proving Category theory Concrete/Abstract category Category of sets History of logic History of mathematical logic timeline Logicism Mathematical object Philosophy of mathematics Supertask Mathematics portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"model theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_theory"},{"link_name":"mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"isomorphism classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism_class"},{"link_name":"models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(logic)"},{"link_name":"cardinalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinalities"},{"link_name":"complete theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_theory"},{"link_name":"countable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable"}],"text":"In model theory, a branch of mathematical logic, the spectrum of a theory\nis given by the number of isomorphism classes of models in various cardinalities. More precisely, \nfor any complete theory T in a language we write I(T, κ) for the number of models of T (up to isomorphism) of cardinality κ. The spectrum problem is to describe the possible behaviors of I(T, κ) as a function of κ. It has been almost completely solved for the case of a countable theory T.","title":"Spectrum of a theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Löwenheim–Skolem theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6wenheim%E2%80%93Skolem_theorem"},{"link_name":"Morley's categoricity theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley%27s_categoricity_theorem"},{"link_name":"Robert Vaught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Vaught"},{"link_name":"continuum hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Vaught conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaught_conjecture"},{"link_name":"conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjecture"},{"link_name":"Michael D. Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Morley"},{"link_name":"nondecreasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotonic_function"},{"link_name":"Saharon Shelah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharon_Shelah"},{"link_name":"Aleph number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph_number"},{"link_name":"Beth number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_number"}],"text":"In this section T is a countable complete theory and κ is a cardinal.The Löwenheim–Skolem theorem shows that if I(T,κ) is nonzero for one infinite cardinal then it is nonzero for all of them.Morley's categoricity theorem was the first main step in solving the spectrum problem: it states that if I(T,κ) is 1 for some uncountable κ then it is 1 for all uncountable κ.Robert Vaught showed that I(T,ℵ0) cannot be 2. It is easy to find examples where it is any given non-negative integer other than 2. Morley proved that if I(T,ℵ0) is infinite then it must be ℵ0 or ℵ1 or 2ℵ0. It is not known if it can be ℵ1 if the continuum hypothesis is false: this is called the Vaught conjecture and is the main remaining open problem (in 2005) in the theory of the spectrum.Morley's problem was a conjecture (now a theorem) first proposed by Michael D. Morley that I(T,κ) is nondecreasing in κ for uncountable κ. This was proved by Saharon Shelah. For this, he proved a very deep dichotomy theorem.Saharon Shelah gave an almost complete solution to the spectrum problem. For a given complete theory T, either I(T,κ) = 2κ for all uncountable cardinals κ, or \n \n \n \n \n I\n (\n T\n ,\n \n ℵ\n \n ξ\n \n \n )\n <\n \n ℶ\n \n \n ω\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \|\n \n ξ\n \n \|\n \n +\n \n ℵ\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\textstyle I(T,\\aleph _{\\xi })<\\beth _{\\omega _{1}}(\|\\xi \|+\\aleph _{0})}\n \n for all ordinals ξ (See Aleph number and Beth number for an explanation of the notation), which is usually much smaller than the bound in the first case. Roughly speaking this means that either there are the maximum possible number of models in all uncountable cardinalities, or there are only \"few\" models in all uncountable cardinalities. Shelah also gave a description of the possible spectra in the case when there are few models.","title":"Early results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ehud Hrushovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehud_Hrushovski"},{"link_name":"Michael C. Laskowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_C._Laskowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rado graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rado_graph"},{"link_name":"acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_action_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"wreath product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreath_product"}],"text":"By extending Shelah's work, Bradd Hart, Ehud Hrushovski and Michael C. Laskowski gave the following complete solution to the spectrum problem for countable theories in uncountable cardinalities. \nIf T is a countable complete theory, then the number I(T, ℵα) of isomorphism classes of models is given for ordinals α>0 by the minimum of 2ℵα and one of the following maps:2ℵα. Examples: there are many examples, in particular any unclassifiable or deep theory, such as the theory of the Rado graph.\n\n \n \n \n \n ℶ\n \n d\n +\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n \|\n \n α\n +\n ω\n \n \|\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beth _{d+1}(\|\\alpha +\\omega \|)}\n \n for some countable infinite ordinal d. (For finite d see case 8.) Examples: The theory with equivalence relations Eβ for all β with β+1<d, such that every Eγ class is a union of infinitely many Eβ classes, and each E0 class is infinite.\n\n \n \n \n \n ℶ\n \n d\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n \|\n \n α\n +\n ω\n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ℵ\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beth _{d-1}(\|\\alpha +\\omega \|^{2^{\\aleph _{0}}})}\n \n for some finite positive ordinal d. Example (for d=1): the theory of countably many independent unary predicates.\n\n \n \n \n \n ℶ\n \n d\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n \|\n \n α\n +\n ω\n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n ℵ\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n ℶ\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beth _{d-1}(\|\\alpha +\\omega \|^{\\aleph _{0}}+\\beth _{2})}\n \n for some finite positive ordinal d.\n\n \n \n \n \n ℶ\n \n d\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n \|\n \n α\n +\n ω\n \n \|\n \n +\n \n ℶ\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beth _{d-1}(\|\\alpha +\\omega \|+\\beth _{2})}\n \n for some finite positive ordinal d;\n\n \n \n \n \n ℶ\n \n d\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n \|\n \n α\n +\n ω\n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n ℵ\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beth _{d-1}(\|\\alpha +\\omega \|^{\\aleph _{0}})}\n \n for some finite positive ordinal d. Example (for d=1): the theory of countable many disjoint unary predicates.\n\n \n \n \n \n ℶ\n \n d\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n \|\n \n α\n +\n ω\n \n \|\n \n +\n \n ℶ\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beth _{d-1}(\|\\alpha +\\omega \|+\\beth _{1})}\n \n for some finite ordinal d≥2;\n\n \n \n \n \n ℶ\n \n d\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n \|\n \n α\n +\n ω\n \n \|\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beth _{d-1}(\|\\alpha +\\omega \|)}\n \n for some finite positive ordinal d;\n\n \n \n \n \n ℶ\n \n d\n −\n 2\n \n \n (\n \n \|\n \n α\n +\n ω\n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n \|\n \n α\n +\n 1\n \n \|\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beth _{d-2}(\|\\alpha +\\omega \|^{\|\\alpha +1\|})}\n \n for some finite ordinal d≥2; Examples: similar to case 2.\n\n \n \n \n \n ℶ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beth _{2}}\n \n. Example: the theory of the integers viewed as an abelian group.\n\n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n (\n α\n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n /\n \n G\n \n \|\n \n −\n \n \|\n \n \n α\n \n n\n \n \n \n /\n \n G\n \n \|\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \|(\\alpha +1)^{n}/G\|-\|\\alpha ^{n}/G\|}\n \n for finite α, and \|α\| for infinite α, where G is some subgroup of the symmetric group on n ≥ 2 elements. Here, we identify αn with the set of sequences of length n of elements of a set of size α. G acts on αn by permuting the sequence elements, and \|αn/G\| denotes the number of orbits of this action. Examples: the theory of the set ω×n acted on by the wreath product of G with all permutations of ω.\n\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1}\n \n. Examples: theories that are categorical in uncountable cardinals, such as the theory of algebraically closed fields in a given characteristic.\n\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n. Examples: theories with a finite model, and the inconsistent theory.Moreover, all possibilities above occur as the spectrum of some countable complete theory.The number d in the list above is the depth of the theory.\nIf T is a theory we define a new theory 2T to be the theory with an equivalence relation such that there are infinitely many equivalence classes each of which is a model of T. We also define theories \n \n \n \n \n ℶ\n \n n\n \n \n (\n T\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beth _{n}(T)}\n \n by \n \n \n \n \n ℶ\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n T\n )\n =\n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beth _{0}(T)=T}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n ℶ\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n (\n T\n )\n =\n \n 2\n \n \n ℶ\n \n n\n \n \n (\n T\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beth _{n+1}(T)=2^{\\beth _{n}(T)}}\n \n. Then \n\n \n \n \n I\n (\n \n ℶ\n \n n\n \n \n (\n T\n )\n ,\n λ\n )\n =\n min\n (\n \n ℶ\n \n n\n \n \n (\n I\n (\n T\n ,\n λ\n )\n )\n ,\n \n 2\n \n λ\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I(\\beth _{n}(T),\\lambda )=\\min(\\beth _{n}(I(T,\\lambda )),2^{\\lambda })}\n \n . This can be used to construct examples of theories with spectra in the list above for non-minimal values of d from examples for the minimal value of d.","title":"List of possible spectra of a countable theory"}]	[]	[{"title":"Spectrum of a sentence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_of_a_sentence"}]	[{"reference":"Hart, Bradd; Hrushovski, Ehud; Laskowski, Michael C. (2000). \"The Uncountable Spectra of Countable Theories\". The Annals of Mathematics. 152 (1): 207–257. arXiv:math/0007199. Bibcode:2000math......7199H. doi:10.2307/2661382. JSTOR 2661382.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0007199","url_text":"math/0007199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000math......7199H","url_text":"2000math......7199H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2661382","url_text":"10.2307/2661382"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2661382","url_text":"2661382"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0007199","external_links_name":"math/0007199"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000math......7199H","external_links_name":"2000math......7199H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2661382","external_links_name":"10.2307/2661382"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2661382","external_links_name":"2661382"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz-Michael_Harder	Lutz-Michael Harder	["1 Life","2 References","3 External links"]	German lyric tenor (1942–2019) Lutz-Michael HarderBorn4 September 1942LangenfeldDied24 August 2019 (2019-08-25) (aged 76)NationalityGermanOccupationOperatic tenorOrganizations Staatsoper Hannover Musikhochschule Hannover Lutz-Michael Harder (4 September 1942 – 24 August 2019) was a German lyric tenor known mostly for his interpretation of Mozart opera roles and as a baroque concert soloist. He was also an academic voice teacher at the Musikhochschule Hannover. Life Born in Langenfeld (today Długoszyn), Harder made his operatic debut in 1975 at the Eutin Festival as Ferrando in Mozart's Così fan tutte. He became a member of the Oldenburgisches Staatstheater for a year and then was member of the Staatsoper Hannover for several years. In 1978, he sang Don Ottavio in Mozart's Don Giovanni at the Ludwigsburg Festival. In 1985, he starred as Hans Scholl in the world premiere of the second version of Udo Zimmermann's Weiße Rose at the Hamburg State Opera, a role which he reprised and recorded two years later at the Vienna State Opera. He went on to perform several roles in major houses throughout Germany, Austria, and Switzerland appearing mainly in the works of Mozart. Harder also had a prolific concert singing career, particularly as a Bach interpreter. In addition to recording Hans Scholl, Harder has recorded the role of Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni, the title role in Carl Martin Reinthaler's Jephtha, and several Bach cantatas, among others. Harder lectured from 1982 at the Musikhochschule Hannover, where he was appointed professor of voice on 15 March 1989. He taught there for 25 years. References ^ a b c "Trauer um Lutz-Michael Harder". hmtm-hannover.de (in German). Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover. 25 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019. ^ a b c d Kutsch, K.-J.; Riemens, Leo (2004). "Harder, Lutz-Michael". Großes Sängerlexikon (in German) (4th ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1962. ISBN 978-3-59-844088-5. External links Lutz-Michael Harder discography at Discogs Lutz-Michael Harder at AllMusic Lutz-Michael Harder (Tenor), Bach Cantatas website Prof. Lutz-Michael Harder hmtm-hannover.de "Abschied mit Herzblut und Meisterhand", Bergedorfer Zeitung , 30 June 2015 Cäcilienverein / Sonntag 20. Dezember 1981 / 16:00, Großer Saal alteoper.de Alan Blyth: Choral Music on Record Portals: Biography Opera Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HMTMH-1"},{"link_name":"lyric tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor#Lyric_tenor"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Musikhochschule Hannover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikhochschule_Hannover"}],"text":"Lutz-Michael Harder (4 September 1942 – 24 August 2019)[1] was a German lyric tenor known mostly for his interpretation of Mozart opera roles and as a baroque concert soloist. He was also an academic voice teacher at the Musikhochschule Hannover.","title":"Lutz-Michael Harder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Langenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%82ugoszyn"},{"link_name":"Długoszyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%82ugoszyn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HMTMH-1"},{"link_name":"operatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Eutin Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eutin_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutiner_Festspiele"},{"link_name":"Così fan tutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-2"},{"link_name":"Oldenburgisches Staatstheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburgisches_Staatstheater"},{"link_name":"Staatsoper Hannover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsoper_Hannover"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Ludwigsburg Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigsburg_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-2"},{"link_name":"Hans Scholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Scholl"},{"link_name":"Weiße Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fe_Rose_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Hamburg State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Vienna State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-2"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Carl Martin Reinthaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Martin_Reinthaler"},{"link_name":"Bach cantatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach_cantata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-2"},{"link_name":"Musikhochschule Hannover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikhochschule_Hannover"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HMTMH-1"}],"text":"Born in Langenfeld (today Długoszyn),[1] Harder made his operatic debut in 1975 at the Eutin Festival [de] as Ferrando in Mozart's Così fan tutte.[2] He became a member of the Oldenburgisches Staatstheater for a year and then was member of the Staatsoper Hannover for several years. In 1978, he sang Don Ottavio in Mozart's Don Giovanni at the Ludwigsburg Festival.[2] In 1985, he starred as Hans Scholl in the world premiere of the second version of Udo Zimmermann's Weiße Rose at the Hamburg State Opera, a role which he reprised and recorded two years later at the Vienna State Opera.[2] He went on to perform several roles in major houses throughout Germany, Austria, and Switzerland appearing mainly in the works of Mozart.Harder also had a prolific concert singing career, particularly as a Bach interpreter. In addition to recording Hans Scholl, Harder has recorded the role of Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni, the title role in Carl Martin Reinthaler's Jephtha, and several Bach cantatas, among others.[2]Harder lectured from 1982 at the Musikhochschule Hannover, where he was appointed professor of voice on 15 March 1989. He taught there for 25 years.[1]","title":"Life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Trauer um Lutz-Michael Harder\". hmtm-hannover.de (in German). Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover. 25 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmtm-hannover.de/de/aktuelles/meldungen/archiv/2019/september/artikel/trauer-um-lutz-michael-harder/","url_text":"\"Trauer um Lutz-Michael Harder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik,_Theater_und_Medien_Hannover","url_text":"Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover"}]},{"reference":"Kutsch, K.-J.; Riemens, Leo (2004). \"Harder, Lutz-Michael\". Großes Sängerlexikon (in German) (4th ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1962. ISBN 978-3-59-844088-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Josef_Kutsch","url_text":"Kutsch, K.-J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Riemens","url_text":"Riemens, Leo"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dsfq_5dFeL0C&pg=PA1962","url_text":"\"Harder, Lutz-Michael\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fes_S%C3%A4ngerlexikon","url_text":"Großes Sängerlexikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter","url_text":"Walter de Gruyter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-59-844088-5","url_text":"978-3-59-844088-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.hmtm-hannover.de/de/aktuelles/meldungen/archiv/2019/september/artikel/trauer-um-lutz-michael-harder/","external_links_name":"\"Trauer um Lutz-Michael Harder\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dsfq_5dFeL0C&pg=PA1962","external_links_name":"\"Harder, Lutz-Michael\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Lutz-Michael+Harder","external_links_name":"Lutz-Michael Harder"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0001712532","external_links_name":"Lutz-Michael Harder"},{"Link":"http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Harder-Lutz-Michael.htm","external_links_name":"Lutz-Michael Harder (Tenor)"},{"Link":"https://www.hmtm-hannover.de/de/hochschule/personen/e-h/prof-lutz-michael-harder/","external_links_name":"Prof. Lutz-Michael Harder"},{"Link":"https://www.bergedorfer-zeitung.de/archiv/vier-und-marschlande/article205428831/Abschied-mit-Herzblut-und-Meisterhand.html","external_links_name":"\"Abschied mit Herzblut und Meisterhand\""},{"Link":"https://www.alteoper.de/de/programm/veranstaltung.php?id=196094904","external_links_name":"Cäcilienverein / Sonntag 20. Dezember 1981 / 16:00, Großer Saal"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wKDT9lZ3jfkC&pg=PA19","external_links_name":"Choral Music on Record"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000055405524","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/8719611","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJymtvBG8PPf8TtjrXj9jC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14185303m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14185303m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/12389882X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007421414005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82002088","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810578337205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/61c182f3-1ad9-4afa-a187-6aedb61d7b0b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschops_capensis	Moschops	["1 Description","2 Earliest finds","3 Classification","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Extinct genus of therapsids that lived in the Guadalupian epoch For the 1983 children's television series, see Moschops (TV series). MoschopsTemporal range: Capitanian, 265–260 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Mounted skeleton Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Suborder: †Dinocephalia Family: †Tapinocephalidae Subtribe: †Moschopina Genus: †MoschopsBroom, 1911 Type species †Moschops capensisBroom, 1911 Species †M. capensis Broom, 1911 †M. koupensis Boonstra, 1957 †M. oweni? (Watson, 1914) †M. whaitsi? (Broom, 1914) Synonyms Agnosaurus Boonstra, 1952 Avenantia Boonstra, 1952 Delphinognathus Seeley, 1892 Moschoides Byrne, 1937 Pnigalion Watson, 1914 Moschops (Greek for "calf face") is an extinct genus of therapsids that lived in the Guadalupian epoch, around 265–260 million years ago. They were heavily built plant eaters, and they may have lived partly in water, as hippopotamuses do. They had short, thick heads and might have competed by head-butting each other. Their elbow joints allowed them to walk with a more mammal-like gait rather than crawling. Their remains were found in the Karoo region of South Africa, belonging to the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone. Therapsids, such as Moschops, are synapsids, the dominant land animals in the Permian period, which ended 252 million years ago. Description A close-up of a reconstructed Moschops capensis skull, from the American Museum of Natural History An artist's conception of Moschops capensis, based on the reconstruction of a skeleton found in a semi-desert region of South Africa. The skeleton is displayed at the American Museum of Natural History. Moschops were heavy set dinocephalian synapsids, measuring 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) in length, and weighing 129 kg (284 lb) on average and 327.4 kg (722 lb) in maximum body mass. They had small heads with broad orbits and heavily built short necks. Like other members of Tapinocephalidae, the skull had a tiny opening for the pineal organ. The occiput was broad and deep, but the skull was more narrow in the dorsal border. Furthermore, the pterygoid arches and the angular region of the jaw with heavily built jaw muscles. Due to that and the possession of long-crowned, stout teeth, it is believed that Moschops was a herbivore feeding on nutrient-poor and tough vegetation, like cycad stems. Due to the presumably nutrient-poor food, it is likely they had to feed for long periods of time. The anatomy of the taxa allowed them to open the elbow joints more widely, enabling them to move in a more mammal-like posture than some other animals at the time. This helped to carry their massive bodies more easily while feeding, as well as allowing them short bursts of speed. It has also been proposed that Moschops were possibly sub-aquatic. Moschops had rather thick skulls, prompting speculation that individuals could have competed with one another by head-butting. A 2017 published study would later confirm this by synchrotron scanning a Moschops capensis skull, which revealed numerous anatomical adaptations to the central nervous system for combative behaviour. They were likely preyed upon by titanosuchids and larger therocephalian species. Earliest finds Moschops material was first discovered in the Ecca Group (part of the Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa by Robert Broom. As the geological horizon was dubious, it was referred to have originated from the Ecca Group on the basis of Pareiasaurus remains in near proximity. The discovered material includes a holotype (AMNH 5550) and seven topotypes (AMNH 5551-5557). The degree of pachyostosis varies within the skulls of the specimens, and Broom believed this to have been linked to variations in gender and age. In 1910, the material was sent to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City and described in 1911. Classification Size comparison Moschops is characterized by a strongly pachyostosed skull with a broad intertemporal region and greatly reduced temporal fossae. Two species are known from the fossil record, M. capensis and M. koupensis. Two other species were assigned (M. whaitsi and M. oweni), but their validity is considered possibly dubious. Genera regarded as synonyms are Moschoides, Agnosaurus, Moschognathus and Pnigalion. Delphinognathus conocephalus could represent juvenile Moschops, thus possibly synonymous. Delphinognathus is only known from a single, moderately pachyostosed skull. It has a conical boss on the parietal surrounding the pineal foramen. See also Paleontology portal List of therapsids References ^ a b c d William, Gregory (1926). "The skeleton of Moschops capensis, a dinocephalian reptile from the Permian of South Africa". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 56 (3): 179–251. hdl:2246/1323. ^ a b Benoit, Julien; Manger, Paul R.; Norton, Luke; Fernandez, Vincent; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2017). "Synchrotron scanning reveals the palaeoneurology of the head-butting Moschops capensis (Therapsida, Dinocephalia)". PeerJ. 5: e3496. doi:10.7717/peerj.3496. PMC 5554600. PMID 28828230. S2CID 8019159. ^ The Age of Reptiles ^ a b Haughton, S. H. (1919). "A Review of the Reptilian Fauna of the Karroo System of South Africa". Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa. 22: 14. ^ Barghusen, Herbert R. (1975). "A Review of Fighting Adaptations in Dinocephalians (Reptilia, Therapsida)". Paleobiology. 1 (3): 295–311. doi:10.1017/s0094837300002542. JSTOR 2400370. S2CID 87163815. ^ Boonstra, L. D. (1969). "The fauna of the Tapinocephalus zone (Beaufort beds of the Karoo)". Annals of the South African Museum. 56 (1). Cape Town: 42. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moschops. Moschops, pictures and a brief overview Tapinocephalidae at Paleos.com vteDinocephalia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Eutherapsida Synapsida see Synapsida Dinocephalia see below↓ DinocephaliaDinocephalia Microurania Novocynodon? Phthinosuchus? Tappenosaurus? Rhopalodontidae? Phthinosaurus? Rhopalodon Phreatosuchidae? Phreatosaurus Phreatosuchus Anteosauria Admetophoneus Anteosauridae Archaeosyodon Microsyodon Anteosaurinae Anteosaurus Sinophoneus Titanophoneus Syodontinae Australosyodon Notosyodon Pampaphoneus Syodon Tapinocephalia Brithopus Deuterosaurus Orthopus Styracocephalus Estemmenosuchidae Estemmenosuchus Molybdopygus Parabradysaurus Titanosuchidae Dinartamus Enobius Jonkeria Lamiasaurus Scullya? Titanosuchus Tapinocephalidae Mormosaurus Tapinocaninus Tapinocephalinae Criocephalosaurus Keratocephalus Moschops Riebeeckosaurus Struthiocephalus Tapinocephalus Ulemosaurus Category Taxon identifiersMoschops Wikidata: Q130737 Wikispecies: Moschops GBIF: 4817748 IRMNG: 1015439 Open Tree of Life: 4128652 Paleobiology Database: 38979	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moschops (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschops_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"therapsids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsid"},{"link_name":"Guadalupian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupian"},{"link_name":"epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(geology)"},{"link_name":"hippopotamuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"mammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"Karoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoo"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapinocephalus_Assemblage_Zone"},{"link_name":"synapsids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsid"},{"link_name":"land animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_animal"},{"link_name":"Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian"}],"text":"For the 1983 children's television series, see Moschops (TV series).Moschops (Greek for \"calf face\") is an extinct genus of therapsids that lived in the Guadalupian epoch, around 265–260 million years ago. They were heavily built plant eaters, and they may have lived partly in water, as hippopotamuses do. They had short, thick heads and might have competed by head-butting each other. Their elbow joints allowed them to walk with a more mammal-like gait rather than crawling. Their remains were found in the Karoo region of South Africa, belonging to the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone. Therapsids, such as Moschops, are synapsids, the dominant land animals in the Permian period, which ended 252 million years ago.","title":"Moschops"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moschops_capensis.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moschops_capensis.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"dinocephalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinocephalia"},{"link_name":"synapsids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greg-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benoitetal2017-2"},{"link_name":"orbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"Tapinocephalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapinocephalidae"},{"link_name":"pineal organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_organ"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"occiput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occiput"},{"link_name":"pterygoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygoid_bone"},{"link_name":"cycad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greg-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haughton_1919_14-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greg-1"},{"link_name":"head-butting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-butting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ram-5"},{"link_name":"synchrotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benoitetal2017-2"},{"link_name":"titanosuchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanosuchid"},{"link_name":"therocephalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therocephalian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haughton_1919_14-4"}],"text":"A close-up of a reconstructed Moschops capensis skull, from the American Museum of Natural HistoryAn artist's conception of Moschops capensis, based on the reconstruction of a skeleton found in a semi-desert region of South Africa. The skeleton is displayed at the American Museum of Natural History.Moschops were heavy set dinocephalian synapsids, measuring 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) in length,[1] and weighing 129 kg (284 lb) on average and 327.4 kg (722 lb) in maximum body mass.[2] They had small heads with broad orbits and heavily built short necks. Like other members of Tapinocephalidae, the skull had a tiny opening for the pineal organ.[3] The occiput was broad and deep, but the skull was more narrow in the dorsal border. Furthermore, the pterygoid arches and the angular region of the jaw with heavily built jaw muscles. Due to that and the possession of long-crowned, stout teeth, it is believed that Moschops was a herbivore feeding on nutrient-poor and tough vegetation, like cycad stems. Due to the presumably nutrient-poor food, it is likely they had to feed for long periods of time. The anatomy of the taxa allowed them to open the elbow joints more widely, enabling them to move in a more mammal-like posture than some other animals at the time. This helped to carry their massive bodies more easily while feeding, as well as allowing them short bursts of speed.[1][4] It has also been proposed that Moschops were possibly sub-aquatic.[1] Moschops had rather thick skulls, prompting speculation that individuals could have competed with one another by head-butting.[5] A 2017 published study would later confirm this by synchrotron scanning a Moschops capensis skull, which revealed numerous anatomical adaptations to the central nervous system for combative behaviour.[2] They were likely preyed upon by titanosuchids and larger therocephalian species.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ecca Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecca_Group"},{"link_name":"Karoo Supergroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoo_Supergroup"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Robert Broom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Broom"},{"link_name":"Pareiasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareiasaurus"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"topotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topotype"},{"link_name":"pachyostosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyostosis"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greg-1"}],"text":"Moschops material was first discovered in the Ecca Group (part of the Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa by Robert Broom. As the geological horizon was dubious, it was referred to have originated from the Ecca Group on the basis of Pareiasaurus remains in near proximity. The discovered material includes a holotype (AMNH 5550) and seven topotypes (AMNH 5551-5557). The degree of pachyostosis varies within the skulls of the specimens, and Broom believed this to have been linked to variations in gender and age. In 1910, the material was sent to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City and described in 1911.[1]","title":"Earliest finds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moschops_capensis_life_restoration.jpg"},{"link_name":"pachyostosed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyostosis"},{"link_name":"temporal fossae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_fossa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-source-6"}],"text":"Size comparisonMoschops is characterized by a strongly pachyostosed skull with a broad intertemporal region and greatly reduced temporal fossae. Two species are known from the fossil record, M. capensis and M. koupensis. Two other species were assigned (M. whaitsi and M. oweni), but their validity is considered possibly dubious. [citation needed] Genera regarded as synonyms are Moschoides, Agnosaurus, Moschognathus and Pnigalion. Delphinognathus conocephalus could represent juvenile Moschops, thus possibly synonymous. Delphinognathus is only known from a single, moderately pachyostosed skull.[citation needed] It has a conical boss on the parietal surrounding the pineal foramen.[6]","title":"Classification"}]	[{"image_text":"A close-up of a reconstructed Moschops capensis skull, from the American Museum of Natural History","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Moschops_capensis.JPG/170px-Moschops_capensis.JPG"},{"image_text":"An artist's conception of Moschops capensis, based on the reconstruction of a skeleton found in a semi-desert region of South Africa. The skeleton is displayed at the American Museum of Natural History.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moschops_capensis.jpg/202px-Moschops_capensis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Size comparison","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Moschops_capensis_life_restoration.jpg/220px-Moschops_capensis_life_restoration.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Paleontology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Paleontology"},{"title":"List of therapsids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_therapsids"}]	[{"reference":"William, Gregory (1926). \"The skeleton of Moschops capensis, a dinocephalian reptile from the Permian of South Africa\". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 56 (3): 179–251. hdl:2246/1323.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F1323","url_text":"2246/1323"}]},{"reference":"Benoit, Julien; Manger, Paul R.; Norton, Luke; Fernandez, Vincent; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2017). \"Synchrotron scanning reveals the palaeoneurology of the head-butting Moschops capensis (Therapsida, Dinocephalia)\". PeerJ. 5: e3496. doi:10.7717/peerj.3496. PMC 5554600. PMID 28828230. S2CID 8019159.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5554600","url_text":"\"Synchrotron scanning reveals the palaeoneurology of the head-butting Moschops capensis (Therapsida, Dinocephalia)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.3496","url_text":"10.7717/peerj.3496"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5554600","url_text":"5554600"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28828230","url_text":"28828230"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8019159","url_text":"8019159"}]},{"reference":"Haughton, S. H. (1919). \"A Review of the Reptilian Fauna of the Karroo System of South Africa\". Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa. 22: 14.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4929348","url_text":"\"A Review of the Reptilian Fauna of the Karroo System of South Africa\""}]},{"reference":"Barghusen, Herbert R. (1975). \"A Review of Fighting Adaptations in Dinocephalians (Reptilia, Therapsida)\". Paleobiology. 1 (3): 295–311. doi:10.1017/s0094837300002542. JSTOR 2400370. S2CID 87163815.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0094837300002542","url_text":"10.1017/s0094837300002542"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2400370","url_text":"2400370"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87163815","url_text":"87163815"}]},{"reference":"Boonstra, L. D. (1969). \"The fauna of the Tapinocephalus zone (Beaufort beds of the Karoo)\". Annals of the South African Museum. 56 (1). Cape Town: 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieuwe_Dirk_Boonstra","url_text":"Boonstra, L. D."},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40722876#page/44/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The fauna of the Tapinocephalus zone (Beaufort beds of the Karoo)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F1323","external_links_name":"2246/1323"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5554600","external_links_name":"\"Synchrotron scanning reveals the palaeoneurology of the head-butting Moschops capensis (Therapsida, Dinocephalia)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.3496","external_links_name":"10.7717/peerj.3496"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5554600","external_links_name":"5554600"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28828230","external_links_name":"28828230"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8019159","external_links_name":"8019159"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CF0zDFxQmRgC&dq=Moschops+pineal+organ+volcano-like&pg=PA53","external_links_name":"The Age of Reptiles"},{"Link":"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4929348","external_links_name":"\"A Review of the Reptilian Fauna of the Karroo System of South Africa\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0094837300002542","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0094837300002542"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2400370","external_links_name":"2400370"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87163815","external_links_name":"87163815"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40722876#page/44/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"The fauna of the Tapinocephalus zone (Beaufort beds of the Karoo)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041213222746/http://www.geocities.com/jeff_charity/Moschops.html","external_links_name":"Moschops"},{"Link":"http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/therapsida/tapinocephalidae.html","external_links_name":"Tapinocephalidae"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4817748","external_links_name":"4817748"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1015439","external_links_name":"1015439"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4128652","external_links_name":"4128652"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38979","external_links_name":"38979"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Prize_in_Nutrition	Rank Prizes	["1 Rank Prize for Optoelectronics","2 Rank Prize for Nutrition","3 References"]	The Rank Prizes comprise the Rank Prize for Optoelectronics and the Rank Prize for Nutrition. The prizes recognise, reward and encourage researchers working in the respective fields of optoelectronics and nutrition. The prizes are funded by the charity The Rank Prize Funds, which were endowed by the industrialist, philanthropist and founder of the Rank Organisation, J. Arthur Rank and his wife Nell, via the Rank Foundation on 16 February 1972, not long before Arthur's death. The two Funds, the Human and Animal Nutrition and Crop Husbandry Fund and the Optoelectronics Fund, support sciences which reflect Rank's business interests through his "connection with the flour-milling and cinema and electronics industries", and which Rank believed would be of great benefit to humanity. The Rank Prize Funds also recognise, support and foster excellence among young and emerging researchers in the two fields of nutrition and optoelectronics. The Funds aim to advance and promote education and learning for public benefit. Rank Prize for Optoelectronics The Rank Prize for Optoelectronics supports, encourages, and rewards researchers working at the cutting edge of optoelectronics research, initially (from 1976) awarded annually, now a biennial prize worth £100,000. Optoelectronics relates to the interface between optics and electronics, and related phenomena. The Committee on Optoelectronics consists of the following people: Donal Bradley CBE FRS (Chairman) Roberto Cipolla FREng Martin D. Dawson FRSE Helen Gleeson OBE Anya Hurlbert Simon Laughlin FRS, neurobiologist John Mollon DSc FRS Miles Padgett FRSE FRS Wilson Sibbett CBE FRS FRSE Maurice Skolnick FRS Past winners include: 1978 – Charles K. Kao 1980 – George Gray 1982 – C. Thomas Elliott 1982 – Calvin Quate 1988 – T. Peter Brody 1991 – David N. Payne and William Alexander Gambling 1992 – William Newsome and Semir Zeki 1993 – Horace W. Babcock 1993 – Arthur Ashkin 1995 – William Bradshaw Amos 1995 – Marvin Minsky 1995 – Chuck Hull 1997 – Peter Mansfield 1998 – Federico Capasso 1998 – Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura 2000 – Winfried Denk and Watt W. Webb 2006 – Charles H. Bennett, Gilles Brassard and Stephen Wiesner for research on the original concept of quantum cryptography. 2006 – Paul Alivisatos, M.P. Bruchez, W.C.W. Chan, S.M. Nie,S. Weiss for realisation of quantum dot nanocrystals as biological labels 2008 – Mandyam Srinivasan 2008 – Peter B. Denyer 2014 – Alf Adams 2014 − Eli Yablonovitch 2018 – Jonathan C. Knight 2018 – Philip Russell 2018 – Tim Birks 2022 − Michael Graetzel and Nam-Gyu Park Rank Prize for Nutrition The Rank Prize for Nutrition is for research in human and animal nutrition (distinct from animal husbandry), and crop husbandry. The Committee on Nutrition consists of the following people: John Mathers PhD Hon FAfN (Chairman) Malcolm Bennett Michael Gooding Peter Gregory FRASE Sarah Gurr Anne-Marie Minihane Susan Ozanne Ann Prentice OBE PHD John Wilding The Rank Prize for Nutrition was awarded at various intervals since 1976, but is now also awarded biennially, worth £100,000. In 2014 Australian biophysicist Graham Farquhar and the CSIRO agronomist Richard Richards were awarded the Rank Prize in Nutrition, for "pioneering the understanding of isotope discrimination in plants and its application to breed wheat varieties that use water more efficiently", which related to a discovery the pair made in the 1980s. Other winners include: 1981 − Hugo Kortschak, Marshall (Hal) Davidson Hatch and Roger Slack, for "outstanding work on the mechanism of photosynthesis which established the existence of an alternative pathway for the initial fixation of carbon dioxide in some important food plants". 1982 − Hamish Munro, for his work on the protein metabolism of mammals. 1984 − Elsie Widdowson, for her work on the values of foods as nutrient sources, the effects of long-term undernutrition and starvation and the nature and control of the growth process. 1989 − Vernon R. Young, for his work on the amino acid metabolism of man. 1992 − Kenneth Blaxter, lifetime award given posthumously. 1995 – Richard Smithells and B.M. Hibbard, for "pioneering studies into the role of micronutrient deficiencies, principally folic acid deficiency, and neural tube defects". 2006 − J.C. van Lenteren, Marcel Dicke, and Louise E.M. Vet for "fundamental studies of plant-pest-natural enemy interactions and the development of practical methods of pest control". 2010 − Peter E. Hartmann and Robyn Owens for their "research on human lactation, including methods for the non-invasive measurement of the rate of milk secretion". 2020 – Stephen O'Rahilly 2022 – Cathie Martin "for outstanding research into plant genetics and metabolism leading to enhanced nutritional qualities of fruits and vegetables". References ^ a b c Traeger-Cowan, Carol (November 2008). "The Rank Prize Funds: Nurturing Advancement in Optoelectronics". MRS Bulletin. 33 (11): 999–1000. doi:10.1557/mrs2008.219. Published online... 31 January 2011 PDF ^ a b c "Rank Prize Funds". Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ a b "Past Prizes in Optoelectronics". The Rank Prize Funds. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ "Optoelectronics Committee". Home. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ "Roberto Cipolla". University of Cambridge. Department of Engineering. 28 November 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ "Simon Laughlin". Royal Society. 19 September 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ "Maurice Skolnick". Royal Society. 19 September 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ a b "Optoelectronics Winners Archive". Rank Prize. Retrieved 13 August 2023. ^ "Tim Birks". University of Bath's research portal. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ "T.A. Birks". IEEE Xplore. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ a b "Past Prizes in Nutrition". The Rank Prize Funds. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ "Rank Prize". ANU Research School of Biology. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ "Richard Richards". The Conversation. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ "Luminaries: Richard Richards". Plantae. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ "Richard Richards". Australian Academy of Science. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ "Prizes awarded by the Human and Animal Nutrition and Crop Husbandry Fund". The Rank Prize. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ "Nutrition Winners Archive". Rank Prize. Retrieved 13 August 2023. ^ "Peter Hartmann". University of Western Australia. Retrieved 11 July 2020.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rank Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Organisation"},{"link_name":"J. Arthur Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Arthur_Rank"},{"link_name":"Rank Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Foundation"},{"link_name":"nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition"},{"link_name":"optoelectronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectronics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-optohist-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-optoorg-2"}],"text":"The prizes are funded by the charity The Rank Prize Funds, which were endowed by the industrialist, philanthropist and founder of the Rank Organisation, J. Arthur Rank and his wife Nell, via the Rank Foundation on 16 February 1972, not long before Arthur's death. The two Funds, the Human and Animal Nutrition and Crop Husbandry Fund and the Optoelectronics Fund, support sciences which reflect Rank's business interests through his \"connection with the flour-milling and cinema and electronics industries\", and which Rank believed would be of great benefit to humanity. The Rank Prize Funds also recognise, support and foster excellence among young and emerging researchers in the two fields of nutrition and optoelectronics.[1] The Funds aim to advance and promote education and learning for public benefit.[2]","title":"Rank Prizes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-optohist-1"},{"link_name":"biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biennial"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-optfund-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-optoorg-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Donal Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donal_Bradley"},{"link_name":"Roberto Cipolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Cipolla"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Helen Gleeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Gleeson"},{"link_name":"Simon Laughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_Laughlin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"neurobiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiologist"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John Mollon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mollon"},{"link_name":"Miles Padgett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Padgett"},{"link_name":"Wilson Sibbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Sibbett"},{"link_name":"Maurice Skolnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Skolnick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-optfund-3"},{"link_name":"Charles K. Kao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_K._Kao"},{"link_name":"George Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gray_(chemist)"},{"link_name":"C. Thomas Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Thomas_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Calvin Quate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Quate"},{"link_name":"T. Peter Brody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Peter_Brody"},{"link_name":"David N. Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_N._Payne"},{"link_name":"William Alexander Gambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Gambling"},{"link_name":"William Newsome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Newsome"},{"link_name":"Semir Zeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semir_Zeki"},{"link_name":"Horace W. Babcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_W._Babcock"},{"link_name":"Arthur Ashkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin"},{"link_name":"William Bradshaw Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradshaw_Amos"},{"link_name":"Marvin Minsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky"},{"link_name":"Chuck Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hull"},{"link_name":"Peter Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"Federico Capasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Capasso"},{"link_name":"Isamu Akasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Amano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano"},{"link_name":"Shuji Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"Winfried Denk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfried_Denk"},{"link_name":"Watt W. Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt_W._Webb"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Gilles Brassard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Brassard"},{"link_name":"Stephen Wiesner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wiesner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Paul Alivisatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Alivisatos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Mandyam Srinivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandyam_Srinivasan"},{"link_name":"Peter B. Denyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_B._Denyer"},{"link_name":"Alf Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Adams"},{"link_name":"Eli Yablonovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Yablonovitch"},{"link_name":"Jonathan C. Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_C._Knight"},{"link_name":"Philip Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Russell_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Tim Birks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Birks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Michael Graetzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Graetzel"},{"link_name":"Nam-Gyu Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam-Gyu_Park"}],"text":"The Rank Prize for Optoelectronics supports, encourages, and rewards researchers working at the cutting edge of optoelectronics research,[1] initially (from 1976) awarded annually, now a biennial prize worth £100,000.[3] Optoelectronics relates to the interface between optics and electronics, and related phenomena.[2]The Committee on Optoelectronics consists of the following people:[4]Donal Bradley CBE FRS (Chairman)\nRoberto Cipolla FREng[5]\nMartin D. Dawson FRSE\nHelen Gleeson OBE\nAnya Hurlbert\nSimon Laughlin FRS, neurobiologist[6]\nJohn Mollon DSc FRS\nMiles Padgett FRSE FRS\nWilson Sibbett CBE FRS FRSE\nMaurice Skolnick FRS[7]Past winners include:[3]1978 – Charles K. Kao\n1980 – George Gray\n1982 – C. Thomas Elliott\n1982 – Calvin Quate\n1988 – T. Peter Brody\n1991 – David N. Payne and William Alexander Gambling\n1992 – William Newsome and Semir Zeki\n1993 – Horace W. Babcock\n1993 – Arthur Ashkin\n1995 – William Bradshaw Amos\n1995 – Marvin Minsky\n1995 – Chuck Hull\n1997 – Peter Mansfield\n1998 – Federico Capasso\n1998 – Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura\n2000 – Winfried Denk and Watt W. Webb\n2006 – Charles H. Bennett, Gilles Brassard and Stephen Wiesner for research on the original concept of quantum cryptography.[8]\n2006 – Paul Alivisatos, M.P. Bruchez, W.C.W. Chan, S.M. Nie,S. Weiss for realisation of quantum dot nanocrystals as biological labels[8]\n2008 – Mandyam Srinivasan\n2008 – Peter B. Denyer\n2014 – Alf Adams\n2014 − Eli Yablonovitch\n2018 – Jonathan C. Knight\n2018 – Philip Russell\n2018 – Tim Birks[9][10]\n2022 − Michael Graetzel and Nam-Gyu Park","title":"Rank Prize for Optoelectronics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nutrition"},{"link_name":"animal nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_nutrition"},{"link_name":"animal husbandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-optoorg-2"},{"link_name":"Ann Prentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Prentice"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nutfund-11"},{"link_name":"Graham Farquhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Farquhar"},{"link_name":"CSIRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIRO"},{"link_name":"Richard Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Richards_(agronomist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winners-16"},{"link_name":"Hugo Kortschak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_P._Kortschak"},{"link_name":"Marshall (Hal) Davidson Hatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hatch"},{"link_name":"Roger Slack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Slack"},{"link_name":"photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"Hamish Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Munro"},{"link_name":"protein metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_metabolism"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"Elsie Widdowson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie_Widdowson"},{"link_name":"Vernon R. Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_R._Young"},{"link_name":"amino acid metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_metabolism"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Blaxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Blaxter_(animal_nutritionist)"},{"link_name":"Richard Smithells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smithells"},{"link_name":"B.M. Hibbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B.M._Hibbard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"micronutrient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrient"},{"link_name":"folic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid"},{"link_name":"neural tube defects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_tube_defects"},{"link_name":"J.C. van Lenteren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.C._van_Lenteren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marcel Dicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Dicke"},{"link_name":"Louise E.M. Vet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Vet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Peter E. Hartmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_E._Hartmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Robyn Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Owens"},{"link_name":"human lactation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_lactation"},{"link_name":"Stephen O'Rahilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_O%27Rahilly"},{"link_name":"Cathie Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathie_Martin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nutfund-11"}],"text":"The Rank Prize for Nutrition is for research in human and animal nutrition (distinct from animal husbandry), and crop husbandry.[2]The Committee on Nutrition consists of the following people:John Mathers PhD Hon FAfN (Chairman)\nMalcolm Bennett\nMichael Gooding\nPeter Gregory FRASE\nSarah Gurr\nAnne-Marie Minihane\nSusan Ozanne\nAnn Prentice OBE PHD\nJohn WildingThe Rank Prize for Nutrition was awarded at various intervals since 1976, but is now also awarded biennially, worth £100,000.[11]In 2014 Australian biophysicist Graham Farquhar and the CSIRO agronomist Richard Richards were awarded the Rank Prize in Nutrition, for \"pioneering the understanding of isotope discrimination in plants and its application to breed wheat varieties that use water more efficiently\", which related to a discovery the pair made in the 1980s.[12][13][14][15]Other winners include:[16]1981 − Hugo Kortschak, Marshall (Hal) Davidson Hatch and Roger Slack, for \"outstanding work on the mechanism of photosynthesis which established the existence of an alternative pathway for the initial fixation of carbon dioxide in some important food plants\".\n1982 − Hamish Munro, for his work on the protein metabolism of mammals.\n1984 − Elsie Widdowson, for her work on the values of foods as nutrient sources, the effects of long-term undernutrition and starvation and the nature and control of the growth process.\n1989 − Vernon R. Young, for his work on the amino acid metabolism of man.\n1992 − Kenneth Blaxter, lifetime award given posthumously.\n1995 – Richard Smithells and B.M. Hibbard, for \"pioneering studies into the role of micronutrient deficiencies, principally folic acid deficiency, and neural tube defects\".2006 − J.C. van Lenteren, Marcel Dicke, and Louise E.M. Vet for \"fundamental studies of plant-pest-natural enemy interactions and the development of practical methods of pest control\".[17]\n2010 − Peter E. Hartmann[18] and Robyn Owens for their \"research on human lactation, including methods for the non-invasive measurement of the rate of milk secretion\".\n2020 – Stephen O'Rahilly\n2022 – Cathie Martin \"for outstanding research into plant genetics and metabolism leading to enhanced nutritional qualities of fruits and vegetables\".[11]","title":"Rank Prize for Nutrition"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Traeger-Cowan, Carol (November 2008). \"The Rank Prize Funds: Nurturing Advancement in Optoelectronics\". MRS Bulletin. 33 (11): 999–1000. doi:10.1557/mrs2008.219. Published online... 31 January 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1557%2Fmrs2008.219","url_text":"\"The Rank Prize Funds: Nurturing Advancement in Optoelectronics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1557%2Fmrs2008.219","url_text":"10.1557/mrs2008.219"}]},{"reference":"\"Rank Prize Funds\". Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.opto.org.uk/index.php?module=static&id=65","url_text":"\"Rank Prize Funds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Prizes in Optoelectronics\". The Rank Prize Funds. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rankprize.org/index.php/prizes/optoelectronics","url_text":"\"Past Prizes in Optoelectronics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Optoelectronics Committee\". Home. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rankprize.org/index.php/administration/optoelectronics","url_text":"\"Optoelectronics Committee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roberto Cipolla\". University of Cambridge. Department of Engineering. 28 November 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/profiles/rc10001","url_text":"\"Roberto Cipolla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Laughlin\". Royal Society. 19 September 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsociety.org/people/simon-laughlin-11790/","url_text":"\"Simon Laughlin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maurice Skolnick\". Royal Society. 19 September 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsociety.org/people/maurice-skolnick-12291/","url_text":"\"Maurice Skolnick\""}]},{"reference":"\"Optoelectronics Winners Archive\". Rank Prize. Retrieved 13 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rankprize.org/prize/optoelectronics/winners/","url_text":"\"Optoelectronics Winners Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tim Birks\". University of Bath's research portal. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/persons/tim-birks","url_text":"\"Tim Birks\""}]},{"reference":"\"T.A. Birks\". IEEE Xplore. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37265700000","url_text":"\"T.A. Birks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Prizes in Nutrition\". The Rank Prize Funds. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rankprize.org/index.php/prizes/nutrition","url_text":"\"Past Prizes in Nutrition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rank Prize\". ANU Research School of Biology. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://biology.anu.edu.au/about/awards/rank-prize","url_text":"\"Rank Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Richards\". The Conversation. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/profiles/richard-richards-3526","url_text":"\"Richard Richards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luminaries: Richard Richards\". Plantae. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://plantae.org/richard-richards/","url_text":"\"Luminaries: Richard Richards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Richards\". Australian Academy of Science. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org.au/profile/richard-richards","url_text":"\"Richard Richards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prizes awarded by the Human and Animal Nutrition and Crop Husbandry Fund\". The Rank Prize. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rankprize.org/index.php/prizes/nutrition","url_text":"\"Prizes awarded by the Human and Animal Nutrition and Crop Husbandry Fund\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nutrition Winners Archive\". Rank Prize. Retrieved 13 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rankprize.org/prize/nutrition/winners/","url_text":"\"Nutrition Winners Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Hartmann\". University of Western Australia. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/peter-hartmann","url_text":"\"Peter Hartmann\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia","url_text":"University of Western Australia"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1557%2Fmrs2008.219","external_links_name":"\"The Rank Prize Funds: Nurturing Advancement in Optoelectronics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1557%2Fmrs2008.219","external_links_name":"10.1557/mrs2008.219"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/4AF5DA76A06B63E9CAB25C09A85C84C4/S088376940000631Xa.pdf/the-rank-prize-funds-nurturing-advancement-in-optoelectronics.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF"},{"Link":"http://www.opto.org.uk/index.php?module=static&id=65","external_links_name":"\"Rank Prize Funds\""},{"Link":"http://www.rankprize.org/index.php/prizes/optoelectronics","external_links_name":"\"Past Prizes in Optoelectronics\""},{"Link":"http://www.rankprize.org/index.php/administration/optoelectronics","external_links_name":"\"Optoelectronics Committee\""},{"Link":"http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/profiles/rc10001","external_links_name":"\"Roberto Cipolla\""},{"Link":"https://royalsociety.org/people/simon-laughlin-11790/","external_links_name":"\"Simon Laughlin\""},{"Link":"https://royalsociety.org/people/maurice-skolnick-12291/","external_links_name":"\"Maurice Skolnick\""},{"Link":"https://www.rankprize.org/prize/optoelectronics/winners/","external_links_name":"\"Optoelectronics Winners Archive\""},{"Link":"https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/persons/tim-birks","external_links_name":"\"Tim Birks\""},{"Link":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37265700000","external_links_name":"\"T.A. Birks\""},{"Link":"http://www.rankprize.org/index.php/prizes/nutrition","external_links_name":"\"Past Prizes in Nutrition\""},{"Link":"https://biology.anu.edu.au/about/awards/rank-prize","external_links_name":"\"Rank Prize\""},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/profiles/richard-richards-3526","external_links_name":"\"Richard Richards\""},{"Link":"https://plantae.org/richard-richards/","external_links_name":"\"Luminaries: Richard Richards\""},{"Link":"https://www.science.org.au/profile/richard-richards","external_links_name":"\"Richard Richards\""},{"Link":"http://www.rankprize.org/index.php/prizes/nutrition","external_links_name":"\"Prizes awarded by the Human and Animal Nutrition and Crop Husbandry Fund\""},{"Link":"https://www.rankprize.org/prize/nutrition/winners/","external_links_name":"\"Nutrition Winners Archive\""},{"Link":"https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/peter-hartmann","external_links_name":"\"Peter Hartmann\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_County_(disambiguation)	Randolph County	[]	Randolph County is the name of eight counties in the United States: Randolph County, Alabama Randolph County, Arkansas Randolph County, Georgia Randolph County, Illinois Randolph County, Indiana Randolph County, Missouri Randolph County, North Carolina Randolph County, West Virginia Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randolph County, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Randolph County, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Randolph County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Randolph County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Randolph County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Randolph County, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Randolph County, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Randolph County, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_County,_West_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Randolph_County&namespace=0"}],"text":"Randolph County, Alabama\nRandolph County, Arkansas\nRandolph County, Georgia\nRandolph County, Illinois\nRandolph County, Indiana\nRandolph County, Missouri\nRandolph County, North Carolina\nRandolph County, West VirginiaTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Randolph County"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Randolph_County&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Poland	Marguerite Poland	["1 Early life","2 Personal life","3 Creative work","4 Awards","5 Works","5.1 Novels","5.2 Non-fiction","5.3 Children's books","5.4 Anthologies","6 References","7 External links"]	South African writer Marguerite PolandBorn3 April 1950Gauteng, South AfricaOccupationNovelistSpouseMartin OosthuizenChildrenSue Oosthuizen and Verlie Oosthuizen Marguerite Poland OIS (born 3 April 1950, Johannesburg) is a South African writer and author of eleven children's books. Early life When she was two years old, the Poland family relocated to the Eastern Cape where she spent most of her formative years. After completing her secondary education at St Dominic's Priory School in Port Elizabeth, Poland completed her Bachelor of Arts degree at Rhodes University, majoring in Social Anthropology and Xhosa. In 1971, Marguerite Poland completed her honours degree in African languages at Stellenbosch University. In 1977 she obtained her master's degree in Zulu literature specialising in Zulu folktales – her field of speciality being cattle. In 1997 she was awarded her PhD, her doctoral thesis was 'A Descriptive Study of the Sanga-Nguni Cattle of the Zulu People' – from the University of Natal. She also has an Honours degree in Comparative African Languages and an MA and PhD in Zulu Literature from the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Personal life Poland also worked as a social worker in Port Elizabeth and in Durban. Poland also worked as an ethnologist at the Iziko South African Museum in Cape Town. Most recently she taught English for a year at St. Andrew's College in Grahamstown, where she was commissioned to write a history of the school to mark the 150th anniversary of its foundation in 2005. The resulting publication The Boy in You: a Biography of St Andrew's College, Grahamstown 1855–2005 was launched in South Africa and London in 2008. Poland is married to attorney, Martin Oosthuizen, who was also raised in the Eastern Cape and attended St Andrew's College. They have two daughters and four grandchildren and divide their time between Durban and Grahamstown where she acts as historian to the college. Creative work Among her works are The Mantis and the Moon and Woodash Stars for both of which she received the Percy FitzPatrick Award, the first two books to receive this award. The Mantis and the Moon also received the Sankei Honorable Award for translation into Japanese. In 1984 she published The Small Clay Bull (David Philip) and The Story of the Fiery Necked Nightjar (Ravan Press). She has written five adult novels. The Train to Doringbult was short listed for the CNA Awards and Shades for the M-Net Award. Shades has been a matriculation set work for over a decade throughout South Africa. It was translated into Dutch as Schimmenspel in 2015 (Mozaïek Publishers). Her third novel, Iron Love, draws much of its inspiration from the lives of a group of boys just prior to the Great War of 1914–1918. A stage adaption written and directed by Ingrid Wylde appeared at the National Arts Festival in Grahamstown in 2006. Her more recent works, Recessional for Grace and The Abundant Herds: a Celebration of the Nguni Cattle of the Zulu People have been adapted for documentary films. Her novel, The Keeper was published in 2014 and translated into Afrikaans by Daniel Hugo, titled Die Bewaker. This was followed in October 2019 by A Sin of Omission, an historical novel set in the Eastern Cape. Her anthology, The St Andrew's College Chapel - a history: 1955-2018 was published in 2018. Over the years her work has been translated into several languages including Afrikaans, Dutch, French, and Japanese. She was chosen to appear in Twentieth Century Children's Writers, the 'International Who's Who', published by Cambridge University Press and is a featured writer in the KZN Literary Tourism project. Awards Marguerite Poland is the recipient of two national Lifetime Achievement Awards for English literature; one from the Department of Arts and Culture in 2005 and then in 2010 from the South African Literary Awards. Poland was the first recipient of the Percy FitzPatrick Award for children's literature in 1979 for The Mantis and the Moon and in 1983 she won the award again for Woodash Stars. In 1984 she received the Japanese Sankei Honourable Award for The Mantis and the Moon in translation. Train to Doringbult was shortlisted for the CNA Award in 1988 and in 1994 Shades was shortlisted for the M-Net Award. In 2013 Taken Captive by Birds was shortlisted for the Nielsen Booksellers' Choice Award. Poland received the Nielsen Booksellers' Choice Award in 2015 for her novel, The Keeper: This prize is given to the title that South Africa's booksellers most enjoyed reading, promoting and selling in 2014. In 2015 she won the Ingwazi Award for contribution to the cultural history of KwaZulu-Natal. On 28 April 2016, the Order of Ikhamanga - Silver (OIS) was conferred on Marguerite Poland‚ for "her excellent contribution to the field of indigenous languages, literature and anthropology". Works Novels Train to Doringbult. Bodley Head. 1987. ISBN 9780370310510. (shortlisted for the CNA Award). Shades. Penguin. 2012. ISBN 978-0-14-302713-3. (shortlisted for the M-Net Award) Iron Love. Penguin. 2012. ISBN 978-0-14-302699-0. Recessional for Grace. Penguin. 2012. ISBN 978-0-14-352864-7. This novel has been translated into French as Cantique pour Grace The Keeper. Penguin. 2014. ISBN 978-0-14-353903-2. This novel has been translated into Afrikaans as Die Bewaker A Sin of Omission. Penguin (South Africa). 2019. A Sin of Omission. EnvelopeBooks (UK/ROI). 5 May 2022. Non-fiction The abundant herds: a celebration of the cattle of the Zulu people. Fernwood. 2003. ISBN 978-1-874950-71-4. with David Hammond-Took, illustrated by Leigh Voigt The Boy in You: A Biography of St. Andrew's College, 1855–2005. Fernwood Press. 2008. ISBN 978-1-874950-86-8. Taken Captive by Birds. Penguin Books Limited. 2012. ISBN 978-0-14-352985-9., illustrated by Craig Ivor The St Andrew's College Chapel, a History : 1855-2018. Privately published. 2018. Children's books Die Muis Sonder Snorbaard. Tafelberg. 1979. ISBN 978-0-624-01289-4. Die Bidsprikaan en die Maan, 1981 Once at KwaFubesi. Leigh Voigt. Ravan Press. 1981. ISBN 978-0-86975-201-2. The Bush Shrike, 1982, Raven Press As die boerboonblomme val en ander verhale. Tafelberg -Uitg. 1982. ISBN 978-0-624-01753-0. The Wood-ash Stars. David Philip. 1983. ISBN 978-0-908396-98-6. Percy FitzPatrick Award Die vuurkoolsterre. Human & Rousseau (Edms) Bpk. 1983. ISBN 978-0-7981-1634-3. Marcus and the Boxing Gloves. Cora Coetzee. Tafelberg. 1984. ISBN 978-0-624-02253-4. The Small Clay Bull,1984, David Philip The Story of the Fiery Necked Nightjar, 1984, Raven Press The Mantis and the Moon: Stories for the Children of Africa. Ravan Press. 1985. ISBN 978-0-86850-115-4. Percy FitzPatrick Award Shadow of the Wild Hare. Leigh Voigt. D. Philip. 1986. ISBN 978-0-86486-073-6. Nqalu, the Mouse with No Whiskers. Tafelberg. 1987. ISBN 978-0-624-02554-2. Marcus and the Go-kart. Tafelberg. 1988. ISBN 978-0-624-02452-1. Sambane's Dream. Leigh Voigt. Penguin Books. 1989. ISBN 978-0-14-012849-9. Anthologies Contributed to: South Africa 27 April 1994 Ed. Andre Brink, 1994 Quellerie 27 April, One Year Later. Ed Andre Brink, 1995 Quellerie Madiba Magic, date? Tafelberg Keersy/Crossing Over, Stories from a new South Africa compiled by Linda Rode and Jakes Gerwel References ^ Jeanette Eve (2003). A Literary Guide to the Eastern Cape: Places and the Voices of Writers. Juta and Company Ltd. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-919930-15-2. ^ Poland 2008. ^ Laura Standley Berger (1995). Twentieth-Century Children's Writers. St. James Press. ISBN 978-1-55862-177-0. ^ "Marguerite Poland". KZN Literary Tourism. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2014. ^ "Marguerite Poland's The Keeper Wins the 2015 Nielsen Booksellers' Choice Award". Books LIVE. Times Media Group. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015. ^ "President Jacob Zuma bestows 2016 National Orders Awards, 28 Apr". South African Government. 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2016. ^ "Shades". www.penguinrandomhouse.co.za. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022. ^ Poland, Marguerite (2019). A sin of omission. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-4859-0419-9. OCLC 1126585920. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023. ^ "A Sin of Omission". Archived from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022. External links Marguerite Poland a short biography and bibliography inventory of papers, 1976 – 1997 Literature portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Japan Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"}],"text":"Marguerite Poland OIS (born 3 April 1950, Johannesburg) is a South African writer and author of eleven children's books.","title":"Marguerite Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape"},{"link_name":"St Dominic's Priory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Dominic%27s_Priory_School"},{"link_name":"Port Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Rhodes University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_University"},{"link_name":"Stellenbosch University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellenbosch_University"},{"link_name":"University of Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Natal"},{"link_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_KwaZulu-Natal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"When she was two years old, the Poland family relocated to the Eastern Cape where she spent most of her formative years. After completing her secondary education at St Dominic's Priory School in Port Elizabeth, Poland completed her Bachelor of Arts degree at Rhodes University, majoring in Social Anthropology and Xhosa. In 1971, Marguerite Poland completed her honours degree in African languages at Stellenbosch University. In 1977 she obtained her master's degree in Zulu literature specialising in Zulu folktales – her field of speciality being cattle. In 1997 she was awarded her PhD, her doctoral thesis was 'A Descriptive Study of the Sanga-Nguni Cattle of the Zulu People' – from the University of Natal. She also has an Honours degree in Comparative African Languages and an MA and PhD in Zulu Literature from the University of KwaZulu-Natal.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"Iziko South African Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iziko_South_African_Museum"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"St. Andrew's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_College_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoland2008-2"}],"text":"Poland also worked as a social worker in Port Elizabeth and in Durban. Poland also worked as an ethnologist at the Iziko South African Museum in Cape Town.\nMost recently she taught English for a year at St. Andrew's College in Grahamstown, where she was commissioned to write a history of the school to mark the 150th anniversary of its foundation in 2005. The resulting publication The Boy in You: a Biography of St Andrew's College, Grahamstown 1855–2005[2] was launched in South Africa and London in 2008.\nPoland is married to attorney, Martin Oosthuizen, who was also raised in the Eastern Cape and attended St Andrew's College. They have two daughters and four grandchildren and divide their time between Durban and Grahamstown where she acts as historian to the college.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Percy FitzPatrick Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_FitzPatrick_Award"},{"link_name":"Shades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shades_(Novel)"},{"link_name":"Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"National Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"Grahamstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahamstown"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berger1995-3"},{"link_name":"KZN Literary Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZN_Literary_Tourism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KZN_Literary_Tourism-4"}],"text":"Among her works are The Mantis and the Moon and Woodash Stars for both of which she received the Percy FitzPatrick Award, the first two books to receive this award. The Mantis and the Moon also received the Sankei Honorable Award for translation into Japanese. In 1984 she published The Small Clay Bull (David Philip) and The Story of the Fiery Necked Nightjar (Ravan Press). She has written five adult novels. The Train to Doringbult was short listed for the CNA Awards and Shades for the M-Net Award. Shades has been a matriculation set work for over a decade throughout South Africa. It was translated into Dutch as Schimmenspel in 2015 (Mozaïek Publishers). Her third novel, Iron Love, draws much of its inspiration from the lives of a group of boys just prior to the Great War of 1914–1918. A stage adaption written and directed by Ingrid Wylde appeared at the National Arts Festival in Grahamstown in 2006. Her more recent works, Recessional for Grace and The Abundant Herds: a Celebration of the Nguni Cattle of the Zulu People have been adapted for documentary films. Her novel, The Keeper was published in 2014 and translated into Afrikaans by Daniel Hugo, titled Die Bewaker. This was followed in October 2019 by A Sin of Omission, an historical novel set in the Eastern Cape. Her anthology, The St Andrew's College Chapel - a history: 1955-2018 was published in 2018. Over the years her work has been translated into several languages including Afrikaans, Dutch, French, and Japanese. She was chosen to appear in Twentieth Century Children's Writers,[3] the 'International Who's Who', published by Cambridge University Press and is a featured writer in the KZN Literary Tourism project.[4]","title":"Creative work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Arts and Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Arts_and_Culture_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"South African Literary Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Literary_Awards_(SALA)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Percy FitzPatrick Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_FitzPatrick_Award"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book_Marg-5"},{"link_name":"KwaZulu-Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal"},{"link_name":"Order of Ikhamanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Ikhamanga"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govza-6"}],"text":"Marguerite Poland is the recipient of two national Lifetime Achievement Awards for English literature; one from the Department of Arts and Culture in 2005 and then in 2010 from the South African Literary Awards.[citation needed]Poland was the first recipient of the Percy FitzPatrick Award for children's literature in 1979 for The Mantis and the Moon and in 1983 she won the award again for Woodash Stars. In 1984 she received the Japanese Sankei Honourable Award for The Mantis and the Moon in translation.[citation needed]Train to Doringbult was shortlisted for the CNA Award in 1988 and in 1994 Shades was shortlisted for the M-Net Award. In 2013 Taken Captive by Birds was shortlisted for the Nielsen Booksellers' Choice Award.Poland received the Nielsen Booksellers' Choice Award in 2015 for her novel, The Keeper: This prize is given to the title that South Africa's booksellers most enjoyed reading, promoting and selling in 2014.[5]In 2015 she won the Ingwazi Award for contribution to the cultural history of KwaZulu-Natal.On 28 April 2016, the Order of Ikhamanga - Silver (OIS) was conferred on Marguerite Poland‚ for \"her excellent contribution to the field of indigenous languages, literature and anthropology\".[6]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Train to Doringbult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CCQgAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780370310510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780370310510"},{"link_name":"Shades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3RmUhx2y42cC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-302713-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302713-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Iron Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8P2ZOdLiyrkC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-302699-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302699-0"},{"link_name":"Recessional for Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=050WIbZgywEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-352864-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-352864-7"},{"link_name":"The Keeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cTHSoQEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-353903-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-353903-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"Train to Doringbult. Bodley Head. 1987. ISBN 9780370310510. (shortlisted for the CNA Award).\nShades. Penguin. 2012. ISBN 978-0-14-302713-3.[7] (shortlisted for the M-Net Award)\nIron Love. Penguin. 2012. ISBN 978-0-14-302699-0.\nRecessional for Grace. Penguin. 2012. ISBN 978-0-14-352864-7. This novel has been translated into French as Cantique pour Grace\nThe Keeper. Penguin. 2014. ISBN 978-0-14-353903-2. This novel has been translated into Afrikaans as Die Bewaker\nA Sin of Omission. Penguin (South Africa). 2019.[8]\nA Sin of Omission. EnvelopeBooks (UK/ROI). 5 May 2022.[9]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The abundant herds: a celebration of the cattle of the Zulu people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QfkwAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-874950-71-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874950-71-4"},{"link_name":"The Boy in You: A Biography of St. Andrew's College, 1855–2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CbYsygAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-874950-86-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874950-86-8"},{"link_name":"Taken Captive by Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XKD3H7B6L88C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-352985-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-352985-9"}],"sub_title":"Non-fiction","text":"The abundant herds: a celebration of the cattle of the Zulu people. Fernwood. 2003. ISBN 978-1-874950-71-4. with David Hammond-Took, illustrated by Leigh Voigt\nThe Boy in You: A Biography of St. Andrew's College, 1855–2005. Fernwood Press. 2008. ISBN 978-1-874950-86-8.\nTaken Captive by Birds. Penguin Books Limited. 2012. ISBN 978-0-14-352985-9., illustrated by Craig Ivor\nThe St Andrew's College Chapel, a History : 1855-2018. Privately published. 2018.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Die Muis Sonder Snorbaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wQlXewAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-624-01289-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-624-01289-4"},{"link_name":"Once at KwaFubesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-9Q8AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86975-201-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86975-201-2"},{"link_name":"As die boerboonblomme val en ander verhale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RnHQYgEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-624-01753-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-624-01753-0"},{"link_name":"The Wood-ash Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yLQIAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-908396-98-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908396-98-6"},{"link_name":"Percy FitzPatrick Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_FitzPatrick_Award"},{"link_name":"Die vuurkoolsterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Ef0_AAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7981-1634-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7981-1634-3"},{"link_name":"Marcus and the Boxing Gloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=V9IfAAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-624-02253-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-624-02253-4"},{"link_name":"The Mantis and the Moon: Stories for the Children of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ydd2tgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86850-115-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86850-115-4"},{"link_name":"Percy FitzPatrick Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_FitzPatrick_Award"},{"link_name":"Shadow of the Wild Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xvxd5J7kf0gC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86486-073-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86486-073-6"},{"link_name":"Nqalu, the Mouse with No Whiskers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Iw4OAQAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-624-02554-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-624-02554-2"},{"link_name":"Marcus and the Go-kart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Vx59AAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-624-02452-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-624-02452-1"},{"link_name":"Sambane's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pPokAAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-012849-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-012849-9"}],"sub_title":"Children's books","text":"Die Muis Sonder Snorbaard. Tafelberg. 1979. ISBN 978-0-624-01289-4.\nDie Bidsprikaan en die Maan, 1981\nOnce at KwaFubesi. Leigh Voigt. Ravan Press. 1981. ISBN 978-0-86975-201-2.\nThe Bush Shrike, 1982, Raven Press\nAs die boerboonblomme val en ander verhale. Tafelberg -Uitg. 1982. ISBN 978-0-624-01753-0.\nThe Wood-ash Stars. David Philip. 1983. ISBN 978-0-908396-98-6. Percy FitzPatrick Award\nDie vuurkoolsterre. Human & Rousseau (Edms) Bpk. 1983. ISBN 978-0-7981-1634-3.\nMarcus and the Boxing Gloves. Cora Coetzee. Tafelberg. 1984. ISBN 978-0-624-02253-4.\nThe Small Clay Bull,1984, David Philip\nThe Story of the Fiery Necked Nightjar, 1984, Raven Press\nThe Mantis and the Moon: Stories for the Children of Africa. Ravan Press. 1985. ISBN 978-0-86850-115-4. Percy FitzPatrick Award\nShadow of the Wild Hare. Leigh Voigt. D. Philip. 1986. ISBN 978-0-86486-073-6.\nNqalu, the Mouse with No Whiskers. Tafelberg. 1987. ISBN 978-0-624-02554-2.\nMarcus and the Go-kart. Tafelberg. 1988. ISBN 978-0-624-02452-1.\nSambane's Dream. Leigh Voigt. Penguin Books. 1989. ISBN 978-0-14-012849-9.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Anthologies","text":"Contributed to:South Africa 27 April 1994 Ed. Andre Brink, 1994 Quellerie\n27 April, One Year Later. Ed Andre Brink, 1995 Quellerie\nMadiba Magic, date? Tafelberg\nKeersy/Crossing Over, Stories from a new South Africa compiled by Linda Rode and Jakes Gerwel","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Train to Doringbult. Bodley Head. 1987. ISBN 9780370310510.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CCQgAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Train to Doringbult"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780370310510","url_text":"9780370310510"}]},{"reference":"Shades. Penguin. 2012. ISBN 978-0-14-302713-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3RmUhx2y42cC","url_text":"Shades"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302713-3","url_text":"978-0-14-302713-3"}]},{"reference":"Iron Love. Penguin. 2012. ISBN 978-0-14-302699-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8P2ZOdLiyrkC","url_text":"Iron Love"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302699-0","url_text":"978-0-14-302699-0"}]},{"reference":"Recessional for Grace. Penguin. 2012. ISBN 978-0-14-352864-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=050WIbZgywEC","url_text":"Recessional for Grace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-352864-7","url_text":"978-0-14-352864-7"}]},{"reference":"The Keeper. Penguin. 2014. ISBN 978-0-14-353903-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cTHSoQEACAAJ","url_text":"The Keeper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-353903-2","url_text":"978-0-14-353903-2"}]},{"reference":"A Sin of Omission. Penguin (South Africa). 2019.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The abundant herds: a celebration of the cattle of the Zulu people. Fernwood. 2003. ISBN 978-1-874950-71-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QfkwAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The abundant herds: a celebration of the cattle of the Zulu people"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874950-71-4","url_text":"978-1-874950-71-4"}]},{"reference":"The Boy in You: A Biography of St. Andrew's College, 1855–2005. Fernwood Press. 2008. ISBN 978-1-874950-86-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CbYsygAACAAJ","url_text":"The Boy in You: A Biography of St. Andrew's College, 1855–2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874950-86-8","url_text":"978-1-874950-86-8"}]},{"reference":"Taken Captive by Birds. Penguin Books Limited. 2012. ISBN 978-0-14-352985-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XKD3H7B6L88C","url_text":"Taken Captive by Birds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-352985-9","url_text":"978-0-14-352985-9"}]},{"reference":"The St Andrew's College Chapel, a History : 1855-2018. Privately published. 2018.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Die Muis Sonder Snorbaard. Tafelberg. 1979. ISBN 978-0-624-01289-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wQlXewAACAAJ","url_text":"Die Muis Sonder Snorbaard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-624-01289-4","url_text":"978-0-624-01289-4"}]},{"reference":"Once at KwaFubesi. Leigh Voigt. Ravan Press. 1981. ISBN 978-0-86975-201-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-9Q8AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Once at KwaFubesi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86975-201-2","url_text":"978-0-86975-201-2"}]},{"reference":"As die boerboonblomme val en ander verhale. Tafelberg -Uitg. 1982. ISBN 978-0-624-01753-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RnHQYgEACAAJ","url_text":"As die boerboonblomme val en ander verhale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-624-01753-0","url_text":"978-0-624-01753-0"}]},{"reference":"The Wood-ash Stars. David Philip. 1983. 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Retrieved 24 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.literarytourism.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=386:marguerite-poland&catid=13:authors&Itemid=28","url_text":"\"Marguerite Poland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZN_Literary_Tourism","url_text":"KZN Literary Tourism"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170106210702/http://literarytourism.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=386:marguerite-poland&catid=13:authors&Itemid=28","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Marguerite Poland's The Keeper Wins the 2015 Nielsen Booksellers' Choice Award\". Books LIVE. Times Media Group. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pisan_Cantos	The Cantos	["1 Structure","2 I–XVI","3 XVII–XXX","4 XXXI–XLI (XI New Cantos)","5 XLII–LI (Fifth Decad)","6 LII–LXI (The Chinese History Cantos)","7 LXII–LXXI (The Adams Cantos)","8 LXXII–LXXIII (The Italian Cantos)","9 LXXIV–LXXXIV (The Pisan Cantos)","10 LXXXV–XCV (Section: Rock-Drill)","11 XCVI–CIX (Thrones)","12 Drafts and fragments of Cantos CX–CXVII","13 Controversy","14 Legacy","15 Notes","16 Sources"]	Poem by Ezra Pound, written 1915 to 1962 This article is about the series of cantos written by Ezra Pound. For other uses, see Canto. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Cantos" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Opening page of the first American edition, published 1933 The Cantos by Ezra Pound is a long poem in 109 sections plus a number of drafts and fragments added as a supplement at the request of the poem's American publisher, James Laughlin. Most of it was written between 1915 and 1962, although much of the material in the first three cantos was abandoned or redistributed in 1923, when Pound prepared the first instalment of the poem, A Draft of XVI Cantos (Three Mountains Press, 1925). It is a book-length work, widely considered to present formidable difficulties to the reader. Strong claims have been made for it as the most significant work of modernist poetry of the twentieth century. As in Pound's prose writing, the themes of economics, governance and culture are integral to its content. The most striking feature of the text, to a casual browser, is the inclusion of Chinese characters as well as quotations in European languages other than English. Recourse to scholarly commentaries is almost inevitable for a close reader. The range of allusion to historical events is very broad, and abrupt changes occur with little transition. There is also wide geographical reference; Pound added to his earlier interests in the classical Mediterranean culture and East Asia selective topics from medieval and early modern Italy and Provence, the beginnings of the United States, England of the seventeenth century, and details from Africa he had obtained from Leo Frobenius. Structure The Cantos can appear on first reading to be chaotic or structureless because the poem lacks an obvious plot. R. P. Blackmur, an early critic, wrote, "The work of Ezra Pound has been for most people almost as difficult to understand as Soviet Russia … The Cantos are not complex, they are complicated". Pound and T. S. Eliot had previously approached the subject of fragmentation of human experience: while Eliot was writing, and Pound editing, The Waste Land, Pound had said that he looked upon experience as similar to a series of iron filings on a mirror. Each filing is disconnected, but they are drawn into the shape of a rose by the presence of a magnet. Nevertheless, there are indications in Pound's other writings that there may have been some formal plan underlying the work. In his 1918 essay A Retrospect, Pound wrote "I think there is a 'fluid' as well as a 'solid' content, that some poems may have form as a tree has form, some as water poured into a vase. That most symmetrical forms have certain uses. That a vast number of subjects cannot be precisely, and therefore not properly rendered in symmetrical forms". Critics like Hugh Kenner who take a more positive view of The Cantos have tended to follow this hint, seeing the poem as a poetic record of Pound's life and reading that sends out new branches as new needs arise with the final poem, like a tree, displaying a kind of unpredictable inevitability. Another approach to the structure of the work is based on a letter Pound wrote to his father in the 1920s, in which he stated that his plan was: A. A. Live man goes down into world of dead. C. B. 'The repeat in history.' B. C. The 'magic moment' or moment of metamorphosis, bust through from quotidian into 'divine or permanent world.' Gods, etc. In the light of cantos written later than this letter, it would be possible to add other recurring motifs to this list, such as: periploi ('voyages around'); vegetation rituals such as the Eleusinian Mysteries; usura, banking and credit; and the drive towards clarity in art, such as the 'clear line' of Renaissance painting and the 'clear song' of the troubadours. The poem's symbolic structure also makes use of an opposition between darkness and light. Images of light are used variously, and may represent neoplatonic ideas of divinity, the artistic impulse, love (both sacred and physical) and good governance, amongst other things. The moon is frequently associated in the poem with creativity, while the sun is more often found in relation to the sphere of political and social activity, although there is frequent overlap between the two. From the Rock Drill sequence on, the poem's effort is to merge these two aspects of light into a unified whole. The Cantos was initially published in the form of separate sections, each containing several cantos that were numbered sequentially using Roman numerals (except cantos 85–109, first published with Arabic numerals). The original publication dates for the groups of cantos are as given below. The complete collection of cantos was published together in 1987 (including a final short coda or fragment, dated 24 August 1966). In 2002 a bilingual edition of “Posthumous Cantos” (Canti postumi) appeared in Italy. This is a concise selection from the mass of drafts (circa 1915–1965) uncollected or unpublished by Pound, and contains many passages that throw light on The Cantos. I–XVI Published in 1925 as A Draft of XVI Cantos by the Three Mountains Press in Paris. Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta "built a temple so full of pagan works" (Canto XI). Portrait by Piero della Francesca. Pound was discussing the possibility of writing a long poem since around 1905, but work did not begin until sometime in 1915. The initial versions of the first three cantos of the proposed "poem of some length" were published in the journal Poetry. In this version, the poem began very much as a direct address by the poet, not to the reader but to the ghost of Robert Browning. Pound came to realise that this need to be a controlling narrative voice was working against the revolutionary intent of his own poetic position, and these first three ur-cantos were soon abandoned and a new starting point sought. The answer was a Latin version of Homer's Odyssey by the Renaissance scholar Andreas Divus that Pound had bought in Paris sometime between 1906 and 1910. Using the metre and syntax of his 1911 version of the Anglo-Saxon poem The Seafarer, Pound made an English version of Divus' rendering of the nekuia episode in which Odysseus and his companions sail to Hades in order to find out what their future holds. In using this passage to open the poem, Pound introduces a major theme; the excavating of the "dead" past to illuminate both present and future. He also echoes Dante's opening to The Divine Comedy in which the poet also descends into hell to interrogate the dead. The canto concludes with some fragments from the Second Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, in a Latin version by Georgius Dartona which Pound found in the Divus volume, followed by "So that:"—an invitation to read on. Canto II opens with some lines rescued from the ur-cantos in which Pound reflects on the indeterminacy of identity by setting side by side four different versions of the troubadour poet Sordello: Browning's poem of that name, the actual Sordello of flesh and blood, Pound's own version of the poet and the Sordello of the brief life appended to manuscripts of his poems. These lines are followed by a sequence of identity shifts involving a seal, the daughter of Lir and other figures associated with the sea: Eleanor of Aquitaine who, through a pair of Homeric epithets that echo her name, shifts into Helen of Troy, Homer with his ear for the "sea surge", the old men of Troy who want to send Helen back over the sea, and an extended, imagistic retelling of the story of the abduction of Dionysus by sailors and his transformation of his abductors into dolphins. Although this last story is found in the Homeric Hymn to Dionysus, also contained in the Divus volume, Pound draws on the version in Ovid's poem Metamorphoses, thus introducing the world of ancient Rome into the poem. The next five cantos (III–VII), again drawing heavily on Pound's Imagist past for their technique, are essentially based in the Mediterranean, drawing on classical mythology, Renaissance history, the world of the troubadours, Sappho's poetry, a scene from the legend of El Cid that introduces the theme of banking and credit, and Pound's own visits to Venice to create a textual collage saturated with neoplatonist images of clarity and light. Cantos VIII–XI draw on the story of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, 15th-century poet, condottiero, lord of Rimini and patron of the arts. Quoting extensively from primary sources, including Malatesta's letters, Pound especially focuses on the building of the church of San Francesco, also known as the Tempio Malatestiano. Designed by Leon Battista Alberti and decorated by artists including Piero della Francesca and Agostino di Duccio, this was a landmark Renaissance building, being the first church to use the Roman triumphal arch as part of its structure. For Pound, who spent a good deal of time seeking patrons for himself, James Joyce, Eliot and a string of little magazines and small presses, the role of the patron was a crucial cultural question, and Malatesta is the first in a line of ruler-patrons to appear in The Cantos. Canto XII consists of three moral tales on the subject of profit. The first and third of these treat of the creation of profit ex nihilo by exploiting the money supply, comparing this activity with "unnatural" fertility. The central parable contrasts this with wealth-creation based on the creation of useful goods. Canto XIII then introduces Confucius, or Kung, who is presented as the embodiment of the ideal of social order based on ethics. This section of The Cantos concludes with a vision of hell. Cantos XIV and XV use the convention of the Divine Comedy to present Pound/Dante moving through a hell populated by bankers, newspaper editors, hack writers and other 'perverters of language' and the social order. In Canto XV, Plotinus takes the role of guide played by Virgil in Dante's poem. In Canto XVI, Pound emerges from Hell and into an earthly paradise where he sees some of the personages encountered in earlier cantos. The poem then moves to recollections of World War I, and of Pound's writer and artist friends who fought in it. These include Richard Aldington, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, Wyndham Lewis, Ernest Hemingway and Fernand Léger, whose war memories the poem includes a passage from (in French). Finally, there is a transcript of Lincoln Steffens' account of the Russian Revolution. These two events, the war and revolution, mark a decisive break with the historic past, including the early modernist period when these writers and artists formed a more-or-less coherent movement. XVII–XXX XVII–XXVII was published by John Rodker in London in 1928 in a luxury edition called A Draft of the Cantos 17-27 of Ezra Pound: With Initials by Gladys Hynes. Pound then wrote three more cantos for Cantos I–XXX published in 1930 in A Draft of XXX Cantos by Nancy Cunard's Hours Press. Venice: "Flat water before me, / and the trees growing in water, / Marble trunks out of stillness, / On past the palazzi, / in the stillness, The light now, not of the sun" (Canto XVII) Originally, Pound conceived of Cantos XVII–XXVII as a group that would follow the first volume by starting with the Renaissance and ending with the Russian Revolution. The major locus of these cantos is the city of Venice. Canto XVII opens with the words "So that", echoing the end of Canto I, and then moves on to another Dionysus-related metamorphosis story. The rest of the canto is concerned with Venice, which is portrayed as a stone forest growing out of the water. Cantos XVIII and XIX return to the theme of financial exploitation, beginning with the Venetian explorer Marco Polo's account of Kublai Khan's paper money. Canto XIX deals mainly with those who profit from war, returning briefly to the Russian Revolution, and ends on the evil of wars and those who promote them. Canto XX opens with a grouping of phrases, words and images from Mediterranean poetry, ranging from Homer through Ovid, Propertius and Catullus to the Song of Roland and Arnaut Daniel. These fragments constellate to form an exemplum of what Pound calls "clear song". There follows another exemplum, this time of the linguistic scholarship that enables us to read these old poetries and the specific attention to words this study requires. Finally, this "clear song" and intellectual activity is implicitly contrasted with the inertia and indolence of the lotus eaters. There are references to the Malatesta family and to Borso d'Este, who tried to keep the peace between the warring Italian city states. Canto XXI deals with the difference of patronage between the Medici family, especially Lorenzo the Magnificent and Thomas Jefferson. A phrase from one of Sigismundo Malatesta's letters inserted into the Jefferson passage ("affatigandose per suo piacere o no") draws an explicit parallel between the two men - neither had the financial power of the Medici, yet assisted in the production of art even though they were of relatively modest means and far from the centres of culture. The next canto continues the focus on finance by introducing the Social Credit theories of C.H. Douglas for the first time. Canto XXIII returns to the world of the troubadours via Homer and Renaissance neo-platonism. Pound saw Provençal culture as a nexus of survival of the old pagan beliefs, and the destruction of the Cathar stronghold at Montsegur at the end of the Albigensian Crusade is held up as an example of the tendency of authority to crush all such alternative cultures. The destruction of Mont Segur is implicitly compared with the destruction of Troy in the closing lines of the canto. Canto XXIV then returns to 15th-century Italy and the d'Este family, again focusing on their Venetian activities and Niccolo d'Este's voyage to the Holy Land. Cantos XXV draws on the Book of the Council Major in Venice and Pound's personal memories of the city. Anecdotes on Titian and Mozart deal with the relationship between artist and patron. Cantos XXVI is a history of Venice. Canto XXVII outlines the Russian Revolution, which is seen as being destructive, not constructive, and echoes the ruin of Eblis from Canto VI. XXVIII returns to the contemporary scene, with a passage on transatlantic flight. The last two cantos in the series return to the world of "clear song". In Canto XXIX, a story from their visit to the Provençal site at Excideuil contrasts Pound and Eliot on the subject of Christianity, with Pound implicitly rejecting that religion. Finally, the series closes with a glimpse of the printer Hieronymus Soncinus of Fano preparing to print the works of Petrarch. XXXI–XLI (XI New Cantos) Thomas Jefferson, who was, in Pound's view, a new Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta. Published as Eleven New Cantos XXXI–XLI. New York: Farrar & Rinehart Inc., 1934. The first four cantos of this volume (Cantos XXXI–XXXIV) quote extensively from the letters of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and the diary of John Quincy Adams, to deal with the emergence of the fledgling United States. Canto XXXI opens with the Malatesta family motto Tempus loquendi, tempus tacendi ("a time to speak, a time to be silent") to link again Jefferson and Sigismundo as individuals and the Italian and American "rebirths" as historical movements. Canto XXXV contrasts the dynamism of Revolutionary America with the "general indefinite wobble" of the decaying aristocratic society of Mitteleuropa, the Austro-Hungarian empire. This canto contains some distinctly unpleasant expressions of anti-Semitic opinions. Canto XXXVI opens with a translation of Cavalcanti's canzone Donna mi pregha ("A lady asks me"). This poem, a lyric meditation on the nature and philosophy of love, was a touchstone text for Pound. He saw it as an example of the post-Montsegur survival of the Provençal tradition of "clear song", precision of thought and language, and nonconformity of belief. The canto then continues with the figure of the 9th-century Irish philosopher and poet John Scotus Eriugena, who was an influence on the Cathars and whose writings were condemned as heretical in both the 11th and 13th centuries, and closes with the Italian poet Sordello. Canto XXXVII then returns to the period before the civil war in the United States with a portrait of the American President Martin Van Buren, focusing on the period he was vice-president to Andrew Jackson, who, following his repayment of the debt of the revolutionary war of independence, also ended the Second Bank of the United States in the so-called "Bank War" of 1829-1836. Canto XXXVIII opens with a quotation from Dante in which he rightly accuses the king of France Philip the Fair, of falsifying the coinage. The canto then turns to modern commerce and the arms trade. The canto has acquired a certain notoriety among scholars for its succinct account of C.H. Douglas's A+B Theorem, which spells out the basis of the Social Credit theory. Canto XXXIX returns to the island of Circe and the events before the voyage undertaken in the first canto and unfolds as a hymn to natural fertility and ritual sex. Canto XL is a diptych: the first section is dedicated to a summary of J. P. Morgan's fraudulent financial career; this is followed by another periplus, a condensed version of Hanno the Navigator's account of his voyage along the West coast of Africa. The collection ends with canto XLI balancing an account of Benito Mussolini during WWI and Thomas Jefferson in Paris, just before the French Revolution. XLII–LI (Fifth Decad) Published as The Fifth Decad of the Cantos XLII–LI. London: Faber & Faber, 1937. Cantos XLII, XLIII and XLIV move to the Sienese bank, the Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena and to the 18th-century reforms of Pietro Leopoldo, Habsburg Arch Duke of Tuscany. Founded in 1624, the Monte dei Paschi was a low-interest, credit institution whose funds were guaranteed by taxing the grazing of sheep on community land (the "BANK of the grassland" of Canto XLIII). Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo, who sought to end state debt and protected agricultural implements from sequestration for personal debt. (Portrait by Stefano Gaetano Neri.) Canto XLV is a litany against Usura or usury, which Pound later defined as a charge on credit regardless of actual production focusing on examples from the arts in which cultural creation is independent of the market. The canto declares usury is both contrary to the laws of nature and inimical to the production of good art and culture. Pound later came to see this canto as a key central point in the poem. Canto XLVI presents the dark heart of usury, i.e. the procedures whereby money is created in liberal institutions such as the Bank of England. In Pound's view, issuing money as a form of state debt was contributing to poverty, social deprivation, crime and implicitly to "bad" art made as a form of investment and profit. At the time of writing the canto (1935) The Bank of England was still a private company, whose activities were primarily subjected to shareholder interest not the British government. The Bank was nationalised in 1946. The poem returns to the island of Circe and Odysseus about to "sail after knowledge" in Canto XLVII. There follows a long lyrical passage in which a ritual of floating votive candles on the bay at Rapallo near Pound's home every July merges with the cognate myths of Tammuz and Adonis, agricultural activity set in a calendar based on natural cycles, and fertility rituals. Canto XLVIII presents a suite of instances of what Pound considers to be the degradation of intelligence and civilisation due to usury. At the same time he proposes remedies: travel and exploration, as well as sexual and religious freedom. Canto XLIX is a poem of tranquil nature derived from a Chinese picture book that Pound's parents brought with them when they retired to Rapallo. Canto L is an investigation of a theory by one of the writers that Pound was in contact with, namely Robert McNair Wilson, a specialist in the life of Napoleon. Wilson's idea was that Bonaparte had been a flawed hero who had fought and been crushed by usury. The canto actively follows this idea but finds rather that Napoleon did not change the financial arrangements of his day, or had any progressive economic idea. Pound also shows how the Rothschild family actively helped the British and Austrian cause against him. The final canto in this sequence returns to the usura litany of Canto XLV, followed by detailed instructions on making flies for fishing (man in harmony with nature) and ends with a reference to the anti-Venetian League of Cambrai. They decad ends with the first Chinese written characters to appear in the poem, representing the Rectification of Names from the Analects of Confucius (the ideogram representing honesty at the end of Canto XXXIV was added when The Cantos was published as a single volume). LII–LXI (The Chinese History Cantos) Confucius "cut 3000 odes to 300". First published in Cantos LII–LXXI. Norfolk Conn.: New Directions, 1940. These cantos are based on the first eleven volumes of the twelve-volume Histoire generale de la Chine by Joseph-Anna-Marie de Moyriac de Mailla. De Mailla was a French Jesuit who spent 37 years in Peking and wrote his history there. The work was completed in 1730 but not published until 1777–1783. De Mailla was very much an Enlightenment figure and his view of Chinese history reflects this; he found Confucian political philosophy, with its emphasis on rational order, much to his liking. He also disliked what he saw as the superstitious pseudo-mysticism promulgated by both Buddhists and Taoists, to the detriment of rational politics. Pound, in turn, fitted de Mailla's take on China into his own views on Christianity, the need for strong leadership to address 20th-century fiscal and cultural problems, and his support of Mussolini. In an introductory note to the section, Pound is at pains to point out that the ideograms and other fragments of foreign-language text incorporated in The Cantos should not put the reader off, as they serve to underline things that are in the English text. Canto LII is a diptych contrasting the Western world eroded by usury with the beginnings of Chinese civilisation as evident in the Book of Rites, especially those parts that deal with agriculture and natural increase. The diction is the same as that used in earlier cantos on similar subjects. Canto LIII covers the period from the founding of the Xia dynasty up to circa 225 BCE including the life of Confucius in the 5th century BC. Special mention is made of emperors that Confucius approved of and the sage's interest in cultural matters is stressed. For example, we are told that he edited the Book of Odes, cutting it from 3000 to 300 poems. Canto LIV moves the story on to around 805 CE. from the first emperor Qin Shi Huang to the middle of the Tang dynasty. Canto LV is mainly concerned with the decadence of the Tang, The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdom's period and the rise of the Song dynasty, including the rise of the Tatars and the Tartar Wars, ending about 1200. There is a lot on money policy in this canto and Pound quotes approvingly the Tartar ruler Oulo who noted that the people "cannot eat jewels". This is echoed in Canto LVI when KinKwa remarks that both gold and jade are inedible. This canto is mainly concerned with Ghengis and Kublai Khan and the rise of their Yeun dynasty. The canto closes with the overthrow of the Yuan and the establishment of the Ming dynasty, bringing us to around 1400. Canto LVII opens with the story of the flight of the emperor Kien Ouen Ti in 1402 or 1403 and continues with the history of the Ming up to the middle of the 16th century. Canto LVIII opens with a condensed history of Japan from the legendary first emperor, Emperor Jimmu, who supposedly ruled in the 7th century BCE, to the late 16th-century Toyotomi Hideyoshi (anglicised by Pound as Messier Undertree), who issued edicts against Christianity and raided Korea, thus putting pressure on China's eastern borders. The canto then goes on to outline the concurrent pressure placed on the western borders by activities associated with the great Tartar horse fairs, leading to the rise of the Manchu dynasty. The translation of the Confucian classics into Manchu opens the following canto, Canto LIX. The canto is then concerned with the increasing European interest in China during the reign of Emperor Kang Xi, as evidenced by the Sino-Russian border treaty in 1684 and the founding of the Jesuit mission in 1685 under Jean-François Gerbillon. Canto LX deals with the activities of the Jesuits, who, we are told, introduced astronomy, western music, physics and the use of quinine. The canto ends with limitations being placed on Christians, who had come to be seen as enemies of the state. The final canto in the sequence, Canto LXI, covers the reigns of Yong Tching and Kien Long, bringing the story up to 1790. Yong Tching is shown banning Christianity as "immoral" and "seeking to uproot Kung's laws". He also established just prices for foodstuffs, bringing us back to the ideas of Social Credit. There are also references to the Italian Risorgimento, John Adams, and Dom Metello de Souza, who gained some measure of relief for the Jesuit mission. LXII–LXXI (The Adams Cantos) John Adams: "the man who at certain points /made us / at certain points / saved us" (Canto LXII). First published in Cantos LII–LXXI. Norfolk Conn.: New Directions, 1940. This section of the cantos is, for the most part, made up of fragmentary citations from the writings of John Adams. Pound's intentions appear to be to show Adams as an example of the rational Enlightenment leader, thereby continuing the primary theme of the preceding China Cantos sequence, which these cantos also follow from chronologically. Adams is depicted as a rounded figure; he is a strong leader with interests in political, legal and cultural matters in much the same way that Malatesta and Mussolini are portrayed elsewhere in the poem. The English jurist Sir Edward Coke, who is an important figure in some later cantos, first appears in this section of the poem. Given the fragmentary nature of the citations used, these cantos can be quite difficult to follow for the reader with no knowledge of the history of the United States in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Canto LXII opens with a brief history of the Adams family in America from 1628. The rest of the canto is concerned with events leading up to the revolution, Adams' time in France, and the formation of Washington's administration. Alexander Hamilton reappears, again cast as the villain of the piece. The appearance of the single Greek word "THUMON", meaning heart, returns us to the world of Homer's Odyssey and Pound's use of Odysseus as a model for all his heroes, including Adams. The word is used of Odysseus in the fourth line of the Odyssey: "he suffered woes in his heart on the seas". The next canto, Canto LXIII, is concerned with Adams' career as a lawyer and especially his reports of the legal arguments presented by James Otis in the Writ of assistance case and their importance in the build-up to the revolution. The Latin phrase Eripuit caelo fulmen ("He snatched the thunderbolt from heaven") is taken from an inscription on a bust of Benjamin Franklin. Cavalcanti's canzone, Pound's touchstone text of clear intellection and precision of language, reappears with the insertion of the lines "In quella parte / dove sta memoria" into the text. Canto LXIV covers the Stamp act and other resistance to British taxation of the American colonies. It also shows Adams defending the accused in the Boston Massacre and engaging in agricultural experiments to ascertain the suitability of Old-World crops for American conditions. The phrases Cumis ego oculis meis, tu theleis, respondebat illa and apothanein are from the passage (taken from Petronius' Satyricon) that T.S. Eliot used as epigraph to The Waste Land at Pound's suggestion. The passage translates as "For with my own eyes I saw the Sibyl hanging in a jar at Cumae, and when the boys said to her, 'Sibyl, what do you want?' she replied, 'I want to die.'" The nomination of Washington as president dominates the opening pages of Canto LXV. The canto shows Adams concerned with the practicalities of waging war, particularly of establishing a navy. Following a passage on the drafting of the Declaration of Independence, the canto returns to Adams' mission to France, focusing on his dealings with the American legation in that country, consisting of Franklin, Silas Deane and Edward Bancroft and with the French foreign minister, the Comte de Vergennes. Intertwined with this is the fight to save the rights of Americans to fish the Atlantic coastline. A passage on Adams' opposition to American involvement in European wars is highlighted, echoing Pound's position on his own times. In Canto LXVI, we see Adams in London serving as minister to the Court of St James's. The body of the canto consists of quotations from Adams' writings on the legal basis for the Revolution, including citations from Magna Carta and Coke and on the importance of trial by jury (per pares et legem terrae). Canto LXVII opens with a passage on the limits on the powers of the British monarch drawn from Adams' writings under the pseudonym Novanglus. The rest of the canto is concerned with the study of government and with the requirements of the franchise. The following canto, LXVIII, begins with a meditation on the tripartite division of society into the one, the few and the many. A parallel is drawn between Adams and Lycurgus, king of Sparta. Then the canto returns to Adams' notes on the practicalities of funding the war and the negotiation of a loan from the Dutch. Canto LXIX continues the subject of the Dutch loan and then turns to Adams' fear of the emergence of a native aristocracy in America, as noted in his remark that Jefferson feared rule by "the one" (monarch or dictator), while he, Adams, feared "the few". The remainder of the canto is concerned with Hamilton, James Madison and the affair of the assumption of debt certificates by Congress which resulted in a significant shift of economic power to the federal government from the individual states. Canto LXX deals mainly with Adams' time as vice-president and president, focusing on his statement "I am for balance", highlighted in the text by the addition of the ideogram for balance. The section ends with Canto LXXI, which summarises many of the themes of the foregoing cantos and adds material on Adams' relationship with Native Americans and their treatment by the British during the Indian Wars. The canto closes with the opening lines of Epictetus' Hymn of Cleanthus, which Pound tells us formed part of Adams' paideuma. These lines invoke Zeus as one "who rules by law", a clear parallel to the Adams presented by Pound. LXXII–LXXIII (The Italian Cantos) Written between 1944 and 1945. These two cantos, written in Italian, were not collected until their posthumous inclusion in the 1987 revision of the complete text of the poem. Pound reverts to the model of Dante’s Divine Comedy and casts himself as conversing with ghosts from Italy’s remote and recent past. In Canto LXXII, imitative of Dante’s tercets (terza rima), Pound meets the recently dead Futurist writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, and they discuss the current war and their excessive love of the past (Pound) and of the future (Marinetti). Then the violent ghost of Dante’s Ezzelino III da Romano, brother of Cunizza of Cantos VI and XXIX, explains to Pound that he has been misrepresented as an evil tyrant only because he was against the Pope’s party, and goes on to attack the present Pope Pius XII and "traitors" (like king Victor Emmanuel III) who betrayed Mussolini, and to promise that the Italian troops will eventually "return" to El Alamein. Canto LXXIII is subtitled "Cavalcanti – Republican Correspondence" and is written in the style of Cavalcanti's "Donna mi prega" of Canto XXXVI. Guido Cavalcanti appears on horseback to tell Pound about a heroic deed of a girl from Rimini who led a troop of Canadian soldiers to a mined field and died with the "enemy". (This was a propaganda story featured in Italian newspapers in October 1944; Pound was interested in it because of the connection with Sigismondo Malatesta's Rimini.) Both cantos end on a positive and optimistic note, typical of Pound, and are unusually straightforward. Except for a scathing reference (by Cavalcanti's ghost) to "Roosevelt, Churchill and Eden / bastards and small Jews", and for a denial (by Ezzelino) that "the world was created by a Jew", they are notably free of anti-Semitic content, although it must be said that there are several positive references to Italian fascism and some racist expressions (e.g., "pieno di marocchini ed altra immondizia"—"full of Moroccans and other crap", Canto LXXII). Italian scholars have been intrigued by Pound's idiosyncratic recreation of the poetry of Dante and Cavalcanti. LXXIV–LXXXIV (The Pisan Cantos) Aubrey Beardsley: "Beauty is difficult, Yeats' said Aubrey Beardsley / when Yeats asked why he drew horrors / or at least not Burne-Jones / and Beardsley knew he was dying and had to / make his hit quickly ... / So very difficult, Yeats, beauty so difficult" (Canto LXXX). First published as The Pisan Cantos. New York: New Directions, 1948. With the outbreak of war in 1939, Pound was in Italy, where he remained, despite a request for repatriation he made after Pearl Harbor. During this period, his main source of income was a series of radio broadcasts he made on Rome Radio. He used these broadcasts to express his full range of opinions on culture, politics and economics, including his opposition to American involvement in a European war and his anti-Semitism. In 1943, he was indicted for treason in his absence, and wrote a letter to the indicting judge in which he claimed the right to freedom of speech in his defence. Pound was arrested by Italian partisans in April 1945 and was eventually transferred to the American Disciplinary Training Center (DTC) on May 22. Here he was held in a specially reinforced cage, initially sleeping on the ground in the open air. After three weeks, he had a breakdown that resulted in his being given a cot and pup tent in the medical compound. Here, he gained access to a typewriter. For reading matter, he had a regulation-issue Bible along with three books he was allowed to bring in as his own "religious" texts: a Chinese text of Confucius, James Legge's translation of the same, and a Chinese dictionary. He later found a copy of the Pocket Book of Verse, edited by Morris Edmund Speare, in the latrine. The only other thing he brought with him was a eucalyptus pip. Throughout the Pisan sequence, Pound repeatedly likens the camp to Francesco del Cossa's March fresco depicting men working at a grape arbour. With his political certainties collapsing around him and his library inaccessible, Pound turned inward for his materials and much of the Pisan sequence is concerned with memory, especially of his years in London and Paris and of the writers and artists he knew in those cities. There is also a deepening of the ecological concerns of the poem. The awarding of the Bollingen Prize to the book caused considerable controversy, with many people objecting to the honouring of someone they saw as a madman and/or traitor. However, The Pisan Cantos is generally the most admired and read section of the work. It is also among the most influential, having affected poets as different as H.D. and Gary Snyder. Canto LXXIV immediately introduces the reader to the method used in the Pisan Cantos, which is one of interweaving themes somewhat in the manner of a fugue. These themes pick up on many of the concerns of the earlier cantos and frequently run across sections of the Pisan sequence. This canto begins with Pound looking out of the DTC at peasants working in the fields nearby and reflecting on the news of the death of Mussolini, "hung by the heels". In the first thread, the figure of Pound/Odysseus reappears in the guise of "OY TIS", or no man, the name the hero uses in the Cyclops episode of the Odyssey. This figure blends into the Australia rain god Wanjina, who had his mouth closed up by his father (was deprived of freedom of speech) because he "created too many things". He, in turn, becomes the Chinese Ouan Jin, or man with an education. This theme recurs in the line "a man on whom the sun has gone down", a reference to the nekuia from Canto I, which is then explicitly referred to. This recalls The Seafarer, and Pound quotes a line from his translation, "Lordly men are to earth o'ergiven", lamenting the loss of the exiled poet's companions. This is then applied to a number of Pound's dead friends from the London/Paris years, including W. B. Yeats, Joyce, Ford Madox Ford, Victor Plarr and Henry James. Finally, Pound/Odysseus is seen "on a raft blown by the wind". Another major theme running through this canto is that of the vision of a goddess in the poet's tent. This starts from the identification of a nearby mountain with the Chinese holy mountain Taishan and the naming of the moon as sorella la luna (sister moon). This thread then runs through the appearance of Kuanon, the Buddhist goddess of mercy, the moon spirit from Hagaromo (a Noh play translated by Pound some 40 years earlier), Sigismondo's lover Ixotta (linked in the text with Aphrodite via a reference to the goddess' birthplace Cythera), a girl painted by Édouard Manet and finally Aphrodite herself, rising from the sea on her shell and rescuing Pound/Odysseus from his raft. The two threads are further linked by the placement of the Greek word brododactylos ("rosy-fingered") applied by Homer to the dawn but given here in the dialect of Sappho and used by her in a poem of unrequited love. These images are often intimately associated with the poet's close observation of the natural world as it imposes itself on the camp; birds, a lizard, clouds, the weather and other images of nature run through the canto. Images of light and brightness associated with these goddesses come to focus in the phrase "all things that are, are lights" quoted from John Scotus Eriugena. He, in turn, brings us back to the Albigensian Crusade and the troubadour world of Bernard de Ventadorn. Another theme sees Ecbatana, the seven-walled "city of Dioce", blend with the city of Wagadu, from the tale of Gassire's Lute that Pound learned from Frobenius. This city, four times rebuilt, with its four walls, four gates and four towers at the corners is a symbol for spiritual endurance. It, in turn, blends with the DTC in which the poet is imprisoned. The question of banking and money also recurs, with an anti-Semitic passage aimed at the banker Meyer Anselm. Pound brings in biblical injunctions on usury and a reference to the issuing of a stamp script currency in the Austrian town of Wörgl. The canto then moves on to a longish passage of memories of the moribund literary scene Pound encountered in London when he first arrived, with the phrase "beauty is difficult", quoted from Aubrey Beardsley, acting as a refrain. After more memories of America and Venice, the canto ends in a passage that brings together Dante's celestial rose, the rose formed by the effect of a magnet on iron filings, an image from Paul Verlaine of the human soul as a fountain and a reference to a poem by Ben Jonson in a composite image of hope for "those who have passed over Lethe". Canto LXXV is mainly a facsimile of the German pianist Gerhart Münch's violin setting of the 16th-century Italian Francesco Da Milano's transcription for lute of French composer Clément Janequin's choral work Le Chant des oiseaux, an ancient song recalled to Pound's mind by the singing of birds on the fence of the DTC, and a symbol for him of an indestructible form preserved and transmitted through many versions, times, nations and artists. (Compare the nekuia of canto I.) Münch was a friend and collaborator of Pound in Rapallo, and the short prose section at the beginning of the canto celebrates his work on other early music figures. Canto LXXVI opens with a vision of a group of goddesses in Pound's room on the Rapallo hillside and then moves, via Mont Segur, to memories of Paris and Jean Cocteau. There follows a passage in which the poet recognises the Jewish authorship of the prohibition on usury found in Leviticus. Conversations in the camp are then cross-cut into memories of Provence and Venice, details of the American Revolution and further visions. These memories lead to a consideration of what has or may have been destroyed in the war. Pound remembers the moment in Venice when he decided not to destroy his first book of verse, A Lume Spento, an affirmation of his decision to become a poet and a decision that ultimately led to his incarceration in the DTC. The canto ends with the goddess, in the form of a butterfly, leaving the poet's tent amid further references to Sappho and Homer. The main focus of Canto LXXVII is accurate use of language, and at its centre is the moment when Pound hears that the war is over. Pound draws on examples of language use from Confucius, the Japanese dancer Michio Itô, who worked with Pound and Yeats in London, a Dublin cab driver, Aristotle, Basil Bunting, Yeats, Joyce and the vocabulary of the U.S. Army. The goddess in her various guises appears again, as does Awoi's hennia, the spirit of jealousy from "AOI NO UE", a Noh play translated by Pound. The canto closes with an invocation of Dionysus (Zagreus). After opening with a glimpse of Mount Ida, an important locus for the history of the Trojan War, Canto LXXVIII moves through much that is familiar from the earlier cantos in the sequence: del Cossa, the economic basis of war, Pound's writer and artist friends in London, "virtuous" rulers (Lorenzo de' Medici, the emperors Justinian, Titus and Antoninus, Mussolini), usury and stamp scripts culminating in the Nausicaa episode from the Odyssey and a reference to the Confucian classic Annals of Spring and Autumn in which "there are no righteous wars". The moon and clouds appear at the opening of Canto LXXIX, which then moves on through a passage in which birds on the wire fence recall musical notation and the sounds of the camp and thoughts of Mozart, del Cossa and Marshal Pétain meld to form musical counterpoint. After references to politics, economics, and the nobility of the world of the Noh and the ritual dance of the moon-nymph in Hagaromo that dispels mortal doubt, the canto closes with an extended fertility hymn to Dionysus in the guise of his sacred lynx. Canto LXXX opens in the camp in the shadow of death and soon turns to memories of London, Paris and Spain, including a recollection of Walter Rummel, who worked with Pound on troubadour music before World War I and of Eliot, Lewis, Laurence Binyon and others. The canto is concerned with the aftermath of war, drawing on Yeats' experiences after the Irish Civil War as well as the contemporary situation. Hagoromo appears again before the poem returns to Beardsley, also in the shadow of death, declaring the difficulty of beauty with a phrase from Symons and Sappho/Homer's rosy-fingered dawn woven through the passage. Pound writes of the decline of the sense of the spirit in painting from a high-point in Sandro Botticelli to the fleshiness of Rubens and its recovery in the 20th century as evidenced in the works of Marie Laurencin and others. This is set between two further references to Mont Segur. Pound/Odysseus is then saved from his sinking raft by Walt Whitman and Richard Lovelace as discovered in the anthology of poetry found in the camp toilet and the other prisoners are compared with Odysseus' crew, "men of no fortune". The canto then closes with two passages, one a pastiche of Browning, the other of Edward Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, lamenting the lost London of Pound's youth and an image of nature as designer. Canto LXXXI opens with a complex image that illustrates Pound's technical approach well. The opening line, "Zeus lies in Ceres bosom", merges the conception of Demeter, passages in previous cantos on ritual copulation as a means of ensuring fertility, and the direct experience of the sun (Zeus) still hidden at dawn by two hills resembling breasts in the Pisan landscape. This is followed by an image of the other mountain that reminded the poet of Taishan surrounded by vapors and surmounted by the planet Venus ("Taishan is attended of loves / under Cythera, before sunrise"). The canto then moves through memories of Spain, a story told by Basil Bunting, and anecdotes of a number of familiar personages and of George Santayana. At the core of this passage is the line "(to break the pentameter, that was the first heave)", Pound's comment on the "revolution of the word" that led to the emergence of Modernist poetry in the early years of the century. The goddess of love then returns after a lyric passage situating Pound's work in the great tradition of English lyric, in the sense of words intended to be sung. This heralds perhaps the most widely quoted passages in The Cantos, in which Pound expresses his realisation that "What thou lovest well remains, / the rest is dross" and an acceptance of the need for human humility in the face of the natural world that prefigures some of the ideas associated with the deep ecology movement. The opening of Canto LXXXII marks a return to the camp and its inmates. This is followed by a passage that draws on Pound's London memories and his reading of the Pocket Book of Verse. Pound laments his failure to recognise the Greek qualities of Swinburne's work and celebrates Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, Rudyard Kipling, Ford, Whitman, Yeats and others. After an expanded clarification of the Annals of Spring and Autumn / "there are no righteous wars" passage from Canto LXXVIII, this canto culminates in images of the poet drowning in earth and a recurrence of the Greek word for weeping, ending with more bird-notes seen as a periplum. After a number of cantos in which the elements of earth and air feature so strongly, Canto LXXXIII opens with images of water and light, drawn from Pindar, George Gemistos Plethon, John Scotus Eriugena, the mermaid carvings of Pietro Lombardo and Heraclitus' phrase panta rei ("everything flows"). A passage addressed to a Dryad speaks out against the death sentence and cages for wild animals and is followed by lines on equity in government and natural processes based on the writings of Mencius. The tone of placid acceptance is underscored by three Chinese characters that translate as "don't help to grow that which will grow of itself" followed by another appearance of the Greek word for weeping in the context of remembered places. Close observation of a wasp building a mud nest returns the canto to earth and to the figure of Tiresias, last encountered in Cantos I and XLVII. The canto moves on through a long passage remembering Pound's time as Yeats' secretary in 1914 and a shorter meditation on the decline in standards in public life deriving from a remembered visit to the senate in the company of Pound's mother while that house was in session. The closing lines, "Down derry-down / Oh let an old man rest", return the poem from the world of memory to the poet's present plight. Canto LXXXIV opens with the delivery of Dorothy Pound's first letter to the DTC on October 8. This letter contained news of the death in the war of J.P. Angold, a young English poet whom Pound admired. This news is woven through phrases from a lament by the troubadour Bertran de Born (which Pound had once translated as "Planh for the Young English King") and a double occurrence of the Greek word tethneke ("is dead") remembered from the story of the death of Pan in Canto XXIII. This death, reviving memories of the poet's dead friends from World War I, is followed by a passage on Pound's 1939 visit to Washington, D.C. to try to avert American involvement in the forthcoming European war. Much of the rest of the canto is concerned with the economic basis of war and the general lack of interest in this subject on the part of historians and politicians; John Adams is again held up as an ideal. The canto also contains a reproduction, in Italian, of a conversation between the poet and a "swineherd's sister" through the DTC fence. He asks her if the American troops behave well and she replies OK. He then asks how they compare to the Germans and she replies that they are the same. The moon/goddess reappears at the core of the canto as "pin-up" and "chronometer" close to the line "out of all this beauty something must come". The closing lines of the canto, and of the sequence, "If the hoar frost grip thy tent / Thou wilt give thanks when night is spent", sound a final note of acceptance and resignation, despite the return to the sphere of action, prompted by the death of Angold, that marks most of the canto. LXXXV–XCV (Section: Rock-Drill) Published in 1956 as Section: Rock-Drill, 85–95 de los cantares by New Directions, New York. Pound was flown from Pisa to Washington to face trial on a charge of treason in 1946. Found unfit to stand trial because of the state of his mental health, he was incarcerated in St. Elizabeths Hospital, where he was to remain until 1958. Here he began to entertain writers and academics with an interest in his work and to write, working on translations of the Confucian Book of Odes and of Sophocles' play Women of Trachis and two new sections of the cantos; the first of these was Rock Drill. Senator Thomas Hart Benton, who opposed the establishment of the Bank of the United States. His Thirty Years View is a key source for this section of The Cantos. The two main written sources for the Rock Drill cantos are the Confucian Book of Documents, in an edition by the French Jesuit Séraphin Couvreur, which contained the Chinese text and translations into Latin and French under the title Chou King (which Pound uses in the poem), and Senator Thomas Hart Benton's Thirty Years View: Or A History of the American Government for Thirty Years From 1820–1850, which covers the period of the bank wars. In an interview given in 1962, and reprinted by J. P. Sullivan, Pound said that the title Rock Drill "was intended to imply the necessary resistance in getting a main thesis across — hammering." The first canto in the sequence, Canto LXXXV, contains 104 Chinese characters from the Chou King, in addition to a number of Latin phrases, mostly taken from Couvreur's translation. There are also a small number of Greek words. The overall effect for the English-speaking reader is one of unreadability, and the canto is hard to elucidate unless read alongside a copy of Couvreur's text. The core meaning is summed up in Pound's footnote to the effect that the History Classic contains the essentials of the Confucian view of good government. In the canto, these are summed up in the line "Our dynasty came in because of a great sensibility", where sensibility translates the key character Ling, and in the reference to the four Tuan, or foundations, benevolence, rectitude, manners and knowledge. Rulers who Pound viewed as embodying some or all of these characteristics are adduced: Queen Elizabeth I, Cleopatra, Alexander the Great, as are Napoleon III, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Dexter White, who stand for everything Pound opposes in government and finance. The world of nature, Pound's source of wealth and spiritual nourishment, also features strongly; images of roots, grass and surviving traces of fertility rites in Catholic Italy cluster around the sacred tree Yggdrasil. The natural world and the world of government are related to tekhne or art. Richard of Saint Victor, with his emphasis on modes of thinking, makes an appearance, in close company with Eriugena, the philosopher of light. Canto LXXXVI opens with a passage on the Congress of Vienna and continues to hold up examples of good and bad rulers as defined by the poet with Latin and Chinese phrases from Couvreur woven through them. The word Sagetrieb, meaning something like the transmission of tradition, apparently coined by Pound, is repeated after its first use in the previous canto, underlining Pound's belief that he is transmitting a tradition of political ethics that unites China, Revolutionary America and his own beliefs. Canto LXXXVII opens on usury and moves through a number of references to "good" and "bad" leaders and lawgivers interwoven with neo-platonist philosophers and images of the power of natural process. This culminates in a passage bringing together Binyon's dictum slowness is beauty\|golden ratio]], a room in the church of St. Hilaire, Poitiers built to that rule where one can stand without throwing a shadow, Mencius on natural phenomena, the 17th-century English mystic John Heydon (who Pound remembered from his days working with Yeats) and other images relating to the worship of light including "'MontSegur, sacred to Helios". The canto then closes with more on economics. The following canto, Canto LXXXVIII, is almost entirely derived from Benton's book and focuses mainly on John Randolph of Roanoke and the campaign against the establishment of the Bank of the United States. Pound viewed the setting up of this bank as a selling out of the principles of economic equity on which the U.S. Constitution was based. At the centre of the canto there is a passage on monopolies that draws on the lives and writings of Thales of Miletus, the emperor Antoninus Pius and St. Ambrose, amongst others. Canto LXXXIX continues with Benton and also draws on Alexander del Mar's A History of Money Systems. The same examples of good rule are drawn on, with the addition of the Emperor Aurelian. Possibly in defence of his focus on so much "unpoetical" material, Pound quotes Rodolphus Agricola to the effect that one writes "to move, to teach or to delight" (ut moveat, ut doceat, ut delectet), with the implication that the present cantos are designed to teach. The naturalists Alexander von Humboldt and Louis Agassiz are mentioned in passing. Apart from a passing reference to Randolph of Roanoke, Canto XC moves to the world of myth and love, both divine and sexual. The canto opens with an epigraph in Latin to the effect that while the human spirit is not love, it delights in the love that proceeds from it. The Latin is paraphrased in English as the final lines of the canto. Following a reference to signatures in nature and Yggdrasil, the poet introduces Baucis and Philemon, an aged couple who, in a story from Ovid's Metamorphoses, offer hospitality to the gods in their humble house and are rewarded. In this context, they may be intended to represent the poet and his wife. This canto then moves to the fountain of Castalia on Parnassus. This fountain was sacred to the Muses and its water was said to inspire poetry in those who drank it. The next line, "Templum aedificans not yet marble", refers to a period when the gods were worshiped in natural settings prior to the rigid codification of religion as represented by the erection of marble temples. The "fount in the hills fold" and the erect temple (Templum aedificans) also serve as images of sexual love. Pound then invokes Amphion, the mythical founder of music, before recalling the San Ku/St Hilaire/Jacques de Molay/Eriugena/Sagetrieb cluster from Canto LXXXVII. Then the goddess appears in a number of guises: the moon, Mother Earth (in the Randolph reference), the Sibyl (last encountered in the context of the American Revolution in Canto LXIV), Isis and Kuanon. In a litany, she is thanked for raising Pound up (m'elevasti, a reference to Dante's praise of his beloved Beatrice in the Paradiso) out of hell (Erebus). The canto closes with a number of instances of sexual love between gods and humans set in a paradisiacal vision of the natural world. The invocation of the goddess and the vision of paradise are sandwiched between two citations of Richard of St. Victor's statement ubi amor, ibi oculuc est ("where love is, there the eye is"), binding together the concepts of love, light and vision in a single image. Canto XCI continues the paradisiacal theme, opening with a snatch of the "clear song" of Provençe. The central images are the invented figure Ra-Set, a composite sun/moon deity whose boat floats on a river of crystal. The crystal image, which is to remain important until the end of The Cantos, is a composite of frozen light, the emphasis on inorganic form found in the writings of the mystic Heydon, the air in Dante's Paradiso, and the mirror of crystal in the Chou King amongst other sources. Apollonius of Tyana appears, as do Helen of Tyre, partner of Simon Magus and Justinian and his consort Theodora. These couples can be seen as variants on Ra-Set. Much of the rest of the canto consists of references to mystic doctrines of light, vision and intellection. There is an extract from a hymn to Diana from Layamon's 12th-century poem Brut. An italicised section, claiming that the 1913 foundation of the Federal Reserve Bank, which took power over interest rates away from Congress, and the teaching of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud in American universities ("beaneries") are examples of what Julien Benda termed La trahison des clercs, contains anti-Semitic language. Towards the close of the canto, the reader is returned to the world of Odysseus; a line from Book Five of the Odyssey tells of the winds breaking up the hero's boat and is followed shortly by Leucothea, "Kadamon thugater" or Cadmon's daughter) offering him her veil to carry him to shore ("my bikini is worth yr raft"). An image of the distribution of seeds from the sacred mountain opens Canto XCII, continuing the concern with the relationship between natural process and the divine. The kernel of this canto is the idea that the Roman Empire's preference for Christianity over Apollonius and its lack respect for its currency resulted in the almost total loss of the "true" religious tradition for a thousand years. A number of neoplatonic philosophers, familiar from earlier cantos but with the addition of Avicenna, are listed as representing a fine thread of light in these Dark Ages. Canto XCIII opens with a quote, "A man's paradise is his good nature", taken from The Maxims of King Kati to His Son Merikara. The canto then proceeds to look at examples of benevolent action by public figures that, for Pound, illustrate this maxim. These include Apollonius making his peace with animals, Saint Augustine on the need to feed people before attempting to convert them, and Dante and Shakespeare writing on distributive justice, an aspect of their work that the poet points out is generally overlooked. Central to this aspect is a fragment from Dante, non fosse cive, taken from a passage in Paradiso, Canto VIII, in which Dante is asked "would it be worse for man on earth if he were not a citizen?" and unhesitatingly answers in the affirmative. Towards the end of the canto, the Make it new ideograms from Canto LIII reappear as the poem moves back towards the world of myth, closing with another phrase from the Divine Comedy, this time from Purgatorio, Canto XXVIII. The phrase tu mi fai rimembrar translates as "you remind me" and comes from a passage in which Dante addresses Matilda, the presiding spirit of the Garden of Eden. What she reminds him of is Persephone at the moment that she is abducted by Hades and the spring flowers fell from her lap. This blending of a pagan sense of the divine into a Christian context stands for much of what appealed to Pound in medieval mysticism. We return to the world of books in Canto XCIV. The canto opens with the name of Hendrik van Brederode, a lost leader of the Dutch Revolution, forgotten while William I, Prince of Orange is remembered. This name is lifted from correspondence between John Adams and Benjamin Rush which was finally published in 1898 by Alexander Biddle, a descendant of Pound's "villain" Nicholas. The rest of the canto consists mainly of paraphrases and quotations from Philostratus' Life of Apollonius. At its conclusion, the poem returns to the world of light via Ra-Set and Ocellus. Canto XLV opens with the word "LOVE" in block capitals and recaps many of the Rock Drill examples of the relationship between love, light and politics. A passage deriving polis from a Greek root word for ploughing also returns us to Pound's belief that society and economic activity are based on natural productivity. The canto, and sequence, then closes with an extended treatment of the passage from the fifth book of the Odyssey in which a drowning Odysseus/Pound is rescued by Leucothea. XCVI–CIX (Thrones) First published as Thrones: 96–109 de los cantares. New York: New Directions, 1959. Thrones was the second volume of cantos written while Pound was incarcerated in St. Elizabeth's. In the same 1962 interview, Pound said of this section of the poem: "The thrones in Dante's Paradiso are for the spirits of the people who have been responsible for good government. The thrones in The Cantos are an attempt to move out from egoism and to establish some definition of an order possible or at any rate conceivable on earth … Thrones concerns the states of mind of people responsible for something more than their personal conduct." The opening canto of the sequence, Canto XCVI, begins with a fragmentary synopsis of the decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire in the east and of the Carolingian Empire, Germanic kingdoms and the Lombards in Western Europe. This culminates in a detailed passage on the Book of the Prefect (or Eparch; in Greek the Eparchikon Biblion), a 9th-century edict of the Emperor Leo VI the Wise. This document, which was based on Roman law, lays out the rules that governed the Byzantine Guild system, including the setting of just prices and so on. The original Greek is quoted extensively and an aside claiming the right to write for a specialist audience is included. The close attention paid to the actual words prefigures the closer focus on philology in this section of the poem. This focus on words ties in closely with what Pound referred to as the method of "luminous detail", in which fragments of language intended to form the most compressed expression of an image or idea act as tesserae in the making of these late cantos. Canto XCVII draws heavily on Alexander del Mar's History of Monetary Systems in a survey ranging from Abd al Melik, the first Caliph to strike distinctly Islamic coinage, through Athelstan, who helped introduce the guild system into England, to the American Revolution. The canto closes with a passage that sees the return of the goddess as moon and Fortuna together with Greek forms of solar worship and the Flamen Dialis that is intended to integrate gold and silver as attributes of coin and the divine. After an opening passage that draws together many of the main themes of the poem through images of Ra-Set, Ocellus on light (echoing Eriugena), the tale of Gassire's Lute, Leucothoe's rescue of Odysseus, Helen of Troy, Gemisto, Demeter, and Plotinus, Canto XCVIII turns to the Sacred Edict of the emperor K'ang Hsi. This is a 17th-century set of maxims on good government written in a high literary style, but later simplified for a broader audience. Pound draws on one such popular version, by Wang the Commissioner of the Imperial Salt Works in a translation by F.W. Baller. Comparison is drawn between this Chinese text and the Book of the Prefect, and the canto closes with images of light as divine creation drawn from Dante's Paradiso. K'ang Hsi's son Iong Cheng published commentaries on his father's maxims and these form the basis for Canto XCIX. The main theme of this canto is one of harmony between human society and the natural order, and a number of passing references are made to related items from earlier cantos: Confucius, Kati, Dante on citizenship, the Book of the Prefect and Plotinus amongst them. Canto C covers a range of examples of European and American statesman who Pound sees as exemplifying the maxims of the Sacred Edict to a greater or lesser extent. At the core of this canto, the motif of Luecothoe's veil (kredemnon) resurfaces; this time, the hero has reached the safety of the shore and returns the magic garment to the goddess. The focus of Canto CI is around the Greek phrase kalon kagathon ("the beautiful and good"), which calls to mind Plotinus' attitude to the world of things and the more general Greek belief in the moral aspect of beauty. This canto introduces the figure of St. Anselm of Canterbury, who is to feature over the rest of this section of the long poem. Canto CII returns to the island of Calypso and Odysseus' voyage to Hades from Book Ten of the Odyssey. There are a number of references to vegetation cults and sacrifices, and the canto closes by returning to the world of Byzantium and the decline of the Western Empire. Cantos CIII and CIV range over a number of examples of the relationships between war, money and government drawn from American and European history, mostly familiar from earlier sections of the work. The latter canto is notable for Pound's suggestion that both Honoré Mirabeau in his imprisonment and Ovid in his exile "had it worse" than Pound in his incarceration. Sir Edward Coke: "the clearest mind ever in England" (Canto CVII). At the core of Canto CV are a number of citations and quotations from the writings of St. Anselm. This 11th-century philosopher and inventor of the ontological argument for the existence of God who wrote poems in rhymed prose appealed to Pound because of his emphasis on the role of reason in religion and his envisioning of the divine essence as light. In the 1962 interview already quoted, Pound points to Anselm's clash with William Rufus over his investiture as part of the history of the struggle for individual rights. Pound also claims in this canto that Anselm's writings influenced Cavalcanti and François Villon. Canto CVI turns to visions of the goddess as fertility symbol via Demeter and Persephone, in her lunar, love aspect as Selena, Helen and Aphrodite Euploia ("of safe voyages") and as hunter Athene (Proneia: "of forethought," the form in which she is worshiped at Delphi) and Diana (through quotes from Layamon). The sun as Zeus/Helios also features. These vision fragments are cross-cut with an invocation of the Taoist Kuan Tzu (Book of Master Kuan). This work argues that the mind should rule the body as the basis of good living and good governance. Another such figure, Sir Edward Coke, dominates the final three cantos of this section. These cantos, CVII, CVIII, CIX, consist mainly of "luminous details" lifted from Coke's Institutes, a comprehensive study of English law up to his own time. In Canto CVII, Coke is placed in a river of light tradition that also includes Confucius, Ocellus and Agassiz. This canto also refers to Dante's vision of philosophers that reveal themselves as light in the Paradiso. In Canto CVIII, Pound highlights Coke's view that minting coin "Pertain(s) to the King onely" and has passages on sources of state revenue. He also draws a comparison between Coke and Iong Cheng. A similar parallel between Coke and the author of the Book of the Eparch is highlighted in Canto CIX. The canto and section end with a reference to the following lines from the second canto of the Paradiso— O voi che siete in piccioletta barca, desiderosi d’ascoltar, seguiti dietro al mio legno che cantando varca, tornate a riveder li vostri liti: non vi mettete in pelago, ché forse, perdendo me, rimarreste smarriti. —which read, in the translation by Charles Eliot Norton, "O ye, who are in a little bark, desirous to listen, following behind my craft which singing passes on, turn to see again Your shores; put not out upon the deep; for haply losing me, ye would remain astray." This reference signalled Pound's intent to close the poem with a final volume based on his own paradisiacal vision. Drafts and fragments of Cantos CX–CXVII First published as Drafts and Fragments of Cantos CX–CXVII. New York: New Directions, 1969. In 1958, Pound was declared incurably insane and permanently incapable of standing trial. Consequent on this, he was released from St Elizabeth's on condition that he return to Europe, which he promptly did. At first, he lived with his daughter Mary in the Tyrol, but soon returned to Rapallo. In November 1959, Pound wrote to his publisher James Laughlin (speaking in the third person) that he "has forgotten what or which politics he ever had. Certainly has none now". His crisis of belief, together with the effects of aging, meant that the proposed paradise cantos were slow in coming and turned out to be radically different from anything the poet had envisaged. Voltaire, who said "I hate no one / not even Fréron" (Canto CXIV), reflecting the theme of confronting hatred in this section of the poem. Pound was reluctant to publish these late cantos, but the appearance in 1967 of a pirate edition of Cantos 110–116 forced his hand. Laughlin pushed Pound to publish an authorised edition, and the poet responded by supplying the more-or-less abandoned drafts and fragments he had, plus two fragments dating from 1941. The resulting book, therefore, can hardly be described as representing Pound's definitive planned ending to the poem. This situation has been further complicated by the addition of more fragments in editions of the complete poem published after the poet's death. One of these was labelled "Canto CXX" at one point, on no particular authority. This title was later removed. Although some of Pound's intention to "write a paradise" survives in the text as we have it, especially in images of light and of the natural world, other themes also intrude. These include the poet's coming to terms with a sense of artistic failure, and jealousies and hatreds that must be faced and expiated. Canto CX opens with a pun on the word wake, conflating the wake of the little boat from the end of the previous canto and an image of Pound waking in his daughter's house in the Tyrol, both from sleep and, by extension, from the nightmare of his prolonged incarceration. The goddess appears as Kuanon, Artemis and Hebe (through her characteristic epithet Kallistragalos, "of fair ankles"), the goddess of youth. The Buddhist painter Toba Sojo represents directness of artistic handling. The Noh figure of Awoi (from AOI NO UE), ravaged by jealousy, reappears together with the poet Ono no Komachi, the central character in two more Noh plays translated by Pound. She represents a life spent meditating on beauty which resulted in vanity and ended in loss and solitude. The canto draws to a close with the phrase Lux enim ("light indeed") and an image of the oval moon. Pound's "nice, quiet paradise" is seen, in the notes for Canto CXI, to be based on serenity, pity, intelligence and individual acceptance of responsibility as illustrated by the French diplomat Talleyrand. This theme is continued in the short extract titled from Canto CXII, which also draws on the work of the anthropologist and explorer Joseph F. Rock in recording legends and religious rituals from China and Tibet. Again, this section of the poem closes with an image of the moon. Canto CXIII opens with an image of the sun moving through the zodiac, the first of a number of cycle images that occur through the canto, recalling a line from Pound's version of AOI NO UE: "Man's life is a wheel on the axle, there is no turn whereby to escape". A reference to Marcella Spann, a young woman whose presence in the Tyrol further complicated the already strained relationships between the poet, his wife Dorothy and his lover Olga Rudge, casts further light on the recurrent jealousy theme. The phrase "Syrian onyx" lifted from his 1919 Homage to Sextus Propertius, where it occurs in a section that paraphrases Propertius' instructions to his lover on how to behave after his death, reflects the elderly Pound's sense of his own mortality. The theme of hatred is addressed directly at the opening of Canto CXIV, where Voltaire is quoted to the effect that he hates nobody, not even his archenemy Elie Fréron. The remainder of this canto is primarily concerned with recognising indebtedness to the poet's genetic and cultural ancestors. The short extract from Canto CXV is a reworking from an earlier version first published in the Belfast-based magazine Threshold in 1962 and centres around two main ideas. The first of these is the hostilities that existed amongst Pound's modernist friends and the negative impact that it had on all their works. The second is the image of the poet as a "blown husk", again a borrowing from the Noh, this time the play Kakitsubata. Canto CXVI was the last canto completed by Pound. It opens with a passage in which we see the Odysseus/Pound figure, homecoming achieved, reconciled with the sea-god. However, the home achieved is not the place intended when the poem was begun but is the terzo cielo ("third heaven") of human love. The canto contains the following well-known lines: I have brought the great ball of crystal; Who can lift it? Can you enter the great acorn of light? But the beauty is not the madness Tho' my errors and wrecks lie about me. And I am not a demigod, I cannot make it cohere. This passage has often been taken as an admission of failure on Pound's part, but the reality may be more complex. The crystal image relates back to the Sacred Edict on self-knowledge and the demigod/cohere lines relate directly to Pound's translation of the Women of Trachis. In this, the demigod Herakles cries out "WHAT SPLENDOUR / IT ALL COHERES" as he is dying. These lines, read in conjunction with the later "i.e. it coheres all right / even if my notes do not cohere", point toward the conclusion that towards the end of his effort, Pound was coming to accept not only his own "errors" and "madness" but the conclusion that it was beyond him, and possibly beyond poetry, to do justice to the coherence of the universe. Images of light saturate this canto, culminating in the closing lines: "A little light, like a rushlight / to lead back to splendour". These lines again echo the Noh of Kakitsubata, the "light that does not lead on to darkness" in Pound's version. This final complete canto is followed by the two fragments of the 1940s. The first of these, "Addendum for C", is a rant against usury that moves a bit away from the usual anti-Semitism in the line "the defiler, beyond race and against race". The second is an untitled fragment that prefigures the Pisan sequence in its nature imagery and its reference to Jannequin. Notes for Canto CXVII et seq. originally consisted of three fragments, with a fourth, sometimes titled Canto CXX, added after Pound's death. The first of these has the poet raising an altar to Bacchus (Zagreus) and his mother Semele, whose death was as a result of jealousy. The second centres on the lines "that I lost my center / fighting the world", which were intended as an admission of mistakes made as a younger man. The third fragment is the one that is also known as Canto CXX. It is, in fact, some rescued lines from the earlier version of Canto CXV, and has Pound asking forgiveness for his actions from both the gods and those he loves. The final fragment returns to beginnings with the name of François Bernonad, the French printer of A Draft of XVI Cantos. After quoting two phrases from Bernart de Ventadorn's Can vei la lauzeta mover, a poem in which the speaker determines to abandon love because he has been rejected, the fragment closes with the line "To be men, not destroyers." This stood as the close of The Cantos until later editions appended the two Italian cantos LXXII and LXXIII and a brief dedicatory fragment addressed to Olga Rudge. Controversy The Cantos has always been controversial; initially so because of the experimental nature of the writing. The controversy has intensified since 1940 when Pound's public approval for Mussolini's fascism became widely known. Much critical discussion of the poem has focused on the relationship between, on the one hand, the economic thesis on usura, Pound's anti-Semitism, his adulation of Confucian ideals of government and his attitude towards fascism, and, on the other, passages of lyrical poetry and the historical scene-setting that he performed with his "ideographic" technique. At one extreme, George P. Elliot has drawn a parallel between Pound and Adolf Eichmann based on their anti-Semitism while at the other Marjorie Perloff places Pound's anti-Semitism in a wider context by relating it to the political attitudes of many of his contemporaries, and says, "We have to try to understand why and not say let's get rid of Ezra Pound, who also happens to be one of the greatest poets of the 20th C." In another exercise in contextualisation, Wendy Stallard Flory (1939) made a close study of the poem and concluded that it contains, in all, seven passages of anti-Semitic sentiment in the 803 pages of the edition she used. Pound has always had serious if select defenders and disciples. Louis Zukofsky was both of these, and also Jewish; according to Cookson he defended Pound on the basis of personal knowledge from anti-Semitism on the level of human exchange, even though, as reported by Basil Bunting, their correspondence contained some of Pound's "offensive" views. What is more, Zukofsky's similarly formidable but distinctive long poem "A" follows in its ambitious scope the model of The Cantos. Legacy Despite all the controversy surrounding both poem and poet, The Cantos has been influential in the development of English-language long poems since the appearance of the early sections during the 1920s. Amongst poets of Pound's own generation, both H.D. and William Carlos Williams wrote long poems that show this influence. Almost all of H.D.'s poetry from 1940 onwards takes the form of long sequences, and her Helen in Egypt, written during the 1950s, covers much of the same Homeric ground as The Cantos (but from a feminist perspective), and the three sequences that make up Hermetic Definition (1972) include direct quotations from Pound's poem. In the case of Williams, his Paterson (1963) follows Pound in using incidents and documents from the early history of the United States as part of its material. As with Pound, Williams includes Alexander Hamilton as the villain of the piece. Pound was a major influence on the Objectivist poets, and the effect of The Cantos on Zukofsky's "A" has already been noted. The other major long work by an Objectivist, Charles Reznikoff's Testimony (1934–1978), follows Pound in the direct use of primary source documents as its raw material. In the next generation of American poets, Charles Olson also drew on Pound's example in writing his own unfinished Modernist epic, The Maximus Poems. Pound was also an important figure for the poets of the Beat Generation, especially Snyder and Allen Ginsberg. Snyder's interest in things Chinese and Japanese stemmed from his early reading of Pound's writings, and his long poem Mountains and Rivers Without End (1965–1996) reflects his reading of The Cantos in many of the formal devices used. In Ginsberg's development, reading Pound was influential in his move away from the long, Whitmanesque lines of his early poetry, and towards the more varied metric and inclusive approach to a variety of subjects in the single poem that is to be found especially in his book-length sequences Planet News (1968) and The Fall of America: Poems of These States (1973). More generally, The Cantos, with its wide range of references and inclusion of primary sources, including prose texts, can be seen as prefiguring found poetry. Pound's tacit insistence that this material becomes poetry because of his action in including it in a text he chose to call a poem also prefigures the attitudes and practices that underlie 20th-century Conceptual art. The poetic response to The Cantos is summed up in Bunting's poem, "On the Fly-Leaf of Pound's Cantos": There are the Alps. What is there to say about them? They don't make sense. Fatal glaciers, crags cranks climb, jumbled boulder and weed, pasture and boulder, scree, et l'on entend, maybe, le refrain joyeux et leger. Who knows what the ice will have scraped on the rock it is smoothing? There they are, you will have to go a long way round if you want to avoid them. It takes some getting used to. There are the Alps, fools! Sit down and wait for them to crumble! Notes ^ Blackmur 1934 Masks of Ezra Pound ^ Schneidau, Herbert N. "Vorticism and the Career of Ezra Pound". Modern Philology, Volume 65, No. 3, February 1968. 214-227. ^ Patrick McGuinness, "Ezra Pound: Posthumous Cantos edited by Massimo Bacigalupo review – fresh insights into an epic masterpiece". Accessed 24.03.2016. ^ Liebregts, 97. ^ Hartnett, Stephen. "The Ideologies and Semiotics of Fascism: Analyzing Pound's Cantos 12-15". boundary 2, Volume 20, No. 1, Spring, 1993. 65-93. ^ Peterson, Leland D. "Ezra Pound: The Use and Abuse of History". American Quarterly, Volume 17, No. 1, Spring, 1965. 33-47. ^ Stock, Noel (1974). The Life of Ezra Pound. New York: Avon Books. p. 566. ISBN 0-380-00191-8. ^ Liebregts, 316. ^ Kenner, Hugh. "The Pound Era". University of California Press, 1992. 536. ISBN 0-5200-2427-3 ^ Reck, Michael & Weiss, Theodore. "An Exchange on Ezra Pound". New York Review of Books, Volume 33, No 15, October 09, 1986. Retrieved on July 18, 2008. ^ In an essay called Poet of Many Voices reprinted in Sullivan. ^ Pound, Ezra & Zukofsky Louis & Ahearn Barry (ed). "Pound/Zukofsky: Selected Letters of Ezra Pound and Louis Zukofsky". New York: New Directions, 1987. xxi-xxii Sources Print Ackroyd, Peter. Ezra Pound and His World (Thames and Hudson, 1980). ISBN 0-500-13069-8 Bacigalupo, Massimo. The Forméd Trace: The Later Poetry of Ezra Pound (Columbia University Press, 1980). ISBN 0-231-04456-9 Cookson, William. A Guide to the Cantos of Ezra Pound (Anvil, 1985). ISBN 0-89255-246-8 D'Epiro, Peter. A Touch of Rhetoric: Ezra Pound's Malatesta Cantos (UMI, 1983). ISBN 0835714047 Eastman, Barbara. Ezra Pound's Cantos: The Story of the Text (Orono: National Poetry Foundation, 1979). ISBN 0915032023 Flory, Wendy Stallard. "The Return to Italy: 'To Confess Wrong…'". In The American Ezra Pound. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989). Flory, Wendy Stallard. "Pound and Antisemitism." The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound. Ed. Ira B. Nadel (Cambridge University Press, 1999) ISBN 0-521-64920-X, ISBN 0-521-43117-4 Ellis, Mary. Epic reinvented: Ezra Pound and the Victorians. Cornell University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8014-3133-3 Kenner, Hugh. The Pound Era (Faber and Faber, 1975 edition). ISBN 0-571-10668-4 Liebregts, P. Th. M. G. Ezra Pound and Neoplatonism. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8386-4011-7 Makin, Peter. Pound's Cantos (Allen & Unwin, 1985). ISBN 0-04-811001-9 Makin, Peter (ed.). Ezra Pound's Cantos: A Casebook (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). ISBN 9780195175295 Sullivan, J.P. (ed). Ezra Pound (Penguin critical anthologies series, 1970). ISBN 0-14-080033-6 Surette, Leon. A Light from Eleusis: A Study of the Cantos of Ezra Pound. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979). ISBN 978-0738831107 Terrell, Carroll F. A Companion to The Cantos of Ezra Pound (University of California Press, 1980). ISBN 0-520-08287-7 Wilhelm, James J. The Later Cantos of Ezra Pound (Walker, 1977). ISBN 0-80-270553-7 Online Ezra Pound's Cantos 72 and 73: An Annotated Translation by Massimo Bacigalupo Pound's Pisan Cantos in Process by Massimo Bacigalupo Modernism, Fascism, and the Pisan Cantos by Ronald Bush Clarity from Chaos in the Rock-Drill Cantos Paradise by Christopher Wang	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_cover_of_The_Cantos,_written_by_Ezra_Pound.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ezra Pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound"},{"link_name":"poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poem"},{"link_name":"modernist poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_poetry"},{"link_name":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character"},{"link_name":"close reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_reading"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Leo Frobenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frobenius"}],"text":"This article is about the series of cantos written by Ezra Pound. For other uses, see Canto.Opening page of the first American edition, published 1933The Cantos by Ezra Pound is a long poem in 109 sections plus a number of drafts and fragments added as a supplement at the request of the poem's American publisher, James Laughlin. Most of it was written between 1915 and 1962, although much of the material in the first three cantos was abandoned or redistributed in 1923, when Pound prepared the first instalment of the poem, A Draft of XVI Cantos (Three Mountains Press, 1925). It is a book-length work, widely considered to present formidable difficulties to the reader. Strong claims have been made for it as the most significant work of modernist poetry of the twentieth century. As in Pound's prose writing, the themes of economics, governance and culture are integral to its content.The most striking feature of the text, to a casual browser, is the inclusion of Chinese characters as well as quotations in European languages other than English. Recourse to scholarly commentaries is almost inevitable for a close reader. The range of allusion to historical events is very broad, and abrupt changes occur with little transition. There is also wide geographical reference; Pound added to his earlier interests in the classical Mediterranean culture and East Asia selective topics from medieval and early modern Italy and Provence, the beginnings of the United States, England of the seventeenth century, and details from Africa he had obtained from Leo Frobenius.","title":"The Cantos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R. P. Blackmur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._P._Blackmur"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"T. S. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"The Waste Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waste_Land"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hugh Kenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Kenner"},{"link_name":"Eleusinian Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"troubadours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadour"},{"link_name":"neoplatonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism"},{"link_name":"Roman numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals"},{"link_name":"coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(music)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Cantos can appear on first reading to be chaotic or structureless because the poem lacks an obvious plot. R. P. Blackmur, an early critic, wrote, \"The work of Ezra Pound has been for most people almost as difficult to understand as Soviet Russia … The Cantos are not complex, they are complicated\".[1] Pound and T. S. Eliot had previously approached the subject of fragmentation of human experience: while Eliot was writing, and Pound editing, The Waste Land, Pound had said that he looked upon experience as similar to a series of iron filings on a mirror.[2] Each filing is disconnected, but they are drawn into the shape of a rose by the presence of a magnet.Nevertheless, there are indications in Pound's other writings that there may have been some formal plan underlying the work. In his 1918 essay A Retrospect, Pound wrote \"I think there is a 'fluid' as well as a 'solid' content, that some poems may have form as a tree has form, some as water poured into a vase. That most symmetrical forms have certain uses. That a vast number of subjects cannot be precisely, and therefore not properly rendered in symmetrical forms\". Critics like Hugh Kenner who take a more positive view of The Cantos have tended to follow this hint, seeing the poem as a poetic record of Pound's life and reading that sends out new branches as new needs arise with the final poem, like a tree, displaying a kind of unpredictable inevitability.Another approach to the structure of the work is based on a letter Pound wrote to his father in the 1920s, in which he stated that his plan was:A. A. Live man goes down into world of dead.\nC. B. 'The repeat in history.'\nB. C. The 'magic moment' or moment of metamorphosis, bust through from quotidian into 'divine or permanent world.' Gods, etc.[The letters ABC/ACB indicate the sequences in which the concepts could be presented.]\nIn the light of cantos written later than this letter, it would be possible to add other recurring motifs to this list, such as: periploi ('voyages around'); vegetation rituals such as the Eleusinian Mysteries; usura, banking and credit; and the drive towards clarity in art, such as the 'clear line' of Renaissance painting and the 'clear song' of the troubadours.The poem's symbolic structure also makes use of an opposition between darkness and light. Images of light are used variously, and may represent neoplatonic ideas of divinity, the artistic impulse, love (both sacred and physical) and good governance, amongst other things. The moon is frequently associated in the poem with creativity, while the sun is more often found in relation to the sphere of political and social activity, although there is frequent overlap between the two. From the Rock Drill sequence on, the poem's effort is to merge these two aspects of light into a unified whole.The Cantos was initially published in the form of separate sections, each containing several cantos that were numbered sequentially using Roman numerals (except cantos 85–109, first published with Arabic numerals). The original publication dates for the groups of cantos are as given below. The complete collection of cantos was published together in 1987 (including a final short coda or fragment, dated 24 August 1966). In 2002 a bilingual edition of “Posthumous Cantos” (Canti postumi) appeared in Italy. This is a concise selection from the mass of drafts (circa 1915–1965) uncollected or unpublished by Pound, and contains many passages that throw light on The Cantos.[3]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Mountains Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mountains_Press"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piero,_ritratto_di_sigismondo_malatesta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismondo_Pandolfo_Malatesta"},{"link_name":"Piero della Francesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca"},{"link_name":"Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Robert Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Browning"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Andreas Divus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Divus"},{"link_name":"metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"syntax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"The Seafarer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seafarer_(poem)"},{"link_name":"nekuia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekuia"},{"link_name":"Odysseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri"},{"link_name":"The Divine Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy"},{"link_name":"Aphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite"},{"link_name":"Georgius Dartona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgius_Dartona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sordello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sordello"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lir"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"Helen of Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_of_Troy"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"Metamorphoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses"},{"link_name":"classical mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mythology"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"troubadours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadour"},{"link_name":"Sappho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho"},{"link_name":"El Cid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cid"},{"link_name":"neoplatonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonist"},{"link_name":"Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismondo_Pandolfo_Malatesta"},{"link_name":"condottiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottiero"},{"link_name":"Rimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimini"},{"link_name":"Tempio Malatestiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempio_Malatestiano"},{"link_name":"Leon Battista Alberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti"},{"link_name":"Piero della Francesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca"},{"link_name":"Agostino di Duccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_di_Duccio"},{"link_name":"triumphal arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_arch"},{"link_name":"James Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"little magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_magazine"},{"link_name":"small presses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_press"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ex nihilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_nihilo"},{"link_name":"money supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supply"},{"link_name":"Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius"},{"link_name":"Plotinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus"},{"link_name":"Virgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Richard Aldington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Aldington"},{"link_name":"Henri Gaudier-Brzeska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Gaudier-Brzeska"},{"link_name":"Wyndham Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Ernest Hemingway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"Fernand Léger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Steffens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Steffens"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist"}],"text":"Published in 1925 as A Draft of XVI Cantos by the Three Mountains Press in Paris.Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta \"built a temple so full of pagan works\" (Canto XI). Portrait by Piero della Francesca.Pound was discussing the possibility of writing a long poem since around 1905, but work did not begin until sometime in 1915. The initial versions of the first three cantos of the proposed \"poem of some length\" were published in the journal Poetry. In this version, the poem began very much as a direct address by the poet, not to the reader but to the ghost of Robert Browning. Pound came to realise that this need to be a controlling narrative voice was working against the revolutionary intent of his own poetic position, and these first three ur-cantos were soon abandoned and a new starting point sought. The answer was a Latin version of Homer's Odyssey by the Renaissance scholar Andreas Divus that Pound had bought in Paris sometime between 1906 and 1910. Using the metre and syntax of his 1911 version of the Anglo-Saxon poem The Seafarer, Pound made an English version of Divus' rendering of the nekuia episode in which Odysseus and his companions sail to Hades in order to find out what their future holds. In using this passage to open the poem, Pound introduces a major theme; the excavating of the \"dead\" past to illuminate both present and future. He also echoes Dante's opening to The Divine Comedy in which the poet also descends into hell to interrogate the dead. The canto concludes with some fragments from the Second Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, in a Latin version by Georgius Dartona which Pound found in the Divus volume, followed by \"So that:\"—an invitation to read on.Canto II opens with some lines rescued from the ur-cantos in which Pound reflects on the indeterminacy of identity by setting side by side four different versions of the troubadour poet Sordello:[4] Browning's poem of that name, the actual Sordello of flesh and blood, Pound's own version of the poet and the Sordello of the brief life appended to manuscripts of his poems. These lines are followed by a sequence of identity shifts involving a seal, the daughter of Lir and other figures associated with the sea: Eleanor of Aquitaine who, through a pair of Homeric epithets that echo her name, shifts into Helen of Troy, Homer with his ear for the \"sea surge\", the old men of Troy who want to send Helen back over the sea, and an extended, imagistic retelling of the story of the abduction of Dionysus by sailors and his transformation of his abductors into dolphins. Although this last story is found in the Homeric Hymn to Dionysus, also contained in the Divus volume, Pound draws on the version in Ovid's poem Metamorphoses, thus introducing the world of ancient Rome into the poem.The next five cantos (III–VII), again drawing heavily on Pound's Imagist past for their technique, are essentially based in the Mediterranean, drawing on classical mythology, Renaissance history, the world of the troubadours, Sappho's poetry, a scene from the legend of El Cid that introduces the theme of banking and credit, and Pound's own visits to Venice to create a textual collage saturated with neoplatonist images of clarity and light.Cantos VIII–XI draw on the story of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, 15th-century poet, condottiero, lord of Rimini and patron of the arts. Quoting extensively from primary sources, including Malatesta's letters, Pound especially focuses on the building of the church of San Francesco, also known as the Tempio Malatestiano. Designed by Leon Battista Alberti and decorated by artists including Piero della Francesca and Agostino di Duccio, this was a landmark Renaissance building, being the first church to use the Roman triumphal arch as part of its structure. For Pound, who spent a good deal of time seeking patrons for himself, James Joyce, Eliot and a string of little magazines and small presses, the role of the patron was a crucial cultural question, and Malatesta is the first in a line of ruler-patrons to appear in The Cantos.Canto XII consists of three moral tales on the subject of profit.[5] The first and third of these treat of the creation of profit ex nihilo by exploiting the money supply, comparing this activity with \"unnatural\" fertility. The central parable contrasts this with wealth-creation based on the creation of useful goods. Canto XIII then introduces Confucius, or Kung, who is presented as the embodiment of the ideal of social order based on ethics.This section of The Cantos concludes with a vision of hell. Cantos XIV and XV use the convention of the Divine Comedy to present Pound/Dante moving through a hell populated by bankers, newspaper editors, hack writers and other 'perverters of language' and the social order. In Canto XV, Plotinus takes the role of guide played by Virgil in Dante's poem. In Canto XVI, Pound emerges from Hell and into an earthly paradise where he sees some of the personages encountered in earlier cantos. The poem then moves to recollections of World War I, and of Pound's writer and artist friends who fought in it. These include Richard Aldington, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, Wyndham Lewis, Ernest Hemingway and Fernand Léger, whose war memories the poem includes a passage from (in French). Finally, there is a transcript of Lincoln Steffens' account of the Russian Revolution. These two events, the war and revolution, mark a decisive break with the historic past, including the early modernist period when these writers and artists formed a more-or-less coherent movement.","title":"I–XVI"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nancy Cunard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Cunard"},{"link_name":"Hours Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hours_Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gondola.arp.750pix.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marco Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo"},{"link_name":"Kublai Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"Propertius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertius"},{"link_name":"Catullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus"},{"link_name":"Song of Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Roland"},{"link_name":"Arnaut Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaut_Daniel"},{"link_name":"linguistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"lotus eaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_eaters"},{"link_name":"Borso d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borso_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"city states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_state"},{"link_name":"Social Credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Credit"},{"link_name":"C.H. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.H._Douglas"},{"link_name":"Provençal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"Cathar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathar"},{"link_name":"Montsegur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montsegur"},{"link_name":"Albigensian Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Este"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Niccolo d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_III_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"transatlantic flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_flight"},{"link_name":"Excideuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excideuil"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Hieronymus Soncinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soncino_family_(printers)#Gershon_b._Moses_Soncino"},{"link_name":"Fano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano"},{"link_name":"Petrarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarch"}],"text":"XVII–XXVII was published by John Rodker in London in 1928 in a luxury edition called A Draft of the Cantos 17-27 of Ezra Pound: With Initials by Gladys Hynes. Pound then wrote three more cantos for Cantos I–XXX published in 1930 in A Draft of XXX Cantos by Nancy Cunard's Hours Press.Venice: \"Flat water before me, / and the trees growing in water, / Marble trunks out of stillness, / On past the palazzi, / in the stillness, The light now, not of the sun\" (Canto XVII)Originally, Pound conceived of Cantos XVII–XXVII as a group that would follow the first volume by starting with the Renaissance and ending with the Russian Revolution. The major locus of these cantos is the city of Venice.Canto XVII opens with the words \"So that\", echoing the end of Canto I, and then moves on to another Dionysus-related metamorphosis story. The rest of the canto is concerned with Venice, which is portrayed as a stone forest growing out of the water. Cantos XVIII and XIX return to the theme of financial exploitation, beginning with the Venetian explorer Marco Polo's account of Kublai Khan's paper money. Canto XIX deals mainly with those who profit from war, returning briefly to the Russian Revolution, and ends on the evil of wars and those who promote them.Canto XX opens with a grouping of phrases, words and images from Mediterranean poetry, ranging from Homer through Ovid, Propertius and Catullus to the Song of Roland and Arnaut Daniel. These fragments constellate to form an exemplum of what Pound calls \"clear song\". There follows another exemplum, this time of the linguistic scholarship that enables us to read these old poetries and the specific attention to words this study requires. Finally, this \"clear song\" and intellectual activity is implicitly contrasted with the inertia and indolence of the lotus eaters. There are references to the Malatesta family and to Borso d'Este, who tried to keep the peace between the warring Italian city states.Canto XXI deals with the difference of patronage between the Medici family, especially Lorenzo the Magnificent and Thomas Jefferson. A phrase from one of Sigismundo Malatesta's letters inserted into the Jefferson passage (\"affatigandose per suo piacere o no\") draws an explicit parallel between the two men - neither had the financial power of the Medici, yet assisted in the production of art even though they were of relatively modest means and far from the centres of culture. The next canto continues the focus on finance by introducing the Social Credit theories of C.H. Douglas for the first time.Canto XXIII returns to the world of the troubadours via Homer and Renaissance neo-platonism. Pound saw Provençal culture as a nexus of survival of the old pagan beliefs, and the destruction of the Cathar stronghold at Montsegur at the end of the Albigensian Crusade is held up as an example of the tendency of authority to crush all such alternative cultures. The destruction of Mont Segur is implicitly compared with the destruction of Troy in the closing lines of the canto.Canto XXIV then returns to 15th-century Italy and the d'Este family,[6] again focusing on their Venetian activities and Niccolo d'Este's voyage to the Holy Land.Cantos XXV draws on the Book of the Council Major in Venice and Pound's personal memories of the city. Anecdotes on Titian and Mozart deal with the relationship between artist and patron. Cantos XXVI is a history of Venice.\nCanto XXVII outlines the Russian Revolution, which is seen as being destructive, not constructive, and echoes the ruin of Eblis from Canto VI.XXVIII returns to the contemporary scene, with a passage on transatlantic flight. The last two cantos in the series return to the world of \"clear song\". In Canto XXIX, a story from their visit to the Provençal site at Excideuil contrasts Pound and Eliot on the subject of Christianity, with Pound implicitly rejecting that religion. Finally, the series closes with a glimpse of the printer Hieronymus Soncinus of Fano preparing to print the works of Petrarch.","title":"XVII–XXX"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mather_Brown_-_Thomas_Jefferson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismondo_Pandolfo_Malatesta"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams"},{"link_name":"John Quincy Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams"},{"link_name":"Mitteleuropa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteleuropa"},{"link_name":"canzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canzone"},{"link_name":"John Scotus Eriugena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Eriugena"},{"link_name":"Circe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe"},{"link_name":"periplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus"},{"link_name":"Hanno the Navigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator"}],"text":"Thomas Jefferson, who was, in Pound's view, a new Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta.Published as Eleven New Cantos XXXI–XLI. New York: Farrar & Rinehart Inc., 1934.The first four cantos of this volume (Cantos XXXI–XXXIV) quote extensively from the letters of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and the diary of John Quincy Adams, to deal with the emergence of the fledgling United States. Canto XXXI opens with the Malatesta family motto Tempus loquendi, tempus tacendi (\"a time to speak, a time to be silent\") to link again Jefferson and Sigismundo as individuals and the Italian and American \"rebirths\" as historical movements.Canto XXXV contrasts the dynamism of Revolutionary America with the \"general indefinite wobble\" of the decaying aristocratic society of Mitteleuropa, the Austro-Hungarian empire. This canto contains some distinctly unpleasant expressions of anti-Semitic opinions. \nCanto XXXVI opens with a translation of Cavalcanti's canzone Donna mi pregha (\"A lady asks me\"). This poem, a lyric meditation on the nature and philosophy of love, was a touchstone text for Pound. He saw it as an example of the post-Montsegur survival of the Provençal tradition of \"clear song\", precision of thought and language, and nonconformity of belief. The canto then continues with the figure of the 9th-century Irish philosopher and poet John Scotus Eriugena, who was an influence on the Cathars and whose writings were condemned as heretical in both the 11th and 13th centuries, and closes with the Italian poet Sordello. \nCanto XXXVII then returns to the period before the civil war in the United States with a portrait of the American President Martin Van Buren, focusing on the period he was vice-president to Andrew Jackson, who, following his repayment of the debt of the revolutionary war of independence, also ended the Second Bank of the United States in the so-called \"Bank War\" of 1829-1836.Canto XXXVIII opens with a quotation from Dante in which he rightly accuses the king of France Philip the Fair, of falsifying the coinage. The canto then turns to modern commerce and the arms trade. The canto has acquired a certain notoriety among scholars for its succinct account of C.H. Douglas's A+B Theorem, which spells out the basis of the Social Credit theory. \nCanto XXXIX returns to the island of Circe and the events before the voyage undertaken in the first canto and unfolds as a hymn to natural fertility and ritual sex. \nCanto XL is a diptych: the first section is dedicated to a summary of J. P. Morgan's fraudulent financial career; this is followed by another periplus, a condensed version of Hanno the Navigator's account of his voyage along the West coast of Africa. \nThe collection ends with canto XLI balancing an account of Benito Mussolini during WWI and Thomas Jefferson in Paris, just before the French Revolution.","title":"XXXI–XLI (XI New Cantos)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sienese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena"},{"link_name":"Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Monte_dei_Paschi_di_Siena"},{"link_name":"Pietro Leopoldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaiser_Leopold_II_in_Feldmarschallsuniform_c1790.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pietro Leopoldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Stefano Gaetano Neri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefano_Gaetano_Neri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"litany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litany"},{"link_name":"usury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usury"},{"link_name":"Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"votive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_offering"},{"link_name":"Rapallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapallo"},{"link_name":"Tammuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzid"},{"link_name":"Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonis"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Analects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analects"}],"text":"Published as The Fifth Decad of the Cantos XLII–LI. London: Faber & Faber, 1937.Cantos XLII, XLIII and XLIV move to the Sienese bank, the Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena and to the 18th-century reforms of Pietro Leopoldo, Habsburg Arch Duke of Tuscany. Founded in 1624, the Monte dei Paschi was a low-interest, credit institution whose funds were guaranteed by taxing the grazing of sheep on community land (the \"BANK of the grassland\" of Canto XLIII).Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo, who sought to end state debt and protected agricultural implements from sequestration for personal debt. (Portrait by Stefano Gaetano Neri.)Canto XLV is a litany against Usura or usury, which Pound later defined as a charge on credit regardless of actual production focusing on examples from the arts in which cultural creation is independent of the market. The canto declares usury is both contrary to the laws of nature and inimical to the production of good art and culture. Pound later came to see this canto as a key central point in the poem. \nCanto XLVI presents the dark heart of usury, i.e. the procedures whereby money is created in liberal institutions such as the Bank of England. In Pound's view, issuing money as a form of state debt was contributing to poverty, social deprivation, crime and implicitly to \"bad\" art made as a form of investment and profit. At the time of writing the canto (1935) The Bank of England was still a private company, whose activities were primarily subjected to shareholder interest not the British government. The Bank was nationalised in 1946.The poem returns to the island of Circe and Odysseus about to \"sail after knowledge\" in Canto XLVII. There follows a long lyrical passage in which a ritual of floating votive candles on the bay at Rapallo near Pound's home every July merges with the cognate myths of Tammuz and Adonis, agricultural activity set in a calendar based on natural cycles, and fertility rituals.Canto XLVIII presents a suite of instances of what Pound considers to be the degradation of intelligence and civilisation due to usury. At the same time he proposes remedies: travel and exploration, as well as sexual and religious freedom.Canto XLIX is a poem of tranquil nature derived from a Chinese picture book that Pound's parents brought with them when they retired to Rapallo. \nCanto L is an investigation of a theory by one of the writers that Pound was in contact with, namely Robert McNair Wilson, a specialist in the life of Napoleon. Wilson's idea was that Bonaparte had been a flawed hero who had fought and been crushed by usury. The canto actively follows this idea but finds rather that Napoleon did not change the financial arrangements of his day, or had any progressive economic idea. Pound also shows how the Rothschild family actively helped the British and Austrian cause against him.\nThe final canto in this sequence returns to the usura litany of Canto XLV, followed by detailed instructions on making flies for fishing (man in harmony with nature) and ends with a reference to the anti-Venetian League of Cambrai. They decad ends with the first Chinese written characters to appear in the poem, representing the Rectification of Names from the Analects of Confucius (the ideogram representing honesty at the end of Canto XXXIV was added when The Cantos was published as a single volume).","title":"XLII–LI (Fifth Decad)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confucius_02.png"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Anna-Marie de Moyriac de Mailla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Anna-Marie_de_Moyriac_de_Mailla"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Peking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Chinese history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"},{"link_name":"Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Taoists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"Book of Rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Rites"},{"link_name":"Xia dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Book of Odes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"Oulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oulo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KinKwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KinKwa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ghengis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"Yeun dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kien Ouen Ti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jianwen_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Emperor Jimmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Manchu dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Gerbillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Gerbillon"},{"link_name":"quinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine"},{"link_name":"Yong Tching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Kien Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Risorgimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Dom Metello de Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dom_Metello_de_Souza&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Confucius \"cut 3000 odes to 300\".First published in Cantos LII–LXXI. Norfolk Conn.: New Directions, 1940.These cantos are based on the first eleven volumes of the twelve-volume Histoire generale de la Chine by Joseph-Anna-Marie de Moyriac de Mailla. De Mailla was a French Jesuit who spent 37 years in Peking and wrote his history there. The work was completed in 1730 but not published until 1777–1783. De Mailla was very much an Enlightenment figure and his view of Chinese history reflects this; he found Confucian political philosophy, with its emphasis on rational order, much to his liking. He also disliked what he saw as the superstitious pseudo-mysticism promulgated by both Buddhists and Taoists, to the detriment of rational politics. Pound, in turn, fitted de Mailla's take on China into his own views on Christianity, the need for strong leadership to address 20th-century fiscal and cultural problems, and his support of Mussolini. In an introductory note to the section, Pound is at pains to point out that the ideograms and other fragments of foreign-language text incorporated in The Cantos should not put the reader off, as they serve to underline things that are in the English text.Canto LII is a diptych contrasting the Western world eroded by usury with the beginnings of Chinese civilisation as evident in the Book of Rites, especially those parts that deal with agriculture and natural increase. The diction is the same as that used in earlier cantos on similar subjects.Canto LIII covers the period from the founding of the Xia dynasty up to circa 225 BCE including the life of Confucius in the 5th century BC. Special mention is made of emperors that Confucius approved of and the sage's interest in cultural matters is stressed. For example, we are told that he edited the Book of Odes, cutting it from 3000 to 300 poems. Canto LIV moves the story on to around 805 CE. from the first emperor Qin Shi Huang to the middle of the Tang dynasty.Canto LV is mainly concerned with the decadence of the Tang, The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdom's period and the rise of the Song dynasty, including the rise of the Tatars and the Tartar Wars, ending about 1200. There is a lot on money policy in this canto and Pound quotes approvingly the Tartar ruler Oulo who noted that the people \"cannot eat jewels\". This is echoed in Canto LVI when KinKwa remarks that both gold and jade are inedible. This canto is mainly concerned with Ghengis and Kublai Khan and the rise of their Yeun dynasty. The canto closes with the overthrow of the Yuan and the establishment of the Ming dynasty, bringing us to around 1400.Canto LVII opens with the story of the flight of the emperor Kien Ouen Ti in 1402 or 1403 and continues with the history of the Ming up to the middle of the 16th century. Canto LVIII opens with a condensed history of Japan from the legendary first emperor, Emperor Jimmu, who supposedly ruled in the 7th century BCE, to the late 16th-century Toyotomi Hideyoshi (anglicised by Pound as Messier Undertree), who issued edicts against Christianity and raided Korea, thus putting pressure on China's eastern borders. The canto then goes on to outline the concurrent pressure placed on the western borders by activities associated with the great Tartar horse fairs, leading to the rise of the Manchu dynasty.The translation of the Confucian classics into Manchu opens the following canto, Canto LIX. The canto is then concerned with the increasing European interest in China during the reign of Emperor Kang Xi, as evidenced by the Sino-Russian border treaty in 1684 and the founding of the Jesuit mission in 1685 under Jean-François Gerbillon. Canto LX deals with the activities of the Jesuits, who, we are told, introduced astronomy, western music, physics and the use of quinine. The canto ends with limitations being placed on Christians, who had come to be seen as enemies of the state.The final canto in the sequence, Canto LXI, covers the reigns of Yong Tching and Kien Long, bringing the story up to 1790. Yong Tching is shown banning Christianity as \"immoral\" and \"seeking to uproot Kung's laws\". He also established just prices for foodstuffs, bringing us back to the ideas of Social Credit. There are also references to the Italian Risorgimento, John Adams, and Dom Metello de Souza, who gained some measure of relief for the Jesuit mission.","title":"LII–LXI (The Chinese History Cantos)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnadamsvp.flipped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward Coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Coke"},{"link_name":"Washington's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"James Otis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Otis,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Writ of assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ_of_assistance"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Stamp act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_act"},{"link_name":"Boston Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Petronius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronius"},{"link_name":"Satyricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyricon"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Silas Deane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_Deane"},{"link_name":"Edward Bancroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bancroft"},{"link_name":"Comte de Vergennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comte_de_Vergennes"},{"link_name":"Court of St James's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_St_James%27s"},{"link_name":"Magna Carta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta"},{"link_name":"trial by jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_trial"},{"link_name":"Lycurgus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycurgus_(king_of_Sparta)"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Indian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Epictetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epictetus"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"}],"text":"John Adams: \"the man who at certain points /made us / at certain points / saved us\" (Canto LXII).First published in Cantos LII–LXXI. Norfolk Conn.: New Directions, 1940.This section of the cantos is, for the most part, made up of fragmentary citations from the writings of John Adams. Pound's intentions appear to be to show Adams as an example of the rational Enlightenment leader, thereby continuing the primary theme of the preceding China Cantos sequence, which these cantos also follow from chronologically. Adams is depicted as a rounded figure; he is a strong leader with interests in political, legal and cultural matters in much the same way that Malatesta and Mussolini are portrayed elsewhere in the poem. The English jurist Sir Edward Coke, who is an important figure in some later cantos, first appears in this section of the poem. Given the fragmentary nature of the citations used, these cantos can be quite difficult to follow for the reader with no knowledge of the history of the United States in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.Canto LXII opens with a brief history of the Adams family in America from 1628. The rest of the canto is concerned with events leading up to the revolution, Adams' time in France, and the formation of Washington's administration. Alexander Hamilton reappears, again cast as the villain of the piece. The appearance of the single Greek word \"THUMON\", meaning heart, returns us to the world of Homer's Odyssey and Pound's use of Odysseus as a model for all his heroes, including Adams. The word is used of Odysseus in the fourth line of the Odyssey: \"he suffered woes in his heart on the seas\".The next canto, Canto LXIII, is concerned with Adams' career as a lawyer and especially his reports of the legal arguments presented by James Otis in the Writ of assistance case and their importance in the build-up to the revolution. The Latin phrase Eripuit caelo fulmen (\"He snatched the thunderbolt from heaven\") is taken from an inscription on a bust of Benjamin Franklin. Cavalcanti's canzone, Pound's touchstone text of clear intellection and precision of language, reappears with the insertion of the lines \"In quella parte / dove sta memoria\" into the text.Canto LXIV covers the Stamp act and other resistance to British taxation of the American colonies. It also shows Adams defending the accused in the Boston Massacre and engaging in agricultural experiments to ascertain the suitability of Old-World crops for American conditions. The phrases Cumis ego oculis meis, tu theleis, respondebat illa and apothanein are from the passage (taken from Petronius' Satyricon) that T.S. Eliot used as epigraph to The Waste Land at Pound's suggestion. The passage translates as \"For with my own eyes I saw the Sibyl hanging in a jar at Cumae, and when the boys said to her, 'Sibyl, what do you want?' she replied, 'I want to die.'\"The nomination of Washington as president dominates the opening pages of Canto LXV. The canto shows Adams concerned with the practicalities of waging war, particularly of establishing a navy. Following a passage on the drafting of the Declaration of Independence, the canto returns to Adams' mission to France, focusing on his dealings with the American legation in that country, consisting of Franklin, Silas Deane and Edward Bancroft and with the French foreign minister, the Comte de Vergennes. Intertwined with this is the fight to save the rights of Americans to fish the Atlantic coastline. A passage on Adams' opposition to American involvement in European wars is highlighted, echoing Pound's position on his own times. In Canto LXVI, we see Adams in London serving as minister to the Court of St James's. The body of the canto consists of quotations from Adams' writings on the legal basis for the Revolution, including citations from Magna Carta and Coke and on the importance of trial by jury (per pares et legem terrae).Canto LXVII opens with a passage on the limits on the powers of the British monarch drawn from Adams' writings under the pseudonym Novanglus. The rest of the canto is concerned with the study of government and with the requirements of the franchise. The following canto, LXVIII, begins with a meditation on the tripartite division of society into the one, the few and the many. A parallel is drawn between Adams and Lycurgus, king of Sparta. Then the canto returns to Adams' notes on the practicalities of funding the war and the negotiation of a loan from the Dutch.Canto LXIX continues the subject of the Dutch loan and then turns to Adams' fear of the emergence of a native aristocracy in America, as noted in his remark that Jefferson feared rule by \"the one\" (monarch or dictator), while he, Adams, feared \"the few\". The remainder of the canto is concerned with Hamilton, James Madison and the affair of the assumption of debt certificates by Congress which resulted in a significant shift of economic power to the federal government from the individual states.Canto LXX deals mainly with Adams' time as vice-president and president, focusing on his statement \"I am for balance\", highlighted in the text by the addition of the ideogram for balance. The section ends with Canto LXXI, which summarises many of the themes of the foregoing cantos and adds material on Adams' relationship with Native Americans and their treatment by the British during the Indian Wars. The canto closes with the opening lines of Epictetus' Hymn of Cleanthus, which Pound tells us formed part of Adams' paideuma. These lines invoke Zeus as one \"who rules by law\", a clear parallel to the Adams presented by Pound.","title":"LXII–LXXI (The Adams Cantos)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante"},{"link_name":"Divine Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy"},{"link_name":"tercets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercet"},{"link_name":"Filippo Tommaso Marinetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti"},{"link_name":"Ezzelino III da Romano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezzelino_III_da_Romano"},{"link_name":"Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III"},{"link_name":"El Alamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Alamein"},{"link_name":"Guido Cavalcanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Cavalcanti"},{"link_name":"Italian fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_fascism"},{"link_name":"Cavalcanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalcanti"}],"text":"Written between 1944 and 1945.These two cantos, written in Italian, were not collected until their posthumous inclusion in the 1987 revision of the complete text of the poem. Pound reverts to the model of Dante’s Divine Comedy and casts himself as conversing with ghosts from Italy’s remote and recent past.In Canto LXXII, imitative of Dante’s tercets (terza rima), Pound meets the recently dead Futurist writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, and they discuss the current war and their excessive love of the past (Pound) and of the future (Marinetti). Then the violent ghost of Dante’s Ezzelino III da Romano, brother of Cunizza of Cantos VI and XXIX, explains to Pound that he has been misrepresented as an evil tyrant only because he was against the Pope’s party, and goes on to attack the present Pope Pius XII and \"traitors\" (like king Victor Emmanuel III) who betrayed Mussolini, and to promise that the Italian troops will eventually \"return\" to El Alamein.Canto LXXIII is subtitled \"Cavalcanti – Republican Correspondence\" and is written in the style of Cavalcanti's \"Donna mi prega\" of Canto XXXVI. Guido Cavalcanti appears on horseback to tell Pound about a heroic deed of a girl from Rimini who led a troop of Canadian soldiers to a mined field and died with the \"enemy\". (This was a propaganda story featured in Italian newspapers in October 1944; Pound was interested in it because of the connection with Sigismondo Malatesta's Rimini.) Both cantos end on a positive and optimistic note, typical of Pound, and are unusually straightforward. Except for a scathing reference (by Cavalcanti's ghost) to \"Roosevelt, Churchill and Eden / bastards and small Jews\", and for a denial (by Ezzelino) that \"the world was created by a Jew\", they are notably free of anti-Semitic content, although it must be said that there are several positive references to Italian fascism and some racist expressions (e.g., \"pieno di marocchini ed altra immondizia\"—\"full of Moroccans and other crap\", Canto LXXII). Italian scholars have been intrigued by Pound's idiosyncratic recreation of the poetry of Dante and Cavalcanti.","title":"LXXII–LXXIII (The Italian Cantos)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AubreyBeardsley.png"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Beardsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Rome Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rome_Radio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"freedom of speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech"},{"link_name":"James Legge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Legge"},{"link_name":"Morris Edmund Speare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morris_Edmund_Speare&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"Francesco del Cossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_del_Cossa"},{"link_name":"fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"H.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.D."},{"link_name":"Gary Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Snyder"},{"link_name":"fugue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugue"},{"link_name":"Cyclops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopes"},{"link_name":"Wanjina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandjina"},{"link_name":"nekuia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekyia"},{"link_name":"W. B. Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Yeats"},{"link_name":"Ford Madox Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford"},{"link_name":"Victor Plarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Plarr"},{"link_name":"Henry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James"},{"link_name":"Taishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tai"},{"link_name":"Kuanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin"},{"link_name":"Noh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh"},{"link_name":"Ixotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotta_degli_Atti"},{"link_name":"Cythera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kythira_%E2%8B%85&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Édouard Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"Bernard de Ventadorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernart_de_Ventadorn"},{"link_name":"Ecbatana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecbatana"},{"link_name":"Wagadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagadu"},{"link_name":"Meyer Anselm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meyer_Anselm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"stamp script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stamp_script&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wörgl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6rgl"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Beardsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley"},{"link_name":"Paul Verlaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Verlaine"},{"link_name":"Ben Jonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson"},{"link_name":"Lethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethe"},{"link_name":"Gerhart Münch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart_M%C3%BCnch"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"Clément Janequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Janequin"},{"link_name":"Jean Cocteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cocteau"},{"link_name":"Leviticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviticus"},{"link_name":"Mount Ida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ida"},{"link_name":"Trojan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Justinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus"},{"link_name":"Antoninus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius"},{"link_name":"Nausicaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausicaa"},{"link_name":"Annals of Spring and Autumn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Spring_and_Autumn"},{"link_name":"Marshal Pétain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain"},{"link_name":"lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx"},{"link_name":"Walter Rummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Morse_Rummel"},{"link_name":"Laurence Binyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Binyon"},{"link_name":"Irish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Sandro Botticelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli"},{"link_name":"Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Marie Laurencin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Laurencin"},{"link_name":"Walt Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman"},{"link_name":"Richard Lovelace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lovelace_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Edward Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_FitzGerald_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam"},{"link_name":"Ceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planet)"},{"link_name":"George Santayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Santayana"},{"link_name":"Modernist poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_poetry"},{"link_name":"deep ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_ecology"},{"link_name":"Swinburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Scawen Blunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Scawen_Blunt"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Pindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar"},{"link_name":"George Gemistos Plethon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gemistos_Plethon"},{"link_name":"Pietro Lombardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Lombardo"},{"link_name":"Heraclitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus"},{"link_name":"Dryad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryad"},{"link_name":"Mencius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mencius"},{"link_name":"Tiresias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiresias"},{"link_name":"J.P. Angold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Penrose_Angold"},{"link_name":"Bertran de Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertran_de_Born"},{"link_name":"Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(god)"}],"text":"Aubrey Beardsley: \"Beauty is difficult, Yeats' said Aubrey Beardsley / when Yeats asked why he drew horrors / or at least not Burne-Jones / and Beardsley knew he was dying and had to / make his hit quickly ... / So very difficult, Yeats, beauty so difficult\" (Canto LXXX).First published as The Pisan Cantos. New York: New Directions, 1948.With the outbreak of war in 1939, Pound was in Italy, where he remained, despite a request for repatriation he made after Pearl Harbor. During this period, his main source of income was a series of radio broadcasts he made on Rome Radio. He used these broadcasts to express his full range of opinions on culture, politics and economics, including his opposition to American involvement in a European war and his anti-Semitism. In 1943, he was indicted for treason in his absence, and wrote a letter to the indicting judge in which he claimed the right to freedom of speech in his defence.Pound was arrested by Italian partisans in April 1945 and was eventually transferred to the American Disciplinary Training Center (DTC) on May 22. Here he was held in a specially reinforced cage, initially sleeping on the ground in the open air. After three weeks, he had a breakdown that resulted in his being given a cot and pup tent in the medical compound. Here, he gained access to a typewriter. For reading matter, he had a regulation-issue Bible along with three books he was allowed to bring in as his own \"religious\" texts: a Chinese text of Confucius, James Legge's translation of the same, and a Chinese dictionary. He later found a copy of the Pocket Book of Verse, edited by Morris Edmund Speare, in the latrine. The only other thing he brought with him was a eucalyptus pip. Throughout the Pisan sequence, Pound repeatedly likens the camp to Francesco del Cossa's March fresco depicting men working at a grape arbour.With his political certainties collapsing around him and his library inaccessible, Pound turned inward for his materials and much of the Pisan sequence is concerned with memory, especially of his years in London and Paris and of the writers and artists he knew in those cities. There is also a deepening of the ecological concerns of the poem. The awarding of the Bollingen Prize to the book caused considerable controversy, with many people objecting to the honouring of someone they saw as a madman and/or traitor. However, The Pisan Cantos is generally the most admired and read section of the work. It is also among the most influential, having affected poets as different as H.D. and Gary Snyder.Canto LXXIV immediately introduces the reader to the method used in the Pisan Cantos, which is one of interweaving themes somewhat in the manner of a fugue. These themes pick up on many of the concerns of the earlier cantos and frequently run across sections of the Pisan sequence. This canto begins with Pound looking out of the DTC at peasants working in the fields nearby and reflecting on the news of the death of Mussolini, \"hung by the heels\".In the first thread, the figure of Pound/Odysseus reappears in the guise of \"OY TIS\", or no man, the name the hero uses in the Cyclops episode of the Odyssey. This figure blends into the Australia rain god Wanjina, who had his mouth closed up by his father (was deprived of freedom of speech) because he \"created too many things\". He, in turn, becomes the Chinese Ouan Jin, or man with an education. This theme recurs in the line \"a man on whom the sun has gone down\", a reference to the nekuia from Canto I, which is then explicitly referred to. This recalls The Seafarer, and Pound quotes a line from his translation, \"Lordly men are to earth o'ergiven\", lamenting the loss of the exiled poet's companions. This is then applied to a number of Pound's dead friends from the London/Paris years, including W. B. Yeats, Joyce, Ford Madox Ford, Victor Plarr and Henry James. Finally, Pound/Odysseus is seen \"on a raft blown by the wind\".Another major theme running through this canto is that of the vision of a goddess in the poet's tent. This starts from the identification of a nearby mountain with the Chinese holy mountain Taishan and the naming of the moon as sorella la luna (sister moon). This thread then runs through the appearance of Kuanon, the Buddhist goddess of mercy, the moon spirit from Hagaromo (a Noh play translated by Pound some 40 years earlier), Sigismondo's lover Ixotta (linked in the text with Aphrodite via a reference to the goddess' birthplace Cythera), a girl painted by Édouard Manet and finally Aphrodite herself, rising from the sea on her shell and rescuing Pound/Odysseus from his raft. The two threads are further linked by the placement of the Greek word brododactylos (\"rosy-fingered\") applied by Homer to the dawn but given here in the dialect of Sappho and used by her in a poem of unrequited love. These images are often intimately associated with the poet's close observation of the natural world as it imposes itself on the camp; birds, a lizard, clouds, the weather and other images of nature run through the canto.Images of light and brightness associated with these goddesses come to focus in the phrase \"all things that are, are lights\" quoted from John Scotus Eriugena. He, in turn, brings us back to the Albigensian Crusade and the troubadour world of Bernard de Ventadorn. Another theme sees Ecbatana, the seven-walled \"city of Dioce\", blend with the city of Wagadu, from the tale of Gassire's Lute that Pound learned from Frobenius. This city, four times rebuilt, with its four walls, four gates and four towers at the corners is a symbol for spiritual endurance. It, in turn, blends with the DTC in which the poet is imprisoned.The question of banking and money also recurs, with an anti-Semitic passage aimed at the banker Meyer Anselm. Pound brings in biblical injunctions on usury and a reference to the issuing of a stamp script currency in the Austrian town of Wörgl. The canto then moves on to a longish passage of memories of the moribund literary scene Pound encountered in London when he first arrived, with the phrase \"beauty is difficult\", quoted from Aubrey Beardsley, acting as a refrain. After more memories of America and Venice, the canto ends in a passage that brings together Dante's celestial rose, the rose formed by the effect of a magnet on iron filings, an image from Paul Verlaine of the human soul as a fountain and a reference to a poem by Ben Jonson in a composite image of hope for \"those who have passed over Lethe\".Canto LXXV is mainly a facsimile of the German pianist Gerhart Münch's violin setting of the 16th-century Italian Francesco Da Milano's transcription for lute of French composer Clément Janequin's choral work Le Chant des oiseaux, an ancient song recalled to Pound's mind by the singing of birds on the fence of the DTC, and a symbol for him of an indestructible form preserved and transmitted through many versions, times, nations and artists. (Compare the nekuia of canto I.) Münch was a friend and collaborator of Pound in Rapallo, and the short prose section at the beginning of the canto celebrates his work on other early music figures.Canto LXXVI opens with a vision of a group of goddesses in Pound's room on the Rapallo hillside and then moves, via Mont Segur, to memories of Paris and Jean Cocteau. There follows a passage in which the poet recognises the Jewish authorship of the prohibition on usury found in Leviticus. Conversations in the camp are then cross-cut into memories of Provence and Venice, details of the American Revolution and further visions. These memories lead to a consideration of what has or may have been destroyed in the war. Pound remembers the moment in Venice when he decided not to destroy his first book of verse, A Lume Spento, an affirmation of his decision to become a poet and a decision that ultimately led to his incarceration in the DTC. The canto ends with the goddess, in the form of a butterfly, leaving the poet's tent amid further references to Sappho and Homer.The main focus of Canto LXXVII is accurate use of language, and at its centre is the moment when Pound hears that the war is over. Pound draws on examples of language use from Confucius, the Japanese dancer Michio Itô, who worked with Pound and Yeats in London, a Dublin cab driver, Aristotle, Basil Bunting, Yeats, Joyce and the vocabulary of the U.S. Army. The goddess in her various guises appears again, as does Awoi's hennia, the spirit of jealousy from \"AOI NO UE\", a Noh play translated by Pound. The canto closes with an invocation of Dionysus (Zagreus).After opening with a glimpse of Mount Ida, an important locus for the history of the Trojan War, Canto LXXVIII moves through much that is familiar from the earlier cantos in the sequence: del Cossa, the economic basis of war, Pound's writer and artist friends in London, \"virtuous\" rulers (Lorenzo de' Medici, the emperors Justinian, Titus and Antoninus, Mussolini), usury and stamp scripts culminating in the Nausicaa episode from the Odyssey and a reference to the Confucian classic Annals of Spring and Autumn in which \"there are no righteous wars\".The moon and clouds appear at the opening of Canto LXXIX, which then moves on through a passage in which birds on the wire fence recall musical notation and the sounds of the camp and thoughts of Mozart, del Cossa and Marshal Pétain meld to form musical counterpoint. After references to politics, economics, and the nobility of the world of the Noh and the ritual dance of the moon-nymph in Hagaromo that dispels mortal doubt, the canto closes with an extended fertility hymn to Dionysus in the guise of his sacred lynx.Canto LXXX opens in the camp in the shadow of death and soon turns to memories of London, Paris and Spain, including a recollection of Walter Rummel, who worked with Pound on troubadour music before World War I and of Eliot, Lewis, Laurence Binyon and others. The canto is concerned with the aftermath of war, drawing on Yeats' experiences after the Irish Civil War as well as the contemporary situation. Hagoromo appears again before the poem returns to Beardsley, also in the shadow of death, declaring the difficulty of beauty with a phrase from Symons and Sappho/Homer's rosy-fingered dawn woven through the passage.Pound writes of the decline of the sense of the spirit in painting from a high-point in Sandro Botticelli to the fleshiness of Rubens and its recovery in the 20th century as evidenced in the works of Marie Laurencin and others. This is set between two further references to Mont Segur. Pound/Odysseus is then saved from his sinking raft by Walt Whitman and Richard Lovelace as discovered in the anthology of poetry found in the camp toilet and the other prisoners are compared with Odysseus' crew, \"men of no fortune\". The canto then closes with two passages, one a pastiche of Browning, the other of Edward Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, lamenting the lost London of Pound's youth and an image of nature as designer.Canto LXXXI opens with a complex image that illustrates Pound's technical approach well. The opening line, \"Zeus lies in Ceres bosom\", merges the conception of Demeter, passages in previous cantos on ritual copulation as a means of ensuring fertility, and the direct experience of the sun (Zeus) still hidden at dawn by two hills resembling breasts in the Pisan landscape. This is followed by an image of the other mountain that reminded the poet of Taishan surrounded by vapors and surmounted by the planet Venus (\"Taishan is attended of loves / under Cythera, before sunrise\").The canto then moves through memories of Spain, a story told by Basil Bunting, and anecdotes of a number of familiar personages and of George Santayana. At the core of this passage is the line \"(to break the pentameter, that was the first heave)\", Pound's comment on the \"revolution of the word\" that led to the emergence of Modernist poetry in the early years of the century.The goddess of love then returns after a lyric passage situating Pound's work in the great tradition of English lyric, in the sense of words intended to be sung. This heralds perhaps the most widely quoted passages in The Cantos, in which Pound expresses his realisation that \"What thou lovest well remains, / the rest is dross\" and an acceptance of the need for human humility in the face of the natural world that prefigures some of the ideas associated with the deep ecology movement.The opening of Canto LXXXII marks a return to the camp and its inmates. This is followed by a passage that draws on Pound's London memories and his reading of the Pocket Book of Verse. Pound laments his failure to recognise the Greek qualities of Swinburne's work and celebrates Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, Rudyard Kipling, Ford, Whitman, Yeats and others. After an expanded clarification of the Annals of Spring and Autumn / \"there are no righteous wars\" passage from Canto LXXVIII, this canto culminates in images of the poet drowning in earth and a recurrence of the Greek word for weeping, ending with more bird-notes seen as a periplum.After a number of cantos in which the elements of earth and air feature so strongly, Canto LXXXIII opens with images of water and light, drawn from Pindar, George Gemistos Plethon, John Scotus Eriugena, the mermaid carvings of Pietro Lombardo and Heraclitus' phrase panta rei (\"everything flows\"). A passage addressed to a Dryad speaks out against the death sentence and cages for wild animals and is followed by lines on equity in government and natural processes based on the writings of Mencius. The tone of placid acceptance is underscored by three Chinese characters that translate as \"don't help to grow that which will grow of itself\" followed by another appearance of the Greek word for weeping in the context of remembered places.Close observation of a wasp building a mud nest returns the canto to earth and to the figure of Tiresias, last encountered in Cantos I and XLVII. The canto moves on through a long passage remembering Pound's time as Yeats' secretary in 1914 and a shorter meditation on the decline in standards in public life deriving from a remembered visit to the senate in the company of Pound's mother while that house was in session. The closing lines, \"Down derry-down / Oh let an old man rest\", return the poem from the world of memory to the poet's present plight.Canto LXXXIV opens with the delivery of Dorothy Pound's first letter to the DTC on October 8. This letter contained news of the death in the war of J.P. Angold, a young English poet whom Pound admired. This news is woven through phrases from a lament by the troubadour Bertran de Born (which Pound had once translated as \"Planh for the Young English King\") and a double occurrence of the Greek word tethneke (\"is dead\") remembered from the story of the death of Pan in Canto XXIII.This death, reviving memories of the poet's dead friends from World War I, is followed by a passage on Pound's 1939 visit to Washington, D.C. to try to avert American involvement in the forthcoming European war. Much of the rest of the canto is concerned with the economic basis of war and the general lack of interest in this subject on the part of historians and politicians; John Adams is again held up as an ideal. The canto also contains a reproduction, in Italian, of a conversation between the poet and a \"swineherd's sister\" through the DTC fence. He asks her if the American troops behave well and she replies OK. He then asks how they compare to the Germans and she replies that they are the same.The moon/goddess reappears at the core of the canto as \"pin-up\" and \"chronometer\" close to the line \"out of all this beauty something must come\". The closing lines of the canto, and of the sequence, \"If the hoar frost grip thy tent / Thou wilt give thanks when night is spent\", sound a final note of acceptance and resignation, despite the return to the sphere of action, prompted by the death of Angold, that marks most of the canto.","title":"LXXIV–LXXXIV (The Pisan Cantos)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Elizabeths Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeths_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Sophocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles"},{"link_name":"Women of Trachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_of_Trachis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Hart_Benton_(senator).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bank of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Book of Documents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Documents"},{"link_name":"Séraphin Couvreur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9raphin_Couvreur"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hart Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(senator)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Harry Dexter White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White"},{"link_name":"Yggdrasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil"},{"link_name":"Richard of Saint Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_Saint_Victor"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"St. Hilaire, Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Hilaire,_Poitiers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Heydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heydon_(astrologer)"},{"link_name":"Helios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios"},{"link_name":"John Randolph of Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke"},{"link_name":"Bank of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Thales of Miletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus"},{"link_name":"Antoninus Pius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius"},{"link_name":"Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose"},{"link_name":"Alexander del Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_del_Mar"},{"link_name":"Aurelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian"},{"link_name":"Rodolphus Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolphus_Agricola"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"Louis Agassiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Agassiz"},{"link_name":"Baucis and Philemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucis_and_Philemon"},{"link_name":"Metamorphoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Castalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castalia"},{"link_name":"Parnassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnassus"},{"link_name":"Muses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse"},{"link_name":"Amphion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphion"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"link_name":"Erebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus"},{"link_name":"Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra"},{"link_name":"Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Apollonius of Tyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana"},{"link_name":"Helen of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_of_Tyre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simon Magus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Magus"},{"link_name":"Theodora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)"},{"link_name":"Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Layamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layamon"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"Julien Benda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Benda"},{"link_name":"Leucothea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucothea"},{"link_name":"Cadmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmus"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Avicenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"link_name":"Kati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahkare_Khety"},{"link_name":"Merikara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merykara"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Saint Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Garden of Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden"},{"link_name":"Dutch Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"William I, Prince of Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Rush"},{"link_name":"Alexander Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Biddle"},{"link_name":"Philostratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philostratus"}],"text":"Published in 1956 as Section: Rock-Drill, 85–95 de los cantares by New Directions, New York.Pound was flown from Pisa to Washington to face trial on a charge of treason in 1946. Found unfit to stand trial because of the state of his mental health, he was incarcerated in St. Elizabeths Hospital, where he was to remain until 1958. Here he began to entertain writers and academics with an interest in his work and to write, working on translations of the Confucian Book of Odes and of Sophocles' play Women of Trachis and two new sections of the cantos; the first of these was Rock Drill.Senator Thomas Hart Benton, who opposed the establishment of the Bank of the United States. His Thirty Years View is a key source for this section of The Cantos.The two main written sources for the Rock Drill cantos are the Confucian Book of Documents, in an edition by the French Jesuit Séraphin Couvreur, which contained the Chinese text and translations into Latin and French under the title Chou King (which Pound uses in the poem), and Senator Thomas Hart Benton's Thirty Years View: Or A History of the American Government for Thirty Years From 1820–1850, which covers the period of the bank wars. In an interview given in 1962, and reprinted by J. P. Sullivan, Pound said that the title Rock Drill \"was intended to imply the necessary resistance in getting a main thesis across — hammering.\"[7]The first canto in the sequence, Canto LXXXV, contains 104 Chinese characters from the Chou King, in addition to a number of Latin phrases, mostly taken from Couvreur's translation. There are also a small number of Greek words. The overall effect for the English-speaking reader is one of unreadability, and the canto is hard to elucidate unless read alongside a copy of Couvreur's text.The core meaning is summed up in Pound's footnote to the effect that the History Classic contains the essentials of the Confucian view of good government. In the canto, these are summed up in the line \"Our dynasty came in because of a great sensibility\", where sensibility translates the key character Ling, and in the reference to the four Tuan, or foundations, benevolence, rectitude, manners and knowledge. Rulers who Pound viewed as embodying some or all of these characteristics are adduced: Queen Elizabeth I, Cleopatra, Alexander the Great, as are Napoleon III, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Dexter White, who stand for everything Pound opposes in government and finance.The world of nature, Pound's source of wealth and spiritual nourishment, also features strongly; images of roots, grass and surviving traces of fertility rites in Catholic Italy cluster around the sacred tree Yggdrasil. The natural world and the world of government are related to tekhne or art. Richard of Saint Victor, with his emphasis on modes of thinking, makes an appearance, in close company with Eriugena, the philosopher of light.Canto LXXXVI opens with a passage on the Congress of Vienna and continues to hold up examples of good and bad rulers as defined by the poet with Latin and Chinese phrases from Couvreur woven through them. The word Sagetrieb, meaning something like the transmission of tradition, apparently coined by Pound, is repeated after its first use in the previous canto, underlining Pound's belief that he is transmitting a tradition of political ethics that unites China, Revolutionary America and his own beliefs.Canto LXXXVII opens on usury and moves through a number of references to \"good\" and \"bad\" leaders and lawgivers interwoven with neo-platonist philosophers and images of the power of natural process. This culminates in a passage bringing together Binyon's dictum slowness is beauty\|golden ratio]], a room in the church of St. Hilaire, Poitiers built to that rule where one can stand without throwing a shadow, Mencius on natural phenomena, the 17th-century English mystic John Heydon (who Pound remembered from his days working with Yeats) and other images relating to the worship of light including \"'MontSegur, sacred to Helios\". The canto then closes with more on economics.The following canto, Canto LXXXVIII, is almost entirely derived from Benton's book and focuses mainly on John Randolph of Roanoke and the campaign against the establishment of the Bank of the United States. Pound viewed the setting up of this bank as a selling out of the principles of economic equity on which the U.S. Constitution was based. At the centre of the canto there is a passage on monopolies that draws on the lives and writings of Thales of Miletus, the emperor Antoninus Pius and St. Ambrose, amongst others.Canto LXXXIX continues with Benton and also draws on Alexander del Mar's A History of Money Systems. The same examples of good rule are drawn on, with the addition of the Emperor Aurelian. Possibly in defence of his focus on so much \"unpoetical\" material, Pound quotes Rodolphus Agricola to the effect that one writes \"to move, to teach or to delight\" (ut moveat, ut doceat, ut delectet), with the implication that the present cantos are designed to teach. The naturalists Alexander von Humboldt and Louis Agassiz are mentioned in passing.Apart from a passing reference to Randolph of Roanoke, Canto XC moves to the world of myth and love, both divine and sexual. The canto opens with an epigraph in Latin to the effect that while the human spirit is not love, it delights in the love that proceeds from it. The Latin is paraphrased in English as the final lines of the canto. Following a reference to signatures in nature and Yggdrasil, the poet introduces Baucis and Philemon, an aged couple who, in a story from Ovid's Metamorphoses, offer hospitality to the gods in their humble house and are rewarded. In this context, they may be intended to represent the poet and his wife.This canto then moves to the fountain of Castalia on Parnassus. This fountain was sacred to the Muses and its water was said to inspire poetry in those who drank it. The next line, \"Templum aedificans not yet marble\", refers to a period when the gods were worshiped in natural settings prior to the rigid codification of religion as represented by the erection of marble temples. The \"fount in the hills fold\" and the erect temple (Templum aedificans) also serve as images of sexual love.Pound then invokes Amphion, the mythical founder of music, before recalling the San Ku/St Hilaire/Jacques de Molay/Eriugena/Sagetrieb cluster from Canto LXXXVII. Then the goddess appears in a number of guises: the moon, Mother Earth (in the Randolph reference), the Sibyl (last encountered in the context of the American Revolution in Canto LXIV), Isis and Kuanon. In a litany, she is thanked for raising Pound up (m'elevasti, a reference to Dante's praise of his beloved Beatrice in the Paradiso) out of hell (Erebus).The canto closes with a number of instances of sexual love between gods and humans set in a paradisiacal vision of the natural world. The invocation of the goddess and the vision of paradise are sandwiched between two citations of Richard of St. Victor's statement ubi amor, ibi oculuc est (\"where love is, there the eye is\"), binding together the concepts of love, light and vision in a single image.Canto XCI continues the paradisiacal theme, opening with a snatch of the \"clear song\" of Provençe. The central images are the invented figure Ra-Set, a composite sun/moon deity whose boat floats on a river of crystal. The crystal image, which is to remain important until the end of The Cantos, is a composite of frozen light, the emphasis on inorganic form found in the writings of the mystic Heydon, the air in Dante's Paradiso, and the mirror of crystal in the Chou King amongst other sources. Apollonius of Tyana appears, as do Helen of Tyre, partner of Simon Magus and Justinian and his consort Theodora. These couples can be seen as variants on Ra-Set.Much of the rest of the canto consists of references to mystic doctrines of light, vision and intellection. There is an extract from a hymn to Diana from Layamon's 12th-century poem Brut. An italicised section, claiming that the 1913 foundation of the Federal Reserve Bank, which took power over interest rates away from Congress, and the teaching of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud in American universities (\"beaneries\") are examples of what Julien Benda termed La trahison des clercs, contains anti-Semitic language. Towards the close of the canto, the reader is returned to the world of Odysseus; a line from Book Five of the Odyssey tells of the winds breaking up the hero's boat and is followed shortly by Leucothea, \"Kadamon thugater\" or Cadmon's daughter) offering him her veil to carry him to shore (\"my bikini is worth yr raft\").An image of the distribution of seeds from the sacred mountain opens Canto XCII, continuing the concern with the relationship between natural process and the divine. The kernel of this canto is the idea that the Roman Empire's preference for Christianity over Apollonius and its lack respect for its currency resulted in the almost total loss of the \"true\" religious tradition for a thousand years. A number of neoplatonic philosophers, familiar from earlier cantos but with the addition of Avicenna, are listed as representing a fine thread of light in these Dark Ages.Canto XCIII opens with a quote, \"A man's paradise is his good nature\", taken from The Maxims of King Kati to His Son Merikara.[8] The canto then proceeds to look at examples of benevolent action by public figures that, for Pound, illustrate this maxim. These include Apollonius making his peace with animals, Saint Augustine on the need to feed people before attempting to convert them, and Dante and Shakespeare writing on distributive justice, an aspect of their work that the poet points out is generally overlooked. Central to this aspect is a fragment from Dante, non fosse cive, taken from a passage in Paradiso, Canto VIII, in which Dante is asked \"would it be worse for man on earth if he were not a citizen?\" and unhesitatingly answers in the affirmative.Towards the end of the canto, the Make it new ideograms from Canto LIII reappear as the poem moves back towards the world of myth, closing with another phrase from the Divine Comedy, this time from Purgatorio, Canto XXVIII. The phrase tu mi fai rimembrar translates as \"you remind me\" and comes from a passage in which Dante addresses Matilda, the presiding spirit of the Garden of Eden. What she reminds him of is Persephone at the moment that she is abducted by Hades and the spring flowers fell from her lap. This blending of a pagan sense of the divine into a Christian context stands for much of what appealed to Pound in medieval mysticism.We return to the world of books in Canto XCIV. The canto opens with the name of Hendrik van Brederode, a lost leader of the Dutch Revolution, forgotten while William I, Prince of Orange is remembered. This name is lifted from correspondence between John Adams and Benjamin Rush which was finally published in 1898 by Alexander Biddle, a descendant of Pound's \"villain\" Nicholas. The rest of the canto consists mainly of paraphrases and quotations from Philostratus' Life of Apollonius. At its conclusion, the poem returns to the world of light via Ra-Set and Ocellus.Canto XLV opens with the word \"LOVE\" in block capitals and recaps many of the Rock Drill examples of the relationship between love, light and politics. A passage deriving polis from a Greek root word for ploughing also returns us to Pound's belief that society and economic activity are based on natural productivity. The canto, and sequence, then closes with an extended treatment of the passage from the fifth book of the Odyssey in which a drowning Odysseus/Pound is rescued by Leucothea.","title":"LXXXV–XCV (Section: Rock-Drill)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decline of the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Carolingian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy"},{"link_name":"Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"Book of the Prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Prefect"},{"link_name":"Leo VI the Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise"},{"link_name":"Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"tesserae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessera"},{"link_name":"Abd al Melik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Malik"},{"link_name":"Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic"},{"link_name":"Athelstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athelstan"},{"link_name":"Fortuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna"},{"link_name":"solar worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_deity"},{"link_name":"Flamen Dialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamen_Dialis"},{"link_name":"K'ang Hsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"F.W. Baller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_W._Baller"},{"link_name":"Anselm of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Honoré Mirabeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coke.JPG"},{"link_name":"ontological argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argument"},{"link_name":"William Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"François Villon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villon"},{"link_name":"Selena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena"},{"link_name":"Taoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist"},{"link_name":"Charles Eliot Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton"}],"text":"First published as Thrones: 96–109 de los cantares. New York: New Directions, 1959.Thrones was the second volume of cantos written while Pound was incarcerated in St. Elizabeth's. In the same 1962 interview, Pound said of this section of the poem: \"The thrones in Dante's Paradiso are for the spirits of the people who have been responsible for good government. The thrones in The Cantos are an attempt to move out from egoism and to establish some definition of an order possible or at any rate conceivable on earth … Thrones concerns the states of mind of people responsible for something more than their personal conduct.\"The opening canto of the sequence, Canto XCVI, begins with a fragmentary synopsis of the decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire in the east and of the Carolingian Empire, Germanic kingdoms and the Lombards in Western Europe. This culminates in a detailed passage on the Book of the Prefect (or Eparch; in Greek the Eparchikon Biblion), a 9th-century edict of the Emperor Leo VI the Wise. This document, which was based on Roman law, lays out the rules that governed the Byzantine Guild system, including the setting of just prices and so on. The original Greek is quoted extensively and an aside claiming the right to write for a specialist audience is included. The close attention paid to the actual words prefigures the closer focus on philology in this section of the poem. This focus on words ties in closely with what Pound referred to as the method of \"luminous detail\", in which fragments of language intended to form the most compressed expression of an image or idea act as tesserae in the making of these late cantos.Canto XCVII draws heavily on Alexander del Mar's History of Monetary Systems in a survey ranging from Abd al Melik, the first Caliph to strike distinctly Islamic coinage, through Athelstan, who helped introduce the guild system into England, to the American Revolution. The canto closes with a passage that sees the return of the goddess as moon and Fortuna together with Greek forms of solar worship and the Flamen Dialis that is intended to integrate gold and silver as attributes of coin and the divine.After an opening passage that draws together many of the main themes of the poem through images of Ra-Set, Ocellus on light (echoing Eriugena), the tale of Gassire's Lute, Leucothoe's rescue of Odysseus, Helen of Troy, Gemisto, Demeter, and Plotinus, Canto XCVIII turns to the Sacred Edict of the emperor K'ang Hsi. This is a 17th-century set of maxims on good government written in a high literary style, but later simplified for a broader audience. Pound draws on one such popular version, by Wang the Commissioner of the Imperial Salt Works in a translation by F.W. Baller. Comparison is drawn between this Chinese text and the Book of the Prefect, and the canto closes with images of light as divine creation drawn from Dante's Paradiso.K'ang Hsi's son Iong Cheng published commentaries on his father's maxims and these form the basis for Canto XCIX. The main theme of this canto is one of harmony between human society and the natural order, and a number of passing references are made to related items from earlier cantos: Confucius, Kati, Dante on citizenship, the Book of the Prefect and Plotinus amongst them. Canto C covers a range of examples of European and American statesman who Pound sees as exemplifying the maxims of the Sacred Edict to a greater or lesser extent. At the core of this canto, the motif of Luecothoe's veil (kredemnon) resurfaces; this time, the hero has reached the safety of the shore and returns the magic garment to the goddess.The focus of Canto CI is around the Greek phrase kalon kagathon (\"the beautiful and good\"), which calls to mind Plotinus' attitude to the world of things and the more general Greek belief in the moral aspect of beauty. This canto introduces the figure of St. Anselm of Canterbury, who is to feature over the rest of this section of the long poem. Canto CII returns to the island of Calypso and Odysseus' voyage to Hades from Book Ten of the Odyssey. There are a number of references to vegetation cults and sacrifices, and the canto closes by returning to the world of Byzantium and the decline of the Western Empire.Cantos CIII and CIV range over a number of examples of the relationships between war, money and government drawn from American and European history, mostly familiar from earlier sections of the work. The latter canto is notable for Pound's suggestion that both Honoré Mirabeau in his imprisonment and Ovid in his exile \"had it worse\" than Pound in his incarceration.[9]Sir Edward Coke: \"the clearest mind ever in England\" (Canto CVII).At the core of Canto CV are a number of citations and quotations from the writings of St. Anselm. This 11th-century philosopher and inventor of the ontological argument for the existence of God who wrote poems in rhymed prose appealed to Pound because of his emphasis on the role of reason in religion and his envisioning of the divine essence as light. In the 1962 interview already quoted, Pound points to Anselm's clash with William Rufus over his investiture as part of the history of the struggle for individual rights. Pound also claims in this canto that Anselm's writings influenced Cavalcanti and François Villon.Canto CVI turns to visions of the goddess as fertility symbol via Demeter and Persephone, in her lunar, love aspect as Selena, Helen and Aphrodite Euploia (\"of safe voyages\") and as hunter Athene (Proneia: \"of forethought,\" the form in which she is worshiped at Delphi) and Diana (through quotes from Layamon). The sun as Zeus/Helios also features. These vision fragments are cross-cut with an invocation of the Taoist Kuan Tzu (Book of Master Kuan). This work argues that the mind should rule the body as the basis of good living and good governance.Another such figure, Sir Edward Coke, dominates the final three cantos of this section. These cantos, CVII, CVIII, CIX, consist mainly of \"luminous details\" lifted from Coke's Institutes, a comprehensive study of English law up to his own time. In Canto CVII, Coke is placed in a river of light tradition that also includes Confucius, Ocellus and Agassiz. This canto also refers to Dante's vision of philosophers that reveal themselves as light in the Paradiso. In Canto CVIII, Pound highlights Coke's view that minting coin \"Pertain(s) to the King onely\" and has passages on sources of state revenue. He also draws a comparison between Coke and Iong Cheng. A similar parallel between Coke and the author of the Book of the Eparch is highlighted in Canto CIX.The canto and section end with a reference to the following lines from the second canto of the Paradiso—O voi che siete in piccioletta barca,\ndesiderosi d’ascoltar, seguiti\ndietro al mio legno che cantando varca,tornate a riveder li vostri liti:\nnon vi mettete in pelago, ché forse,\nperdendo me, rimarreste smarriti.—which read, in the translation by Charles Eliot Norton, \"O ye, who are in a little bark, desirous to listen, following behind my craft which singing passes on, turn to see again Your shores; put not out upon the deep; for haply losing me, ye would remain astray.\" This reference signalled Pound's intent to close the poem with a final volume based on his own paradisiacal vision.","title":"XCVI–CIX (Thrones)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrol"},{"link_name":"James Laughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Laughlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voltaire3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Toba Sojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_Sojo"},{"link_name":"Talleyrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talleyrand"},{"link_name":"Joseph F. Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_F._Rock"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Marcella Spann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcella_Spann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olga Rudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Rudge"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"Elie Fréron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Catherine_Fr%C3%A9ron"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"demigod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demigod"},{"link_name":"Herakles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herakles"},{"link_name":"Jannequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannequin"},{"link_name":"Semele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semele"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"First published as Drafts and Fragments of Cantos CX–CXVII. New York: New Directions, 1969.In 1958, Pound was declared incurably insane and permanently incapable of standing trial. Consequent on this, he was released from St Elizabeth's on condition that he return to Europe, which he promptly did. At first, he lived with his daughter Mary in the Tyrol, but soon returned to Rapallo. In November 1959, Pound wrote to his publisher James Laughlin (speaking in the third person) that he \"has forgotten what or which politics he ever had. Certainly has none now\". His crisis of belief, together with the effects of aging, meant that the proposed paradise cantos were slow in coming and turned out to be radically different from anything the poet had envisaged.Voltaire, who said \"I hate no one / not even Fréron\" (Canto CXIV), reflecting the theme of confronting hatred in this section of the poem.Pound was reluctant to publish these late cantos, but the appearance in 1967 of a pirate edition of Cantos 110–116 forced his hand. Laughlin pushed Pound to publish an authorised edition, and the poet responded by supplying the more-or-less abandoned drafts and fragments he had, plus two fragments dating from 1941. The resulting book, therefore, can hardly be described as representing Pound's definitive planned ending to the poem. This situation has been further complicated by the addition of more fragments in editions of the complete poem published after the poet's death. One of these was labelled \"Canto CXX\" at one point, on no particular authority. This title was later removed.Although some of Pound's intention to \"write a paradise\" survives in the text as we have it, especially in images of light and of the natural world, other themes also intrude. These include the poet's coming to terms with a sense of artistic failure, and jealousies and hatreds that must be faced and expiated.Canto CX opens with a pun on the word wake, conflating the wake of the little boat from the end of the previous canto and an image of Pound waking in his daughter's house in the Tyrol, both from sleep and, by extension, from the nightmare of his prolonged incarceration. The goddess appears as Kuanon, Artemis and Hebe (through her characteristic epithet Kallistragalos, \"of fair ankles\"), the goddess of youth. The Buddhist painter Toba Sojo represents directness of artistic handling.The Noh figure of Awoi (from AOI NO UE), ravaged by jealousy, reappears together with the poet Ono no Komachi, the central character in two more Noh plays translated by Pound. She represents a life spent meditating on beauty which resulted in vanity and ended in loss and solitude. The canto draws to a close with the phrase Lux enim (\"light indeed\") and an image of the oval moon.Pound's \"nice, quiet paradise\" is seen, in the notes for Canto CXI, to be based on serenity, pity, intelligence and individual acceptance of responsibility as illustrated by the French diplomat Talleyrand. This theme is continued in the short extract titled from Canto CXII, which also draws on the work of the anthropologist and explorer Joseph F. Rock in recording legends and religious rituals from China and Tibet. Again, this section of the poem closes with an image of the moon.Canto CXIII opens with an image of the sun moving through the zodiac, the first of a number of cycle images that occur through the canto, recalling a line from Pound's version of AOI NO UE: \"Man's life is a wheel on the axle, there is no turn whereby to escape\". A reference to Marcella Spann, a young woman whose presence in the Tyrol further complicated the already strained relationships between the poet, his wife Dorothy and his lover Olga Rudge, casts further light on the recurrent jealousy theme. The phrase \"Syrian onyx\" lifted from his 1919 Homage to Sextus Propertius, where it occurs in a section that paraphrases Propertius' instructions to his lover on how to behave after his death, reflects the elderly Pound's sense of his own mortality.The theme of hatred is addressed directly at the opening of Canto CXIV, where Voltaire is quoted to the effect that he hates nobody, not even his archenemy Elie Fréron. The remainder of this canto is primarily concerned with recognising indebtedness to the poet's genetic and cultural ancestors. The short extract from Canto CXV is a reworking from an earlier version first published in the Belfast-based magazine Threshold in 1962 and centres around two main ideas. The first of these is the hostilities that existed amongst Pound's modernist friends and the negative impact that it had on all their works. The second is the image of the poet as a \"blown husk\", again a borrowing from the Noh, this time the play Kakitsubata.Canto CXVI was the last canto completed by Pound. It opens with a passage in which we see the Odysseus/Pound figure, homecoming achieved, reconciled with the sea-god. However, the home achieved is not the place intended when the poem was begun but is the terzo cielo (\"third heaven\") of human love. The canto contains the following well-known lines:I have brought the great ball of crystal;\nWho can lift it?\nCan you enter the great acorn of light?\nBut the beauty is not the madness\nTho' my errors and wrecks lie about me.\nAnd I am not a demigod,\nI cannot make it cohere.This passage has often been taken as an admission of failure on Pound's part, but the reality may be more complex. The crystal image relates back to the Sacred Edict on self-knowledge and the demigod/cohere lines relate directly to Pound's translation of the Women of Trachis. In this, the demigod Herakles cries out \"WHAT SPLENDOUR / IT ALL COHERES\" as he is dying. These lines, read in conjunction with the later \"i.e. it coheres all right / even if my notes do not cohere\", point toward the conclusion that towards the end of his effort, Pound was coming to accept not only his own \"errors\" and \"madness\" but the conclusion that it was beyond him, and possibly beyond poetry, to do justice to the coherence of the universe. Images of light saturate this canto, culminating in the closing lines: \"A little light, like a rushlight / to lead back to splendour\". These lines again echo the Noh of Kakitsubata, the \"light that does not lead on to darkness\" in Pound's version.This final complete canto is followed by the two fragments of the 1940s. The first of these, \"Addendum for C\", is a rant against usury that moves a bit away from the usual anti-Semitism in the line \"the defiler, beyond race and against race\". The second is an untitled fragment that prefigures the Pisan sequence in its nature imagery and its reference to Jannequin.Notes for Canto CXVII et seq. originally consisted of three fragments, with a fourth, sometimes titled Canto CXX, added after Pound's death. The first of these has the poet raising an altar to Bacchus (Zagreus) and his mother Semele, whose death was as a result of jealousy. The second centres on the lines \"that I lost my center / fighting the world\", which were intended as an admission of mistakes made as a younger man.[10] The third fragment is the one that is also known as Canto CXX. It is, in fact, some rescued lines from the earlier version of Canto CXV, and has Pound asking forgiveness for his actions from both the gods and those he loves. The final fragment returns to beginnings with the name of François Bernonad, the French printer of A Draft of XVI Cantos. After quoting two phrases from Bernart de Ventadorn's Can vei la lauzeta mover, a poem in which the speaker determines to abandon love because he has been rejected, the fragment closes with the line \"To be men, not destroyers.\" This stood as the close of The Cantos until later editions appended the two Italian cantos LXXII and LXXIII and a brief dedicatory fragment addressed to Olga Rudge.","title":"Drafts and fragments of Cantos CX–CXVII"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussolini"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"usura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usury"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitism"},{"link_name":"Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian"},{"link_name":"George P. Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_P._Elliot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adolf Eichmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Perloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Perloff"},{"link_name":"Louis Zukofsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Zukofsky"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Basil Bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Bunting"}],"text":"The Cantos has always been controversial; initially so because of the experimental nature of the writing. The controversy has intensified since 1940 when Pound's public approval for Mussolini's fascism became widely known. Much critical discussion of the poem has focused on the relationship between, on the one hand, the economic thesis on usura, Pound's anti-Semitism, his adulation of Confucian ideals of government and his attitude towards fascism, and, on the other, passages of lyrical poetry and the historical scene-setting that he performed with his \"ideographic\" technique. At one extreme, George P. Elliot has drawn a parallel between Pound and Adolf Eichmann based on their anti-Semitism[11] while at the other Marjorie Perloff places Pound's anti-Semitism in a wider context by relating it to the political attitudes of many of his contemporaries, and says, \"We have to try to understand why and not say let's get rid of Ezra Pound, who also happens to be one of the greatest poets of the 20th C.\" In another exercise in contextualisation, Wendy Stallard Flory (1939) made a close study of the poem and concluded that it contains, in all, seven passages of anti-Semitic sentiment in the 803 pages of the edition she used.Pound has always had serious if select defenders and disciples. Louis Zukofsky was both of these, and also Jewish; according to Cookson he defended Pound[12] on the basis of personal knowledge from anti-Semitism on the level of human exchange, even though, as reported by Basil Bunting, their correspondence contained some of Pound's \"offensive\" views. What is more, Zukofsky's similarly formidable but distinctive long poem \"A\" follows in its ambitious scope the model of The Cantos.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Carlos Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams"},{"link_name":"Objectivist poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivism_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Charles Reznikoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Reznikoff"},{"link_name":"Charles Olson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Olson"},{"link_name":"Beat Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Generation"},{"link_name":"Allen Ginsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg"},{"link_name":"Mountains and Rivers Without End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_and_Rivers_Without_End"},{"link_name":"Planet News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_News"},{"link_name":"The Fall of America: Poems of These States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_America:_Poems_of_These_States"},{"link_name":"found poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_poetry"},{"link_name":"Conceptual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"}],"text":"Despite all the controversy surrounding both poem and poet, The Cantos has been influential in the development of English-language long poems since the appearance of the early sections during the 1920s. Amongst poets of Pound's own generation, both H.D. and William Carlos Williams wrote long poems that show this influence. Almost all of H.D.'s poetry from 1940 onwards takes the form of long sequences, and her Helen in Egypt, written during the 1950s, covers much of the same Homeric ground as The Cantos (but from a feminist perspective), and the three sequences that make up Hermetic Definition (1972) include direct quotations from Pound's poem. In the case of Williams, his Paterson (1963) follows Pound in using incidents and documents from the early history of the United States as part of its material. As with Pound, Williams includes Alexander Hamilton as the villain of the piece.Pound was a major influence on the Objectivist poets, and the effect of The Cantos on Zukofsky's \"A\" has already been noted. The other major long work by an Objectivist, Charles Reznikoff's Testimony (1934–1978), follows Pound in the direct use of primary source documents as its raw material. In the next generation of American poets, Charles Olson also drew on Pound's example in writing his own unfinished Modernist epic, The Maximus Poems.Pound was also an important figure for the poets of the Beat Generation, especially Snyder and Allen Ginsberg. Snyder's interest in things Chinese and Japanese stemmed from his early reading of Pound's writings, and his long poem Mountains and Rivers Without End (1965–1996) reflects his reading of The Cantos in many of the formal devices used. In Ginsberg's development, reading Pound was influential in his move away from the long, Whitmanesque lines of his early poetry, and towards the more varied metric and inclusive approach to a variety of subjects in the single poem that is to be found especially in his book-length sequences Planet News (1968) and The Fall of America: Poems of These States (1973). More generally, The Cantos, with its wide range of references and inclusion of primary sources, including prose texts, can be seen as prefiguring found poetry. Pound's tacit insistence that this material becomes poetry because of his action in including it in a text he chose to call a poem also prefigures the attitudes and practices that underlie 20th-century Conceptual art.The poetic response to The Cantos is summed up in Bunting's poem, \"On the Fly-Leaf of Pound's Cantos\":There are the Alps. What is there to say about them?\nThey don't make sense. Fatal glaciers, crags cranks climb,\njumbled boulder and weed, pasture and boulder, scree,\net l'on entend, maybe, le refrain joyeux et leger.\nWho knows what the ice will have scraped on the rock it is smoothing?There they are, you will have to go a long way round\nif you want to avoid them.\nIt takes some getting used to. There are the Alps,\nfools! Sit down and wait for them to crumble!","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Patrick McGuinness, \"Ezra Pound: Posthumous Cantos edited by Massimo Bacigalupo review – fresh insights into an epic masterpiece\".","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/27/posthumous-cantos-ezra-pound-massimo-bacigalupo-review"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-380-00191-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-00191-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"An Exchange on Ezra Pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nybooks.com/articles/5012"},{"link_name":"October 09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_09"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986"},{"link_name":"July 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_18"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"}],"text":"^ Blackmur 1934 Masks of Ezra Pound\n\n^ Schneidau, Herbert N. \"Vorticism and the Career of Ezra Pound\". Modern Philology, Volume 65, No. 3, February 1968. 214-227.\n\n^ Patrick McGuinness, \"Ezra Pound: Posthumous Cantos edited by Massimo Bacigalupo review – fresh insights into an epic masterpiece\". Accessed 24.03.2016.\n\n^ Liebregts, 97.\n\n^ Hartnett, Stephen. \"The Ideologies and Semiotics of Fascism: Analyzing Pound's Cantos 12-15\". boundary 2, Volume 20, No. 1, Spring, 1993. 65-93.\n\n^ Peterson, Leland D. \"Ezra Pound: The Use and Abuse of History\". American Quarterly, Volume 17, No. 1, Spring, 1965. 33-47.\n\n^ Stock, Noel (1974). The Life of Ezra Pound. New York: Avon Books. p. 566. ISBN 0-380-00191-8.\n\n^ Liebregts, 316.\n\n^ Kenner, Hugh. \"The Pound Era\". University of California Press, 1992. 536. ISBN 0-5200-2427-3\n\n^ Reck, Michael & Weiss, Theodore. \"An Exchange on Ezra Pound\". New York Review of Books, Volume 33, No 15, October 09, 1986. Retrieved on July 18, 2008.\n\n^ In an essay called Poet of Many Voices reprinted in Sullivan.\n\n^ Pound, Ezra & Zukofsky Louis & Ahearn Barry (ed). \"Pound/Zukofsky: Selected Letters of Ezra Pound and Louis Zukofsky\". New York: New Directions, 1987. xxi-xxii","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ackroyd, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-500-13069-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-13069-8"},{"link_name":"Bacigalupo, Massimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Bacigalupo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-231-04456-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-04456-9"},{"link_name":"Cookson, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cookson_(poet)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89255-246-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89255-246-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0835714047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0835714047"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0915032023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0915032023"},{"link_name":"Yale University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-64920-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64920-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-43117-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43117-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8014-3133-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3133-3"},{"link_name":"Kenner, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Kenner"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-571-10668-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-10668-4"},{"link_name":"Fairleigh Dickinson University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8386-4011-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-4011-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-04-811001-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-811001-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195175295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195175295"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-080033-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-080033-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0738831107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738831107"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-08287-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08287-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-80-270553-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-80-270553-7"},{"link_name":"Ezra Pound's Cantos 72 and 73: An Annotated Translation by Massimo Bacigalupo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/25712327/Ezra_Pounds_Cantos_72_and_73_An_Annotated_Translation"},{"link_name":"Pound's Pisan Cantos in Process by Massimo Bacigalupo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/6856459/Pounds_Pisan_Cantos_in_Process"},{"link_name":"Modernism, Fascism, and the Pisan Cantos by Ronald Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//muse.jhu.edu/journals/modernism-modernity/v002/2.3bush.html"},{"link_name":"Clarity from Chaos in the Rock-Drill Cantos Paradise by Christopher Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wanglophile.com/essays/clarity-from-chaos-in-the-rock-drill-cantos-paradise/"}],"text":"PrintAckroyd, Peter. Ezra Pound and His World (Thames and Hudson, 1980). ISBN 0-500-13069-8\nBacigalupo, Massimo. The Forméd Trace: The Later Poetry of Ezra Pound (Columbia University Press, 1980). ISBN 0-231-04456-9\nCookson, William. A Guide to the Cantos of Ezra Pound (Anvil, 1985). ISBN 0-89255-246-8\nD'Epiro, Peter. A Touch of Rhetoric: Ezra Pound's Malatesta Cantos (UMI, 1983). ISBN 0835714047\nEastman, Barbara. Ezra Pound's Cantos: The Story of the Text (Orono: National Poetry Foundation, 1979). ISBN 0915032023\nFlory, Wendy Stallard. \"The Return to Italy: 'To Confess Wrong…'\". In The American Ezra Pound. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).\nFlory, Wendy Stallard. \"Pound and Antisemitism.\" The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound. Ed. Ira B. Nadel (Cambridge University Press, 1999) ISBN 0-521-64920-X, ISBN 0-521-43117-4\nEllis, Mary. Epic reinvented: Ezra Pound and the Victorians. Cornell University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8014-3133-3\nKenner, Hugh. The Pound Era (Faber and Faber, 1975 edition). ISBN 0-571-10668-4\nLiebregts, P. Th. M. G. Ezra Pound and Neoplatonism. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8386-4011-7\nMakin, Peter. Pound's Cantos (Allen & Unwin, 1985). ISBN 0-04-811001-9\nMakin, Peter (ed.). Ezra Pound's Cantos: A Casebook (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). ISBN 9780195175295\nSullivan, J.P. (ed). Ezra Pound (Penguin critical anthologies series, 1970). ISBN 0-14-080033-6\nSurette, Leon. A Light from Eleusis: A Study of the Cantos of Ezra Pound. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979). ISBN 978-0738831107\nTerrell, Carroll F. A Companion to The Cantos of Ezra Pound (University of California Press, 1980). ISBN 0-520-08287-7\nWilhelm, James J. The Later Cantos of Ezra Pound (Walker, 1977). ISBN 0-80-270553-7OnlineEzra Pound's Cantos 72 and 73: An Annotated Translation by Massimo Bacigalupo\nPound's Pisan Cantos in Process by Massimo Bacigalupo\nModernism, Fascism, and the Pisan Cantos by Ronald Bush\nClarity from Chaos in the Rock-Drill Cantos Paradise by Christopher Wang","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Opening page of the first American edition, published 1933","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Book_cover_of_The_Cantos%2C_written_by_Ezra_Pound.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta \"built a temple so full of pagan works\" (Canto XI). Portrait by Piero della Francesca.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Piero%2C_ritratto_di_sigismondo_malatesta.jpg/220px-Piero%2C_ritratto_di_sigismondo_malatesta.jpg"},{"image_text":"Venice: \"Flat water before me, / and the trees growing in water, / Marble trunks out of stillness, / On past the palazzi, / in the stillness, The light now, not of the sun\" (Canto XVII)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gondola.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Gondola.arp.750pix.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thomas Jefferson, who was, in Pound's view, a new Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mather_Brown_-_Thomas_Jefferson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Mather_Brown_-_Thomas_Jefferson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo, who sought to end state debt and protected agricultural implements from sequestration for personal debt. (Portrait by Stefano Gaetano Neri.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kaiser_Leopold_II_in_Feldmarschallsuniform_c1790.jpg/220px-Kaiser_Leopold_II_in_Feldmarschallsuniform_c1790.jpg"},{"image_text":"Confucius \"cut 3000 odes to 300\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Confucius_02.png"},{"image_text":"John Adams: \"the man who at certain points /made us / at certain points / saved us\" (Canto LXII).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Johnadamsvp.flipped.jpg/220px-Johnadamsvp.flipped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aubrey Beardsley: \"Beauty is difficult, Yeats' said Aubrey Beardsley / when Yeats asked why he drew horrors / or at least not Burne-Jones / and Beardsley knew he was dying and had to / make his hit quickly ... / So very difficult, Yeats, beauty so difficult\" (Canto LXXX).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/AubreyBeardsley.png/150px-AubreyBeardsley.png"},{"image_text":"Senator Thomas Hart Benton, who opposed the establishment of the Bank of the United States. His Thirty Years View is a key source for this section of The Cantos.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Thomas_Hart_Benton_%28senator%29.jpg/220px-Thomas_Hart_Benton_%28senator%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sir Edward Coke: \"the clearest mind ever in England\" (Canto CVII).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Coke.JPG"},{"image_text":"Voltaire, who said \"I hate no one / not even Fréron\" (Canto CXIV), reflecting the theme of confronting hatred in this section of the poem.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Voltaire3.jpg/220px-Voltaire3.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Stock, Noel (1974). The Life of Ezra Pound. New York: Avon Books. p. 566. ISBN 0-380-00191-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-00191-8","url_text":"0-380-00191-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Cantos%22","external_links_name":"\"The Cantos\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Cantos%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Cantos%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Cantos%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Cantos%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Cantos%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/27/posthumous-cantos-ezra-pound-massimo-bacigalupo-review","external_links_name":"Patrick McGuinness, \"Ezra Pound: Posthumous Cantos edited by Massimo Bacigalupo review – fresh insights into an epic masterpiece\"."},{"Link":"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/5012","external_links_name":"An Exchange on Ezra Pound"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/25712327/Ezra_Pounds_Cantos_72_and_73_An_Annotated_Translation","external_links_name":"Ezra Pound's Cantos 72 and 73: An Annotated Translation by Massimo Bacigalupo"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/6856459/Pounds_Pisan_Cantos_in_Process","external_links_name":"Pound's Pisan Cantos in Process by Massimo Bacigalupo"},{"Link":"http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modernism-modernity/v002/2.3bush.html","external_links_name":"Modernism, Fascism, and the Pisan Cantos by Ronald Bush"},{"Link":"http://wanglophile.com/essays/clarity-from-chaos-in-the-rock-drill-cantos-paradise/","external_links_name":"Clarity from Chaos in the Rock-Drill Cantos Paradise by Christopher Wang"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Stine_(businessman)	Harry Stine (businessman)	["1 Family and early life","2 Career","3 Politics","4 References"]	Agricultural seed magnate Harry StineBorn1941 or 1942 (age 82–83)NationalityAmericanAlma materMcPherson CollegeOccupation(s)Farmer and seedsmanKnown forFounder and owner of Stine Seed Owner of International Oilseed Distributors, Inc.SpouseMollyChildren4Websitewww.stineseed.com/about/company-leadership/harry-h-stine/ Harry H. Stine (born 1941/1942) is an American billionaire businessman, the founder and owner of Stine Seed. Family and early life He is the son of Bill and Roselba Stine. In 1871, his great-grandparents, William and Sarah Stine arrived in Adel, Iowa, from Pennsylvania, and established a 160-acre farm there. In 1894, his grandfather Ira Cloyd Stine married Lydia Sheaffer and they had had four children, all sons. Everyone worked for I.C Stine and Sons until after World War II. In 1934, Bill and Roselba Stine moved to the 200-acre farm that would become Stine Seed Farm, which was founded in the 1950s. Career He made his fortune licensing soybean and corn genetics to Syngenta, Monsanto, and other agribusiness giants. He is Iowa's richest man and as of 2020, the state's only billionaire. Owning nearly 15,000 acres of land in Iowa through his private ownership of Stine Seed, In 2018, he was listed as the wealthiest in Iowa with a net worth of $3.2 billion by Forbes. In 2019, he increased his fortune by $1.8 billion to $5 billion ranking him the richest Iowan and #131 richest in the United States by Forbes. In 2020, his net worth was estimated at $5.7 billion ranking him the richest Iowan and #484 richest in the world by Forbes. Politics As a registered Republican, he did not support Donald Trump during 2020 elections but favored Elizabeth Warren in the 2020 Iowa Democratic caucuses. References ^ "Forbes profile: Harry Stine". Forbes. Retrieved 26 May 2020. ^ "HARRY STINE HONORED FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE TO AGRICULTURE BY IOWA FARM BUREAU FEDERATION". Retrieved 2021-12-11. ^ Begemann, Sonja (July 3, 2019). Meet Harry Stine, Father of the Modern Soybean. Farm Journal magazine. Retrieved September 5, 2020. ^ "History". stineseed. Retrieved 27 October 2015. ^ "Stine - 30 Years of Performance Seed - The Early Years". Nxtbook.com. Retrieved 2016-01-03. ^ Copeland, Dave (October 24, 2018). The Richest Person in Every State (see slide #15 of 50). Work+Money website. Retrieved September 5, 2020. ^ a b Jett, Tyler (October 2, 2019). Iowan climbs higher on list of the richest Americans. The Des Moines Register. Retrieved September 5, 2020. ^ WHO TV staff (August 1, 2014). Map Reveals Wealthiest Person in Each State . WHO TV. Des Moines, Iowa. Retrieved September 5, 2020. ^ Patane, Matthew (May 25, 2016). And the richest man in Iowa is .... The Des Moines Register. Retrieved September 5, 2020. ^ Lee, Allen (September 1, 2020). Who Is The Richest Person in Iowa? moneyinc.com website. Retrieved September 5, 2020. ^ lovemoney staff (July 17, 2020). The richest family in every state: Iowa: the Stine family – $3.8 billion (see slide #16). MSN news. Retrieved September 5, 2020. ^ Morrell, Alex (April 14, 2014). Can This Man Feed the World? Billionaire Harry Stine's Quest to Reinvent Agriculture -- Again. Forbes. Retrieved September 5, 2020. ^ Hardy, Kevin (May 21, 2018). The richest person in Iowa is a self-made billionaire. The Des Moines Register. Retrieved September 5, 2020. ^ a b Harry Stine. Forbes. Retrieved September 5, 2020. ^ Jett, Tyler (July 20, 2020). Iowa's richest man, lawyers and private schools land Paycheck Protection Program funds. The Des Moines Register. Retrieved September 5, 2020. ^ Green, Joshua (February 14, 2019). The Only Billionaire In Iowa Thinks Elizabeth Warren Makes Some Sense: Harry Stine, founder of Stine Seed Co, is a registered Republican but no fan of Trump’s. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved September 5, 2020. vteWealthiest people in the United States by state AL Jimmy Rane AK Leonard Hyde and Jonathan Rubini AZ Ernest Garcia II AR Jim Walton CA Mark Zuckerberg CO Philip Anschutz CT Steve Cohen DE Elizabeth Snyder FL Jeff Bezos GA The Cathys HI Pierre Omidyar ID Frank VanderSloot IL Lukas Walton IN Carl Cook IA Harry Stine KS Charles Koch KY Tamara Gustavson LA Todd Graves ME Susan Alfond MD Annette Lerner MA Abigail Johnson MI Daniel Gilbert MN Glen Taylor MS James and Thomas Duff MO John Morris MT Dennis Washington NE Warren Buffett NV Miriam Adelson NH Richard B. Cohen NJ Rocco B. Commisso NM Ron Corio NY Michael Bloomberg NC James Goodnight ND Gary Tharaldson OH Les Wexner OK Harold Hamm OR Phil Knight PA Jeff Yass RI Jonathan Nelson SC Bob Faith SD T. Denny Sanford TN Thomas Frist Jr. TX Elon Musk UT Gail Miller VT John Abele VA Jacqueline Mars WA Bill Gates WV Brad D. Smith WI John Menard Jr. WY John Mars	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stine Seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stine_Seed"}],"text":"Harry H. Stine (born 1941/1942) is an American billionaire businessman, the founder and owner of Stine Seed.","title":"Harry Stine (businessman)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stineseed-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"He is the son of Bill and Roselba Stine. In 1871, his great-grandparents, William and Sarah Stine arrived in Adel, Iowa, from Pennsylvania, and established a 160-acre farm there. In 1894, his grandfather Ira Cloyd Stine married Lydia Sheaffer and they had had four children, all sons. Everyone worked for I.C Stine and Sons until after World War II. In 1934, Bill and Roselba Stine moved to the 200-acre farm that would become Stine Seed Farm, which was founded in the 1950s.[4][5]","title":"Family and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agribusiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agribusiness"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jett10022019-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Stine Seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stine_Seed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jett10022019-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes2020-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes2020-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"He made his fortune licensing soybean and corn genetics to Syngenta, Monsanto, and other agribusiness giants.[6][7]He is Iowa's richest man and as of 2020, the state's only billionaire.[8][9][10][11]Owning nearly 15,000 acres of land in Iowa through his private ownership of Stine Seed,[12]In 2018, he was listed as the wealthiest in Iowa with a net worth of $3.2 billion by Forbes.[13] In 2019, he increased his fortune by $1.8 billion to $5 billion ranking him the richest Iowan and #131 richest in the United States by Forbes.[7][14]\nIn 2020, his net worth was estimated at $5.7 billion ranking him the richest Iowan and #484 richest in the world by Forbes.[14][15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren"},{"link_name":"2020 Iowa Democratic caucuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Iowa_Democratic_presidential_caucuses"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"As a registered Republican, he did not support Donald Trump during 2020 elections but favored Elizabeth Warren in the 2020 Iowa Democratic caucuses.[16]","title":"Politics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Forbes profile: Harry Stine\". Forbes. Retrieved 26 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/harry-stine/","url_text":"\"Forbes profile: Harry Stine\""}]},{"reference":"\"HARRY STINE HONORED FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE TO AGRICULTURE BY IOWA FARM BUREAU FEDERATION\". Retrieved 2021-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stineseed.com/resources/media/harry-stine-honored-for-distinguished-service-to-agriculture-by-iowa-farm-bureau-federation/","url_text":"\"HARRY STINE HONORED FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE TO AGRICULTURE BY IOWA FARM BUREAU FEDERATION\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". stineseed. Retrieved 27 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stineseed.com/about/history/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stine - 30 Years of Performance Seed - The Early Years\". Nxtbook.com. Retrieved 2016-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/trilix/stineseed_30years/index.php?startid=2","url_text":"\"Stine - 30 Years of Performance Seed - The Early Years\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.stineseed.com/about/company-leadership/harry-h-stine/","external_links_name":"www.stineseed.com/about/company-leadership/harry-h-stine/"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/harry-stine/","external_links_name":"\"Forbes profile: Harry Stine\""},{"Link":"https://www.stineseed.com/resources/media/harry-stine-honored-for-distinguished-service-to-agriculture-by-iowa-farm-bureau-federation/","external_links_name":"\"HARRY STINE HONORED FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE TO AGRICULTURE BY IOWA FARM BUREAU FEDERATION\""},{"Link":"https://www.agprofessional.com/article/meet-harry-stine-father-modern-soybean","external_links_name":"Meet Harry Stine, Father of the Modern Soybean"},{"Link":"http://www.stineseed.com/about/history/","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/trilix/stineseed_30years/index.php?startid=2","external_links_name":"\"Stine - 30 Years of Performance Seed - The Early Years\""},{"Link":"https://www.workandmoney.com/s/richest-person-every-state-18ef83fa2c8e46a2","external_links_name":"The Richest Person in Every State"},{"Link":"https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2019/10/02/stine-seeds-founder-still-richest-iowa-per-forbes-magazine/3839477002/","external_links_name":"Iowan climbs higher on list of the richest Americans"},{"Link":"https://who13.com/news/map-reveals-wealthiest-person-in-each-state/","external_links_name":"Map Reveals Wealthiest Person in Each State"},{"Link":"https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/money/business/2016/05/25/and-richest-man-iowa/84913992/","external_links_name":"And the richest man in Iowa is ..."},{"Link":"https://moneyinc.com/richest-person-in-iowa/","external_links_name":"Who Is The Richest Person in Iowa?"},{"Link":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/savingandinvesting/the-richest-family-in-every-state/ss-BB16SaIe#image=16","external_links_name":"The richest family in every state: Iowa: the Stine family – $3.8 billion"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexmorrell/2014/03/26/can-this-man-feed-the-world-billionaire-harry-stines-quest-to-reinvent-agriculture-again/#61b279f7462d","external_links_name":"Can This Man Feed the World? Billionaire Harry Stine's Quest to Reinvent Agriculture -- Again"},{"Link":"https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/money/business/2018/05/21/stine-seeds-harry-stine-iowas-richest-person-forbes-list-billionaires/629777002/","external_links_name":"The richest person in Iowa is a self-made billionaire"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/harry-stine/?_ga=2.20432509.418449587.1599349562-290356179.1599349562#511a9eea4f6c","external_links_name":"Harry Stine"},{"Link":"https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/money/business/2020/07/20/iowas-richest-among-winners-paycheck-protection-program/5462741002/","external_links_name":"Iowa's richest man, lawyers and private schools land Paycheck Protection Program funds"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-15/the-only-billionaire-in-iowa-thinks-elizabeth-warren-makes-some-sense","external_links_name":"The Only Billionaire In Iowa Thinks Elizabeth Warren Makes Some Sense: Harry Stine, founder of Stine Seed Co, is a registered Republican but no fan of Trump’s."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilson_(drummer)	John Wilson (drummer)	["1 References"]	This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "John Wilson" drummer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) John WilsonWilson (right on drums) performing with Taste in 1970.Background informationBorn (1947-12-03) 3 December 1947 (age 76)Belfast, Northern IrelandGenres Blues rock Garage rock Occupation(s)DrummerYears active1965–presentFormerly ofThemTasteStudMusical artist John Wilson (born 3 December 1947 in Belfast, Northern Ireland) is a Northern Irish musician. He has had a prolific career, playing drums with bands such as Them, Taste and Stud. Previously with 'The Misfits', Wilson became a member of one of the numerous line-ups of Them from September 1965 to March 1966. Alongside Van Morrison, Alan Henderson, Jim Armstrong and Ray Elliott, Wilson played on recording sessions for Them's second album Them Again (released January 1966). Visa restrictions meant that he had to be substituted by stand-in drummers for initial live dates abroad, due to his youth. He was replaced by Dave Harvey upon leaving Them, and went on to work with Belfast groups Derek & The Sounds and Cheese. In January 1968, Wilson, along with Richard McCracken, had left the band and soon afterwards joined The Interns where they played along with Roy Abbott and Nicko Hallewell. In May 1968, he and bass player Richard McCracken joined guitarist Rory Gallagher in Taste, after the band's previous line-up had disintegrated. The new Taste moved permanently to London where they signed with the record label Polydor. In November 1968, the band, along with Yes, opened for Cream at Cream's farewell concerts, and subsequently toured the United States and Canada with the supergroup Blind Faith. In April 1969, Taste released the first of their two studio albums, the self-titled Taste, with On the Boards following in early 1970, the latter showing the band's jazz influences. In 1970 they performed as part of the Isle of Wight Festival, alongside Jimi Hendrix and The Who. Later the same year Taste toured Europe but were disbanded by Gallagher, who decided to pursue a solo career, performing their last show on New Year's Eve in Belfast. Wilson and McCracken immediately formed 'Stud' in early 1971, with Jim Cregan and John Weider, both past and current members of Family respectively. They released the Stud album in 1971 and September in 1972, continuing the jazz-rock influence of On the Boards but failing to make a commercial impact. They split in 1972, though a live-in-the-studio album was released posthumously - Goodbye: Live at Command (1973). Wilson and McCracken had also contributed to Anno Domini's On This New Day album, recorded in 1970. John Wilson then joined Brush Shiels in various incarnations of Skid Row, and planned a Them reunion in 1979 with ex-members Eric Wrixon and Billy Harrison, but dropped out before the Shut Your Mouth album was recorded. In 1993, Wrixon formed 'Them - The Belfast Blues Band' (often billed as 'Them') which included at various times John Wilson, Sam Davidson and Jim Armstrong. From February 2000, John Wilson led a reformed 'Taste', including Sam Davidson (guitar, vocals) and Albert Mills on bass. In 2010 they released the album Wall to Wall to critical acclaim. "Album of the year if not the decade" (Blues Matters! magazine). After battling throat cancer for five years, Wilson left for Cork. Following the death of Rory Gallagher, he reformed Taste, hiring bassist Alan Niblock and guitarist Sam Davidson. On 24 November 2017, Wilson and Taste played at the Everyman Palace Theatre. References ^ "Garage Hangover \| The site for '60s garage bands since 2004". Garagehangover.com. ^ "Derrick & The Sounds (1965-1974)". Irish-showbands.com. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ Roche, Barry (8 May 2013). "Former Taste bass player Eric Kitteringham dies, aged 66". The Irish Times. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ "Irish Rock Discography: Stud". Irishrock.org. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ "The Story". Irish-showbands.com. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ a b Roche, Barry (22 November 2017). "Ex-Taste drummer reflects on Rory Gallagher's 'essence'". The Irish Times. Retrieved 31 March 2021. vteThem Van Morrison Billy Harrison Eric Wrixon Alan Henderson Raymond Sweetman Jackie McAuley Peter Bardens Jim Armstrong John Wilson Eric Bell Studio albums The Angry Young Them (1965) Them Again (1966) Them Belfast Gypsies (as Belfast Gypsies, 1967) Now and "Them" (1968) Singles "Don't Start Crying Now" / "One Two Brown Eyes" (1964) "Baby, Please Don't Go" / "Gloria" (1964) "Here Comes the Night" (1965) "Mystic Eyes" (1965) "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" (1966) "Richard Cory" (1966) Compilations The Story of Them Featuring Van Morrison Related articles The Wheels Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Them_(band)"},{"link_name":"Taste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_(Irish_band)"},{"link_name":"Stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_(band)"},{"link_name":"Van Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Jim Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Armstrong_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Them Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Them_Again"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Richard McCracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_McCracken"},{"link_name":"The Interns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Interns_(band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rory Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Polydor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_(band)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"supergroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergroup_(music)"},{"link_name":"Blind Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith"},{"link_name":"Taste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_(Taste_album)"},{"link_name":"On the Boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Boards_(album)"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_1970"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jim Cregan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cregan"},{"link_name":"John Weider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Weider"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Brush Shiels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_Shiels"},{"link_name":"Skid Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skid_Row_(blues-rock_band)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Eric Wrixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Wrixon"},{"link_name":"Blues Matters!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_Matters!"},{"link_name":"throat cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"Rory Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IT-6"},{"link_name":"Everyman Palace Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman_Palace_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IT-6"}],"text":"Musical artistJohn Wilson (born 3 December 1947 in Belfast, Northern Ireland) is a Northern Irish musician. He has had a prolific career, playing drums with bands such as Them, Taste and Stud. Previously with 'The Misfits', Wilson became a member of one of the numerous line-ups of Them from September 1965 to March 1966. Alongside Van Morrison, Alan Henderson, Jim Armstrong and Ray Elliott, Wilson played on recording sessions for Them's second album Them Again (released January 1966). Visa restrictions meant that he had to be substituted by stand-in drummers for initial live dates abroad, due to his youth. He was replaced by Dave Harvey upon leaving Them, and went on to work with Belfast groups Derek & The Sounds and Cheese.[1]In January 1968, Wilson, along with Richard McCracken, had left the band and soon afterwards joined The Interns where they played along with Roy Abbott and Nicko Hallewell.[2]In May 1968, he and bass player Richard McCracken joined guitarist Rory Gallagher in Taste, after the band's previous line-up had disintegrated. The new Taste moved permanently to London where they signed with the record label Polydor. In November 1968, the band, along with Yes, opened for Cream at Cream's farewell concerts, and subsequently toured the United States and Canada with the supergroup Blind Faith. In April 1969, Taste released the first of their two studio albums, the self-titled Taste, with On the Boards following in early 1970, the latter showing the band's jazz influences. In 1970 they performed as part of the Isle of Wight Festival,[3] alongside Jimi Hendrix and The Who. Later the same year Taste toured Europe but were disbanded by Gallagher, who decided to pursue a solo career, performing their last show on New Year's Eve in Belfast. Wilson and McCracken immediately formed 'Stud' in early 1971, with Jim Cregan and John Weider, both past and current members of Family respectively. They released the Stud album in 1971 and September in 1972, continuing the jazz-rock influence of On the Boards but failing to make a commercial impact. They split in 1972, though a live-in-the-studio album was released posthumously - Goodbye: Live at Command (1973).[4] Wilson and McCracken had also contributed to Anno Domini's On This New Day album, recorded in 1970.John Wilson then joined Brush Shiels in various incarnations of Skid Row,[5] and planned a Them reunion in 1979 with ex-members Eric Wrixon and Billy Harrison, but dropped out before the Shut Your Mouth album was recorded. In 1993, Wrixon formed 'Them - The Belfast Blues Band' (often billed as 'Them') which included at various times John Wilson, Sam Davidson and Jim Armstrong. From February 2000, John Wilson led a reformed 'Taste', including Sam Davidson (guitar, vocals) and Albert Mills on bass. In 2010 they released the album Wall to Wall to critical acclaim. \"Album of the year if not the decade\" (Blues Matters! magazine).After battling throat cancer for five years, Wilson left for Cork. Following the death of Rory Gallagher, he reformed Taste, hiring bassist Alan Niblock and guitarist Sam Davidson.[6]On 24 November 2017, Wilson and Taste played at the Everyman Palace Theatre.[6]","title":"John Wilson (drummer)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Garage Hangover \| The site for '60s garage bands since 2004\". Garagehangover.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://garagehangover.com/?q=taxonomy/term/1638","url_text":"\"Garage Hangover \| The site for '60s garage bands since 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derrick & The Sounds (1965-1974)\". Irish-showbands.com. Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irish-showbands.com/Bands/sounds.htm","url_text":"\"Derrick & The Sounds (1965-1974)\""}]},{"reference":"Roche, Barry (8 May 2013). \"Former Taste bass player Eric Kitteringham dies, aged 66\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/former-taste-bass-player-eric-kitteringham-dies-aged-66-1.1386065","url_text":"\"Former Taste bass player Eric Kitteringham dies, aged 66\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Rock Discography: Stud\". Irishrock.org. Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishrock.org/irodb/bands/stud.html","url_text":"\"Irish Rock Discography: Stud\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Story\". Irish-showbands.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corktown_Historic_District	Corktown, Detroit	["1 History","2 Revitalization","2.1 Ford Corktown Campus","3 Architecture","4 Education","5 Notable resident","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 42°19′50″N 83°03′50″W / 42.33056°N 83.06389°W / 42.33056; -83.06389 United States historic placeCorktown Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic Places Bagley Street in CorktownInteractive mapLocationDetroit, Michigan, U.S.Coordinates42°19′50″N 83°03′50″W / 42.33056°N 83.06389°W / 42.33056; -83.06389Architectural styleColonial Revival, Late Victorian, FederalNRHP reference No.78001517Added to NRHPJuly 31, 1978 Corktown is a neighborhood located in Detroit, Michigan. It is the oldest extant neighborhood in the city. The current boundaries of the district include I-75 to the north, the John C. Lodge Freeway (The Lodge) to the east, Bagley and Porter streets to the south, and Rosa Parks Boulevard (12th Street) to the west. The neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The Corktown Historic District is largely residential, although some commercial properties along Michigan Avenue are included in the district. The residential section is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is designated as a City of Detroit Historic District. The neighborhood contains many newer homes and retains some original Irish businesses.Ford's 2018 acquisition of Michigan Central Station has spurred significant development and revitalization efforts in Corktown, transforming it into a burgeoning hub of innovation and urban renewal. History The Great Famine of Ireland of the 1840s resulted in extensive Irish migration to the United States and Canada. By the middle of the 19th century, they were the largest ethnic group settling in Detroit. Many of these newcomers settled on the west side of the city; they were primarily from County Cork, and thus the neighborhood came to be known as Corktown. By the early 1850s, half of the population of the 8th Ward (which contained Corktown) were of Irish descent. Historically, the neighborhood was roughly bounded by Third Street to the east, Grand River Avenue to the north, 12th Street to the west, and Jefferson Avenue/Detroit River to the south. By the Civil War, German immigrants had begun making inroads into the Corktown neighborhood. Many immigrants had come from German provinces after the revolutions of 1848. By the turn of the century, the original Irish population had diffused through the city, and new immigrants, notably Mexican and Maltese, moved into this older housing. As the century progressed, migrants from the American South and Appalachia, both black and white, were lured by the jobs in the automobile industry and also went to the city. By the middle of the 20th century, the area of Corktown was reduced through urban renewal schemes, the building of light industrial facilities, and the creation of the Lodge Freeway and Fisher Freeway. Revitalization Tiger Stadium was in Corktown at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Street until its demolition in 2009. The UIS Irish Plaza is a park and memorial dedicated to honoring Metro Detroit's Irish immigrant community and their descendants. Corktown has seen a number of revitalization projects since 2005. These include the United Irish Societies Irish Plaza, dedicated in 2006; the 66,000-square foot (6,100 m2) Quicken Loans Technology Center, opened in 2015; and the Detroit Police Athletic League (PAL) headquarters, and youth sports facility at the old Tiger Stadium site at Michigan and Trumbull Avenues, developed in 2016. Opposite the PAL facility, a $37-million mixed-use development, The Corner, with 111 apartments, and 34 townhomes for sale, broke ground in early 2018. Also in 2016, the new Trumbull & Porter boutique hotel opened after a $10 million renovation; and in 2017, Soave Enterprises broke ground on Elton Park, a multi-phase, multi-year $150 million, 420 apartment mixed-used development. In 2024, Detroit City FC announced the acquisition of the site of the former Southwest Detroit Hospital with plans to build a new soccer-specific stadium. The goal is to have the stadium ready by the 2027 season. Ford Corktown Campus Built in 1913, the historic Michigan Central Station served passenger traffic until 1988, after which it was abandoned. It was purchased by Ford Motor Company in May 2018. A significant renovation is scheduled to end with the grand opening of a mixed-use development in June, 2024. A major redevelopment push in the area was started by the Ford Motor Company, which began development on an urban campus in Corktown in 2017 with its purchase, renovation and occupation of The Factory building at Michigan Ave. and Rosa Parks Blvd. Ford later bought other parcels of land in Corktown, including the Michigan Central Station and the adjacent Roosevelt Warehouse. Ford plans a new $740 million Corktown campus, including 1.2 million square feet of mixed-use development spread over the Michigan Central Station, Roosevelt Warehouse, the Factory building at 1907 Michigan Avenue, and build a new mixed-use 290,000-square foot (27,000 m2), four-story building on the vacant brass factory building site, known as "The Alchemy", at 2051 Rosa Park Blvd. Ford also announced plans to build two new parking structures. The focus of the Corktown campus will be on autonomous vehicles and electric vehicles. Ford expects to move 2,500 of its employees to the campus with space for an additional 2,500 entrepreneurs, technology companies and partners related to Ford's expansion into Autos 2.0. Ford is also seeking $104 million in tax breaks from the city as part of a $250 million incentive package over 34 years. In 2020, Ford revealed a new site plan for its 30-acre Corktown Campus, a walkable Mobility Innovation District built around the Michigan Central Station that includes green spaces, new buildings, and community involvement. Architecture The original buildings in Corktown are Federal-style detached homes and rowhouses built by Irish settlers. A worker's row house circa 1840 is located on Sixth Street and is one of the oldest existing structures in the city of Detroit. In later years, modestly sized Victorian townhouses with Italianate, Gothic, and Queen Anne elements were constructed in the district. Michigan Avenue in Corktown is notable for its historic red brick pavers, which have been a defining feature of the neighborhood for decades. These bricks, originally laid in the 1890s, are a remnant of Detroit’s early efforts to improve road quality and have been preserved to maintain the area’s historic charm. Recent development plans aim to restore and reuse these historic pavers as part of the ongoing revitalization of the Michigan Avenue corridor. Education Residents are zoned to Detroit Public Schools. Residents are zoned to Owen at Pelham and King High School. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit operates the Most Holy Trinity School in Corktown. It is one of the four remaining Catholic grade schools in the city. Notable resident Sheila Cockrel, former Detroit City Council member See also North Corktown New Center Midtown Mexicantown References ^ a b c "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007. ^ "Corktown". ^ a b c d e f "Greater Corktown Development Corporation". Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. ^ a b Corktown Historic District, National Park Service, retrieved 8/6/09 ^ a b c d Armando Delicato, Julie Demery, Detroit's Corktown, Arcadia Publishing, 2007, ISBN 0-7385-5155-4 ^ "Ford to Open Renovated Michigan Central Station June 6". DBusiness. May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2024. ^ Hayes, Dennis (May 16, 2006). "Plaza erected in Corktown to honor Irish heritage". Model D. Detroit, Michigan: Issue Media Group. Retrieved October 26, 2017. ^ ""Construction Underway On New Quicken Loans Technology Center"". Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2014. ^ Dan Gilbert unveils new Quicken Loans computer center, Detroit Free Press, 30 June 2015 ^ "Detroit PAL to use artificial turf at stadium site". ^ "Corktown hotel gets $7.85 million loan to complete renovations". September 28, 2016. ^ "Red Dunn Kitchen opens in Corktown". June 9, 2017. ^ "$150 million Elton Park project breaks ground in Corktown". May 8, 2017. ^ "Detroit City FC Acquires Land in Southwest Detroit To Build Soccer-Specific Stadium". Detroit City FC. May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024. ^ "How Ford plans to use its new Corktown digs". Crain's Detroit Business. January 21, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2018. ^ "Ford's future: Train station to be part of new transportation model". Crain's Detroit Business. June 16, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2018. ^ "Ford would demolish this vacant Detroit building". June 21, 2018. ^ "How Ford plans to resurrect the train station". Detroit News. Retrieved June 19, 2018. ^ "Ford Motor Co. to spend $740 million on Corktown campus". August 14, 2018. ^ "Ford Motor Co. REVEALS PLANS for its New Corktown Campus". November 17, 2020. ^ Tinsley, Bre'Anna (July 3, 2018). "CuriosiD: Why Does Michigan Avenue Have Brick Pavers?". WDET. Retrieved May 30, 2024. ^ Kurth, Joel (June 14, 2021). "Brick road charm on Michigan Avenue in spotlight after Ford move". Detroit News. Retrieved May 30, 2024. ^ "Interactive Map" Archived 2009-08-08 at the Wayback Machine. Greater Corktown Development Corp Retrieved on April 24, 2009. ^ "Owen MS Attendance Area." Detroit Public Schools. Retrieved on April 24, 2009. ^ "M. L. King HS Attendance Area." Detroit Public Schools. Retrieved on April 24, 2009. ^ "Detroit area's Catholic schools shrink, but tradition endures"(). Detroit Free Press. February 1, 2013. Retrieved on September 13, 2014. ^ Kurth, Joel (June 3, 2019). "Sheila Cockrel on Corktown's transformation: 'This is capitalism, baby'". Bridge Michigan. Retrieved May 30, 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corktown, Detroit. Corktown Detroit, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne University, Article detailing the history of Corktown and related material "$148M Lightweight Materials Institute Opens in Corktown"—DBusiness, 16 January 2015 "National Innovation Institute Heading to Detroit’s Corktown"— DBusiness, 21 May 2014 Information about the Irish Community in greater Detroit, DetroitIrish.org Detroit1701 Corktown Historic District, City of Detroit vteNeighborhoods in DetroitDowntown Bricktown Broadway Avenue Campus Martius Capitol Park Chinatown Downtown Financial District Greektown Grand Circus Park Griswold Street West Jefferson Avenue Monroe Avenue Park Avenue Randolph Street Riverfront Condominiums Washington Boulevard Lower Woodward Avenue Woodward Avenue Wayne State UniversityMidtown Art Center Brush Park Cass Corridor Cass-Davenport Cass Park Cultural Center Medical Center East Ferry Avenue Jeffries Midtown Midtown Woodward Sugar Hill University–Cultural Center Wayne State University Warren-Prentis West Canfield Willis-Selden Woodbridge Woodward East Woodward Avenue New Center Alden Park Arden Park-East Boston Atkinson Avenue Boston-Edison Henry Ford Hospital New Amsterdam New Center Piquette Avenue Virginia Park Woodward Avenue University of Detroit MercyNorth Chaldean Town Detroit Golf Club State Fairgrounds Green Acres Highland Park Martin Park Palmer Park Apartments Palmer Park Blvd. Palmer Woods Sherwood Forest University District University of Detroit Mercy EastUpper Chandler Park Conant Gardens East English Village Fox Creek Greenbriar Grixdale Hamtramck Highland Heights-Stevens' Sub. Krainz Woods Milwaukee Junction La Salle College Park Mohican Regent MorningSide North End Osborn Pulaski Ravendale Regent Park Van Steuban Central Eastern Market Forest Park Poletown East Lower Barry Sub. Belle Isle Park Conner Creek East Grand Boulevard East Jefferson Avenue East Village Eastside Cemetery Elmwood Park English Village Gold Coast Indian Village Islandview Jefferson-Chalmers Lafayette Park McDougall-Hunt Marina Park Rivertown St. John Hospital Victoria Park West Village WestUpper Bagley Belmont Berg-Lahser Brightmoor Blackstone Park Castle Rouge Eight Mile Wyoming Eliza Howell The Eye Fitzgerald Five Points Grandmont # 1 Grandmont - Rosedale LaSalle Gardens Minock Park NW Goldberg Oakman Boulevard Old Redford Petosky-Otsego Riverdale Russell Woods Rosedale Park Westwood Park Central Aviation Barton-McFarland Briggs Castle Rouge Core City Fiskhorn Franklin Park Grandale Herman Gardens Littlefield Parkland Hubbard-Richard Warrendale Weatherby Southwest Boynton Carbon Works Delray Corktown Hubbard Farms North Corktown Mexicantown Michigan-Martin Millennium Village Oakwood Heights Springwells West Vernor-Junction West Vernor-Lawndale Westside Industrial Historic DistrictsResidential Arden Park-East Boston Atkinson Avenue Boston-Edison Brush Park Corktown East Ferry East Grand Boulevard East Jefferson Avenue Highland Heights-Stevens' Sub. Indian Village Layafette Park Palmer Park Apartments Palmer Park Blvd. Palmer Woods Park Avenue Rosedale Park Sherwood Forest Virginia Park Warren-Prentis West Canfield West Village Willis-Selden Woodbridge Woodward East Mixed-use Adams Street Broadway Avenue Capitol Park Cass Park Cass-Davenport Congress Street Cultural Center Eastern Market Eastside Cemetery Financial District Grand Boulevard Grand Circus Park Grand River Avenue Gratiot Avenue Griswold Street Greektown West Jefferson Avenue Jefferson Chalmers Larned Street Michigan Avenue Midtown Woodward Monroe Avenue New Amsterdam New Center Piquette Avenue Randolph Street Shelby Street State Street Sugar Hill University–Cultural Center Washington Boulevard Wayne State University West Vernor-Junction West Vernor-Lawndale West Vernor–Springwells Lower Woodward Woodward Avenue See also: Historic homes in metropolitan Detroit vteNational Register of Historic Places in Wayne County, MichiganHistoric districts Annapolis Park Historic District Arden Park–East Boston Historic District Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church Belle Isle Park Beverly Road Historic District Boston–Edison Historic District Broadway Avenue Historic District Brush Park Historic District Capitol Park Historic District Cass–Davenport Historic District Cass Park Historic District Cherry Hill Historic District Church of the Transfiguration Historic District Corktown Historic District Cultural Center Historic District Detroit Financial District Eastern Market Historic District East Ferry Avenue Historic District East Grand Boulevard Historic District East River Road Historic District Eastside Historic Cemetery District Fort Wayne Grand Circus Park Historic District Greektown Historic District Grosse Pointe Academy Grosse Pointe South High School Helen Newberry Nurses Home Highland Heights–Stevens' Subdivision Historic District Indian Village Historic District Jefferson–Chalmers Historic Business District Jefferson Intermediate School John and Edna Truesdell Fischer Farmstead Jos. Campau Historic District Louis G. Redstone Residential Historic District Lower Woodward Avenue Historic District Medbury's–Grove Lawn Subdivisions Historic District Midtown Woodward Historic District Michigan Avenue Historic Commercial District Monroe Avenue Commercial Buildings New Amsterdam Historic District New Center Commercial Historic District Northville Historic District Norwayne Historic District Palmer Park Apartment Building Historic District Palmer Park Boulevard Apartments District Palmer Woods Historic District Park Avenue Historic District Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District Randolph Street Commercial Buildings Historic District Rosedale Gardens Historic District Rosedale Park Historic District St. Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Parish Complex St. Florian Church Springwells Park Historic District Sugar Hill Historic District Virginia Park Historic District Warren–Prentis Historic District Washington Boulevard Historic District Wayne State University Buildings West Canfield Historic District West Vernor–Junction Historic District West Vernor–Lawndale Historic District West Vernor–Springwells Historic District West Village Historic District Willis–Selden Historic District Woodbridge Historic District Woodward East Historic District Historic properties Albert Kahn House Alden Park Towers Alexander Chapoton House Alexander Chene House Alger Theater Alpha House Amity Lodge No. 335 Temple — Spiritual Israel Church and Its Army Temple Antietam Street–Grand Trunk Railroad Bridge Architects Building Arthur M. Parker House Bagley Memorial Fountain Barlum Tower Belcrest Apartments Benjamin and Mary Ann Bradford House Bernard Ginsburg House Birwood Wall Carl E. and Alice Candler Schmidt House Carlton D. Wall House Cary Building Cass Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church Cass Motor Sales Cathedral Church of St. Paul Complex Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament Central United Methodist Church Central Woodward Christian Church Chapel of St. Theresa–the Little Flower Chatsworth Apartments Century Building and Little Theatre Charles G. Curtiss Sr. House Charles J. and Ingrid V. (Frendberg) Koebel House Charles Lang Freer House Charles Trombly House Charles Trowbridge House Checker Cab Taxi Garage and Office Building Chestnut Street–Grand Trunk Railroad Bridge Christ Church Chapel Christ Church, Detroit Col. Frank J. Hecker House Commandant's Quarters Coronado Apartments Croul–Palms House Crescent Brass and Pin Company Building David and Elizabeth Bell Boldman House David Whitney House Dearborn City Hall Complex Dearborn Inn and Colonial Homes Defer Elementary School Detroit Club Detroit–Columbia Central Office Building Detroit Cornice and Slate Company Building Detroit Edison Company Willis Avenue Station Detroit–Leland Hotel Detroit Masonic Temple Detroit Naval Armory Detroit News Complex Detroit Savings Bank Southwest Branch Detroit Yacht Club Dry Dock Engine Works–Detroit Dry Dock Company Complex Duane Doty School Dunbar Hospital East River Road–North Hickory Canal Bridge Eddystone Hotel Edmund Atkinson School Edwin Denby High School Edwin S. George Building Edson, Moore and Company Building Eighth Precinct Police Station Elisha Taylor House El Tovar Apartments Elwood Bar Elizabeth Cleveland Intermediate School Engine House No. 11 Engine House No. 18 Ephraim and Emma Woodworth Truesdell House Farwell Building Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Detroit Branch Building Ferry Street–Thorofare Canal Bridge Fisher and New Center Buildings First Baptist Church of Detroit First Congregational Church First Federal Building First Presbyterian Church First Unitarian Church of Detroit First United Methodist Church Ford–Bacon House Ford Valve Plant Fort Street Presbyterian Church Fort Shelby Hotel Fort Street–Pleasant Street and Norfolk & Western Railroad Viaduct Francis Palms Building & State Theater Franklin H. Walker House Frederick K. Stearns House Frederick Stearns Building Frederic M. Sibley Lumber Company Office Building Garden Bowl Garden Court Apartments General Motors Research Laboratory George and Mary Pine Smith House George P. MacNichol House George W. Loomer House Gethsemane Evangelical Lutheran Church Gibraltar Road–Waterway Canal Bridge Globe Tobacco Building Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church Grand Army of the Republic Building Grande Ballroom Graybar Electric Company Building Great Lakes Manor Greenfield Union School Greenmead Farms Griswold Building Grosse Pointe Memorial Church Grosse Pointe Central Library Grosse Pointe War Memorial Grosse Pointe Yacht Club Hamtramck Stadium Harmonie Centre (formerly the Breitmeyer–Tobin Building) Henry Ford Hospital Henry Ford Square House Henry W. Baker House Herman Strasburg House Hibbard Apartment Building Highland Park General Hospital Highland Park Presbyterian Church Hook and Ladder House No. 5–Detroit Fire Department Repair Shop Hotel Stevenson Hudson–Evans House Hunter House Hurlbut Memorial Gate Hull's Trace North Huron River Corduroy Segment James A. Garfield School Jefferson Avenue–Huron River and Harbin Drive–Silver Creek Canal Bridges Jefferson Hall Jerome H. Remick and Company Building John and Eliza Barr Patterson House John and Emma Lacey Eberts House John Harvey House John N. Bagley House John T. Woodhouse House Joseph Campau House Kingston Arms Apartments Lancaster and Waumbek Apartments Lawyers Building L. B. King and Company Building League of Catholic Women Building Lee Plaza Hotel Lewis Cass Technical High School Lilley Road–Lower Rouge River Bridge Lincoln Park Post Office Maccabees Building Majestic Theater Manchester Apartments Mariners' Church Marwood Apartments Marx House McKinley Elementary School Mellus Newspapers Building Merchants Building Metropolitan United Methodist Church Michigan Bell and Western Electric Warehouse Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument Michigan State Fair Riding Coliseum, Dairy Cattle Building, and Agricultural Building Moross House Mulford T. Hunter House Nacirema Club Nellie Leland School New Bethel Baptist Church North Woodward Congregational Church Orchestra Hall Orrin and Roxanne Fairman Kinyon House Orson Everitt House Ossian H. Sweet House Park Avenue House Parke-Davis and Company Pharmaceutical Company Plant Parke Lane Road–Thorofare Canal Bridge Pasadena Apartments Paul Harvey Deming House Penn Central Station Pere Gabriel Richard Elementary School Perry McAdow House Philetus W. Norris House Phillip and Maria Hasselbach Dingledey House Pilgrim and Puritan Apartment Complex Ponchartrain Apartments Pontchartrain Club/Town House Apartments Prentis Building and DeRoy Auditorium Complex Professional Plaza Tower Redford Theatre Building Redford Township District No. 5 School River Terrace Apartments Robert M. and Matilda (Kitch) Grindley House Rosa L. (McCauley) and Raymond Parks Flat Sacred Heart Major Seminary Sacred Heart Church St. Albertus Roman Catholic Church Saint Andrew's Memorial Episcopal Church Ste. Anne Roman Catholic Church Complex St. Bonaventure Monastery St. Boniface Roman Catholic Church St. Catherine of Siena Roman Catholic Church St. James Episcopal Church St. John's Episcopal Church St. John's–St. Luke's Evangelical Church St. Josaphat's Roman Catholic Church St. Joseph's Episcopal Church (1883) St. Joseph's Episcopal Church (1926) St. Joseph Roman Catholic Church Saint Paul Catholic Church Complex Saint Paul Manor Apartments Saints Peter and Paul Academy Saints Peter and Paul Church Saint Rita Apartments St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Roman Catholic Church St. Theresa of Avila Roman Catholic Church St. Thomas the Apostle Catholic Church Samuel L. Smith House Santa Fe Apartments Scarab Club Second Baptist Church of Detroit Sheldon Inn Shrine of the Black Madonna of the Pan African Orthodox Christian Church Sibley House Sidney D. Miller Junior High and High School Somerset Apartments South Pointe Drive–Frenchman's Creek Bridge S. S. Kresge World Headquarters Starkweather School State Savings Bank Stuber–Stone Building Sweetest Heart Of Mary Roman Catholic Church Temple Baptist Church – King Solomon Baptist Church Temple Beth-El (Bonstelle Theatre) Temple Beth-El (Bethel Community Transformation Center) The Clay School The Harmonie Club The Kean The Palms The Players The Wardell Third Precinct Police Station Thomas and Isabella Moore Clyde House Thomas and Maria Blackman Bartlett House Thomas A. Parker House Thomas M. Cooley High School Thomas S. Sprague House Thompson Home Tiger Stadium Tivadar and Dorothy Balogh House Trinity Episcopal Church Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church Complex Trinity United Methodist Church Tushiyah United Hebrew School – Scott Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church US 12 Bridges U.S. Post Office, Court House, and Custom House United States Immigration Station United States Postal Service Roosevelt Park Station Vanity Ballroom Building Verona Apartments Vinton Building Waltz Road–Huron River Bridge Warren Motor Car Company Building Wayne County Building Weil and Company – Gabriel Richard Building West Jefferson Avenue–Rouge River Bridge West Side Dom Polski WGPR-TV Studio Whittier Hotel William and Margot Kessler House William B. and Mary Chase Stratton House William C. Boydell House William H. Wells House William Hawkins Ferry House Wilson Barn Wilson Theatre WJBK-TV Studios Building Women's City Club Woodward Avenue Presbyterian Church Wyandotte Odd Fellows Temple National Historic Landmarks Detroit Industry Murals Edsel and Eleanor Ford House (Gaukler Pointe) Fair Lane Fisher Building Ford Piquette Avenue Plant Ford River Rouge Complex Fox Theatre Building Highland Park Ford Plant General Motors Building Guardian Building Mies van der Rohe Residential District, Lafayette Park McGregor Memorial Conference Center Parke-Davis Research Laboratory Pewabic Pottery The Henry Ford Former listings Chateau Frontenac Apartments Dodge Mansion Grand Riviera Theater Harper Hospital Lincoln Motor Company Plant Columbia (steamboat) Ste. Claire (steamboat) Woodward Avenue Baptist Church See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Wayne County, Michigan and List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan vteArchitecture of metropolitan DetroitSkyscrapers10 tallest Renaissance Center One Detroit Center Penobscot RenCen Towers 100-400 Guardian Book Tower 150 West Jefferson 20 tallest Fisher Cadillac Tower Stott One Woodward Avenue McNamara Federal DTE Energy Broderick 211 West Fort Buhl Westin Book Cadillac Hotel Hollywood Casino 30 tallest First National Cadillac Centre RenCen Towers 500-600 1001 Woodward Millender Center AT&T Chrysler House Jeffersonian Blue Cross Blue Shield Coleman A. Young Municipal Center 40 tallest Penobscot Annex Lafayette East Riverfront Tower 300 Riverfront Tower 200 Whitney Washington Square Riverfront Tower 100 Water Board Washington Boulevard 50 tallest Riverside Hotel Fort Shelby Hotel Industrial-Stevens Ford Leland Fyfe Grand Park Centre Compuware United Artists Theatre Michigan Central Station Cadillac Place 60 tallest MGM Grand Detroit MotorCity Casino Hotel The Qube Maccabees Fort Washington Plaza One Kennedy Square Detroit Free Press Metropolitan Wardell 70–195 tallest Kales Masonic Temple Town Apartments Michigan Building Park Avenue House Penobscot Building (1905) 1212 Griswold Belcrest Griswold Building Harvard Square Professional Plaza Tower Vinton Detroit Building Fox Theatre Lawyers Building Levin United States Courthouse Marquette New Center Fisher Cadillac Place Argonaut Building Henry Ford Hospital New Center Building East side Lafayette Park Jeffersonian Detroit Towers The Kean The Whittier Harbortown Apartments Suburban Southfield Town Center American Center Top of Troy Tower Plaza Adoba Hotel Parklane Towers Chrysler Headquarters Low riseunder 10 storiesselectedDowntown 411 Bankers Trust Cass Building Detroit Athletic Club Detroit Club Detroit Cornice and Slate Fillmore Harmonie Centre Harmonie Club L. B. King Opera House Music Hall Merchants One Griswold Street Wayne County Building Wright-Kay Savoyard Centre Midtown Orchestra Hall Metropolitan Center Phoenix Group Old Main Rackham Building McGregor Memorial Conference Center Verona Wayne State University Buildings Clay Office North University of Detroit Mercy Detroit Golf Club East side Alden Park Towers Brewery Park Coronado El Tovar Garden Court Milner Arms Riverwalk Hotel Pasadena Suburban Country Club of Detroit The Dearborn Inn GM Technical Center Royal Park Hotel Inn at St. John's Townsend Hotel Parks and gardens Belle Isle Cranbrook Campus Martius Grand Circus Metroparks Matthaei Botanical Gardens Riverfront parks Detroit Zoo Museums and libraries Cranbrook Educational Community Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History Detroit Historical Museum Detroit Institute of Arts Detroit Public Library Detroit Science Center Edsel and Eleanor Ford House Fair Lane Ford Piquette Avenue Plant The Henry Ford Meadowbrook Hall Pewabic Pottery Southfield Public Library University of Michigan Museum of Art Religious landmarks Religious landmarks Performance centers Theatres and performing arts venues NeighborhoodHistoric DistrictsResidential Arden Park-East Boston Atkinson Avenue Beverly Road Boston-Edison Brush Park Canton Township MPS Corktown East Ferry East Grand Boulevard East Jefferson Avenue Grosse Pointe Highland Heights-Stevens' Sub. Indian Village Layafette Park Northville Palmer Park Apartments Palmer Park Blvd. Palmer Woods Park Avenue Rosedale Gardens Rosedale Park Sherwood Forest Virginia Park Warren-Prentis West Canfield West Village Willis-Selden Woodbridge Woodward East (See also: Historic homes) Mixed-use Adams Street Broadway Avenue Capitol Park Cass Park Cass-Davenport Congress Street Cultural Center Eastern Market Eastside Cemetery Financial District Grand Boulevard Grand Circus Grand River Avenue Gratiot Avenue Griswold Street Greektown West Jefferson Avenue Jefferson Chalmers Larned Street Michigan Avenue Monroe Avenue New Amsterdam New Center Piquette Avenue Randolph Street Shelby Street State Street Sugar Hill University–Cultural Center Washington Boulevard Wayne State University West Vernor-Junction West Vernor-Lawndale West Vernor-Springwells Lower Woodward Midtown Woodward Woodward Avenue See also: List of tallest buildings in Detroit	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Detroit"},{"link_name":"Detroit, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modeld-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcdc-3"},{"link_name":"I-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"John C. Lodge Freeway (The Lodge)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-10_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"Rosa Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Detroit,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-5"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Michigan Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Central_Station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"United States historic placeCorktown is a neighborhood located in Detroit, Michigan. It is the oldest extant neighborhood in the city.[2][3] The current boundaries of the district include I-75 to the north, the John C. Lodge Freeway (The Lodge) to the east, Bagley and Porter streets to the south, and Rosa Parks Boulevard (12th Street) to the west.[1] The neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.[1]The Corktown Historic District is largely residential, although some commercial properties along Michigan Avenue are included in the district.[4] The residential section is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is designated as a City of Detroit Historic District. The neighborhood contains many newer homes and retains some original Irish businesses.[5]Ford's 2018 acquisition of Michigan Central Station has spurred significant development and revitalization efforts in Corktown, transforming it into a burgeoning hub of innovation and urban renewal.[6]","title":"Corktown, Detroit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Famine of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcdc-3"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcdc-3"},{"link_name":"Grand River Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_River_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcdc-3"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-5"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_American"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_American"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-5"},{"link_name":"Appalachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillbilly_Highway"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Southerners"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-5"},{"link_name":"urban renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal"},{"link_name":"Lodge Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodge_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Fisher Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_Freeway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcdc-3"}],"text":"The Great Famine of Ireland of the 1840s resulted in extensive Irish migration to the United States and Canada. By the middle of the 19th century, they were the largest ethnic group settling in Detroit.[3] Many of these newcomers settled on the west side of the city; they were primarily from County Cork, and thus the neighborhood came to be known as Corktown. By the early 1850s, half of the population of the 8th Ward (which contained Corktown) were of Irish descent.[3] Historically, the neighborhood was roughly bounded by Third Street to the east, Grand River Avenue to the north, 12th Street to the west, and Jefferson Avenue/Detroit River to the south.[3]By the Civil War, German immigrants had begun making inroads into the Corktown neighborhood.[5] Many immigrants had come from German provinces after the revolutions of 1848. By the turn of the century, the original Irish population had diffused through the city, and new immigrants, notably Mexican and Maltese, moved into this older housing.[5] As the century progressed, migrants from the American South and Appalachia, both black and white, were lured by the jobs in the automobile industry and also went to the city.[5] By the middle of the 20th century, the area of Corktown was reduced through urban renewal schemes, the building of light industrial facilities, and the creation of the Lodge Freeway and Fisher Freeway.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_Stadium,_Detroit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tiger Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Stadium_(Detroit)"},{"link_name":"Michigan Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_12_in_Michigan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UIS_Irish_Plaza.png"},{"link_name":"UIS Irish Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UIS_Irish_Plaza"},{"link_name":"United Irish Societies Irish Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UIS_Irish_Plaza"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Quicken Loans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicken_Loans"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"mixed-use development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-use_development"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Detroit City FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_City_FC"},{"link_name":"Southwest Detroit Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Detroit_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Tiger Stadium was in Corktown at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Street until its demolition in 2009.The UIS Irish Plaza is a park and memorial dedicated to honoring Metro Detroit's Irish immigrant community and their descendants.Corktown has seen a number of revitalization projects since 2005. These include the United Irish Societies Irish Plaza,[7] dedicated in 2006; the 66,000-square foot (6,100 m2) Quicken Loans Technology Center, opened in 2015;[8][9] and the Detroit Police Athletic League (PAL) headquarters, and youth sports facility at the old Tiger Stadium site at Michigan and Trumbull Avenues, developed in 2016. Opposite the PAL facility, a $37-million mixed-use development, The Corner, with 111 apartments, and 34 townhomes for sale, broke ground in early 2018.[10] Also in 2016, the new Trumbull & Porter boutique hotel opened after a $10 million renovation;[11][12] and in 2017, Soave Enterprises broke ground on Elton Park, a multi-phase, multi-year $150 million, 420 apartment mixed-used development.[13]In 2024, Detroit City FC announced the acquisition of the site of the former Southwest Detroit Hospital with plans to build a new soccer-specific stadium. The goal is to have the stadium ready by the 2027 season. [14]","title":"Revitalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michigan_Central_Train_Station_Exterior_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michigan Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Central_Station"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Michigan Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Central_Station"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Warehouse"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"autonomous vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_vehicles"},{"link_name":"electric vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicles"},{"link_name":"Autos 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autos_2.0&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Ford Corktown Campus","text":"Built in 1913, the historic Michigan Central Station served passenger traffic until 1988, after which it was abandoned. It was purchased by Ford Motor Company in May 2018. A significant renovation is scheduled to end with the grand opening of a mixed-use development in June, 2024.A major redevelopment push in the area was started by the Ford Motor Company, which began development on an urban campus in Corktown in 2017 with its purchase, renovation and occupation of The Factory building at Michigan Ave. and Rosa Parks Blvd.[15] Ford later bought other parcels of land in Corktown, including the Michigan Central Station and the adjacent Roosevelt Warehouse.[16] Ford plans a new $740 million Corktown campus, including 1.2 million square feet of mixed-use development spread over the Michigan Central Station, Roosevelt Warehouse, the Factory building at 1907 Michigan Avenue, and build a new mixed-use 290,000-square foot (27,000 m2), four-story building on the vacant brass factory building site, known as \"The Alchemy\", at 2051 Rosa Park Blvd.[17] Ford also announced plans to build two new parking structures.The focus of the Corktown campus will be on autonomous vehicles and electric vehicles. Ford expects to move 2,500 of its employees to the campus with space for an additional 2,500 entrepreneurs, technology companies and partners related to Ford's expansion into Autos 2.0.[18] Ford is also seeking $104 million in tax breaks from the city as part of a $250 million incentive package over 34 years.[19]In 2020, Ford revealed a new site plan for its 30-acre Corktown Campus, a walkable Mobility Innovation District built around the Michigan Central Station that includes green spaces, new buildings, and community involvement.[20]","title":"Revitalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_architecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcdc-3"},{"link_name":"Victorian townhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-4"},{"link_name":"Michigan Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Avenue_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brickpavers-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brickpavers2-22"}],"text":"The original buildings in Corktown are Federal-style detached homes and rowhouses built by Irish settlers. A worker's row house circa 1840 is located on Sixth Street and is one of the oldest existing structures in the city of Detroit.[3] In later years, modestly sized Victorian townhouses with Italianate, Gothic, and Queen Anne elements were constructed in the district.[4]Michigan Avenue in Corktown is notable for its historic red brick pavers, which have been a defining feature of the neighborhood for decades. These bricks, originally laid in the 1890s, are a remnant of Detroit’s early efforts to improve road quality and have been preserved to maintain the area’s historic charm. [21] Recent development plans aim to restore and reuse these historic pavers as part of the ongoing revitalization of the Michigan Avenue corridor.[22]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"King High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_High_School_(Detroit)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Detroit"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cathschool-26"}],"text":"Residents are zoned to Detroit Public Schools. Residents are zoned to Owen at Pelham and King High School.[23][24][25]The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit operates the Most Holy Trinity School in Corktown. It is one of the four remaining Catholic grade schools in the city.[26]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheila Cockrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Cockrel"},{"link_name":"Detroit City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Sheila Cockrel, former Detroit City Council member[27]","title":"Notable resident"}]	[{"image_text":"Tiger Stadium was in Corktown at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Street until its demolition in 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tiger_Stadium%2C_Detroit.jpg/220px-Tiger_Stadium%2C_Detroit.jpg"},{"image_text":"The UIS Irish Plaza is a park and memorial dedicated to honoring Metro Detroit's Irish immigrant community and their descendants.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/36/UIS_Irish_Plaza.png/220px-UIS_Irish_Plaza.png"},{"image_text":"Built in 1913, the historic Michigan Central Station served passenger traffic until 1988, after which it was abandoned. It was purchased by Ford Motor Company in May 2018. A significant renovation is scheduled to end with the grand opening of a mixed-use development in June, 2024.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Michigan_Central_Train_Station_Exterior_2010.jpg/220px-Michigan_Central_Train_Station_Exterior_2010.jpg"}]	[{"title":"North Corktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Corktown,_Detroit"},{"title":"New Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Center,_Detroit"},{"title":"Midtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Detroit"},{"title":"Mexicantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicantown,_Detroit"}]	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Corktown\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.modeldmedia.com/Cities/Corktown/","url_text":"\"Corktown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greater Corktown Development Corporation\". Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203043624/http://www.corktowndetroit.org/history.htm","url_text":"\"Greater Corktown Development Corporation\""},{"url":"http://www.corktowndetroit.org/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ford to Open Renovated Michigan Central Station June 6\". DBusiness. May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dbusiness.com/daily-news/ford-to-open-renovated-michigan-central-station-june-6/","url_text":"\"Ford to Open Renovated Michigan Central Station June 6\""}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Dennis (May 16, 2006). \"Plaza erected in Corktown to honor Irish heritage\". Model D. Detroit, Michigan: Issue Media Group. Retrieved October 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.modeldmdedia.com/devnews/irish45.aspx","url_text":"\"Plaza erected in Corktown to honor Irish heritage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit","url_text":"Detroit, Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Construction Underway On New Quicken Loans Technology Center\"\". Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220545/http://www.quickenloans.com/press-room/2014/construction-underway-on-new-detroit-based-quicken-loans-technology-center/","url_text":"\"\"Construction Underway On New Quicken Loans Technology Center\"\""},{"url":"http://www.quickenloans.com/press-room/2014/construction-underway-on-new-detroit-based-quicken-loans-technology-center/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Detroit PAL to use artificial turf at stadium site\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freep.com/story/money/business/michigan/2016/02/02/detroit-pal-baseball-sports-duggan/79695956/","url_text":"\"Detroit PAL to use artificial turf at stadium site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corktown hotel gets $7.85 million loan to complete renovations\". September 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20160928/NEWS/160929582/corktown-hotel-gets-7-85-million-loan-to-complete-renovations","url_text":"\"Corktown hotel gets $7.85 million loan to complete renovations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Dunn Kitchen opens in Corktown\". June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20170609/NEWS/170609833/red-dunn-kitchen-opens-in-corktown","url_text":"\"Red Dunn Kitchen opens in Corktown\""}]},{"reference":"\"$150 million Elton Park project breaks ground in Corktown\". May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20170507/NEWS/170509853/elton-park-project-construction-to-begin-this-week-in-corktown","url_text":"\"$150 million Elton Park project breaks ground in Corktown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Detroit City FC Acquires Land in Southwest Detroit To Build Soccer-Specific Stadium\". Detroit City FC. May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.detcityfc.com/news_article/show/1261788","url_text":"\"Detroit City FC Acquires Land in Southwest Detroit To Build Soccer-Specific Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Ford plans to use its new Corktown digs\". Crain's Detroit Business. January 21, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20180121/news/650706/how-ford-plans-to-use-its-new-corktown-digs","url_text":"\"How Ford plans to use its new Corktown digs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ford's future: Train station to be part of new transportation model\". Crain's Detroit Business. June 16, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20180617/news/663776/fords-future-train-station-to-be-part-of-new-transportation-model","url_text":"\"Ford's future: Train station to be part of new transportation model\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ford would demolish this vacant Detroit building\". June 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freep.com/story/money/2018/06/21/ford-train-station-building-corktown-penthouses/721406002/","url_text":"\"Ford would demolish this vacant Detroit building\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Ford plans to resurrect the train station\". Detroit News. Retrieved June 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/06/17/how-ford-plans-resurrect-train-station/702723002/","url_text":"\"How Ford plans to resurrect the train station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ford Motor Co. to spend $740 million on Corktown campus\". August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20180815/news/668501/ford-motor-co-to-spend-740-million-on-corktown-campus","url_text":"\"Ford Motor Co. to spend $740 million on Corktown campus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ford Motor Co. REVEALS PLANS for its New Corktown Campus\". November 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2020/11/17/ford-plans-mobility-innovation-district.html","url_text":"\"Ford Motor Co. REVEALS PLANS for its New Corktown Campus\""}]},{"reference":"Tinsley, Bre'Anna (July 3, 2018). \"CuriosiD: Why Does Michigan Avenue Have Brick Pavers?\". WDET. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://wdet.org/2018/07/03/curiosid-why-does-michigan-avenue-have-brick-pavers/","url_text":"\"CuriosiD: Why Does Michigan Avenue Have Brick Pavers?\""}]},{"reference":"Kurth, Joel (June 14, 2021). \"Brick road charm on Michigan Avenue in spotlight after Ford move\". Detroit News. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2021/06/14/brick-road-charm-michigan-avenue-spotlight-after-ford-move/7631813002/","url_text":"\"Brick road charm on Michigan Avenue in spotlight after Ford move\""}]},{"reference":"Kurth, Joel (June 3, 2019). \"Sheila Cockrel on Corktown's transformation: 'This is capitalism, baby'\". Bridge Michigan. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bridgemi.com/urban-affairs/sheila-cockrel-corktowns-transformation-capitalism-baby","url_text":"\"Sheila Cockrel on Corktown's transformation: 'This is capitalism, baby'\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Corktown,_Detroit&params=42_19_50_N_83_03_50_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"42°19′50″N 83°03′50″W / 42.33056°N 83.06389°W / 42.33056; -83.06389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Corktown,_Detroit&params=42_19_50_N_83_03_50_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"42°19′50″N 83°03′50″W / 42.33056°N 83.06389°W / 42.33056; -83.06389"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/78001517","external_links_name":"78001517"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://www.modeldmedia.com/Cities/Corktown/","external_links_name":"\"Corktown\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203043624/http://www.corktowndetroit.org/history.htm","external_links_name":"\"Greater Corktown Development Corporation\""},{"Link":"http://www.corktowndetroit.org/history.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/detroit/d19.htm","external_links_name":"Corktown Historic District"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1JVigb8HjIAC","external_links_name":"Armando Delicato, Julie Demery"},{"Link":"https://www.dbusiness.com/daily-news/ford-to-open-renovated-michigan-central-station-june-6/","external_links_name":"\"Ford to Open Renovated Michigan Central Station June 6\""},{"Link":"http://www.modeldmdedia.com/devnews/irish45.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Plaza erected in Corktown to honor Irish heritage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220545/http://www.quickenloans.com/press-room/2014/construction-underway-on-new-detroit-based-quicken-loans-technology-center/","external_links_name":"\"\"Construction Underway On New Quicken Loans Technology Center\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.quickenloans.com/press-room/2014/construction-underway-on-new-detroit-based-quicken-loans-technology-center/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.freep.com/story/money/business/michigan/2015/06/30/detroit-corktown-quicken-gilbert/29504683/","external_links_name":"Dan Gilbert unveils new Quicken Loans computer center"},{"Link":"http://www.freep.com/story/money/business/michigan/2016/02/02/detroit-pal-baseball-sports-duggan/79695956/","external_links_name":"\"Detroit PAL to use artificial turf at stadium site\""},{"Link":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20160928/NEWS/160929582/corktown-hotel-gets-7-85-million-loan-to-complete-renovations","external_links_name":"\"Corktown hotel gets $7.85 million loan to complete renovations\""},{"Link":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20170609/NEWS/170609833/red-dunn-kitchen-opens-in-corktown","external_links_name":"\"Red Dunn Kitchen opens in Corktown\""},{"Link":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20170507/NEWS/170509853/elton-park-project-construction-to-begin-this-week-in-corktown","external_links_name":"\"$150 million Elton Park project breaks ground in Corktown\""},{"Link":"https://www.detcityfc.com/news_article/show/1261788","external_links_name":"\"Detroit City FC Acquires Land in Southwest Detroit To Build Soccer-Specific Stadium\""},{"Link":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20180121/news/650706/how-ford-plans-to-use-its-new-corktown-digs","external_links_name":"\"How Ford plans to use its new Corktown digs\""},{"Link":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20180617/news/663776/fords-future-train-station-to-be-part-of-new-transportation-model","external_links_name":"\"Ford's future: Train station to be part of new transportation model\""},{"Link":"https://www.freep.com/story/money/2018/06/21/ford-train-station-building-corktown-penthouses/721406002/","external_links_name":"\"Ford would demolish this vacant Detroit building\""},{"Link":"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/06/17/how-ford-plans-resurrect-train-station/702723002/","external_links_name":"\"How Ford plans to resurrect the train station\""},{"Link":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20180815/news/668501/ford-motor-co-to-spend-740-million-on-corktown-campus","external_links_name":"\"Ford Motor Co. to spend $740 million on Corktown campus\""},{"Link":"https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2020/11/17/ford-plans-mobility-innovation-district.html","external_links_name":"\"Ford Motor Co. 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King HS Attendance Area"},{"Link":"http://www.freep.com/article/20130201/NEWS01/302010079/Detroit-area-s-Catholic-schools-shrink-but-tradition-endures","external_links_name":"\"Detroit area's Catholic schools shrink, but tradition endures\""},{"Link":"https://www.bridgemi.com/urban-affairs/sheila-cockrel-corktowns-transformation-capitalism-baby","external_links_name":"\"Sheila Cockrel on Corktown's transformation: 'This is capitalism, baby'\""},{"Link":"http://reuther.wayne.edu/node/10375","external_links_name":"Corktown Detroit"},{"Link":"http://www.dbusiness.com/daily-news/Annual-2015/148M-Lightweight-Materials-Institute-Opens-in-Corktown/","external_links_name":"\"$148M Lightweight Materials Institute Opens in Corktown\""},{"Link":"http://www.dbusiness.com/daily-news/Annual-2014/Exclusive-National-Innovation-Institute-Heading-to-Detroits-Corktown/","external_links_name":"\"National Innovation Institute Heading to Detroit’s Corktown\""},{"Link":"http://www.detroitirish.org/","external_links_name":"Information about the Irish Community in greater Detroit"},{"Link":"http://detroit1701.org/Corktown.htm","external_links_name":"Detroit1701"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011083317/http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/historic/districts/corktown.pdf","external_links_name":"Corktown Historic District"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenesa	Kenesa	["1 Etymology","2 Surviving kenesas","3 Gallery","4 References"]	Persian Jewish and Crimean Karaite equivalent to synagogue Karaite kenesa in Lutsk (Ukraine) Interior of Malaya (Small) kenesa in Yevpatoria, Crimea. A kenesa (Karaim: כְּנִיסָא kǝnîsāʾ) is an Eastern European or Persian Karaite synagogue. Kenesas are similar to Rabbinical synagogues. In Eastern Europe, they are laid out along north-south axis (facing Jerusalem). Starting from the northern entrance, a kenesa contains: Vestibule (azar), where worshipers take off their shoes. Shoes are not permitted anywhere further. Moshav Zeqenim (מושב זקנים, old men's pews): wooden benches for the old and the mourners, usually under a low ceiling. The loft above this ceiling is reserved for the women, who remain invisible to the men on the main floor. Shulḥan (Hebrew: שולחן "table"): the main hall. Traditional Karaite worship was performed on the knees. In the past, kenesa floors were carpeted; modern kenesas have pews in the main hall. Hekhal, or altar (היכל): raised stand for the ritual Ark and the priest. Some kenesas also have a rood screen. Etymology The word derives from Arabic كنيسة "church" or كنيس "synagogue" (ultimately from the Semitic root k-n-s in the sense of "to assemble") and is first found in Karaim and Karaite Hebrew texts from the late nineteenth century. Before this, and commonly after, Karaites used the standard Jewish terms בית הכנסת and synagogue. In Galicia, the word was often shortened to kensa as early as 1903. In Russian it is usually pronounced кенасá (kenasá) with an ultimate stress. Some claim it has a Persian or Aramaic origin. Surviving kenesas This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)There were 20 kenesas in the former Russian Empire, nine of them in Crimea (by 1918, two more were added). All surviving kenesas are listed memorial buildings, however, many are in a dilapidated state, and others, like Sebastopol kenesa, although in better shape, are managed by public authorities or private owners, not the Karaite communities. The principal, operating place of Karaite worship in Ukraine is located in Yevpatoria, Crimea. It actually contains two independent kenesas, re-opened to the public in 2005 and 1999. Karaite synagogues in Lithuania were built in the 14th century, in Trakai, Biržai, Kėdainiai, Panevėžys and Vilnius. An early 20th-century kenesa still stands in Trakai, Lithuania and another one in Vilnius; both are in service. No Karaite synagogues survived in Galicia, where Karaites were present since the 13th century; the last kenesa in Halych was destroyed by the Soviets in 1985. Only the Karaite Synagogue in Istanbul survives in Turkey. Gallery Trakai Kenesa in Trakai, Lithuania Vilnius, Lithuania Panevėžys, Lithuania, 1939 Eupatorian Kenassas in Yevpatoria, Crimea Chufut-Kale or Juft Qale in Karaim (Джуфт Къале), near Bakhchysarai, Crimea Simferopol, Crimea Karaite Kenesa, Sevastopol. Closed in 1931, is now used for sports school Karaite Kenesa by the architect Gorodetsky in Kyiv Odesa, Ukraine Kharkiv, Ukraine References ^ a b Kizilov, Mikhail (24 July 2015). The Sons of Scripture: The Karaites in Poland and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century. Walter de Gruyter. p. 48. ISBN 978-3-11-042526-0. Retrieved 27 June 2022. ^ Kizilov, Mikhail (2015-07-24). "2 Between the Israelites and the Khazars: 1900–1918". The Sons of Scripture the Karaites in Poland and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century. De Gruyter Open Poland. pp. 34–108. doi:10.1515/9783110425260-005. ISBN 978-3-11-042526-0. ^ "A student of Jewish languages reads Michał Németh's Unknown Lutsk Karaim Letters in Hebrew Script (19th–20th Centuries). A Critical Edition". czasopisma.karaimi.org. Retrieved 2022-02-09. Album "Karaite kenassas in Eupatoria and other kenassas of the world", ed. by V. V. Mireyev, Simpferopol, 2006 = Альбом "Комплекс караимских кенасс в Евпатории и другие кенассы в мире", ред. В. В. Миpеев, Cимферополь, 2006 Authority control databases Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lutsk_kenasa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutsk"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior-Small-Kenassa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yevpatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevpatoria"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Karaim:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaim_language"},{"link_name":"Eastern European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Jews"},{"link_name":"Karaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Judaism"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Rabbinical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism"},{"link_name":"synagogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Vestibule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"pews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"altar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar"},{"link_name":"rood screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rood_screen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Karaite kenesa in Lutsk (Ukraine)Interior of Malaya (Small) kenesa in Yevpatoria, Crimea.A kenesa (Karaim: כְּנִיסָא kǝnîsāʾ) is an Eastern European or Persian Karaite synagogue.Kenesas are similar to Rabbinical synagogues. In Eastern Europe, they are laid out along north-south axis (facing Jerusalem). Starting from the northern entrance, a kenesa contains:Vestibule (azar), where worshipers take off their shoes. Shoes are not permitted anywhere further.\nMoshav Zeqenim (מושב זקנים, old men's pews): wooden benches for the old and the mourners, usually under a low ceiling. The loft above this ceiling is reserved for the women, who remain invisible to the men on the main floor.\nShulḥan (Hebrew: שולחן \"table\"): the main hall. Traditional Karaite worship was performed on the knees. In the past, kenesa floors were carpeted; modern kenesas have pews in the main hall.[citation needed]\nHekhal, or altar (היכל): raised stand for the ritual Ark and the priest.Some kenesas also have a rood screen.[citation needed]","title":"Kenesa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sons-1"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sons-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The word derives from Arabic كنيسة \"church\" or كنيس \"synagogue\" (ultimately from the Semitic root k-n-s in the sense of \"to assemble\")[1] and is first found in Karaim and Karaite Hebrew texts from the late nineteenth century. Before this, and commonly after, Karaites used the standard Jewish terms בית הכנסת and synagogue. In Galicia, the word was often shortened to kensa as early as 1903.[1]In Russian it is usually pronounced кенасá (kenasá) with an ultimate stress.[2] Some claim it has a Persian or Aramaic origin.[3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Sebastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Yevpatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevpatoria"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Trakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakai"},{"link_name":"Biržai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir%C5%BEai"},{"link_name":"Kėdainiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97dainiai"},{"link_name":"Panevėžys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panev%C4%97%C5%BEys"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Trakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakai"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Halych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halych"},{"link_name":"Karaite Synagogue in Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Synagogue_(Istanbul)"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"}],"text":"There were 20 kenesas in the former Russian Empire, nine of them in Crimea (by 1918, two more were added). All surviving kenesas are listed memorial buildings, however, many are in a dilapidated state, and others, like Sebastopol kenesa, although in better shape, are managed by public authorities or private owners, not the Karaite communities. The principal, operating place of Karaite worship in Ukraine is located in Yevpatoria, Crimea. It actually contains two independent kenesas, re-opened to the public in 2005 and 1999.Karaite synagogues in Lithuania were built in the 14th century, in Trakai, Biržai, Kėdainiai, Panevėžys and Vilnius. An early 20th-century kenesa still stands in Trakai, Lithuania and another one in Vilnius; both are in service. No Karaite synagogues survived in Galicia, where Karaites were present since the 13th century; the last kenesa in Halych was destroyed by the Soviets in 1985. Only the Karaite Synagogue in Istanbul survives in Turkey.","title":"Surviving kenesas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karaimsk%C3%A1_kenesa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trakai Kenesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakai_Kenesa"},{"link_name":"Trakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakai"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karaite_Kenesa_Vilnius.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panev%C4%97%C5%BEio_kenesa_1939_m.jpg"},{"link_name":"Panevėžys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panev%C4%97%C5%BEys"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eupatoria_04-14_img16_Karaimskaya_Street.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eupatorian Kenassas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupatorian_Kenassas"},{"link_name":"Yevpatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevpatoria"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cufut_Qale_kenassa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chufut-Kale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chufut-Kale"},{"link_name":"Bakhchysarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhchysarai"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simferopol_kenassa_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Simferopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karaite Kenesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Kenesa_(Kyiv)"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karaite_Kenassa_in_Odessa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0.%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"}],"text":"Trakai Kenesa in Trakai, Lithuania\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVilnius, Lithuania\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPanevėžys, Lithuania, 1939\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEupatorian Kenassas in Yevpatoria, Crimea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChufut-Kale or Juft Qale in Karaim (Джуфт Къале), near Bakhchysarai, Crimea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSimferopol, Crimea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKaraite Kenesa, Sevastopol. Closed in 1931, is now used for sports school\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKaraite Kenesa by the architect Gorodetsky in Kyiv\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOdesa, Ukraine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKharkiv, Ukraine","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Karaite kenesa in Lutsk (Ukraine)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lutsk_kenasa.jpg/220px-Lutsk_kenasa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of Malaya (Small) kenesa in Yevpatoria, Crimea.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Interior-Small-Kenassa.jpg/220px-Interior-Small-Kenassa.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kizilov, Mikhail (24 July 2015). The Sons of Scripture: The Karaites in Poland and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century. Walter de Gruyter. p. 48. ISBN 978-3-11-042526-0. Retrieved 27 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i6SlCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Sons of Scripture: The Karaites in Poland and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042526-0","url_text":"978-3-11-042526-0"}]},{"reference":"Kizilov, Mikhail (2015-07-24). \"2 Between the Israelites and the Khazars: 1900–1918\". The Sons of Scripture the Karaites in Poland and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century. De Gruyter Open Poland. pp. 34–108. doi:10.1515/9783110425260-005. ISBN 978-3-11-042526-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110425260-005/html","url_text":"\"2 Between the Israelites and the Khazars: 1900–1918\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110425260-005","url_text":"10.1515/9783110425260-005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042526-0","url_text":"978-3-11-042526-0"}]},{"reference":"\"A student of Jewish languages reads Michał Németh's Unknown Lutsk Karaim Letters in Hebrew Script (19th–20th Centuries). A Critical Edition\". czasopisma.karaimi.org. Retrieved 2022-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://czasopisma.karaimi.org/index.php/almanach/article/view/444","url_text":"\"A student of Jewish languages reads Michał Németh's Unknown Lutsk Karaim Letters in Hebrew Script (19th–20th Centuries). A Critical Edition\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i6SlCQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Sons of Scripture: The Karaites in Poland and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century"},{"Link":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110425260-005/html","external_links_name":"\"2 Between the Israelites and the Khazars: 1900–1918\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110425260-005","external_links_name":"10.1515/9783110425260-005"},{"Link":"https://czasopisma.karaimi.org/index.php/almanach/article/view/444","external_links_name":"\"A student of Jewish languages reads Michał Németh's Unknown Lutsk Karaim Letters in Hebrew Script (19th–20th Centuries). A Critical Edition\""},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=11740","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome:_The_World%27s_First_Superpower	Rome: The World's First Superpower	["1 Episode I: \"City of Blood\"","2 Episode II: \"Total War\"","3 Episode III: \"Death of a Hero\"","4 Episode IV: \"Caesar\"","5 References"]	British TV series or programme Rome: The World's First SuperpowerGenreDocumentaryNarrated byLarry LambCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1ProductionProduction companies360 and Motion Content GroupOriginal releaseNetworkChannel 5ReleaseOctober 2014 (2014-10) Rome: The World's First Superpower is a 2014 Channel 5 television series in 4 episodes narrated by Larry Lamb about the Roman Empire first broadcast in October 2014. The series combined input from historians and CGI to present the history of ancient Rome. Episode I: "City of Blood" In the first episode Larry Lamb visits Rome and describes how the Roman Empire was created by Romulus, using the works of ancient Roman historian Livy as a guide, starting with Rome's 2767th birthday celebrations in April 2014. According to Lucy Mangan, writing in The Guardian, "Larry Lamb’s breathless account of the history of the Eternal City did away with the nuances – and was all the better for it" Episode II: "Total War" The second episode starts at the Roma Termini railway station where we are led to discover how the city of Rome was sacked and razed to the ground by the Gauls who also killed many of its citizens, which led to the construction of a great wall to protect the city from future raids, many parts of the wall are preserved around Rome to the present day. Episode III: "Death of a Hero" In this episode we learn how Tiberius Gracchus became a "champion of the common citizen farmer" which would ultimately result in his downfall; and the hypocaust, a central heating system. Episode IV: "Caesar" The final episode covers the life of Julius Caesar and the Triumvirate of Caesar, Crassus and Pompey References ^ "Rome: The World's First Superpower". Channel 5. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014. ^ a b c d "Rome: The World's First Superpower". Talktalk News & TV Guide. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ Lucy Mangan (25 October 2014). "Rome: the World's First Superpower review – when in Rome, don't faff around". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014. This article relating to a television programme from the UK is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Larry Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Lamb"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Channel5-1"},{"link_name":"CGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talktalk-2"}],"text":"British TV series or programmeRome: The World's First Superpower is a 2014 Channel 5 television series in 4 episodes narrated by Larry Lamb about the Roman Empire first broadcast in October 2014.[1] The series combined input from historians and CGI to present the history of ancient Rome.[2]","title":"Rome: The World's First Superpower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-3"}],"text":"In the first episode Larry Lamb visits Rome and describes how the Roman Empire was created by Romulus, using the works of ancient Roman historian Livy as a guide, starting with Rome's 2767th birthday celebrations in April 2014.[citation needed] According to Lucy Mangan, writing in The Guardian, \"Larry Lamb’s breathless account of the history of the Eternal City did away with the nuances – and was all the better for it\"[3]","title":"Episode I: \"City of Blood\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roma Termini railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Termini_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Gauls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauls"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talktalk-2"}],"text":"The second episode starts at the Roma Termini railway station where we are led to discover how the city of Rome was sacked and razed to the ground by the Gauls who also killed many of its citizens, which led to the construction of a great wall to protect the city from future raids, many parts of the wall are preserved around Rome to the present day.[2]","title":"Episode II: \"Total War\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tiberius Gracchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus"},{"link_name":"hypocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocaust"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talktalk-2"}],"text":"In this episode we learn how Tiberius Gracchus became a \"champion of the common citizen farmer\" which would ultimately result in his downfall; and the hypocaust, a central heating system.[2]","title":"Episode III: \"Death of a Hero\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Triumvirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Triumvirate"},{"link_name":"Crassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus"},{"link_name":"Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talktalk-2"}],"text":"The final episode covers the life of Julius Caesar and the Triumvirate of Caesar, Crassus and Pompey[2]","title":"Episode IV: \"Caesar\""}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Rome: The World's First Superpower\". Channel 5. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115104932/http://www.channel5.com/shows/rome-the-worlds-first-superpower/episodes","url_text":"\"Rome: The World's First Superpower\""},{"url":"http://www.channel5.com/shows/rome-the-worlds-first-superpower","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rome: The World's First Superpower\". Talktalk News & TV Guide. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027165045/http://www.talktalk.co.uk/tv-guide/content/c64xx8/rome-the-world-s-first-superpower","url_text":"\"Rome: The World's First Superpower\""},{"url":"http://www.talktalk.co.uk/tv-guide/content/c64xx8/rome-the-world-s-first-superpower","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lucy Mangan (25 October 2014). \"Rome: the World's First Superpower review – when in Rome, don't faff around\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027164746/http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/oct/25/rome-worlds-first-superpower-last-nights-tv-review","url_text":"\"Rome: the World's First Superpower review – when in Rome, don't faff around\""},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/oct/25/rome-worlds-first-superpower-last-nights-tv-review","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115104932/http://www.channel5.com/shows/rome-the-worlds-first-superpower/episodes","external_links_name":"\"Rome: The World's First Superpower\""},{"Link":"http://www.channel5.com/shows/rome-the-worlds-first-superpower","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027165045/http://www.talktalk.co.uk/tv-guide/content/c64xx8/rome-the-world-s-first-superpower","external_links_name":"\"Rome: The World's First Superpower\""},{"Link":"http://www.talktalk.co.uk/tv-guide/content/c64xx8/rome-the-world-s-first-superpower","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027164746/http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/oct/25/rome-worlds-first-superpower-last-nights-tv-review","external_links_name":"\"Rome: the World's First Superpower review – when in Rome, don't faff around\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/oct/25/rome-worlds-first-superpower-last-nights-tv-review","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rome:_The_World%27s_First_Superpower&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quemoy-Matsu_crisis	List of battles in Kinmen	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	The Chinese city of Xiamen (pictured here from Kinmen) is within shelling distance of Kinmen The Prince of Lu of the Southern Ming dynasty, resisting the invading Qing dynasty forces, fled to Kinmen (Quemoy) in 1651. In 1663, Kinmen was seized by Qing forces. The mainland Chinese city of Xiamen is within shelling distance of the small islands of Kinmen. As one of the front line islands between the Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). ROC-governed Kinmen has seen many battles and tensions between the two throughout the Cold War. It was generally understood by both the ROC and the PRC that if Kinmen fell to the PRC, Taiwan itself would follow. The phrase "Quemoy and Matsu" became part of U.S. politics in the 1960 Presidential election. During the debates, both candidates, Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy pledged to use U.S. force if necessary to protect the ROC from invasion from the Chinese mainland by the PRC, which the U.S. did not recognize as a legitimate government at the time. Vice-president Nixon charged that Senator Kennedy would not use U.S. force to protect Taiwan's forward positions, Kinmen and Matsu. List of battles over Kinmen: Qing seizure of the Kinmen Islands (1663) Battle of Guningtou (1949) On July 26, 1950, ROC forces on Dadan Island (Tatan), in total 298 soldiers, repulsed an attack (大擔島戰役) from a People's Liberation Army force of 700 soldiers that landed on the island. First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954-1955) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958) After the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis ended in stalemate, both sides settled upon a routine of bombarding each other every other day with shells containing propaganda leaflets. ROC troops on the island continued constructing tunnels, bunkers, and other underground facilities. Commandos (often known as 水鬼, or "water ghosts" by ROC troops) were sent by both sides to conduct sabotage or attack lone sentries. The bombardment finally ended in 1979 with the establishment of formal diplomatic ties between the United States and the PRC. See also Chinese Civil War Political status of Taiwan Third Taiwan Strait Crisis References ^ FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR. (1986). GREAT ENTERPRISE: THE MANCHU RECONSTRUCTION OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER IN. University of California Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-520-04804-0. Retrieved 2011-06-06. External links Kinmen National Park GlobalSecurity.org page on Taiwan ROC Ministry of National Defense: War History (in Chinese) PRC Government portal (in Chinese) ROC Tourism Bureau article on Kuningtou (in Chinese) United Daily News article (in Chinese)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xiamenviewfromkinmen2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Xiamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen"},{"link_name":"Kinmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen"},{"link_name":"Prince of Lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Yihai"},{"link_name":"Southern Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ming"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kinmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Xiamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen"},{"link_name":"Kinmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Kinmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Quemoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen"},{"link_name":"Matsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu_Islands"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Battle of Guningtou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guningtou"},{"link_name":"Dadan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadan_Island"},{"link_name":"大擔島戰役","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%93%94%E5%B3%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"First Taiwan Strait Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Second Taiwan Strait Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"The Chinese city of Xiamen (pictured here from Kinmen) is within shelling distance of KinmenThe Prince of Lu of the Southern Ming dynasty, resisting the invading Qing dynasty forces, fled to Kinmen (Quemoy) in 1651. In 1663, Kinmen was seized by Qing forces.[1]The mainland Chinese city of Xiamen is within shelling distance of the small islands of Kinmen. As one of the front line islands between the Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). ROC-governed Kinmen has seen many battles and tensions between the two throughout the Cold War. It was generally understood by both the ROC and the PRC that if Kinmen fell to the PRC, Taiwan itself would follow.The phrase \"Quemoy and Matsu\" became part of U.S. politics in the 1960 Presidential election. During the debates, both candidates, Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy pledged to use U.S. force if necessary to protect the ROC from invasion from the Chinese mainland by the PRC, which the U.S. did not recognize as a legitimate government at the time. Vice-president Nixon charged that Senator Kennedy would not use U.S. force to protect Taiwan's forward positions, Kinmen and Matsu.List of battles over Kinmen:Qing seizure of the Kinmen Islands (1663)Battle of Guningtou (1949)\nOn July 26, 1950, ROC forces on Dadan Island (Tatan), in total 298 soldiers, repulsed an attack (大擔島戰役) from a People's Liberation Army force of 700 soldiers that landed on the island.\nFirst Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954-1955)\nSecond Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958)After the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis ended in stalemate, both sides settled upon a routine of bombarding each other every other day with shells containing propaganda leaflets. ROC troops on the island continued constructing tunnels, bunkers, and other underground facilities. Commandos (often known as 水鬼, or \"water ghosts\" by ROC troops) were sent by both sides to conduct sabotage or attack lone sentries. The bombardment finally ended in 1979 with the establishment of formal diplomatic ties between the United States and the PRC.","title":"List of battles in Kinmen"}]	[{"image_text":"The Chinese city of Xiamen (pictured here from Kinmen) is within shelling distance of Kinmen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Xiamenviewfromkinmen2.JPG/220px-Xiamenviewfromkinmen2.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"title":"Political status of Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan"},{"title":"Third Taiwan Strait Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis"}]	[{"reference":"FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR. (1986). GREAT ENTERPRISE: THE MANCHU RECONSTRUCTION OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER IN. University of California Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-520-04804-0. Retrieved 2011-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&q=prince+lu+exile+quemoy","url_text":"GREAT ENTERPRISE: THE MANCHU RECONSTRUCTION OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER IN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04804-0","url_text":"0-520-04804-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&q=prince+lu+exile+quemoy","external_links_name":"GREAT ENTERPRISE: THE MANCHU RECONSTRUCTION OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER IN"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051118080621/http://www.kmnp.gov.tw/english/battlefield.htm","external_links_name":"Kinmen National Park"},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/taiwan.htm","external_links_name":"GlobalSecurity.org page on Taiwan"},{"Link":"http://www.mnd.gov.tw/global/war/WAR.HTML","external_links_name":"ROC Ministry of National Defense: War History"},{"Link":"http://big51.china.com.cn/chinese/zta/440638.htm","external_links_name":"PRC Government portal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040814041815/http://taiwan.net.tw/lan/Cht/attractions/scenic_spots.asp?id=C100_216","external_links_name":"ROC Tourism Bureau article on Kuningtou"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040804080138/http://www.udn.com/2004/5/23/NEWS/WORLD/WOR1/2036900.shtml","external_links_name":"United Daily News article"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_Lepic	Rue Lepic	["1 Notable addresses","2 In history","3 Sources and references"]	Coordinates: 48°53′15″N 2°20′7″E / 48.88750°N 2.33528°E / 48.88750; 2.33528Street in Paris, France Rue LepicRue Lepic in 1925, seen from Place BlancheShown within ParisLength755 m (2,477 ft)Width10 to 14 m (33 to 46 ft)Arrondissement18thQuarterMontmartre, Grandes CarrièresCoordinates48°53′15″N 2°20′7″E / 48.88750°N 2.33528°E / 48.88750; 2.33528FromBoulevard de ClichyToPlace Jean-Baptiste-ClémentConstructionDenominationDecree of 24 August 1864 Rue Lepic is a street in the former commune of Montmartre, in the 18th arrondissement of Paris, climbing the hill of Montmartre from the Boulevard de Clichy to Place Jean-Baptiste-Clément. It is an ancient road resulting of the rectification and re-arrangement of several dirt-roads leading to the Blanche barrier (Place Blanche), starting life as the Chemin-neuf (the Chemin-vieux was the Rue de Ravignan). In 1852 it was renamed Rue de l'Empereur, before it was renamed again in 1864, after General Louis Lepic (1765–1827). ___ Located near the Métro station: Blanche. Notable addresses At n°15, brasserie Café des 2 Moulins where the film Amélie was set. At n°25, in 1910, the cabaret La Vache Enragée was based here. At n°50, poet Jehan Rictus lived at this address for over a decade. At n°53, resided Jean-Baptiste Clément (singer and prominent in Paris Commune) from 1880 to 1891. He then moved to n°112. At n°54, lived Van Gogh and his brother Théo, on the third floor, from 1886 to 1888; Art dealer Alphonse Portier, lived on the first floor for several years - Armand Guillaumin had consigned some of his paintings to him in 1887. At n°56, the Vandoren clarinet and saxophone reed manufacturer. Their premium reed brand is named after this address. At n°59, from 1873-1891, lived the painter Edmond Yon , in a house with an extensive garden; also lived the painter Charles Léandre, in 1910; former site of Moulin de la Fontaine-Saint-Denis. At n°64, once lived satirical cartoonist Forain in 1875. At n°65, adjacent to avenue Junot, is site of the Moulin-Neuf (1741). At n°72, former workshop of Félix Ziem. At n°73, site of the Moulin-Vieux, which was demolished in 1860. At n°77, Moulin de la Galette and Moulin le Radet. At n°85 to 87, Moulin de la Petite-Tour construction dating from 1647. At n°87, once lived Willette. At n°89 to 93, Moulin de la Vieille-Tour, built in 1623. At n°95 to 99, site of the Moulin-du-Palais, built in 1640. At n°98, Louis-Ferdinand Céline resided. At n°100, Austrian doctor David Gruby built an observatory on the roof of the building in 1860. Au n°102, rough site of Moulin de la Grande-Tour, a tower constructed in stone which was taken down before the French Revolution. At n°112, resided Jean-Baptiste Clément in 1891. In history Painter and engraver Eugène Delâtre lived and worked on rue Lepic. He successively occupied addresses n°92, n°87, n°97, and also n°102. Louis Renault built his first car in 1898, calling his car the Voiturette. On December 24, 1898, he won a bet with his friends that his invention was capable of driving up the slope of Rue Lepic. As well as winning the bet, Renault received 12 definite orders for the vehicle. On 7 September 1960, Fernand and Jackie Sardou opened their cabaret Chez Fernand Sardou on the road in place of cabaret Belzébuth next to the residence of Utrillo. The cabaret became a preferred meeting place and played to a full house every night. Michel Sardou had his professional début there, firstly as a server. In the Claude Autant-Lara film, La Traversée de Paris (1956), "Martin" (played by André Bourvil) et "Grandgil" (played by Jean Gabin) were pictured in this road during the German occupation of France transporting a jointed pig destined for the black market. Yves Montand dedicated to this road the song "Rue Lepic" in the album Yves Montand (1974). Sources and references France portal ^ Yates, Brock. "10 Best Moguls", in Car and Driver, 1/88, p.47. ^ History of Renault 1898-1975, Tommy Lind's Renault Website ^ Video of "Rue Lepic" on YouTube Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris Paris Guide 1807 - Librairie Internationale	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montmartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmartre"},{"link_name":"18th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Boulevard de Clichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_de_Clichy"},{"link_name":"Place Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Blanche"},{"link_name":"Louis Lepic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Lepic"}],"text":"Street in Paris, FranceRue Lepic is a street in the former commune of Montmartre, in the 18th arrondissement of Paris, climbing the hill of Montmartre from the Boulevard de Clichy to Place Jean-Baptiste-Clément.It is an ancient road resulting of the rectification and re-arrangement of several dirt-roads leading to the Blanche barrier (Place Blanche), starting life as the Chemin-neuf (the Chemin-vieux was the Rue de Ravignan). In 1852 it was renamed Rue de l'Empereur, before it was renamed again in 1864, after General Louis Lepic (1765–1827).","title":"Rue Lepic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Café des 2 Moulins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_des_2_Moulins"},{"link_name":"Amélie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie"},{"link_name":"Jehan Rictus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehan_Rictus"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Clément","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cl%C3%A9ment"},{"link_name":"Van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Armand Guillaumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Guillaumin"},{"link_name":"Vandoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandoren"},{"link_name":"Edmond Yon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Yon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Yon"},{"link_name":"Charles Léandre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L%C3%A9andre"},{"link_name":"avenue Junot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avenue_Junot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Félix Ziem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Ziem"},{"link_name":"Moulin de la Galette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulin_de_la_Galette"},{"link_name":"Willette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willette"},{"link_name":"Louis-Ferdinand Céline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line"},{"link_name":"David Gruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gruby"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"}],"text":"At n°15, brasserie Café des 2 Moulins where the film Amélie was set.\nAt n°25, in 1910, the cabaret La Vache Enragée was based here.\nAt n°50, poet Jehan Rictus lived at this address for over a decade.\nAt n°53, resided Jean-Baptiste Clément (singer and prominent in Paris Commune) from 1880 to 1891. He then moved to n°112.\nAt n°54, lived Van Gogh and his brother Théo, on the third floor, from 1886 to 1888; Art dealer Alphonse Portier, lived on the first floor for several years - Armand Guillaumin had consigned some of his paintings to him in 1887.\nAt n°56, the Vandoren clarinet and saxophone reed manufacturer. Their premium reed brand is named after this address.\nAt n°59, from 1873-1891, lived the painter Edmond Yon [fr], in a house with an extensive garden; also lived the painter Charles Léandre, in 1910; former site of Moulin de la Fontaine-Saint-Denis.\nAt n°64, once lived satirical cartoonist Forain in 1875.\nAt n°65, adjacent to avenue Junot, is site of the Moulin-Neuf (1741).\nAt n°72, former workshop of Félix Ziem.\nAt n°73, site of the Moulin-Vieux, which was demolished in 1860.\nAt n°77, Moulin de la Galette and Moulin le Radet.\nAt n°85 to 87, Moulin de la Petite-Tour construction dating from 1647.\nAt n°87, once lived Willette.\nAt n°89 to 93, Moulin de la Vieille-Tour, built in 1623.\nAt n°95 to 99, site of the Moulin-du-Palais, built in 1640.\nAt n°98, Louis-Ferdinand Céline resided.\nAt n°100, Austrian doctor David Gruby built an observatory on the roof of the building in 1860.\nAu n°102, rough site of Moulin de la Grande-Tour, a tower constructed in stone which was taken down before the French Revolution.\nAt n°112, resided Jean-Baptiste Clément in 1891.","title":"Notable addresses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eugène Delâtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Del%C3%A2tre"},{"link_name":"Louis Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Renault_(industrialist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Voiturette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Voiturette"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fernand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Sardou"},{"link_name":"Jackie Sardou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Sardou"},{"link_name":"Utrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Utrillo"},{"link_name":"Michel Sardou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Sardou"},{"link_name":"Claude Autant-Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Autant-Lara"},{"link_name":"La Traversée de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Travers%C3%A9e_de_Paris_(film)"},{"link_name":"André Bourvil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bourvil"},{"link_name":"Jean Gabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gabin"},{"link_name":"German occupation of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Yves Montand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Montand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Yves Montand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yves_Montand_(album)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Painter and engraver Eugène Delâtre lived and worked on rue Lepic. He successively occupied addresses n°92, n°87, n°97, and also n°102.Louis Renault built his first car in 1898,[1] calling his car the Voiturette. On December 24, 1898, he won a bet with his friends that his invention was capable of driving up the slope of Rue Lepic. As well as winning the bet, Renault received 12 definite orders for the vehicle.[2]On 7 September 1960, Fernand and Jackie Sardou opened their cabaret Chez Fernand Sardou on the road in place of cabaret Belzébuth next to the residence of Utrillo. The cabaret became a preferred meeting place and played to a full house every night. Michel Sardou had his professional début there, firstly as a server.In the Claude Autant-Lara film, La Traversée de Paris (1956), \"Martin\" (played by André Bourvil) et \"Grandgil\" (played by Jean Gabin) were pictured in this road during the German occupation of France transporting a jointed pig destined for the black market.Yves Montand dedicated to this road the song \"Rue Lepic\"[3] in the album Yves Montand (1974).","title":"In history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"History of Renault 1898-1975, Tommy Lind's Renault Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tlind.dk/eng-rhistory_louis.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=8iWW4WdI3Nc"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"}],"text":"France portal^ Yates, Brock. \"10 Best Moguls\", in Car and Driver, 1/88, p.47.\n\n^ History of Renault 1898-1975, Tommy Lind's Renault Website\n\n^ Video of \"Rue Lepic\" on YouTubeDictionnaire historique des rues de Paris\nParis Guide 1807 - Librairie Internationale","title":"Sources and references"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rue_Lepic&params=48_53_15_N_2_20_7_E_type:landmark_region:FR","external_links_name":"48°53′15″N 2°20′7″E / 48.88750°N 2.33528°E / 48.88750; 2.33528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rue_Lepic&params=48_53_15_N_2_20_7_E_type:landmark_region:FR","external_links_name":"48°53′15″N 2°20′7″E / 48.88750°N 2.33528°E / 48.88750; 2.33528"},{"Link":"http://www.tlind.dk/eng-rhistory_louis.htm","external_links_name":"History of Renault 1898-1975, Tommy Lind's Renault Website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8iWW4WdI3Nc","external_links_name":"Video"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shitenn%C5%8D_(Minamoto_clan)	Shitennō (Minamoto clan)	["1 See also","2 References"]	Shitennō (四天王), a Japanese term normally referring to the Buddhist Four Heavenly Kings, is also applied to particularly famous or loyal retainers, in groups of four, to certain of Japan's most famous legendary and historical figures. The following four are referred to in legend as the Shitennō of Minamoto no Yorimitsu (also known as Raikō) (948–1021): Sakata no Kintoki – known as Kaidomaru in his past. Kintoki originated from the House of Suzaku. Urabe no Suetake – Originated from the House of Seiryū Usui Sadamitsu – Originated from the House of Genbu. Watanabe no Tsuna – Originated from the House of Byakko. Minamoto no Yoshitsune (1159–1189) was accompanied by the following four, his so-called Shitennō, who are featured in the kabuki play Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura and other works: Suruga Jirō Kiyoshige (駿河次郎清重) Kamei Rokurō Shigekiyô (亀井六郎重清) Kataoka Hachirō Tsuneharu (片岡八郎常春) Ise Saburō Yoshimori (伊勢三郎義盛) See also The Four Symbols of Chinese astronomy References ^ Sato, Hiroaki (1995). Legends of the Samurai. Overlook Duckworth. pp. 61–64. ISBN 9781590207307. This article about a samurai or a samurai-related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minamoto no Yorimitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yorimitsu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sato-1"},{"link_name":"Sakata no Kintoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakata_no_Kintoki"},{"link_name":"Suzaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion_Bird"},{"link_name":"Urabe no Suetake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urabe_no_Suetake"},{"link_name":"Seiryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiryuu"},{"link_name":"Usui Sadamitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usui_Sadamitsu"},{"link_name":"Genbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Tortoise"},{"link_name":"Watanabe no Tsuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watanabe_no_Tsuna"},{"link_name":"Byakko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byakko"},{"link_name":"Minamoto no Yoshitsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune"},{"link_name":"kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshitsune_Senbon_Zakura"},{"link_name":"駿河次郎清重","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A7%BF%E6%B2%B3%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%8E"},{"link_name":"亀井六郎重清","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%80%E4%BA%95%E9%87%8D%E6%B8%85"},{"link_name":"片岡八郎常春","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%B2%A1%E5%B8%B8%E6%98%A5"},{"link_name":"伊勢三郎義盛","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%8B%A2%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%9B"}],"text":"The following four are referred to in legend as the Shitennō of Minamoto no Yorimitsu (also known as Raikō) (948–1021):[1]Sakata no Kintoki – known as Kaidomaru in his past. Kintoki originated from the House of Suzaku.\nUrabe no Suetake – Originated from the House of Seiryū\nUsui Sadamitsu – Originated from the House of Genbu.\nWatanabe no Tsuna – Originated from the House of Byakko.Minamoto no Yoshitsune (1159–1189) was accompanied by the following four, his so-called Shitennō, who are featured in the kabuki play Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura and other works:Suruga Jirō Kiyoshige (駿河次郎清重)\nKamei Rokurō Shigekiyô (亀井六郎重清)\nKataoka Hachirō Tsuneharu (片岡八郎常春)\nIse Saburō Yoshimori (伊勢三郎義盛)","title":"Shitennō (Minamoto clan)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Four Symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Symbols_(China)"},{"title":"Chinese astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_astronomy"}]	[{"reference":"Sato, Hiroaki (1995). Legends of the Samurai. Overlook Duckworth. pp. 61–64. ISBN 9781590207307.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590207307","url_text":"9781590207307"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shitenn%C5%8D_(Minamoto_clan)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impatiens_glandulifera	Impatiens glandulifera	["1 Etymology","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Invasive species","5 References","6 External links"]	Species of plant Impatiens glandulifera Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Ericales Family: Balsaminaceae Genus: Impatiens Species: I. glandulifera Binomial name Impatiens glanduliferaRoyle Synonyms List Balsamina glandulifera (Royle) Ser. Balsamina macrochila (Lindl.) Ser. Balsamina roylei (Walp.) Ser. Impatiens macrochila Lindl. Impatiens roylei Walp. Impatiens glandulifera, Himalayan balsam, is a large annual plant native to the Himalayas. Via human introduction it is now present across much of the Northern Hemisphere and is considered an invasive species in many areas. Uprooting or cutting the plants is an effective means of control. In Europe, Himalayan balsam has been included since 2017 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list). This implies that the species cannot be imported, cultivated, transported, commercialized, planted, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union. Etymology The common names Himalayan balsam and kiss-me-on-the-mountain refer to the plant's native Himalayan mountains. Ornamental jewelweed refers to its cultivation as an ornamental plant. The specific epithet glandulifera is a compound word from glándula meaning 'small gland', and ferre meaning 'to bear'. Description Scattering its seeds Glands It typically grows to 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) high, with a soft green or red-tinged stem, and lanceolate leaves 5 to 23 cm (2.0 to 9.1 in) long. The crushed foliage has a strong musty smell. Below the leaf stems the plant has glands that produce a sticky, sweet-smelling, and edible nectar. The flowers are pink, with a hooded shape, 3 to 4 cm (1+1⁄4 to 1+1⁄2 in) tall and 2 cm (3⁄4 in) broad; the flower shape has been compared to a policeman's helmet. After flowering between June and October, the plant forms seed pods 2 to 3 cm (3⁄4 to 1+1⁄4 in) long and 8 mm broad (1⁄4 in), which explode when disturbed, scattering the seeds up to 7 metres (23 feet). The green seed pods, seeds, young leaves and shoots are all edible. The flowers can be turned into a jam or parfait. The plant was rated in first place for per day nectar production per flower in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative. However, when number of flowers per floral unit, flower abundance, and phenology were taken into account, it dropped out of the top ten for most nectar per unit cover per year, as did all plants that placed in the top ten for per-day nectar production per flower, with the exception of common comfrey (Symphytum officinale). Distribution and habitat Himalayan balsam is native to the Himalayas, specifically to the areas between Kashmir and Uttarakhand. In its native range it is usually found at altitudes between 2000 and 2500 m above sea level, although it has been reported at up to 4000 m above sea level. In Europe the plant was first introduced into the United Kingdom by John Forbes Royle, professor of medicine at King's College, London who became Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, Saharanpur, India. It has now become naturalized and widespread across riverbanks. At present it can be found almost everywhere across the continent. In North America it has been found in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. In the United States it is found on both the east and west coast, seemingly restricted to northern latitudes. In New Zealand it is sometimes found growing wild along riverbanks and wetlands. Invasive species Himalayan balsam is sometimes cultivated for its flowers. It is now widely established in other parts of the world (such as the British Isles and North America), in some cases becoming a weed. Its aggressive seed dispersal, coupled with high nectar production which attracts pollinators, often allows it to out-compete native plants. Himalayan balsam also promotes river bank erosion due to the plant dying back over winter, leaving the bank unprotected from flooding. Invasive Himalayan balsam can also adversely affect indigenous species by attracting pollinators (e.g. insects) at the expense of indigenous species. It is considered a "prohibited noxious weed" under the Alberta Weed Control Act 2010. In the UK, the plant was first introduced in 1839, at the same time as giant hogweed and Japanese knotweed. These plants were all promoted at the time as having the virtues of "herculean proportions" and "splendid invasiveness" which meant that ordinary people could buy them for the cost of a packet of seeds to rival the expensive orchids grown in the greenhouses of the rich. Within ten years, however, Himalayan balsam had escaped from the confines of cultivation and begun to spread along the river systems of England. It has now spread across most of the UK, and some local wildlife trusts organise "balsam bashing" events to help control the plant. However, a study by Hejda and Pyšek (2006) concluded that, in some circumstances, such efforts may cause more harm than good. Destroying riparian stands of Himalayan balsam can open up the habitat for more aggressive invasive plants such as Japanese knotweed and aid in seed dispersal by dropped seeds sticking to shoes. Riparian habitat is suboptimal for I. glandulifera, and spring or autumn flooding destroys seeds and plants. The research suggests that the best way to control the spread of riparian Himalayan balsam is to decrease eutrophication, thereby permitting the better-adapted local vegetation, that gets outgrown by the balsam on watercourses with high nutrient load, to rebound naturally. The researchers caution that their conclusions probably do not hold true for stands of the plant at forest edges and meadow habitats, where manual destruction is still the best approach. The Bionic Control of Invasive Weeds project, in Wiesbaden, Germany, is trying to establish a self-sufficient means of conserving their local biodiversity by developing several food products made from the Himalayan balsam flowers. If all goes well, the project will have it financing its own eradication. In August 2014, CABI released a rust fungus in Berkshire, Cornwall and Middlesex in the United Kingdom as part of field trials into the biological control of Himalayan balsam. Some research also suggests that I. glandulifera may exhibit allelopathy, which means that it excretes toxins that negatively affect neighboring plants, thus increasing its competitive advantage. The Royal Horticultural Society and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology recommend that pulling and cutting is the main method of non-chemical control, and usually the most appropriate. Natural Resources Wales has used manual methods, such as pulling plants and using strimmers, to largely eradicate Himalayan balsam from reaches of the River Ystwyth. Himalayan balsam, Bank Hall, Bretherton, Lancashire, England Fruits Deschambault-Grondines Quebec Canada References ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2014. ^ Webb, D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. An Irish Flora. Dundalgan Press (W.Tempest) Ltd. Dundalk ^ "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern – Environment – European Commission". European Commission. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ "REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species". ^ "Himalayan balsam \| The Wildlife Trusts". wildlifetrusts.org. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ^ Scott, R. 2004. Wild Belfast on safari in the city. Blackstaff Press. ISBN 0 85640 762 3 ^ "Gastronomie: Springkraut & Co.: Kräuterkoch Peter Becker macht aus Neophyten Salat". Badische Zeitung. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ^ "Which flowers are the best source of nectar?". Conservation Grade. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ^ a b Beerling, David J.; Perrins, James M. (June 1993). "Impatiens Glandulifera Royle (Impatiens Roylei Walp.)". The Journal of Ecology. 81 (2): 367–382. Bibcode:1993JEcol..81..367B. doi:10.2307/2261507. JSTOR 2261507. ^ Valerie Porter, "The Second Field Book of Country Queries" p. 93 ^ Pyšek, Petr; Prach, Karel (1995). "Invasion dynamics of Impatiens glandulifera – A century of spreading reconstructed". Biological Conservation. 74 (1): 41–48. Bibcode:1995BCons..74...41P. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(95)00013-T. ^ Scannell, M.J.P. and Synnott, D.M. 1972. Census Catalogue of the Flora of Ireland. Dublin. Published by the Stationery Office. ^ Hackney, P. (Ed)1992. Stewart & Corry's Flora of the North-East of Ireland. The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast. ISBN 0 85389 446 9 ^ Clements, David R; Feenstra, Kathleen R; Jones, Karen; Staniforth, Richard (April 2008). "The biology of invasive alien plants in Canada. 9. Impatiens glandulifera Royle". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 88 (2): 403–417. doi:10.4141/CJPS06040. ^ "Himalayan balsam, Impatiens glandulifera Geraniales: Balsaminaceae". EDDMapS.org. Retrieved 20 November 2018. ^ "Impatiens glandulifera". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 20 November 2018. ^ Greenwood, Phillip; Fister, Wolfgang; Kuhn, Nikolas (2014). "The potential influence of the invasive plant, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan Balsam), on the ecohydromorphic functioning of inland river systems" (PDF). Geophysical Research Abstracts: 2698. Bibcode:2014EGUGA..16.2698P. Retrieved 14 May 2015. ^ Thijs, Koen W.; Brys, Rein; Verboven, Hans A. F.; Hermy, Martin (30 July 2011). "The influence of an invasive plant species on the pollination success and reproductive output of three riparian plant species". Biological Invasions. 14 (2): 355–365. doi:10.1007/s10530-011-0067-y. S2CID 14186232. ^ "Identification Guide for Alberta Invasive Plants" (PDF). Wheatland County, Alberta. 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2018. ^ a b c Mabey, Richard (25 July 2011). "Indian Balsam". Mabey in the wild. BBC. Retrieved 24 July 2011. ^ "Wanted!: Himalayan Balsam". British Isles: A Natural History. The Open University. Retrieved 4 December 2009. ^ "CABI releases rust fungus to control invasive weed, Himalayan balsam". cabi.org. CABI. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2015. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Himalayan Balsam". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2 June 2014. ^ "Information Sheet 3: Himalayan Balsam" (PDF). Centre for Ecology and Hydrology: Centre for Aquatic Plant Management. 8 March 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2014. ^ "Cyfoeth Issue 3 September 2013" (PDF). Natural Resources Wales. p. 6. Retrieved 12 June 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Impatiens glandulifera. Identifying and removing Himalayan Balsam on businesslink.gov.uk Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) The UK Environment Agency's guide to managing invasive non-native plants Taxon identifiersImpatiens glandulifera Wikidata: Q158035 Wikispecies: Impatiens glandulifera BioLib: 3585 Calflora: 10013 CoL: 3PJSV EoL: 581165 EPPO: IPAGL EUNIS: 161749 GBIF: 2891770 GISD: 942 GRIN: 19826 iNaturalist: 47892 IPA: 12794 IPNI: 374110-1 IRMNG: 10942046 ISC: 28766 ITIS: 29187 MichiganFlora: 536 NatureServe: 2.135654 NBN: NBNSYS0000003189 NCBI: 253017 NZOR: 7e8acc28-f54b-49a5-8eda-e2f686efba9c NZPCN: 4100 Observation.org: 6896 Open Tree of Life: 15716 PalDat: Impatiens_glandulifera PfaF: Impatiens glandulifera PFI: 3049 Plant List: kew-2862533 PLANTS: IMGL POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30221088-2 Tropicos: 3100049 VASCAN: 3657 WFO: wfo-0000730508 WoRMS: 594783	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"annual plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"invasive species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Impatiens glandulifera, Himalayan balsam, is a large annual plant native to the Himalayas.[2] Via human introduction it is now present across much of the Northern Hemisphere and is considered an invasive species in many areas. Uprooting or cutting the plants is an effective means of control.In Europe, Himalayan balsam has been included since 2017 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).[3] This implies that the species cannot be imported, cultivated, transported, commercialized, planted, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.[4]","title":"Impatiens glandulifera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_epithet"}],"text":"The common names Himalayan balsam and kiss-me-on-the-mountain refer to the plant's native Himalayan mountains.[5] Ornamental jewelweed refers to its cultivation as an ornamental plant.The specific epithet glandulifera is a compound word from glándula meaning 'small gland', and ferre meaning 'to bear'.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Impatiens_Glandulifera,_leaves.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Springkraut_fg04.jpg"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland_(botany)"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"policeman's helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custodian_helmet"},{"link_name":"explode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_dehiscence"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"},{"link_name":"jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_preserves"},{"link_name":"parfait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfait"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"phenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenology"},{"link_name":"comfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfrey"},{"link_name":"Symphytum officinale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphytum_officinale"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollinators-8"}],"text":"Scattering its seedsGlandsIt typically grows to 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) high, with a soft green or red-tinged stem, and lanceolate leaves 5 to 23 cm (2.0 to 9.1 in) long. The crushed foliage has a strong musty smell. Below the leaf stems the plant has glands that produce a sticky, sweet-smelling, and edible nectar. The flowers are pink, with a hooded shape, 3 to 4 cm (1+1⁄4 to 1+1⁄2 in) tall and 2 cm (3⁄4 in) broad; the flower shape has been compared to a policeman's helmet.After flowering between June and October, the plant forms seed pods 2 to 3 cm (3⁄4 to 1+1⁄4 in) long and 8 mm broad (1⁄4 in), which explode when disturbed,[6] scattering the seeds up to 7 metres (23 feet).The green seed pods, seeds, young leaves and shoots are all edible. The flowers can be turned into a jam or parfait.[7]The plant was rated in first place for per day nectar production per flower in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative. However, when number of flowers per floral unit, flower abundance, and phenology were taken into account, it dropped out of the top ten for most nectar per unit cover per year, as did all plants that placed in the top ten for per-day nectar production per flower, with the exception of common comfrey (Symphytum officinale).[8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Uttarakhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeerlingPerrins-9"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"John Forbes Royle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Royle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeerlingPerrins-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Py%C5%A1ekPrach-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CanJPlSci-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EDDmaps-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZPCN-16"}],"text":"Himalayan balsam is native to the Himalayas, specifically to the areas between Kashmir and Uttarakhand. In its native range it is usually found at altitudes between 2000 and 2500 m above sea level, although it has been reported at up to 4000 m above sea level.[9]In Europe the plant was first introduced into the United Kingdom by John Forbes Royle, professor of medicine at King's College, London who became Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, Saharanpur, India.[10] It has now become naturalized and widespread across riverbanks.[9] At present it can be found almost everywhere across the continent.[11][12][13]In North America it has been found in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland.[14] In the United States it is found on both the east and west coast, seemingly restricted to northern latitudes.[15]In New Zealand it is sometimes found growing wild along riverbanks and wetlands.[16]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"weed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"giant hogweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_hogweed"},{"link_name":"Japanese knotweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_knotweed"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mabey-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mabey-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mabey-20"},{"link_name":"riparian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian"},{"link_name":"invasive plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_plant"},{"link_name":"Japanese knotweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_knotweed"},{"link_name":"eutrophication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"CABI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CABI_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"rust fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(fungus)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"allelopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelopathy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Ecology_and_Hydrology"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Natural Resources Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Wales"},{"link_name":"strimmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_trimmer"},{"link_name":"River Ystwyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ystwyth"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_West_Wing.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Bank Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Hall"},{"link_name":"Bretherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretherton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Springkruid.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Impatiens_glandulifera_011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deschambault-Grondines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deschambault-Grondines"}],"text":"Himalayan balsam is sometimes cultivated for its flowers. It is now widely established in other parts of the world (such as the British Isles and North America), in some cases becoming a weed. Its aggressive seed dispersal, coupled with high nectar production which attracts pollinators, often allows it to out-compete native plants. Himalayan balsam also promotes river bank erosion due to the plant dying back over winter, leaving the bank unprotected from flooding.[17] Invasive Himalayan balsam can also adversely affect indigenous species by attracting pollinators (e.g. insects) at the expense of indigenous species.[18] It is considered a \"prohibited noxious weed\" under the Alberta Weed Control Act 2010.[19]In the UK, the plant was first introduced in 1839, at the same time as giant hogweed and Japanese knotweed.[20][21] These plants were all promoted at the time as having the virtues of \"herculean proportions\" and \"splendid invasiveness\" which meant that ordinary people could buy them for the cost of a packet of seeds to rival the expensive orchids grown in the greenhouses of the rich. Within ten years, however, Himalayan balsam had escaped from the confines of cultivation and begun to spread along the river systems of England.[20]It has now spread across most of the UK, and some local wildlife trusts organise \"balsam bashing\" events to help control the plant.[20] However, a study by Hejda and Pyšek (2006) concluded that, in some circumstances, such efforts may cause more harm than good. Destroying riparian stands of Himalayan balsam can open up the habitat for more aggressive invasive plants such as Japanese knotweed and aid in seed dispersal by dropped seeds sticking to shoes. Riparian habitat is suboptimal for I. glandulifera, and spring or autumn flooding destroys seeds and plants. The research suggests that the best way to control the spread of riparian Himalayan balsam is to decrease eutrophication, thereby permitting the better-adapted local vegetation, that gets outgrown by the balsam on watercourses with high nutrient load, to rebound naturally. The researchers caution that their conclusions probably do not hold true for stands of the plant at forest edges and meadow habitats, where manual destruction is still the best approach.The Bionic Control of Invasive Weeds project, in Wiesbaden, Germany, is trying to establish a self-sufficient means of conserving their local biodiversity by developing several food products made from the Himalayan balsam flowers. If all goes well, the project will have it financing its own eradication.In August 2014, CABI released a rust fungus in Berkshire, Cornwall and Middlesex in the United Kingdom as part of field trials into the biological control of Himalayan balsam.[22]Some research also suggests that I. glandulifera may exhibit allelopathy, which means that it excretes toxins that negatively affect neighboring plants, thus increasing its competitive advantage.[23]The Royal Horticultural Society and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology recommend that pulling and cutting is the main method of non-chemical control, and usually the most appropriate.[24][25] Natural Resources Wales has used manual methods, such as pulling plants and using strimmers, to largely eradicate Himalayan balsam from reaches of the River Ystwyth.[26]Himalayan balsam, Bank Hall, Bretherton, Lancashire, England\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFruits\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDeschambault-Grondines Quebec Canada","title":"Invasive species"}]	[{"image_text":"Scattering its seeds"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Impatiens_Glandulifera%2C_leaves.jpg/220px-Impatiens_Glandulifera%2C_leaves.jpg"},{"image_text":"Glands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Springkraut_fg04.jpg/220px-Springkraut_fg04.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species\". Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503150726/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2862533","url_text":"\"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species\""},{"url":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2862533","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern – Environment – European Commission\". European Commission. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm","url_text":"\"List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern – Environment – European Commission\""}]},{"reference":"\"REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species\".","urls":[{"url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN","url_text":"\"REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species\""}]},{"reference":"\"Himalayan balsam \| The Wildlife Trusts\". wildlifetrusts.org. Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/himalayan-balsam","url_text":"\"Himalayan balsam \| The Wildlife Trusts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gastronomie: Springkraut & Co.: Kräuterkoch Peter Becker macht aus Neophyten Salat\". Badische Zeitung. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.badische-zeitung.de/gastronomie-1/kraeuterkoch-peter-becker-macht-aus-neophyten-salat--49463213.html","url_text":"\"Gastronomie: Springkraut & Co.: Kräuterkoch Peter Becker macht aus Neophyten Salat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Which flowers are the best source of nectar?\". Conservation Grade. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214024659/http://www.conservationgrade.org/2014/10/which_flowers_best_source_nectar/","url_text":"\"Which flowers are the best source of nectar?\""},{"url":"http://www.conservationgrade.org/2014/10/which_flowers_best_source_nectar/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beerling, David J.; Perrins, James M. (June 1993). \"Impatiens Glandulifera Royle (Impatiens Roylei Walp.)\". The Journal of Ecology. 81 (2): 367–382. Bibcode:1993JEcol..81..367B. doi:10.2307/2261507. JSTOR 2261507.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JEcol..81..367B","url_text":"1993JEcol..81..367B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2261507","url_text":"10.2307/2261507"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2261507","url_text":"2261507"}]},{"reference":"Pyšek, Petr; Prach, Karel (1995). \"Invasion dynamics of Impatiens glandulifera – A century of spreading reconstructed\". Biological Conservation. 74 (1): 41–48. Bibcode:1995BCons..74...41P. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(95)00013-T.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995BCons..74...41P","url_text":"1995BCons..74...41P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-3207%2895%2900013-T","url_text":"10.1016/0006-3207(95)00013-T"}]},{"reference":"Clements, David R; Feenstra, Kathleen R; Jones, Karen; Staniforth, Richard (April 2008). \"The biology of invasive alien plants in Canada. 9. Impatiens glandulifera Royle\". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 88 (2): 403–417. doi:10.4141/CJPS06040.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4141%2FCJPS06040","url_text":"10.4141/CJPS06040"}]},{"reference":"\"Himalayan balsam, Impatiens glandulifera Geraniales: Balsaminaceae\". EDDMapS.org. Retrieved 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eddmaps.org/Species/subject.cfm?sub=12794","url_text":"\"Himalayan balsam, Impatiens glandulifera Geraniales: Balsaminaceae\""}]},{"reference":"\"Impatiens glandulifera\". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=4100","url_text":"\"Impatiens glandulifera\""}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Phillip; Fister, Wolfgang; Kuhn, Nikolas (2014). \"The potential influence of the invasive plant, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan Balsam), on the ecohydromorphic functioning of inland river systems\" (PDF). Geophysical Research Abstracts: 2698. Bibcode:2014EGUGA..16.2698P. Retrieved 14 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2014/EGU2014-2698.pdf","url_text":"\"The potential influence of the invasive plant, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan Balsam), on the ecohydromorphic functioning of inland river systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.2698P","url_text":"2014EGUGA..16.2698P"}]},{"reference":"Thijs, Koen W.; Brys, Rein; Verboven, Hans A. F.; Hermy, Martin (30 July 2011). \"The influence of an invasive plant species on the pollination success and reproductive output of three riparian plant species\". Biological Invasions. 14 (2): 355–365. doi:10.1007/s10530-011-0067-y. S2CID 14186232.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/71b3dc7f4f180ee892dcd2a419760aeeef6ce9b5","url_text":"\"The influence of an invasive plant species on the pollination success and reproductive output of three riparian plant species\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10530-011-0067-y","url_text":"10.1007/s10530-011-0067-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14186232","url_text":"14186232"}]},{"reference":"\"Identification Guide for Alberta Invasive Plants\" (PDF). Wheatland County, Alberta. 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edmonton.ca/documents/PDF/Weed_Identification_Book.pdf","url_text":"\"Identification Guide for Alberta Invasive Plants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatland_County,_Alberta","url_text":"Wheatland County, Alberta"}]},{"reference":"Mabey, Richard (25 July 2011). \"Indian Balsam\". Mabey in the wild. BBC. Retrieved 24 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b012qnl4#synopsis","url_text":"\"Indian Balsam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wanted!: Himalayan Balsam\". British Isles: A Natural History. The Open University. Retrieved 4 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-environment/natural-history/wanted-himalayan-balsam","url_text":"\"Wanted!: Himalayan Balsam\""}]},{"reference":"\"CABI releases rust fungus to control invasive weed, Himalayan balsam\". cabi.org. CABI. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cabi.org/news-article/cabi-releases-rust-fungus-to-control-invasive-weed-himalayan-balsam/","url_text":"\"CABI releases rust fungus to control invasive weed, Himalayan balsam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140531185139/http://www.aka.fi/Tiedostot/Viksu/2012ty%C3%B6t/Sofia%20Mononen%20kilpailuty%C3%B6.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.aka.fi/Tiedostot/Viksu/2012ty%C3%B6t/Sofia%20Mononen%20kilpailuty%C3%B6.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Himalayan Balsam\". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=480","url_text":"\"Himalayan Balsam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society","url_text":"Royal Horticultural Society"}]},{"reference":"\"Information Sheet 3: Himalayan Balsam\" (PDF). Centre for Ecology and Hydrology: Centre for Aquatic Plant Management. 8 March 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sci_programmes/documents/himalayanbalsam.pdf","url_text":"\"Information Sheet 3: Himalayan Balsam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Ecology_and_Hydrology:_Centre_for_Aquatic_Plant_Management&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology: Centre for Aquatic Plant Management"}]},{"reference":"\"Cyfoeth Issue 3 September 2013\" (PDF). Natural Resources Wales. p. 6. Retrieved 12 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://naturalresources.wales/media/1156/cyfoeth-no3-september-2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Cyfoeth Issue 3 September 2013\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503150726/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2862533","external_links_name":"\"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species\""},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2862533","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm","external_links_name":"\"List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern – Environment – European Commission\""},{"Link":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN","external_links_name":"\"REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuya_Yagira	Yuya Yagira	["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Brand endorsements","4 Filmography","4.1 Television","4.2 Film","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]	Japanese actor (born 1990) Yūya Yagira柳楽優弥Yagira at the Tokyo International Film Festival in 2022Born (1990-03-26) March 26, 1990 (age 34)Tokyo, JapanOccupationActorYears active2003–presentAgentStardust PromotionSpouseEllie Toyota Yuya Yagira (柳楽優弥, Yagira Yūya, born March 26, 1990) is a Japanese actor. In 2004, he became the youngest winner of the Best Actor award in the history of the Cannes Film Festival for his portrayal of 12-year-old Akira in the highly acclaimed Nobody Knows. Career Yagira was 12 years old and not a professional actor, when filming began for Nobody Knows in 2002. He then immediately went on to television projects and other films. He co-starred with Eriko Sato in Akane Yamada's All to the Sea which was released in 2010 and co-starred with Kie Kitano in Taro Hyugaji's Under the Nagasaki Sky, released in 2013. In 2021, Yagira played young Takeshi Kitano in the biopic Asakusa Kid. Personal life Yagira was hospitalized on August 29, 2008 for a drug overdose, with early reports calling it a suicide attempt. Yagira later denied that he had been trying to kill himself, noting that he was the one who called an ambulance after he began feeling ill from taking the pills. According to his blog: "The incident followed an argument with my family. In a fit of anger I took a larger than usual dosage of my prescription tranquilizers. As a result I felt ill and asked for an ambulance to be called."— Japan Zone 1 September 2008 On January 15, 2010, Yuya Yagira married TV personality Ellie Toyota at Tokyo's Meiji Shrine. They had registered their marriage on January 14. They have a child together. Brand endorsements In 2018, Yagira became the brand ambassador for Japanese men's grooming brand GATSBY. He starred in the TV Commercial "GATSBY Cop", together with popular Japanese actor Mackenyu Arata. Filmography Television Kunimitsu no Matsuri (KTV, 2003), Shinsaku Sakagami Denchi ga Kireru Made (TV Asahi, 2004), Daichi Takano Tokyo23: Survival City (Wowow, 2010), Noboru Arai Lady: Saigo no Hanzai Profile, episodes 4, 5 (TBS, 2011), Satoshi Tatsumi Galileo XX (Fuji TV, 2013), Kento Tōma Aoi Honō (TV Tokyo, 2014), Moyuru Honoo Nobunaga Concerto, episode 1 (Fuji TV, 2014), Oda Nobuyuki Nurses of the Palace (TBS, 2015), Kōtarō Nakano Mare (NHK, Asadora, 2015), Daisuke Ikehata We're Millennials. Got a Problem? (NTV, 2016), Maribu Michigami The Brave Yoshihiko and The Seven Driven People (TV Tokyo, 2016), Yuusha Yoshihiko Naotora: The Lady Warlord (NHK, Taiga Drama, 2017), Ryūun-maru Mom, May I Quit Being Your Daughter? (NHK, 2017), Taichi Matsushima Frankenstein's Love (NTV, 2017), Seiya Inaniwa Gintama: Mitsuba hen (dTV, 2017), Toshiro Hijikata Gintama of the Unusual (dTV, 2018), Toshiro Hijikata From Today, It's My Turn, episode 3 (NTV, 2018), Moyuru Honoo A Day-Off of Kasumi Arimura, episode 4 (Wowow, 2020), Kevin Takeda Gift of Fire (NHK, 2020), Osamu Ishimura Pay to Ace (NTV, 2021), Kurodo Kuroki Gannibal (Disney+, 2022), Daigo Agawa Film Nobody Knows (2004), Akira Fukushima Shining Boy and Little Randy (2005) Sugar and Spice (2006), Shiro Yamashita The Bandage Club (2007) The Shock Labyrinth 3D (2009) All to the Sea (2010) Under the Nagasaki Sky (2013), Goro Sawada Unforgiven (2013), Yuichi Hirose Again (2013), Ryutaro Crows Explode (2014), Toru Gora Ushijima the Loan Shark 2 (2014), Ebinuma Saiga no Inochi (2014), Keito Myose Gassoh (2015), Kiwamu Akitsu Destruction Babies (2016), Taira Ashihara Hentai Kamen: Abnormal Crisis (2016), Tadashi Makoto Pink and Gray (2016), Shingo Suzuki Ninkyo Yaro (2016) Grab the Sun (2016) Gintama (2017), Toshiro Hijikata Samurai's Promise (2018), Chiri Tsubaki Hibiki (2018), Kohei Tanaka Gintama 2 (2018), Toshiro Hijikata His Lost Name (2019), Shichi The Fable (2019), Kojima Don't Cry, Mr. Ogre (2019), Tomoyuki Saito Doraemon: Nobita's Chronicle of the Moon Exploration (2019) From Today, It's My Turn the Movie (2020), Eiji Yanagi Hokusai (2021), Hokusai Katsushika (young) Gift of Fire (2021), Osamu Ishimura Under the Turquoise Sky (2021), Takeshi Asakusa Kid (2021), Takeshi Kitano The Fish Tale (2022), Hiyo We're Millennials. Got a Problem?: The Movie (2023), Maribu Michigami A Conviction of Marriage (2024), Arata Natsume Awards 2004: 57th Cannes Film Festival - Best Actor for Nobody Knows 2004: 90th Kinema Junpo Award - Best New Actor for Nobody Knows 2005: 26th Yokohama Film Festival - Best New Actor for Nobody Knows 2016: Drama Academy Awards - Best Supporting Actor for We're Millennials. Got a problem? 2017: 90th Kinema Junpo Award - Best Actor for Destruction Babies 2017: 38th Yokohama Film Festival - Best Actor for Destruction Babies 2022: 46th Elan d'or Awards - Newcomer of the Year References ^ "Japanese teenager wins best actor award at Cannes". The Japan Times. 24 May 2004. ^ Bradshaw, Peter (5 November 2004). "Nobody Knows - Reviews - guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. ^ King, Susan (9 February 2005). "Hidden neglect brought to light". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-06-02. ^ Schilling, Mark (22 January 2010). "Subete wa Umi ni Naru". The Japan Times. ^ Young, Deborah (23 June 2013). "Under the Nagasaki Sky (Nagasaki no sora): Shanghai Review". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ a b "Yagira Yuya Denies Suicide Attempt". Japan Zone - Entertainment. Japan Zone. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2012. ^ "Yuuya Yagira Denies Alleged Suicide Attempt Reports". Anime News Network. 2008-09-02. Retrieved 2008-09-02. ^ "Yagira Yuya, Ellie Toyota Wed". Japan Zone - Entertainment News. Japan Zone. 15 January 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2012. ^ Di Placido, Dani. "Yuya Yagira Talks Gut-Churning Series 'Gannibal'". Forbes. Retrieved 7 August 2023. ^ "GATSBY's Campaign Video & CM Wins Prizes in Three Categories at ADFEST 2019" (PDF). Mandom Corporation Japan. Retrieved April 22, 2019. ^ ミッドナイト☆ドラマ「TOKYO23 ～サバイバルシティ」｜WOWOWオンライン (in Japanese). WOWOW INC. Retrieved 2015-05-12. ^ "Episode 5 on Official website" (in Japanese). Tokyo Broadcasting System Television, Inc. Retrieved 2015-05-12. ^ "Galileo Official website" (in Japanese). Fuji Television Network, Inc. Retrieved 2015-05-12. ^ "College Life Manga Aoi Honō Gets Live-Action Show". Anime News Network. 4 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014. ^ 「信長協奏曲」に藤木直人、濱田岳、夏帆、柳楽優弥ら総勢11名の豪華キャスト発表! (in Japanese). IID Inc. Retrieved 2015-05-12. ^ "Masshiro Official website" (in Japanese). Tokyo Broadcasting System Television, Inc. Retrieved 2015-05-12. ^ "Mare Official website" (in Japanese). NHK. Archived from the original on 2015-05-10. Retrieved 2015-05-12. ^ a b "「ゆとりですがなにか」まさかの映画化！岡田将生×松坂桃李×柳楽優弥、再結集". eiga.com. Retrieved April 24, 2023. ^ "有村架純の妄想のオフを"のぞき見" 『撮休』ドラマ場面カット解禁". Crank-in!. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ "Pay to Ace". Nippon TV. Retrieved August 3, 2020. ^ "柳楽優弥と「岬の兄妹」の片山慎三がタッグ、「ガンニバル」ディズニープラスでドラマ化". Natalie. Retrieved September 22, 2021. ^ "大泉洋＆柳楽優弥が共演劇団ひとり監督脚本のNetflix映画『浅草キッド』". Cinra.net. Retrieved November 24, 2020. ^ "さかなのこ". eiga.com. Retrieved April 14, 2022. ^ "夏目アラタの結婚". eiga.com. Retrieved April 19, 2024. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Nobody Knows". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 11 November 2009. ^ "山田裕貴・川口春奈・広瀬アリスらが新人賞「2022年エランドール賞」発表＜受賞一覧＞". Model Press. Retrieved February 3, 2022. External links Official website Yuya Yagira at IMDb vteCannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor1946–1975 Ray Milland (1946) Edward G. Robinson (1949) Michael Redgrave (1951) Marlon Brando (1952) Spencer Tracy / Sergei Lukyanov / Boris Andreyev / Aleksey Batalov / Sergei Kurilov / Vadim Medvedev / Boris Bityukov / Nikolai Gritsenko / Pavel Kadochnikov / Boris Kokovkin / Nikolay Sergeev (1955) John Kitzmiller (1957) Paul Newman (1958) Bradford Dillman / Dean Stockwell / Orson Welles (1959) Anthony Perkins (1961) Dean Stockwell / Jason Robards / Ralph Richardson / Murray Melvin (1962) Richard Harris (1963) Antal Páger / Saro Urzì (1964) Terence Stamp (1965) Per Oscarsson (1966) Oded Kotler (1967) Jean-Louis Trintignant (1969) Marcello Mastroianni (1970) Riccardo Cucciolla (1971) Jean Yanne (1972) Giancarlo Giannini (1973) Jack Nicholson (1974) Vittorio Gassman (1975) 1976–2000 José Luis Gómez (1976) Fernando Rey (1977) Jon Voight (1978) Jack Lemmon / Stefano Madia (1979) Michel Piccoli / Jack Thompson (1980) Ugo Tognazzi / Ian Holm (1981) Jack Lemmon (1982) Gian Maria Volonté (1983) Alfredo Landa / Francisco Rabal (1984) William Hurt (1985) Michel Blanc / Bob Hoskins (1986) Marcello Mastroianni (1987) Forest Whitaker (1988) James Spader (1989) Gérard Depardieu (1990) John Turturro / Samuel L. Jackson (1991) Tim Robbins (1992) David Thewlis (1993) Ge You (1994) Jonathan Pryce (1995) Pascal Duquenne / Daniel Auteuil (1996) Sean Penn (1997) Peter Mullan (1998) Emmanuel Schotte (1999) Tony Leung Chiu-wai (2000) 2001–present Benoît Magimel (2001) Olivier Gourmet (2002) Muzaffer Özdemir / Mehmet Emin Toprak (2003) Yūya Yagira (2004) Tommy Lee Jones (2005) Jamel Debbouze / Samy Naceri / Roschdy Zem / Sami Bouajila / Bernard Blancan (2006) Konstantin Lavronenko (2007) Benicio del Toro (2008) Christoph Waltz (2009) Javier Bardem / Elio Germano (2010) Jean Dujardin (2011) Mads Mikkelsen (2012) Bruce Dern (2013) Timothy Spall (2014) Vincent Lindon (2015) Shahab Hosseini (2016) Joaquin Phoenix (2017) Marcello Fonte (2018) Antonio Banderas (2019) Caleb Landry Jones (2021) Song Kang-ho (2022) Koji Yakusho (2023) Jesse Plemons (2024) vteYokohama Film Festival Award for Best Actor Ken Ogata (1980) Masato Furuoya (1981) Toshiyuki Nagashima (1982) Ryudo Uzaki (1983) Yūsaku Matsuda (1984) Takeshi Kaga (1985) Minori Terada (1986) Koichi Iwaki (1987) Saburō Tokitō (1988) Hiroyuki Sanada (1989) Ryo Ishibashi (1990) Masato Furuoya (1991) Hidekazu Akai (1992) Masahiro Motoki (1993) Hiroyuki Sanada (1994) Eiji Okuda (1995) Etsushi Toyokawa (1996) Koji Yakusho / Tadanobu Asano (1997) Yoshio Harada (1998) Kiichi Nakai / Claude Maki (1999) Ken Takakura (2000) Tadanobu Asano (2001) Yōsuke Kubozuka (2002) Kyōzō Nagatsuka / Seiichi Tanabe (2003) Satoshi Tsumabuki (2004) Koji Yakusho (2005) Joe Odagiri (2006) Teruyuki Kagawa (2007) Ryo Kase (2008) Kaoru Kobayashi (2009) Masato Sakai (2010) Etsushi Toyokawa (2011) Eita (2012) Hiroshi Abe (2013) Masaharu Fukuyama (2014) Go Ayano (2015) Kiyohiko Shibukawa / Masatoshi Nagase (2016) Tomokazu Miura / Yuya Yagira (2017) Sosuke Ikematsu (2018) Masahiro Higashide / Koji Yakusho (2019) Sosuke Ikematsu (2020) Kazunari Ninomiya (2021) Arata Furuta / Tori Matsuzaka (2022) Kōji Seto (2023) Ryohei Suzuki (2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Netherlands Academics CiNii	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Nobody Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody_Knows_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Yuya Yagira (柳楽優弥, Yagira Yūya, born March 26, 1990) is a Japanese actor. In 2004, he became the youngest winner of the Best Actor award[1] in the history of the Cannes Film Festival for his portrayal of 12-year-old Akira in the highly acclaimed Nobody Knows.[2]","title":"Yuya Yagira"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-3"},{"link_name":"Eriko Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriko_Sato_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kie Kitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kie_Kitano"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Takeshi Kitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeshi_Kitano"},{"link_name":"Asakusa Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asakusa_Kid"}],"text":"Yagira was 12 years old and not a professional actor, when filming began for Nobody Knows in 2002.[3] He then immediately went on to television projects and other films. He co-starred with Eriko Sato in Akane Yamada's All to the Sea which was released in 2010[4] and co-starred with Kie Kitano in Taro Hyugaji's Under the Nagasaki Sky, released in 2013.[5]In 2021, Yagira played young Takeshi Kitano in the biopic Asakusa Kid.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drug overdose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_overdose"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jpzone-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jpzone-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Yagira was hospitalized on August 29, 2008 for a drug overdose, with early reports calling it a suicide attempt.[6][7] Yagira later denied that he had been trying to kill himself, noting that he was the one who called an ambulance after he began feeling ill from taking the pills. According to his blog:\"The incident followed an argument with my family. In a fit of anger I took a larger than usual dosage of my prescription tranquilizers. As a result I felt ill and asked for an ambulance to be called.\"[6]— Japan Zone 1 September 2008On January 15, 2010, Yuya Yagira married TV personality Ellie Toyota at Tokyo's Meiji Shrine. They had registered their marriage on January 14.[8] They have a child together.[9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mackenyu Arata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenyu_Arata"}],"text":"In 2018, Yagira became the brand ambassador for Japanese men's grooming brand GATSBY.[10] He starred in the TV Commercial \"GATSBY Cop\", together with popular Japanese actor Mackenyu Arata.","title":"Brand endorsements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_Telecasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"TV Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Asahi"},{"link_name":"Wowow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wowow"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"TBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System_Television"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Fuji TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_Television"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Aoi Honō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoi_Hon%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"TV Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Nobunaga Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobunaga_Concerto"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobuyuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobuyuki"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Nurses of the Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshiro"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"Asadora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asadora"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yutori-18"},{"link_name":"Naotora: The Lady Warlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naotora:_The_Lady_Warlord"},{"link_name":"Taiga Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga_Drama"},{"link_name":"NTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_TV"},{"link_name":"From Today, It's My Turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8D_Kara_Ore_Wa!!"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"NTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_TV"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Gannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannibal_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Kunimitsu no Matsuri (KTV, 2003), Shinsaku Sakagami\nDenchi ga Kireru Made (TV Asahi, 2004), Daichi Takano\nTokyo23: Survival City (Wowow, 2010), Noboru Arai[11]\nLady: Saigo no Hanzai Profile, episodes 4, 5 (TBS, 2011), Satoshi Tatsumi[12]\nGalileo XX (Fuji TV, 2013), Kento Tōma[13]\nAoi Honō (TV Tokyo, 2014), Moyuru Honoo[14]\nNobunaga Concerto, episode 1 (Fuji TV, 2014), Oda Nobuyuki[15]\nNurses of the Palace (TBS, 2015), Kōtarō Nakano[16]\nMare (NHK, Asadora, 2015), Daisuke Ikehata[17]\nWe're Millennials. Got a Problem? (NTV, 2016), Maribu Michigami[18]\nThe Brave Yoshihiko and The Seven Driven People (TV Tokyo, 2016), Yuusha Yoshihiko\nNaotora: The Lady Warlord (NHK, Taiga Drama, 2017), Ryūun-maru\nMom, May I Quit Being Your Daughter? (NHK, 2017), Taichi Matsushima\nFrankenstein's Love (NTV, 2017), Seiya Inaniwa\nGintama: Mitsuba hen (dTV, 2017), Toshiro Hijikata\nGintama of the Unusual (dTV, 2018), Toshiro Hijikata\nFrom Today, It's My Turn, episode 3 (NTV, 2018), Moyuru Honoo\nA Day-Off of Kasumi Arimura, episode 4 (Wowow, 2020), Kevin Takeda[19]\nGift of Fire (NHK, 2020), Osamu Ishimura\nPay to Ace (NTV, 2021), Kurodo Kuroki[20]\nGannibal (Disney+, 2022), Daigo Agawa[21]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nobody Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody_Knows_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Sugar and Spice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_and_Spice_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"The Bandage Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dtai_Club"},{"link_name":"The Shock Labyrinth 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shock_Labyrinth_3D"},{"link_name":"Unforgiven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unforgiven_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Crows Explode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crows_Explode"},{"link_name":"Hentai Kamen: Abnormal Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentai_Kamen:_Abnormal_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Pink and Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_and_Gray"},{"link_name":"Gintama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintama_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hibiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiki:_Sh%C5%8Dsetsuka_ni_Naru_H%C5%8Dh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"The Fable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fable"},{"link_name":"Doraemon: Nobita's Chronicle of the Moon Exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doraemon:_Nobita%27s_Chronicle_of_the_Moon_Exploration"},{"link_name":"From Today, It's My Turn the Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8D_Kara_Ore_Wa!!"},{"link_name":"Asakusa Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asakusa_Kid"},{"link_name":"Takeshi Kitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeshi_Kitano"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yutori-18"},{"link_name":"A Conviction of Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsume_Arata_no_Kekkon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Nobody Knows (2004), Akira Fukushima\nShining Boy and Little Randy (2005)\nSugar and Spice (2006), Shiro Yamashita\nThe Bandage Club (2007)\nThe Shock Labyrinth 3D (2009)\nAll to the Sea (2010)\nUnder the Nagasaki Sky (2013), Goro Sawada\nUnforgiven (2013), Yuichi Hirose\nAgain (2013), Ryutaro\nCrows Explode (2014), Toru Gora\nUshijima the Loan Shark 2 (2014), Ebinuma\nSaiga no Inochi (2014), Keito Myose\nGassoh (2015), Kiwamu Akitsu\nDestruction Babies (2016), Taira Ashihara\nHentai Kamen: Abnormal Crisis (2016), Tadashi Makoto\nPink and Gray (2016), Shingo Suzuki\nNinkyo Yaro (2016)\nGrab the Sun (2016)\nGintama (2017), Toshiro Hijikata\nSamurai's Promise (2018), Chiri Tsubaki\nHibiki (2018), Kohei Tanaka\nGintama 2 (2018), Toshiro Hijikata\nHis Lost Name (2019), Shichi\nThe Fable (2019), Kojima\nDon't Cry, Mr. Ogre (2019), Tomoyuki Saito\nDoraemon: Nobita's Chronicle of the Moon Exploration (2019)\nFrom Today, It's My Turn the Movie (2020), Eiji Yanagi\nHokusai (2021), Hokusai Katsushika (young)\nGift of Fire (2021), Osamu Ishimura\nUnder the Turquoise Sky (2021), Takeshi\nAsakusa Kid (2021), Takeshi Kitano[22]\nThe Fish Tale (2022), Hiyo[23]\nWe're Millennials. Got a Problem?: The Movie (2023), Maribu Michigami[18]\nA Conviction of Marriage (2024), Arata Natsume[24]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"57th Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Actor_Award_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"Nobody Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody_Knows_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-25"},{"link_name":"90th Kinema Junpo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinema_Junpo"},{"link_name":"Nobody Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody_Knows_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"26th Yokohama Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Yokohama_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Nobody Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody_Knows_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"90th Kinema Junpo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinema_Junpo"},{"link_name":"38th Yokohama Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Yokohama_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Elan d'or Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elan_d%27or_Awards"},{"link_name":"Newcomer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elan_d%27or_Award_for_Newcomer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"2004: 57th Cannes Film Festival - Best Actor for Nobody Knows[25]\n2004: 90th Kinema Junpo Award - Best New Actor for Nobody Knows\n2005: 26th Yokohama Film Festival - Best New Actor for Nobody Knows\n2016: Drama Academy Awards - Best Supporting Actor for We're Millennials. Got a problem?\n2017: 90th Kinema Junpo Award - Best Actor for Destruction Babies\n2017: 38th Yokohama Film Festival - Best Actor for Destruction Babies\n2022: 46th Elan d'or Awards - Newcomer of the Year[26]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Japanese teenager wins best actor award at Cannes\". The Japan Times. 24 May 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/05/24/national/japanese-teenager-wins-best-actor-award-at-cannes/","url_text":"\"Japanese teenager wins best actor award at Cannes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times","url_text":"The Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"Bradshaw, Peter (5 November 2004). \"Nobody Knows - Reviews - guardian.co.uk\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw","url_text":"Bradshaw, Peter"},{"url":"http://film.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/Critic_Review/Guardian_review/0,4267,1343301,00.html","url_text":"\"Nobody Knows - Reviews - guardian.co.uk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"King, Susan (9 February 2005). \"Hidden neglect brought to light\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2005/feb/09/entertainment/et-nobody9","url_text":"\"Hidden neglect brought to light\""}]},{"reference":"Schilling, Mark (22 January 2010). \"Subete wa Umi ni Naru\". The Japan Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Schilling","url_text":"Schilling, Mark"},{"url":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2010/01/22/films/subete-wa-umi-ni-naru/","url_text":"\"Subete wa Umi ni Naru\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times","url_text":"The Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"Young, Deborah (23 June 2013). \"Under the Nagasaki Sky (Nagasaki no sora): Shanghai Review\". The Hollywood Reporter.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/under-nagasaki-sky-nagasaki-no-573829","url_text":"\"Under the Nagasaki Sky (Nagasaki no sora): Shanghai Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Yagira Yuya Denies Suicide Attempt\". Japan Zone - Entertainment. Japan Zone. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japan-zone.com/news/2008/09/01/yagira_yuya_denies_suicide_attempt.shtml","url_text":"\"Yagira Yuya Denies Suicide Attempt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yuuya Yagira Denies Alleged Suicide Attempt Reports\". Anime News Network. 2008-09-02. Retrieved 2008-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-09-02/yuuya-yagira-denies-alleged-suicide-attempt-reports","url_text":"\"Yuuya Yagira Denies Alleged Suicide Attempt Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Yagira Yuya, Ellie Toyota Wed\". Japan Zone - Entertainment News. Japan Zone. 15 January 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japan-zone.com/news/2010/01/15/yagira_yuya_ellie_toyota_wed.shtml","url_text":"\"Yagira Yuya, Ellie Toyota Wed\""}]},{"reference":"Di Placido, Dani. \"Yuya Yagira Talks Gut-Churning Series 'Gannibal'\". Forbes. Retrieved 7 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2023/02/24/yuya-yagira-talks-disneys-gut-churning-series-gannibal/?sh=463fd6575ec9","url_text":"\"Yuya Yagira Talks Gut-Churning Series 'Gannibal'\""}]},{"reference":"\"GATSBY's Campaign Video & CM Wins Prizes in Three Categories at ADFEST 2019\" (PDF). Mandom Corporation Japan. Retrieved April 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mandom.co.jp/en/release/pdf/2019042201_en.pdf","url_text":"\"GATSBY's Campaign Video & CM Wins Prizes in Three Categories at ADFEST 2019\""}]},{"reference":"ミッドナイト☆ドラマ「TOKYO23 ～サバイバルシティ」｜WOWOWオンライン (in Japanese). WOWOW INC. Retrieved 2015-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wowow.co.jp/drama/tokyo23/","url_text":"ミッドナイト☆ドラマ「TOKYO23 ～サバイバルシティ」｜WOWOWオンライン"}]},{"reference":"\"Episode 5 on Official website\" (in Japanese). Tokyo Broadcasting System Television, Inc. Retrieved 2015-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tbs.co.jp/LADY_cps/story/story_05.html","url_text":"\"Episode 5 on Official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galileo Official website\" (in Japanese). Fuji Television Network, Inc. Retrieved 2015-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fujitv.co.jp/galileo/topics/index12.html","url_text":"\"Galileo Official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"College Life Manga Aoi Honō Gets Live-Action Show\". Anime News Network. 4 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-05-04/college-life-manga-aoi-hono-gets-live-action-show","url_text":"\"College Life Manga Aoi Honō Gets Live-Action Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"「信長協奏曲」に藤木直人、濱田岳、夏帆、柳楽優弥ら総勢11名の豪華キャスト発表! (in Japanese). IID Inc. Retrieved 2015-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2014/09/21/26107.html","url_text":"「信長協奏曲」に藤木直人、濱田岳、夏帆、柳楽優弥ら総勢11名の豪華キャスト発表!"}]},{"reference":"\"Masshiro Official website\" (in Japanese). Tokyo Broadcasting System Television, Inc. Retrieved 2015-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tbs.co.jp/masshiro2015/","url_text":"\"Masshiro Official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mare Official website\" (in Japanese). NHK. Archived from the original on 2015-05-10. Retrieved 2015-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150510165444/http://www.nhk.or.jp/mare/","url_text":"\"Mare Official website\""},{"url":"http://www.nhk.or.jp/mare/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"「ゆとりですがなにか」まさかの映画化！岡田将生×松坂桃李×柳楽優弥、再結集\". eiga.com. Retrieved April 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/news/20230424/1/","url_text":"\"「ゆとりですがなにか」まさかの映画化！岡田将生×松坂桃李×柳楽優弥、再結集\""}]},{"reference":"\"有村架純の妄想のオフを\"のぞき見\" 『撮休』ドラマ場面カット解禁\". Crank-in!. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crank-in.net/news/73654/1","url_text":"\"有村架純の妄想のオフを\"のぞき見\" 『撮休』ドラマ場面カット解禁\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pay to Ace\". Nippon TV. Retrieved August 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ntv.co.jp/english/pc/2020/03/pay-to-ace.html","url_text":"\"Pay to Ace\""}]},{"reference":"\"柳楽優弥と「岬の兄妹」の片山慎三がタッグ、「ガンニバル」ディズニープラスでドラマ化\". Natalie. Retrieved September 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/449295","url_text":"\"柳楽優弥と「岬の兄妹」の片山慎三がタッグ、「ガンニバル」ディズニープラスでドラマ化\""}]},{"reference":"\"大泉洋＆柳楽優弥が共演劇団ひとり監督脚本のNetflix映画『浅草キッド』\". Cinra.net. Retrieved November 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinra.net/news/20201124-asakusakid","url_text":"\"大泉洋＆柳楽優弥が共演劇団ひとり監督脚本のNetflix映画『浅草キッド』\""}]},{"reference":"\"さかなのこ\". eiga.com. Retrieved April 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/96792/","url_text":"\"さかなのこ\""}]},{"reference":"\"夏目アラタの結婚\". eiga.com. Retrieved April 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/101642/","url_text":"\"夏目アラタの結婚\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: Nobody Knows\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 11 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4200491/year/2004.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: Nobody Knows\""}]},{"reference":"\"山田裕貴・川口春奈・広瀬アリスらが新人賞「2022年エランドール賞」発表＜受賞一覧＞\". Model Press. Retrieved February 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/2991352","url_text":"\"山田裕貴・川口春奈・広瀬アリスらが新人賞「2022年エランドール賞」発表＜受賞一覧＞\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/05/24/national/japanese-teenager-wins-best-actor-award-at-cannes/","external_links_name":"\"Japanese teenager wins best actor award at Cannes\""},{"Link":"http://film.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/Critic_Review/Guardian_review/0,4267,1343301,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Nobody Knows - Reviews - guardian.co.uk\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2005/feb/09/entertainment/et-nobody9","external_links_name":"\"Hidden neglect brought to light\""},{"Link":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2010/01/22/films/subete-wa-umi-ni-naru/","external_links_name":"\"Subete wa Umi ni Naru\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/under-nagasaki-sky-nagasaki-no-573829","external_links_name":"\"Under the Nagasaki Sky (Nagasaki no sora): Shanghai Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.japan-zone.com/news/2008/09/01/yagira_yuya_denies_suicide_attempt.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Yagira Yuya Denies Suicide Attempt\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-09-02/yuuya-yagira-denies-alleged-suicide-attempt-reports","external_links_name":"\"Yuuya Yagira Denies Alleged Suicide Attempt Reports\""},{"Link":"http://www.japan-zone.com/news/2010/01/15/yagira_yuya_ellie_toyota_wed.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Yagira Yuya, Ellie Toyota Wed\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2023/02/24/yuya-yagira-talks-disneys-gut-churning-series-gannibal/?sh=463fd6575ec9","external_links_name":"\"Yuya Yagira Talks Gut-Churning Series 'Gannibal'\""},{"Link":"https://www.mandom.co.jp/en/release/pdf/2019042201_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"GATSBY's Campaign Video & CM Wins Prizes in Three Categories at ADFEST 2019\""},{"Link":"http://www.wowow.co.jp/drama/tokyo23/","external_links_name":"ミッドナイト☆ドラマ「TOKYO23 ～サバイバルシティ」｜WOWOWオンライン"},{"Link":"http://www.tbs.co.jp/LADY_cps/story/story_05.html","external_links_name":"\"Episode 5 on Official website\""},{"Link":"http://www.fujitv.co.jp/galileo/topics/index12.html","external_links_name":"\"Galileo Official website\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-05-04/college-life-manga-aoi-hono-gets-live-action-show","external_links_name":"\"College Life Manga Aoi Honō Gets Live-Action Show\""},{"Link":"http://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2014/09/21/26107.html","external_links_name":"「信長協奏曲」に藤木直人、濱田岳、夏帆、柳楽優弥ら総勢11名の豪華キャスト発表!"},{"Link":"http://www.tbs.co.jp/masshiro2015/","external_links_name":"\"Masshiro Official website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150510165444/http://www.nhk.or.jp/mare/","external_links_name":"\"Mare Official website\""},{"Link":"http://www.nhk.or.jp/mare/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://eiga.com/news/20230424/1/","external_links_name":"\"「ゆとりですがなにか」まさかの映画化！岡田将生×松坂桃李×柳楽優弥、再結集\""},{"Link":"https://www.crank-in.net/news/73654/1","external_links_name":"\"有村架純の妄想のオフを\"のぞき見\" 『撮休』ドラマ場面カット解禁\""},{"Link":"http://www.ntv.co.jp/english/pc/2020/03/pay-to-ace.html","external_links_name":"\"Pay to Ace\""},{"Link":"https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/449295","external_links_name":"\"柳楽優弥と「岬の兄妹」の片山慎三がタッグ、「ガンニバル」ディズニープラスでドラマ化\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinra.net/news/20201124-asakusakid","external_links_name":"\"大泉洋＆柳楽優弥が共演劇団ひとり監督脚本のNetflix映画『浅草キッド』\""},{"Link":"https://eiga.com/movie/96792/","external_links_name":"\"さかなのこ\""},{"Link":"https://eiga.com/movie/101642/","external_links_name":"\"夏目アラタの結婚\""},{"Link":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4200491/year/2004.html","external_links_name":"\"Festival de Cannes: Nobody Knows\""},{"Link":"https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/2991352","external_links_name":"\"山田裕貴・川口春奈・広瀬アリスらが新人賞「2022年エランドール賞」発表＜受賞一覧＞\""},{"Link":"https://official.stardust.co.jp/yuyayagira/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1625874/","external_links_name":"Yuya Yagira"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114974955","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/119105819","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmy39RxpVmDvDg3wGFFrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16603544r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16603544r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/142052841","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007415734705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009064159","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01163921","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p290682401","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15314228?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Grand_Band	Wonderful Grand Band	["1 History","2 Members","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]	For the album, see The Wonderful Grand Band (album). The Wonderful Grand BandOriginSt. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, CanadaGenresRockFolk RockYears active1978–1983 (Reunion 1997) 2009–presentLabelsGrand East RecordsMusical artist The Wonderful Grand Band is a Canadian music and comedy group formed in 1978 in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. History The group was founded in 1978, and included comedians Greg Malone and Tommy Sexton. They released their first album, The Wonderful Grand Band, in 1979. The group had an eponymous television musical variety show on CBC Television. This ran for six episodes under the title The Root Seller in 1978, before relaunching in 1980 as The Wonderful Grand Band, which produced 40 more episodes between 1980 and 1983. The show starred Ron Hynes, Sandy Morris, Ian Perry, Glenn Simmons (later replaced by Steve Annan, who died in 2010), Kelly Russell (later replaced by Jamie Snider), and Rocky Wiseman (who was later replaced by Paul Stamp), as well as Malone and Sexton, who died in 1993. The show combined original and traditional music with topical comedy sketches and satire, some of which was directed at the CBC itself. The band released a second album, Living in a Fog, in 1981. The band reunited in 2009 for a series of concerts throughout Newfoundland and Labrador, in conjunction with the release of two DVDs containing 12 episodes of the TV show. A second, one-off reunion was held in August 2012 at a Ron Hynes concert held before Hynes entered treatment for throat cancer. On December 7, 2017, The Wonderful Grand Band released a re-recorded version of Babylon Mall for the 50th anniversary of the Avalon Mall, with Mark Critch from CBC's This Hour Has 22 Minutes on vocals. Members Current Members Sandy Morris - acoustic & electric lead guitars, backing vocals (1978 - 1983, 1997, 2009 - present) Greg Malone - comedian (1978, 1979 - 1983, 1997, 2009 - present) Glenn Simmons - lead vocals, acoustic & electric guitars, bass, backing vocals (1978 - 1982, 1997, 2009 - present) Jamie Snider - lead vocals, fiddle, guitars, mandolin (1980 - 1983, 1997, 2009 - present) Paul "Boomer" Stamp - drums, percussion, backing vocals (1981 - 1982, 1982 - 1983, 1997, 2009–present) Ian Perry - bass, guitars, backing vocals (1978 - 1982, 1997, 2009 - present) Past Members Bryan Hennessey - bass, harmonica (1978) (died 2021) Bawnie Oulton - backing vocals (1978) (died 2010) Kelly Russell - fiddle, mandolin, dulcimer, backing vocals (1978 - 1980) Rocky Wiseman - drums (1978 - 1981) (died 2018) Steve Annan - guitars (1982 - 1983) (died 2010) Howie Warden - bass (1982 - 1983) Kevin McNeil - drums (1982) Ron Hynes – lead vocals, guitars, mandolin, banjo, backing vocals (1978 - 1983, 1997, 2009 - 2015) (died 2015) Tommy Sexton – vocals, comedian (1979 - 1983) (died 1993) Cathy Jones - comedian (1982 - 1983) Mary Walsh - comedian (1982 - 1983) Discography See also List of songs by the Wonderful Grand Band. Wonderful Grand Band (1978) Living in a Fog (1981) References Citations ^ Sandra Clarke (28 February 2010). Newfoundland and Labrador English. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 93–. ISBN 978-0-7486-3141-4. ^ Sean Cadigan (11 April 2009). Newfoundland and Labrador: A History. University of Toronto Press. pp. 2047–. ISBN 978-1-4426-9059-2. ^ a b Larry LeBlanc (28 June 2003). "Newfoundland's Hynes documents local life". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. pp. 65–. ISSN 0006-2510. ^ "Television". ^ Alan Doyle (13 October 2015). Where I Belong. Doubleday Canada. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-0-385-68038-7. ^ Darrell Varga (1 November 2015). Shooting from the East: Filmmaking on the Canadian Atlantic. MQUP. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-0-7735-9805-8. ^ Bob Mersereau (1 March 2015). The History of Canadian Rock 'n' Roll. Backbeat Books. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-1-4950-2890-8. ^ 'Magical' Ron Hynes performs before cancer treatment; CBC News; August 11, 2012 http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2012/08/12/nl-hynes-performs-before-cancer-treatment-811.html External links Wonderful Grand Band Wonderful Grand Band official site vteRon HynesStudio albums Cryer's Paradise (1993) Face to the Gale (1997) Standing in Line in the Rain (1998) Singles "Sonny's Dream" Related articles Wonderful Grand Band Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wonderful Grand Band (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Grand_Band_(album)"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian"},{"link_name":"St. John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke2010-1"}],"text":"For the album, see The Wonderful Grand Band (album).Musical artistThe Wonderful Grand Band is a Canadian music and comedy group formed in 1978 in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.[1]","title":"Wonderful Grand Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Malone_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Sexton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Sexton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cadigan2009-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inc.2003-3"},{"link_name":"CBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doyle2015-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Varga2015-6"},{"link_name":"Kelly Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Russell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mersereau2015-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inc.2003-3"},{"link_name":"Ron Hynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Hynes"},{"link_name":"throat cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throat_cancer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mark Critch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Critch"},{"link_name":"This Hour Has 22 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Hour_Has_22_Minutes"}],"text":"The group was founded in 1978, and included comedians Greg Malone and Tommy Sexton.[2] They released their first album, The Wonderful Grand Band, in 1979.[3]The group had an eponymous television musical variety show on CBC Television. This ran for six episodes under the title The Root Seller in 1978, before relaunching in 1980 as The Wonderful Grand Band, which produced 40 more episodes between 1980 and 1983.[4][5] The show starred Ron Hynes,[6] Sandy Morris, Ian Perry, Glenn Simmons (later replaced by Steve Annan, who died in 2010), Kelly Russell (later replaced by Jamie Snider), and Rocky Wiseman (who was later replaced by Paul Stamp), as well as Malone and Sexton, who died in 1993. The show combined original and traditional music[7] with topical comedy sketches and satire, some of which was directed at the CBC itself.The band released a second album, Living in a Fog, in 1981.[3]The band reunited in 2009 for a series of concerts throughout Newfoundland and Labrador, in conjunction with the release of two DVDs containing 12 episodes of the TV show. A second, one-off reunion was held in August 2012 at a Ron Hynes concert held before Hynes entered treatment for throat cancer.[8]On December 7, 2017, The Wonderful Grand Band released a re-recorded version of Babylon Mall for the 50th anniversary of the Avalon Mall, with Mark Critch from CBC's This Hour Has 22 Minutes on vocals.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Malone_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Glenn Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Simmons_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Russell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ron Hynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Hynes"},{"link_name":"Tommy Sexton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Sexton"},{"link_name":"Cathy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Jones"},{"link_name":"Mary Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Walsh_(actress)"}],"text":"Current MembersSandy Morris - acoustic & electric lead guitars, backing vocals (1978 - 1983, 1997, 2009 - present)\nGreg Malone - comedian (1978, 1979 - 1983, 1997, 2009 - present)\nGlenn Simmons - lead vocals, acoustic & electric guitars, bass, backing vocals (1978 - 1982, 1997, 2009 - present)\nJamie Snider - lead vocals, fiddle, guitars, mandolin (1980 - 1983, 1997, 2009 - present)\nPaul \"Boomer\" Stamp - drums, percussion, backing vocals (1981 - 1982, 1982 - 1983, 1997, 2009–present)\nIan Perry - bass, guitars, backing vocals (1978 - 1982, 1997, 2009 - present)Past MembersBryan Hennessey - bass, harmonica (1978) (died 2021)\nBawnie Oulton - backing vocals (1978) (died 2010)\nKelly Russell - fiddle, mandolin, dulcimer, backing vocals (1978 - 1980)\nRocky Wiseman - drums (1978 - 1981) (died 2018)\nSteve Annan - guitars (1982 - 1983) (died 2010)\nHowie Warden - bass (1982 - 1983)\nKevin McNeil - drums (1982)\nRon Hynes – lead vocals, guitars, mandolin, banjo, backing vocals (1978 - 1983, 1997, 2009 - 2015) (died 2015)\nTommy Sexton – vocals, comedian (1979 - 1983) (died 1993)\nCathy Jones - comedian (1982 - 1983)\nMary Walsh - comedian (1982 - 1983)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of songs by the Wonderful Grand Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_by_the_Wonderful_Grand_Band"},{"link_name":"Wonderful Grand Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderful_Grand_Band_(album)"},{"link_name":"Living in a Fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_in_a_Fog"}],"text":"See also List of songs by the Wonderful Grand Band.Wonderful Grand Band (1978)\nLiving in a Fog (1981)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sandra Clarke (28 February 2010). Newfoundland and Labrador English. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 93–. ISBN 978-0-7486-3141-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WO6qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93","url_text":"Newfoundland and Labrador English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3141-4","url_text":"978-0-7486-3141-4"}]},{"reference":"Sean Cadigan (11 April 2009). Newfoundland and Labrador: A History. University of Toronto Press. pp. 2047–. ISBN 978-1-4426-9059-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nUjN5uhVA1UC&pg=PA2047","url_text":"Newfoundland and Labrador: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9059-2","url_text":"978-1-4426-9059-2"}]},{"reference":"Larry LeBlanc (28 June 2003). \"Newfoundland's Hynes documents local life\". Billboard. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casio_digital_diary	Electronic organizer	["1 History","2 Casio digital diary","3 Other electronic organizers","3.1 Features","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Calculator-size computer This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Electronic organizer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Opened Sharp Electric Organizer model (sold as Sharp Wizard in the US) model ZQ-770. Casio SF-R20 Digital Diary featuring 256 KB RAM, from around 1993. Casio Business Navigator BN-40A. An electronic organizer (or electric organizer) is a small calculator-sized computer, often with an built-in diary application and other functions such as an address book and calendar, replacing paper-based personal organizers. Typically, it has a small alphanumeric keypad and an LCD screen of one, two, or three lines. They were very popular especially with businessmen during the 1990s, but because of the advent of palmtop PCs in the 1990s, personal digital assistants in the 2000s, and smartphones in the 2010s, all of which have a larger set of features, electronic organizers are mostly seen today for research purposes. One of the leading research topics being the study of how electronics can help people with mental disabilities use this type of equipment to aid their daily life. Electronic organizers have more recently been used to support people with Alzheimer's disease to have a visual representation of a schedule. History The electronic diary or organizer was first patented by Indian businessman Satyanarayan Pitroda in 1975. Casio digital diary Casio digital diaries were produced by Casio in the early and mid 1990s, but have since been entirely superseded by mobile phones and PDAs. Other electronic organizers While Casio was a major role player in the field of electronic organizers there were many different ideas, patent requests, and manufacturers of electronic organizers. Rolodex, widely known for their index card holders in the 1980s, Sharp Electronics, mostly known for their printers and audio visual equipment, and lastly Royal electronics were all large contributors to the electronic organizer in its heyday. Features Telephone directory Schedule keeper: Keep track of appointments. Memo function: Store text data such as price lists, airplane schedules, and more. To do list: Keep track of daily tasks, checking off items as you complete them. World time: Find out the current time in virtually any location on the globe. Secret memory area: The secret memory area keeps personal data private. Once a password is registered, data is locked away until the password is used to access the secret area. Alarm Metric conversion function: Conversion between metric units and another measurement unit. Currency conversion function Game: Some machines included a game such as Poker or Blackjack. See also Pocket electronic dictionary Personal digital assistant (PDA) Smartphone Pocket computer References ^ Bryen, Diane Nelson; Carey, Allison; Friedman, Mark (February 2007). "Cell Phone Use by Adults With Intellectual Disabilities". Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 45 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1352/1934-9556(2007)452.0.co;2. ISSN 1934-9491. PMID 17428123. ^ Imbeault, Hélène; Pigot, Hélène; Bier, Nathalie; Gagnon, Lise; Marcotte, Nicolas; Giroux, Sylvain; Fülüp, Tamas (2011). Abdulrazak, Bessam; Giroux, Sylvain; Bouchard, Bruno; Pigot, Hélène; Mokhtari, Mounir (eds.). "Interdisciplinary Design of an Electronic Organizer for Persons with Alzheimer's Disease". Toward Useful Services for Elderly and People with Disabilities. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 6719. Springer Berlin Heidelberg: 137–144. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21535-3_18. ISBN 978-3-642-21535-3. ^ "Electronic Diary patent - CHM Revolution". ^ , "Combination pager, organizer and radio", issued 1997-06-13 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electronic Organizer. vteComputer sizes and classesMicroStaticAppliances Arcade cabinet Diskless node Video game console Home console Microconsole Internet appliance Intelligent terminal Interactive kiosk Rich client Simulator Smart speaker Smart TV Thin client ComputersBy use Gaming Home Industrial Personal Personal super Public Server Home server Workstation By size All-in-one Panel Tabletop Surface Desktop Deskside Pizza box Tower Portable Small form factor Mini PC Plug Rack Blade server Blade PC MobileLaptop 2-in-1 Convertible Detachable Cloudbook Mobile workstation Notebook Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Handheld Electronic organizer E-reader Handheld game console Handheld PC Mobile data terminal Mobile phone Camera Feature Smartphone Palmtop PC Personal digital assistant Phablet Pocket Portable data terminal Portable media player Siftable Tablet Ultra-mobile PC Virtual pet Calculator Graphing Programmable Scientific Wearable Activity tracker Smart band Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Sportwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Mini Supermini Large Grid Mainframe Minisuper Super Others Embedded system Information appliance Microcontroller Nano Rugged Rugged smartphone Single-board Computer-on-module Smartdust Wireless sensor network Category This mobile computing related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SharpElectronicOrganiser-open.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casio_Digital_Diary_SF-R20_open.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casio_BN-40A_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"calculator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator"},{"link_name":"diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary"},{"link_name":"personal organizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_organizer"},{"link_name":"alphanumeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphanumeric"},{"link_name":"LCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display"},{"link_name":"palmtop PCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmtop_PC"},{"link_name":"personal digital assistants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryen_2007-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Imbeault_2011-2"}],"text":"Opened Sharp Electric Organizer model (sold as Sharp Wizard in the US) model ZQ-770.Casio SF-R20 Digital Diary featuring 256 KB RAM, from around 1993.Casio Business Navigator BN-40A.An electronic organizer (or electric organizer) is a small calculator-sized computer, often with an built-in diary application and other functions such as an address book and calendar, replacing paper-based personal organizers. Typically, it has a small alphanumeric keypad and an LCD screen of one, two, or three lines.They were very popular especially with businessmen during the 1990s, but because of the advent of palmtop PCs in the 1990s, personal digital assistants in the 2000s, and smartphones in the 2010s, all of which have a larger set of features, electronic organizers are mostly seen today for research purposes. One of the leading research topics being the study of how electronics can help people with mental disabilities use this type of equipment to aid their daily life.[1] Electronic organizers have more recently been used to support people with Alzheimer's disease to have a visual representation of a schedule.[2]","title":"Electronic organizer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Satyanarayan Pitroda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyan_Pitroda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHM-3"}],"text":"The electronic diary or organizer was first patented by Indian businessman Satyanarayan Pitroda in 1975.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casio"}],"text":"Casio digital diaries were produced by Casio in the early and mid 1990s, but have since been entirely superseded by mobile phones and PDAs.","title":"Casio digital diary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US5929774A-4"},{"link_name":"Rolodex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolodex"},{"link_name":"Sharp Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Electronics"}],"text":"While Casio was a major role player in the field of electronic organizers there were many different ideas, patent requests, and manufacturers of electronic organizers.[4] Rolodex, widely known for their index card holders in the 1980s, Sharp Electronics, mostly known for their printers and audio visual equipment, and lastly Royal electronics were all large contributors to the electronic organizer in its heyday.","title":"Other electronic organizers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Features","text":"Telephone directory\nSchedule keeper: Keep track of appointments.\nMemo function: Store text data such as price lists, airplane schedules, and more.\nTo do list: Keep track of daily tasks, checking off items as you complete them.\nWorld time: Find out the current time in virtually any location on the globe.\nSecret memory area: The secret memory area keeps personal data private. Once a password is registered, data is locked away until the password is used to access the secret area.\nAlarm\nMetric conversion function: Conversion between metric units and another measurement unit.\nCurrency conversion function\nGame: Some machines included a game such as Poker or Blackjack.","title":"Other electronic organizers"}]	[{"image_text":"Opened Sharp Electric Organizer model (sold as Sharp Wizard in the US) model ZQ-770.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SharpElectronicOrganiser-open.jpg/250px-SharpElectronicOrganiser-open.jpg"},{"image_text":"Casio SF-R20 Digital Diary featuring 256 KB RAM, from around 1993.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Casio_Digital_Diary_SF-R20_open.JPG/220px-Casio_Digital_Diary_SF-R20_open.JPG"},{"image_text":"Casio Business Navigator BN-40A.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Casio_BN-40A_2.jpg/220px-Casio_BN-40A_2.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Pocket electronic dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dictionary#Handheld_dictionaries_or_PEDs"},{"title":"Personal digital assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant"},{"title":"Smartphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"title":"Pocket computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_computer"}]	[{"reference":"Bryen, Diane Nelson; Carey, Allison; Friedman, Mark (February 2007). \"Cell Phone Use by Adults With Intellectual Disabilities\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Desnick	Robert J. Desnick	["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 Fellowships and awards","4 Grants","5 Patents","6 Books","7 Publications","8 References","9 External links"]	American geneticist Robert J. DesnickBornMinneapolis, MNNationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolKnown fortranslational research in genetics and genomics; research on inherited metabolic diseasesAwardsE. Mead Johnson Award (1981)Scientific careerFieldshuman genetics and genomicsInstitutionsMount Sinai Hospital Robert J. Desnick is an American human geneticist whose basic and translational research accomplishments include significant discoveries in genomics, pharmacogenetics, gene therapy, personalized medicine, and the treatment of genetic diseases. His translational research has led to the development of the enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and the chaperone therapy for Fabry disease, ERT for Niemann–Pick disease type B, and the RNA Interference Therapy for the Acute Hepatic Porphyrias. He was the co-founder of Amicus Therapeutics, a biopharmaceutical company developing pharmacologic chaperone therapies (Galafold approved 2018), and served as the Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Committees (SAC) of Synageva BioPharma and Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals. The enzyme therapy developed in his laboratory and licensed to Genzyme as Fabrazyme, along with Cerazyme for Gaucher disease, helped build the rare disease company Genzyme, which has spawned more CEOs than any other company in history following its 2011 sale to Sanofi for $20.1 billion. Desnick is the Dean for Genetics and Genomic Medicine, and Professor and Chairman Emeritus of the Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences at The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City. Additionally, he is Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Oncological Sciences, and Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science at The Mount Sinai Hospital. Desnick is the author of more than 590 peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals, 250 book chapters and is the editor of 10 books. He holds 26 US issued and licensed patents and is included in Castle Connelly's lists of Best Doctors in America and Best Doctors in New York and New York Magazine’s list of the Best Doctors every year since the inception of the rating. He was elected to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine in 2004. Part of his genetics laboratory at Mount Sinai was spun out into Sema4 (NASDAQ: SMFR), which IPO’d in 2021 for $3 billion. Biography Desnick received his undergraduate degree from the University of Minnesota in 1965. He earned a Ph.D. in genetics from the University of Minnesota Graduate School in 1970 and his M.D. from the University of Minnesota Medical School in 1971. He completed an internship and a residency in pediatrics at the University of Minnesota Hospitals and joined the faculty at the University of Minnesota, where he rose to the rank of associate professor of Cell Biology and Genetics and Pediatrics. Desnick joined the staff at Mount Sinai Medical Center in 1977, as the Arthur J. and Nellie Z. Cohen Professor of Pediatrics and Genetics and Chief of the Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics. He was the first chairman of the newly created Department of Human Genetics in 1993, which was renamed the Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences in 2006. In 2009, he became Dean for Genetics & Genomic Medicine and Interim Director of the newly established Genomics Institute at Mount Sinai. He is currently Professor of Pediatrics, Oncological Sciences, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Gene and Cell Medicine and Professor and Chairman Emeritus of Genetics & Genomic Sciences. Desnick is an elected member of the Society for Pediatric Research, the American Pediatric Society, the American Society for Clinical Investigation, and the Association of American Physicians. He is an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. His research awards include the E. H. Ahrens, Jr. Award for Research from the Association for Patient-Oriented Research and the Award for Excellence in Clinical Research from the National Center for Research Resources from the National Institutes of Health. He received the Outstanding Achievement Award from the University of Minnesota. Desnick is a past director of the American Board of Medical Genetics, a Founding Diplomat of the American College of Medical Genetics, a past member of the board of directors of the American College of Medical Genetics Foundation, and a founder and past president of the Association of Professors of Human and Medical Genetics. He is past chair of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), past member of the AAMC Board of Directors and past chair of the AAMC Council of Academic Societies. He is currently the President of the American Porphyrias Expert Collaborative. Personal life He lives in New York City and Palm Beach with his wife, Julie Herzig Desnick, and son, Jonathan Desnick. Julie is an Abstract Expressionist painter and a LEED-certified, Registered Architect. He is a Trustee of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens. Fellowships and awards Partial list: U.S. Public Health Service Fellowship in Genetics, 1968–1970 Ross Award in Pediatric Research, 1972 C. J. Watson Award, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1973 NIH Research Career Development Award, 1975–1980 E. Mead Johnson Award for Research in Pediatrics of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 1981 Honorary Member, Japanese Society for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Elected 1985 Correspondent Member, Societá Italiana di Pediatria, Elected 1991 Honorary Member, Societá Italiana di Pediatria, Elected 1999 Outstanding Faculty Award, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1991 NIH MERIT Award, 1992–2004 J. Lester Gabrilove Award for Medical Research, 2003 Jacobi Medal, Mount Sinai Alumni Association, 2004 Edward H. Ahrens, Jr. Award for Research from the Association for Patient-Oriented Research, 2004 University of Minnesota Medical School Distinguished Alumni Award, 2004 Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University, 2004 Elected Senior Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2004 Elected Member, National Academy of Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2004 Award for Excellence in Clinical Research from the National Center for Research Resources, NIH, 2005 Albion O. Bernstein, MD Award for Contributions in Disease Prevention from the New York State Medical Society, 2005 Distinguished Service Award, Association of American Medical Colleges, 2010 Faculty Council Senior Award, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 2011 Lifetime Innovation & Achievement Award of the Lysosomal Disease Network, NIH, 2013 Genetic Disease Foundation Scientific Honoree for Contributions to Genetic Research and Genetic Medicine 2013 Inventor of the Year Award of the New York Intellectual Property Law Association, 2013 2017 Rare Impact Award, National Organization for Rare Disorder University of Minnesota, College of Biological Sciences, Lifetime Achievement Award, 2018 University of Minnesota, Outstanding Achievement Award, 2019 Grants Partial list: Research Training For Medical Geneticists at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, National Institute of General Medical Sciences Porphyria Rare Disease Clinical Research Consortium (rdcrc), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Porphyrias and Human Heme Biosynthesis, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Alpha Galactosidases A And B – Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Gene Therapy: Lysosomal Diseases With Mental Retardation, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development Patents Cloning and expression of biologically active human alpha-galactosidase A, (1994). Cloning and expression of biologically active α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, (1995). Cloning and expression of biologically active α-galactosidase A, (1995). Cloning and expression of biologically active α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, (1996). Cloning and expression of biologically active alpha-galactosidase A as a fusion protein, (1996). Acid sphingomyelinase gene and diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease, (1997). Acid sphingomyelinase gene, (1998). Methods for the treatment of bone resorption disorders, including osteoporosis, (1998). Methods for determining susceptibility to lead poisoning, (1998). Cells expressing an αGalA nucleic acid and methods of xenotransplantation, (2002). Acid sphingomyelinase protein and methods of treating type B Niemann-Pick disease, (2003). Method for enhancing mutant enzyme activities in lysosomal storage disorders, (2003). Chaperone-based therapy for Niemann-Pick disease, (2010). Dose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, (2013). Dose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, (2014). Dose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, (2014). Compositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene, (2015). Method and kits for detecting a polymorphism in δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase gene which is associated with an altered susceptibility to lead poisoning, (2017). Dose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, (2017). Compositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene, (2017). Dose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, (2017). Materials and methods for identifying spinal muscular atrophy carriers, (2018). Compositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene, (2018). Compositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene, (2018). Dose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, (2019). Compositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene, (2021). Books Desnick, R. J., Bernlohr, R. W. and Krivit, W., eds.: Enzyme Therapy in Genetic Diseases, Birth Defects Original Article Series. Vol. IX, No. 2. The National Foundation, New York, pp. 236, 1973. ISBN 0-683-06367-7 Rubenstein, I., Phillips, R. L., Green, C. E. and Desnick, R. J., eds.: Molecular Genetic Modification of Eucaryotes, Academic Press, New York, pp. 171, 1977. ASIN B000N5X2F2 Desnick, R. J., ed.: Enzyme Therapy in Genetic Diseases: 2, Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 544, 1980. ISBN 0-8451-1035-7 Desnick, R. J., Patterson, D. F. and Scarpelli, D. F., eds.: Animal Models of Inherited Metabolic Diseases. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 519, 1982. ASIN B0028IQ4KC Desnick, R. J., Gatt, S. and Grabowski, G. A., eds.: Gaucher Disease: A Century of Delineation and Research, Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 740, 1982. ISBN 0-8451-0095-5 Bishop, D. F. and Desnick, R. J., eds.: Assays of the Heme Biosynthetic Enzymes. Enzyme 28:1–232, 1982. ISBN 978-3-8055-3573-1 Tada, K., Colombo, J. P. and Desnick, R. J., eds.: Recent Advances in Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Karger, Basel, pp. 332, 1987. ISBN 3-8055-4772-2 Desnick, R. J., ed.: Treatment of Genetic Diseases, Churchill Livingstone, Inc., New York, pp. 331, 1991. ISBN 0-443-08773-3 Desnick, R. J. and Kaback, M. M., eds.: Tay–Sachs Disease, Academic Press, pp. 1–360, 2001. ISBN 0-12-017644-0 Publications Partial list: Ziegler, RJ, Cherry, M, Barbon, CM, Li, C, Bercury, SD, Armentano, D, Desnick, RJ, Cheng, SH: Correction of the biochemical and functional deficits in Fabry mice following AAV8-mediated hepatic expression of alpha-galactosidase A Mol. Ther. 15:492–500, 2007. doi:10.1038/sj.mt.6300066 PMID 17191071 Germain, DP, Waldek, S, Banikazemi, M, Bushinsky, DA, Charrow, J, Desnick, RJ, Lee, P, Loew, T, Vedder, AC, Abichandani, R, Wilcox, WR, and Guffon, N: Sustained, long-term renal stabilization after 54 months of agalsidase beta therapy in patients with Fabry disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18:1547–1557, 2007. doi:10.1681/ASN.2006080816 PMID 17409312 Grace, ME, Balwani, M, Nazarenko, I, Prakash-Cheng, A, and Desnick, RJ: Type 1 Gaucher disease: Null and hypomorphic novel chitotriosidase mutations- implications for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Hum. Mutat. 28:866–873, 2007. doi:10.1002/humu.20524 PMID 17464953 Desnick, R. J: Prenatal diagnosis of Fabry disease Prenat. Diag. 27:693–694, 2007. doi:10.1002/pd.1767 PMID 17533632 Scott, SA, Edelmann, L, Kornreich, R, Erazo, M and Desnick, RJ: CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 allele frequencies in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Pharmacogenomics 8:721–730, 2007. doi:10.2217/14622416.8.7.721 PMID 18240905 Yasuda, M, Domaradzki, M, Bishop, DF, and Desnick, RJ: Acute intermittent porphyria: Vector optimization for gene therapy J. Gene Med. 9:806–911, 2007. doi:10.1002/jgm.1074 PMID 17654633 Cunha, L, Kuti, M, Bishop, DF, Mezei, M, Zeng, L, Zhou, MM and Desnick, RJ: Human uroporphyrinogen III synthase: NMR-based mapping of the active site. Proteins 71:855–873, 2008. doi:10.1002/prot.21755 PMID 18004775 Scott, SA, Edelmann, L, Kornreich, R and Desnick, RJ: Warfarin pharmacogenetics: CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype predict different sensitivities and resistance frequencies in the Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jewish populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 82:495–500, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.10.002 PMID 18252229 McGovern, MM, Wasserstein, MP, Giugliani, R, Bembi, B, Vanier, M, Mengel, E, Brodie, SE, Mendelson, D, Skloot, G, Schuchman, EH Kuriyama, N, Desnick, RJ, and Cox, GF: A prospective, cross-sectional survey study of the natural history of Niemann-Pick disease Type B. Pediatrics 122: e341-349, 2008. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3016 PMID 18625664 Schiffmann, R, Banikazemi, M, Bultas, J, Linthorst, GE, Packman, S, Warnock, D, Asger Sorensen, S, Wilcox, WR, and Desnick, RJ: Fabry disease: progression of nephropathy, and prevalence of cardiac and cerebrovascular events before enzyme replacement therapy Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 24:2102–2111, 2009. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfp031 PMID 19218538 Benjamin, ER, Flanagan, JJ, Schilling, A, Chang, HH, Agarwal, L, Datz, E, Wu, X, Pine, C, Wustman, B, Desnick, RJ, Lockhart, DJ, and Valenzano, KJ: The pharmacological chaperone 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin increases α-galactosidase A levels in Fabry patient cell lines. J. Inherit. Dis. 3:424–440, 2009. doi:10.1007/s10545-009-1077-0 PMID 19387866 Hwu, WL, Chien, YH, Lee, NC, Chiang, SC, Huang, AC, Yeh, HY, Chao, MC, Lin, SJ, Kitagawa, T, Hse, LW, Desnick, RJ, and Hsu, LW: Newborn screening for Fabry disease in Taiwan reveals a high incidence of the later-onset mutation, IVS4+919G>A. Hum. Mutat., June 26, 2009. PMID 19621417 Scott, SA, Jaremko, M, Lubitz, S, Halperin, JL, Desnick, RJ: CYP2C9*8 is prevalent in African-Americans: implications for pharmacogenetic dosing. Pharmacogenomics 10:1243–1255, 2009. PMID 1963669 Galende, E., Karakikes, I., Edelmann, L., Desnick, R. J., Kerenyi, T., Khoueiry, G., Lafferty, J., McGinn, J. T., Brodman, M., Fuster, V., Hajjar, R. J., and Polgar, K. Amniotic fluid cells are more efficiently reprogrammed to pluripotency than adult cells. Cloning Stem Cells Dec. 17, 2009. PMID 20677926 doi:10.1089/cell.2009.0077 Khanna, R, Soska, R, Lun, Y, Feng, J, Frascella, M, Young, B, Brignol, N, Pellegrino, L, Sitaraman, SA, Desnick, RJ, Benjamin, ER, Lockhart, DJ and Valenzano, KJ: The pharmacological chaperone 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin reduces tissue globotriaosylceramide levels in a mouse model of Fabry disease. Mol. Ther. 18:23–33, 2010. doi:10.1038/mt.2009.220 PMID 19773742 Yasuda, M, Bishop, DF, Gan, L, Fowkes, M, Ziegler, R, Cheng, SH, and Desnick, RJ: AAV8-mediated gene therapy prevents induced biochemical attacks of acute intermittent porphyria. Mol. Ther. 18:17–22, 2010. doi:10.1038/mt.2009.250 PMID 19861948 Wozniak, M, Kittner, S, Tuhrim, S, Cole, J, Stern, B, Dobbins, M, Grace, M, Nazarenko, I, Dobrovolny, R, McDade, E, Desnick, RJ: Frequency of unrecognized Fabry disease among young European-American and African-American men with first ischemic stroke. Stroke 41: 78–81, 2010. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.558320 PMID 20007919 References ^ Katie Charles (2008-12-31). "An infusion of hope: Genetic engineering is changing the lives of kids and adults with Fabry Disease". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2010-03-01. ^ "The American Porphyria Foundation". Retrieved 2010-03-01. ^ "Alnylam Announces Approval of GIVLAARI® (givosiran) in the European Union for the Treatment of Acute Hepatic". Investor Relations \| Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Retrieved 2020-08-11. ^ "FDA Approves Galafold™ (Migalastat) for the Treatment of Certain Adult Patients with Fabry Disease - New York Times". Archived from the original on 2018-09-06. Retrieved 2018-09-05. ^ "Alexion To Acquire To Strengthen Global Leadership". Retrieved 3 January 2018. ^ Robert Weisman (July 11, 2015). "How Genzyme became a source of biotech executives". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2021-05-05. ^ "United States Patent Office". Retrieved 2010-03-01. ^ "National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc". Archived from the original on 2009-07-25. Retrieved 2010-03-01. ^ "New York Magazine: Best Doctors 2009". Retrieved 2010-03-01. ^ "Directory – Institute of Medicine". Retrieved 2010-03-01. ^ "Mount Sinai Hospital – Doctor profile". Retrieved 2015-04-09. ^ "Awards, Appointments, Announcements". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 96 (22): 1658. 2004-11-17. doi:10.1093/jnci/96.22.1658. ^ a b "ResearchCrossroads". Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved 2010-03-01. ^ "MyNewsdesk". Retrieved 2010-03-01. ^ "Trustee List". ASCSA. ^ "Alumni Award Recipients". alumni.icahn.mssm.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-13. ^ "Distinguished Alumni Award". Medical School – University of Minnesota. 11 November 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2016. ^ "Two Mount Sinai Researchers Named "Inventors of the Year" by the New York Intellectual Property Law Association \| Mount Sinai Innovation Partners". 28 June 2013. Retrieved 2019-03-13. ^ "Dr. Robert J. Desnick, MD, Ph.D - 2017 Rare Impact Award Honoree". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). 2017-03-15. Retrieved 2019-03-13. ^ "CBS Recognizes Three Outstanding Alumni \| College of Biological Sciences". cbs.umn.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-13. ^ US 5356804, Desnick, Robert J.; Bishop, David F. & Ioannou, Yiannis A., "Cloning and expression of biologically active human alpha-galactosidase A", published 1994-10-18, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University ^ US 5382524, Desnick, Robert J.; Bishop, David F. & Ioannou, Yiannis A. et al., "Cloning and expression of biologically active α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase", published 1995-01-17, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University ^ US 5401650, Desnick, Robert J.; Bishop, David F. & Ioannou, Yiannis A., "Cloning and expression of biologically active α-galactosidase A", published 1995-03-28, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University ^ US 5491075, Desnick, Robert J.; Bishop, David F. & Ioannou, Yiannis A. et al., "Cloning and expression of biologically active alpha N-acetylgalactosaminidase", published 1996-02-13, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University ^ US 5580757, Gelb, Bruce D.; Chapman, Harold & Desnick, Robert J., "Cloning and expression of biologically active α-galactosidase A as a fusion protein", published 1996-12-03, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University ^ US 5686240, Schuchman, Edward H. & Desnick, Robert J., "Acid sphingomyelinase gene and diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease", published 1997-11-11, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University ^ US 5773278, Schuchman, Edward H. & Desnick, Robert J., "Acid sphingomyelinase gene", published 1998-06-30, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University ^ US 5830850, Gelb, Bruce D.; Chapman, Harold & Desnick, Robert J., "Methods for the treatment of bone resorption disorders, including osteoporosis", published 1998-11-03, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University and Brigham and Women's Hospital ^ US 5840578, Desnick, Robert J. & Wetmur, James G., "Methods for determining susceptibility to lead poisoning", published 1998-11-24, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University ^ US 6455037, Ioannou, Yiannis; Desnick, Robert J. & Sandrin, Mauro S. et al., "Cells expressing an αGalA nucleic acid and methods of xenotransplantation", published 2002-09-24, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University and The Austin Research Institute ^ US 6541218, Schuchman, Edward H. & Desnick, Robert J., "Acid sphingomyelinase protein and methods of treating type B Niemann-Pick disease", published 2003-04-01, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University ^ US 6583158, Fan, Jian-Qiang; Ishii, Satoshi & Asano, Naoki et al., "Method for enhancing mutant enzyme activities in lysosomal storage disorders", published 2003-06-24, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University ^ US 7750050, Schuchman, Edward H. & Desnick, Robert J., "Chaperone-based therapy for Niemann-Pick disease", published 2010-07-06, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University ^ US 8349319, Schuchman, Edward H.; Desnick, Robert J. & Cox, Gerald F. et al., "Dose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency", published 2013-01-08, assigned to Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Genzyme Corp. ^ US 8658162, Schuchman, Edward H.; Desnick, Robert J. & Cox, Gerald F. et al., "Dose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency", published 2014-02-25, assigned to Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Genzyme Corp. ^ US 8709408, Schuchman, Edward H.; Desnick, Robert J. & Cox, Gerald F. et al., "Dose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency", published 2014-04-29, assigned to Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Genzyme Corp. ^ US 9133461, Bettencourt, Brian; Fitzgerald, Kevin & Querbes, William et al., "Compositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene", published 2015-09-15, assigned to Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai ^ US 5639607, Desnick, Robert J. & Wetmur, James G., "Method and kits for detecting a polymorphism in δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase gene which is associated with an altered susceptibility to lead poisoning", published 1997-06-17, assigned to Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University ^ US 9655954, Schuchman, Edward H.; Desnick, Robert J. & Cox, Gerald F. et al., "Dose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency", published 2017-05-23, assigned to Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Genzyme Corp. ^ US 9631193, Bettencourt, Brian; Fitzgerald, Kevin & Querbes, William et al., "Compositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene", published 2017-04-25, assigned to Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai ^ US 9655954, Schuchman, Edward H.; Desnick, Robert J. & Cox, Gerald F. et al., "Dose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency", published 2017-05-23, assigned to Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Genzyme Corp. ^ US 9994898, Edelmann, Lisa & Desnick, Robert J., "Materials and methods for identifying spinal muscular atrophy carriers", published 2018-06-12, assigned to Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai ^ US 10119143, Bettencourt, Brian; Fitzgerald, Kevin & Querbes, William et al., "Compositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene", published 2018-11-06, assigned to Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai ^ US 10125364, Bettencourt, Brian; Fitzgerald, Kevin & Querbes, William et al., "Compositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene", published 2018-11-13, assigned to Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai ^ US 10188705, Schuchman, Edward H.; Desnick, Robert J. & Cox, Gerald F et al., "Dose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency", published 2019-01-29, assigned to Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Genzyme Corp. ^ US 11028392, Bettencourt, Brian; Fitzgerald, Kevin & Querbes, William et al., "Compositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene", published 2021-06-08, assigned to Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai External links The Mount Sinai Hospital homepage Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai homepage An infusion of hope for Fabry disease patients. Dr. Robert J. Desnick on the treatment of Fabry disease. New York Daily News, December 31, 2008. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Academics ORCID Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human geneticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetics"},{"link_name":"genomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics"},{"link_name":"pharmacogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenetics"},{"link_name":"gene therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy"},{"link_name":"personalized medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalized_medicine"},{"link_name":"enzyme replacement therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_replacement_therapy"},{"link_name":"Fabry disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabry_disease"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Niemann–Pick disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease"},{"link_name":"Acute Hepatic Porphyrias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acute_Hepatic_Porphyrias&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Amicus Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_Therapeutics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Synageva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synageva"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kiniksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiniksa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Genzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genzyme"},{"link_name":"Sanofi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icahn_School_of_Medicine_at_Mount_Sinai"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Mount Sinai Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New York Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering_and_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Robert J. Desnick is an American human geneticist whose basic and translational research accomplishments include significant discoveries in genomics, pharmacogenetics, gene therapy, personalized medicine, and the treatment of genetic diseases. His translational research has led to the development of the enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and the chaperone therapy for Fabry disease,[1][2] ERT for Niemann–Pick disease type B, and the RNA Interference Therapy for the Acute Hepatic Porphyrias.[3]He was the co-founder of Amicus Therapeutics, a biopharmaceutical company developing pharmacologic chaperone therapies (Galafold approved 2018[4]), and served as the Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Committees (SAC) of Synageva BioPharma [5] and Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals. The enzyme therapy developed in his laboratory and licensed to Genzyme as Fabrazyme, along with Cerazyme for Gaucher disease, helped build the rare disease company Genzyme, which has spawned more CEOs than any other company in history following its 2011 sale to Sanofi for $20.1 billion.[6]Desnick is the Dean for Genetics and Genomic Medicine, and Professor and Chairman Emeritus of the Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences at The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City. Additionally, he is Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Oncological Sciences, and Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science at The Mount Sinai Hospital.Desnick is the author of more than 590 peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals, 250 book chapters and is the editor of 10 books. He holds 26 US issued and licensed patents[7] and is included in Castle Connelly's lists of Best Doctors in America and Best Doctors in New York and New York Magazine’s list of the Best Doctors every year since the inception of the rating.[8][9] He was elected to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine in 2004.[10]Part of his genetics laboratory at Mount Sinai was spun out into Sema4 (NASDAQ: SMFR), which IPO’d in 2021 for $3 billion.","title":"Robert J. Desnick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota Hospitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"American Pediatric Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pediatric_Society"},{"link_name":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Clinical_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Association of American Physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Physicians"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering_and_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"National Center for Research Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Research_Resources"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"American Board of Medical Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_of_Medical_Specialties"},{"link_name":"American College of Medical Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_Medical_Genetics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ResearchCrossroads-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Association of American Medical Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges"}],"text":"Desnick received his undergraduate degree from the University of Minnesota in 1965. He earned a Ph.D. in genetics from the University of Minnesota Graduate School in 1970 and his M.D. from the University of Minnesota Medical School in 1971. He completed an internship and a residency in pediatrics at the University of Minnesota Hospitals and joined the faculty at the University of Minnesota, where he rose to the rank of associate professor of Cell Biology and Genetics and Pediatrics.Desnick joined the staff at Mount Sinai Medical Center in 1977, as the Arthur J. and Nellie Z. Cohen Professor of Pediatrics and Genetics and Chief of the Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics. He was the first chairman of the newly created Department of Human Genetics in 1993, which was renamed the Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences in 2006. In 2009, he became Dean for Genetics & Genomic Medicine and Interim Director of the newly established Genomics Institute at Mount Sinai. He is currently Professor of Pediatrics, Oncological Sciences, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Gene and Cell Medicine and Professor and Chairman Emeritus of Genetics & Genomic Sciences.[11]Desnick is an elected member of the Society for Pediatric Research, the American Pediatric Society, the American Society for Clinical Investigation, and the Association of American Physicians. He is an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.[12] His research awards include the E. H. Ahrens, Jr. Award for Research from the Association for Patient-Oriented Research and the Award for Excellence in Clinical Research from the National Center for Research Resources from the National Institutes of Health. He received the Outstanding Achievement Award from the University of Minnesota.Desnick is a past director of the American Board of Medical Genetics, a Founding Diplomat of the American College of Medical Genetics, a past member of the board of directors of the American College of Medical Genetics Foundation, and a founder and past president of the Association of Professors of Human and Medical Genetics.[13][14] He is past chair of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), past member of the AAMC Board of Directors and past chair of the AAMC Council of Academic Societies. He is currently the President of the American Porphyrias Expert Collaborative.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American School of Classical Studies in Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_School_of_Classical_Studies_in_Athens"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"He lives in New York City and Palm Beach with his wife, Julie Herzig Desnick, and son, Jonathan Desnick. Julie is an Abstract Expressionist painter and a LEED-certified, Registered Architect.He is a Trustee of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens.[15]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. J. Watson Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.med.umn.edu/about/honors-awards/student-awards/cecil-j-watson-award"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"NIH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"E. Mead Johnson Award for Research in Pediatrics of the American Academy of Pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Mead_Johnson_Award"},{"link_name":"Japanese Society for Inherited Metabolic Diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jsimd-60.net/en/"},{"link_name":"Societá Italiana di Pediatria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sip.it/"},{"link_name":"Societá Italiana di Pediatria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sip.it/"},{"link_name":"NIH MERIT Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_MERIT_Award"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Medicine_of_the_National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Center for Research Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Research_Resources"},{"link_name":"New York State Medical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mssny.org/"},{"link_name":"Association of American Medical Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges"},{"link_name":"Mount Sinai School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icahn_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Lysosomal Disease Network, NIH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lysosomaldiseasenetwork.org/"},{"link_name":"Genetic Disease Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/"},{"link_name":"New York Intellectual Property Law Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Intellectual_Property_Law_Association"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"National Organization for Rare Disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_for_Rare_Disorders"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//uawards.umn.edu/university-awards/outstanding-achievement-award"}],"text":"Partial list:U.S. Public Health Service Fellowship in Genetics, 1968–1970\nRoss Award in Pediatric Research, 1972\nC. J. Watson Award, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1973\nNIH Research Career Development Award, 1975–1980\nE. Mead Johnson Award for Research in Pediatrics of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 1981\nHonorary Member, Japanese Society for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Elected 1985\nCorrespondent Member, Societá Italiana di Pediatria, Elected 1991\nHonorary Member, Societá Italiana di Pediatria, Elected 1999\nOutstanding Faculty Award, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1991\nNIH MERIT Award, 1992–2004\nJ. Lester Gabrilove Award for Medical Research, 2003[16]\nJacobi Medal, Mount Sinai Alumni Association, 2004\nEdward H. Ahrens, Jr. Award for Research from the Association for Patient-Oriented Research, 2004\nUniversity of Minnesota Medical School Distinguished Alumni Award, 2004[17]\nDoctor of Science, Honoris Causa, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University, 2004\nElected Senior Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2004\nElected Member, National Academy of Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2004\nAward for Excellence in Clinical Research from the National Center for Research Resources, NIH, 2005\nAlbion O. Bernstein, MD Award for Contributions in Disease Prevention from the New York State Medical Society, 2005\nDistinguished Service Award, Association of American Medical Colleges, 2010\nFaculty Council Senior Award, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 2011\nLifetime Innovation & Achievement Award of the Lysosomal Disease Network, NIH, 2013\nGenetic Disease Foundation Scientific Honoree for Contributions to Genetic Research and Genetic Medicine\n2013 Inventor of the Year Award of the New York Intellectual Property Law Association, 2013[18]\n2017 Rare Impact Award, National Organization for Rare Disorder[19]\nUniversity of Minnesota, College of Biological Sciences, Lifetime Achievement Award, 2018[20]\nUniversity of Minnesota, Outstanding Achievement Award, 2019","title":"Fellowships and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ResearchCrossroads-13"},{"link_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_General_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Diabetes_and_Digestive_and_Kidney_Diseases"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Child_Health_and_Human_Development"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Diabetes_and_Digestive_and_Kidney_Diseases"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Diabetes_and_Digestive_and_Kidney_Diseases"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Child Health & Human Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Child_Health_%26_Human_Development"}],"text":"Partial list:[13]Research Training For Medical Geneticists at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, National Institute of General Medical Sciences\nPorphyria Rare Disease Clinical Research Consortium (rdcrc), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases\nMental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development\nPorphyrias and Human Heme Biosynthesis, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases\nAlpha Galactosidases A And B – Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases\nGene Therapy: Lysosomal Diseases With Mental Retardation, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development","title":"Grants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"lead poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"Cloning and expression of biologically active human alpha-galactosidase A, (1994).[21]\nCloning and expression of biologically active α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, (1995).[22]\nCloning and expression of biologically active α-galactosidase A, (1995).[23]\nCloning and expression of biologically active α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, (1996).[24]\nCloning and expression of biologically active alpha-galactosidase A as a fusion protein, (1996).[25]\nAcid sphingomyelinase gene and diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease, (1997).[26]\nAcid sphingomyelinase gene, (1998).[27]\nMethods for the treatment of bone resorption disorders, including osteoporosis, (1998).[28]\nMethods for determining susceptibility to lead poisoning, (1998).[29]\nCells expressing an αGalA nucleic acid and methods of xenotransplantation, (2002).[30]\nAcid sphingomyelinase protein and methods of treating type B Niemann-Pick disease, (2003).[31]\nMethod for enhancing mutant enzyme activities in lysosomal storage disorders, (2003).[32]\nChaperone-based therapy for Niemann-Pick disease, (2010).[33]\nDose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, (2013).[34]\nDose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, (2014).[35]\nDose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, (2014).[36]\nCompositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene, (2015).[37]\nMethod and kits for detecting a polymorphism in δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase gene which is associated with an altered susceptibility to lead poisoning, (2017).[38]\nDose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, (2017).[39]\nCompositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene, (2017).[40]\nDose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, (2017).[41]\nMaterials and methods for identifying spinal muscular atrophy carriers, (2018).[42]\nCompositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene, (2018).[43]\nCompositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene, (2018).[44]\nDose escalation enzyme replacement therapy for treating acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, (2019).[45]\nCompositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the ALAS1 gene, (2021).[46]","title":"Patents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-683-06367-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-683-06367-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8451-1035-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8451-1035-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8451-0095-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8451-0095-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8055-3573-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8055-3573-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8055-4772-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8055-4772-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-443-08773-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-443-08773-3"},{"link_name":"Kaback, M. M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kaback"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-12-017644-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-017644-0"}],"text":"Desnick, R. J., Bernlohr, R. W. and Krivit, W., eds.: Enzyme Therapy in Genetic Diseases, Birth Defects Original Article Series. Vol. IX, No. 2. The National Foundation, New York, pp. 236, 1973. ISBN 0-683-06367-7\nRubenstein, I., Phillips, R. L., Green, C. E. and Desnick, R. J., eds.: Molecular Genetic Modification of Eucaryotes, Academic Press, New York, pp. 171, 1977. ASIN B000N5X2F2\nDesnick, R. J., ed.: Enzyme Therapy in Genetic Diseases: 2, Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 544, 1980. ISBN 0-8451-1035-7\nDesnick, R. J., Patterson, D. F. and Scarpelli, D. F., eds.: Animal Models of Inherited Metabolic Diseases. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 519, 1982. ASIN B0028IQ4KC\nDesnick, R. J., Gatt, S. and Grabowski, G. A., eds.: Gaucher Disease: A Century of Delineation and Research, Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 740, 1982. ISBN 0-8451-0095-5\nBishop, D. F. and Desnick, R. J., eds.: Assays of the Heme Biosynthetic Enzymes. Enzyme 28:1–232, 1982. ISBN 978-3-8055-3573-1\nTada, K., Colombo, J. P. and Desnick, R. J., eds.: Recent Advances in Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Karger, Basel, pp. 332, 1987. ISBN 3-8055-4772-2\nDesnick, R. J., ed.: Treatment of Genetic Diseases, Churchill Livingstone, Inc., New York, pp. 331, 1991. ISBN 0-443-08773-3\nDesnick, R. J. and Kaback, M. M., eds.: Tay–Sachs Disease, Academic Press, pp. 1–360, 2001. ISBN 0-12-017644-0","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/sj.mt.6300066","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.mt.6300066"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17191071","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17191071"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1681/ASN.2006080816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1681%2FASN.2006080816"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17409312","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17409312"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/humu.20524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.20524"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17464953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17464953"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/pd.1767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fpd.1767"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17533632","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17533632"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2217/14622416.8.7.721","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2217%2F14622416.8.7.721"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18240905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18240905"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/jgm.1074","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgm.1074"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17654633","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17654633"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/prot.21755","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fprot.21755"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18004775","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18004775"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.10.002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2007.10.002"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18252229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18252229"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1542/peds.2007-3016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2007-3016"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18625664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18625664"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ndt/gfp031","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fndt%2Fgfp031"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19218538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19218538"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s10545-009-1077-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10545-009-1077-0"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19387866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19387866"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19621417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19621417"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1963669","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1963669"},{"link_name":"Fuster, V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Fuster"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20677926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20677926"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1089/cell.2009.0077","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1089%2Fcell.2009.0077"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/mt.2009.220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fmt.2009.220"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19773742","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19773742"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/mt.2009.250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fmt.2009.250"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19861948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19861948"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.558320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1161%2FSTROKEAHA.109.558320"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20007919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20007919"}],"text":"Partial list:Ziegler, RJ, Cherry, M, Barbon, CM, Li, C, Bercury, SD, Armentano, D, Desnick, RJ, Cheng, SH: Correction of the biochemical and functional deficits in Fabry mice following AAV8-mediated hepatic expression of alpha-galactosidase A Mol. Ther. 15:492–500, 2007. doi:10.1038/sj.mt.6300066 PMID 17191071\nGermain, DP, Waldek, S, Banikazemi, M, Bushinsky, DA, Charrow, J, Desnick, RJ, Lee, P, Loew, T, Vedder, AC, Abichandani, R, Wilcox, WR, and Guffon, N: Sustained, long-term renal stabilization after 54 months of agalsidase beta therapy in patients with Fabry disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18:1547–1557, 2007. doi:10.1681/ASN.2006080816 PMID 17409312\nGrace, ME, Balwani, M, Nazarenko, I, Prakash-Cheng, A, and Desnick, RJ: Type 1 Gaucher disease: Null and hypomorphic novel chitotriosidase mutations- implications for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Hum. Mutat. 28:866–873, 2007. doi:10.1002/humu.20524 PMID 17464953\nDesnick, R. J: Prenatal diagnosis of Fabry disease Prenat. Diag. 27:693–694, 2007. doi:10.1002/pd.1767 PMID 17533632\nScott, SA, Edelmann, L, Kornreich, R, Erazo, M and Desnick, RJ: CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 allele frequencies in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Pharmacogenomics 8:721–730, 2007. doi:10.2217/14622416.8.7.721 PMID 18240905\nYasuda, M, Domaradzki, M, Bishop, DF, and Desnick, RJ: Acute intermittent porphyria: Vector optimization for gene therapy J. Gene Med. 9:806–911, 2007. doi:10.1002/jgm.1074 PMID 17654633\nCunha, L, Kuti, M, Bishop, DF, Mezei, M, Zeng, L, Zhou, MM and Desnick, RJ: Human uroporphyrinogen III synthase: NMR-based mapping of the active site. Proteins 71:855–873, 2008. doi:10.1002/prot.21755 PMID 18004775\nScott, SA, Edelmann, L, Kornreich, R and Desnick, RJ: Warfarin pharmacogenetics: CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype predict different sensitivities and resistance frequencies in the Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jewish populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 82:495–500, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.10.002 PMID 18252229\nMcGovern, MM, Wasserstein, MP, Giugliani, R, Bembi, B, Vanier, M, Mengel, E, Brodie, SE, Mendelson, D, Skloot, G, Schuchman, EH Kuriyama, N, Desnick, RJ, and Cox, GF: A prospective, cross-sectional survey study of the natural history of Niemann-Pick disease Type B. Pediatrics 122: e341-349, 2008. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3016 PMID 18625664\nSchiffmann, R, Banikazemi, M, Bultas, J, Linthorst, GE, Packman, S, Warnock, D, Asger Sorensen, S, Wilcox, WR, and Desnick, RJ: Fabry disease: progression of nephropathy, and prevalence of cardiac and cerebrovascular events before enzyme replacement therapy Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 24:2102–2111, 2009. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfp031 PMID 19218538\nBenjamin, ER, Flanagan, JJ, Schilling, A, Chang, HH, Agarwal, L, Datz, E, Wu, X, Pine, C, Wustman, B, Desnick, RJ, Lockhart, DJ, and Valenzano, KJ: The pharmacological chaperone 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin increases α-galactosidase A levels in Fabry patient cell lines. J. Inherit. Dis. 3:424–440, 2009. doi:10.1007/s10545-009-1077-0 PMID 19387866\nHwu, WL, Chien, YH, Lee, NC, Chiang, SC, Huang, AC, Yeh, HY, Chao, MC, Lin, SJ, Kitagawa, T, Hse, LW, Desnick, RJ, and Hsu, LW: Newborn screening for Fabry disease in Taiwan reveals a high incidence of the later-onset mutation, IVS4+919G>A. Hum. Mutat., June 26, 2009. PMID 19621417\nScott, SA, Jaremko, M, Lubitz, S, Halperin, JL, Desnick, RJ: CYP2C9*8 is prevalent in African-Americans: implications for pharmacogenetic dosing. Pharmacogenomics 10:1243–1255, 2009. PMID 1963669\nGalende, E., Karakikes, I., Edelmann, L., Desnick, R. J., Kerenyi, T., Khoueiry, G., Lafferty, J., McGinn, J. T., Brodman, M., Fuster, V., Hajjar, R. J., and Polgar, K. Amniotic fluid cells are more efficiently reprogrammed to pluripotency than adult cells. Cloning Stem Cells [Epub] Dec. 17, 2009. PMID 20677926 doi:10.1089/cell.2009.0077\nKhanna, R, Soska, R, Lun, Y, Feng, J, Frascella, M, Young, B, Brignol, N, Pellegrino, L, Sitaraman, SA, Desnick, RJ, Benjamin, ER, Lockhart, DJ and Valenzano, KJ: The pharmacological chaperone 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin reduces tissue globotriaosylceramide levels in a mouse model of Fabry disease. Mol. Ther. 18:23–33, 2010. doi:10.1038/mt.2009.220 PMID 19773742\nYasuda, M, Bishop, DF, Gan, L, Fowkes, M, Ziegler, R, Cheng, SH, and Desnick, RJ: AAV8-mediated gene therapy prevents induced biochemical attacks of acute intermittent porphyria. Mol. Ther. 18:17–22, 2010. doi:10.1038/mt.2009.250 PMID 19861948\nWozniak, M, Kittner, S, Tuhrim, S, Cole, J, Stern, B, Dobbins, M, Grace, M, Nazarenko, I, Dobrovolny, R, McDade, E, Desnick, RJ: Frequency of unrecognized Fabry disease among young European-American and African-American men with first ischemic stroke. Stroke 41: 78–81, 2010. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.558320 PMID 20007919","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Katie Charles (2008-12-31). \"An infusion of hope: Genetic engineering is changing the lives of kids and adults with Fabry Disease\". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2010-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/health/2008/12/31/2008-12-31_an_infusion_of_hope_for_fabry_disease_pa-1.html","url_text":"\"An infusion of hope: Genetic engineering is changing the lives of kids and adults with Fabry Disease\""}]},{"reference":"\"The American Porphyria Foundation\". Retrieved 2010-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.porphyriafoundation.com/about-the-apf/scientific-advisory-board/dr-robert-j-desnick","url_text":"\"The American Porphyria Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alnylam Announces Approval of GIVLAARI® (givosiran) in the European Union for the Treatment of Acute Hepatic\". Investor Relations \| Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Retrieved 2020-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://investors.alnylam.com/press-release?id=24651","url_text":"\"Alnylam Announces Approval of GIVLAARI® (givosiran) in the European Union for the Treatment of Acute Hepatic\""}]},{"reference":"\"FDA Approves Galafold™ (Migalastat) for the Treatment of Certain Adult Patients with Fabry Disease - New York Times\". Archived from the original on 2018-09-06. Retrieved 2018-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180906052434/https://markets.on.nytimes.com/research/stocks/news/press_release.asp?docTag=201808101605PRIMZONEFULLFEED7341897&feedID=600&press_symbol=7623476","url_text":"\"FDA Approves Galafold™ (Migalastat) for the Treatment of Certain Adult Patients with Fabry Disease - New York Times\""},{"url":"https://markets.on.nytimes.com/research/stocks/news/press_release.asp?docTag=201808101605PRIMZONEFULLFEED7341897&feedID=600&press_symbol=7623476","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alexion To Acquire To Strengthen Global Leadership\". Retrieved 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150506005445/en/Alexion-Acquire-Synageva-Strengthen-Global-Leadership-Developing","url_text":"\"Alexion To Acquire To Strengthen Global Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Weisman (July 11, 2015). \"How Genzyme became a source of biotech executives\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2021-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/07/11/genzyme-family-tree-how-henri-termeer-spawned-network-genzyme-alums-leading-dozens-biotechs-from-cambridge-stockholm/Dkoz2zcLlNz3N6OZbOvN4L/story.html","url_text":"\"How Genzyme became a source of biotech executives\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States Patent Office\". Retrieved 2010-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50&d=PTXT&Query=IN/Desnick-Robert-J$","url_text":"\"United States Patent Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc\". Archived from the original on 2009-07-25. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophers%27_ships	Philosophers' ships	["1 Among the expelled","2 Literature"]	This article is about ships transporting expelled Russian intellectuals. For the thought experiment about replacing all the parts of a ship, see Ship of Theseus. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (February 2024) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 926 articles in the main category, and specifying\|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|ru\|Философский пароход}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Oberbürgermeister Haken The philosophers' ships or philosopher's steamers (Russian: философский пароход) were steamships that transported intellectuals expelled from Soviet Russia in 1922. The main load was handled by two German ships, the Oberbürgermeister Haken and the Preussen, which transported more than 200 expelled Russian intellectuals and their families in September and November 1922 from Petrograd (modern-day Saint Petersburg) to the seaport of Stettin in Germany (modern-day Szczecin in Poland). Three detention lists included 228 people, 32 of them students. Later in 1922, other intellectuals were transported by train to Riga in Latvia or by ship from Odessa to Istanbul. Among the expelled Vladimir Abrikosov Yuly Aikhenvald Nikolai Berdyaev Boris Brutskus Sergei Bulgakov Valentin Bulgakov Semyon Frank Ivan Ilyin Abram Saulovich Kagan (university lecturer/publisher; father of architect Anatol Kagan) Lev Karsavin (the brother of ballerina Tamara Karsavina; arrested again in 1940 and deported to a gulag in Komi, where he died in 1952) Alexander Kiesewetter Ivan Lapshin Nikolai Lossky Mikhail Osorgin Pitirim Sorokin (train) Fyodor Stepun Prince Serge Troubetzkoy Boris Vysheslavtsev Literature Catherine Baird. Revolution from Within: The Ymca in Russia’s Ascension to Freedom from Bolshevik Tyranny, 2013, ISBN 9780986219900 (with bio List of the Deported) Lesley Chamberlain, Lenin's Private War: The Voyage of the Philosophy Steamer and the Exile of the Intelligentsia, St Martin's Press, 2007; ISBN 0-312-36730-9 V. G. Makarov, V. S. Khristoforov: «Passazhiry ‹filosofskogo parokhoda›. (Sud’by intelligencii, repressirovannoj letom-osen’ju 1922g.)». // Voprosy filosofii 7 (600) 2003, p. 113-137 . This Russian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ship of Theseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oberburgermeister_Haken.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"steamships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamship"},{"link_name":"Soviet Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Russia"},{"link_name":"Petrograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrograd"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stettin"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"}],"text":"This article is about ships transporting expelled Russian intellectuals. For the thought experiment about replacing all the parts of a ship, see Ship of Theseus.Oberbürgermeister HakenThe philosophers' ships or philosopher's steamers (Russian: философский пароход) were steamships that transported intellectuals expelled from Soviet Russia in 1922.The main load was handled by two German ships, the Oberbürgermeister Haken and the Preussen, which transported more than 200 expelled Russian intellectuals and their families in September and November 1922 from Petrograd (modern-day Saint Petersburg) to the seaport of Stettin in Germany (modern-day Szczecin in Poland). Three detention lists included 228 people, 32 of them students.Later in 1922, other intellectuals were transported by train to Riga in Latvia or by ship from Odessa to Istanbul.","title":"Philosophers' ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladimir Abrikosov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Abrikosov"},{"link_name":"Yuly Aikhenvald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuly_Aikhenvald"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Berdyaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev"},{"link_name":"Boris Brutskus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Brutskus"},{"link_name":"Sergei Bulgakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov"},{"link_name":"Valentin Bulgakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Bulgakov"},{"link_name":"Semyon Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Frank"},{"link_name":"Ivan Ilyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin"},{"link_name":"Abram Saulovich Kagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abram_Saulovich_Kagan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Anatol Kagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatol_Kagan"},{"link_name":"Lev Karsavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Karsavin"},{"link_name":"Tamara Karsavina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Karsavina"},{"link_name":"gulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kiesewetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kiesewetter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Ivan Lapshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Lapshin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Lossky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Lossky"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Osorgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Osorgin"},{"link_name":"Pitirim Sorokin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Stepun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Stepun"},{"link_name":"Prince Serge Troubetzkoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Serge_Troubetzkoy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Boris Vysheslavtsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Vysheslavtsev"}],"text":"Vladimir Abrikosov\nYuly Aikhenvald\nNikolai Berdyaev\nBoris Brutskus\nSergei Bulgakov\nValentin Bulgakov\nSemyon Frank\nIvan Ilyin\nAbram Saulovich Kagan [ru] (university lecturer/publisher; father of architect Anatol Kagan)\nLev Karsavin (the brother of ballerina Tamara Karsavina; arrested again in 1940 and deported to a gulag in Komi, where he died in 1952)\nAlexander Kiesewetter [ru]\nIvan Lapshin [ru]\nNikolai Lossky\nMikhail Osorgin\nPitirim Sorokin (train)\nFyodor Stepun\nPrince Serge Troubetzkoy [ru]\nBoris Vysheslavtsev","title":"Among the expelled"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780986219900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780986219900"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-36730-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-36730-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hourglass_drawing.svg"},{"link_name":"Russian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philosophers%27_ships&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Russia-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Russia-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia-hist-stub"}],"text":"Catherine Baird. Revolution from Within: The Ymca in Russia’s Ascension to Freedom from Bolshevik Tyranny, 2013, ISBN 9780986219900 (with bio List of the Deported)\nLesley Chamberlain, Lenin's Private War: The Voyage of the Philosophy Steamer and the Exile of the Intelligentsia, St Martin's Press, 2007; ISBN 0-312-36730-9\nV. G. Makarov, V. S. Khristoforov: «Passazhiry ‹filosofskogo parokhoda›. (Sud’by intelligencii, repressirovannoj letom-osen’ju 1922g.)». // Voprosy filosofii 7 (600) 2003, p. 113-137 [contains a list with biographical information on Russian intellectuals exiled 1922-1923].This Russian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Literature"}]	[{"image_text":"Oberbürgermeister Haken","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Oberburgermeister_Haken.jpg/290px-Oberburgermeister_Haken.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philosophers%27_ships&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hawwa%27	Al-Hawwa'	["1 External links"]	Coordinates: 14°50′N 49°31′E / 14.833°N 49.517°E / 14.833; 49.517Place in Hadhramaut, YemenAl-Hawwa'Country YemenGovernorateHadhramautTime zoneUTC+3 (Yemen Standard Time) Al-Hawwa' is a village in east-central Yemen. It is located in the Hadhramaut Governorate. External links Towns and villages in the Hadhramaut Governorate This article about a location in the Hadhramaut Governorate of Yemen is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte vte Hadhramaut GovernorateCapital: MukallaDistricts Ad Dis District Adh Dhlia'ah District Al Abr District Mukalla District Mukalla City District Al Qaf District Al Qatn District Amd District Ar Raydah Wa Qusayar District As Sawm District Ash Shihr District Bur Brom Mayfa District Daw'an District Ghayl Ba Wazir District Ghayl Bin Yamin District Hagr As Sai'ar District Hajr District Huraidhah District Hawrah District Rakhyah District Rumah District Sah District Seiyun District Shibam District Tarim District Thamud District Yabuth District Zamakh wa Manwakh District Former Districts(since 2013-12 Socotra) Hidaybu District Qulensya wa Abd al Kuri District 14°50′N 49°31′E / 14.833°N 49.517°E / 14.833; 49.517	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Hadhramaut Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhramaut_Governorate"}],"text":"Place in Hadhramaut, YemenAl-Hawwa' is a village in east-central Yemen. It is located in the Hadhramaut Governorate.","title":"Al-Hawwa'"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Hawwa%27&params=14_50_N_49_31_E_region:YE_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"14°50′N 49°31′E / 14.833°N 49.517°E / 14.833; 49.517"},{"Link":"http://www.tageo.com/index-e-ym-v-04.htm?Hadramawt","external_links_name":"Towns and villages in the Hadhramaut Governorate"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Hawwa%27&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Hawwa%27&params=14_50_N_49_31_E_region:YE_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"14°50′N 49°31′E / 14.833°N 49.517°E / 14.833; 49.517"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roundheads	The Roundheads	["1 Synopsis","2 References","3 External links"]	1997 novel by Mark Gatiss This article is about the 1997 Doctor Who novel by Mark Gatiss. For other uses, see roundhead (disambiguation). The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for books. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "The Roundheads" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Roundheads AuthorMark GatissSeriesDoctor Who book:Past Doctor AdventuresRelease number6SubjectFeaturing:Second DoctorBen, Polly, and JamieSet inPeriod betweenThe Macra Terror and The Faceless OnesPublisherBBC BooksPublication date24 November 1997Pages282ISBN0-563-40576-7Preceded byIllegal Alien Followed byThe Face of the Enemy The Roundheads is a BBC Books original novel written by Mark Gatiss and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Second Doctor, Ben, Jamie, and Polly. Synopsis Landing in December 1648 after the end of Second English Civil War, the TARDIS crew gets involved with intrigue involving both the victorious Oliver Cromwell and the doomed Charles I. References ^ The Doctor's Timeline at The Whoniverse ^ Direct placement confirmed by cover blurb. External links The Roundheads title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database vteDoctor Who booksNew AdventuresDoctor Who Timewyrm: Genesys Timewyrm: Exodus Timewyrm: Apocalypse Timewyrm: Revelation Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible Cat's Cradle: Warhead Cat's Cradle: Witch Mark Nightshade The Highest Science The Pit Lucifer Rising White Darkness Shadowmind Birthright Iceberg Blood Heat The Dimension Riders The Left-Handed Hummingbird Conundrum No Future Tragedy Day Legacy Blood Harvest Strange England St Anthony's Fire Falls the Shadow Parasite Warlock Set Piece Infinite Requiem Sanctuary Human Nature Original Sin Sky Pirates! Zamper Toy Soldiers Head Games The Also People Shakedown Just War Warchild Sleepy Death and Diplomacy Happy Endings Christmas on a Rational Planet Return of the Living Dad The Death of Art Damaged Goods So Vile a Sin Bad Therapy Eternity Weeps The Room with No Doors Lungbarrow The Dying Days BerniceSummerfield Oh No It Isn't! Ship of Fools Down Deadfall Ghost Devices Mean Streets Tempest Walking to Babylon Oblivion The Medusa Effect Dry Pilgrimage The Sword of Forever Beige Planet Mars Where Angels Fear The Mary-Sue Extrusion Dead Romance Tears of the Oracle Return to the Fractured Planet The Joy Device Twilight of the Gods Missing Adventures Goth Opera Evolution Venusian Lullaby The Crystal Bucephalus State of Change The Romance of Crime The Ghosts of N-Space Time of Your Life Dancing the Code The Menagerie System Shock The Sorcerer's Apprentice Invasion of the Cat-People Managra Millennial Rites The Empire of Glass Lords of the Storm Downtime The Man in the Velvet Mask The English Way of Death The Eye of the Giant The Sands of Time Killing Ground The Scales of Injustice The Shadow of Weng-Chiang Twilight of the Gods Speed of Flight The Plotters Cold Fusion Burning Heart The Dark Path The Well-Mannered War Eighth Doctor Adventures The Eight Doctors Vampire Science The Bodysnatchers Genocide War of the Daleks Kursaal Option Lock Longest Day Legacy of the Daleks Dreamstone Moon Seeing I Placebo Effect Vanderdeken's Children The Scarlet Empress Beltempest The Face-Eater The Taint Demontage Revolution Man Dominion Unnatural History Autumn Mist Interference – Book One Interference – Book Two The Blue Angel The Taking of Planet 5 Frontier Worlds Parallel 59 The Shadows of Avalon The Fall of Yquatine Coldheart The Space Age The Banquo Legacy The Ancestor Cell The Burning Casualties of War The Turing Test Endgame Father Time Escape Velocity EarthWorld Vanishing Point Eater of Wasps The Year of Intelligent Tigers The Slow Empire The City of the Dead Grimm Reality The Adventuress of Henrietta Street Mad Dogs and Englishmen Hope Anachrophobia Trading Futures The Book of the Still The Crooked World History 101 Camera Obscura Time Zero The Infinity Race The Domino Effect Reckless Engineering The Last Resort Timeless Emotional Chemistry Sometime Never... Halflife The Tomorrow Windows The Sleep of Reason The Deadstone Memorial To the Slaughter The Gallifrey Chronicles Past Doctor Adventures The Devil Goblins from Neptune The Murder Game Matrix The Roundheads The Witch Hunters The Infinity Doctors Salvation The Wages of Sin Deep Blue Players Millennium Shock Storm Harvest The Final Sanction City at World's End Divided Loyalties Corpse Marker Last of the Gaderene Tomb of Valdemar Verdigris Grave Matter Heart of TARDIS Prime Time Imperial Moon Festival of Death Independence Day The King of Terror The Quantum Archangel Bunker Soldiers Rags The Shadow in the Glass Asylum Superior Beings Byzantium! Bullet Time Psi-ence Fiction Dying in the Sun Instruments of Darkness Relative Dementias Palace of the Red Sun Warmonger Ten Little Aliens Combat Rock The Suns of Caresh Heritage Fear of the Dark Blue Box Loving the Alien The Colony of Lies Wolfsbane Deadly Reunion Scream of the Shalka The Eleventh Tiger Synthespians™ The Algebra of Ice The Indestructible Man Match of the Day Island of Death Spiral Scratch Fear Itself World Game The Time Travellers Atom Bomb Blues Novellas Time and Relative Citadel of Dreams Nightdreamers Ghost Ship Foreign Devils Rip Tide Wonderland Shell Shock The Cabinet of Light Fallen Gods Frayed The Eye of the Tyger Companion Piece Blood and Hope The Dalek Factor New Series AdventuresNovels Winner Takes All The Deviant Strain Only Human The Stealers of Dreams The Feast of the Drowned The Resurrection Casket The Nightmare of Black Island The Art of Destruction The Price of Paradise Sting of the Zygons The Last Dodo Wooden Heart Forever Autumn Sick Building Wetworld The Pirate Loop Peacemaker Martha in the Mirror Snowglobe 7 The Many Hands Ghosts of India The Doctor Trap Shining Darkness The Story of Martha Beautiful Chaos The Eyeless Judgement of the Judoon The Slitheen Excursion Prisoner of the Daleks The Taking of Chelsea 426 Autonomy The Krillitane Storm The Darksmith Legacy Apollo 23 Night of the Humans The Forgotten Army Nuclear Time The King's Dragon The Glamour Chase The Coming of the Terraphiles Dead of Winter The Way Through The Woods Hunter's Moon Touched by an Angel Paradox Lost The Silent Stars Go By The Dalek Generation Engines of War The Blood Cell Silhouette The Crawling Terror Royal Blood Big Bang Generation Deep Time Novellas I Am a Dalek Made of Steel Revenge of the Judoon The Sontaran Games Code of the Krillitanes Decide Your Destiny The Spaceship Graveyard The Time Crocodile The Crystal Snare War of the Robots The Haunted Wagon Train Second Skin The Dragon King The Horror of Howling Hill Audiobooks Pest Control The Forever Trap The Nemonite Invasion The Rising Night The Day of the Troll The Last Voyage Dead Air The Runaway Train The Hounds of Artemis OtherRelated Decalog Faction Paradox Files The Angel's Kiss: A Melody Malone Mystery The Essential Book of K9 See also Novelisations Audiobooks BBC Short Trips Big Finish Short Trips Torchwood The Sarah Jane Adventures Collection vteDoctor Who: Second Doctor storiesTelevisionSeason 4 The Power of the Daleks The Highlanders The Underwater Menace The Moonbase The Macra Terror The Faceless Ones The Evil of the Daleks Season 5 The Tomb of the Cybermen The Abominable Snowmen The Ice Warriors The Enemy of the World The Web of Fear Fury from the Deep The Wheel in Space Season 6 The Dominators The Mind Robber The Invasion The Krotons The Seeds of Death The Space Pirates The War Games Other appearancesMajor The Three Doctors The Five Doctors The Two Doctors Minor The Tenth Planet "The Name of the Doctor" "The Day of the Doctor" See also Dimensions in Time "Twice Upon a Time" AudioThe Companion Chronicles Fear of the Daleks The Glorious Revolution Resistance The Emperor of Eternity Echoes of Grey The Forbidden Time The Memory Cheats The Selachian Gambit The Jigsaw War The Uncertainty Principle The Lost Stories Prison in Space / The Destroyers The Rosemariners Other Shadow of Death The Light at the End The Second Doctor Adventures BooksMissing Adventures The Menagerie Invasion of the Cat-People Twilight of the Gods The Dark Path Past Doctor Adventures The Murder Game The Roundheads The Infinity Doctors Players The Final Sanction Heart of TARDIS Independence Day Dying in the Sun Combat Rock The Colony of Lies The Indestructible Man World Game Novellas Foreign Devils Wonderland Video games Dalek Attack Destiny of the Doctors Legacy Lego Dimensions This Doctor Who–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a war novel of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This article about a 1990s science fiction novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roundhead (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhead_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"BBC Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Books"},{"link_name":"Mark Gatiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gatiss"},{"link_name":"science fiction television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Second Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jackson_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Jamie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_McCrimmon"},{"link_name":"Polly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_(Doctor_Who)"}],"text":"This article is about the 1997 Doctor Who novel by Mark Gatiss. For other uses, see roundhead (disambiguation).The Roundheads is a BBC Books original novel written by Mark Gatiss and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Second Doctor, Ben, Jamie, and Polly.","title":"The Roundheads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"TARDIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TARDIS"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"}],"text":"Landing in December 1648 after the end of Second English Civil War, the TARDIS crew gets involved with intrigue involving both the victorious Oliver Cromwell and the doomed Charles I.","title":"Synopsis"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Roundheads%22","external_links_name":"\"The Roundheads\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Roundheads%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Roundheads%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Roundheads%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Roundheads%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Roundheads%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.whoniverse.net/biography/timeline02.php","external_links_name":"The Doctor's Timeline at The Whoniverse"},{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?382051","external_links_name":"The Roundheads"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Roundheads&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Roundheads&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Roundheads&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Disher	Karen Disher	["1 Life and career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","3.3 Video games","4 References","5 External links"]	American actress Karen DisherDisher in 2015BornKaren Beth DisherAlma materTisch School of the ArtsOccupation(s)Film director, storyboard artistYears active1993–presentEmployer(s)MTV Animation (1994-2002)Blue Sky Studios (2002–2021)Spire Animation Studios (2021–present)Spouse Robert Partington (m. 2001) Karen Beth Disher is an American film director and storyboard artist. Disher is best known for her work at MTV Animation, where she was the chief character designer and supervising director for the animated series Daria (1997–2002) following her previous work as a layout artist for Beavis and Butt-Head (1993–1997). Disher is also known for work as a story artist at Blue Sky Studios, an in-house studio at 20th Century Animation, in which she worked on several films, including many in the Ice Age franchise. Life and career Disher studied traditional 2D animation at NYU's Tisch School of the Arts. After graduation, she joined MTV Animation as a layout artist on Beavis and Butt-head. She then designed the main characters and was the supervising director on the hit series Daria. Meanwhile, she directed two TV feature-length installments in the series, Is It Fall Yet? in 2000 and the follow-up Is It College Yet? in 2002. She then joined Blue Sky Studios, where she worked as a story artist on many animated films, including Robots, Ice Age: The Meltdown, Horton Hears a Who!, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, The Peanuts Movie, and Ferdinand. She was also the head of story on Rio, and directed a short animated film Surviving Sid and a television special Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas, both part of the Ice Age franchise. In addition to storyboarding and directing, she lent her voice to some minor characters in the films she worked on, most notably to Scratte in Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs. In 2018, Disher was tapped to co-direct Blue Sky's first feature-length musical, "Foster", based on an original story written by Disher, co-director Steve Martino, and Tim Federle, with songs to be written by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul. This project was cancelled due to the closure of Blue Sky in 2021. Disher joined Spire Animation Studios in 2021 as Creative Director, Development and is a founding member of the studio's brain trust, the "Creative Cadre". Personal life In 2001, Disher married Robert Todd Partington, then a supervisor of computer graphics and animation technologies for MTV Networks. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1996 Beavis and Butt-head Do America key pose artist 1999 Life presenter, animator 2000 Is It Fall Yet? director/original character development/supervising director 2002 Is It College Yet? director/original character development/animation director 2005 Robots storyboard artist 2006 Ice Age: The Meltdown 2008 Horton Hears a Who! Who Kid Surviving Sid (short film) S'more director 2009 Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs Scratte storyboard artist 2011 Rio Mother Bird head of story 2012 Ice Age: Continental Drift Scratte storyboard artist 2013 Epic 2014 Rio 2 2015 The Peanuts Movie 2016 Ice Age: Collision Course 2017 Ferdinand 2019 Spies in Disguise additional story artist, Blue Sky senior creative team Television Year Title Role Notes 1994–1997 Beavis and Butt-head layout artist 1997–2002 Daria Sally supervising director/original character designer 2011 Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas Molehog director Video games Year Title Notes 2000 Daria's Inferno creative consultant References ^ a b c "WEDDINGS; Karen Disher, Robert Partington". The New York Times. May 13, 2001. Retrieved October 29, 2013. ^ Tisch Special Programs (January 21, 2011). "Master Class with Karen Disher". YouTube. Retrieved October 29, 2013. ^ a b "Karen Disher in Tisch Asia: Metamorphosis of a Film". Tisch Asia Blog. November 26, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2013. ^ "Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs - Production Notes" (PDF). Visual Hollywood. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2013. Karen Disher, who heads the film's story department, voices Scratte. But Disher's responsibilities extended beyond her vocal work. Unlike the film's main story, scripted by Michael Berg & Peter Ackerman and Mike Reiss and Yoni Brenner, from a story by Jason Carter Eaton, the story department, working closely with Saldanha, created the Scrat-Scratte scenes. Disher and her team embraced the task of inventing new challenges for the beloved Scrat. "Working on the Scrat-Scratte scenes is the purest form of animation," she notes. ^ "Blue Sky Studios Hires First Female Director For Its First Animated Musical". February 14, 2018. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 9, 2021). "Disney Closing Blue Sky Studios, Fox's Once-Dominant Animation House Behind 'Ice Age' Franchise". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021. ^ "Spire Animation Taps Former Disney, Pixar, Dreamworks and Blue Sky Creatives to Drive Storytelling". 23 August 2021. ^ "Ted Mathot and Karen Disher Join Expanding Spire Animation Studios". 24 August 2021. ^ Beck, Jerry (October 5, 2015). "Behind the Scenes: The Making of The Peanuts Movie at the Schulz Museum". Animation Scoop. Retrieved November 20, 2015. External links Karen Disher at IMDb vteBlue Sky StudiosFeature films Ice Age (2002) Robots (2005) Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006) Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! (2008) Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009) Rio (2011) Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012) Epic (2013) Rio 2 (2014) The Peanuts Movie (2015) Ice Age: Collision Course (2016) Ferdinand (2017) Spies in Disguise (2019) Short films Bunny (1998) Gone Nutty (2002) Aunt Fanny's Tour of Booty (2005) No Time for Nuts (2006) Surviving Sid (2008) Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe (2015) Scrat: Spaced Out (2016) Televisionspecials and series Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas (2011) Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade (2016) Ice Age: Scrat Tales (2022) Associatedproductions The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild (2022) Nimona (2023) Franchises Ice Age (2002–2016) Rio (2011–2014) People Chris Wedge Carlos Saldanha Steve Martino Nick Bruno and Troy Quane See also 20th Century Animation 20th Television Animation Fox Animation Studios Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Disney Television Animation Disneytoon Studios Marvel Animation Lucasfilm Animation Industrial Light & Magic List of 20th Century Studios theatrical animated feature films unproduced projects Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland This article about a United States film director born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an American voice actor born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"storyboard artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard_artist"},{"link_name":"MTV Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Animation"},{"link_name":"Daria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daria"},{"link_name":"Beavis and Butt-Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head"},{"link_name":"Blue Sky Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Sky_Studios"},{"link_name":"20th Century Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Animation"},{"link_name":"Ice Age franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age_(franchise)"}],"text":"Karen Beth Disher is an American film director and storyboard artist. Disher is best known for her work at MTV Animation, where she was the chief character designer and supervising director for the animated series Daria (1997–2002) following her previous work as a layout artist for Beavis and Butt-Head (1993–1997).Disher is also known for work as a story artist at Blue Sky Studios, an in-house studio at 20th Century Animation, in which she worked on several films, including many in the Ice Age franchise.","title":"Karen Disher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MTV Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Animation"},{"link_name":"Beavis and Butt-head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-head"},{"link_name":"Daria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNYTWeddings-1"},{"link_name":"Is It Fall Yet?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_It_Fall_Yet%3F"},{"link_name":"Is It College Yet?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_It_College_Yet%3F"},{"link_name":"Blue Sky Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Sky_Studios"},{"link_name":"Robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Ice Age: The Meltdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age:_The_Meltdown"},{"link_name":"Horton Hears a Who!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Hears_a_Who!_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age:_Dawn_of_the_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"The Peanuts Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peanuts_Movie"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TABMeta-3"},{"link_name":"Surviving Sid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surviving_Sid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TABMeta-3"},{"link_name":"Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age:_A_Mammoth_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Ice Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Steve Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Martino"},{"link_name":"Tim Federle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Federle"},{"link_name":"Benj Pasek and Justin Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasek_and_Paul"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Disher studied traditional 2D animation at NYU's Tisch School of the Arts. After graduation, she joined MTV Animation as a layout artist on Beavis and Butt-head. She then designed the main characters and was the supervising director on the hit series Daria.[1] Meanwhile, she directed two TV feature-length installments in the series, Is It Fall Yet? in 2000 and the follow-up Is It College Yet? in 2002. She then joined Blue Sky Studios, where she worked as a story artist on many animated films, including Robots, Ice Age: The Meltdown, Horton Hears a Who!, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, The Peanuts Movie, and Ferdinand. She was also the head of story on Rio,[3] and directed a short animated film Surviving Sid[3] and a television special Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas, both part of the Ice Age franchise. In addition to storyboarding and directing, she lent her voice to some minor characters in the films she worked on, most notably to Scratte in Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs.[4]In 2018, Disher was tapped to co-direct Blue Sky's first feature-length musical, \"Foster\",[5] based on an original story written by Disher, co-director Steve Martino, and Tim Federle, with songs to be written by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul. This project was cancelled due to the closure of Blue Sky in 2021.[6]Disher joined Spire Animation Studios in 2021 as Creative Director, Development and is a founding member of the studio's brain trust, the \"Creative Cadre\".[7][8]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MTV Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Networks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNYTWeddings-1"}],"text":"In 2001, Disher married Robert Todd Partington, then a supervisor of computer graphics and animation technologies for MTV Networks.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"WEDDINGS; Karen Disher, Robert Partington\". The New York Times. May 13, 2001. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusan_language	Nema language	["1 References"]	Finisterre language spoken in Papua New Guinea NemaGusanNative toPapua New GuineaRegionMorobe ProvinceNative speakers800 (2000 census)Language familyTrans–New Guinea Finisterre–HuonFinisterreErapNemaLanguage codesISO 639-3gsnGlottologgusa1246 Nema, a.k.a. Gusan, is one of the Finisterre languages of Papua New Guinea. Speakers use the name "Nema"; "Gusan" is found in the literature. A language survey team visited the area and reported that the name "Nema" is locally known, though "Gusan" had been used to refer to the language by some linguistic publications in the past. References ^ Nema at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) ^ Retsema, Thom, Margaret Potter and Rachel Gray. 2009. Mungkip: an endangered language. SIL Electronic Survey report 2009-015. [(http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/88/56/50/88565026574113254980747287043870 517665/silesr2009_015.pdf) Web access] vteFinisterre–Huon languagesFinisterreErap Finongan Gusan Mamaa Munkip Nakama Nek Nimi Nuk Numanggang Sauk Uri Gusap–Mot Iyo Madi Neko Nekgini Ngaing Rawa Ufim Uruwa Sakam Som Nukna Yau Weliki Wantoat Awara Wantoat Tuma-Irumu Warup Asaro'o Bulgebi Degenan Forak Guya Gwahatike Muratayak Yupna Bonkiman Domung Ma Nankina Yopno Yout Wam HuonEastern Dedua Kâte Kovai Kube Mape Migabac Momare Sene Tobo Western Burum Borong Kinalakna Komba Kumokio Mese Nabak Nomu Ono Selepet Sialum Timbe This Papuan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Papua New Guinea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finisterre languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finisterre_languages"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"language survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_survey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Nema, a.k.a. Gusan, is one of the Finisterre languages of Papua New Guinea. Speakers use the name \"Nema\"; \"Gusan\" is found in the literature. A language survey team visited the area and reported that the name \"Nema\" is locally known, though \"Gusan\" had been used to refer to the language by some linguistic publications in the past.[2]","title":"Nema language"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gusa1246","external_links_name":"gusa1246"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/gsn/","external_links_name":"Nema"},{"Link":"http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/88/56/50/88565026574113254980747287043870","external_links_name":"http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/88/56/50/88565026574113254980747287043870"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nema_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nema_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._M%C3%B8ller	C. F. Møller	["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 Selected projects","4 Honours","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Danish architect (1898-1988)Christian Frederik MøllerC.F. Møller's gravestoneBorn(1898-10-31)31 October 1898Skanderborg, DenmarkDied5 November 1988(1988-11-05) (aged 90)Aarhus, DenmarkNationalityDanishOccupationArchitectAwardsEckersberg Medal (1845)C. F. Hansen Medal (1947)PracticeArkitektfirmaet C. F. MøllerBuildingsAarhus University Christian Frederik Møller (31 October 1898 – 5 November 1988), generally referred to as C. F. Møller, was a Danish architect, professor and, from 1965 to 1969, the first rector of the Aarhus School of Architecture. His former practice, Arkitektfirmaet C. F. Møller, which he founded in 1924, still exists and bears his name. It is today the largest architectural firm in Denmark with branch offices in several countries. Biography Christian Frederik Møller was born in Skanderborg, Denmark. He was the son of Valdemar Møller and Nielssine Dalby. He first trained as a mason and later studied architecture at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, graduating in 1920. He conducted study trips to England (1925); Germany, Italy and France (1927); Germany, Switzerland and Italy (1937). He exhibited at the Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition during 1952–64, 1973, 1978, 1985. He set up his own architectural office C.F. Møller in 1924, and in 1928 formed a partnership with the architect and Professor Kay Fisker (1893–1965) which lasted until 1942. After winning first prizes in the competitions for Aarhus Community Hospital in 1930 and Aarhus University in 1931, they established an office in Aarhus in 1932. Their buildings also include the apartment blocks 2 Vodroffsvej (1930) and Vestersøhus (1935–39) in Copenhagen, the latter of which has remained a major influence on Danish housing architecture. Their winning proposal for Aarhus University consisted of individual faculty buildings arranged along the margin of an undulating park setting. The first building at the site was completed in 1933. By the early 40s, the collaboration with Fisker had ended and C. F. Møller was left to complete the Aarhus University alone. Møller was present at the construction site when the British Royal Air Force bombed the University dormitories, which were occupied by the Gestapo, on 31 October 1944. During the attack, a bomb accidentally struck the main building, and Møller was lightly injured as a result, while about ten members of the construction crew were killed. The main building was completed in 1946 and the so-called Book Tower in 1962. Later works include Salling Department Store im Aarhus (1949, with Gunnar Krohn), Angligården (1965, later Herning Art Museum) and Egetæpper in Herning (1984). Møller was Royal Building Inspector from 1953 to 1968, and in 1965 he became the first rector of the newly founded Aarhus School of Architecture. Personal life In 1928, he married Bodil Marie Jacobsen (1904-1996). He died in Aarhus at 90 years of age and was buried at Vestre Kirkegård in Aarhus. Selected projects Aarhus Community Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (with Kay Fisker) Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (with Fisker and Povl Stegmann) 2 Vodroffsvej, Copenhagen (1930, with Fisker) Vestersøhus, Copenhagen, Denmark (1935–39, with Fisker) Sønderjyllandshallen, Aabenraa, Denmark Centralinstitutionen Sølund, in Skanderborg, Denmark (1935) Salling Department Store, Aarhus, Denmark (1949, with Gunnar Krohn) Herning Art Museum, Herning, Denmark (1964–1965) Pindstrup Church, Djursland, Denmark (1968) Kolding Hospital Middelfart Hospital Honours 1945 Eckersberg Medal 1947 C. F. Hansen Medal Gallery Aarhus University Main Building (1946) Main Building, brick colonnades Auditorium, Main Building The Book Tower of the State Library (1960–63) The Book Tower Typical facade Typical facade (1974) Details of an underground pathway (1946) Stairway detail Elsewhere Arhus Community Hospital Functionalist apartments at Vestersøhus in Copenhagen Vodroffsvej in Copenhagen, typical Danish funkis architecture See also Architecture of Denmark References ^ "World Architecture Top 100 2008". bd - the architects' website. Archived from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-29. ^ "C. F. Møller". Gyldendal. Retrieved 2010-12-22. ^ Poul Erik Skriver. "Kay Fisker". Kunstindeks Danmark & Weilbach Kunstnerleksikon. Retrieved May 1, 2019. ^ "Århus Universitet". Danish Architecture Centre. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-12-22. ^ Poul Erik Skriver. "C. F. Møller". Kunstindeks Danmark & Weilbach Kunstnerleksikon. Retrieved May 1, 2019. Further reading Nils-Ole Lund (1998) Bygmesteren C.F. Møller (Aarhus Universitetsforlag) ISBN 9788772887135 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christian Frederik Møller. The official C.F Møller homepage The Herning Art Museum homepage C. F. Møller på gravsted.dk Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists ULAN	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Aarhus School of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_School_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Arkitektfirmaet C. F. Møller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektfirmaet_C._F._M%C3%B8ller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Christian Frederik Møller (31 October 1898 – 5 November 1988), generally referred to as C. F. Møller, was a Danish architect, professor and, from 1965 to 1969, the first rector of the Aarhus School of Architecture. His former practice, Arkitektfirmaet C. F. Møller, which he founded in 1924, still exists and bears his name. It is today the largest architectural firm in Denmark with branch offices in several countries.[1]","title":"C. F. Møller"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skanderborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderborg"},{"link_name":"Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottenborg_Spring_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kay Fisker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Fisker"},{"link_name":"Aarhus Community Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Community_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Aarhus University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_University"},{"link_name":"Aarhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"bombed the University dormitories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Air_Raid"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"Herning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herning"},{"link_name":"Aarhus School of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_School_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Christian Frederik Møller was born in Skanderborg, Denmark. He was the son of Valdemar Møller and Nielssine Dalby.He first trained as a mason and later studied architecture at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, graduating in 1920.\nHe conducted study trips to England (1925); Germany, Italy and France (1927); Germany, Switzerland and Italy (1937). He exhibited at the Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition during 1952–64, 1973, 1978, 1985.\n[2]He set up his own architectural office C.F. Møller in 1924, and in 1928 formed a partnership with the architect and Professor Kay Fisker (1893–1965) which lasted until 1942. After winning first prizes in the competitions for Aarhus Community Hospital in 1930 and Aarhus University in 1931, they established an office in Aarhus in 1932. Their buildings also include the apartment blocks 2 Vodroffsvej (1930) and Vestersøhus (1935–39) in Copenhagen, the latter of which has remained a major influence on Danish housing architecture.[3]\n[4]Their winning proposal for Aarhus University consisted of individual faculty buildings arranged along the margin of an undulating park setting. The first building at the site was completed in 1933. By the early 40s, the collaboration with Fisker had ended and C. F. Møller was left to complete the Aarhus University alone. Møller was present at the construction site when the British Royal Air Force bombed the University dormitories, which were occupied by the Gestapo, on 31 October 1944. During the attack, a bomb accidentally struck the main building, and Møller was lightly injured as a result, while about ten members of the construction crew were killed. The main building was completed in 1946 and the so-called Book Tower in 1962.\nLater works include Salling Department Store im Aarhus (1949, with Gunnar Krohn), Angligården (1965, later Herning Art Museum) and Egetæpper in Herning (1984).\nMøller was Royal Building Inspector from 1953 to 1968, and in 1965 he became the first rector of the newly founded Aarhus School of Architecture.\n[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 1928, he married Bodil Marie Jacobsen (1904-1996).\nHe died in Aarhus at 90 years of age and was buried at Vestre Kirkegård in Aarhus.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aarhus Community Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Community_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Kay Fisker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Fisker"},{"link_name":"Aarhus University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_University"},{"link_name":"Povl Stegmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povl_Stegmann"},{"link_name":"Sønderjyllandshallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8nderjyllandshallen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Centralinstitutionen Sølund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centralinstitutionen_S%C3%B8lund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skanderborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderborg"},{"link_name":"Salling Department Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salling_Varehus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Herning Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herning_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Herning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herning"},{"link_name":"Pindstrup Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pindstrup_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Djursland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djursland"},{"link_name":"Kolding Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolding_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Middelfart Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middelfart_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Aarhus Community Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (with Kay Fisker)\nAarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (with Fisker and Povl Stegmann)\n2 Vodroffsvej, Copenhagen (1930, with Fisker)\nVestersøhus, Copenhagen, Denmark (1935–39, with Fisker)\nSønderjyllandshallen, Aabenraa, Denmark\nCentralinstitutionen Sølund, in Skanderborg, Denmark (1935)\nSalling Department Store, Aarhus, Denmark (1949, with Gunnar Krohn)\nHerning Art Museum, Herning, Denmark (1964–1965)\nPindstrup Church, Djursland, Denmark (1968)\nKolding Hospital\nMiddelfart Hospital","title":"Selected projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eckersberg Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckersberg_Medal"},{"link_name":"C. F. Hansen Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Hansen_Medal"}],"text":"1945 Eckersberg Medal\n1947 C. F. Hansen Medal","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aarhus_University,_Aarhus_(1931).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buerne_i_parken.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aula_(Aarhus_Universitet).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aarhus_universitet.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bogt%C3%A5rnet_(Statsbiblioteket)_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Efeu_omkring_vinduerne,_facade_mod_Universitetsparken.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aarhus_university_-_fisker,_m%C3%B8ller,_stegmann,_s%C3%B8rensen_1931.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trappe_til_nordre_ringgade.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Studenternes_Hus_(trapper).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%85rhus_Kommunehospital_(uret).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vesters%C3%B8hus_-_facade.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Funky_funkis.jpg"},{"link_name":"funkis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkis"}],"text":"Aarhus UniversityMain Building (1946)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMain Building, brick colonnades\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAuditorium, Main Building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Book Tower of the State Library (1960–63)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Book Tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTypical facade\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTypical facade (1974)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDetails of an underground pathway (1946)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStairway detailElsewhereArhus Community Hospital\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFunctionalist apartments at Vestersøhus in Copenhagen\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVodroffsvej in Copenhagen, typical Danish funkis architecture","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788772887135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788772887135"}],"text":"Nils-Ole Lund (1998) Bygmesteren C.F. Møller (Aarhus Universitetsforlag) ISBN 9788772887135","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Architecture of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Denmark"}]	[{"reference":"\"World Architecture Top 100 2008\". bd - the architects' website. Archived from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090120081623/http://www.bdonline.co.uk/hybrid3.asp?typeCode=408&subTypeCode=14985&pubcode=60&navcode=3697","url_text":"\"World Architecture Top 100 2008\""},{"url":"http://www.bdonline.co.uk/hybrid3.asp?typeCode=408&subTypeCode=14985&pubcode=60&navcode=3697","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"C. F. Møller\". Gyldendal. Retrieved 2010-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Arkitektur/Danmark/Christian_Frederik_M%C3%B8ller","url_text":"\"C. F. Møller\""}]},{"reference":"Poul Erik Skriver. \"Kay Fisker\". Kunstindeks Danmark & Weilbach Kunstnerleksikon. Retrieved May 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kulturarv.dk/kid/VisWeilbach.do?kunstnerId=6617&wsektion=biografi","url_text":"\"Kay Fisker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Århus Universitet\". Danish Architecture Centre. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124407/http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2592","url_text":"\"Århus Universitet\""},{"url":"http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2592","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Poul Erik Skriver. \"C. F. Møller\". Kunstindeks Danmark & Weilbach Kunstnerleksikon. Retrieved May 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kulturarv.dk/kid/VisWeilbach.do;jsessionid=F3C6FF260F454C60236C22DD0922812E?kunstnerId=9582&wsektion=biografi","url_text":"\"C. F. Møller\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090120081623/http://www.bdonline.co.uk/hybrid3.asp?typeCode=408&subTypeCode=14985&pubcode=60&navcode=3697","external_links_name":"\"World Architecture Top 100 2008\""},{"Link":"http://www.bdonline.co.uk/hybrid3.asp?typeCode=408&subTypeCode=14985&pubcode=60&navcode=3697","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Arkitektur/Danmark/Christian_Frederik_M%C3%B8ller","external_links_name":"\"C. F. Møller\""},{"Link":"https://www.kulturarv.dk/kid/VisWeilbach.do?kunstnerId=6617&wsektion=biografi","external_links_name":"\"Kay Fisker\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124407/http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2592","external_links_name":"\"Århus Universitet\""},{"Link":"http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2592","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.kulturarv.dk/kid/VisWeilbach.do;jsessionid=F3C6FF260F454C60236C22DD0922812E?kunstnerId=9582&wsektion=biografi","external_links_name":"\"C. F. Møller\""},{"Link":"http://www.cfmoller.com/","external_links_name":"The official C.F Møller homepage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081230003302/http://www.herningkunstmuseum.dk/","external_links_name":"The Herning Art Museum homepage"},{"Link":"https://gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=cfmoeller","external_links_name":"C. F. Møller på gravsted.dk"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/23049043","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13536520h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13536520h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/123422213","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99830511","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500088111","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joker_and_the_Thief	Joker & the Thief	["1 Content","2 In popular culture","3 Track listings","4 Personnel","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Certifications","7 References"]	2005 single by Wolfmother "Joker & the Thief"Single by Wolfmotherfrom the album Wolfmother B-side"Where Eagles Have Been" (live)Released28 October 2006StudioThe Sound Factory (Hollywood, California)Length 4:40 (album version) 3:48 (radio edit with intro) 3:28 (radio edit) LabelModularSongwriter(s)WolfmotherProducer(s)Dave SardyWolfmother singles chronology "Love Train" (2006) "Joker & the Thief" (2006) "Back Round" (2009) Music video"Joker & the Thief" on Vimeo "Joker & the Thief" is a song by Australian rock band Wolfmother. The song serves as the sixth track and sixth single from the band's eponymous debut studio album. It was released in Australia on 28 October 2006 and in the United Kingdom on 20 November 2006. The music video for the song was nominated for the "Best Rock Video" and "Video of the Year" awards at the 2007 MTV Australia Awards. The titular "joker" and "thief" are a reference to the lyrics of Bob Dylan's 1967 song "All Along the Watchtower". In January 2018, as part of Triple M's "Ozzest 100", the 'most Australian' songs of all time, "Joker & the Thief" was ranked number 59. Content Singer Andrew Stockdale told an interviewer, I was in a shop one morning walking into where we jam. I saw this AC/DC 'Thunderstruck.' And I was like, I want to write a stadium rock song. I went into the studio and said, 'Doo-duh-lee, doo-duh-lee.' What's the best thing to do after that? Just do something cleaner. 'Doo, doo, doo..' Because, you know, you've got to have a big intro and then you have to have a balls-to-the-wall riff to knock it on the head in the next stage. But yeah, that's it. In popular culture "Joker & the Thief" has been featured in several films, video games and TV shows including The Blacklist, The Hangover, Shoot 'Em Up, NHL 14, Rock Revolution, Jackass Number Two, Impractical Jokers: The Movie, The Out-Laws, Karaoke Revolution Presents American Idol Encore 2, Here Comes the Boom, MLB 07: The Show, Need for Speed: Carbon, Shrek the Third, Lego DC Super-Villains, Preacher, The Man from Toronto, Ted Lasso, and The Artful Dodger. It is also available as downloadable content for the music video game series Rock Band. The song appeared in the Green Bay Packers' video package at Super Bowl XLV. At the Chicago Bears' home games, before kickoff, "Joker & the Thief" would play loudly with a bear and blue lightning graphics coming out of its eyes. The Kansas State Wildcats also regularly play "Joker & the Thief" for introductions for both their football and men’s basketball team, and the song is now a known hit within their fanbase. The Boston Bruins play the song before the first puck drop of every game, including playoffs. The Tennessee Volunteers and the Oregon Ducks play the song before every kickoff. The Louisville Cardinals use the song as a hype song leading into the fourth quarter of football games and ninth inning of baseball. Michigan Technological University also frequently plays this song during hockey games before going onto a power play. This song is also played before the centre bounce at Brisbane Lions home games. It also appeared in the intro of the fourth season programmes of spanish radio show La Vida Moderna . Track listings All songs are credited to Wolfmother. Australian CD single "Joker & the Thief" "Joker & the Thief" (Loving Hand Remix) "Vagabond" (Acoustic Version) "Where Eagles Have Been" (Live at Lollapalooza) UK CD single "Joker & the Thief" "Joker & the Thief" (Loving Hand Remix) "Where Eagles Have Been" (Live at Lollapalooza) UK DVD single "Joker & the Thief" (Audio) "Joker & the Thief" (Video) "Dimension" (Live at The Scala) "Jackass Number Two Trailer" UK 7-inch vinyl "Joker & the Thief" "Where Eagles Have Been" (Live at Lollapalooza) Personnel Andrew Stockdale – guitar, vocals Chris Ross – bass, keyboard Myles Heskett – drums Charts Weekly charts Chart (2006) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 8 Canada Rock (Billboard) 10 Scotland (OCC) 31 UK Singles (OCC) 64 US Alternative Airplay (Billboard) 31 US Mainstream Rock (Billboard) 27 Year-end charts Chart (2006) Position Australia (ARIA) 69 Chart (2007) Position Australia (ARIA) 77 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Gold 35,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 200,000‡ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References ^ "Releases". Wolfmother. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. Note: User must manually select navigation menu option '6'. ^ "Justin Timberlake + Pink Dominate Noms For 2007 MTV Video Music Awards". Sony BMG. 1 March 2007. Archived from the original on 14 August 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ a b Rosen, Steven (7 July 2006). "Wolfmother: Andrew Stockdale Spills The Truth". Ultimate Guitar. Retrieved 2 March 2021. ^ "Here Are The Songs That Made Triple M's 'Ozzest 100'". Musicfeeds. 27 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2020. ^ Grace Chen, "PlayStation Store Update," PlayStation.Blog (26 March) ^ "Need For Speed Carbon Soundtrack Burns Rubber". IGN. 19 September 2006. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2008. Need for Speed Payback ^ "Wolfmother – Joker & the Thief". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ "Wolfmother Chart History (Canada Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved May 5, 2022. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 March 2021. ^ "Wolfmother: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 March 2021. ^ "Wolfmother Chart History (Alternative Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ "Wolfmother Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ "ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2006". ARIA. Retrieved 8 March 2021. ^ "ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2007". ARIA. Retrieved 8 March 2021. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2007 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 8 March 2021. ^ "British single certifications – Wolfmother – Joker & the Thief". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 8 March 2021. vteWolfmother Andrew Stockdale Hamish Rosser Brad Heald Chris Ross Myles Heskett Will Rockwell-Scott Ian Peres Alex Carapetis Lachy Doley Studio albums Wolfmother Cosmic Egg New Crown Victorious Rock'n'Roll Baby Rock Out Extended plays Wolfmother Dimensions Singles "Mind's Eye" "White Unicorn" "Dimension" "Woman" "Love Train" "Joker & the Thief" "Back Round" "New Moon Rising" "White Feather" "Far Away" "Victorious" "High on My Own Supply" Video albums Please Experience Wolfmother Live Concert tours New Moon Rising World Tour Keep Moving Tour Gypsy Caravan Tour Related articles Awards Discography Members Songs "By the Sword" Keep Moving Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Wolfmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfmother"},{"link_name":"eponymous debut studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfmother_(album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"MTV Australia Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Australia_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"All Along the Watchtower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Along_the_Watchtower"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimate-3"},{"link_name":"Triple M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_M"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Joker & the Thief\" is a song by Australian rock band Wolfmother. The song serves as the sixth track and sixth single from the band's eponymous debut studio album. It was released in Australia on 28 October 2006 and in the United Kingdom on 20 November 2006.[1] The music video for the song was nominated for the \"Best Rock Video\" and \"Video of the Year\" awards at the 2007 MTV Australia Awards.[2] The titular \"joker\" and \"thief\" are a reference to the lyrics of Bob Dylan's 1967 song \"All Along the Watchtower\".[3]In January 2018, as part of Triple M's \"Ozzest 100\", the 'most Australian' songs of all time, \"Joker & the Thief\" was ranked number 59.[4]","title":"Joker & the Thief"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thunderstruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstruck_(song)"},{"link_name":"stadium rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_rock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimate-3"}],"text":"Singer Andrew Stockdale told an interviewer,I was in a shop one morning walking into where we jam. I saw this AC/DC 'Thunderstruck.' And I was like, I want to write a stadium rock song. I went into the studio and said, 'Doo-duh-lee, doo-duh-lee.' What's the best thing to do after that? Just do something cleaner. 'Doo, doo, doo..' Because, you know, you've got to have a big intro and then you have to have a balls-to-the-wall riff to knock it on the head in the next stage. But yeah, that's it.[3]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Blacklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blacklist_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Hangover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hangover"},{"link_name":"Shoot 'Em Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_%27Em_Up_(film)"},{"link_name":"NHL 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_14"},{"link_name":"Rock Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jackass Number Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackass_Number_Two"},{"link_name":"Impractical Jokers: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impractical_Jokers:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"The Out-Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Out-Laws_(film)"},{"link_name":"Karaoke Revolution Presents American Idol Encore 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaoke_Revolution_Presents_American_Idol_Encore_2"},{"link_name":"Here Comes the Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Comes_the_Boom"},{"link_name":"MLB 07: The Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_07:_The_Show"},{"link_name":"Need for Speed: Carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_for_Speed:_Carbon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Shrek the Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_the_Third"},{"link_name":"Lego DC Super-Villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_DC_Super-Villains"},{"link_name":"Preacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preacher_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Man from Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_Toronto_(2022_film)"},{"link_name":"Ted Lasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lasso"},{"link_name":"The Artful Dodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artful_Dodger_(2023_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"music video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video_game"},{"link_name":"Rock Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Band_(series)"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLV"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Kansas State Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_Wildcats"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Oregon Ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Ducks"},{"link_name":"Louisville Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Michigan Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Lions"},{"link_name":"La Vida Moderna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Vida_Moderna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_vida_moderna_(programa_de_radio)"},{"link_name":"ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_vida_moderna"},{"link_name":"eu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_vida_moderna_(irratsaioa)"}],"text":"\"Joker & the Thief\" has been featured in several films, video games and TV shows including The Blacklist, The Hangover, Shoot 'Em Up, NHL 14, Rock Revolution,[5] Jackass Number Two, Impractical Jokers: The Movie, The Out-Laws, Karaoke Revolution Presents American Idol Encore 2, Here Comes the Boom, MLB 07: The Show, Need for Speed: Carbon,[6] Shrek the Third, Lego DC Super-Villains, Preacher, The Man from Toronto, Ted Lasso, and The Artful Dodger. It is also available as downloadable content for the music video game series Rock Band.The song appeared in the Green Bay Packers' video package at Super Bowl XLV.At the Chicago Bears' home games, before kickoff, \"Joker & the Thief\" would play loudly with a bear and blue lightning graphics coming out of its eyes. The Kansas State Wildcats also regularly play \"Joker & the Thief\" for introductions for both their football and men’s basketball team, and the song is now a known hit within their fanbase. The Boston Bruins play the song before the first puck drop of every game, including playoffs. The Tennessee Volunteers and the Oregon Ducks play the song before every kickoff. The Louisville Cardinals use the song as a hype song leading into the fourth quarter of football games and ninth inning of baseball. Michigan Technological University also frequently plays this song during hockey games before going onto a power play. This song is also played before the centre bounce at Brisbane Lions home games.It also appeared in the intro of the fourth season programmes of spanish radio show La Vida Moderna [es; ca; eu].","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jackass Number Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackass_Number_Two"}],"text":"All songs are credited to Wolfmother.Australian CD single\n\n\"Joker & the Thief\"\n\"Joker & the Thief\" (Loving Hand Remix)\n\"Vagabond\" (Acoustic Version)\n\"Where Eagles Have Been\" (Live at Lollapalooza)\nUK CD single\n\n\"Joker & the Thief\"\n\"Joker & the Thief\" (Loving Hand Remix)\n\"Where Eagles Have Been\" (Live at Lollapalooza)\n\n\nUK DVD single\n\n\"Joker & the Thief\" (Audio)\n\"Joker & the Thief\" (Video)\n\"Dimension\" (Live at The Scala)\n\"Jackass Number Two Trailer\"\nUK 7-inch vinyl\n\n\"Joker & the Thief\"\n\"Where Eagles Have Been\" (Live at Lollapalooza)","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Stockdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Stockdale"},{"link_name":"Chris Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Ross_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Myles Heskett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Heskett"}],"text":"Andrew Stockdale – guitar, vocals\nChris Ross – bass, keyboard\nMyles Heskett – drums","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joker_%26_the_Thief&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australia-singles-7"},{"link_name":"Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Rock"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadarock_Wolfmother-8"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-9"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Wolfmother-10"},{"link_name":"Alternative Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardalternativesongs_Wolfmother-11"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardmainstreamrock_Wolfmother-12"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joker_%26_the_Thief&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2006)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[7]\n\n8\n\n\nCanada Rock (Billboard)[8]\n\n10\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[9]\n\n31\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[10]\n\n64\n\n\nUS Alternative Airplay (Billboard)[11]\n\n31\n\n\nUS Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[12]\n\n27\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2006)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[13]\n\n69\n\n\n\nChart (2007)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[14]\n\n77","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Releases\". Wolfmother. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080926131838/http://www.wolfmother.com/oldsite.htm","url_text":"\"Releases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfmother","url_text":"Wolfmother"},{"url":"http://www.wolfmother.com/oldsite.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Justin Timberlake + Pink Dominate Noms For 2007 MTV Video Music Awards\". Sony BMG. 1 March 2007. Archived from the original on 14 August 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080814030953/http://www.sonybmg.com.au/news/details.do?newsId=20030829004294","url_text":"\"Justin Timberlake + Pink Dominate Noms For 2007 MTV Video Music Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG","url_text":"Sony BMG"},{"url":"http://www.sonybmg.com.au/news/details.do?newsId=20030829004294","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Steven (7 July 2006). \"Wolfmother: Andrew Stockdale Spills The Truth\". Ultimate Guitar. Retrieved 2 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/news/interviews/wolfmother_andrew_stockdale_spills_the_truth.html","url_text":"\"Wolfmother: Andrew Stockdale Spills The Truth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here Are The Songs That Made Triple M's 'Ozzest 100'\". Musicfeeds. 27 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/songs-made-triple-ms-ozzest-100/","url_text":"\"Here Are The Songs That Made Triple M's 'Ozzest 100'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Need For Speed Carbon Soundtrack Burns Rubber\". IGN. 19 September 2006. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070223090443/http://uk.music.ign.com/articles/733/733619p1.html","url_text":"\"Need For Speed Carbon Soundtrack Burns Rubber\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://uk.music.ign.com/articles/733/733619p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2006\". ARIA. Retrieved 8 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2006/singles-chart","url_text":"\"ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2007\". ARIA. Retrieved 8 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2007/singles-chart","url_text":"\"ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2007 Singles\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 8 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AACv2IzaxApS2wDjUm2Sv59Va/2007%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2007 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Wolfmother – Joker & the Thief\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 8 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/17073-638-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Wolfmother – Joker & the Thief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/30778958","external_links_name":"\"Joker & the Thief\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080926131838/http://www.wolfmother.com/oldsite.htm","external_links_name":"\"Releases\""},{"Link":"http://www.wolfmother.com/oldsite.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080814030953/http://www.sonybmg.com.au/news/details.do?newsId=20030829004294","external_links_name":"\"Justin Timberlake + Pink Dominate Noms For 2007 MTV Video Music Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.sonybmg.com.au/news/details.do?newsId=20030829004294","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/news/interviews/wolfmother_andrew_stockdale_spills_the_truth.html","external_links_name":"\"Wolfmother: Andrew Stockdale Spills The Truth\""},{"Link":"http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/songs-made-triple-ms-ozzest-100/","external_links_name":"\"Here Are The Songs That Made Triple M's 'Ozzest 100'\""},{"Link":"http://blog.us.playstation.com/2009/03/26/playstation-store-update-78/","external_links_name":"PlayStation Store Update"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070223090443/http://uk.music.ign.com/articles/733/733619p1.html","external_links_name":"\"Need For Speed Carbon Soundtrack Burns Rubber\""},{"Link":"http://uk.music.ign.com/articles/733/733619p1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Wolfmother&titel=Joker+%26+the+Thief&cat=s","external_links_name":"Wolfmother – Joker & the Thief\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Wolfmother/chart-history/CAR","external_links_name":"\"Wolfmother Chart History (Canada Rock)\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20061202/41/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/16899/Wolfmother","external_links_name":"\"Wolfmother: Artist Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Wolfmother/chart-history/MRT","external_links_name":"\"Wolfmother Chart History (Alternative Airplay)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Wolfmother/chart-history/RTT","external_links_name":"\"Wolfmother Chart History (Mainstream Rock)\""},{"Link":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2006/singles-chart","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2006\""},{"Link":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2007/singles-chart","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2007\""},{"Link":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AACv2IzaxApS2wDjUm2Sv59Va/2007%20Accreds.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2007 Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/17073-638-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Wolfmother – Joker & the Thief\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/c0073cca-d1be-3798-882b-994c0f2495b5","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunita_Devi	Sunita Devi	["1 Early life","2 Matthew Smith","3 Jacob Epstein","4 Death","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Indian art model (c. 1897–1932) For the Indian mason, see Sunita Devi (mason). Sunita Devi and Jacob Epstein c. 1925 Jacob Epstein with his bust of Sunita, c. 1926. Sunita Devi (c. 1897 – 3 November 1932), real name Armina Peerbhoy, generally known just as Sunita, was a model for the sculptor Jacob Epstein in London. Her death in India on 3 November 1932 was believed by some to be a political assassination. Early life Originally from Kashmir, Sunita was a Muslim who married Ahmed Peerbhoy, a millionaire of Bombay, but some time in the early 1920s went to England with her son Enver and younger sister Anita Patel, who had also left her husband. The sisters joined a troupe of magicians known as the Maysculine Brothers. Sunita performed a stunt that involved sitting in a tank of water fully submerged for five minutes (with the aid of a transparent air hose). They also had a stand selling erotic trinkets at the British Empire Exhibition (1924 to 1925). Sunita developed a persona as an Indian mystic and fortune teller and became known as Princess Sunita. Matthew Smith Sunita posed for the artist Matthew Smith from 1924. Their relationship became more than just artist and model. Smith drew her in 1924 and painted her in The Red Sari, Sunita Reclining, and The Black Sari, Sunita Wearing a Black Sari. Jacob Epstein Jacob Epstein may have met Sunita at the British Empire Exhibition, where the exotic foreign displays intrigued him, or possibly through his friend Matthew Smith. In 1925 Epstein invited Sunita, Enver and Anita to live at his home at Guilford Street in London with the agreement of his wife Margaret. Mrs Epstein was trying to end her husband's affair with Kathleen Garman by encouraging him into affairs with other women. Dolores, who Mrs Epstein had hoped in vain would tempt her husband away from Kathleen, had recently left the house and now there were two new women that might do the job. It is unclear, however, whether Epstein had any romantic interest in either sister. Epstein sculpted Enver's head in 1926 and 1927 (twice) and heads of Sunita three times in 1926. Sunita and Enver were the models for Epstein's sculpture of Madonna and Child (1927), though Epstein had great difficulty getting Enver to stand still, which he said was responsible for the relatively unfinished modelling of the boy in the work. Epstein thought Sunita beautiful but Joseph Duveen, on seeing Madonna and Child for the first time, asked, "Why did you not choose a beautiful model?" In addition to the sculpture, there were over 100 drawings and watercolours of Sunita, Enver, and Anita. Death In 1931 Sunita returned to India, saying, according to the American press, "I am going to my death; I know it is so". In 1932 it was reported that she had died of "intestinal inflammation". Those who knew her outside India believed that she had been poisoned and that her closeness to participants in the Round Table Conferences had meant that she was seen as a spy. See also Betty May Lilian Shelley References ^ a b c d e f Gardiner, Stephen. (1993) Epstein: Artist Against the Establishment. London: Flamingo, pp. 261-2. ISBN 000654598X ^ a b c "Beautiful Indian Model Killed as Spy, Those Who Know Her Say," A. John Kobler Jr., The Daily Pantagraph, 4 November 1932, p. 1. ^ Sir Matthew Smith (1879-1959) The Red Sari, Sunita Reclining. Christie's. Retrieved 26 October 2014. ^ "The Black Sari": Sunita Wearing a Black Sari. Collage. Retrieved 26 October 2014. ^ Epstein, Jacob. (1940) Let There Be Sculpture. New York: Putnam, pp. 114–115. ^ "Reaper Claims Life of Another Epstein Model" William Hillman, Sarasota Herald, 5 December 1932, p. 6. Retrieved 26 October 2014. ^ "Tragic Fates Haunt Paths of Great Sculptor's Models" William Hillman, The Milwaukee Sentinel, 26 November 1932, p. 3. Retrieved 26 October 2014. External links Media related to Sunita Devi at Wikimedia Commons vteJacob EpsteinSculptures List of sculptures Oscar Wilde's tomb (1912–1914) Rock Drill (c. 1913–1915) Torso in Metal from Rock Drill (c. 1913–1916) Bust of Winston Churchill (1947) Statue of Jan Smuts (1956) Liverpool Resurgent (1956) St Michael's Victory over the Devil (1958) The Rush of Green (1959) Related Epstein Archive Kathleen Garman (second wife, model) Theodore Garman (son) Kitty Garman (daughter) Sunita Devi (model) Dolores (model) Betty May (model) Oriel Ross (model) Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunita Devi (mason)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunita_Devi_(mason)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunita_Devi_and_Jacob_Epstein_c._1925.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_Epstein_with_Sunita_bust_c._1926.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacob Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Epstein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gard-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panat-2"}],"text":"For the Indian mason, see Sunita Devi (mason).Sunita Devi and Jacob Epstein c. 1925Jacob Epstein with his bust of Sunita, c. 1926.Sunita Devi (c. 1897 – 3 November 1932), real name Armina Peerbhoy, generally known just as Sunita, was a model for the sculptor Jacob Epstein[1] in London. Her death in India on 3 November 1932 was believed by some to be a political assassination.[2]","title":"Sunita Devi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gard-1"},{"link_name":"British Empire Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gard-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panat-2"}],"text":"Originally from Kashmir, Sunita was a Muslim who married Ahmed Peerbhoy, a millionaire of Bombay, but some time in the early 1920s went to England with her son Enver and younger sister Anita Patel, who had also left her husband. The sisters joined a troupe of magicians known as the Maysculine Brothers. Sunita performed a stunt that involved sitting in a tank of water fully submerged for five minutes (with the aid of a transparent air hose).[1] They also had a stand selling erotic trinkets at the British Empire Exhibition (1924 to 1925).[1] Sunita developed a persona as an Indian mystic and fortune teller and became known as Princess Sunita.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Smith_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gard-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sunita posed for the artist Matthew Smith from 1924. Their relationship became more than just artist and model.[1] Smith drew her in 1924 and painted her in The Red Sari, Sunita Reclining,[3] and The Black Sari, Sunita Wearing a Black Sari.[4]","title":"Matthew Smith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guilford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_Street"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Garman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Garman"},{"link_name":"Dolores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_(artists%27_model)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gard-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Joseph Duveen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Duveen,_1st_Baron_Duveen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ep-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gard-1"}],"text":"Jacob Epstein may have met Sunita at the British Empire Exhibition, where the exotic foreign displays intrigued him, or possibly through his friend Matthew Smith. In 1925 Epstein invited Sunita, Enver and Anita to live at his home at Guilford Street in London with the agreement of his wife Margaret. Mrs Epstein was trying to end her husband's affair with Kathleen Garman by encouraging him into affairs with other women. Dolores, who Mrs Epstein had hoped in vain would tempt her husband away from Kathleen, had recently left the house and now there were two new women that might do the job.[1] It is unclear, however, whether Epstein had any romantic interest in either sister.[citation needed]Epstein sculpted Enver's head in 1926 and 1927 (twice) and heads of Sunita three times in 1926. Sunita and Enver were the models for Epstein's sculpture of Madonna and Child (1927), though Epstein had great difficulty getting Enver to stand still, which he said was responsible for the relatively unfinished modelling of the boy in the work. Epstein thought Sunita beautiful but Joseph Duveen, on seeing Madonna and Child for the first time, asked, \"Why did you not choose a beautiful model?\"[5] In addition to the sculpture, there were over 100 drawings and watercolours of Sunita, Enver, and Anita.[1]","title":"Jacob Epstein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Round Table Conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panat-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1931 Sunita returned to India, saying, according to the American press, \"I am going to my death; I know it is so\". In 1932 it was reported that she had died of \"intestinal inflammation\". Those who knew her outside India believed that she had been poisoned and that her closeness to participants in the Round Table Conferences had meant that she was seen as a spy.[2][6][7]","title":"Death"}]	[{"image_text":"Sunita Devi and Jacob Epstein c. 1925","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sunita_Devi_and_Jacob_Epstein_c._1925.jpg/220px-Sunita_Devi_and_Jacob_Epstein_c._1925.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jacob Epstein with his bust of Sunita, c. 1926.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Jacob_Epstein_with_Sunita_bust_c._1926.jpg/220px-Jacob_Epstein_with_Sunita_bust_c._1926.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Betty May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_May"},{"title":"Lilian Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian_Shelley"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/sir-matthew-smith-the-red-sari-sunita-5665633-details.aspx","external_links_name":"Sir Matthew Smith (1879-1959) The Red Sari, Sunita Reclining."},{"Link":"http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app;jsessionid=14B63AFD537FC040F5B27A2269D66014?service=external/Item&sp=I%3ASmith%2C+Sir+Matthew+%281879-1959%29%3A%3A&sp=10458&sp=X","external_links_name":"\"The Black Sari\": Sunita Wearing a Black Sari."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/lettherebesculpt001585mbp#page/n151/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Let There Be Sculpture"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XEscAAAAIBAJ&sjid=M2QEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1679%2C4137659","external_links_name":"\"Reaper Claims Life of Another Epstein Model\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uVkaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Fg0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4901%2C3918092","external_links_name":"\"Tragic Fates Haunt Paths of Great Sculptor's Models\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/40724824","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVHC	WVHC	["1 References","2 External links"]	Radio station in Herkimer, New YorkWVHCHerkimer, New YorkBroadcast areaUtica, New YorkFrequency91.5 MHzProgrammingFormatVariety; jazz; bluesOwnershipOwnerHerkimer County Community CollegeHistoryFirst air dateOctober 1993; 30 years ago (1993-10)Former call signsWHCRCall sign meaning"Voice of Herkimer County"Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID27032ClassAERP435 wattsHAAT-35.0 metersTransmitter coordinates43°1′58.00″N 75°0′31.00″W / 43.0327778°N 75.0086111°W / 43.0327778; -75.0086111LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen liveWebsitewww.herkimer.edu/campus-life/wvhc-radio/ WVHC (91.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a variety format. Licensed to Herkimer, New York, United States, the station is owned by Herkimer County Community College and operated by the college's Radio/TV Department. WVHC was established in 1973 under the name of WHCR as a public address system, only providing a signal to the Robert McLaughlin College Center building. In 1986, WHCR began simulcasting on the college's television station HCTV, a public-access cable TV channel airing on Group W Cable (now Charter Spectrum), the authorized cable provider for Herkimer County. The station applied for an FCC license in the early 1990s. Since the WHCR call letters were already taken by WHCR-FM in New York City, the station applied for the call letters WVHC. The application was granted in February 1993, and WVHC began operations that October. Initially, programming was presented during class hours (7am-10pm), but in 1999 WVHC began full-time 24-hour operations. The station is best known for its jazz and blues programming, the only non-commercial station broadcasting such programming in the Mohawk Valley. It also airs a mix of student-produced programs during the fall and spring semesters. Student-produced programs are usually heard in the early afternoon, with further programs broadcast on Fridays. References ^ "Facility Technical Data for WVHC". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. ^ "WVHC Facility Record". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division. ^ "WVHC - CNYRadio.com Station Wiki". cnyradio.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. External links Official website WVHC in the FCC FM station database WVHC in Nielsen Audio's FM station database vteRadio stations in the Utica–Rome metropolitan area and the Mohawk Valley of New YorkBy AM frequency 950 1230 1310 1350 1420 1450 1480 1550 By FM frequency 88.7 89.5 89.9 90.3 90.7 91.1 91.5 91.7 91.9 92.7 93.5 94.9 96.1 96.9 97.9 98.7 99.7 100.3 100.7 101.1 101.9 102.5 103.5 104.3 105.5 106.3 107.3 LPFM 97.3 97.5 Translators 89.1 92.3 94.1 95.5 96.5 98.3 99.1 100.3 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 94.9-1 94.9-2 By call sign W206CI W231DZ W238CA W243DY W252DO W256AJ W262AC W295DI WAWR WBGK WBUG-FM WCIT-FM WFRG-FM WHCL-FM WIBX WIXT WJIV WKAL WKLL HD2 WKVU WLZW WMHU WMVN WNRS WODZ-FM WOPG-FM WOUR WPNR-FM WQSH WRCK WRNY WRUN WRVN WSKS WSKU WTLB WUMX WUNY WUSP WUTQ-FM WVHC WXLB WXUR Defunct WUTI (1150 AM) Radio stations in Central New York Ithaca Syracuse Utica-Rome Other nearby regions Albany-Schenectady-Troy Binghamton North Country Watertown See also List of radio stations in New York vteNew York college radio stations WAIH (State University of New York College at Potsdam) WALF (Alfred University) WARY (Westchester Community College) WBNY (Buffalo State College) WBSU (College at Brockport) WCDB (State University of New York at Albany) WCEB (Corning Community College) WCVF (Fredonia State University) WCWP (Long Island University, CW Post Campus) WDWN (Cayuga County Community College) WECW (Elmira College) WERW (Syracuse University) WETD (Alfred State College) WFNP (SUNY New Paltz) WFTU (Five Towns College) WFUV (Fordham University) WGFR (SUNY Adirondack) WGSU (SUNY Geneseo) WHCL (Hamilton College) WHCR (City College of New York) WHPC (Nassau Community College) WHRW (Binghamton University) WICB (Ithaca College) WITC (Cazenovia College) WITR (Rochester Institute of Technology) WJPZ (Syracuse University) WKCR (Columbia University) WKRB (Kingsborough Community College) WNYK (Nyack College) WNYO (State University of New York – Oswego) WNYU (New York University) WONY (SUNY College at Oneonta) WPNR (Utica College of Syracuse University) WQKE (Plattsburgh State University) WRCU (Colgate University) WRHO (Hartwick College) WRHU (Hofstra University) WRPI (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) WRUC (Union College) WRUR (University of Rochester) WSBU (St. Bonaventure University) WSIA (College of Staten Island) WSPN (Skidmore College) WSUC (State University of New York – Cortland) WTSC (Clarkson University) WUSB (State University of New York – Stony Brook) WVCR (Siena College) WVHC (Herkiner County Community College) WVKR (Vassar College) WXBC (Bard College) WXLJ (St. Lawrence University) See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in New York This article about a radio station in New York is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Herkimer, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkimer,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Herkimer County Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkimer_County_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"public-access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-access_television"},{"link_name":"Group W Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_W_Cable"},{"link_name":"Charter Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Communications"},{"link_name":"Herkimer County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkimer_County"},{"link_name":"FCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC"},{"link_name":"WHCR-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHCR-FM"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Radio station in Herkimer, New YorkWVHC (91.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a variety format. Licensed to Herkimer, New York, United States, the station is owned by Herkimer County Community College and operated by the college's Radio/TV Department.[2]WVHC was established in 1973 under the name of WHCR as a public address system, only providing a signal to the Robert McLaughlin College Center building. In 1986, WHCR began simulcasting on the college's television station HCTV, a public-access cable TV channel airing on Group W Cable (now Charter Spectrum), the authorized cable provider for Herkimer County. The station applied for an FCC license in the early 1990s. Since the WHCR call letters were already taken by WHCR-FM in New York City, the station applied for the call letters WVHC. The application was granted in February 1993, and WVHC began operations that October.[3]Initially, programming was presented during class hours (7am-10pm), but in 1999 WVHC began full-time 24-hour operations. The station is best known for its jazz and blues programming, the only non-commercial station broadcasting such programming in the Mohawk Valley. It also airs a mix of student-produced programs during the fall and spring semesters. Student-produced programs are usually heard in the early afternoon, with further programs broadcast on Fridays.","title":"WVHC"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WVHC\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=27032","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WVHC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"WVHC Facility Record\". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=WVHC","url_text":"\"WVHC Facility Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"WVHC - CNYRadio.com Station Wiki\". cnyradio.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060930/http://www.cnyradio.com/wiki/index.php?title=WVHC","url_text":"\"WVHC - CNYRadio.com Station Wiki\""},{"url":"http://www.cnyradio.com/wiki/index.php?title=WVHC","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WVHC&params=43_1_58.00_N_75_0_31.00_W_region:US-NY_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°1′58.00″N 75°0′31.00″W / 43.0327778°N 75.0086111°W / 43.0327778; -75.0086111"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/fm-profile/WVHC","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=27032","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://radio.herkimer.edu:8000/live","external_links_name":"Listen live"},{"Link":"https://www.herkimer.edu/campus-life/wvhc-radio/","external_links_name":"www.herkimer.edu/campus-life/wvhc-radio/"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=27032","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for WVHC\""},{"Link":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=WVHC","external_links_name":"\"WVHC Facility Record\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060930/http://www.cnyradio.com/wiki/index.php?title=WVHC","external_links_name":"\"WVHC - CNYRadio.com Station Wiki\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnyradio.com/wiki/index.php?title=WVHC","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.herkimer.edu/campus-life/wvhc-radio/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=WVHC","external_links_name":"WVHC"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=fm&callLetter=WVHC","external_links_name":"WVHC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WVHC&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pionoconus	Pionoconus	["1 Species","2 References","3 External links"]	Subgenus of gastropods Pionoconus Apertural and abapertural views of shell of Conus achatinus (Gmelin, 1791) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Neogastropoda Superfamily: Conoidea Family: Conidae Genus: PionoconusMörch, 1852 Type species Conus magus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms Conus (Pionoconus) Mörch, 1852 Hermes (Heroconus) da Motta, 1991 Heroconus da Motta, 1991 Socioconus da Motta, 1991 Strioconus Thiele, 1929 Pionoconus is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus Conus, family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015), Pionoconus has become a subgenus of Conus as Conus (Pionoconus) da Motta, 1991 (type species: Conus magus Linnaeus, 1758) : synonym of Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Species The following species were brought into synonymy: Pionoconus achatinus (Gmelin, 1791) : synonym of Conus achatinus Gmelin, 1791 (alternate representation) Pionoconus arafurensis Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) arafurensis (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013) : synonym of Conus arafurensis (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013) (alternate representation) Pionoconus atimovatae Bozzetti, 2012: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) atimovatae (Bozzetti, 2012) : synonym of Conus atimovatae (Bozzetti, 2012) (alternate representation) Pionoconus aurisiacus (Linnaeus, 1758) : synonym of Conus aurisiacus Linnaeus, 1758 (alternate representation) Pionoconus barbara (Brazier, 1898): synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) barbara Brazier, 1898 : synonym of Conus barbara Brazier, 1898 (alternate representation) Pionoconus barthelemyi (Bernardi, 1861) : synonym of Conus barthelemyi Bernardi, 1861 (alternate representation) Pionoconus boutetorum (Richard & Rabiller, 2013): synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) boutetorum Richard & Rabiller, 2013 : synonym of Conus boutetorum Richard & Rabiller, 2013 (alternate representation) Pionoconus catus (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792) : synonym of Conus catus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (alternate representation) Pionoconus circumcisus (Born, 1778) : synonym of Conus circumcisus Born, 1778 (alternate representation) Pionoconus consors (G.B. Sowerby I, 1833): synonym of Conus consors G. B. Sowerby I, 1833 (alternate representation) Pionoconus fischoederi (Röckel & da Motta, 1983) : synonym of Conus fischoederi Röckel & da Motta, 1983 (alternate representation) Pionoconus fulmen (Reeve, 1843) : synonym of Conus fulmen Reeve, 1843 (alternate representation) Pionoconus gauguini (Richard & Salvat, 1973) : synonym of Conus gauguini Richard & Salvat, 1973 (alternate representation) Pionoconus gubernator (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792) : synonym of Conus gubernator Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (alternate representation) Pionoconus koukae Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) koukae (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013) : synonym of Conus koukae (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013) (alternate representation) Pionoconus leobottonii (Lorenz, 2006) : synonym of Conus leobottonii Lorenz, 2006 (alternate representation) Pionoconus magus (Linnaeus, 1758) : synonym of Conus magus Linnaeus, 1758 (alternate representation) Pionoconus marysae Lorenz, 2019: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) marysae (Lorenz, 2019) represented as Conus marysae (Lorenz, 2019) (basionym) Pionoconus mascarenensis Monnier & Limpalaër, 2019: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) mascarenensis (Monnier & Limpalaër, 2019) represented as Conus mascarenensis (Monnier & Limpalaër, 2019) Pionoconus monachus (Linnaeus, 1758) : synonym of Conus monachus Linnaeus, 1758 (alternate representation) Pionoconus morrisoni (G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1991): synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) morrisoni G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1991 : synonym of Conus morrisoni G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1991 (alternate representation) Pionoconus nigromaculatus (Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992): synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) nigromaculatus Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992 : synonym of Conus nigromaculatus Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992 (alternate representation) Pionoconus nigropunctatus (G. B. Sowerby II, 1858): synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) nigropunctatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1858 : synonym of Conus nigropunctatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1858 (alternate representation) Pionoconus robini Limpalaër & Monnier, 2012: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) robini (Limpalaër & Monnier, 2012) : synonym of Conus robini (Limpalaër & Monnier, 2012) (alternate representation) Pionoconus rouxi Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) rouxi (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013) : synonym of Conus rouxi (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013) (alternate representation) Pionoconus simonis (Bozzetti, 2010): synonym of Conus striolatus Kiener, 1848 Pionoconus striatus (Linnaeus, 1758) : synonym of Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758 (alternate representation) Pionoconus striolatus (Kiener, 1845) : synonym of Conus striolatus Kiener, 1845 (alternate representation) Pionoconus vinctus (A. Adams, 1855) : synonym of Conus vinctus A. Adams, 1855 itself a synonym of Conus monachus Linnaeus, 1758 References ^ a b Bouchet, P. (2011). Pionoconus Mörch, 1852. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=428969 on 2012-01-21 ^ Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp. ^ Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1-23 External links To World Register of Marine Species Taxon identifiersPionoconus Wikidata: Q7196889 Wikispecies: Conus (Pionoconus) EoL: 9099433 GBIF: 4572299 IRMNG: 1398859 WoRMS: 428969 This Conidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subgenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenus"},{"link_name":"sea snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Conidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conidae"},{"link_name":"cone snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Conus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puillandre-3"}],"text":"Pionoconus is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus Conus, family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.[1][2]In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015), Pionoconus has become a subgenus of Conus as Conus (Pionoconus) da Motta, 1991 (type species: Conus magus Linnaeus, 1758) : synonym of Conus Linnaeus, 1758[3]","title":"Pionoconus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"Conus achatinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_achatinus"},{"link_name":"Conus arafurensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_arafurensis"},{"link_name":"Conus atimovatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_atimovatae"},{"link_name":"Conus aurisiacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_aurisiacus"},{"link_name":"Conus barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_barbara"},{"link_name":"Conus barthelemyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_barthelemyi"},{"link_name":"Conus boutetorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_boutetorum"},{"link_name":"Conus catus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_catus"},{"link_name":"Conus circumcisus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_circumcisus"},{"link_name":"Conus consors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_consors"},{"link_name":"Conus fischoederi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_fischoederi"},{"link_name":"Conus fulmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_fulmen"},{"link_name":"Conus gauguini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_gauguini"},{"link_name":"Conus gubernator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_gubernator"},{"link_name":"Conus koukae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_koukae"},{"link_name":"Conus leobottonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_leobottonii"},{"link_name":"Conus magus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_magus"},{"link_name":"Conus marysae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conus_marysae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Conus mascarenensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_mascarenensis"},{"link_name":"Conus monachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_monachus"},{"link_name":"Conus morrisoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_morrisoni"},{"link_name":"Conus nigromaculatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_nigromaculatus"},{"link_name":"Conus nigropunctatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_nigropunctatus"},{"link_name":"Conus robini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_robini"},{"link_name":"Conus rouxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_rouxi"},{"link_name":"Conus striatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_striatus"},{"link_name":"Conus striolatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_striolatus"},{"link_name":"Conus monachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_monachus"}],"text":"The following species were brought into synonymy:[1]Pionoconus achatinus (Gmelin, 1791) : synonym of Conus achatinus Gmelin, 1791 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus arafurensis Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) arafurensis (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013) : synonym of Conus arafurensis (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013) (alternate representation)\nPionoconus atimovatae Bozzetti, 2012: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) atimovatae (Bozzetti, 2012) : synonym of Conus atimovatae (Bozzetti, 2012) (alternate representation)\nPionoconus aurisiacus (Linnaeus, 1758) : synonym of Conus aurisiacus Linnaeus, 1758 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus barbara (Brazier, 1898): synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) barbara Brazier, 1898 : synonym of Conus barbara Brazier, 1898 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus barthelemyi (Bernardi, 1861) : synonym of Conus barthelemyi Bernardi, 1861 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus boutetorum (Richard & Rabiller, 2013): synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) boutetorum Richard & Rabiller, 2013 : synonym of Conus boutetorum Richard & Rabiller, 2013 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus catus (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792) : synonym of Conus catus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus circumcisus (Born, 1778) : synonym of Conus circumcisus Born, 1778 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus consors (G.B. Sowerby I, 1833): synonym of Conus consors G. B. Sowerby I, 1833 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus fischoederi (Röckel & da Motta, 1983) : synonym of Conus fischoederi Röckel & da Motta, 1983 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus fulmen (Reeve, 1843) : synonym of Conus fulmen Reeve, 1843 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus gauguini (Richard & Salvat, 1973) : synonym of Conus gauguini Richard & Salvat, 1973 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus gubernator (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792) : synonym of Conus gubernator Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus koukae Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) koukae (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013) : synonym of Conus koukae (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013) (alternate representation)\nPionoconus leobottonii (Lorenz, 2006) : synonym of Conus leobottonii Lorenz, 2006 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus magus (Linnaeus, 1758) : synonym of Conus magus Linnaeus, 1758 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus marysae Lorenz, 2019: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) marysae (Lorenz, 2019) represented as Conus marysae (Lorenz, 2019) (basionym)\nPionoconus mascarenensis Monnier & Limpalaër, 2019: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) mascarenensis (Monnier & Limpalaër, 2019) represented as Conus mascarenensis (Monnier & Limpalaër, 2019)\nPionoconus monachus (Linnaeus, 1758) : synonym of Conus monachus Linnaeus, 1758 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus morrisoni (G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1991): synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) morrisoni G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1991 : synonym of Conus morrisoni G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1991 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus nigromaculatus (Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992): synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) nigromaculatus Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992 : synonym of Conus nigromaculatus Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus nigropunctatus (G. B. Sowerby II, 1858): synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) nigropunctatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1858 : synonym of Conus nigropunctatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1858 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus robini Limpalaër & Monnier, 2012: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) robini (Limpalaër & Monnier, 2012) : synonym of Conus robini (Limpalaër & Monnier, 2012) (alternate representation)\nPionoconus rouxi Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013: synonym of Conus (Pionoconus) rouxi (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013) : synonym of Conus rouxi (Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013) (alternate representation)\nPionoconus simonis (Bozzetti, 2010): synonym of Conus striolatus Kiener, 1848\nPionoconus striatus (Linnaeus, 1758) : synonym of Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus striolatus (Kiener, 1845) : synonym of Conus striolatus Kiener, 1845 (alternate representation)\nPionoconus vinctus (A. Adams, 1855) : synonym of Conus vinctus A. Adams, 1855 itself a synonym of Conus monachus Linnaeus, 1758","title":"Species"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=428969","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=428969"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyu055","external_links_name":"Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1-23"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=428969","external_links_name":"To World Register of Marine Species"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/9099433","external_links_name":"9099433"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4572299","external_links_name":"4572299"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1398859","external_links_name":"1398859"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=428969","external_links_name":"428969"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pionoconus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings	List of Goryeo Buddhist paintings	["1 References"]	Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) This list is of Goryeo Buddhist paintings, Korea (918-1392). Approximately one hundred and sixty hanging scrolls are known. Painting Date Location Institution Comments Image Dimensions Coordinates Ref. Royal Palace Mandala, colour on silk絹本著色王宮曼荼羅図kenpon chakushoku ōkyū mandara zu관경서분변상도 1312 Toyokawa Daion-ji (大恩寺) dated to 1312 by the inscription in the bottom right corner; Important Cultural Property 133.3 centimetres (4 ft 4.5 in) by 51.4 centimetres (1 ft 8.2 in) 34°49′14″N 137°18′38″E / 34.820556°N 137.310556°E / 34.820556; 137.310556 (Daionji) Royal Palace Mandala王宮曼荼羅図ōkyū mandara zu관경서분변상도 late Goryeo Tsuruga Saifuku-ji (西福寺) 150.5 centimetres (4 ft 11.3 in) by 113.2 centimetres (3 ft 8.6 in) 35°39′25″N 136°01′56″E / 35.656956°N 136.032114°E / 35.656956; 136.032114 (Saifukuji) Illustration of the Visualisation Sutra観経十六観変相図kangyō jūroku kanhensō zu 1323 Kyoto Chion-in 224.2 centimetres (7 ft 4.3 in) by 139.1 centimetres (4 ft 6.8 in) 35°00′22″N 135°47′02″E / 35.006167°N 135.783849°E / 35.006167; 135.783849 (Chion-in) Illustration of the Meditation Sutra観経変相図Kankyō hensō zu관경서분변상도 C14 Tsuruga Saifuku-ji (西福寺) 202.8 centimetres (6 ft 7.8 in) by 129.8 centimetres (4 ft 3.1 in) 35°39′25″N 136°01′56″E / 35.656956°N 136.032114°E / 35.656956; 136.032114 (Saifukuji) Illustration of the Sutra on the Descent of Maitreya弥勒下生経変相図Miroku geshōkyō hensō zu미륵하생경변상도 1350 Kōya Shinnō-in (親王院) 178.0 centimetres (5 ft 10.1 in) by 90.3 centimetres (2 ft 11.6 in) 34°12′50″N 135°34′53″E / 34.213781°N 135.581366°E / 34.213781; 135.581366 (Shinnō-in) Illustration of the Sutra on the Descent of Maitreya弥勒下生経変相図Miroku geshōkyō hensō zu late Goryeo Kyoto Chion-in 171.8 centimetres (5 ft 7.6 in) by 92.1 centimetres (3 ft 0.3 in) 35°00′22″N 135°47′02″E / 35.006167°N 135.783849°E / 35.006167; 135.783849 (Chion-in) Illustration of the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment원각경변상도 C14 Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 165.5 centimetres (5 ft 5.2 in) by 85.5 centimetres (2 ft 9.7 in) 42°20′21″N 71°05′39″W / 42.339167°N 71.094167°W / 42.339167; -71.094167 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) Illustration of the Visualisation Sutra, colour on silk絹本著色観経十六観変相図kenpon chakushoku kangyō jūroku kanhensō zu late Goryeo Takahagi Ōtakaji (大高寺) Prefectural Cultural Property 183.0 centimetres (6 ft 0 in) by 121.0 centimetres (3 ft 11.6 in) 36°42′55″N 140°42′33″E / 36.715271°N 140.709200°E / 36.715271; 140.709200 (Ōtakaji) Illustration of the Sutra on the Descent of Maitreya, colour on silk絹本著色弥勒下生経変相図kenpon chakushoku Miroku geshōkyō hensō zu 1294 Kyoto Myōman-ji (妙満寺) Important Cultural Property; inscribed 画文翰待詔李晟、至元三十一年甲午 227 centimetres (7 ft 5 in) by 129 centimetres (4 ft 3 in) 35°04′03″N 135°46′28″E / 35.067484°N 135.774450°E / 35.067484; 135.774450 (Myōman-ji) Sakyamuni Preaching the Law釈迦説法図Shaka seppō zu late Goryeo Kōya Shinnō-in (親王院) 178.0 centimetres (5 ft 10.1 in) by 90.3 centimetres (2 ft 11.6 in) 34°12′50″N 135°34′53″E / 34.213781°N 135.581366°E / 34.213781; 135.581366 (Shinnō-in) Vairocana late Goryeo Hiroshima Fudō-in (不動院) also known as Fifteen Thousand Buddhas 162.0 centimetres (5 ft 3.8 in) by 88.2 centimetres (2 ft 10.7 in) 34°25′37″N 132°28′16″E / 34.426877°N 132.471213°E / 34.426877; 132.471213 (Fudō-in) Vairocana毘盧遮那仏変相図Birushana butsu hensō zu late Goryeo Hyōgo Prefecture private 196.0 centimetres (6 ft 5.2 in) by 133.5 centimetres (4 ft 4.6 in) Vairocana Triad late Goryeo Cologne Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Köln 123.0 centimetres (4 ft 0.4 in) by 82.0 centimetres (2 ft 8.3 in) 50°56′06″N 6°55′32″E / 50.935120°N 6.925592°E / 50.935120; 6.925592 (Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Köln) Bhaisajyaguru Preaching the Law Kyoto Chishaku-in (智積院) 34°59′17″N 135°46′35″E / 34.988069°N 135.776381°E / 34.988069; 135.776381 (Chishaku-in) Buddha Pentad, colour on silk絹本著色五仏尊像kenpon chakushoku go-Butsu-son zō late Goryeo Takasago Jūrin-ji (十輪寺) Important Cultural Property; alternatively dated to the sixteenth century 34°44′50″N 134°47′59″E / 34.747306°N 134.799722°E / 34.747306; 134.799722 (Jūrinji) Descent of Tejaprabha Buddha치성광여래왕림도 late C14 Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 124.4 centimetres (4 ft 1.0 in) by 54.8 centimetres (1 ft 9.6 in) 42°20′21″N 71°05′39″W / 42.339167°N 71.094167°W / 42.339167; -71.094167 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) Amitabha 1286 Kyoto private; former Shimazu collection (島津家旧蔵) 203.5 centimetres (6 ft 8.1 in) by 105.1 centimetres (3 ft 5.4 in) Amitabha阿弥陀如来像Amida Nyorai zō late Goryeo Kan'onji Hagiwara-ji (萩原寺) 110.8 centimetres (3 ft 7.6 in) by 50.4 centimetres (1 ft 7.8 in) 34°04′16″N 133°41′18″E / 34.071098°N 133.688362°E / 34.071098; 133.688362 (Hagiwara-ji) Amitabha如来像 or 阿弥陀如来図Nyorai zō or Amida Nyorai zu late Goryeo Kyoto Shōbō-ji (正法寺) Important Cultural Property 190.0 centimetres (6 ft 2.8 in) by 87.2 centimetres (2 ft 10.3 in) Amitabha C14 Kyoto Tōkai-an (東海庵) 116.4 centimetres (3 ft 9.8 in) by 54.5 centimetres (1 ft 9.5 in) 35°01′22″N 135°43′14″E / 35.022748°N 135.720613°E / 35.022748; 135.720613 (Tōkai-an) Amitabha, colour on silk絹本著色阿弥陀如来像kenpon chakushoku Amida Nyorai zu 1306 Tokyo Nezu Museum Important Cultural Property 162.5 centimetres (5 ft 4.0 in) by 91.7 centimetres (3 ft 0.1 in) 35°39′44″N 139°43′02″E / 35.662213°N 139.717094°E / 35.662213; 139.717094 (Nezu Museum) Amitabha, colour on silk絹本著色釈迦如来像kenpon chakushoku Shaka Nyorai zō late Goryeo Kyoto Gyokurin-in (玉林院) Important Cultural Property 163.0 centimetres (5 ft 4.2 in) by 87.0 centimetres (2 ft 10.3 in) 35°02′33″N 135°44′35″E / 35.042418°N 135.743176°E / 35.042418; 135.743176 (Gyokurin-in) Amitabha阿弥陀如来像kenpon chakushoku Amida hachidai bosatsu zō Higashiōmi Ishiba-ji (石馬寺) 98.0 centimetres (3 ft 2.6 in) by 55.5 centimetres (1 ft 9.9 in) 35°09′41″N 136°09′52″E / 35.161459°N 136.164465°E / 35.161459; 136.164465 (Ishibaji) Bhaisajyaguru如来像Nyorai zō late Goryeo Nagoya Banshō-ji 151.0 centimetres (4 ft 11.4 in) by 86.2 centimetres (2 ft 9.9 in) 35°09′33″N 136°54′17″E / 35.159167°N 136.904722°E / 35.159167; 136.904722 (Bhaisajyaguru) Amitabha, colour on silk絹本著色釈迦如来像kenpon chakushoku Shaka Nyorai zō C14 Kyoto Zenrin-ji Important Cultural Property 177.9 centimetres (5 ft 10.0 in) by 106.9 centimetres (3 ft 6.1 in) 35°00′52″N 135°47′43″E / 35.014525°N 135.795292°E / 35.014525; 135.795292 (Zenrin-ji) Amitabha late Goryeo Paris Musée Guimet 104.0 centimetres (3 ft 4.9 in) by 46.0 centimetres (1 ft 6.1 in) 48°51′54″N 2°17′37″E / 48.865106°N 2.293632°E / 48.865106; 2.293632 (Musée Guimet) Amitabha C14 Rome Museo Nazionale d'Arte Orientale 105.6 centimetres (3 ft 5.6 in) by 47.0 centimetres (1 ft 6.5 in) 41°53′40″N 12°30′01″E / 41.894523°N 12.500403°E / 41.894523; 12.500403 (Museo Nazionale d'Arte Orientale) Amitabha, colour on silk絹本著色阿弥陀如来坐像kenpon chakushoku Amida Nyorai zazō late Goryeo Yaita Kagamiyama-dera (鏡山寺) Prefectural Cultural Property; there are two further Goryeo Buddhist paintings at Kōbō-ji (興法寺) in Oyama 149.3 centimetres (4 ft 10.8 in) by 94.0 centimetres (3 ft 1.0 in) 36°50′14″N 139°55′17″E / 36.837197°N 139.921457°E / 36.837197; 139.921457 (Kagamiyama-dera) Amitabha아미타여래도 late Goryeo Yongin Uhak Cultural Foundation Treasure No. 1238 105.6 centimetres (3 ft 5.6 in) by 52.3 centimetres (1 ft 8.6 in) Amitabha Triad, colour on silk (Amitabha)絹本著色阿弥陀三尊像kenpon chakushoku Amida sanzon zu 1309 Yonezawa Uesugi Jinja (上杉神社) central scroll of a set of three jointly designated an Important Cultural Property 148 centimetres (4 ft 10 in) by 77 centimetres (2 ft 6 in) 37°54′33″N 140°06′15″E / 37.909237°N 140.104072°E / 37.909237; 140.104072 (Uesugi Jinja) Amitabha Triad, colour on silk (Avalokiteśvara)絹本著色阿弥陀三尊像kenpon chakushoku Amida sanzon zu 1309 Yonezawa Uesugi Jinja (上杉神社) right-hand scroll of a set of three jointly designated an Important Cultural Property 148 centimetres (4 ft 10 in) by 77 centimetres (2 ft 6 in) 37°54′33″N 140°06′15″E / 37.909237°N 140.104072°E / 37.909237; 140.104072 (Uesugi Jinja) Amitabha Triad, colour on silk (Mahasthamaprapta)絹本著色阿弥陀三尊像kenpon chakushoku Amida sanzon zu 1309 Yonezawa Uesugi Jinja (上杉神社) left-hand scroll of a set of three jointly designated an Important Cultural Property 148 centimetres (4 ft 10 in) by 77 centimetres (2 ft 6 in) 37°54′33″N 140°06′15″E / 37.909237°N 140.104072°E / 37.909237; 140.104072 (Uesugi Jinja) Amitabha Triad with Ananda and Mahākāśyapa絹本著色釈迦三尊及阿難迦葉像kenpon chakushoku Shaka sanzon oyobi Anan Kashō zō 1330 Ogose Hōon-ji (法恩寺) Important Cultural Property 119.4 centimetres (3 ft 11.0 in) by 64.2 centimetres (2 ft 1.3 in) 35°57′44″N 139°17′50″E / 35.962133°N 139.297135°E / 35.962133; 139.297135 (Hōonji) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Tokyo Nezu Museum 111.2 centimetres (3 ft 7.8 in) by 50.9 centimetres (1 ft 8.0 in) 35°39′44″N 139°43′02″E / 35.662213°N 139.717094°E / 35.662213; 139.717094 (Nezu Museum) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Tokyo Nezu Museum 129.0 centimetres (4 ft 2.8 in) by 62.0 centimetres (2 ft 0.4 in) 35°39′44″N 139°43′02″E / 35.662213°N 139.717094°E / 35.662213; 139.717094 (Nezu Museum) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Tokyo Nezu Museum 139.0 centimetres (4 ft 6.7 in) by 87.9 centimetres (2 ft 10.6 in) 35°39′44″N 139°43′02″E / 35.662213°N 139.717094°E / 35.662213; 139.717094 (Nezu Museum) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Kakogawa Kakurin-ji Important Cultural Property 130.0 centimetres (4 ft 3.2 in) by 73.3 centimetres (2 ft 4.9 in) 34°45′08″N 134°49′57″E / 34.752244°N 134.832587°E / 34.752244; 134.832587 (Kakurinji) Amitabha Triad circa C13 New York City Metropolitan Museum of Art 114.9 centimetres (3 ft 9.2 in) by 59.1 centimetres (1 ft 11.3 in) 40°46′45″N 73°57′47″W / 40.779152°N 73.962933°W / 40.779152; -73.962933 (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Kyoto Chion-in 170.3 centimetres (5 ft 7.0 in) by 92.2 centimetres (3 ft 0.3 in) 35°00′22″N 135°47′02″E / 35.006167°N 135.783849°E / 35.006167; 135.783849 (Chion-in) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Kyoto Chion-in 160.6 centimetres (5 ft 3.2 in) by 80.6 centimetres (2 ft 7.7 in) 35°00′22″N 135°47′02″E / 35.006167°N 135.783849°E / 35.006167; 135.783849 (Chion-in) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Kyoto Chion-in 160.6 centimetres (5 ft 3.2 in) by 80.6 centimetres (2 ft 7.7 in) 35°00′22″N 135°47′02″E / 35.006167°N 135.783849°E / 35.006167; 135.783849 (Chion-in) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Kyoto Chion-in 160.6 centimetres (5 ft 3.2 in) by 80.6 centimetres (2 ft 7.7 in) 35°00′22″N 135°47′02″E / 35.006167°N 135.783849°E / 35.006167; 135.783849 (Chion-in) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Sakai Hōdō-ji (法道寺) Municipal Cultural Property 166.4 centimetres (5 ft 5.5 in) by 88.8 centimetres (2 ft 11.0 in) 34°27′50″N 135°31′04″E / 34.463931°N 135.517731°E / 34.463931; 135.517731 (Hōdōji) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu C13/14 Tokyo Tokyo National Museum 122.9 centimetres (4 ft 0.4 in) by 56.6 centimetres (1 ft 10.3 in) 35°43′08″N 139°46′35″E / 35.718826°N 139.776467°E / 35.718826; 139.776467 (Tokyo National Museum) Amitabha Triad아미타삼존도 C14 Seoul Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art National Treasure No. 218 110.7 centimetres (3 ft 7.6 in) by 51.0 centimetres (1 ft 8.1 in) 37°32′17″N 126°59′55″E / 37.538112°N 126.998584°E / 37.538112; 126.998584 (Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art) Amitabha Triad, colour on silk絹本著色阿弥陀三尊像kenpon chakushoku Amida sanzon zu C14 Atami MOA Museum of Art Important Cultural Property 100.9 centimetres (3 ft 3.7 in) by 54.2 centimetres (1 ft 9.3 in) 35°06′32″N 139°04′30″E / 35.108991°N 139.075091°E / 35.108991; 139.075091 (MOA Museum of Art) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Kobe Hakutsuru Fine Art Museum 133.3 centimetres (4 ft 4.5 in) by 58.9 centimetres (1 ft 11.2 in) 34°43′52″N 135°15′29″E / 34.731024°N 135.258136°E / 34.731024; 135.258136 (Hakutsuru Fine Art Museum) Amitabha Triad C14 New York City Brooklyn Museum 130.2 centimetres (4 ft 3.3 in) by 81.9 centimetres (2 ft 8.2 in) 40°40′17″N 73°57′50″W / 40.671306°N 73.96375°W / 40.671306; -73.96375 (Brooklyn Museum) Amitabha Triad, colour on silk絹本著色阿弥陀三尊像kenpon chakushoku Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Maizuru Matsunoo-dera (松尾寺) Prefectural Cultural Property 109.5 centimetres (3 ft 7.1 in) by 55.7 centimetres (1 ft 9.9 in) 35°29′50″N 135°28′10″E / 35.497225°N 135.469408°E / 35.497225; 135.469408 (Matsunoodera) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Kyoto Sen-oku Hakuko Kan 130.0 centimetres (4 ft 3.2 in) by 83.0 centimetres (2 ft 8.7 in) 35°01′03″N 135°47′34″E / 35.0176°N 135.7929°E / 35.0176; 135.7929 (Sen-oku Hakuko Kan) Amitabha Triad, colour on silk絹本著色阿弥陀三尊像kenpon chakushoku Amida sanzon zō late Goryeo Kyoto Chion-ji (知恩寺) 103.0 centimetres (3 ft 4.6 in) by 86.0 centimetres (2 ft 9.9 in) 35°01′49″N 135°46′51″E / 35.030304°N 135.780877°E / 35.030304; 135.780877 (Chionji) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Kyoto private 99.2 centimetres (3 ft 3.1 in) by 51.7 centimetres (1 ft 8.4 in) Amitabha Triad阿弥陀三尊図Amida sanzon zu late Goryeo Izumo Ichibata-ji (一畑寺) Amitabha Triad, colour on silk絹本著色阿弥陀三尊像kenpon chakushoku Amida sanzon zō late Goryeo Tsu Senju-ji (専修寺) Important Cultural Property 168.5 centimetres (5 ft 6.3 in) by 92.4 centimetres (3 ft 0.4 in) 34°45′43″N 136°30′13″E / 34.762028°N 136.503582°E / 34.762028; 136.503582 (Senjuji) Amitabha Triad, colour on silk絹本著色阿弥陀三尊像kenpon chakushoku Amida sanzon zō late Goryeo Tokyo Ōkura Museum of Art 113.0 centimetres (3 ft 8.5 in) by 61.0 centimetres (2 ft 0 in) 35°40′01″N 139°44′36″E / 35.666944°N 139.743333°E / 35.666944; 139.743333 (Ōkura Museum of Art) Shakyamuni and Two Attendants C14 Cleveland Cleveland Museum of Art 217.8 centimetres (7 ft 1.7 in) by 112.7 centimetres (3 ft 8.4 in) 41°30′32″N 81°36′41″W / 41.508891°N 81.611348°W / 41.508891; -81.611348 (Cleveland Museum of Art) Amitabha Triad, gold with blue ground on silk絹本紺地金泥阿弥陀三尊像kenpon konji kindei Amida sanson zō 1359 Kōfu Hontai-ji (尊躰寺) Municipal Cultural Property 164.9 centimetres (5 ft 4.9 in) by 85.6 centimetres (2 ft 9.7 in) 35°39′35″N 138°34′48″E / 35.659711°N 138.580041°E / 35.659711; 138.580041 (Hontaiji) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas late Goryeo Seoul National Museum of Korea 21.0 centimetres (8.3 in) by 13.0 centimetres (5.1 in) 37°31′24″N 126°58′47″E / 37.52334°N 126.9797°E / 37.52334; 126.9797 (National Museum of Korea) Sakyamuni with Eight Great Bodhisattvas, colour on silk絹本著色釈迦八大菩薩像kenpon chakushoku Shaka hachidai bosatsu zō 1320 Yamatokōriyama Matsuo-dera (松尾寺) Important Cultural Property 177.3 centimetres (5 ft 9.8 in) by 91.2 centimetres (2 ft 11.9 in) 34°38′03″N 135°43′41″E / 34.634064°N 135.728107°E / 34.634064; 135.728107 (Matsuodera) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas, colour on silk絹本着色阿弥陀八大菩薩像kenpon chakushoku Amida hachidai bosatsu zō late Goryeo Saga property of Kōfuku-ji (広福寺), more properly Kōfukugokokuzen-ji (廣福護国禅寺) in Takeo; kept at the Saga Prefectural Museum Prefectural Cultural Property 155.4 centimetres (5 ft 1.2 in) by 87.2 centimetres (2 ft 10.3 in) 33°14′42″N 130°18′02″E / 33.244978°N 130.300598°E / 33.244978; 130.300598 (Saga Prefectural Museum) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas阿弥陀八大菩薩像Amida hachidai bosatsu zō C14 Tokyo The University Art Museum, Tokyo University of the Arts (東京藝術大学大学美術館) 180.3 centimetres (5 ft 11.0 in) by 92.5 centimetres (3 ft 0.4 in) 35°43′09″N 139°46′17″E / 35.719218°N 139.771494°E / 35.719218; 139.771494 (The University Art Museum, Tokyo University of the Arts) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas阿弥陀八大菩薩像Amida hachidai bosatsu zō late Goryeo Ashikaga Banna-ji (鑁阿寺) alternatively identified as Shakyamauni with Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Prefectural Cultural Property) and dated to the Muromachi period 153.0 centimetres (5 ft 0.2 in) by 84.3 centimetres (2 ft 9.2 in) 36°20′15″N 139°27′08″E / 36.337461°N 139.452295°E / 36.337461; 139.452295 (Bannaji) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas阿弥陀八大菩薩像Amida hachidai bosatsu zō late Goryeo Nara Yamato Bunkakan 110.2 centimetres (3 ft 7.4 in) by 57.7 centimetres (1 ft 10.7 in) 34°41′43″N 135°45′24″E / 34.695278°N 135.756667°E / 34.695278; 135.756667 (Yamato Bunkakan) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas阿弥陀八大菩薩像 2nd half C14 San Francisco Asian Art Museum 151.1 centimetres (4 ft 11.5 in) by 88.7 centimetres (2 ft 10.9 in) 37°46′49″N 122°24′59″W / 37.780213°N 122.416416°W / 37.780213; -122.416416 (Asian Art Museum) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas C14 Washington, D.C. Freer Gallery of Art 160.3 centimetres (5 ft 3.1 in) by 86.0 centimetres (2 ft 9.9 in) 38°53′17″N 77°01′39″W / 38.888135°N 77.02739°W / 38.888135; -77.02739 (Freer Gallery of Art) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas阿弥陀八大菩薩像Amida hachidai bosatsu zō C14 Nagoya Tokugawa Art Museum 143.0 centimetres (4 ft 8.3 in) by 87.0 centimetres (2 ft 10.3 in) 35°11′02″N 136°56′00″E / 35.183814°N 136.933261°E / 35.183814; 136.933261 (Tokugawa Art Museum) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas阿弥陀八大菩薩像Amida hachidai bosatsu zō late Goryeo Kyoto Jōkyō-ji (浄教寺) 173.1 centimetres (5 ft 8.1 in) by 91.1 centimetres (2 ft 11.9 in) 35°00′10″N 135°46′02″E / 35.002863°N 135.767219°E / 35.002863; 135.767219 (Jōkyōji) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas阿弥陀八大菩薩像Amida hachidai bosatsu zō late Goryeo Kobe privateformer Kawasaki collection (川崎家旧蔵) 107.3 centimetres (3 ft 6.2 in) by 58.5 centimetres (1 ft 11.0 in) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas阿弥陀八大菩薩像Amida hachidai bosatsu zō late Goryeo Tokyo Nezu Museum 222.5 centimetres (7 ft 3.6 in) by 166.8 centimetres (5 ft 5.7 in) 35°39′44″N 139°43′02″E / 35.662213°N 139.717094°E / 35.662213; 139.717094 (Nezu Museum) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas紫絹金銀泥絵阿弥陀八大菩薩像shiken kingin doro-e Amida hachidai bosatsu zō end of the Goryeo period Tsuruga Zenmyō-ji (善妙寺) Prefectural Cultural Property 155.0 centimetres (5 ft 1.0 in) by 146.0 centimetres (4 ft 9.5 in) 35°39′13″N 136°04′19″E / 35.653583°N 136.071843°E / 35.653583; 136.071843 (Zenmyōji) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas阿弥陀八菩薩像Amida hachi bosatsu zō mid-/late C14 Nishio property of Keigan-ji (桂岩寺); kept at the Iwase Bunko Library (西尾市岩瀬文庫) Municipal Cultural Property 139.4 centimetres (4 ft 6.9 in) by 85.0 centimetres (2 ft 9.5 in) 34°52′28″N 137°03′14″E / 34.874388°N 137.053853°E / 34.874388; 137.053853 (Iwase Bunko Library) Amitabha with Eight Great Bodhisattvas, colour on silk絹本着色阿弥陀八大菩薩像kenpon chakushoku Amida hachidai bosatsu zō Ōtsu Shiga-in (滋賀院) 35°04′11″N 135°52′03″E / 35.069594°N 135.867583°E / 35.069594; 135.867583 (Shiga-in) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara, colour on silk絹本著色楊柳観音像kenpon chakushoku Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Karatsu Kagami Jinja (鏡神社) Important Cultural Property 419.5 centimetres (13 ft 9.2 in) by 254.2 centimetres (8 ft 4.1 in) 33°25′56″N 130°00′29″E / 33.432122°N 130.008130°E / 33.432122; 130.008130 (Kagami Jinja) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara, colour on silk絹本著色楊柳観音像〈徐九方筆／至治三年六月の年記がある〉kenpon chakushoku Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 1323 Kyoto Sen-oku Hakuko Kan Important Cultural Property 164.8 centimetres (5 ft 4.9 in) by 101.7 centimetres (3 ft 4.0 in) 35°01′03″N 135°47′34″E / 35.0176°N 135.7929°E / 35.0176; 135.7929 (Sen-oku Hakuko Kan) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Tokyo Sensō-ji 144.0 centimetres (4 ft 8.7 in) by 62.6 centimetres (2 ft 0.6 in) 35°42′52″N 139°47′49″E / 35.714427°N 139.796863°E / 35.714427; 139.796863 (Sensōji) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 late Goryeo Nara Yamato Bunkakan 100.4 centimetres (3 ft 3.5 in) by 49.6 centimetres (1 ft 7.5 in) 34°41′43″N 135°45′24″E / 34.695278°N 135.756667°E / 34.695278; 135.756667 (Yamato Bunkakan) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara, colour on silk絹本著色楊柳観音像kenpon chakushoku Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Kyoto Daitoku-ji Important Cultural Property 227.9 centimetres (7 ft 5.7 in) by 135.8 centimetres (4 ft 5.5 in) 35°02′38″N 135°44′46″E / 35.043753°N 135.746040°E / 35.043753; 135.746040 (Daitokuji) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara, colour on silk絹本著色楊柳観音像kenpon chakushoku Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Kyoto Daitoku-ji Important Cultural Property 154.3 centimetres (5 ft 0.7 in) by 84.7 centimetres (2 ft 9.3 in) 35°02′38″N 135°44′46″E / 35.043753°N 135.746040°E / 35.043753; 135.746040 (Daitokuji) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara, colour on silk絹本著色楊柳観音像kenpon chakushoku Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Kyoto Daitoku-ji Important Cultural Property 129.6 centimetres (4 ft 3.0 in) by 63.8 centimetres (2 ft 1.1 in) 35°02′38″N 135°44′46″E / 35.043753°N 135.746040°E / 35.043753; 135.746040 (Daitokuji) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Kyoto Yūrinkan Museum (藤井斉成会有鄰館) 105.5 centimetres (3 ft 5.5 in) by 54.3 centimetres (1 ft 9.4 in) 35°00′42″N 135°46′53″E / 35.011694°N 135.781263°E / 35.011694; 135.781263 (Yūrinkan Museum) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Atami MOA Museum of Art 99.0 centimetres (3 ft 3.0 in) by 46.2 centimetres (1 ft 6.2 in) 35°06′32″N 139°04′30″E / 35.108991°N 139.075091°E / 35.108991; 139.075091 (MOA Museum of Art) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 late Goryeo Sakurai Tanzan Jinja 110.0 centimetres (3 ft 7.3 in) by 57.7 centimetres (1 ft 10.7 in) 34°27′57″N 135°51′42″E / 34.465833°N 135.861667°E / 34.465833; 135.861667 (Tanzan Jinja) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara, colour on silk絹本著色楊柳観音像kenpon chakushoku Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Miyoshi Chōraku-ji (長楽寺) Important Cultural Property 119.0 centimetres (3 ft 10.9 in) by 63.5 centimetres (2 ft 1.0 in) 34°01′48″N 133°51′44″E / 34.029891°N 133.862336°E / 34.029891; 133.862336 (Chōrakujii) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara, colour on silk絹本著色楊柳観音像kenpon chakushoku Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Ōtsu Shōjuraigō-ji (聖衆来迎寺) Important Cultural Property 145.5 centimetres (4 ft 9.3 in) by 82.7 centimetres (2 ft 8.6 in) 35°04′21″N 135°53′09″E / 35.072427°N 135.885816°E / 35.072427; 135.885816 (Shōjuraigōji) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Kōya Hōju-in (宝寿院) 166.4 centimetres (5 ft 5.5 in) by 88.8 centimetres (2 ft 11.0 in) 　34°12′53″N 135°34′40″E / 34.214588°N 135.577641°E / 34.214588; 135.577641 (Hōju-in) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Taishi Eifuku-ji (叡福寺) 99.9 centimetres (3 ft 3.3 in) by 50.7 centimetres (1 ft 8.0 in) 34°31′07″N 135°38′23″E / 34.518625°N 135.639761°E / 34.518625; 135.639761 (Eifukuji) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara, colour on silk絹本著色楊柳観音像kenpon chakushoku Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 2nd half C14 Nishio property of Yōju-ji (養寿寺); kept at the Iwase Bunko Library (西尾市岩瀬文庫) Prefectural Cultural Property 101.0 centimetres (3 ft 3.8 in) by 56.0 centimetres (1 ft 10.0 in) 34°52′28″N 137°03′14″E / 34.874388°N 137.053853°E / 34.874388; 137.053853 (Iwase Bunko Library) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara, colour on silk絹本著色白衣観音像kenpon chakushoku Byakue Kannon zō수월관음도 late Goryeo Kobe Taisan-ji Important Cultural Property 109.2 centimetres (3 ft 7.0 in) by 56.7 centimetres (1 ft 10.3 in) 34°41′47″N 135°04′01″E / 34.6965°N 135.067°E / 34.6965; 135.067 (Taisanji) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara수월관음보살도水月観音菩薩図 C14 Seoul Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art Treasure No. 926 119.2 centimetres (3 ft 10.9 in) by 59.8 centimetres (1 ft 11.5 in) 37°32′17″N 126°59′55″E / 37.538112°N 126.998584°E / 37.538112; 126.998584 (Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Hitoyoshi Ganjō-ji (願成寺) 106.6 centimetres (3 ft 6.0 in) by 48.6 centimetres (1 ft 7.1 in) 32°13′05″N 130°46′21″E / 32.218066°N 130.772538°E / 32.218066; 130.772538 (Ganjōji) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 late Goryeo Nara Nara National Museum 163.0 centimetres (5 ft 4.2 in) by 84.7 centimetres (2 ft 9.3 in) 34°41′01″N 135°50′12″E / 34.683564°N 135.836678°E / 34.683564; 135.836678 (Nara National Museum) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 late Goryeo Cambridge Harvard Art Museums 158.3 centimetres (5 ft 2.3 in) by 82.1 centimetres (2 ft 8.3 in) 42°22′27″N 71°06′51″W / 42.374073°N 71.114159°W / 42.374073; -71.114159 (Harvard Art Museums) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 1st half C14 New York City Metropolitan Museum of Art the encounter with Sudhana (lower right) is recounted in the Avatamsaka Sutra 114.5 centimetres (3 ft 9.1 in) by 55.6 centimetres (1 ft 9.9 in) 40°46′45″N 73°57′47″W / 40.779152°N 73.962933°W / 40.779152; -73.962933 (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 late Goryeo (Hyōgo Prefecture) private 163.9 centimetres (5 ft 4.5 in) by 61.0 centimetres (2 ft 0 in) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 late Goryeo (Fukuoka Prefecture) 108.5 centimetres (3 ft 6.7 in) by 57.1 centimetres (1 ft 10.5 in) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 C14 Cologne Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Köln 98.0 centimetres (3 ft 2.6 in) by 55.0 centimetres (1 ft 9.7 in) 50°56′06″N 6°55′32″E / 50.935120°N 6.925592°E / 50.935120; 6.925592 (Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Köln) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 late Goryeo (Okayama Prefecture) private 143.8 centimetres (4 ft 8.6 in) by 77.2 centimetres (2 ft 6.4 in) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 late Goryeo (Okayama Prefecture) Chōraku-ji (長楽寺) 152.3 centimetres (5 ft 0 in) by 86.5 centimetres (2 ft 10.1 in) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara, colour on silk絹本著色楊柳観音像kenpon chakushoku Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Tottori property of Bujō-ji (豊乗寺) in Chizu; kept at the Tottori Prefectural Museum Important Cultural Property 106.0 centimetres (3 ft 5.7 in) by 54.6 centimetres (1 ft 9.5 in) 35°30′30″N 134°14′10″E / 35.508265°N 134.236128°E / 35.508265; 134.236128 (Tottori Prefectural Museum) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Sakurai Hase-dera 99.0 centimetres (3 ft 3.0 in) by 52.5 centimetres (1 ft 8.7 in) 34°32′09″N 135°54′25″E / 34.535860°N 135.906844°E / 34.535860; 135.906844 (Hase-dera) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 late Goryeo Paris Musée Guimet 105.0 centimetres (3 ft 5.3 in) by 58.0 centimetres (1 ft 10.8 in) 48°51′54″N 2°17′37″E / 48.865106°N 2.293632°E / 48.865106; 2.293632 (Musée Guimet) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 mid-C14 Washington, D.C. Freer Gallery of Art 98.3 centimetres (3 ft 2.7 in) by 47.7 centimetres (1 ft 6.8 in) 38°53′17″N 77°01′39″W / 38.888135°N 77.02739°W / 38.888135; -77.02739 (Freer Gallery of Art) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara水月観音像suigetsu Kannon zō수월관음도 late Goryeo Tokyo Seikadō Bunko Art Museum 35°37′21″N 139°37′09″E / 35.622402°N 139.619290°E / 35.622402; 139.619290 (Seikadō Bunko Art Museum) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Kamakura Kenchō-ji 141.5 centimetres (4 ft 7.7 in) by 77.2 centimetres (2 ft 6.4 in) 35°19′54″N 139°33′18″E / 35.331705°N 139.555072°E / 35.331705; 139.555072 (Kenchōji) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 Kōya Daitoku-in (大徳院) 143.8 centimetres (4 ft 8.6 in) by 77.2 centimetres (2 ft 6.4 in) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara楊柳観音像Yōryū Kannon zō수월관음도 99.0 centimetres (3 ft 3.0 in) by 49.0 centimetres (1 ft 7.3 in) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara, colour on silk絹本着色楊柳観音坐像kenpon chakushoku Yōryū Kannon zazō수월관음도 mid-C14 Shimonoseki property of Kōzan-ji; kept at the Shimonoseki Chōfu Museum (下関市立長府博物館) Prefectural Cultural Property 146.9 centimetres (4 ft 9.8 in) by 85.8 centimetres (2 ft 9.8 in) 33°59′44″N 130°58′56″E / 33.995474°N 130.982255°E / 33.995474; 130.982255 (Shimonoseki Chōfu Museum) Water-Moon Avalokiteśvara, colour on silk水月観音図수월관음도(水月觀音圖) late Goryeo Yongin Amore pacific museum of art Treasure No. 1426 Avalokiteśvara観音像Kannon zō late Goryeo Gifu Prefecture Tōkō-ji (東光時) 109.2 centimetres (3 ft 7.0 in) by 53.7 centimetres (1 ft 9.1 in) White-Robed Avalokiteśvara白衣観音像Byakue Kannon zō Tokyo Agency for Cultural Affairs 99.0 centimetres (3 ft 3.0 in) by 40.3 centimetres (1 ft 3.9 in) White-Robed Avalokiteśvara, colour on silk絹本著色白衣観音図kenpon chakushoku Byakue Kannon zu 1377 Nara Nara National Museum white-robed and seated on a grass-covered rock; according to the fifth chapter of the Mahavairocana Sutra, the white is the "whiteness of the pure aspiration of enlightenment"; ink inscription in the upper right corner: 稽首淨聖甘露除焔 \| 眞大依怙普施福縁 \| 丁巳仲夏 \| 壽峯海燁謹題; stylistic considerations date 丁巳 (Yin Fire Snake according to the Sexagenary cycle) to 1377; of Goryeo, Yuan or Ming origin; Important Cultural Property 99.1 centimetres (3 ft 3.0 in) by 40.3 centimetres (1 ft 3.9 in) 34°41′01″N 135°50′12″E / 34.683564°N 135.836678°E / 34.683564; 135.836678 (Nara National Museum) Avalokiteśvara C14 Cleveland Cleveland Museum of Art 155.0 centimetres (5 ft 1.0 in) by 51.4 centimetres (1 ft 8.2 in) 41°30′32″N 81°36′41″W / 41.508891°N 81.611348°W / 41.508891; -81.611348 (Cleveland Museum of Art) Avalokitesvara with One Thousand Arms천수천안관음도千手観音図 C14 Seoul Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art 93.8 centimetres (3 ft 0.9 in) by 51.2 centimetres (1 ft 8.2 in) 37°32′17″N 126°59′55″E / 37.538112°N 126.998584°E / 37.538112; 126.998584 (Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art) Ksitigarbha Seoul National Museum of Korea 21.0 centimetres (8.3 in) by 12.0 centimetres (4.7 in) Ksitigarbha地藏菩薩像Jizō bosatsu zō Fukuoka Zendō-ji (善導寺) Municipal Cultural Property 111.0 centimetres (3 ft 7.7 in) by 43.5 centimetres (1 ft 5.1 in) 33°35′58″N 130°24′38″E / 33.599420°N 130.410681°E / 33.599420; 130.410681 (Zendōji) Ksitigarbha地藏菩薩像Jizō bosatsu zō late Goryeo Tokyo Nezu Museum 155.4 centimetres (5 ft 1.2 in) by 87.2 centimetres (2 ft 10.3 in) 35°39′44″N 139°43′02″E / 35.662213°N 139.717094°E / 35.662213; 139.717094 (Nezu Museum) Ksitigarbha地藏菩薩像Jizō bosatsu zō C14 Nagoya Tokugawa Art Museum 105.1 centimetres (3 ft 5.4 in) by 43.9 centimetres (1 ft 5.3 in) 35°11′02″N 136°56′00″E / 35.183814°N 136.933261°E / 35.183814; 136.933261 (Tokugawa Art Museum) Ksitigarbha地藏菩薩図Jizō bosatsu zu C14 Nara Chūgū-ji 102.5 centimetres (3 ft 4.4 in) by 40.0 centimetres (1 ft 3.7 in) 34°36′54″N 135°44′22″E / 34.614941°N 135.739496°E / 34.614941; 135.739496 (Chūgū-ji) Ksitigarbha地藏菩薩図Jizō bosatsu zu C14 (Shiga Prefecture) Hōren-ji (法蓮寺) 93.0 centimetres (3 ft 0.6 in) by 38.5 centimetres (1 ft 3.2 in) Ksitigarbha, colour on silk絹本著色地蔵菩薩像kenpon chakushoku Jizō bosatsu zō C14 Nishio property of Yōju-ji (養寿寺); kept at the Iwase Bunko Library (西尾市岩瀬文庫) Prefectural Cultural Property 101.0 centimetres (3 ft 3.8 in) by 56.0 centimetres (1 ft 10.0 in) 34°52′28″N 137°03′14″E / 34.874388°N 137.053853°E / 34.874388; 137.053853 (Iwase Bunko Library) Hooded Ksitigarbha, colour on silk絹本著色被帽地蔵菩薩像kenpon chakushoku hibō Jizō bosatsu zō Kamakura Engaku-ji Important Cultural Property 239.4 centimetres (7 ft 10.3 in) by 130.0 centimetres (4 ft 3.2 in) 35°20′12″N 139°32′52″E / 35.336781°N 139.547836°E / 35.336781; 139.547836 (Engakuji) Ksitigarbha지장도地藏図 C14 Seoul Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art Treasure No. 784 104.0 centimetres (3 ft 4.9 in) by 55.3 centimetres (1 ft 9.8 in) 37°32′17″N 126°59′55″E / 37.538112°N 126.998584°E / 37.538112; 126.998584 (Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art) Ksitigarbha 1st half C14 New York City Metropolitan Museum of Art 84.5 centimetres (2 ft 9.3 in) by 36.8 centimetres (1 ft 2.5 in) 40°46′45″N 73°57′47″W / 40.779152°N 73.962933°W / 40.779152; -73.962933 (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Ksitigarbha late C13/early C14 Washington, D.C. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery 107.6 centimetres (3 ft 6.4 in) by 49.4 centimetres (1 ft 7.4 in) 38°53′17″N 77°01′37″W / 38.88806°N 77.026995°W / 38.88806; -77.026995 (Arthur M. Sackler Gallery) Ksitigarbha지장보살도 late C14 Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 92 centimetres (3 ft 0 in) by 40 centimetres (1 ft 4 in) 42°20′21″N 71°05′39″W / 42.339167°N 71.094167°W / 42.339167; -71.094167 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) Ksitigarbha with the Ten Kings of Hell, colour on silk絹本著色地蔵十王像kenpon chakushoku Jizō jūō zu late Goryeo Kasaoka Nikkō-ji (日光寺) Important Cultural Property 117.1 centimetres (3 ft 10.1 in) by 59.2 centimetres (1 ft 11.3 in) 34°27′08″N 133°30′41″E / 34.452170°N 133.511310°E / 34.452170; 133.511310 (Nikkōji) Ksitigarbha with the Ten Kings of Hell地蔵十王図Jizō jūō zu late Goryeo Tokyo Seikadō Bunko Art Museum 143.5 centimetres (4 ft 8.5 in) by 55.9 centimetres (1 ft 10.0 in) 35°37′21″N 139°37′09″E / 35.622402°N 139.619290°E / 35.622402; 139.619290 (Seikadō Bunko Art Museum) Ksitigarbha with the Ten Kings of Hell地蔵十王像Jizō jūō zu late Goryeo Seoul Horim Museum Treasure No. 1048 111.1 centimetres (3 ft 7.7 in) by 60.4 centimetres (1 ft 11.8 in) 37°28′51″N 126°55′06″E / 37.480869°N 126.918311°E / 37.480869; 126.918311 (Horim Museum) Ksitigarbha with the Ten Kings of Hell地蔵十王図Jizō jūō zu late Goryeo Berlin Museum für Asiatische Kunst 109.0 centimetres (3 ft 6.9 in) by 56.8 centimetres (1 ft 10.4 in) 52°27′26″N 13°17′35″E / 52.457304°N 13.292964°E / 52.457304; 13.292964 (Museum für Asiatische Kunst) Ksitigarbha with the Ten Kings of Hell地蔵十王図Jizō jūō zu late Goryeo Sagae Kezō-in (華蔵院) Municipal Cultural Property 115.2 centimetres (3 ft 9.4 in) by 59.1 centimetres (1 ft 11.3 in) 38°24′37″N 140°15′07″E / 38.410289°N 140.252055°E / 38.410289; 140.252055 (Kezō-in) Avalokitesvara and Ksitigarbha観音地蔵像Kannon Jizō zō late Goryeo Tsuruga Saifuku-ji (西福寺) 99.0 centimetres (3 ft 3.0 in) by 52.2 centimetres (1 ft 8.6 in) 35°39′25″N 136°01′56″E / 35.656956°N 136.032114°E / 35.656956; 136.032114 (Saifukuji) Avalokitesvara Takatori Minamihōkke-ji (南法華寺) 105.9 centimetres (3 ft 5.7 in) by 36.4 centimetres (1 ft 2.3 in) 34°25′35″N 135°48′36″E / 34.426422°N 135.809886°E / 34.426422; 135.809886 (Minamihōkkeji) Ksitigarbha Takatori Minamihōkke-ji (南法華寺) 105.9 centimetres (3 ft 5.7 in) by 36.4 centimetres (1 ft 2.3 in) 34°25′35″N 135°48′36″E / 34.426422°N 135.809886°E / 34.426422; 135.809886 (Minamihōkkeji) Avalokitesvara and Ksitigarbha観音地蔵像Kannon Jizō zō late Goryeo Gujō Ana-in (阿名院) 90.2 centimetres (2 ft 11.5 in) by 45.0 centimetres (1 ft 5.7 in) Amitabha and Ksitigarbha 1st half C14 New York City Metropolitan Museum of Art pigments were applied to both sides of the silk; the only surviving example of this iconography; more typical is an Amitabha Triad featuring also Avalokiteśvara 94.6 centimetres (3 ft 1.2 in) by 55.6 centimetres (1 ft 9.9 in) 40°46′45″N 73°57′47″W / 40.779152°N 73.962933°W / 40.779152; -73.962933 (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Ksitigarbha Triad地藏三尊図지장보살삼존도 late Goryeo Seoul Horim Museum Treasure No. 1287 98.8 centimetres (3 ft 2.9 in) by 50.2 centimetres (1 ft 7.8 in) Ksitigarbha Mandala絹本著色地蔵曼荼羅図kenpon chakushoku Jizō mandara zu late Goryeo/early Joseon Higashikagawa Yoda-ji (与田寺) six bodhisattvas and two further figures form a circle beneath Ksitigarbha; of Yuan, Goryeo, or early Joseon origin; Important Cultural Property 128.0 centimetres (4 ft 2.4 in) by 76.5 centimetres (2 ft 6.1 in) 34°14′30″N 134°19′18″E / 34.241694°N 134.321694°E / 34.241694; 134.321694 (Yodaji) Ksitigarbha Mandala地藏曼荼羅図Jizō mandara zu 104.3 centimetres (3 ft 5.1 in) by 55.6 centimetres (1 ft 9.9 in) Sakyamuni Triad and Sixteen Arhats석가삼존십육나한도釈迦三尊十六羅漢図 C14 Seoul Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art 93.0 centimetres (3 ft 0.6 in) by 46.2 centimetres (1 ft 6.2 in) 37°32′17″N 126°59′55″E / 37.538112°N 126.998584°E / 37.538112; 126.998584 (Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art) Marici摩利支天像Marishiten zō late Goryeo Kyoto Shōtaku-in (聖澤院) Important Cultural Property 97.4 centimetres (3 ft 2.3 in) by 54.0 centimetres (1 ft 9.3 in) 35°01′22″N 135°43′09″E / 35.022783°N 135.719267°E / 35.022783; 135.719267 (Shōtaku-in) Taishakuten帝釈天像Taishakuten zō late Goryeo Tokyo Seikadō Bunko Art Museum 35°37′21″N 139°37′09″E / 35.622402°N 139.619290°E / 35.622402; 139.619290 (Seikadō Bunko Art Museum) Devadatta, colour on paper紙本著色提婆達多像shihon chakushoku Daibadatta zō Yokohama Sōji-ji Important Cultural Property 150.2 centimetres (4 ft 11.1 in) by 91.6 centimetres (3 ft 0.1 in) 35°30′25″N 139°40′12″E / 35.506867°N 139.670048°E / 35.506867; 139.670048 (Sōjiji) Shuyajin, colour on silk絹本著色主夜神像kenpon chakushoku Shuyajin zō end of the Goryeo period Tsuruga Saifuku-ji (西福寺) Important Cultural Property 161.0 centimetres (5 ft 3.4 in) by 91.0 centimetres (2 ft 11.8 in) 35°39′25″N 136°01′56″E / 35.656956°N 136.032114°E / 35.656956; 136.032114 (Saifukuji) Parinirvana (Death of Buddha), colour on silk絹本著色仏涅槃図kenpon chakushoku Butsu nehan zu Hirado Saikyō-ji (最教寺) Important Cultural Property 33°21′50″N 129°33′10″E / 33.363761°N 129.552841°E / 33.363761; 129.552841 (Saikyōji) 500 Arhats五百羅漢図gohyaku Rakan zu Kyoto Chion-in 35°00′22″N 135°47′02″E / 35.006167°N 135.783849°E / 35.006167; 135.783849 (Chion-in) Arhat 15羅漢図Rakan zu C13 Seoul National Museum of Korea 53.5 centimetres (1 ft 9.1 in) by 39.5 centimetres (1 ft 3.6 in) 37°31′24″N 126°58′47″E / 37.52334°N 126.9797°E / 37.52334; 126.9797 (National Museum of Korea) Arhat 23五百羅漢図gohyaku Rakan zu 1235 Tokyo Tokyo National Museum 60.2 centimetres (1 ft 11.7 in) by 41.6 centimetres (1 ft 4.4 in) 35°43′08″N 139°46′35″E / 35.718826°N 139.776467°E / 35.718826; 139.776467 (Tokyo National Museum) Arhat五百羅漢図gohyaku Rakan zu 1235 Tokyo Idemitsu Museum of Arts 59.0 centimetres (1 ft 11.2 in) by 41.3 centimetres (1 ft 4.3 in) 35°40′36″N 139°45′39″E / 35.676559°N 139.760916°E / 35.676559; 139.760916 (Idemitsu Museum of Arts) Arhat 92羅漢図Rakan zu 1235 Seoul National Museum of Korea 64.7 centimetres (2 ft 1.5 in) by 42.2 centimetres (1 ft 4.6 in) 37°31′24″N 126°58′47″E / 37.52334°N 126.9797°E / 37.52334; 126.9797 (National Museum of Korea) Arhat 125羅漢図Rakan zu 1235 Seoul National Museum of Korea 57.0 centimetres (1 ft 10.4 in) by 50.2 centimetres (1 ft 7.8 in) 37°31′24″N 126°58′47″E / 37.52334°N 126.9797°E / 37.52334; 126.9797 (National Museum of Korea) Arhat 145羅漢図Rakan zu 1236 Seoul National Museum of Korea 59.2 centimetres (1 ft 11.3 in) by 42.0 centimetres (1 ft 4.5 in) 37°31′24″N 126°58′47″E / 37.52334°N 126.9797°E / 37.52334; 126.9797 (National Museum of Korea) Arhat 170羅漢図Rakan zu 1236 Seoul National Museum of Korea 53.9 centimetres (1 ft 9.2 in) by 37.7 centimetres (1 ft 2.8 in) 37°31′24″N 126°58′47″E / 37.52334°N 126.9797°E / 37.52334; 126.9797 (National Museum of Korea) Arhat 329羅漢図Rakan zu 1235 Korea Ilamgwan 59.0 centimetres (1 ft 11.2 in) by 42.0 centimetres (1 ft 4.5 in) 37°31′24″N 126°58′47″E / 37.52334°N 126.9797°E / 37.52334; 126.9797 (National Museum of Korea) Arhat 357羅漢図Rakan zu 1235 Seoul National Museum of Korea 52.5 centimetres (1 ft 8.7 in) by 36.8 centimetres (1 ft 2.5 in) 37°31′24″N 126°58′47″E / 37.52334°N 126.9797°E / 37.52334; 126.9797 (National Museum of Korea) Arhat 427羅漢図Rakan zu 1236 Seoul National Museum of Korea 58.2 centimetres (1 ft 10.9 in) by 40.4 centimetres (1 ft 3.9 in) 37°31′24″N 126°58′47″E / 37.52334°N 126.9797°E / 37.52334; 126.9797 (National Museum of Korea) 500 Arhats五百羅漢図gohyaku Rakan zu 1235 55.1 centimetres (1 ft 9.7 in) by 38.1 centimetres (1 ft 3.0 in) Arhat 1235 Cleveland Cleveland Museum of Art one of circa ten known fragments of a hand scroll depicting 500 Arhats, remounted as a hanging scroll 54.29 centimetres (1 ft 9.37 in) by 40.64 centimetres (1 ft 4.00 in) 41°30′32″N 81°36′41″W / 41.508891°N 81.611348°W / 41.508891; -81.611348 (Cleveland Museum of Art) Maitreya Triad Hōkyō-ji (寳鏡寺) Visualization of the Hwaom Pure Land C13 five main buddhas are at the bottom, fifty-two bodhisattvas descend on clouds; ink, colour, and gold on silk; sold at Christie's in 2003 131.1 centimetres (4 ft 3.6 in) by 58.5 centimetres (1 ft 11.0 in) Chin'gwang Wang, First of the Ten Kings of Hell C14 Cambridge Harvard Art Museums the inscription in the upper right corner reads 第一秦廣王 (No. 1 Chin'gwang Wang) 61.5 centimetres (2 ft 0.2 in) by 45 centimetres (1 ft 6 in) 42°22′27″N 71°06′51″W / 42.374073°N 71.114159°W / 42.374073; -71.114159 (Harvard Art Museums) Wu-kuan Wang, Fourth of the Ten Kings of Hell C14 New York City Cleveland Museum of Art sold at Christie's in 1992; Cleveland Museum of Art 2019.224 61.2 centimetres (2 ft 0.1 in) by 45 centimetres (1 ft 6 in) Yen-lo Wang, Fifth of the Ten Kings of Hell C14 New York City private sold at Christie's in 1992 61.2 centimetres (2 ft 0.1 in) by 45 centimetres (1 ft 6 in) P'ing-cheng Wang, Eighth of the Ten Kings of Hell C14 New York City private sold at Christie's in 1992 61.2 centimetres (2 ft 0.1 in) by 45 centimetres (1 ft 6 in) Wu-tao Chuan-lin Wang, Tenth of the Ten Kings of Hell C14 New York City private sold at Christie's in 1992 61.2 centimetres (2 ft 0.1 in) by 45 centimetres (1 ft 6 in) References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goryeo Buddhist paintings. ^ Yukio Lippit (2008). "Goryeo Buddhist Painting in an Interregional Context". Ars Orientalis. 25. Freer Gallery of Art and University of Michigan: 192–232. JSTOR 25481912. ^ Chung Ah-young (10 October 2010). "National museum to feature Goryeo Buddhist paintings". The Korea Times. Retrieved 24 October 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Masterpieces of Goryeo Buddhist Painting (in Korean and English). National Museum of Korea. 2010. ISBN 978-89-960957-8-1. ^ a b c d e f Junhyoung Michael Shin (2004). "Iconographic Surrogates: Contemplating Amitābha Images in the Late Koryō Dynasty (Fourteenth Century)". Archives of Asian Art. 55. University of Hawaii Press: 1–15. JSTOR 20111324. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Yamato Bunkakan, ed. (1978). 特別展高麗仏画: わが国に請来された隣国の金色の仏たち (in Japanese). Yamato Bunkakan. ^ a b c d e f g Chung Woothak (2010). "Identity of Goryeo Buddhist Painting" (PDF). The International Journal of Korean Art and Archaeology. 4. National Museum of Korea: 12–29. ^ Kim Junghee (2010). "The Patrons of Goryeo Buddhist Painting" (PDF). The International Journal of Korean Art and Archaeology. 4. National Museum of Korea: 30–61. ^ Park Eunkyung (2010). "On the Periphery of Goryeo Buddhist Painting: Preliminary Study of the Silk Weave, Width of the Silk and Enshrinement of Works" (PDF). The International Journal of Korean Art and Archaeology. 4. National Museum of Korea: 62–91. ^ Kumja Paik Kim, ed. (2003). Goryeo Dynasty: Korea's Age of Enlightenment, 918-1392. Asian Art Museum. p. 319. ^ Kikutake Junichi; Yoshida Hiroshi (1981). 高麗仏画 (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbunsha. ^ Fujimoto Yuji (2012). 高麗仏画の振幅 : 養寿寺・泉屋博古館・浅草寺所蔵「水月観音(楊柳観音)像」を中心に (PDF). Jinbun (in Japanese). 11. Gakushuin University: 189–216. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t 高麗時代阿弥陀画像の研究 (in Japanese). 1990. ^ 高砂市内の文化財を訪ねて (PDF) (in Japanese). Takasago City. Retrieved 2 November 2013. ^ a b c 絹本著色阿弥陀三尊像 (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 26 October 2013. ^ a b c Ariga Yoshitaka (1973). 阿弥陀三尊像 (上杉神社蔵) . Ars Buddhica (in Japanese). 91. Mainichi Shimbunsha: 42–45. ^ 絹本著色釈迦八大菩薩像 (in Japanese). Tochigi Prefecture. Retrieved 2 November 2013. ^ "Byakue Kannon". Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. Retrieved 2 November 2013. ^ 白衣観音像 (in Japanese). Nara National Museum. Retrieved 2 November 2013. ^ Kumagai Nobuo (1969). 善導寺蔵地蔵菩薩画像 . Bijutsu Kenkyū (in Japanese). 265. Tokyo Research Institute for Cultural Properties: 36–37. ^ Pak Youngsook (1977). "Ksitigarbha as Supreme Lord of the Underworld: a Korean Buddhist Painting in the Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst in Berlin". Oriental Art Magazine. XXIII (1): 96–104. ^ Takeda Kazuaki (1989). 香川・与田寺の地蔵曼荼羅図について . 密教文化 (in Japanese). 164: 37–57. ^ Anonymous (2020-01-19). "The Fourth King of Hell". Cleveland Museum of Art. Retrieved 2022-08-12. vte Goryeo topicsHistory Goryeo–Khitan War First conflict Second conflict Third conflict Korean–Jurchen border conflicts Military regime Mongol invasions Mongol rule Sambyeolcho Rebellion Wihwado Retreat Goryeosa Government Monarchs Family tree Founding legends Military of the Goryeo Dynasty Byeolmuban Sambyeolcho Economy Coinage Society and culture Tripitaka Koreana Buddhist paintings Ware	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=List_of_Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=List_of_Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=List_of_Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=List_of_Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=List_of_Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings"},{"link_name":"Goryeo Buddhist paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"hanging scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_scroll"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lippit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masterpieces-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amitabha-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamato-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Identity-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patrons-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Periphery-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enlightenment-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Korai-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fujimoto-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazo-12"}],"text":"Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)This list is of Goryeo Buddhist paintings, Korea (918-1392). Approximately one hundred and sixty hanging scrolls are known.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]","title":"List of Goryeo Buddhist paintings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Yukio Lippit (2008). \"Goryeo Buddhist Painting in an Interregional Context\". Ars Orientalis. 25. Freer Gallery of Art and University of Michigan: 192–232. JSTOR 25481912.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freer_Gallery_of_Art","url_text":"Freer Gallery of Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan","url_text":"University of Michigan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25481912","url_text":"25481912"}]},{"reference":"Chung Ah-young (10 October 2010). \"National museum to feature Goryeo Buddhist paintings\". The Korea Times. Retrieved 24 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/10/148_74273.html","url_text":"\"National museum to feature Goryeo Buddhist paintings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"}]},{"reference":"Masterpieces of Goryeo Buddhist Painting (in Korean and English). National Museum of Korea. 2010. ISBN 978-89-960957-8-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea","url_text":"National Museum of Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-960957-8-1","url_text":"978-89-960957-8-1"}]},{"reference":"Junhyoung Michael Shin (2004). \"Iconographic Surrogates: Contemplating Amitābha Images in the Late Koryō Dynasty (Fourteenth Century)\". Archives of Asian Art. 55. University of Hawaii Press: 1–15. JSTOR 20111324.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_of_Asian_Art","url_text":"Archives of Asian Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press","url_text":"University of Hawaii Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111324","url_text":"20111324"}]},{"reference":"Yamato Bunkakan, ed. (1978). 特別展高麗仏画: わが国に請来された隣国の金色の仏たち [Special Exhibition: Korean Buddhist Paintings of Koryo Dynasty (918-1392)] (in Japanese). Yamato Bunkakan.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_Bunkakan","url_text":"Yamato Bunkakan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_Bunkakan","url_text":"Yamato Bunkakan"}]},{"reference":"Chung Woothak (2010). \"Identity of Goryeo Buddhist Painting\" (PDF). The International Journal of Korean Art and Archaeology. 4. National Museum of Korea: 12–29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museum.go.kr/files/upload/ebook/6/KAaA_04.pdf","url_text":"\"Identity of Goryeo Buddhist Painting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea","url_text":"National Museum of Korea"}]},{"reference":"Kim Junghee (2010). \"The Patrons of Goryeo Buddhist Painting\" (PDF). The International Journal of Korean Art and Archaeology. 4. National Museum of Korea: 30–61.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museum.go.kr/files/upload/ebook/6/KAaA_04.pdf","url_text":"\"The Patrons of Goryeo Buddhist Painting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea","url_text":"National Museum of Korea"}]},{"reference":"Park Eunkyung (2010). \"On the Periphery of Goryeo Buddhist Painting: Preliminary Study of the Silk Weave, Width of the Silk and Enshrinement of Works\" (PDF). The International Journal of Korean Art and Archaeology. 4. National Museum of Korea: 62–91.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museum.go.kr/files/upload/ebook/6/KAaA_04.pdf","url_text":"\"On the Periphery of Goryeo Buddhist Painting: Preliminary Study of the Silk Weave, Width of the Silk and Enshrinement of Works\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea","url_text":"National Museum of Korea"}]},{"reference":"Kumja Paik Kim, ed. (2003). Goryeo Dynasty: Korea's Age of Enlightenment, 918-1392. Asian Art Museum. p. 319.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco","url_text":"Asian Art Museum"}]},{"reference":"Kikutake Junichi; Yoshida Hiroshi (1981). 高麗仏画 [Goryeo Buddhist Painting] (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbunsha.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun","url_text":"Asahi Shimbunsha"}]},{"reference":"Fujimoto Yuji (2012). 高麗仏画の振幅 : 養寿寺・泉屋博古館・浅草寺所蔵「水月観音(楊柳観音)像」を中心に [Variation on Buddhist paintings of the Goryeo Dynasty: focussing on the Water-Moon Bodhisattvas at Senso-ji temple, Youju-ji temple and Sen-oku Hakoku Kan Museum] (PDF). Jinbun (in Japanese). 11. Gakushuin University: 189–216.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/univ/let/rihum/hujimoto-jinbun11.pdf","url_text":"高麗仏画の振幅 : 養寿寺・泉屋博古館・浅草寺所蔵「水月観音(楊柳観音)像」を中心に"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakushuin_University","url_text":"Gakushuin University"}]},{"reference":"高麗時代阿弥陀画像の研究 [Research into Images of Amida from the Goryeo Dynasty] (in Japanese). 1990.","urls":[]},{"reference":"高砂市内の文化財を訪ねて [Cultural Properties in Takasago] (PDF) (in Japanese). Takasago City. Retrieved 2 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city.takasago.hyogo.jp/index.cfm/7,28406,c,html/28406/20121116-142803.pdf","url_text":"高砂市内の文化財を訪ねて"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takasago,_Hyogo","url_text":"Takasago City"}]},{"reference":"絹本著色阿弥陀三尊像 [Amida Triad, colour on silk] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 26 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/2420","url_text":"絹本著色阿弥陀三尊像"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs","url_text":"Agency for Cultural Affairs"}]},{"reference":"Ariga Yoshitaka (1973). 阿弥陀三尊像 (上杉神社蔵) [Amida Triad at Uesugi Jinja]. Ars Buddhica (in Japanese). 91. Mainichi Shimbunsha: 42–45.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Buddhica","url_text":"Ars Buddhica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun","url_text":"Mainichi Shimbunsha"}]},{"reference":"絹本著色釈迦八大菩薩像 [Shakyamuni with Eight Great Bodhisattvas, colour on silk] (in Japanese). Tochigi Prefecture. Retrieved 2 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tochigi-edu.ed.jp/center/bunkazai/bunkazai/list/277.htm","url_text":"絹本著色釈迦八大菩薩像"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi_Prefecture","url_text":"Tochigi Prefecture"}]},{"reference":"\"Byakue Kannon\". Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. Retrieved 2 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/b/byakuekannon.htm","url_text":"\"Byakue Kannon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Architecture_and_Art_Net_Users_System","url_text":"Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System"}]},{"reference":"白衣観音像 [Byakue Kannon] (in Japanese). Nara National Museum. Retrieved 2 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.narahaku.go.jp/collection/942-0.html","url_text":"白衣観音像"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_National_Museum","url_text":"Nara National Museum"}]},{"reference":"Kumagai Nobuo (1969). 善導寺蔵地蔵菩薩画像 [Painting of Ksitigarbha at Zendō-ji]. Bijutsu Kenkyū (in Japanese). 265. Tokyo Research Institute for Cultural Properties: 36–37.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijutsu_Kenky%C5%AB","url_text":"Bijutsu Kenkyū"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Research_Institute_for_Cultural_Properties","url_text":"Tokyo Research Institute for Cultural Properties"}]},{"reference":"Pak Youngsook (1977). \"Ksitigarbha as Supreme Lord of the Underworld: a Korean Buddhist Painting in the Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst in Berlin\". Oriental Art Magazine. XXIII (1): 96–104.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Takeda Kazuaki (1989). 香川・与田寺の地蔵曼荼羅図について [Concerning the Ksitigarbha Mandala at Yoda-ji, Kagawa]. 密教文化 (in Japanese). 164: 37–57.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jeb1947/1989/164/1989_164_37/_pdf","url_text":"香川・与田寺の地蔵曼荼羅図について"}]},{"reference":"Anonymous (2020-01-19). \"The Fourth King of Hell\". Cleveland Museum of Art. Retrieved 2022-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2019.224","url_text":"\"The Fourth King of Hell\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=List_of_Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=List_of_Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=List_of_Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=List_of_Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=List_of_Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Goryeo_Buddhist_paintings&params=34.820556_N_137.310556_E_type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000&title=Daionji","external_links_name":"34°49′14″N 137°18′38″E / 34.820556°N 137.310556°E / 34.820556; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Union_cricket_team	Brothers Union cricket team	["1 List A record","2 Current squad","3 Records","4 References","5 External links"]	Brothers UnionPersonnelCaptainMonir Hossain Brothers Union cricket team is a Bangladeshi cricket team that plays List A cricket in the Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League. It is affiliated with the Brothers Union football team. It is one of the oldest extant cricket clubs in Bangladesh, having competed since 1973, when it was one of the clubs that competed in the Dacca Metropolis Knockout Tournament. List A record 2013–14: 10 matches, won 4, finished seventh 2014–15: 11 matches, won 5, finished eighth 2015–16: 11 matches, won 4, finished tenth 2016–17: 11 matches, won 5, finished eighth 2017–18: 13 matches, won 6, finished tenth 2018–19: 13 matches, won 4, finished tenth 2021–22: 11 matches, won 4, finished ninth 2022–23: 11 matches, won 4, finished ninth 2023–24: 11 matches, won 3, finished eighth The List A captains have changed from season to season. In 2023–24 the captain was Monir Hossain. In their last match of the 2017–18 season, Brothers Union needed to score 335 runs to beat Agrani Bank and avoid relegation. At the end, they needed four off the last ball of the 50th over, and Nazmus Sadat hit a boundary to secure victory by four wickets. Current squad Players with international caps are listed in bold Name Nat Batting style Bowling style Notes Batsmen Fazle Mahmud Left-hand bat Slow left-arm orthodox Mizanur Rahman Right-hand bat Right-arm off break Yasir Ali Right-hand bat Right-arm off break Junaid Siddique Left-hand bat Right-arm off break Shariful Islam Right-hand bat Right-arm off break All-rounders Sharifullah Right-hand bat Right-arm off break Twenty20 Captain Habibur Rahman Right-hand bat Right-arm off break Chirag Jani Right-hand bat Right-arm medium Wicketkeepers Zahiduzzaman Left-hand bat Hamidul Islam Right-hand bat Debabrata Das Right-hand bat Spin Bowlers Naeem Islam jnr Right-hand bat Slow left-arm orthodox Shakhawat Hossain Slow left-arm orthodox Rahatul Ferdous Right-hand bat Right-arm leg break Bishawnath Halder Left-hand bat Slow left-arm orthodox Saud Shakeel Left-hand bat Slow left-arm orthodox Bowlers Mehedi Hasan Right-hand bat Right-arm medium-fast Mohammad Shahzada Right-hand bat Right-arm medium-fast Mohammad Sharif Right-hand bat Right-arm medium-fast List A Captain Sajedul Islam Left-hand bat Left-arm medium Ebadot Hossain Right-hand bat Right-arm medium Ashiquzzaman Right-hand bat Right-arm medium Records The highest score is 150 not out by Nafees Iqbal in 2013–14, and the best bowling figures are 7 for 25 by Sean Williams, also in 2013–14. References ^ "Dacca Metropolis Knockout Tournament 1972/73". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 May 2024. ^ "Brothers save relegation in dramatic fashion". Tiger Cricket. Bangladesh Cricket Board. Retrieved 6 April 2018. External links List A matches played by Brothers Union vte Cricket in Bangladesh Bangladesh Cricket BoardNational teams Bangladesh Bangladesh A Men U-23 Men U-19 Women Women U-19 First-class leagues National Cricket League 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Bangladesh Cricket League 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2021–22 2022–23 First-class teams Divisions Barisal Division Chittagong Division Dhaka Division Dhaka Metropolis Khulna Division Rajshahi Division Rangpur Division Sylhet Division Zones Central Zone East Zone North Zone South Zone List A league(s) Dhaka Premier League 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2021–22 2022–23 Bangladesh Cricket League One Day 2021–22 List A teams Abahani Limited Agrani Bank Cricket Club Brothers Union City Club Dhaka Leopards Gazi Group Cricketers Legends of Rupganj Mohammedan Sporting Club Prime Bank Cricket Club Rupganj Tigers Cricket Club Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club Shinepukur Cricket Club Twenty20 league(s) Bangladesh Premier League Victory Day T20 Cup Dhaka Premier Division Twenty20 Cricket League 2018–19 2021 Bangabandhu T20 Cup 2020–21 Grounds Dhaka Chittagong Sylhet Khulna Fatullah Others Other tournaments BCB President's Cup 2020–21 Bangladesh Women's National Cricket League Bangladesh Women's Cricket League This article about a cricket team in Bangladesh is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List A cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A_cricket"},{"link_name":"Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Premier_Division_Cricket_League"},{"link_name":"Brothers Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Brothers Union cricket team is a Bangladeshi cricket team that plays List A cricket in the Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League. It is affiliated with the Brothers Union football team. It is one of the oldest extant cricket clubs in Bangladesh, having competed since 1973, when it was one of the clubs that competed in the Dacca Metropolis Knockout Tournament.[1]","title":"Brothers Union cricket team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monir Hossain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monir_Hossain"},{"link_name":"Agrani Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrani_Bank_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"relegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Nazmus Sadat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazmus_Sadat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"2013–14: 10 matches, won 4, finished seventh\n2014–15: 11 matches, won 5, finished eighth\n2015–16: 11 matches, won 4, finished tenth\n2016–17: 11 matches, won 5, finished eighth\n2017–18: 13 matches, won 6, finished tenth\n2018–19: 13 matches, won 4, finished tenth\n2021–22: 11 matches, won 4, finished ninth\n2022–23: 11 matches, won 4, finished ninth\n2023–24: 11 matches, won 3, finished eighthThe List A captains have changed from season to season. In 2023–24 the captain was Monir Hossain.In their last match of the 2017–18 season, Brothers Union needed to score 335 runs to beat Agrani Bank and avoid relegation. At the end, they needed four off the last ball of the 50th over, and Nazmus Sadat hit a boundary to secure victory by four wickets.[2]","title":"List A record"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Players with international caps are listed in bold","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nafees Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafees_Iqbal"},{"link_name":"Sean Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Williams_(cricketer)"}],"text":"The highest score is 150 not out by Nafees Iqbal in 2013–14, and the best bowling figures are 7 for 25 by Sean Williams, also in 2013–14.","title":"Records"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dacca Metropolis Knockout Tournament 1972/73\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/19/Dacca_Metropolis_Knockout_Tournament_1972-73.html","url_text":"\"Dacca Metropolis Knockout Tournament 1972/73\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brothers save relegation in dramatic fashion\". Tiger Cricket. Bangladesh Cricket Board. Retrieved 6 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tigercricket.com.bd/2018/04/04/brothers-survive-relegation-in-dramatic-fashion/","url_text":"\"Brothers save relegation in dramatic fashion\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/19/Dacca_Metropolis_Knockout_Tournament_1972-73.html","external_links_name":"\"Dacca Metropolis Knockout Tournament 1972/73\""},{"Link":"http://www.tigercricket.com.bd/2018/04/04/brothers-survive-relegation-in-dramatic-fashion/","external_links_name":"\"Brothers save relegation in dramatic fashion\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/10/10229/List_A_Matches.html","external_links_name":"List A matches played by Brothers Union"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brothers_Union_cricket_team&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Evangelical-Lutheran_Church	Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church	["1 History","2 Doctrine","2.1 Basics","3 Church structure","4 Bishops since 1972","5 Church institutions","5.1 Mission","5.2 Education","5.3 Other church institutions","6 Relationship with other church bodies","6.1 Fellowship","6.2 Partnership","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	German Lutheran denomination Independent Evangelical-Lutheran ChurchAbbreviationSELKClassificationProtestantOrientationConfessional LutheranPolityEpiscopalLeaderBishop Hans-Jörg VoigtDistinct fellowshipsLutheran Church – Missouri Synod, Lutheran Church – CanadaAssociationsInternational Lutheran Council, European Lutheran ConferenceRegionGermanyOrigin25. June 1972,(Old Lutherans 1830)Branched fromPrussian Lutheran ChurchMerger ofEvangelical Lutheran Church in Prussia and other independent West German Lutheran churches (1972)AbsorbedEvangelical-Lutheran (Old-Lutheran) Church of East Germany (1991)Congregations174Members33,474Ministers111 PastorsOther name(s)German: Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische KircheOfficial websitewww.selk.de The Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church (German: Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche, abbreviated SELK) is a confessional Lutheran church body of Germany. It is a member of the European Lutheran Conference and of the International Lutheran Council (ILC) (of which the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod of North America is also a member). The SELK has about 33,000 members in 174 congregations. The seat of SELK is in Hanover. History Bishop Hans-Jörg Voigt In 1817, King Frederick William III of Prussia ordered the Lutheran and Reformed churches in his territory to unite, forming the Evangelical Church of the Prussian Union, a predecessor to today's Union of Evangelical Churches. As the uniting of Lutheran and Reformed Christians in Germany proceeded, some Lutheran groups dissented and formed independent churches, especially in Prussia, Saxony, Hanover, and Hesse. These Lutherans held that Reformed doctrine and Lutheran doctrine are contradictory on many points (especially on the nature of the Real Presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper), and that such doctrinal differences precluded altar fellowship. So in the 1820s and 1830s Lutherans in Prussia and their congregations formed a new Lutheran church, recognised by the king in 1845 as the Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Preußen (Evangelical Lutheran Church in Prussia). It was seated in Breslau and presided over by the Oberkirchenkollegium (Supreme Church Collegial Body). The confessional Lutherans were persecuted during the first half of 19th century by the state. Many of them were not allowed to hold church services or have their children baptized or confirmed according to the liturgy of the Lutheran Church. In some areas of Germany, it took decades until the Confessional Lutherans were granted religious freedom. In 1972, most of the Confessional Lutheran Church bodies in West Germany united to form the SELK. In 1991, the East German Evangelisch-Lutherische (altlutherische) Kirche (the Evangelical-Lutheran (Old-Lutheran) Church) joined the SELK. Doctrine Basics Holy Cross Lutheran Church, Berlin (de) The SELK bases its teaching on the Bible, consisting of the Old and New Testaments, which it confesses to be God's inerrant and infallible Word. The specific doctrines taught in the SELK are contained in the Book of Concord, to which SELK pastors profess a "quia" subscription, meaning that they subscribe to them, "quia" (because) they correspond to the Bible. These Confessions are: The Apostles' Creed The Nicene Creed The Athanasian Creed The Augsburg Confession (1530) The Apology of the Augsburg Confession The Smalcald Articles The Small Catechism of Dr. Martin Luther The Large Catechism of Dr. Martin Luther The Formula of Concord The SELK has declined to join the Lutheran World Federation, viewing that body as theologically too liberal. Nevertheless, the Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany), formerly in communion with the SELK, suspended relations in 1987 over perceived doctrinal laxity within SELK. The SELK does not ordain women as pastors, and is strictly against the blessing of gay couples. This is in contrast to the German mainline Protestant churches, which do ordain women to ministry and allow the blessing of gay couples. The mainline Protestant churches (about 25 million members) are organized as the Protestant Church in Germany (Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, EKD). Church structure The bishop of the SELK is elected by the synod. The current bishop is Hans-Jörg Voigt. The main office of the SELK is in Hannover and is managed by the executive dean Michael Schätzel. The SELK is divided in four main districts, with a provost heading each one. These four districts are divided again in sub-districts, each in turn led by a superintendent. North district: Provost Dr. Daniel Schmidt Sub-districts: Lower Saxony East and Lower Saxony South East district: Provost Gert Kelter Sub-districts: Berlin-Brandenburg, Saxony-Thuringia, and Lausitz West district: Provost Burkhard Kurz Sub-districts: Rhineland-Westphalia and Lower Saxony West South district: Provost Manfred Holst Sub-districts: Hesse North, Hesse South, and South Germany Bishops since 1972 1972–1985: Most Reverend Bishop Dr. theol. Gerhard Rost, LL.D. 1985–1997: Most Reverend Bishop Dr. theol. Jobst Schöne, D.D. 1997–2006: Most Reverend Bishop Dr. theol. Diethardt Roth 2006–present: Most Reverend Bishop Hans-Jörg Voigt, D.D. Church institutions Mission The mission outreach of SELK is led by its mission society in Bleckmar in Lower Saxony near Celle, called Lutherische Kirchenmission (Bleckmarer Mission) e. V. It has missionaries and projects in South-Africa, Botswana, Germany, and Brazil. Education The theological seminary is in Oberursel, near Frankurt/Main. All SELK pastors take part of their studies there. The professors are pastors of SELK. The seminary is accredited by the German state. Other church institutions For different aspects of church life the SELK has a number of other institutions, such as an institution for youth, church music, worship service for children, a liturgy commission, and a commission for church education. Relationship with other church bodies Fellowship The SELK has full communion and fellowship with several Lutheran churches that have the same teaching and Lutheran doctrine, for example: Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod Lutheran Church – Canada Free Evangelical-Lutheran Synod in South Africa Evangelical Lutheran Church of England Lutheran Church in Southern Africa The Mission province in Sweden Partnership The SELK has a contract about partnership relations with several Lutheran churches in Eastern Europe: Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia Evangelical Lutheran Church of Lithuania See also Christianity portal Prussian Union of churches Old Lutherans References ^ a b c d "Strukturen und Zahlen". Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche. Retrieved March 5, 2018. External links Official website (in German) vteChristianity in GermanyEastern ChristianityEastern Orthodox(Main article)EasternOrthodoxChurch Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe Bulgarian Orthodox Eparchy of Central and Western Europe Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Germany and Central Europe (Antioch) Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Germany (Constantinople) Macedonian Orthodox Diocese of Europe Polish Orthodox Church Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of Germany and Central Europe Russian Orthodox Diocese of Berlin and Germany (Moscow) Russian Orthodox Diocese of Berlin and Germany (ROCOR) Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Düsseldorf and all of Germany Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow) True Orthodox True Orthodox Metropolis of Germany and Europe Oriental Orthodox(Main article) Armenian Orthodox Diocese of Cologne Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Höxter Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church Ethiopian Orthodox Diocese of Cologne Syriac Orthodox Metropolis of Germany Nestorian Assyrian Church of the East Catholic Maronite Church Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Western ChristianityCatholicLatin Church Roman Catholic Church Old Catholic Old Catholic Church Independent Free Catholic Church Proto-ProtestantHussite Moravian Church Protestant(Main article)ProtestantChurch inGermanyLutheranUnited EvangelicalLutheran Churchof Germany Bavaria Brunswick Hanover Northern Germany Saxony Schaumburg-Lippe Oldenburg WürttembergUnion ofProtestantChurchesUnited Anhalt Baden Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia Bremen Central Germany Hesse Electorate-Waldeck Hesse and Nassau Palatinate Rhineland Westphalia CalvinistLandeskirche Church of Lippe Evangelical Reformed ChurchFreeChurchesLutheranConfessional Evangelical Lutheran Free Church Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church Danish Church Evangelical Lutheran Church in BadenCalvinist Evangelical Old-Reformed Church in Lower Saxony Anglican Church of England Anabaptist Amish Bruderhof Hutterites Mennonites Schwarzenau Brethren Baptist(Main article) International Baptist Convention Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany Methodist Evangelical Methodist Church Adventist Sabbath Rest Advent Church Seventh-day Adventist Church Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement Pentecostal Federation of Pentecostal Churches Volksmission- The People’s Mission of Decided Christians Gemeinde Gottes – Church of God Other Open Brethren Restorationist New Apostolic Church Jehovah's Witnesses The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Germany Interdenominationalorganisations German Evangelical Alliance ^ a b Not in communion with the rest of the Catholic Church ^ Part of the Union of Utrecht ^ a b c d Part of the Communion of Protestant Churches in Europe ^ a b All of them Landeskirche ^ a b c d e f g h Part of the Reformed Alliance ^ Part of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany as well vteChurches in the International Lutheran CouncilAfricaBenin Lutheran Church in Africa – Benin Synod Burkina Faso Evangelical Lutheran Church of Burkina Faso Ghana Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ghana Kenya Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kenya Liberia Evangelical Lutheran Church of Liberia Madagascar Malagasy Lutheran Church Nigeria The Lutheran Church of Nigeria Rwanda Lutheran Mission in Africa – Synod of Thousand Hills South Africa Free Evangelical Lutheran Synod in South Africa Lutheran Church in Southern Africa St. Peter Confessional Lutheran Synod of South Africa South Sudan South Sudan Evangelical Lutheran Church Togo Lutheran Church of Togo Uganda Lutheran Church of Uganda Asia and OceaniaAustralia Lutheran Church of Australia China - Hong Kong Lutheran Church-Hong Kong Synod China - Taiwan China Evangelical Lutheran Church The Lutheran Church of the Republic of China India India Evangelical Lutheran Church Indonesia Indonesian Lutheran Christian Church Japan Japan Lutheran Church Myanmar Myanmar Lutheran Church South Korea Lutheran Church in Korea Papua New Guinea Gutnius Lutheran Church Philippines Lutheran Church in the Philippines Sri Lanka Ceylon Evangelical Lutheran Church EuropeBelgium Evangelical Lutheran Church – Synod of France and Belgium Denmark Evangelical Lutheran Free Church in Denmark Finland Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland France Evangelical Lutheran Church – Synod of France and Belgium Germany Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church Latvia Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia Norway Lutheran Church in Norway Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of Norway Portugal Portuguese Evangelical Lutheran Church Russia Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ingria in Russia Siberian Evangelical Lutheran Church Spain Spanish Evangelical Lutheran Church Sweden Mission Province United Kingdom Evangelical Lutheran Church of England Latin AmericaArgentina Evangelical Lutheran Church of Argentina Bolivia Christian Evangelical Lutheran Church of Bolivia Brazil Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil Chile Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Republic of Chile Guatemala Lutheran Church of Guatemala Mexico Lutheran Synod of Mexico Nicaragua Lutheran Church Synod of Nicaragua Peru Evangelical Lutheran Church – Peru* Uruguay Lutheran Church of Uruguay Venezuela Lutheran Church of Venezuela North AmericaCanada Lutheran Church – Canada Haiti Evangelical Lutheran Church of Haiti United States American Association of Lutheran Churches Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod Lutheran Ministerium and Synod – USA Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum International Lutheran Council The Lutheran World Federation Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"confessional Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessional_Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"European Lutheran Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Lutheran_Conference"},{"link_name":"International Lutheran Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Lutheran_Council"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-members-1"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"}],"text":"The Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church (German: Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche, abbreviated SELK) is a confessional Lutheran church body of Germany. It is a member of the European Lutheran Conference and of the International Lutheran Council (ILC) (of which the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod of North America is also a member). The SELK has about 33,000 members in 174 congregations.[1] The seat of SELK is in Hanover.","title":"Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Voigt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hans-Jörg Voigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Voigt"},{"link_name":"King Frederick William III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Reformed churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Church of the Prussian Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches"},{"link_name":"Union of Evangelical Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Evangelical_Churches"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"Real Presence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Presence"},{"link_name":"Lord's Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"Breslau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslau"}],"text":"Bishop Hans-Jörg VoigtIn 1817, King Frederick William III of Prussia ordered the Lutheran and Reformed churches in his territory to unite, forming the Evangelical Church of the Prussian Union, a predecessor to today's Union of Evangelical Churches. As the uniting of Lutheran and Reformed Christians in Germany proceeded, some Lutheran groups dissented and formed independent churches, especially in Prussia, Saxony, Hanover, and Hesse. These Lutherans held that Reformed doctrine and Lutheran doctrine are contradictory on many points (especially on the nature of the Real Presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper), and that such doctrinal differences precluded altar fellowship. So in the 1820s and 1830s Lutherans in Prussia and their congregations formed a new Lutheran church, recognised by the king in 1845 as the Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Preußen (Evangelical Lutheran Church in Prussia). It was seated in Breslau and presided over by the Oberkirchenkollegium (Supreme Church Collegial Body).The confessional Lutherans were persecuted during the first half of 19th century by the state. Many of them were not allowed to hold church services or have their children baptized or confirmed according to the liturgy of the Lutheran Church. In some areas of Germany, it took decades until the Confessional Lutherans were granted religious freedom.In 1972, most of the Confessional Lutheran Church bodies in West Germany united to form the SELK. In 1991, the East German Evangelisch-Lutherische (altlutherische) Kirche (the Evangelical-Lutheran (Old-Lutheran) Church) joined the SELK.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctrine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kirche_zum_Heiligen_Kreuz_20161227_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holy Cross Lutheran Church, Berlin (de)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelisch-Lutherische_Kirche_Zum_Heiligen_Kreuz_(Berlin-Wilmersdorf)"},{"link_name":"Book of Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Concord"},{"link_name":"\"quia\" (because) they correspond to the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism#.22Quia.22_versus_.22Quatenus.22_subscription"},{"link_name":"Apostles' Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed"},{"link_name":"Nicene Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"Athanasian Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasian_Creed"},{"link_name":"Augsburg Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession"},{"link_name":"Apology of the Augsburg Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession"},{"link_name":"Smalcald Articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalcald_Articles"},{"link_name":"Small Catechism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Catechism"},{"link_name":"Large Catechism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Catechism"},{"link_name":"Formula of Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_of_Concord"},{"link_name":"Lutheran World Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Free_Church_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"mainline Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainline_(Protestant)"},{"link_name":"Protestant Church in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany"}],"sub_title":"Basics","text":"Holy Cross Lutheran Church, Berlin (de)The SELK bases its teaching on the Bible, consisting of the Old and New Testaments, which it confesses to be God's inerrant and infallible Word. The specific doctrines taught in the SELK are contained in the Book of Concord, to which SELK pastors profess a \"quia\" subscription, meaning that they subscribe to them, \"quia\" (because) they correspond to the Bible. These Confessions are:The Apostles' Creed\nThe Nicene Creed\nThe Athanasian Creed\nThe Augsburg Confession (1530)\nThe Apology of the Augsburg Confession\nThe Smalcald Articles\nThe Small Catechism of Dr. Martin Luther\nThe Large Catechism of Dr. Martin Luther\nThe Formula of ConcordThe SELK has declined to join the Lutheran World Federation, viewing that body as theologically too liberal. Nevertheless, the Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany), formerly in communion with the SELK, suspended relations in 1987 over perceived doctrinal laxity within SELK.The SELK does not ordain women as pastors, and is strictly against the blessing of gay couples. This is in contrast to the German mainline Protestant churches, which do ordain women to ministry and allow the blessing of gay couples. The mainline Protestant churches (about 25 million members) are organized as the Protestant Church in Germany (Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, EKD).","title":"Doctrine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hans-Jörg Voigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Voigt"},{"link_name":"Hannover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover"},{"link_name":"superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(ecclesiastical)"}],"text":"The bishop of the SELK is elected by the synod. The current bishop is Hans-Jörg Voigt. The main office of the SELK is in Hannover and is managed by the executive dean Michael Schätzel. The SELK is divided in four main districts, with a provost heading each one. These four districts are divided again in sub-districts, each in turn led by a superintendent.North district: Provost Dr. Daniel Schmidt\nSub-districts: Lower Saxony East and Lower Saxony South\nEast district: Provost Gert Kelter\nSub-districts: Berlin-Brandenburg, Saxony-Thuringia, and Lausitz\nWest district: Provost Burkhard Kurz\nSub-districts: Rhineland-Westphalia and Lower Saxony West\nSouth district: Provost Manfred Holst\nSub-districts: Hesse North, Hesse South, and South Germany","title":"Church structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerhard Rost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Rost&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jobst Schöne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jobst_Sch%C3%B6ne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Diethardt Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diethardt_Roth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hans-Jörg Voigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Voigt"}],"text":"1972–1985: Most Reverend Bishop Dr. theol. Gerhard Rost, LL.D.\n1985–1997: Most Reverend Bishop Dr. theol. Jobst Schöne, D.D.\n1997–2006: Most Reverend Bishop Dr. theol. Diethardt Roth\n2006–present: Most Reverend Bishop Hans-Jörg Voigt, D.D.","title":"Bishops since 1972"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Church institutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bleckmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleckmar"}],"sub_title":"Mission","text":"The mission outreach of SELK is led by its mission society in Bleckmar in Lower Saxony near Celle, called Lutherische Kirchenmission (Bleckmarer Mission) e. V. It has missionaries and projects in South-Africa, Botswana, Germany, and Brazil.","title":"Church institutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oberursel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberursel_(Taunus)"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"The theological seminary is in Oberursel, near Frankurt/Main. All SELK pastors take part of their studies there. The professors are pastors of SELK. The seminary is accredited by the German state.","title":"Church institutions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other church institutions","text":"For different aspects of church life the SELK has a number of other institutions, such as an institution for youth, church music, worship service for children, a liturgy commission, and a commission for church education.","title":"Church institutions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Relationship with other church bodies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church – Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Canada"},{"link_name":"Free Evangelical-Lutheran Synod in South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Evangelical-Lutheran_Church_in_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Mission province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionsprovinsen"}],"sub_title":"Fellowship","text":"The SELK has full communion and fellowship with several Lutheran churches that have the same teaching and Lutheran doctrine, for example:Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod\nLutheran Church – Canada\nFree Evangelical-Lutheran Synod in South Africa\nEvangelical Lutheran Church of England\nLutheran Church in Southern Africa\nThe Mission province in Sweden","title":"Relationship with other church bodies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Latvia"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Lithuania"}],"sub_title":"Partnership","text":"The SELK has a contract about partnership relations with several Lutheran churches in Eastern Europe:Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia\nEvangelical Lutheran Church of Lithuania","title":"Relationship with other church bodies"}]	[{"image_text":"Bishop Hans-Jörg Voigt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Voigt.jpg/170px-Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Voigt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Holy Cross Lutheran Church, Berlin (de)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kirche_zum_Heiligen_Kreuz_20161227_5.jpg/220px-Kirche_zum_Heiligen_Kreuz_20161227_5.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"Prussian Union of churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches"},{"title":"Old Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Lutherans"}]	[{"reference":"\"Strukturen und Zahlen\". Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche. Retrieved March 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.selk.de/index.php/strukturen-zahlen","url_text":"\"Strukturen und Zahlen\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.selk.de/","external_links_name":"www.selk.de"},{"Link":"http://www.selk.de/index.php/strukturen-zahlen","external_links_name":"\"Strukturen und Zahlen\""},{"Link":"http://www.selk.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/261919987","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/2037974-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2011016235","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Dutch_general_election	1918 Dutch general election	["1 Results","2 References"]	1918 Dutch general election ← 1917 3 July 1918 1922 → All 100 seats in the House of Representatives51 seats needed for a majority Party Leader % Seats +/– ABRKK Willem Hubert Nolens 30.03 30 +6 SDAP Pieter Jelles Troelstra 21.95 22 +7 ARP Abraham Kuyper 13.43 13 +1 CHU Alexander de Savornin Lohman 6.56 7 −2 LU Eduard Ellis van Raalte 6.19 6 −15 VDB Henri Marchant 5.27 5 −3 BVL Alibert Cornelis Visser van IJzendoorn 3.80 4 −6 EB Willem Treub 3.11 3 New SDP David Wijnkoop 2.31 2 New MP Abraham Staalman 0.94 1 New CDP Andries Staalman 0.79 1 New PB Michelle Larson 0.68 1 New SP Harm Kolthek 0.67 1 New BCS Willy Kruyt 0.63 1 New CSP Adolf van der Laar 0.61 1 New NP Henri ter Hall 0.53 1 New VDW Willem Wijk 0.51 1 New This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. Prime Minister before Prime Minister after Pieter Cort van der LindenLU Charles Ruijs de BeerenbrouckABRKK Part of the Politics seriesPolitics of the Netherlands Constitution Charter Wet Algemene Bepalingen Human rights Monarchy King Willem-Alexander Council of Ministers Ministers Plenipotentiary ArubaCuraçaoSt. Maarten Cabinet Prime Minister (list) Mark Rutte Deputy Prime Ministers Rob Jetten Karien van Gennip Carola Schouten Ministries States General Senate President: Jan Anthonie Bruijn Current membership Historic composition House of Representatives Speaker: Martin Bosma Current membership Historic composition Parliamentary committees Judiciary Supreme Court High Councils of State Council of State Court of Audit National Ombudsman Elections Recent elections General: 20102012201720212023Next Provincial: 2011201520192023 Municipal: 2010201420182022 European: 199920042009201420192024 Referendums Referendums: 200520162018 Political parties Politicians Local government Provincial politics Water boards Municipal politics BES islands Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Hanke Bruins Slot Diplomatic missions of / in the Netherlands Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy of the Schengen Area Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Related topics Corruption in the Netherlands De Nederlandsche Bank Law of the Netherlands Modern history Republicanism in the Netherlands Social Economic Council Politics portalvte General elections were held in the Netherlands on 3 July 1918. They were the first elections held after a series of reforms that introduced universal male suffrage and pure proportional representation, replacing the previous two-round system in single member constituencies. This change was known as the Great Pacification, which also included the introduction of state financing of religious schools, and led to the start of consociational democracy. The change in the electoral system led to major changes in the political makeup of the House of Representatives. The confessional right-wing parties, the General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses, the Anti-Revolutionary Party and the Christian Historical Union, together won 50 seats. Along with two Christian splinter-parties (the Christian Democratic Party and the Christian Social Party) they were able to gain a majority of 52 seats. The liberal parties lost the most seats. While in 1917, two of the liberal parties, the Liberal Union and the League of Free Liberals, had won 31 seats, they were now reduced to 10 seats. Together with three smaller liberal parties, liberals now held only 15 seats in the House of representatives. The fragmentation of the House was caused by the low electoral threshold of just 0.5%, with the smallest party, the Alliance for the Democratisation of the Army, managing to win a seat with only 6,828 votes. The elections were the first in which Dutch women could run for office, despite still not being allowed to vote. Suze Groeneweg was elected as the first female member of the House of Representatives. Results A man writing political slogans on a wooden fence in Amsterdam PartyVotes%Seats+/–General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses402,96230.0330+5Social Democratic Workers' Party294,49521.9522+7Anti-Revolutionary Party180,18713.4313+2Christian Historical Union88,0396.567–3Liberal Union83,0846.196–16Free-thinking Democratic League70,6745.275–3League of Free Liberals50,9993.804–6Economic League41,6913.113–Social Democratic Party31,0102.312–Middle Class Party12,6740.941–Christian Democratic Party10,6530.791–Peasants' League9,0890.681–Socialist Party8,9510.671–League of Christian Socialists8,4150.631–Christian Social Party8,1530.611–Neutral Party7,1530.531–Alliance for the Democratisation of the Army6,8280.511–General State Party6,7110.500–Police Party6,1600.460–Reformed Political Party5,1800.390–General Freedom Party2,6910.200–Van der Zwaag Group2,6490.200–Alberda Group7350.050–Kuiper Group5680.040–Amsterdamese Police and Firefighting Party4170.030–National League of Protestant Voters3780.030–People's Welfare Party3010.020–Neutral and Colonial League2370.020–People's Party2360.020–Stoffel Group2350.020–Braam Group1890.010–Total1,341,744100.001000Registered voters/turnout1,517,380–Source: Kiesraad References ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1395 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7 ^ Nohlen & Stöver, pp1384-1385 ^ Nohlen & Stöver, p1385 ^ vte Elections and referendums in the NetherlandsGeneral 1848 1850 1852 1853 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 (Jun) 1866 (Oct) 1868 1869 1871 1873 1875 1877 1879 1881 1883 1884 1886 1887 1888 1891 1894 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1918 1922 1925 1929 1933 1937 1946 1948 1952 1956 1959 1963 1967 1971 1972 1977 1981 1982 1986 1989 1994 1998 2002 2003 2006 2010 2012 2017 2021 2023 Next Provincial 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1985 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Municipal 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Water board 2008 2015 2019 2023 Electoral college 2019 2023 Island council 2011 2015 2019 2020 2023 European 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Referendums 1797 1798 1801 1805 2005 2016 2018 See also: Senate elections Elections and referendums in Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten Netherlands Antilles	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS-1"},{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_list"},{"link_name":"two-round system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Great Pacification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacification_of_1917"},{"link_name":"consociational democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consociationalism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_League_of_Roman_Catholic_Caucuses"},{"link_name":"Anti-Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Revolutionary_Party"},{"link_name":"Christian Historical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Historical_Union"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Christian Social Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Union_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"League of Free Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Free_Liberals"},{"link_name":"electoral threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_threshold"},{"link_name":"Alliance for the Democratisation of the Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Democratisation_of_the_Army"},{"link_name":"Suze Groeneweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suze_Groeneweg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"General elections were held in the Netherlands on 3 July 1918.[1] They were the first elections held after a series of reforms that introduced universal male suffrage and pure proportional representation, replacing the previous two-round system in single member constituencies.[2] This change was known as the Great Pacification, which also included the introduction of state financing of religious schools, and led to the start of consociational democracy.[3]The change in the electoral system led to major changes in the political makeup of the House of Representatives. The confessional right-wing parties, the General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses, the Anti-Revolutionary Party and the Christian Historical Union, together won 50 seats. Along with two Christian splinter-parties (the Christian Democratic Party and the Christian Social Party) they were able to gain a majority of 52 seats.The liberal parties lost the most seats. While in 1917, two of the liberal parties, the Liberal Union and the League of Free Liberals, had won 31 seats, they were now reduced to 10 seats. Together with three smaller liberal parties, liberals now held only 15 seats in the House of representatives.The fragmentation of the House was caused by the low electoral threshold of just 0.5%, with the smallest party, the Alliance for the Democratisation of the Army, managing to win a seat with only 6,828 votes.The elections were the first in which Dutch women could run for office, despite still not being allowed to vote. Suze Groeneweg was elected as the first female member of the House of Representatives.[4]","title":"1918 Dutch general election"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Verkiezingen._Een_man_verft_de_letters_%27Stemt_lyst_5%27_op_een_houten_schutting._(De_socialisten).(Amsterdam),1918._-_SFA022823005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"}],"text":"A man writing political slogans on a wooden fence in Amsterdam","title":"Results"}]	[{"image_text":"A man writing political slogans on a wooden fence in Amsterdam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Verkiezingen._Een_man_verft_de_letters_%27Stemt_lyst_5%27_op_een_houten_schutting._%28De_socialisten%29.%28Amsterdam%29%2C1918._-_SFA022823005.jpg/220px-Verkiezingen._Een_man_verft_de_letters_%27Stemt_lyst_5%27_op_een_houten_schutting._%28De_socialisten%29.%28Amsterdam%29%2C1918._-_SFA022823005.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl/verkiezingen/detail/TK19180702","external_links_name":"Kiesraad"},{"Link":"https://atria.nl/nieuws-publicaties/vrouwen-in-de-politiek/de-eerste-zeven-vrouwen-tweede-kamerlid/","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2b2t	2b2t	["1 History","1.1 2010–2016: Founding and early history","1.2 2016–present: Player influx","1.3 2018–2021: Nocom exploit","1.4 2023: Update to 1.19","2 Culture","3 Reception","4 Renders","5 References","6 External links"]	Minecraft server 2b2tLogo in use since 2022Other names2builders2toolsInitial releaseDecember 2010; 13 years ago (December 2010) Founder(s)Hausemaster PlatformMinecraft: Java Edition (version 1.20.4)Size~28.3 TBTypeMinecraft serverWebsitewww.2b2t.org (archived)2b2t.org (server) 2b2t (2builders2tools) is a Minecraft server founded in December 2010. 2b2t has essentially no rules and players are not permanently banned, known within Minecraft as an "anarchy server". As a result, players commonly engage in the destruction of other players' and groups creations, colloquially called "griefing", as well as hacking using modified software to gain an advantage. 2b2t is the oldest anarchy server in Minecraft, as well as one of the few running 2010 Minecraft servers of any variety. The server is permanently set to hard difficulty and player versus player combat is enabled. It has seen over 780,000 players explore its procedurally generated map, increasing its file size to over 20 terabytes. 2b2t has been described in news media as the worst Minecraft server due to its toxic playerbase and culture. History 2010–2016: Founding and early history First logo used from 2010 to 2017 The 2b2t Minecraft server was founded in December 2010; it has run consistently without a reset since then. The founders are anonymous, choosing to remain unknown or known only via usernames; the most prominent founder is commonly referred to as "Hausemaster". The server operates with minimal rules, as an "anarchy server"; except in fixing game-breaking exploits, the server operators are relatively hands-off in administrating the server. Varying explanations have been given for the origin of the server's rules-free style. One server operator told Vice that the server originated as a regular Minecraft server, before he and his friends "decided to open it up to see how much destruction could be made and started advertising it on various places on the Internet." According to 2b2t player and amateur archivist James Rustles, Hausemaster was given the server by its original founder, who founded it on a principle of maximum player freedom in the tradition of a Garry's Mod server he already owned. The server was advertised shortly after its creation on online forums such as 4chan, Facepunch Studios, and Reddit, whose users populated the server by the hundreds due to the total freedom it offered. Members from different forums raided each other and their bases on the server. The founders eventually stopped playing Minecraft, though the server remained online due to the large player base that had been formed. A subreddit was created by a player on March 25, 2012. In early 2013, the file size of 2b2t's world map, which is procedurally generated, was reported to be over 500 gigabytes. This increased to almost one terabyte by late 2015, costing US$90 a month to maintain. 2016–present: Player influx Unique 2b2t players over time according to the server administrator On June 1, 2016, popular YouTuber "TheCampingRusher" uploaded a YouTube video of himself playing on 2b2t. This caused a massive influx of new players from the channel's audience, who were at first mostly tourists, as the video gained over two million views in less than four months from its upload. This overwhelmed the server and strained the hardware used to host and run it, bringing together a loose group of older players who banded against these new players. Although the new players, who were labeled "Rushers", largely outnumbered the older players at the time, the older players had years of experience and resources. Many older players deterred new players by destroying the spawn-in area to make it uninhabitable and extremely challenging to proceed from and repeatedly killing them in-game.Second logo used between 2017 and 2022Some players built in-game contraptions designed solely to overload the server, with the intent of making it difficult for TheCampingRusher and his fans to play on it. Some placed obscene content around the spawn area and along player-built roads to get TheCampingRusher's YouTube videos taken down for violations of YouTube's terms of service. The new players, despite having been discouraged to do so by TheCampingRusher, had destroyed bases and monuments on the server that had stood for years, which is partially what had caused such a response from the player base. When Kiberd from Newsweek asked Hausemaster if he disapproved of the massive influx of new players, he responded by saying that "2b2t is definitely not ruined—in my opinion it's how it should be: absolutely chaotic." In response to the inundated server and hardware, a queue to enter the server was added. Before then, the server would have about ten players online at the same time. However, at the influx peak, the server had thousands of players waiting in queue. The queue gave earlier 2b2t players priority over newer players, although this feature was removed after a year. The regular queue moves slowly and can contain over a thousand players. Waiting in the queue has been described as an onerous task. Players can pay $20 to access a separate "priority" queue for one month. 2018–2021: Nocom exploit Heat map of player locations on the server from March 2020 to July 2021, created using data collected from the Nocom exploit. Prominent are heavily trafficked "highways" extending for millions of blocks from the central spawn region. In 2018, a group of players called "Nerds Inc." (a spoof of Monsters, Inc.) discovered a software bug in 2b2t's server software that allowed players to query far-away terrain, which players cannot normally view. The loading of huge areas of terrain puts a heavy workload on the server, which Nerds Inc. used to repeatedly crash the server. This was done with the intent to induce the developers of PaperMC, a modified server software used by 2b2t, to create a bug fix for the software, which introduced a vulnerability where the server would now only respond to the querying of far-away terrain if it was already loaded, i.e., proximate to a player. By creating the flawed bug fix, the developers inadvertently gave anyone aware of the vulnerability the ability to test if any given area in the game world contained a player, and to read that area if so. Nerds Inc. was now able to locate all online players and remotely observe the terrain around players in real-time, including valuable storage of in-game items and player-built constructions. Correlating the coinciding timing of player join and disconnect notices and the loading and unloading of locations let Nerds Inc. tell where specific players stood, not just that a player was there. The exploit became more effective with an adaptive tracking system programmed by a member of Nerds Inc., predicting the paths individual players would take using Monte Carlo localization in response to the server implementing rate-limits preventing less efficient search methods. The data gathered amassed about 2 terabytes during the 3 years of tracking terrain, paths, and base locations. One group that shared members with Nerds Inc. was supplied with the locations of numerous bases which they raided, looting 200 million in-game items. They kept the exploit secret, creating fake stories behind the destruction of bases and gaslighting. They named the exploit "Nocom", short for "no comment". In 2021, another group called Infinity Incursion independently created a more primitive version of the Nocom exploit and, with their less concealed use of it, other groups started learning about Nocom by June 2021. On July 15, 2021, server admin Hausemaster implemented changes to 2b2t that patched the exploit. Nocom resulted in many bases and in-game item stashes being raided or destroyed, with a total of 15,000 bases being discovered. Rich Stanton of PC Gamer described Nocom as one of the most impactful events in the server's history. 2023: Update to 1.19 On August 14, 2023, 2b2t updated to Minecraft version 1.19, after running on Minecraft 1.12 for years. Several additions to the server became controversial, including resetting established terrain and a "soft item economy reset", which removed and decreased the amounts of certain items in player's inventories and storage, resulting in community backlash. On August 24, Hausemaster apologized and explained his decisionmaking. The next day he announced that the server would be rolling back to 1.12 temporarily and then updating to 1.19 without the controversial changes, and announcing an option to refund priority status for those who have paid for it and are dissatisfied with the changes. Culture Two lavacasts produced to create artificial hills and uneven terrain. Among other uses, lavacasts can be built to block the way for new players from spawn (upper left) to the rest of the map (lower right). Also visible at lower right is an incomplete lava cast (currently covered in lava). An aerial render of the spawn region in July 2019, centered on the middle of the map with a diameter of just over 4,000 blocks. The render displays the extreme amount of destruction and modification carried out to the terrain, including the construction of massive structures, such as the prominent Square and Compasses (upper right). The culture of 2b2t, as well as Minecraft anarchy servers in general, is inhospitable and nihilistic. Players usually need to hide supplies and be well armed to survive and can expect to be killed several times. This is exacerbated by the server being set to hard difficulty and player versus player combat being enabled, making survival considerably harder. Longtime players are often hostile to new players on the server, whom they often call "newfags". The server-wide chat often contains spam, trolling, and trash talking, as well as racial slurs, death threats, and Nazi propaganda. Links to obscene content and screamer videos are also common. Players lie to others with the intent of sending them to in-game locations with traps. A common rule among players is to not trust others. Traps are deliberately placed surrounding the area where players first join the server: pits of lava, areas lit on fire, and portals that lead to lava or enclosed areas of obsidian that force players to disconnect and reconnect, waiting through the long queue again. Some players create large obstacles called "lavacasts", in which water and lava are repeatedly poured down staircases of stone, creating mountains of jagged cobblestone. These structures completely surround the spawn area, and many are as tall as the map's height limit. There have occasionally been events in which dozens of players come together to take control of spawn for a time to build a large base, kill many new players, or destroy other bases, which were referred to as "spawn incursions". Inexperienced players may need many attempts and multiple hours to "escape" the spawn area, where resources have been consumed or destroyed for thousands of blocks in all directions. The most common cause of death is starvation from being unable to escape the spawn area. A player may last around 1,500 blocks of travel without food before dying of starvation without the help of hacks or glitches. Roisin Kiberd of Newsweek speculated that enduring the challenge may be part of the appeal of 2b2t: since "nobody survives for long, there is a pride in having died there." Experienced players reside far away from the spawn area in relative safety to play the game and build. The map is less destroyed further away from spawn, allowing for trees and animals. Player-built roads called "highways" are used to travel out from spawn. The server has no etiquette regarding ownership; anything that is built can be destroyed at any time if found by other players. This destruction, known as griefing, is so commonplace on the server that Brendan Caldwell of Rock, Paper, Shotgun described it as being "just a form of weather". Despite this culture of hostility and destruction, there is an event every April Fools' Day in which the server changes to a different map for a few days and players can come together and cooperate. Players often make use of modified Minecraft clients incorporating cheats such as X-ray vision, improved bow and sword aim, and radar; these modifications are permitted by 2b2t's (lack of) rules. These clients help immensely in allowing the player to navigate the environment and survive. Players without these clients are at a disadvantage. Because the server's map is over a decade old, 2b2t has developed an insular subculture with its own history and ethos. Martin Paul Eve, a researcher in digital humanities, found that the wiki documenting the history of 2b2t "refer to the in-game universe as though it were a totality". He liken it to resources documenting the Warez scene; they mingled with the subculture themselves and are difficult to understand without a direct experience. Reception Both Robert Guthrie of Kotaku and Andrew Paul of Vice have called 2b2t the worst server in Minecraft. Paul called the server a "fantastical world of possibility and horror," and found that it functioned as a kind of virtual "id," representing an "unrestrained stream of populist consciousness". Brendan Caldwell of Rock, Paper, Shotgun described 2b2t as the game's "most obscene server." In June 2012, Craig Pearson of PCGamesN called it Minecraft's most offensive server, noting 2b2t's callousness and obscenity in the form of language, swastikas, and its hostile player base. In 2013, a PCGamesN article by Jeremy Peel reported on Minecraft's newly-announced built-in server hosting service, Minecraft Realms, remarking that it would keep children away from 2b2t. In 2014, Tim Edwards wrote in a PCGamesN article addressing Microsoft about their purchase of Minecraft that they should not get "prissy" about player-made creations, stating that "2b2t is still an amazing achievement, with or without the swastikas." In 2016, in both Newsweek and The Independent, Roisin Kiberd described 2b2t as a malevolent form of Minecraft, a place of beauty and terror. Kiberd called the server "hell", stating that it is "not safe for life", as the server gives "free rein to darkest impulses." Kiberd concluded that the main appeal of playing on the server comes from learning the possibilities of a server with few limits, as well as enduring its hostile environment. Kiberd also noted that there is a so-called "meta-narrative" above 2b2t, involving players using YouTube and Reddit to share analysis and commentary about in-server events. A 2013 IGN article and video listed 2b2t's spawn area as one of the six best things in Minecraft, describing the server as the "end boss" of Minecraft servers, a celebration of destruction and indifference. The article noted 2b2t's propensity towards griefing, the use of hacked clients, and player-built obscenities; and stated that players with thick skin should visit 2b2t at least once. The Victoria and Albert Museum in London, where 2b2t featured from 2018 to 2019 From September 8, 2018, to February 24, 2019, 2b2t was featured in the Videogames: Design/Play/Disrupt exhibition of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. The exhibition aimed to explore video games and their designing process, as well as how they captivate players and the social and ethical issues around them. Minecraft was heavily featured in the third section of the exhibition, which focused on games in which players "become creators and designers themselves, often as part of large online communities". 2b2t represented this aspect of Minecraft, which exhibited alongside 15 other video games. The server was described as "littered with archaeological remnants of its history... a palimpsest of a landscape, written over and re-written over by feuds between players, hacks injecting vast structures into the world, and by different waves of Internet communities arriving and rampaging or attempting to settle within it." In Introduction to Game Design, Prototyping, and Development, published by Pearson Education in August 2017, 2b2t was described as being a "barren hellscape", with its nature being the "ultimate expression of the core mechanic of the game," referring to Minecraft's open-ended sandbox nature. The Ultimate Minecraft Creator, published by Triumph Books in July 2014, stated that despite 2b2t's offensive language and behavior, griefing, and cheating, the server can be a unique and fun experience for players who are willing to put up with its negative aspects. 2b2t also featured in an episode of the Swedish podcast P3 Spel (P3 Games) of Sveriges Radio, which described 2b2t as Minecraft's "most talked-about" server, and how, throughout its history, it has become the "witch's cauldron of chaos" it is today. Master Builder 3.0 Advanced and Ultimate Guide to Mastering Minigames and Servers, published by Triumph Books in April 2015 and April 2016 respectively, both stated that 2b2t "sits among online royalty when it comes to public servers." Renders A render of 2b2t's spawn region as of late 2017, displaying the various layers of spawn with progressive destruction proceeding inwards toward the center of the world. The render displays the -X (western) axis of the world map from 400 to 3,000 blocks from the map's center. A render from the same perspective as of February 2020, which, in comparison to the render from 2017, shows how the destruction of the spawn area has greatly increased over time A render of 2b2t's spawn region as of June 2019, providing an alternative side view in an isometric projection of the render in the Culture section References ^ a b "2b2t.org". Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Kiberd, Roisin (September 15, 2016). "The Minecraft Server That Will Kill You 1,000 Times". Newsweek. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Guthrie, Robert (September 23, 2016). "The Denizens of Minecraft's 'Worst' Server Are At War With YouTube". Kotaku. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019. ^ "2b2t". Retrieved April 6, 2024. ^ a b "Official subreddit sidebar". Reddit. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022. ^ a b c d Craig (June 20, 2013). "The 6 Most Amazing Things I've Seen in Minecraft". IGN. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019. ^ a b Stanton, Rich (August 2, 2021). "Minecraft's most anarchic server brought to its knees by griefers". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Paul, Andrew (October 5, 2015). "The Worst Place in Minecraft". Tech. Vice. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Caldwell, Brendan (February 29, 2016). "Ridealong: The Ruin Of Minecraft's Most Obscene Server". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019. ^ a b Norström, Tobias (February 19, 2020). "Dokumentär: Anarki, hat och Minecraft" . Sveriges Radio (Podcast). Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021. ^ "2b2t.org". Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2022. ^ a b Gutelle, Sam (April 27, 2017). "YouTube Millionaires: TheCampingRusher Is "Constantly Thinking About What Video To Make Next"". Tubefilter. Archived from the original on October 17, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022. ^ "Upcoming changes, website, queue to be reworked and 'pre 1st-june' list to be deleted, and some other information". Reddit. October 12, 2017. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2020. ^ "PaperMC patch". GitHub. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved July 6, 2022. ^ a b Lowry, Brendan (July 25, 2021). "How the 2B2T Minecraft server was almost toppled by an exploit". Windows Central. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ^ a b c d Walker, John (July 30, 2021). "Minecraft's 'Worst' Server Was Exploited So Hard, Griefers Could See The Future". Kotaku. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021. ^ "No Comment Explanation and Information". GitHub. July 24, 2021. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ^ Kabra, Akshat (August 22, 2023). "Minecraft's oldest anarchy server, 2b2t, finally receives update after five years, and fans aren't happy". Sportskeeda. Retrieved March 3, 2024. ^ "Update on the 1.19 situation - An Apology and Explanation". 2b2t. August 24, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2024. ^ "Server Rollback". 2b2t. August 25, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2024. ^ a b c d e f Pearson, Craig (June 3, 2012). "2b2t photodiary: Inside Minecraft's most offensive server". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on June 9, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2019. ^ a b Gibson, Jeremy (August 17, 2017). Introduction to Game Design, Prototyping, and Development: From Concept to Playable Game with Unity and C#. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-465988-6. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019. ^ Eve, Martin Paul (December 15, 2021). "Original Pirate Material". Warez: The Infrastructure and Aesthetics of Piracy. Brooklyn, NY: Punctum Books. pp. 45–46. doi:10.53288/0339.1.00. hdl:20.500.12657/52029. ISBN 9781685710361. OL 35740478M. ^ Peel, Jeremy (March 14, 2013). "Minecraft Realms is a subscription service for families that will "bring in more money than the game itself"". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on July 19, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2019. ^ Edwards, Tim (October 22, 2014). "Dear Microsoft: about that Minecraft deal". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2020. ^ Kiberd, Roisin (September 23, 2016). "There's an alternative Minecraft server without any rules". Indy/Life. The Independent. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2019. ^ a b Leith, Sam (August 31, 2018). "Video games at the V&A: is this the most creative artform of the modern age?". Culture. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2021. ^ Polianskaya, Alina (August 22, 2018). "From Minecraft to arcades and apps: V&A delves into today's video games". Issues. Design Week. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2021. ^ The Ultimate Minecraft Creator: The Unofficial Building Guide to Minecraft and Other Games. Triumph Books. July 1, 2014. ISBN 978-1-63319-036-8. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019. ^ Master Builder 3.0 Advanced: Minecraft Secrets and Strategies from the Game's Greatest Players. Triumph Books. April 1, 2015. pp. 43, 49. ISBN 978-1-63319-188-4. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019. ^ Ultimate Guide to Mastering Minigames and Servers: Minecraft Secrets to the World's Best Servers and Minigames. Triumph Books. April 5, 2016. ISBN 978-1-62937-233-4. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019. External links Official website (archived) Official subreddit vteMinecraft Mojang Studios Xbox Game Studios Video gamesMinecraftGeneral Music Volume Alpha Volume Beta Minecon Modding Elements Steve Creeper End Poem People Markus Persson (Notch) Jens Bergensten (Jeb_) Daniel Rosenfeld (C418) Kristoffer Zetterstrand Lena Raine Servers 2b2t Autcraft Blockeley Dream SMP Hypixel Mineplex The Uncensored Library Wynncraft Spin-offs Minicraft Minecraft: Story Mode Minecraft Earth Minecraft Dungeons Minecraft Legends Other media Minecraft (book) Minecraft: The Island Minecraft: The Story of Mojang Minecraft (film) ImpactInitiatives Block by Block Build the Earth Greenfield Merchandising Lego Minecraft In popular culture Herobrine "G.U.Y." "Informative Murder Porn" Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Far Lands or Bust Wonder Quest "Minecraft Multiplayer Fun" The Three-Body Problem in Minecraft Gameknight999 Trayaurus and the Enchanted Crystal Animation vs. Minecraft Category 2b2t at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsData from Wikidata	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"Minecraft server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minecraft_server"},{"link_name":"anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"griefing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griefing"},{"link_name":"hacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"Minecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minecraft"},{"link_name":"player versus player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_versus_player"},{"link_name":"procedurally generated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_generation#Video_games"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subreddit-5"}],"text":"Minecraft server2b2t (2builders2tools) is a Minecraft server founded in December 2010. 2b2t has essentially no rules and players are not permanently banned, known within Minecraft as an \"anarchy server\".[2] As a result, players commonly engage in the destruction of other players' and groups creations, colloquially called \"griefing\", as well as hacking using modified software to gain an advantage. 2b2t is the oldest anarchy server in Minecraft, as well as one of the few running 2010 Minecraft servers of any variety. The server is permanently set to hard difficulty and player versus player combat is enabled. It has seen over 780,000 players explore its procedurally generated map, increasing its file size to over 20 terabytes.[5] 2b2t has been described in news media as the worst Minecraft server due to its toxic playerbase and culture.","title":"2b2t"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_2b2t_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pgcgamer2021-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainsite-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-8"},{"link_name":"usernames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym#Online_activity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)#Website"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-8"},{"link_name":"Garry's Mod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry%27s_Mod"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"4chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4chan"},{"link_name":"Facepunch Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facepunch_Studios"},{"link_name":"Reddit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-8"},{"link_name":"subreddit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subreddit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-podcast-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainsite2-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-8"}],"sub_title":"2010–2016: Founding and early history","text":"First logo used from 2010 to 2017The 2b2t Minecraft server was founded in December 2010; it has run consistently without a reset since then.[7][1] The founders are anonymous,[8] choosing to remain unknown or known only via usernames; the most prominent founder is commonly referred to as \"Hausemaster\".[2][3] The server operates with minimal rules, as an \"anarchy server\"; except in fixing game-breaking exploits, the server operators are relatively hands-off in administrating the server.[3]Varying explanations have been given for the origin of the server's rules-free style. One server operator told Vice that the server originated as a regular Minecraft server, before he and his friends \"decided to open it up to see how much destruction could be made and started advertising it on various places on the Internet.\"[8] According to 2b2t player and amateur archivist James Rustles, Hausemaster was given the server by its original founder, who founded it on a principle of maximum player freedom in the tradition of a Garry's Mod server he already owned.[9]The server was advertised shortly after its creation on online forums such as 4chan, Facepunch Studios, and Reddit, whose users populated the server by the hundreds due to the total freedom it offered.[8] Members from different forums raided each other and their bases on the server.[2] The founders eventually stopped playing Minecraft, though the server remained online due to the large player base that had been formed.[8] A subreddit was created by a player on March 25, 2012.[10] In early 2013, the file size of 2b2t's world map, which is procedurally generated, was reported to be over 500 gigabytes.[6] This increased to almost one terabyte by late 2015,[11] costing US$90 a month to maintain.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2b2t_player_count.png"},{"link_name":"YouTuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTuber"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2b2t_Logo_Vectorised.svg"},{"link_name":"overload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"queue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_area"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redditpost-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"}],"sub_title":"2016–present: Player influx","text":"Unique 2b2t players over time according to the server administratorOn June 1, 2016, popular YouTuber \"TheCampingRusher\"[12] uploaded a YouTube video of himself playing on 2b2t. This caused a massive influx of new players from the channel's audience, who were at first mostly tourists, as the video gained over two million views in less than four months from its upload.[2][3] This overwhelmed the server and strained the hardware used to host and run it, bringing together a loose group of older players who banded against these new players.[3]Although the new players, who were labeled \"Rushers\", largely outnumbered the older players at the time, the older players had years of experience and resources.[3] Many older players deterred new players by destroying the spawn-in area to make it uninhabitable and extremely challenging to proceed from and repeatedly killing them in-game.[2][3]Second logo used between 2017 and 2022Some players built in-game contraptions designed solely to overload the server, with the intent of making it difficult for TheCampingRusher and his fans to play on it. Some placed obscene content around the spawn area and along player-built roads to get TheCampingRusher's YouTube videos taken down for violations of YouTube's terms of service.[3]The new players, despite having been discouraged to do so by TheCampingRusher, had destroyed bases and monuments on the server that had stood for years, which is partially what had caused such a response from the player base.[3] When Kiberd from Newsweek asked Hausemaster if he disapproved of the massive influx of new players, he responded by saying that \"2b2t is definitely not ruined—in my opinion it's how it should be: absolutely chaotic.\"[2]In response to the inundated server and hardware, a queue to enter the server was added. Before then, the server would have about ten players online at the same time. However, at the influx peak, the server had thousands of players waiting in queue.[12] The queue gave earlier 2b2t players priority over newer players,[3] although this feature was removed after a year.[13] The regular queue moves slowly and can contain over a thousand players.[2] Waiting in the queue has been described as an onerous task. Players can pay $20 to access a separate \"priority\" queue for one month.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2b2t_Nocom_Overworld_Heatmap.png"},{"link_name":"Heat map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_map"},{"link_name":"Monsters, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters,_Inc."},{"link_name":"software bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(software)"},{"link_name":"induce the developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)"},{"link_name":"bug fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-windowscentral-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku2-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku2-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-windowscentral-15"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo localization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_localization"},{"link_name":"rate-limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_limiting"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nocom_explanation-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku2-16"},{"link_name":"gaslighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku2-16"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pgcgamer2021-7"}],"sub_title":"2018–2021: Nocom exploit","text":"Heat map of player locations on the server from March 2020 to July 2021, created using data collected from the Nocom exploit. Prominent are heavily trafficked \"highways\" extending for millions of blocks from the central spawn region.In 2018, a group of players called \"Nerds Inc.\" (a spoof of Monsters, Inc.) discovered a software bug in 2b2t's server software that allowed players to query far-away terrain, which players cannot normally view. The loading of huge areas of terrain puts a heavy workload on the server, which Nerds Inc. used to repeatedly crash the server. This was done with the intent to induce the developers of PaperMC, a modified server software used by 2b2t, to create a bug fix for the software,[14] which introduced a vulnerability where the server would now only respond to the querying of far-away terrain if it was already loaded, i.e., proximate to a player. By creating the flawed bug fix, the developers inadvertently gave anyone aware of the vulnerability the ability to test if any given area in the game world contained a player, and to read that area if so. Nerds Inc. was now able to locate all online players and remotely observe the terrain around players in real-time, including valuable storage of in-game items and player-built constructions.[15][16]Correlating the coinciding timing of player join and disconnect notices and the loading and unloading of locations let Nerds Inc. tell where specific players stood, not just that a player was there.[16] The exploit became more effective with an adaptive tracking system programmed by a member of Nerds Inc.,[15] predicting the paths individual players would take using Monte Carlo localization in response to the server implementing rate-limits preventing less efficient search methods.[17] The data gathered amassed about 2 terabytes during the 3 years of tracking terrain, paths, and base locations.[16]One group that shared members with Nerds Inc. was supplied with the locations of numerous bases which they raided, looting 200 million in-game items. They kept the exploit secret, creating fake stories behind the destruction of bases and gaslighting. They named the exploit \"Nocom\", short for \"no comment\". In 2021, another group called Infinity Incursion independently created a more primitive version of the Nocom exploit and, with their less concealed use of it, other groups started learning about Nocom by June 2021. On July 15, 2021, server admin Hausemaster implemented changes to 2b2t that patched the exploit. Nocom resulted in many bases and in-game item stashes being raided or destroyed, with a total of 15,000 bases being discovered.[16] Rich Stanton of PC Gamer described Nocom as one of the most impactful events in the server's history.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"sub_title":"2023: Update to 1.19","text":"On August 14, 2023, 2b2t updated to Minecraft version 1.19, after running on Minecraft 1.12 for years. Several additions to the server became controversial, including resetting established terrain and a \"soft item economy reset\", which removed and decreased the amounts of certain items in player's inventories and storage, resulting in community backlash.[18]On August 24, Hausemaster apologized and explained his decisionmaking.[19] The next day he announced that the server would be rolling back to 1.12 temporarily and then updating to 1.19 without the controversial changes, and announcing an option to refund priority status for those who have paid for it and are dissatisfied with the changes.[20][non-primary source needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2b2t_Lavacasts.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IronException_2b2t_Spawn_Render_July_2019.png"},{"link_name":"Square and Compasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_and_Compasses"},{"link_name":"nihilistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilistic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamesn2012-21"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"newfags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/newfag"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-8"},{"link_name":"spam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamming"},{"link_name":"trolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolling"},{"link_name":"trash talking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trash_talking"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"racial slurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_slurs"},{"link_name":"death threats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_threat"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"screamer videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamer_videos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamesn2012-21"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intro-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamesn2012-21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamesn2012-21"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamesn2012-21"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"April Fools' Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"modified Minecraft clients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minecraft_modding"},{"link_name":"cheats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"X-ray vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_vision"},{"link_name":"improved bow and sword aim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating_in_online_games#Aimbots_and_triggerbots"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"Martin Paul Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Paul_Eve"},{"link_name":"digital humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_humanities"},{"link_name":"wiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki"},{"link_name":"in-game universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_universe"},{"link_name":"Warez scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warez_scene"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Two lavacasts produced to create artificial hills and uneven terrain. Among other uses, lavacasts can be built to block the way for new players from spawn (upper left) to the rest of the map (lower right). Also visible at lower right is an incomplete lava cast (currently covered in lava).An aerial render of the spawn region in July 2019, centered on the middle of the map with a diameter of just over 4,000 blocks. The render displays the extreme amount of destruction and modification carried out to the terrain, including the construction of massive structures, such as the prominent Square and Compasses (upper right).The culture of 2b2t, as well as Minecraft anarchy servers in general, is inhospitable and nihilistic.[2] Players usually need to hide supplies and be well armed to survive and can expect to be killed several times.[2] This is exacerbated by the server being set to hard difficulty and player versus player combat being enabled, making survival considerably harder.[21] Longtime players are often hostile to new players on the server,[3] whom they often call \"newfags\".[3][8] The server-wide chat often contains spam, trolling, and trash talking,[3] as well as racial slurs, death threats, and Nazi propaganda.[2][9] Links to obscene content and screamer videos are also common.[3] Players lie to others with the intent of sending them to in-game locations with traps.[3] A common rule among players is to not trust others.[21]Traps are deliberately placed surrounding the area where players first join the server: pits of lava, areas lit on fire, and portals that lead to lava or enclosed areas of obsidian that force players to disconnect and reconnect, waiting through the long queue again.[2][9] Some players create large obstacles called \"lavacasts\", in which water and lava are repeatedly poured down staircases of stone, creating mountains of jagged cobblestone.[9] These structures completely surround the spawn area, and many are as tall as the map's height limit.[6]There have occasionally been events in which dozens of players come together to take control of spawn for a time to build a large base, kill many new players, or destroy other bases, which were referred to as \"spawn incursions\".[9] Inexperienced players may need many attempts and multiple hours to \"escape\" the spawn area,[3][9][8] where resources have been consumed or destroyed for thousands of blocks in all directions.[22] The most common cause of death is starvation from being unable to escape the spawn area.[21] A player may last around 1,500 blocks of travel without food before dying of starvation without the help of hacks or glitches.[9] Roisin Kiberd of Newsweek speculated that enduring the challenge may be part of the appeal of 2b2t: since \"nobody survives for long, there is a pride in having died there.\"[2]Experienced players reside far away from the spawn area in relative safety to play the game and build.[2] The map is less destroyed further away from spawn,[21][8] allowing for trees and animals.[9] Player-built roads called \"highways\" are used to travel out from spawn.[9][21] The server has no etiquette regarding ownership; anything that is built can be destroyed at any time if found by other players.[3] This destruction, known as griefing, is so commonplace on the server that Brendan Caldwell of Rock, Paper, Shotgun described it as being \"just a form of weather\". Despite this culture of hostility and destruction, there is an event every April Fools' Day in which the server changes to a different map for a few days and players can come together and cooperate.[9]Players often make use of modified Minecraft clients incorporating cheats such as X-ray vision, improved bow and sword aim, and radar; these modifications are permitted by 2b2t's (lack of) rules.[2][9] These clients help immensely in allowing the player to navigate the environment and survive.[2][3][9] Players without these clients are at a disadvantage.[9]Because the server's map is over a decade old, 2b2t has developed an insular subculture with its own history and ethos. Martin Paul Eve, a researcher in digital humanities, found that the wiki documenting the history of 2b2t \"refer to the in-game universe as though it were a totality\". He liken it to resources documenting the Warez scene; they mingled with the subculture themselves and are difficult to understand without a direct experience.[23]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kotaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-3"},{"link_name":"id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id_(Freud)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps-9"},{"link_name":"PCGamesN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCGamesN"},{"link_name":"swastikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamesn2012-21"},{"link_name":"Minecraft Realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minecraft_Realms"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamesn-24"},{"link_name":"their purchase of Minecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojang_Studios#Microsoft_subsidiary_(2014%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-26"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Entrance,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Videogames: Design/Play/Disrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videogames:_Design/Play/Disrupt"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designweek-28"},{"link_name":"palimpsest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsest"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-27"},{"link_name":"Pearson Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Education"},{"link_name":"hellscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellscape"},{"link_name":"sandbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_game"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intro-22"},{"link_name":"Triumph Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Books"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimatecreator-29"},{"link_name":"Sveriges Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Radio"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-podcast-10"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masterbuilder-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimateguides-31"}],"text":"Both Robert Guthrie of Kotaku and Andrew Paul of Vice have called 2b2t the worst server in Minecraft.[8][3] Paul called the server a \"fantastical world of possibility and horror,\" and found that it functioned as a kind of virtual \"id,\" representing an \"unrestrained stream of populist consciousness\".[8] Brendan Caldwell of Rock, Paper, Shotgun described 2b2t as the game's \"most obscene server.\"[9] In June 2012, Craig Pearson of PCGamesN called it Minecraft's most offensive server, noting 2b2t's callousness and obscenity in the form of language, swastikas, and its hostile player base.[21] In 2013, a PCGamesN article by Jeremy Peel reported on Minecraft's newly-announced built-in server hosting service, Minecraft Realms, remarking that it would keep children away from 2b2t.[24] In 2014, Tim Edwards wrote in a PCGamesN article addressing Microsoft about their purchase of Minecraft that they should not get \"prissy\" about player-made creations, stating that \"2b2t is still an amazing achievement, with or without the swastikas.\"[25]In 2016, in both Newsweek and The Independent, Roisin Kiberd described 2b2t as a malevolent form of Minecraft, a place of beauty and terror. Kiberd called the server \"hell\", stating that it is \"not safe for life\", as the server gives \"free rein to [players'] darkest impulses.\"[2] Kiberd concluded that the main appeal of playing on the server comes from learning the possibilities of a server with few limits, as well as enduring its hostile environment.[2][26] Kiberd also noted that there is a so-called \"meta-narrative\" above 2b2t, involving players using YouTube and Reddit to share analysis and commentary about in-server events.[2] A 2013 IGN article and video listed 2b2t's spawn area as one of the six best things in Minecraft, describing the server as the \"end boss\" of Minecraft servers, a celebration of destruction and indifference. The article noted 2b2t's propensity towards griefing, the use of hacked clients, and player-built obscenities; and stated that players with thick skin should visit 2b2t at least once.[6]The Victoria and Albert Museum in London, where 2b2t featured from 2018 to 2019From September 8, 2018, to February 24, 2019, 2b2t was featured in the Videogames: Design/Play/Disrupt exhibition of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[27] The exhibition aimed to explore video games and their designing process, as well as how they captivate players and the social and ethical issues around them. Minecraft was heavily featured in the third section of the exhibition, which focused on games in which players \"become creators and designers themselves, often as part of large online communities\".[28] 2b2t represented this aspect of Minecraft, which exhibited alongside 15 other video games. The server was described as \"littered with archaeological remnants of its history... a palimpsest of a landscape, written over and re-written over by feuds between players, hacks injecting vast structures into the world, and by different waves of Internet communities arriving and rampaging or attempting to settle within it.\"[27]In Introduction to Game Design, Prototyping, and Development, published by Pearson Education in August 2017, 2b2t was described as being a \"barren hellscape\", with its nature being the \"ultimate expression of the core mechanic of the game,\" referring to Minecraft's open-ended sandbox nature.[22] The Ultimate Minecraft Creator, published by Triumph Books in July 2014, stated that despite 2b2t's offensive language and behavior, griefing, and cheating, the server can be a unique and fun experience for players who are willing to put up with its negative aspects.[29]2b2t also featured in an episode of the Swedish podcast P3 Spel (P3 Games) of Sveriges Radio, which described 2b2t as Minecraft's \"most talked-about\" server, and how, throughout its history, it has become the \"witch's cauldron of chaos\" it is today.[10] Master Builder 3.0 Advanced and Ultimate Guide to Mastering Minigames and Servers, published by Triumph Books in April 2015 and April 2016 respectively, both stated that 2b2t \"sits among online royalty when it comes to public [Minecraft] servers.\"[30][31]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThebesAndSound_2b2t_Layers_of_Spawn_Render_Late_2017.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThebesAndSound_2b2t_Layers_of_Spawn_Render_February_2020.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IronException_2b2t_Spawn_Render_June_2019.png"}],"text":"A render of 2b2t's spawn region as of late 2017, displaying the various layers of spawn with progressive destruction proceeding inwards toward the center of the world. The render displays the -X (western) axis of the world map from 400 to 3,000 blocks from the map's center.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA render from the same perspective as of February 2020, which, in comparison to the render from 2017, shows how the destruction of the spawn area has greatly increased over time\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA render of 2b2t's spawn region as of June 2019, providing an alternative side view in an isometric projection of the render in the Culture section","title":"Renders"}]	[{"image_text":"First logo used from 2010 to 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Old_2b2t_logo.svg/150px-Old_2b2t_logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Unique 2b2t players over time according to the server administrator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2b2t_player_count.png/330px-2b2t_player_count.png"},{"image_text":"Second logo used between 2017 and 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2b2t_Logo_Vectorised.svg/150px-2b2t_Logo_Vectorised.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Heat map of player locations on the server from March 2020 to July 2021, created using data collected from the Nocom exploit. Prominent are heavily trafficked \"highways\" extending for millions of blocks from the central spawn region.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/2b2t_Nocom_Overworld_Heatmap.png/220px-2b2t_Nocom_Overworld_Heatmap.png"},{"image_text":"Two lavacasts produced to create artificial hills and uneven terrain. Among other uses, lavacasts can be built to block the way for new players from spawn (upper left) to the rest of the map (lower right). Also visible at lower right is an incomplete lava cast (currently covered in lava).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/2b2t_Lavacasts.png/220px-2b2t_Lavacasts.png"},{"image_text":"An aerial render of the spawn region in July 2019, centered on the middle of the map with a diameter of just over 4,000 blocks. The render displays the extreme amount of destruction and modification carried out to the terrain, including the construction of massive structures, such as the prominent Square and Compasses (upper right).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/IronException_2b2t_Spawn_Render_July_2019.png/220px-IronException_2b2t_Spawn_Render_July_2019.png"},{"image_text":"The Victoria and Albert Museum in London, where 2b2t featured from 2018 to 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Entrance%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Entrance%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2b2t.org\". Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130318022710/http://2b2t.org/","url_text":"\"2b2t.org\""},{"url":"http://2b2t.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kiberd, Roisin (September 15, 2016). \"The Minecraft Server That Will Kill You 1,000 Times\". Newsweek. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/2016/09/23/minecraft-anarchy-server-2b2t-will-kill-you-498946.html","url_text":"\"The Minecraft Server That Will Kill You 1,000 Times\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek","url_text":"Newsweek"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191014024243/https://www.newsweek.com/2016/09/23/minecraft-anarchy-server-2b2t-will-kill-you-498946.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Guthrie, Robert (September 23, 2016). \"The Denizens of Minecraft's 'Worst' Server Are At War With YouTube\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/minecrafts-worst-server-is-at-war-with-youtube-1786999271","url_text":"\"The Denizens of Minecraft's 'Worst' Server Are At War With YouTube\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190329164051/https://kotaku.com/minecrafts-worst-server-is-at-war-with-youtube-1786999271","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2b2t\". Retrieved April 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://2b2t.org/","url_text":"\"2b2t\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official subreddit sidebar\". Reddit. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/2b2t/","url_text":"\"Official subreddit sidebar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit","url_text":"Reddit"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220628013920/https://reddit.com/r/2b2t/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Craig (June 20, 2013). \"The 6 Most Amazing Things I've Seen in Minecraft\". IGN. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/06/20/the-6-most-amazing-things-ive-seen-in-minecraft","url_text":"\"The 6 Most Amazing Things I've Seen in Minecraft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190528205653/https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/06/20/the-6-most-amazing-things-ive-seen-in-minecraft","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stanton, Rich (August 2, 2021). \"Minecraft's most anarchic server brought to its knees by griefers\". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamer.com/minecrafts-most-anarchic-server-brought-to-its-knees-by-griefers/","url_text":"\"Minecraft's most anarchic server brought to its knees by griefers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220415085503/https://www.pcgamer.com/minecrafts-most-anarchic-server-brought-to-its-knees-by-griefers/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Andrew (October 5, 2015). \"The Worst Place in Minecraft\". Tech. Vice. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/xywekq/the-worst-place-in-minecraft","url_text":"\"The Worst Place in Minecraft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)#Website","url_text":"Vice"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191014214406/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/xywekq/the-worst-place-in-minecraft","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Caldwell, Brendan (February 29, 2016). \"Ridealong: The Ruin Of Minecraft's Most Obscene Server\". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/02/29/minecrafts-most-obscene-server/","url_text":"\"Ridealong: The Ruin Of Minecraft's Most Obscene Server\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Paper,_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock, Paper, Shotgun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191014212539/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/02/29/minecrafts-most-obscene-server/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Norström, Tobias (February 19, 2020). \"Dokumentär: Anarki, hat och Minecraft\" [DOCUMENTARY: Anarchy, Hatred and Minecraft]. Sveriges Radio (Podcast). Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sverigesradio.se/avsnitt/1452960","url_text":"\"Dokumentär: Anarki, hat och Minecraft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Radio","url_text":"Sveriges Radio"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225040658/https://sverigesradio.se/avsnitt/1452960","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2b2t.org\". Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150911213128/http://2b2t.org/","url_text":"\"2b2t.org\""},{"url":"http://2b2t.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gutelle, Sam (April 27, 2017). \"YouTube Millionaires: TheCampingRusher Is \"Constantly Thinking About What Video To Make Next\"\". Tubefilter. Archived from the original on October 17, 2022. 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Retrieved February 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190419143042/https://www.reddit.com/r/2b2t/comments/75y9sy/upcoming_changes_website_queue_to_be_reworked_and/","url_text":"\"Upcoming changes, website, queue to be reworked and 'pre 1st-june' list to be deleted, and some other information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit","url_text":"Reddit"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/2b2t/comments/75y9sy/upcoming_changes_website_queue_to_be_reworked_and/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PaperMC patch\". GitHub. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Schell	August Schell Brewing Company	["1 History","2 Brewery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 44°17′20″N 94°27′2″W / 44.28889°N 94.45056°W / 44.28889; -94.45056August Schell Brewing CompanyLocation1860 Schell RdNew Ulm, MinnesotaUnited StatesOpened1860Annual production volume145,000 US beer barrels (170,000 hL)Active beers Name Type Schell's Deer Brand Pre-Prohibition American lager Schell's Light America Light lager Schell's Amber Red American lager Schell's Firebrick Vienna-Style Amber lager Schell's Cream Ale Cream Ale Schell's IPA India Pale Ale Schell's Dark American dark lager Schell's LoCal Twist Wheat Beer Grain Belt Premium American lager Grain Belt Premium Light Light lager Grain Belt Nordeast American Amber Lager Grain Belt Elite American Lager Seasonal beers Name Type Schell's Bock Bock Schell's Goosetown Gose Schell's Hefeweizen Bavarian Wheat Schell's Oktoberfest Marzen Schell's Snowstorm Changes Yearly Schell's Sangria Red Citrus Lager Grain Belt BLU Blueberry Lager August Schell Brewing CompanyU.S. National Register of Historic Places The brewery in 2017Location1860 Schell RdNew Ulm, MinnesotaNRHP reference No.74001007Added to NRHPDecember 27, 1974 August Schell Brewery in the November 1884 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map The August Schell Brewing Company is a brewing company in New Ulm, Minnesota, that was founded by German immigrant August Schell in 1860. It is the second oldest family-owned brewery in America (after D. G. Yuengling & Son) and became the oldest and largest brewery in Minnesota when the company bought the Grain Belt rights in 2002. In September 2010, the brewery celebrated its 150th anniversary with a two-day festival. Every year, Schell's also celebrates traditional German holidays with Bock Fest and Oktoberfest. The current brewery is owned and operated by the August Schell Brewing Company, a Minnesota corporation that was incorporated in 1902. History August Schell (February 15, 1828, in Durbach, Grand Duchy of Baden – September 20, 1891, in New Ulm, Minnesota) emigrated to the United States in 1848. He worked in Cincinnati as a machinist before relocating to New Ulm with other members of the Turner Society. Upon moving to New Ulm, building on his experience as a machinist, he established a mill. In 1860, August Schell partnered with Jacob Bernhardt to found a brewery to serve the growing German immigrant population in the area. August and Jacob selected a site two miles from the heart of New Ulm along the Cottonwood River. While much of the city of New Ulm was damaged or burned during the Dakota War of 1862, the brewery escaped intact. In 1866, August Schell bought out his partner Jacob Bernahrdt to take sole ownership of the brewery, starting an unbroken chain of family ownership that continues to this day. During this time, the brewery grew in size and production. August Schell died in 1891 leaving the brewery to his wife Theresa Schell. Their son Otto took over managing the brewery. Otto had studied brewing back in the Schells' home country of Germany. As the 19th century became the 20th, Otto continued to modernize the brewery by adding refrigeration to the brewery. 1911 was a tragic year for the Schell family as first Otto and then Theresa died. At that time, George Marti, the husband of August's daughter Emma, took over managing and operating the brewery. 1919 brought about the passage of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and implementation of Prohibition. The August Schell Brewing Company struggled along with many other American breweries. The brewery transitioned to producing "near-beer" (a low alcohol beer still permitted during Prohibition), soft drinks, and candy. Prohibition ended in 1933 with passage of the 21st Amendment. George Marti had successfully steered the brewery through Prohibition, but died shortly thereafter in 1934. George's son Alfred ("Al") Marti became the President and Manager of the brewery upon the death of his father. Al ran the brewery until 1969 until he retired and passed leadership of the company to his son Warren Marti. During this time, the brewing industry was going through a period of consolidation and upheaval, and Schell's was not immune. At one point, the brewery only managed to keep its doors open by cutting down a large black walnut tree located on the grounds of the brewery and sold its lumber. During Warren's tenure, the brewery responded to its customers changing preferences by introducing Schell's Export Beer, Schell's Light Beer, and 1919 Root Beer (named after the year prohibition was implemented). In 1984, Warren's son Ted Marti took over operations of the brewery and became President of the brewery in 1985. Having studied at the Siebels Institute of Brewing, Ted began expanding the line of beers offered by the Schell's Brewery. One of those beers, Schell's Pilsener, earned a gold medal at the Great American Beer Festival in 1988. Schell's continued to expand its beer offerings through the 1990s, brewing 38 different beers over that decade. In 2002, Schell's Brewery expanded its reach by acquiring the recipe and branding for Grain Belt Beer. Upon moving production to its New Ulm Brewery, Schell's introduced additional Grain Belt varieties including Grain Belt Nordeast in 2010, Grain Belt Lock & Dam in 2016 (since retired), Grain Belt BLU in 2018 (after appearing at the Minnesota State Fair for several years), and Grain Belt Southwest Cerveza in 2019. The next generation of the Marti family is increasing its involvement in the management and operation of the brewery. Ted's oldest son Jace Marti became a brewmaster in 2010 and has taken the lead on producing Schell's Noble Star line of sour Berliner Weisse beers. The brewery opened the Starkeller facility on the North side of New Ulm to produce the Noble Star line. This facility also houses a tap room dedicated to these sour ales. The brewery has continued to update its offerings by retiring long time brews such as Maifest, Schmaltz's Alt, and Pils among others, while adding an IPA, a Kolsch and Cream Ale. In 2020, it is expected that the brewery will release a line of hard seltzers as Grain Belt N'icebreakers as well as a low calorie Grain Belt Elite. Brewery The historic Schell's brewery is located in New Ulm, Minnesota alongside the Cottonwood River. The brewery has grown and evolved over the decades to accommodate new technology and expanded production lines. In addition to serving as a production facility, the brewery grounds house the historic Schell's mansion, a gift shop, a beer garden, and a white-tailed deer enclosure. Mansion on grounds of August Schell Brewery. See also Barrel-aged beer References ^ a b "August Schell Brewing Company: Since 1860". Schellsbrewery.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-09-22. ^ Alexander, Steve (9 Mar 2013). "Schell's plans expansion as Minnesota craft brewers grow". Minneapolis Star-Tribune. Retrieved 3 October 2014. ^ a b Hampson, Tim (2008). The Beer Book. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 19. ISBN 978-1405333016. ^ Fessler, Paul. "August Schell." In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 2, edited by William J. Hausman. German Historical Institute. Last modified January 29, 2015. ^ "August Schell Brewing Company: Since 1860". Schellsbrewery.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-09-22. ^ "Minnesota Secretary of State: Business Filing Details". Minnesota Secretary of State. Retrieved 2020-04-09. ^ a b c d e f g "History \| Schell's Beer Schell's Brewery". Archived from the original on 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2018-01-25. ^ Busch, Fritz (2020-02-27). "Schell's Releasing New Products, Buying New Equipment". New Ulm Journal. Retrieved 2020-04-09. External links Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under Twentieth Street South, New Ulm, Brown County, MN: HAER No. MN-40, "August Schell Brewing Company", 11 photos, 1 photo caption page HAER No. MN-40-A, "August Schell Brewing Company, Schell Residence", 2 photos, 1 photo caption page HAER No. MN-40-B, "August Schell Brewing Company, Worker's Cottage", 1 photo, 1 photo caption page vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in MinnesotaListsby county Aitkin Anoka Becker Beltrami Benton Big Stone Blue Earth Brown Carlton Carver Cass Chippewa Chisago Clay Clearwater Cook Cottonwood Crow Wing Dakota Dodge Douglas Faribault Fillmore Freeborn Goodhue Grant Hennepin Houston Hubbard Isanti Itasca Jackson Kanabec Kandiyohi Kittson Koochiching Lac qui Parle Lake Lake of the Woods Le Sueur Lincoln Lyon Mahnomen Marshall Martin McLeod Meeker Mille Lacs Morrison Mower Murray Nicollet Nobles Norman Olmsted Otter Tail Pennington Pine Pipestone Polk Pope Ramsey Red Lake Redwood Renville Rice Rock Roseau St. Louis Scott Sherburne Sibley Stearns Steele Stevens Swift Todd Traverse Wabasha Wadena Waseca Washington Watonwan Wilkin Winona Wright Yellow Medicine Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Voyageurs National Park Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property vteMunicipalities and communities of Brown County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: New UlmCities Cobden Comfrey‡ Evan Hanska New Ulm Sleepy Eye Springfield Map of Minnesota highlighting Brown CountyTownships Albin Bashaw Burnstown Cottonwood Eden Home Lake Hanska Leavenworth Linden Milford Mulligan North Star Prairieville Sigel Stark Stately CDPs Essig Searles Unincorporatedcommunities Dotson Godahl‡ Iberia Leavenworth Linden Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Minnesota portal United States portal 44°17′20″N 94°27′2″W / 44.28889°N 94.45056°W / 44.28889; -94.45056	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:August_Schell_Brewery_in_November_1884_map_detail,_Sanborn_Fire_Insurance_Map_from_New_Ulm,_Brown_County,_Minnesota._LOC_sanborn04352_001-1_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"brewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing"},{"link_name":"New Ulm, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ulm,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"German immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hampson19-3"},{"link_name":"brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery"},{"link_name":"D. G. Yuengling & Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._G._Yuengling_%26_Son"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Grain Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_Belt_(beer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hampson19-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"August Schell Brewery in the November 1884 Sanborn Fire Insurance MapThe August Schell Brewing Company is a brewing company in New Ulm, Minnesota, that was founded by German immigrant August Schell in 1860.\n[3] It is the second oldest family-owned brewery in America (after D. G. Yuengling & Son)[4] and became the oldest and largest brewery in Minnesota when the company bought the Grain Belt rights in 2002.[3] In September 2010, the brewery celebrated its 150th anniversary with a two-day festival. Every year, Schell's also celebrates traditional German holidays with Bock Fest and Oktoberfest.[5] The current brewery is owned and operated by the August Schell Brewing Company, a Minnesota corporation that was incorporated in 1902.[6]","title":"August Schell Brewing Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durbach"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"New Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ulm,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Turner Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Society"},{"link_name":"Dakota War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schellsbrewery.com-7"},{"link_name":"Theresa Schell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theresa_Schell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schellsbrewery.com-7"},{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition"},{"link_name":"21st Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schellsbrewery.com-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schellsbrewery.com-7"},{"link_name":"Siebels Institute of Brewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siebels_Institute_of_Brewing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Great American Beer Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Beer_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schellsbrewery.com-7"},{"link_name":"Grain Belt Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_Belt_Beer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schellsbrewery.com-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schellsbrewery.com-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"August Schell (February 15, 1828, in Durbach, Grand Duchy of Baden – September 20, 1891, in New Ulm, Minnesota) emigrated to the United States in 1848. He worked in Cincinnati as a machinist before relocating to New Ulm with other members of the Turner Society. Upon moving to New Ulm, building on his experience as a machinist, he established a mill. In 1860, August Schell partnered with Jacob Bernhardt to found a brewery to serve the growing German immigrant population in the area. August and Jacob selected a site two miles from the heart of New Ulm along the Cottonwood River. While much of the city of New Ulm was damaged or burned during the Dakota War of 1862, the brewery escaped intact. In 1866, August Schell bought out his partner Jacob Bernahrdt to take sole ownership of the brewery, starting an unbroken chain of family ownership that continues to this day. During this time, the brewery grew in size and production.[7]August Schell died in 1891 leaving the brewery to his wife Theresa Schell. Their son Otto took over managing the brewery. Otto had studied brewing back in the Schells' home country of Germany. As the 19th century became the 20th, Otto continued to modernize the brewery by adding refrigeration to the brewery. 1911 was a tragic year for the Schell family as first Otto and then Theresa died. At that time, George Marti, the husband of August's daughter Emma, took over managing and operating the brewery.[7]1919 brought about the passage of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and implementation of Prohibition. The August Schell Brewing Company struggled along with many other American breweries. The brewery transitioned to producing \"near-beer\" (a low alcohol beer still permitted during Prohibition), soft drinks, and candy. Prohibition ended in 1933 with passage of the 21st Amendment. George Marti had successfully steered the brewery through Prohibition, but died shortly thereafter in 1934.[7]George's son Alfred (\"Al\") Marti became the President and Manager of the brewery upon the death of his father. Al ran the brewery until 1969 until he retired and passed leadership of the company to his son Warren Marti. During this time, the brewing industry was going through a period of consolidation and upheaval, and Schell's was not immune. At one point, the brewery only managed to keep its doors open by cutting down a large black walnut tree located on the grounds of the brewery and sold its lumber. During Warren's tenure, the brewery responded to its customers changing preferences by introducing Schell's Export Beer, Schell's Light Beer, and 1919 Root Beer (named after the year prohibition was implemented).[7]In 1984, Warren's son Ted Marti took over operations of the brewery and became President of the brewery in 1985. Having studied at the Siebels Institute of Brewing, Ted began expanding the line of beers offered by the Schell's Brewery. One of those beers, Schell's Pilsener, earned a gold medal at the Great American Beer Festival in 1988. Schell's continued to expand its beer offerings through the 1990s, brewing 38 different beers over that decade.[7]In 2002, Schell's Brewery expanded its reach by acquiring the recipe and branding for Grain Belt Beer. Upon moving production to its New Ulm Brewery, Schell's introduced additional Grain Belt varieties including Grain Belt Nordeast in 2010, Grain Belt Lock & Dam in 2016 (since retired), Grain Belt BLU in 2018 (after appearing at the Minnesota State Fair for several years), and Grain Belt Southwest Cerveza in 2019.[7]The next generation of the Marti family is increasing its involvement in the management and operation of the brewery. Ted's oldest son Jace Marti became a brewmaster in 2010 and has taken the lead on producing Schell's Noble Star line of sour Berliner Weisse beers. The brewery opened the Starkeller facility on the North side of New Ulm to produce the Noble Star line. This facility also houses a tap room dedicated to these sour ales.[7]The brewery has continued to update its offerings by retiring long time brews such as Maifest, Schmaltz's Alt, and Pils among others, while adding an IPA, a Kolsch and Cream Ale. In 2020, it is expected that the brewery will release a line of hard seltzers as Grain Belt N'icebreakers as well as a low calorie Grain Belt Elite.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schell_Mansion.jpg"}],"text":"The historic Schell's brewery is located in New Ulm, Minnesota alongside the Cottonwood River. The brewery has grown and evolved over the decades to accommodate new technology and expanded production lines. In addition to serving as a production facility, the brewery grounds house the historic Schell's mansion, a gift shop, a beer garden, and a white-tailed deer enclosure.Mansion on grounds of August Schell Brewery.","title":"Brewery"}]	[{"image_text":"August Schell Brewery in the November 1884 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/August_Schell_Brewery_in_November_1884_map_detail%2C_Sanborn_Fire_Insurance_Map_from_New_Ulm%2C_Brown_County%2C_Minnesota._LOC_sanborn04352_001-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/262px-August_Schell_Brewery_in_November_1884_map_detail%2C_Sanborn_Fire_Insurance_Map_from_New_Ulm%2C_Brown_County%2C_Minnesota._LOC_sanborn04352_001-1_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mansion on grounds of August Schell Brewery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Schell_Mansion.jpg/250px-Schell_Mansion.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Brown County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Brown_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Brown_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Barrel-aged beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel-aged_beer"}]	[{"reference":"\"August Schell Brewing Company: Since 1860\". 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Retrieved 2020-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://mblsportal.sos.state.mn.us/Business/SearchDetails?filingGuid=b6bb372b-a8d4-e011-a886-001ec94ffe7f","url_text":"\"Minnesota Secretary of State: Business Filing Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"History \| Schell's Beer Schell's Brewery\". Archived from the original on 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2018-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134753/http://schellsbrewery.com/about-schells/history/","url_text":"\"History \| Schell's Beer Schell's Brewery\""},{"url":"http://schellsbrewery.com/about-schells/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Busch, Fritz (2020-02-27). \"Schell's Releasing New Products, Buying New Equipment\". New Ulm Journal. Retrieved 2020-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nujournal.com/news/local-news/2020/02/27/schells-releasing-new-products-buying-new-equipment/","url_text":"\"Schell's Releasing New Products, Buying New Equipment\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=August_Schell_Brewing_Company&params=44_17_20_N_94_27_2_W_type:landmark_region:US-MN","external_links_name":"44°17′20″N 94°27′2″W / 44.28889°N 94.45056°W / 44.28889; -94.45056"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74001007","external_links_name":"74001007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930063241/http://www.schellsbrewery.com/contact.php","external_links_name":"\"August Schell Brewing Company: Since 1860\""},{"Link":"http://www.schellsbrewery.com/contact.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.startribune.com/business/196311781.html","external_links_name":"\"Schell's plans expansion as Minnesota craft brewers grow\""},{"Link":"http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=223","external_links_name":"\"August Schell.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930063158/http://www.schellsbrewery.com/newsevents_info.php?id=42","external_links_name":"\"August Schell Brewing Company: Since 1860\""},{"Link":"http://www.schellsbrewery.com/newsevents_info.php?id=42","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mblsportal.sos.state.mn.us/Business/SearchDetails?filingGuid=b6bb372b-a8d4-e011-a886-001ec94ffe7f","external_links_name":"\"Minnesota Secretary of State: Business Filing Details\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134753/http://schellsbrewery.com/about-schells/history/","external_links_name":"\"History \| Schell's Beer Schell's Brewery\""},{"Link":"http://schellsbrewery.com/about-schells/history/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nujournal.com/news/local-news/2020/02/27/schells-releasing-new-products-buying-new-equipment/","external_links_name":"\"Schell's Releasing New Products, Buying New Equipment\""},{"Link":"https://loc.gov/pictures/item/mn0205/","external_links_name":"August Schell Brewing Company"},{"Link":"https://loc.gov/pictures/item/mn0356/","external_links_name":"August Schell Brewing Company, Schell Residence"},{"Link":"https://loc.gov/pictures/item/mn0357/","external_links_name":"August Schell Brewing Company, Worker's Cottage"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=August_Schell_Brewing_Company&params=44_17_20_N_94_27_2_W_type:landmark_region:US-MN","external_links_name":"44°17′20″N 94°27′2″W / 44.28889°N 94.45056°W / 44.28889; -94.45056"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9sines	Vésines	["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 46°21′00″N 4°52′00″E / 46.35°N 4.8667°E / 46.35; 4.8667 Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Vésines}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceVésinesCommuneLocation of Vésines VésinesShow map of FranceVésinesShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 46°21′00″N 4°52′00″E / 46.35°N 4.8667°E / 46.35; 4.8667CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentAinArrondissementBourg-en-BresseCantonReplongesIntercommunalityBresse et SaôneGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Gilbert JullinArea13.9 km2 (1.5 sq mi)Population (2021)98 • Density25/km2 (65/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code01439 /01570Elevation167–176 m (548–577 ft) (avg. 172 m or 564 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Vésines (French pronunciation: ; Arpitan: Vèsenes) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 143— 1975 121−2.36%1982 116−0.60%1990 108−0.89%1999 113+0.50%2009 88−2.47%2014 100+2.59%2020 99−0.17%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Ain department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2024. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968 Archived 12 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vésines. vte Communes of the Ain department L'Abergement-Clémenciat L'Abergement-de-Varey Ambérieu-en-Bugey Ambérieux-en-Dombes Ambléon Ambronay Ambutrix Andert-et-Condon Anglefort Apremont Aranc Arandas Arbent Arbigny Arboys en Bugey Argis Armix Ars-sur-Formans Artemare Arvière-en-Valromey Asnières-sur-Saône Attignat Bâgé-Dommartin Bâgé-le-Châtel Balan Baneins Béard-Géovreissiat Beaupont Beauregard Béligneux Belleysubpr Belleydoux Bellignat Bénonces Bény Béréziat Bettant Bey Beynost Billiat Birieux Biziat Blyes Bohas-Meyriat-Rignat La Boisse Boissey Bolozon Bouligneux Bourg-en-Bressepref Bourg-Saint-Christophe Boyeux-Saint-Jérôme Boz Brégnier-Cordon Brénod Brens Bresse Vallons Bressolles Brion Briord Buellas La Burbanche Ceignes Cerdon Certines Cessy Ceyzériat Ceyzérieu Chalamont Chaleins Chaley Challes-la-Montagne Challex Champagne-en-Valromey Champdor-Corcelles Champfromier Chanay Chaneins Chanoz-Châtenay La Chapelle-du-Châtelard Charix Charnoz-sur-Ain Château-Gaillard Châtenay Châtillon-la-Palud Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne Chavannes-sur-Reyssouze Chaveyriat Chazey-Bons Chazey-sur-Ain Cheignieu-la-Balme Chevillard Chevroux Chevry Chézery-Forens Civrieux Cize Cleyzieu Coligny Collonges Colomieu Conand Condamine Condeissiat Confort Confrançon Contrevoz Conzieu Corbonod Corlier Cormoranche-sur-Saône Cormoz Corveissiat Courmangoux Courtes Crans Cressin-Rochefort Crottet Crozet Cruzilles-lès-Mépillat Culoz-Béon Curciat-Dongalon Curtafond Cuzieu Dagneux Divonne-les-Bains Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne Dompierre-sur-Veyle Domsure Dortan Douvres Drom Druillat Échallon Échenevex Évosges Faramans Fareins Farges Feillens Ferney-Voltaire Flaxieu Foissiat Francheleins Frans Garnerans Genouilleux Géovreisset Gexsubpr Giron Gorrevod Grand-Corent Grièges Grilly Groissiat Groslée-Saint-Benoît Guéreins Hautecourt-Romanèche Haut Valromey Illiat Injoux-Génissiat Innimond Izenave Izernore Izieu Jassans-Riottier Jasseron Jayat Journans Joyeux Jujurieux Labalme Lagnieu Laiz Lantenay Lapeyrouse Lavours Léaz Lélex Lent Lescheroux Leyment Leyssard Lhuis Lompnas Loyettes Lurcy Magnieu Maillat Malafretaz Mantenay-Montlin Manziat Marboz Marchamp Marignieu Marlieux Marsonnas Martignat Massieux Massignieu-de-Rives Matafelon-Granges Meillonnas Mérignat Messimy-sur-Saône Meximieux Mézériat Mijoux Mionnay Miribel Misérieux Mogneneins Montagnat Montagnieu Montanges Montceaux Montcet Le Montellier Monthieux Montluel Montmerle-sur-Saône Montracol Montréal-la-Cluse Montrevel-en-Bresse Murs-et-Gélignieux Nantuasubpr Neuville-les-Dames Neuville-sur-Ain Les Neyrolles Neyron Niévroz Nivigne et Suran Nivollet-Montgriffon Nurieux-Volognat Oncieu Ordonnaz Ornex Outriaz Oyonnax Ozan Parcieux Parves-et-Nattages Péron Péronnas Pérouges Perrex Peyriat Peyrieu Peyzieux-sur-Saône Pirajoux Pizay Plagne Le Plantay Plateau d'Hauteville Le Poizat-Lalleyriat Polliat Pollieu Poncin Pont-d'Ain Pont-de-Vaux Pont-de-Veyle Port Pougny Pouillat Prémeyzel Prémillieu Prévessin-Moëns Priay Ramasse Rancé Relevant Replonges Revonnas Reyrieux Reyssouze Rignieux-le-Franc Romans Rossillon Ruffieu Saint-Alban Saint-André-de-Bâgé Saint-André-de-Corcy Saint-André-d'Huiriat Saint-André-le-Bouchoux Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc Saint-Bénigne Saint-Bernard Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon Saint-Denis-en-Bugey Saint-Denis-lès-Bourg Saint-Didier-d'Aussiat Saint-Didier-de-Formans Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne Sainte-Croix Sainte-Euphémie Sainte-Julie Saint-Éloi Sainte-Olive Saint-Étienne-du-Bois Saint-Étienne-sur-Chalaronne Saint-Étienne-sur-Reyssouze Saint-Genis-Pouilly Saint-Genis-sur-Menthon Saint-Georges-sur-Renon Saint-Germain-de-Joux Saint-Germain-les-Paroisses Saint-Germain-sur-Renon Saint-Jean-de-Gonville Saint-Jean-de-Niost Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux Saint-Jean-le-Vieux Saint-Jean-sur-Reyssouze Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle Saint-Julien-sur-Reyssouze Saint-Julien-sur-Veyle Saint-Just Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône Saint-Marcel Saint-Martin-de-Bavel Saint-Martin-du-Frêne Saint-Martin-du-Mont Saint-Martin-le-Châtel Saint-Maurice-de-Beynost Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux Saint-Nizier-le-Désert Saint-Paul-de-Varax Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey Saint-Rémy Saint-Sorlin-en-Bugey Saint-Sulpice Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans Saint-Vulbas Salavre Samognat Sandrans Sault-Brénaz Sauverny Savigneux Ségny Seillonnaz Sergy Sermoyer Serrières-de-Briord Serrières-sur-Ain Servas Servignat Seyssel Simandre-sur-Suran Sonthonnax-la-Montagne Souclin Sulignat Surjoux-Lhopital Talissieu Tenay Thil Thoiry Thoissey Torcieu Tossiat Toussieux Tramoyes La Tranclière Trévoux Valeins Val-Revermont Valromey-sur-Séran Valserhône Vandeins Varambon Vaux-en-Bugey Verjon Vernoux Versailleux Versonnex Vesancy Vescours Vésines Vieu-d'Izenave Villars-les-Dombes Villebois Villemotier Villeneuve Villereversure Villes Villette-sur-Ain Villieu-Loyes-Mollon Viriat Virieu-le-Grand Virignin Vongnes Vonnas pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture This Ain geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[vezin]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Arpitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Ain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceCommune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceVésines (French pronunciation: [vezin]; Arpitan: Vèsenes) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.","title":"Vésines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of the Ain department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ain_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudiksvall_Municipality	Hudiksvall Municipality	["1 Geography","1.1 Localities","2 Demographics","3 Climate","4 Economy","5 Transportation","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 61°44′N 17°07′E / 61.733°N 17.117°E / 61.733; 17.117Municipality in Gävleborg County, SwedenHudiksvall Municipality Hudiksvalls kommunMunicipalityHudiksvalls Train Station Coat of armsCoordinates: 61°44′N 17°07′E / 61.733°N 17.117°E / 61.733; 17.117CountrySwedenCountyGävleborg CountySeatHudiksvallArea • Total4,516.62 km2 (1,743.88 sq mi) • Land2,488.89 km2 (960.97 sq mi) • Water2,027.73 km2 (782.91 sq mi) Area as of 1 January 2014.Population (31 December 2023) • Total37,645 • Density8.3/km2 (22/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeSEProvinceHälsinglandMunicipal code2184Websitewww.hudiksvall.se Hudiksvall Municipality (Hudiksvalls kommun) is one of Sweden's 290 municipalities, situated in Gävleborg County, east central Sweden. Its seat is in the city Hudiksvall. The present municipality was formed in 1971 when the City of Hudiksvall was amalgamated with four surrounding rural municipalities. Minor amalgamations had also taken place in 1952 and 1965, reducing the number of local government entities in the area. Geography Hudiksvall is located approximately 305 kilometres (190 mi) from Stockholm, 130 kilometres (81 mi) from Gävle, and 84 kilometres (52 mi) from Sundsvall. The municipality furthermore comprises several islands, such as Agön, Innerston, Kråkön, and Olmen, Localities Figures as of 2000, from Statistics Sweden: Hudiksvall 15,325 (2002) Iggesund, 3,444 Delsbo, 2,284 Enånger, 724 Friggesund, 599 Sörforsa, 1,540 Demographics This is a demographic table based on Hudiksvall Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics. In total there were 37,708 inhabitants with 29,561 Swedish citizen adults eligible to vote. The political demographics were 55.3% for the left coalition and 43.5% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income. Location Residents Citizen adults Left vote Right vote Employed Swedish parents Foreign heritage Income SEK Degree % % Björkberg 2,261 1,600 51.6 47.0 78 79 21 25,184 40 Bobygden-Kalvst. 1,375 1,083 52.4 45.4 83 95 5 25,275 29 Delsbo V 1,478 1,151 55.8 42.7 75 87 13 19,043 30 Delsbo Ö 1,627 1,221 58.1 39.7 82 91 9 23,635 31 Edsta-Sanna 2,425 1,826 51.2 48.0 87 92 8 28,077 39 Enånger 1,418 1,168 55.4 43.9 83 94 6 25,362 32 Fridhem-Åvik 1,561 1,258 54.3 44.2 82 88 12 25,708 45 Friggesund-Hålsjö 1,995 1,605 49.9 48.9 80 93 7 22,100 27 Helenedal 2,296 1,909 57.4 41.6 87 90 10 27,927 56 Håsta 2,007 1,525 52.5 46.7 90 94 6 30,964 41 Idenor 2,215 1,394 67.6 31.4 67 58 42 19,461 31 Iggesund N 1,883 1,444 56.4 42.4 81 83 17 25,424 26 Iggesund S 1,609 1,201 59.8 38.4 66 78 22 20,266 25 Kristineberg 1,604 1,329 59.3 39.7 79 88 12 23,073 35 Kyrkbacken 1,278 1,109 57.6 41.2 83 90 10 24,778 47 Njutånger 1,289 1,005 49.5 49.1 85 94 6 25,994 30 Näsviken 1,589 1,232 50.1 48.4 82 95 5 25,656 33 Rogsta 1,499 1,215 47.5 51.4 87 95 5 26,180 32 Svågadalen 439 373 52.8 45.5 75 88 12 19,421 24 Sörforsa 2,368 1,858 56.7 42.5 82 92 8 25,295 34 Västertull 1,767 1,554 59.4 39.5 77 90 10 21,803 44 Östertull 1,725 1,501 60.9 38.3 82 89 11 25,114 45 Source: SVT Climate Climate data for Hudiksvall (2002–2021 averages); extremes since 1934 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 12.0(53.6) 13.5(56.3) 17.8(64.0) 24.3(75.7) 30.3(86.5) 31.4(88.5) 34.0(93.2) 32.5(90.5) 26.7(80.1) 20.9(69.6) 17.6(63.7) 12.3(54.1) 34.0(93.2) Mean maximum °C (°F) 6.0(42.8) 8.1(46.6) 13.8(56.8) 18.7(65.7) 23.4(74.1) 27.2(81.0) 28.8(83.8) 27.4(81.3) 22.9(73.2) 16.4(61.5) 11.2(52.2) 6.9(44.4) 29.8(85.6) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.8(30.6) 0.5(32.9) 5.0(41.0) 10.3(50.5) 14.9(58.8) 19.6(67.3) 22.5(72.5) 21.0(69.8) 16.5(61.7) 9.7(49.5) 4.1(39.4) 1.0(33.8) 10.4(50.7) Daily mean °C (°F) −4.1(24.6) −3.3(26.1) 0.5(32.9) 4.9(40.8) 9.5(49.1) 14.2(57.6) 17.3(63.1) 16.0(60.8) 11.7(53.1) 5.8(42.4) 1.2(34.2) −2.1(28.2) 6.0(42.7) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.3(18.9) −7.0(19.4) −4.2(24.4) −0.6(30.9) 4.1(39.4) 8.7(47.7) 12.1(53.8) 11.0(51.8) 6.9(44.4) 1.8(35.2) −1.6(29.1) −5.0(23.0) 1.6(34.8) Mean minimum °C (°F) −18.4(−1.1) −18.7(−1.7) −13.7(7.3) −6.9(19.6) −2.7(27.1) 2.8(37.0) 6.0(42.8) 4.4(39.9) −0.1(31.8) −5.8(21.6) −9.5(14.9) −14.9(5.2) −22.0(−7.6) Record low °C (°F) −29.1(−20.4) −32.0(−25.6) −26.3(−15.3) −19.0(−2.2) −7.6(18.3) −1.4(29.5) 1.9(35.4) 0.6(33.1) −3.7(25.3) −13.5(7.7) −18.8(−1.8) −25.6(−14.1) −32.0(−25.6) Average precipitation mm (inches) 57.8(2.28) 39.2(1.54) 35.1(1.38) 29.4(1.16) 42.5(1.67) 61.7(2.43) 71.1(2.80) 82.2(3.24) 46.1(1.81) 66.3(2.61) 55.5(2.19) 67.2(2.65) 654.1(25.76) Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 37(15) 44(17) 36(14) 11(4.3) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 2(0.8) 12(4.7) 23(9.1) 52(20) Source 1: SMHI Open Data Source 2: SMHI climate data 2002–2021 Climate data for Delsbo (2002–2021 averages); extremes since 1901 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 11.0(51.8) 13.0(55.4) 16.7(62.1) 25.4(77.7) 28.8(83.8) 32.8(91.0) 33.6(92.5) 33.0(91.4) 26.6(79.9) 21.8(71.2) 15.9(60.6) 11.9(53.4) 33.6(92.5) Mean maximum °C (°F) 5.6(42.1) 7.0(44.6) 12.2(54.0) 19.2(66.6) 24.0(75.2) 27.0(80.6) 28.6(83.5) 26.8(80.2) 22.1(71.8) 15.5(59.9) 10.7(51.3) 6.9(44.4) 29.8(85.6) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1.9(28.6) −0.7(30.7) 4.0(39.2) 10.6(51.1) 15.3(59.5) 19.8(67.6) 22.5(72.5) 20.7(69.3) 15.9(60.6) 8.8(47.8) 3.3(37.9) 0.0(32.0) 9.9(49.7) Daily mean °C (°F) −5.7(21.7) −4.7(23.5) −0.8(30.6) 4.6(40.3) 9.4(48.9) 13.9(57.0) 16.7(62.1) 15.3(59.5) 11.0(51.8) 5.0(41.0) 0.3(32.5) −3.4(25.9) 5.1(41.2) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −9.5(14.9) −8.7(16.3) −5.6(21.9) −1.5(29.3) 3.4(38.1) 8.0(46.4) 10.9(51.6) 9.8(49.6) 6.0(42.8) 1.2(34.2) −2.8(27.0) −6.8(19.8) 0.4(32.7) Mean minimum °C (°F) −22.1(−7.8) −21.2(−6.2) −17.2(1.0) −8.3(17.1) −3.6(25.5) 1.9(35.4) 5.0(41.0) 3.0(37.4) −1.5(29.3) −6.5(20.3) −11.5(11.3) −17.6(0.3) −25.2(−13.4) Record low °C (°F) −35.6(−32.1) −35.9(−32.6) −31.9(−25.4) −21.2(−6.2) −8.5(16.7) −2.6(27.3) 1.3(34.3) −2.0(28.4) −8.2(17.2) −15.0(5.0) −23.5(−10.3) −33.2(−27.8) −35.9(−32.6) Average precipitation mm (inches) 34.4(1.35) 22.6(0.89) 22.8(0.90) 20.2(0.80) 41.4(1.63) 61.1(2.41) 66.5(2.62) 72.5(2.85) 41.1(1.62) 50.2(1.98) 37.2(1.46) 37.8(1.49) 507.8(20) Source 1: SMHI Source 2: SMHI climate data 2002–2021 Climate data for Kuggören, on the open Bothnian Sea (2002–2021 averages); extremes 1970–1987 & since 1996 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 10.4(50.7) 10.9(51.6) 16.4(61.5) 21.7(71.1) 24.8(76.6) 29.6(85.3) 31.2(88.2) 30.1(86.2) 25.3(77.5) 20.0(68.0) 16.0(60.8) 12.1(53.8) 31.2(88.2) Mean maximum °C (°F) 6.4(43.5) 7.3(45.1) 11.8(53.2) 15.5(59.9) 19.2(66.6) 23.7(74.7) 25.3(77.5) 24.4(75.9) 21.0(69.8) 14.6(58.3) 10.5(50.9) 7.3(45.1) 26.5(79.7) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.4(32.7) 0.7(33.3) 3.6(38.5) 7.2(45.0) 11.2(52.2) 16.3(61.3) 19.6(67.3) 18.9(66.0) 15.0(59.0) 8.9(48.0) 4.7(40.5) 2.3(36.1) 9.1(48.3) Daily mean °C (°F) −1.9(28.6) −1.7(28.9) 0.8(33.4) 4.2(39.6) 8.2(46.8) 13.2(55.8) 16.7(62.1) 16.2(61.2) 12.2(54.0) 6.7(44.1) 2.7(36.9) 0.0(32.0) 6.4(43.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.2(24.4) −4.1(24.6) −2.1(28.2) 1.1(34.0) 5.2(41.4) 10.1(50.2) 13.8(56.8) 13.4(56.1) 9.4(48.9) 4.5(40.1) 0.7(33.3) −2.3(27.9) 3.8(38.8) Mean minimum °C (°F) −12.7(9.1) −12.8(9.0) −9.0(15.8) −3.1(26.4) 1.0(33.8) 6.3(43.3) 10.0(50.0) 8.9(48.0) 4.5(40.1) −1.6(29.1) −5.9(21.4) −9.4(15.1) −15.9(3.4) Record low °C (°F) −28.1(−18.6) −26.6(−15.9) −22.2(−8.0) −10.0(14.0) −3.1(26.4) 1.8(35.2) 6.6(43.9) 5.9(42.6) −1.2(29.8) −8.2(17.2) −12.8(9.0) −24.6(−12.3) −28.1(−18.6) Average precipitation mm (inches) 29.5(1.16) 16.9(0.67) 18.1(0.71) 21.4(0.84) 36.2(1.43) 49.4(1.94) 47.8(1.88) 69.9(2.75) 41.0(1.61) 59.1(2.33) 42.7(1.68) 43.0(1.69) 475(18.69) Source 1: SMHI Open Data Source 2: SMHI Open Data Economy The largest employer is the municipality and the county council, where around 38% of the work force have its work place. The largest private employer is the paper product company Holmen where about 10% of the work force work. In the old history, the industry was dominated by fishing. In the 19th century the forest industry came to dominate, further enhanced by the improved transportations which the rail roads provided in the second half of that century. Although in decline during the 20th century, half of the municipal industry is still based around forest industry. Employees per sectors: Pulp, paper, and paper goods: 29% Machine technical industry: 20% Electronics 19% Metal products: 8% Wood products 7%. The electronics industry is dominated by Ericsson Network Technologies making optical and copper wires for telecommunication systems. (Sources: ,Holmen.com) Transportation Hudiksvall is accessible via the European route E4 highway, and the East Coast Railway (Ostkustbanan). References ^ "Statistiska centralbyrån, Kommunarealer den 1 januari 2014" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 2014-01-01. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2014-04-18. ^ "Folkmängd och befolkningsförändringar - Kvartal 4, 2023" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. February 22, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024. ^ a b c d "Valresultat 2022 för Hudiksvall i riksdagsvalet". SVT. 11 September 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023. ^ "SMHI Open Data precipitation for Hudiksvall" (in Swedish). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. ^ "SMHI Monthly Data 2002–2021". SMHI. 23 December 2021. ^ "Nederbörd Delsbo A" (in Swedish). SMHI. ^ "SMHI climate data 2002–2021" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 December 2021. ^ "SMHI Open Data precipitation for Kuggören A" (in Swedish). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. ^ "SMHI Open data temperature for Kuggören A" (in Swedish). SMHI. 13 January 2022. ^ Page____1271.aspx External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hudiksvall Municipality. Hudiksvall - Official site Places adjacent to Hudiksvall Municipality Nordanstig Ljusdal Hudiksvall Bothnian Sea Bollnäs Söderhamn vteMunicipalities and seats of Gävleborg CountyMunicipalities Bollnäs Gävle Hofors Hudiksvall Ljusdal Nordanstig Ockelbo Ovanåker Sandviken Söderhamn Municipal seats Bergsjö Bollnäs Edsbyn Gävle Hofors Hudiksvall Ljusdal Ockelbo Sandviken Söderhamn Counties of Sweden Sweden vteLocalities in Hudiksvall Municipality, Gävleborg County, SwedenLocalities: Delsbo Enånger Friggesund Hålsjö Hudiksvall (seat) Iggesund Maln Näsviken Njutånger Sörforsa Authority control databases International ISNI Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Gävleborg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4vleborg_County"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Hudiksvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudiksvall"},{"link_name":"amalgamated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamation_(politics)"}],"text":"Municipality in Gävleborg County, SwedenHudiksvall Municipality (Hudiksvalls kommun) is one of Sweden's 290 municipalities, situated in Gävleborg County, east central Sweden. Its seat is in the city Hudiksvall.The present municipality was formed in 1971 when the City of Hudiksvall was amalgamated with four surrounding rural municipalities. Minor amalgamations had also taken place in 1952 and 1965, reducing the number of local government entities in the area.","title":"Hudiksvall Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Gävle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4vle"},{"link_name":"Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"Agön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%B6n"}],"text":"Hudiksvall is located approximately 305 kilometres (190 mi) from Stockholm, 130 kilometres (81 mi) from Gävle, and 84 kilometres (52 mi) from Sundsvall.The municipality furthermore comprises several islands, such as Agön, Innerston, Kråkön, and Olmen,","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statistics Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Hudiksvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudiksvall"},{"link_name":"Iggesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggesund,_Hudiksvall_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Delsbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delsbo"},{"link_name":"Enånger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En%C3%A5nger"},{"link_name":"Friggesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friggesund"},{"link_name":"Sörforsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6rforsa"}],"sub_title":"Localities","text":"Figures as of 2000, from Statistics Sweden:Hudiksvall 15,325 (2002)\nIggesund, 3,444\nDelsbo, 2,284\nEnånger, 724\nFriggesund, 599\nSörforsa, 1,540","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Swedish general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Swedish_general_election"},{"link_name":"SVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Television"},{"link_name":"SCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiska_Centralbyr%C3%A5n"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HudiksvallVal2022-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HudiksvallVal2022-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HudiksvallVal2022-3"}],"text":"This is a demographic table based on Hudiksvall Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.[3]In total there were 37,708 inhabitants with 29,561 Swedish citizen adults eligible to vote.[3] The political demographics were 55.3% for the left coalition and 43.5% for the right coalition.[3] Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudiksvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudiksvall"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Delsbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delsbo"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eather2-7"},{"link_name":"Bothnian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothnian_Sea"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Climate data for Hudiksvall (2002–2021 averages); extremes since 1934\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n32.5(90.5)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n\nMean maximum °C (°F)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n8.1(46.6)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−0.8(30.6)\n\n0.5(32.9)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n14.9(58.8)\n\n19.6(67.3)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−4.1(24.6)\n\n−3.3(26.1)\n\n0.5(32.9)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n17.3(63.1)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n1.2(34.2)\n\n−2.1(28.2)\n\n6.0(42.7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−7.3(18.9)\n\n−7.0(19.4)\n\n−4.2(24.4)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n8.7(47.7)\n\n12.1(53.8)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n−1.6(29.1)\n\n−5.0(23.0)\n\n1.6(34.8)\n\n\nMean minimum °C (°F)\n\n−18.4(−1.1)\n\n−18.7(−1.7)\n\n−13.7(7.3)\n\n−6.9(19.6)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n−0.1(31.8)\n\n−5.8(21.6)\n\n−9.5(14.9)\n\n−14.9(5.2)\n\n−22.0(−7.6)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−29.1(−20.4)\n\n−32.0(−25.6)\n\n−26.3(−15.3)\n\n−19.0(−2.2)\n\n−7.6(18.3)\n\n−1.4(29.5)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n−3.7(25.3)\n\n−13.5(7.7)\n\n−18.8(−1.8)\n\n−25.6(−14.1)\n\n−32.0(−25.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n57.8(2.28)\n\n39.2(1.54)\n\n35.1(1.38)\n\n29.4(1.16)\n\n42.5(1.67)\n\n61.7(2.43)\n\n71.1(2.80)\n\n82.2(3.24)\n\n46.1(1.81)\n\n66.3(2.61)\n\n55.5(2.19)\n\n67.2(2.65)\n\n654.1(25.76)\n\n\nAverage extreme snow depth cm (inches)\n\n37(15)\n\n44(17)\n\n36(14)\n\n11(4.3)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n2(0.8)\n\n12(4.7)\n\n23(9.1)\n\n52(20)\n\n\nSource 1: SMHI Open Data[4]\n\n\nSource 2: SMHI climate data 2002–2021[5]Climate data for Delsbo (2002–2021 averages); extremes since 1901\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n25.4(77.7)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n32.8(91.0)\n\n33.6(92.5)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n33.6(92.5)\n\n\nMean maximum °C (°F)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n28.6(83.5)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−1.9(28.6)\n\n−0.7(30.7)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n9.9(49.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−5.7(21.7)\n\n−4.7(23.5)\n\n−0.8(30.6)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n0.3(32.5)\n\n−3.4(25.9)\n\n5.1(41.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−9.5(14.9)\n\n−8.7(16.3)\n\n−5.6(21.9)\n\n−1.5(29.3)\n\n3.4(38.1)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n1.2(34.2)\n\n−2.8(27.0)\n\n−6.8(19.8)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n\nMean minimum °C (°F)\n\n−22.1(−7.8)\n\n−21.2(−6.2)\n\n−17.2(1.0)\n\n−8.3(17.1)\n\n−3.6(25.5)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n−1.5(29.3)\n\n−6.5(20.3)\n\n−11.5(11.3)\n\n−17.6(0.3)\n\n−25.2(−13.4)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−35.6(−32.1)\n\n−35.9(−32.6)\n\n−31.9(−25.4)\n\n−21.2(−6.2)\n\n−8.5(16.7)\n\n−2.6(27.3)\n\n1.3(34.3)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n−8.2(17.2)\n\n−15.0(5.0)\n\n−23.5(−10.3)\n\n−33.2(−27.8)\n\n−35.9(−32.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n34.4(1.35)\n\n22.6(0.89)\n\n22.8(0.90)\n\n20.2(0.80)\n\n41.4(1.63)\n\n61.1(2.41)\n\n66.5(2.62)\n\n72.5(2.85)\n\n41.1(1.62)\n\n50.2(1.98)\n\n37.2(1.46)\n\n37.8(1.49)\n\n507.8(20)\n\n\nSource 1: SMHI[6]\n\n\nSource 2: SMHI climate data 2002–2021[7]Climate data for Kuggören, on the open Bothnian Sea (2002–2021 averages); extremes 1970–1987 & since 1996\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n29.6(85.3)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n30.1(86.2)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n12.1(53.8)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n\nMean maximum °C (°F)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n0.7(33.3)\n\n3.6(38.5)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n19.6(67.3)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n2.3(36.1)\n\n9.1(48.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−1.9(28.6)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n0.8(33.4)\n\n4.2(39.6)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n6.4(43.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−4.2(24.4)\n\n−4.1(24.6)\n\n−2.1(28.2)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n0.7(33.3)\n\n−2.3(27.9)\n\n3.8(38.8)\n\n\nMean minimum °C (°F)\n\n−12.7(9.1)\n\n−12.8(9.0)\n\n−9.0(15.8)\n\n−3.1(26.4)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n−1.6(29.1)\n\n−5.9(21.4)\n\n−9.4(15.1)\n\n−15.9(3.4)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−28.1(−18.6)\n\n−26.6(−15.9)\n\n−22.2(−8.0)\n\n−10.0(14.0)\n\n−3.1(26.4)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n5.9(42.6)\n\n−1.2(29.8)\n\n−8.2(17.2)\n\n−12.8(9.0)\n\n−24.6(−12.3)\n\n−28.1(−18.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n29.5(1.16)\n\n16.9(0.67)\n\n18.1(0.71)\n\n21.4(0.84)\n\n36.2(1.43)\n\n49.4(1.94)\n\n47.8(1.88)\n\n69.9(2.75)\n\n41.0(1.61)\n\n59.1(2.33)\n\n42.7(1.68)\n\n43.0(1.69)\n\n475(18.69)\n\n\nSource 1: SMHI Open Data[8]\n\n\nSource 2: SMHI Open Data[9]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmen_(company)"},{"link_name":"Pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_pulp"},{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"},{"link_name":"Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson"},{"link_name":"telecommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061025090012/http://www.hudiksvall.se/templates/Page____764.aspx"},{"link_name":"Holmen.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.holmen.com/"}],"text":"The largest employer is the municipality and the county council, where around 38% of the work force have its work place.The largest private employer is the paper product company Holmen where about 10% of the work force work.In the old history, the industry was dominated by fishing. In the 19th century the forest industry came to dominate, further enhanced by the improved transportations which the rail roads provided in the second half of that century. Although in decline during the 20th century, half of the municipal industry is still based around forest industry.Employees per sectors:Pulp, paper, and paper goods: 29%\nMachine technical industry: 20%\nElectronics 19%\nMetal products: 8%\nWood products 7%.The electronics industry is dominated by Ericsson Network Technologies making optical and copper wires for telecommunication systems. (Sources: [1],Holmen.com)","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European route E4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E4"},{"link_name":"Ostkustbanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Line_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Hudiksvall is accessible via the European route E4 highway, and the East Coast Railway (Ostkustbanan).[10]","title":"Transportation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Statistiska centralbyrån, Kommunarealer den 1 januari 2014\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 2014-01-01. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2014-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160927135502/http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Miljo/Markanvandning/Land--och-vattenarealer/12838/12845/73231/","url_text":"\"Statistiska centralbyrån, Kommunarealer den 1 januari 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden","url_text":"Statistics Sweden"},{"url":"http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Miljo/Markanvandning/Land--och-vattenarealer/12838/12845/73231/","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","url_text":"Microsoft Excel"}]},{"reference":"\"Folkmängd och befolkningsförändringar - Kvartal 4, 2023\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. February 22, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---manad-kvartal-och-halvar/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---kvartal-4-2023/","url_text":"\"Folkmängd och befolkningsförändringar - Kvartal 4, 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden","url_text":"Statistics Sweden"}]},{"reference":"\"Valresultat 2022 för Hudiksvall i riksdagsvalet\". SVT. 11 September 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://valresultat.svt.se/2022/riksdagsval-2184-hudiksvall.html","url_text":"\"Valresultat 2022 för Hudiksvall i riksdagsvalet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Television","url_text":"SVT"}]},{"reference":"\"SMHI Open Data precipitation for Hudiksvall\" (in Swedish). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer/#param=precipitationMonthlySum,stations=all,stationid=117440","url_text":"\"SMHI Open Data precipitation for Hudiksvall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Meteorological_and_Hydrological_Institute","url_text":"Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"SMHI Monthly Data 2002–2021\". SMHI. 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240","url_text":"\"SMHI Monthly Data 2002–2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nederbörd Delsbo A\" (in Swedish). SMHI.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=precipitationMonthlySum,stations=all,stationid=116490","url_text":"\"Nederbörd Delsbo A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Meteorological_and_Hydrological_Institute","url_text":"SMHI"}]},{"reference":"\"SMHI climate data 2002–2021\" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240","url_text":"\"SMHI climate data 2002–2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Meteorological_and_Hydrological_Institute","url_text":"SMHI"}]},{"reference":"\"SMHI Open Data precipitation for Kuggören A\" (in Swedish). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=precipitationMonthlySum,stations=all,stationid=117430","url_text":"\"SMHI Open Data precipitation for Kuggören A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Meteorological_and_Hydrological_Institute","url_text":"Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"SMHI Open data temperature for Kuggören A\" (in Swedish). SMHI. 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airTemperatureMinAndMaxOnceEveryDay,stations=all,stationid=117430","url_text":"\"SMHI Open data temperature for Kuggören A\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hudiksvall_Municipality&params=61_44_N_17_07_E_region:SE_type:adm2nd","external_links_name":"61°44′N 17°07′E / 61.733°N 17.117°E / 61.733; 17.117"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hudiksvall_Municipality&params=61_44_N_17_07_E_region:SE_type:adm2nd","external_links_name":"61°44′N 17°07′E / 61.733°N 17.117°E / 61.733; 17.117"},{"Link":"http://www.hudiksvall.se/","external_links_name":"www.hudiksvall.se"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061025090012/http://www.hudiksvall.se/templates/Page____764.aspx","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.holmen.com/","external_links_name":"Holmen.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160927135502/http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Miljo/Markanvandning/Land--och-vattenarealer/12838/12845/73231/","external_links_name":"\"Statistiska centralbyrån, Kommunarealer den 1 januari 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Miljo/Markanvandning/Land--och-vattenarealer/12838/12845/73231/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---manad-kvartal-och-halvar/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---kvartal-4-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Folkmängd och befolkningsförändringar - Kvartal 4, 2023\""},{"Link":"https://valresultat.svt.se/2022/riksdagsval-2184-hudiksvall.html","external_links_name":"\"Valresultat 2022 för Hudiksvall i riksdagsvalet\""},{"Link":"https://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer/#param=precipitationMonthlySum,stations=all,stationid=117440","external_links_name":"\"SMHI Open Data precipitation for Hudiksvall\""},{"Link":"http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240","external_links_name":"\"SMHI Monthly Data 2002–2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=precipitationMonthlySum,stations=all,stationid=116490","external_links_name":"\"Nederbörd Delsbo A\""},{"Link":"http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240","external_links_name":"\"SMHI climate data 2002–2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=precipitationMonthlySum,stations=all,stationid=117430","external_links_name":"\"SMHI Open Data precipitation for Kuggören A\""},{"Link":"https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airTemperatureMinAndMaxOnceEveryDay,stations=all,stationid=117430","external_links_name":"\"SMHI Open data temperature for Kuggören A\""},{"Link":"http://www.hudiksvall.se/","external_links_name":"Hudiksvall"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404344855","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/c60cbd08-8c2b-4126-a77a-e37ccafd5a21","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meek	Mount Meek	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 43°41′09″N 110°52′56″W / 43.68583°N 110.88222°W / 43.68583; -110.88222Mountain in the state of Wyoming Mount MeekMount MeekLocation in WyomingShow map of WyomingMount MeekLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United States Highest pointElevation10,686 ft (3,257 m)Prominence631 ft (192 m)Coordinates43°41′09″N 110°52′56″W / 43.68583°N 110.88222°W / 43.68583; -110.88222GeographyLocationGrand Teton National Park, Caribou-Targhee National Forest, Teton County, Wyoming, U.S.Parent rangeTeton RangeTopo mapUSGS Mount BannonClimbingEasiest routeScramble Mount Meek (10,686 feet (3,257 m)) is located in the Teton Range, on the border of Caribou-Targhee National Forest and Grand Teton National Park, U.S. state of Wyoming. Mount Meek is west of Mount Meek Pass and about .53 miles (0.85 km) ENE of Mount Jedediah Smith. References ^ a b c "Mount Meek, Wyoming". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2011-09-18. ^ "Mount Meek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2011-09-18. ^ Mount Bannon, WY (Map). TopoQwest (United States Geological Survey Maps). Retrieved 2011-09-18. vteMountains of WyomingAbsaroka Range Abiathar Peak Atkins Peak Barronette Peak Breccia Peak Clayton Mountain Colter Peak Druid Peak Eagle Peak Fortress Mountain Francs Peak Index Peak Mount Chittenden First Peoples Mountain Mount Hornaday Mount Langford Mount Norris Mount Schurz Mount Stevenson Pilot Peak Sheep Mesa The Thunderer Washakie Needles Younts Peak Bighorn Mountains Bighorn Peak Black Tooth Mountain Bomber Mountain Cloud Peak Darton Peak Hallelujah Peak The Innominate Mather Peaks Mount Woolsey Penrose Peak Black HillsBear Lodge Mountains Inyan Kara Mountain Others Missouri Buttes Gallatin Range Antler Peak Bannock Peak Bunsen Peak Clagett Butte Dome Mountain (Park County) Echo Peak Gray Peak Joseph Peak Mount Everts Mount Haynes Mount Holmes Mount Jackson Purple Mountain Quadrant Mountain Sepulcher Mountain Terrace Mountain Three Rivers Peak Trilobite Point White Peaks Gros Ventre Range Darwin Peak Doubletop Peak Sheep Mountain Laramie Mountains Casper Mountain Laramie Peak Muddy Mountain Medicine Bow Mountains Elk Mountain (Carbon County) Medicine Bow Peak Salt River Range Mount Fitzpatrick Teton Range Albright Peak Battleship Mountain Bivouac Peak Buck Mountain Cathedral Group Cleaver Peak Cloudveil Dome Disappointment Peak Doane Peak Dry Ridge Mountain Eagles Rest Peak Elk Mountain (Teton County) Forellen Peak Fossil Mountain Grand Teton Green Lakes Mountain Housetop Mountain The Jaw Littles Peak Maidenform Peak Middle Teton Moose Mountain Mount Bannon Mount Glory Mount Hunt Mount Jedediah Smith Mount Meek Mount Moran Mount Owen Mount Saint John Mount Wister Mount Woodring Mount Woodrow Wilson Nez Perce Peak Owl Peak Prospectors Mountain Rammell Mountain Ranger Peak Raynolds Peak Red Mountain Rendezvous Mountain Rendezvous Peak Rock of Ages Rockchuck Peak Rolling Thunder Mountain Shadow Peak South Teton Spearhead Peak Static Peak Survey Peak Symmetry Spire Table Mountain Teepe Pillar Teewinot Mountain Temple Peak Thor Peak Traverse Peak Veiled Peak The Wall Window Peak Uinta Mountains Humpy Peak Medicine Butte Wind River Range American Legion Peak Atlantic Peak Bair Peak Bastion Peak Bastion Peak-Northeast Peak Bears Ears Mountain Big Sandy Mountain Block Tower Bow Mountain Brown Cliffs North Cathedral Peak Desolation Peak Dog Tooth Peak Dome Mountain (Hot Springs County) Doublet Peak Downs Mountain East Temple Peak Flagstone Peak (Fremont County) Fremont Peak Gannett Peak Harrower Peak Henderson Peak Jackson Peak Klondike Peak Knife Point Mountain Lander Peak Lizard Head Peak Mitchell Peak Mount Bonneville Mount Chauvenet Mount Febbas Mount Helen Mount Hooker Mount Koven Mount Lander Mount Nystrom Mount Owen Mount Sacagawea Mount Warren Mount Washakie Mount Whitecap Overhanging Tower Payson Peak Pingora Peak Pylon Peak Raid Peak Rampart Peak Roaring Fork Mountain Roberts Mountain Shale Mountain Sharks Nose South Downs Mountain The Sphinx Split Mountain Sunbeam Peak Three Waters Mountain Torrey Peak Turret Peak Twin Peaks Union Peak Valentine Mountain Valentine Peak War Bonnet Peak Warrior Peaks Watch Tower Whiskey Mountain Wind River Peak Wolfs Head Wyoming Range Wyoming Peak Others Amethyst Mountain Aspen Mountain Barlow Peak Bridger Mountains Cook Peak Copper Mountain Dirty Mountain Douglas Knob Dunraven Peak Factory Hill Ferris Mountains Folsom Peak Garfield Peak Granite Mountains Granite Peak Heart Mountain Hedges Peak Hoyt Peak Jelm Mountain Mansface Hill Mount Hancock Mount Leidy Mount Sheridan Mount Washburn National Park Mountain Owl Creek Mountains Prospect Peak (Park County) Rawhide Buttes Roaring Mountain Sierra Madre Range Signal Mountain Snake River Range Specimen Ridge Sublette Mountain Tongue Butte Trischman Knob White Mountain Wilkins Peak This article about a location in Wyoming is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teton Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teton_Range"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Mount Meek Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meek_Pass"},{"link_name":"Mount Jedediah Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jedediah_Smith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topo-3"}],"text":"Mountain in the state of WyomingMount Meek (10,686 feet (3,257 m)) is located in the Teton Range, on the border of Caribou-Targhee National Forest and Grand Teton National Park, U.S. state of Wyoming. Mount Meek is west of Mount Meek Pass and about .53 miles (0.85 km) ENE of Mount Jedediah Smith.[1][3]","title":"Mount Meek"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mount Meek, Wyoming\". 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Retrieved 2011-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=43.68576&lon=-110.88216&datum=nad83&zoom=4","url_text":"Mount Bannon, WY"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Meek&params=43_41_09_N_110_52_56_W_type:mountain_region:US-WY_scale:100000","external_links_name":"43°41′09″N 110°52′56″W / 43.68583°N 110.88222°W / 43.68583; -110.88222"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Meek&params=43_41_09_N_110_52_56_W_type:mountain_region:US-WY_scale:100000","external_links_name":"43°41′09″N 110°52′56″W / 43.68583°N 110.88222°W / 43.68583; -110.88222"},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=31386","external_links_name":"\"Mount Meek, Wyoming\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1601347","external_links_name":"\"Mount Meek\""},{"Link":"http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=43.68576&lon=-110.88216&datum=nad83&zoom=4","external_links_name":"Mount Bannon, WY"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Meek&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKF-81297	SKF-81,297	["1 References"]	Synthetic drug, a stimulant SKF-81,297Clinical dataATC codenoneIdentifiers IUPAC name 6-chloro-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzoazepine-7,8-diol CAS Number253446-15-0 YPubChem CID16219952ChemSpider1181UNIIJ494DH8JRCCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID3058743 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC16H16ClNO2Molar mass289.76 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES Clc1c(O)c(O)cc2c1CCNCC2c3ccccc3 SKF-81,297 is a synthetic drug of the benzazepine chemical class that acts as a selective dopamine D1/D5 receptor full agonist, and produces a characteristic stimulant-like pattern of anorexia, hyperactivity and self-administration in animals. This profile is shared with several related drugs such as 6-Br-APB and SKF-82,958, but not with certain other D1 full agonists such as A-77,636, reflecting functional selectivity of D1 activation. Newer findings reveal that SKF-81,297 additionally acts as a partial agonist at D1-D2 receptor heteromers. One of the patented uses for SKF-81,297 is as an augmentation agent when combined with an appropriate choice of an antidepressant. References ^ Weed MR, Vanover KE, Woolverton WL (1993). "Reinforcing effect of the D1 dopamine agonist SKF 81297 in rhesus monkeys". Psychopharmacology. 113 (1): 51–2. doi:10.1007/BF02244333. PMID 7862828. S2CID 7292320. ^ Weed MR, Paul IA, Dwoskin LP, Moore SE, Woolverton WL (October 1997). "The relationship between reinforcing effects and in vitro effects of D1 agonists in monkeys". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 283 (1): 29–38. PMID 9336305. ^ Chausmer AL, Katz JL (January 2002). "Comparison of interactions of D1-like agonists, SKF 81297, SKF 82958 and A-77636, with cocaine: locomotor activity and drug discrimination studies in rodents". Psychopharmacology. 159 (2): 145–53. doi:10.1007/s002130100896. PMID 11862342. S2CID 6788631. ^ Graham DL, Hoppenot R, Hendryx A, Self DW (April 2007). "Differential ability of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agonists to induce and modulate expression and reinstatement of cocaine place preference in rats". Psychopharmacology. 191 (3): 719–30. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0473-5. PMID 16835769. S2CID 21192319. ^ Delfino M, Kalisch R, Czisch M, Larramendy C, Ricatti J, Taravini IR, Trenkwalder C, Murer MG, Auer DP, Gershanik OS (September 2007). "Mapping the effects of three dopamine agonists with different dyskinetogenic potential and receptor selectivity using pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging". Neuropsychopharmacology. 32 (9): 1911–21. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301329. PMID 17287822. ^ Rashid AJ, So CH, Kong MM, et al. (2007). "D1-D2 dopamine receptor heterooligomers with unique pharmacology are coupled to rapid activation of Gq/11 in the striatum". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (2): 654–9. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104..654R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604049104. PMC 1766439. PMID 17194762. ^ Akinori Nishi, et al. WO2012127871 (Kurume University, Nippon Medical School Foundation, Fujita Educational Inst, Rockefeller University). vteStimulantsAdamantanes Adapromine Amantadine Bromantane Memantine Rimantadine Adenosine antagonists 8-Chlorotheophylline 8-Cyclopentyltheophylline 8-Phenyltheophylline Aminophylline Caffeine CGS-15943 Dimethazan Istradefylline Paraxanthine SCH-58261 Theobromine Theophylline Alkylamines Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Heptaminol Isometheptene Levopropylhexedrine Methylhexaneamine Octodrine Propylhexedrine Tuaminoheptane Ampakines CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 CX-691 CX-717 IDRA-21 LY-404,187 LY-503,430 Nooglutyl Org 26576 PEPA S-18986 Sunifiram Unifiram Arylcyclohexylamines Benocyclidine Dieticyclidine Esketamine Eticyclidine Gacyclidine Ketamine Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Rolicyclidine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Benzazepines 6-Br-APB SKF-77434 SKF-81297 SKF-82958 Cathinones 3-Fluoromethcathinone 3,4-DMMC 4-BMC 4-CMC 4-Methylbuphedrone 4-Methylcathinone 4-MEAP 4-Methylpentedrone Amfepramone Benzedrone Buphedrone Bupropion Butylone Cathinone Dimethylcathinone Ethcathinone Ethylone Flephedrone Hexedrone Isoethcathinone Mephedrone Methcathinone Methedrone Methylenedioxycathinone Methylone Mexedrone N-Ethylbuphedrone N-Ethylhexedrone Pentedrone Pentylone Phthalimidopropiophenone Cholinergics A-84,543 A-366,833 ABT-202 ABT-418 AR-R17779 Altinicline Anabasine Arecoline Bradanicline Cotinine Cytisine Dianicline Epibatidine Epiboxidine GTS-21 Ispronicline Nicotine PHA-543,613 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Rivanicline Sazetidine A SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 TC-1698 TC-1827 TC-2216 Tebanicline UB-165 Varenicline WAY-317,538 Convulsants Anatoxin-a Bicuculline DMCM Flurothyl Gabazine Pentetrazol Picrotoxin Strychnine Thujone Eugeroics Adrafinil Armodafinil CRL-40,940 CRL-40,941 Fluorenol Modafinil Oxazolines 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone Phenethylamines 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane 1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane 2-Fluoroamphetamine 2-Fluoromethamphetamine 2-OH-PEA 2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane 2,3-MDA 3-Fluoroamphetamine 3-Fluoroethamphetamine 3-Methoxyamphetamine 3-Methylamphetamine 4-Fluoroamphetamine 4-Fluoromethamphetamine 4-MA 4-MMA 4-MTA 6-FNE AL-1095 Alfetamine a-Ethylphenethylamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amidephrine 2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene 2-Aminoindane 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole 2-Aminotetralin Acridorex Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil Arbutamine β-Methylphenethylamine β-Phenylmethamphetamine Benfluorex Benzphetamine BDB BOH 3-Benzhydrylmorpholine BPAP Camfetamine Cathine Chlorphentermine Cilobamine Cinnamedrine Clenbuterol Clobenzorex Cloforex Clortermine Cypenamine D-Deprenyl Denopamine Dimethoxyamphetamine Dimethylamphetamine Dobutamine DOPA (Dextrodopa, Levodopa) Dopamine Dopexamine Droxidopa EBDB Ephedrine Epinephrine Epinine Etafedrine Ethylnorepinephrine Etilamfetamine Etilefrine Famprofazone Fencamfamin Fencamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine) Fenproporex Feprosidnine Fludorex Formetorex Furfenorex Gepefrine Hexapradol HMMA Hordenine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 5-Iodo-2-aminoindane Ibopamine Indanylamphetamine Iofetamine Isoetarine Isoprenaline L-Deprenyl (Selegiline) Lefetamine Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDBU MDEA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDMPEA MDOH MDPR MDPEA Mefenorex Mephentermine Metanephrine Metaraminol Mesocarb Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) Methoxamine Methoxyphenamine MMA Methoxyphenamine MMDA MMDMA MMMA Morforex N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine Naphthylamphetamine Nisoxetine Norepinephrine Norfenefrine Norfenfluramine Normetanephrine L-Norpseudoephedrine Octopamine Orciprenaline Ortetamine Oxifentorex Oxilofrine PBA PCA PCMA PHA Pentorex Phenatine Phenpromethamine Phentermine Phenylalanine Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Pholedrine PIA PMA PMEA PMMA PPAP Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Ropinirole Salbutamol (Levosalbutamol) Sibutramine Solriamfetol Synephrine Theodrenaline Tiflorex Tranylcypromine Tyramine Tyrosine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Phenylmorpholines 3-Fluorophenmetrazine Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide G-130 Manifaxine Morazone Morforex Oxaflozane PD-128,907 Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine 2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine Pseudophenmetrazine Radafaxine Piperazines 2C-B-BZP 3C-PEP BZP CM156 DBL-583 GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 GBR-13119 MeOPP MBZP oMPP Vanoxerine Piperidines 1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine 2-Benzylpiperidine 2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate 4-Benzylpiperidine 4-Fluoromethylphenidate 4-Methylmethylphenidate Desoxypipradrol Difemetorex Diphenylpyraline Ethylnaphthidate Ethylphenidate Methylnaphthidate Isopropylphenidate JZ-IV-10 Methylphenidate (Dexmethylphenidate) Nocaine Phacetoperane Pipradrol Propylphenidate Serdexmethylphenidate SCH-5472 Pyrrolidines 2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine 4-Cl-PVP 5-DBFPV α-PPP α-PBP α-PCYP α-PHiP α-PHP α-PHPP α-PVP α-PVT Diphenylprolinol DMPVP FPOP FPVP MDPPP MDPBP MPBP MPHP MPPP MOPVP MOPPP Indapyrophenidone MDPV Naphyrone PEP Picilorex Prolintane Pyrovalerone Racetams Oxiracetam Phenylpiracetam Phenylpiracetam hydrazide Tropanes 4-fluorotropacocaine 4'-Fluorococaine Altropane (IACFT) Brasofensine CFT (WIN 35,428) β-CIT (RTI-55) Cocaethylene Cocaine Dichloropane (RTI-111) Difluoropine FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT Ioflupane (123I) Norcocaine PIT PTT RTI-31 RTI-32 RTI-51 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-120 RTI-121 (IPCIT) RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-177 RTI-229 RTI-336 RTI-354 RTI-371 RTI-386 Salicylmethylecgonine Tesofensine Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2) Tropoxane WF-23 WF-33 Tryptamines 4-HO-αMT 4-Methyl-αET 4-Methyl-αMT 5-Chloro-αMT 5-Fluoro-αMT 5-MeO-αET 5-MeO-αMT 5-MeO-DIPT 6-Fluoro-αMT 7-Methyl-αET αET αMT Others 2-MDP 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amfonelic acid Amineptine Amiphenazole Atipamezole Atomoxetine Bemegride Benzydamine BTQ BTS 74,398 Centanafadine Ciclazindol Clofenciclan Cropropamide Crotetamide D-161 Desipramine Diclofensine Dimethocaine Efaroxan Etamivan Fenisorex Fenpentadiol Gamfexine Gilutensin GSK1360707F GYKI-52895 Hexacyclonate Idazoxan Indanorex Indatraline JNJ-7925476 Lazabemide Leptacline Lomevactone LR-5182 Mazindol Meclofenoxate Medifoxamine Mefexamide Methamnetamine Methastyridone Methiopropamine Naphthylaminopropane Nefopam Nikethamide Nomifensine O-2172 Oxaprotiline PNU-99,194 PRC200-SS Rasagiline Rauwolscine Rubidium chloride Setazindol Tametraline Tandamine Thiopropamine Thiothinone Trazium UH-232 Yohimbine ATC code: N06B vteAntiobesity agents/Anorectics (A08)StimulantsAmphetamines and phenethylamines 4-Methylamphetamine‡ Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine Amphetaminil Benzphetamine Cathine Cathinone Chlorphentermine Clobenzorex Cloforex Clortermine Dextroamphetamine Dimethylcathinone Ephedrine Ephedra‡ Etilamfetamine Etolorex Fenethylline Fenproporex Fludorex Furfenorex‡ Khat Lisdexamfetamine Mefenorex Methamphetamine Norfenfluramine Pentorex Phentermine (+topiramate) Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Adrenergic agonists Albuterol Clenbuterol§ Ephedrine Ephedra‡ Levopropylhexedrine Synephrine Terbutaline Yohimbine (Yohimbe) Other Aminorex‡ Atomoxetine Benfluorex‡ Bupropion (+naltrexone) Dexfenfluramine‡ Dexmethylphenidate Difemetorex‡ Fenbutrazate Fenfluramine (+phentermine‡) Manifaxine Mazindol Methylphenidate Phendimetrazine Phenethylamine Phenmetrazine Phenylpropanolamine Pipradrol Propylhexedrine Pyrovalerone Sibutramine‡ Tesofensine Cannabinoidantagonists Drinabant§ Ibipinabant§ Otenabant§ Rimonabant‡ Rosonabant§ Surinabant§ Taranabant§ GLP-1, GIP, and / orglucagon agonists AMG 133 Cinchonine Cotadutide Danuglipron Ecnoglutide Exenatide† Liraglutide Orforglipron Oxyntomodulin§ Retatrutide Semaglutide (+cagrilintide†) Tirzepatide† DACRAs Cagrilintide (+semaglutide†) 5-HT2Creceptor agonists 5-HTP Lorcaserin‡ Absorption inhibitors Cetilistat Dirlotapide Mitratapide Orlistat Simmondsin Uncouplers 2,4-Dinitrophenol‡ Others Beloranib§ Bimagrumab§ Desiccated thyroid‡ Metformin Metreleptin Naltrexone Setmelanotide Topiramate ZGN-1061 Zonisamide Water #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III vteDopamine receptor modulatorsD1-likeAgonists Benzazepines: 6-Br-APB Fenoldopam SKF-38,393 SKF-77,434 SKF-81,297 SKF-82,958 SKF-83,959 Trepipam Zelandopam Ergolines: Cabergoline CY-208,243 Dihydroergocryptine LEK-8829 Lisuride Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives: A-77636 A-86929 Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431) Dihydrexidine Dinapsoline Dinoxyline Doxanthrine Phenethylamines: BCO-001 Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L-DOPA (levodopa) Melevodopa L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine XP21279 Others: A-68930 Apomorphine Isocorypalmine Nuciferine PF-6649751 PF 6669571 Propylnorapomorphine Rotigotine SKF-89,145 SKF-89,626 Stepholidine Tavapadon Tetrahydropalmatine PAMs Tetrahydroisoquinolines: DETQ DPTQ Mevidalen Antagonists Typical antipsychotics: Butaclamol Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen) Fluphenazine Loxapine Perphenazine (+amitriptyline) Pifluthixol Thioridazine Thiothixene Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine) Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics: Asenapine Clorotepine Clotiapine Clozapine DHA-clozapine Fluperlapine Iloperidone Norclozapine Norquetiapine Olanzapine (+fluoxetine) Paliperidone Quetiapine Risperidone Tefludazine Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Others: Berupipam Ecopipam EEDQ Metitepine (methiothepin) Odapipam Perlapine SCH-23390 D2-likeAgonists Adamantanes: Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine Aminotetralins: 5-OH-DPAT 7-OH-DPAT 8-OH-PBZI Rotigotine UH-232 Ergolines: Bromocriptine Cabergoline Chanoclavine Dihydroergocryptine Epicriptine Ergocornine Lergotrile Lisuride LSD Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA Ciladopa Dihydrexidine Dinoxyline N,N-Propyldihydrexidine Phenethylamines: Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Melevodopa XP21279 Atypical antipsychotics: Alentemol (U-66444B) Aripiprazole (+sertraline) Aripiprazole lauroxil Bifeprunox Brexpiprazole Brilaroxazine Cariprazine F-15063 Lumateperone Norclozapine Others: 3-PPP A-412997 ABT-670 ABT-724 Adrafinil Aplindore Apomorphine Arketamine Armodafinil BP-897 Captodiame CP-226,269 Dizocilpine Esketamine Flibanserin Ketamine Mesulergine Modafinil OSU-6162 Pardoprunox PD-128,907 PD-168,077 PF-219,061 PF-592,379 Phencyclidine Piribedil Pramipexole Preclamol Propylnorapomorphine Pukateine Quinagolide Quinelorane Quinpirole RDS-127 Ro10-5824 Ropinirole Roxindole Salvinorin A SKF-83,959 Sumanirole Talipexole Umespirone WAY-100,635 Antagonists Typical antipsychotics: Acepromazine Acetophenazine Azaperone Benperidol Bromperidol Butaclamol Butaperazine Chloracizine Chlorproethazine Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Ciclindole Clopenthixol Clothixamide Clopimozide Droperidol Fluacizine Fluanisone Flucindole Fluotracen Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen) Fluphenazine Fluprothixene Fluspirilene Haloperidol Homopipramol Lenperone Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine) Levosulpiride Loxapine Mesoridazine Moperone Naranol Nemonapride Penfluridol Perathiepin Perazine Pericyazine (periciazine) Perphenazine (+amitriptyline) Piflutixol (pifluthixol) Pimozide Pipamperone Preclamol Prochlorperazine Promazine Prothipendyl Spiperone (spiroperidol) Sulforidazine Sulpiride Sultopride Teflutixol Thiopropazate Thioproperazine Thioridazine Thiothixene Timiperone Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine) Triflupromazine Trifluperidol Zetidoline Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride Asenapine BL-1020 Blonanserin Carpipramine Cinuperone Clocapramine Clorotepine Clotiapine (clothiapine) Clozapine Cyamemazine DHA-clozapine Dixyrazine Elopiprazole Flumezapine Fluperlapine Gevotroline Iloperidone Lurasidone Mazapertine Melperone Molindone Mosapramine Ocaperidone Olanzapine (+fluoxetine) Paliperidone Perospirone Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Piquindone Quetiapine Remoxipride Risperidone Sertindole Tefludazine Tenilapine Tiospirone Veralipride Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Antiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives: Aceprometazine AS-8112 Alimemazine Alizapride Benzquinamide Bromopride Clebopride Deudomperidone Domperidone Eticlopride Hydroxyzine Itopride Metoclopramide Metopimazine Promethazine Thiethylperazine Trazpiroben Trimethobenzamide Antidepressants: Amoxapine Nefazodone Opipramol Propiomazine Trimipramine Others: 3-PPP Alpiropride Azapride Bromerguride Bromocriptine Buspirone Desmethoxyfallypride EEDQ F-15063 Fallypride Fananserin Fenfluramine Iodobenzamide Isocorypalmine L-741,626 L-745,870 Levofenfluramine LEK-8829 Metergoline Metitepine (methiothepin) N-Methylspiperone Nafadotride Nuciferine PNU-99,194 Pridopidine Raclopride Sarizotan SB-277,011-A Seridopidine Sonepiprazole Spiroxatrine Stepholidine SV-293 Terguride Tetrahydropalmatine Tiapride UH-232 Yohimbine See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Serotonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins This drug article relating to the gastrointestinal system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_chemical"},{"link_name":"drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug"},{"link_name":"benzazepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzazepine"},{"link_name":"chemical class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_class"},{"link_name":"selective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_selectivity"},{"link_name":"dopamine D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1_receptor"},{"link_name":"D5 receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D5_receptor"},{"link_name":"full agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_agonist"},{"link_name":"stimulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant"},{"link_name":"anorexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)"},{"link_name":"hyperactivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperactivity"},{"link_name":"self-administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-administration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7862828-1"},{"link_name":"6-Br-APB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-Br-APB"},{"link_name":"SKF-82,958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKF-82,958"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9336305-2"},{"link_name":"A-77,636","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-77,636"},{"link_name":"functional selectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_selectivity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11862342-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16835769-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17287822-5"},{"link_name":"D1-D2 receptor heteromers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1-D2_Dopamine_receptor_heteromer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"SKF-81,297 is a synthetic drug of the benzazepine chemical class that acts as a selective dopamine D1/D5 receptor full agonist, and produces a characteristic stimulant-like pattern of anorexia, hyperactivity and self-administration in animals.[1] This profile is shared with several related drugs such as 6-Br-APB and SKF-82,958,[2] but not with certain other D1 full agonists such as A-77,636, reflecting functional selectivity of D1 activation.[3][4][5] Newer findings reveal that SKF-81,297 additionally acts as a partial agonist at D1-D2 receptor heteromers.[6]One of the patented uses for SKF-81,297 is as an augmentation agent when combined with an appropriate choice of an antidepressant.[7]","title":"SKF-81,297"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Weed MR, Vanover KE, Woolverton WL (1993). \"Reinforcing effect of the D1 dopamine agonist SKF 81297 in rhesus monkeys\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Pippin	Randy Pippin	["1 Early life and playing career","2 Coaching career","3 Head coaching record","3.1 College","3.2 Junior college","4 References","5 External links"]	American football player and coach Randy PippinCurrent positionTitleSenior analystTeamJacksonville StateConferenceC-USABiographical detailsBornDallas, Texas, U.S.Playing career1981–1982Cisco1983–1984Tennessee Tech Position(s)Running backCoaching career (HC unless noted)1985–1987Tennessee Tech (GA)1988–1989Middle Tennessee (DE)1990–1992Trinity Valley (DC)1993–1995Trinity Valley1996–1997Tennessee Tech (OC)1998–2000Middle Georgia2001–2003West Alabama2005–2007Northwest Mississippi2008–2010Classical Academy (CO) (interim HC)2011–2012East Texas Baptist (DC)2012–2014East Central (DC)2015–2022UAB (DPR)2023–presentJacksonville State (sr. analyst) Head coaching recordOverall8–25 (college)61–31–2 (junior college)Bowls4–0 (junior college)Accomplishments and honorsChampionships1 NJCAA National (1994)1 TJCFC (1994) Randy Pippin is an American college football coach and former player. He is a senior analyst at Jacksonville State University in Jacksonville, Alabama, a position he has held since 2023. Pippin has served as head football coach at Trinity Valley Community College in Athens, Texas, from 1993 to 1995, Middle Georgia College, from 1998 to 2000, the University of West Alabama, from 2001 to 2003, and Northwest Mississippi Community College, from 2005 to 2007. He led his 1994 Trinity Valley valley team to an NJCAA National Football Championship. Early life and playing career Pippin grew up in Texas and attended Cisco College before transferring to Tennessee Technological University, where he played college football as a running back from 1983 to 1984. Coaching career Pippin started his coaching career as a graduate assistant on the defense at Tennessee Technological University, from 1985 to 1987. From Tech, Pippin served as linebackers coach at Middle Tennessee State University, from 1988 to 1989, and as defensive coordinator at Trinity Valley Community College, from 1990 to 1992. From 1993 to 1995, Pippin had his first head coaching job at Trinity Valley after being promoted from defensive coordinator. In 1994, he was named the NJCAA National Coach of the Year and led the Cardinals to the NJCAA National Football Championship, defeating Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College in the Tyler Shrine Bowl. After serving as offensive coordinator at Tennessee Tech for two seasons, Pippin took the position of head coach and athletic director at Middle Georgia College. At Middle Georgia, he led the Warriors to an overall record 24–10 and a victory in the 1998 Mineral Water Bowl. Pippin was also noted for having Tonya Butler sign a national letter of intent to attend Middle Georgia on a football scholarship for a placekicker. At the time of her signing, Butler was the first female to earn a football scholarship in Georgia. Following the 2000 season, Pippin resigned from Middle Georgia and took the head coaching position at the University of West Alabama. At West Alabama, he led Tigers to an overall record of 8–25 during his three-year tenure, but won give games in his second season including victories over Delta State, West Georgia and North Alabama, a feat that has not been done before in program history. On September 13, 2003, when Tonya Butler, who Pipping has previously signed at Middle Georgia, became the first female in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) history to kick a field goal in a regulation game. The goal was scored on a 27-yard attempt against Stillman with 9:41 remaining in the first quarter. After leaving West Alabama, Pippin spent a year as a dean, athletic director, and head football at Cottage Hill Christian Academy in Mobile, Alabama, before he was hired as head football coach at Northwest Mississippi Community College. During his three-year stint with the Rangers, his teams participated in postseason championship games his second and third years. His second-year team won the North Division with a perfect 6-0 record. From there he served as head coach at The Classical Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado, while directing the Glazier Football Coaching Clinics nationally. He then became the defensive coordinator at East Texas Baptist University for the 2011 and 2012 seasons while taking on the Texas and Oklahoma Nike Coach of the Year Clinics. He then moved to East Central University, where as defensive coordinator he orchestrated the best rushing defense in school history. East Central participated in a postseason bowl game for the first time in more than 20 years. Pippin then joined Bill Clark at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) serving in various coaching, recruiting, and administrative roles as the UAB Blazers football program was brought back from a hiatus following the 2014 season. Pippin has authored two books C.H.A.O.S., a defensive football instructional manual, and Deep in the Heart, about the history of football in Southern United States and the return of the UAB football program after a hiatus in 2015 and 2016. Head coaching record College Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs West Alabama Tigers (Gulf South Conference) (2001–2003) 2001 West Alabama 1–10 0–9 12th 2002 West Alabama 5–6 3–6 T–8th 2003 West Alabama 2–9 1–8 12th West Alabama: 8–25 4–23 Total: 8–25 Junior college Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs Trinity Valley Cardinals (Texas Junior College Football Conference) (1993–1995) 1993 Trinity Valley 8–1–2 4–1–1 3rd W Real Dairy Bowl 1994 Trinity Valley 12–0 6–0 1st W Tyler Shrine Bowl 1995 Trinity Valley 5–5 3–3 T–3rd L TJCFC semifinal Trinity Valley: 24–7–2 13–4–1 Middle Georgia Warriors (Georgia Collegiate Athletic Association) (1998–2000) 1998 Middle Georgia 9–3 W Mineral Water Bowl 1999 Middle Georgia 5–6 2000 Middle Georgia 10–1 W Golden Isles Bowl Middle Georgia: 24–10 Northwest Mississippi Rangers (Mississippi Association of Community and Junior Colleges) (2005–2007) 2005 Northwest Mississippi 1–6 1–5 2006 Northwest Mississippi 6–4 6–0 2007 Northwest Mississippi 6–4 5–1 Northwest Mississippi: 13–14 12–6 Total: 61–31–2 National championship Conference title Conference division title or championship game berth References ^ a b c d "Football Coaching Staff: Randy Pippin". East Texas Baptist University. Retrieved November 25, 2011. ^ Perkins, Chris (December 3, 1994). "Trinity Valley aims for junior college title". The Dallas Morning News. p. 7B. ^ Carter, Al; Bill Nichols (January 10, 1995). "Junior colleges likely will benefit from NCAA ruling". The Dallas Morning News. p. 9B. ^ "Middle Georgia 41, Northwest Miss. 3". The Associated Press State & Local Wire. December 5, 1998. ^ a b Carvell, Michael (February 4, 1999). "Middle Georgia signs Butler". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. 6D. ^ Youngblood, Shane (December 13, 2000). "UWA hires 'proven winner'". The Tuscaloosa News. p. C1. Retrieved November 25, 2011. ^ a b Carroll, Andrew (September 14, 2000). "UWA's Tonya Butler aims for NCAA history". The Tuscaloosa News. p. C1. Retrieved November 25, 2011. ^ Rosen, Karen (October 17, 2003). "Pioneer still gets her football kicks". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. 8D. External links Jacksonville State profile vteTrinity Valley Cardinals head football coaches Wallace Johnson (1947–1948) Cecil Johnson (1949–1951) Ray Fuller (1952–1953) Leland Willis (1954) John Owens (1955) No team (1956) Tommy Steigleder (1957–1963) Bob Baccarini (1964–1971) Bob Lee (1971) Jim Owens (1973–1977) Ray Penn (1974–1981) Carl Andress (1982–1992) Randy Pippin (1993–1995) Scott Conley (1996–1999) Chuck Langston (2000–2002) Mark Sartain (2003–2006) Brad Smiley (2007–2017) Sherard Poteete (2018– ) vteWest Alabama Tigers head football coaches Paul Tubb (1938–1941) No team (1942–1945) Fred McCollum (1946) C. A. Douglas (1947–1948) George Darrow (1949) Vaughn Mancha (1949–1951) Bob Williams (1952) T. Ray Richeson (1953–1956) Robert Cire (1957–1959) Jim Garner (1960–1966) Morris Higginbotham (1967–1969) Mickey Andrews (1970–1972) Jim King (1973–1976) Jack Crowe (1977–1978) Frank North (1979–1984) Sam McCorkle (1985–1990) Lloyd Sisco (1991–1993) Todd Stroud (1994–1996) Bobby Johns (1997–2000) Randy Pippin (2001–2003) Sam McCorkle (2004–2005) Bobby Wallace (2006–2010) Will Hall (2011–2013) Brett Gilliland (2014– ) vteNorthwest Mississippi Rangers head football coaches Gully (1928) Funchess (1929) No team (1930–1938) Doug Butler (1939) Lloyd White (1940) J. R. Newton (1941–1942) Stiffis (1943) Searcy (1944) F. H. Roye (1945) R. D. Rodgers (1946) Frank Davis (1947) Bernard Blackwell (1948–1949) Howard Stubbs (1950) Unknown (1951) Billy Jefferson (1952–1953) Unknown (1954) Lindy McGee (1955) James Jackson (1956–1958) James Jobe (1959–1961) Jimmy Vincent (1962) Charles Peets (1963) Bob Petersen (1964–1965) Billy Joe Cox (1966–1969) Ken Bramlett (1970—1974) A. J. Kilpatrick (1975–1978) Ray Poole (1979–1980) Bobby Franklin (1981–2004) Randy Pippin (2005–2007) Ricky Woods (2008–2012) Brad LaPlante (2013) Jack Wright (2014–2015) Benjy Parker (2016– )	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_State_University"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Trinity Valley Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Valley_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Athens, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Middle Georgia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Georgia_College"},{"link_name":"University of West Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_West_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Northwest Mississippi Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Mississippi_Community_College"},{"link_name":"NJCAA National Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJCAA_National_Football_Championship"}],"text":"Randy Pippin is an American college football coach and former player. He is a senior analyst at Jacksonville State University in Jacksonville, Alabama, a position he has held since 2023. Pippin has served as head football coach at Trinity Valley Community College in Athens, Texas, from 1993 to 1995, Middle Georgia College, from 1998 to 2000, the University of West Alabama, from 2001 to 2003, and Northwest Mississippi Community College, from 2005 to 2007. He led his 1994 Trinity Valley valley team to an NJCAA National Football Championship.","title":"Randy Pippin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cisco College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_College"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"running back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"}],"text":"Pippin grew up in Texas and attended Cisco College before transferring to Tennessee Technological University, where he played college football as a running back from 1983 to 1984.","title":"Early life and playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graduate assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_assistant"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Technological 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coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"Middle Georgia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Georgia_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PipBio-1"},{"link_name":"Mineral Water Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_Water_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GA1-4"},{"link_name":"Tonya Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Butler"},{"link_name":"national letter of intent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_letter_of_intent"},{"link_name":"placekicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placekicker"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tonya-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tonya-5"},{"link_name":"University of West Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_West_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WestAL-6"},{"link_name":"Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Alabama_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"field goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_goal_(American_and_Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WestAL2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tonya2-8"},{"link_name":"Stillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillman_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WestAL2-7"},{"link_name":"Mobile, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Northwest Mississippi Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Mississippi_Community_College"},{"link_name":"The Classical Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Classical_Academy_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"East Texas Baptist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Texas_Baptist_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PipBio-1"},{"link_name":"East Central University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Central_University"},{"link_name":"bowl game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_game"},{"link_name":"Bill Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clark_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"UAB Blazers football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAB_Blazers_football"},{"link_name":"Southern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"}],"text":"Pippin started his coaching career as a graduate assistant on the defense at Tennessee Technological University, from 1985 to 1987.[1] From Tech, Pippin served as linebackers coach at Middle Tennessee State University, from 1988 to 1989, and as defensive coordinator at Trinity Valley Community College, from 1990 to 1992.[1]From 1993 to 1995, Pippin had his first head coaching job at Trinity Valley after being promoted from defensive coordinator. In 1994, he was named the NJCAA National Coach of the Year and led the Cardinals to the NJCAA National Football Championship, defeating Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College in the Tyler Shrine Bowl.[2][3]After serving as offensive coordinator at Tennessee Tech for two seasons, Pippin took the position of head coach and athletic director at Middle Georgia College.[1] At Middle Georgia, he led the Warriors to an overall record 24–10 and a victory in the 1998 Mineral Water Bowl.[4] Pippin was also noted for having Tonya Butler sign a national letter of intent to attend Middle Georgia on a football scholarship for a placekicker.[5] At the time of her signing, Butler was the first female to earn a football scholarship in Georgia.[5]Following the 2000 season, Pippin resigned from Middle Georgia and took the head coaching position at the University of West Alabama.[6] At West Alabama, he led Tigers to an overall record of 8–25 during his three-year tenure, but won give games in his second season including victories over Delta State, West Georgia and North Alabama, a feat that has not been done before in program history. On September 13, 2003, when Tonya Butler, who Pipping has previously signed at Middle Georgia, became the first female in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) history to kick a field goal in a regulation game.[7][8] The goal was scored on a 27-yard attempt against Stillman with 9:41 remaining in the first quarter.[7]After leaving West Alabama, Pippin spent a year as a dean, athletic director, and head football at Cottage Hill Christian Academy in Mobile, Alabama, before he was hired as head football coach at Northwest Mississippi Community College. During his three-year stint with the Rangers, his teams participated in postseason championship games his second and third years. His second-year team won the North Division with a perfect 6-0 record. From there he served as head coach at The Classical Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado, while directing the Glazier Football Coaching Clinics nationally. He then became the defensive coordinator at East Texas Baptist University for the 2011 and 2012 seasons while taking on the Texas and Oklahoma Nike Coach of the Year Clinics.[1] He then moved to East Central University, where as defensive coordinator he orchestrated the best rushing defense in school history. East Central participated in a postseason bowl game for the first time in more than 20 years. Pippin then joined Bill Clark at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) serving in various coaching, recruiting, and administrative roles as the UAB Blazers football program was brought back from a hiatus following the 2014 season.Pippin has authored two books C.H.A.O.S., a defensive football instructional manual, and Deep in the Heart, about the history of football in Southern United States and the return of the UAB football program after a hiatus in 2015 and 2016.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College","title":"Head coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Junior college","title":"Head coaching record"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Football Coaching Staff: Randy Pippin\". East Texas Baptist University. Retrieved November 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etbu.edu/Current_Athletic_News/Football/fb_pippin_randy.htm","url_text":"\"Football Coaching Staff: Randy Pippin\""}]},{"reference":"Perkins, Chris (December 3, 1994). \"Trinity Valley aims for junior college title\". The Dallas Morning News. p. 7B.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carter, Al; Bill Nichols (January 10, 1995). \"Junior colleges likely will benefit from NCAA ruling\". The Dallas Morning News. p. 9B.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Middle Georgia 41, Northwest Miss. 3\". The Associated Press State & Local Wire. December 5, 1998.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carvell, Michael (February 4, 1999). \"Middle Georgia signs Butler\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. 6D.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Youngblood, Shane (December 13, 2000). \"UWA hires 'proven winner'\". The Tuscaloosa News. p. C1. Retrieved November 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IccnAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sqcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3416%2C2697065","url_text":"\"UWA hires 'proven winner'\""}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Andrew (September 14, 2000). \"UWA's Tonya Butler aims for NCAA history\". The Tuscaloosa News. p. C1. Retrieved November 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IyAfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tKcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2049%2C2812065","url_text":"\"UWA's Tonya Butler aims for NCAA history\""}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Karen (October 17, 2003). \"Pioneer still gets her football kicks\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. 8D.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.etbu.edu/Current_Athletic_News/Football/fb_pippin_randy.htm","external_links_name":"\"Football Coaching Staff: Randy Pippin\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IccnAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sqcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3416%2C2697065","external_links_name":"\"UWA hires 'proven winner'\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IyAfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tKcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2049%2C2812065","external_links_name":"\"UWA's Tonya Butler aims for NCAA history\""},{"Link":"https://jaxstatesports.com/staff-directory/randy-pippin/391","external_links_name":"Jacksonville State profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/140th_Aeromedical_Transport_Squadron	193rd Special Operations Wing	["1 Mission","2 Units","3 History","3.1 Background","3.2 Tactical electronic warfare","3.3 Special operations","4 Lineage","4.1 Assignments","4.2 Operational components","4.3 Stations","4.4 Aircraft","5 Decorations","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]	Pennsylvania Air National Guard unit 193rd Special Operations Wing193rd Special Operations Squadron EC-130J Commando Solo aircraft prepares to land at an air base in Southwest Asia.Active1967–presentCountry United StatesAllegiance PennsylvaniaBranch Air National GuardTypeWingRolePsychological warfarePart ofPennsylvania Air National GuardGarrison/HQHarrisburg Air National Guard Base, PennsylvaniaMotto(s)"Never Seen, Always Heard"CommandersSpecial Operations Wing CommanderColonel Stacey S. ZdanavageInsignia193rd Special Operations Wing emblemAircraft flownMC-130JMilitary unit The 193rd Special Operations Wing is a unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, stationed at Harrisburg Air National Guard Base, Middletown, Pennsylvania. The wing is gained by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania when in a "state" status, as well as by the United States Air Force and Air Force Special Operations Command in its Federal capacity as part of the Air National Guard. The wing was organized as a group, the 193rd Tactical Electronic Warfare Group. Although it has never been mobilized as a unit, most of its equipment and personnel have been individually called up to serve in Southeast Asia and in Desert Storm. Mission The 193rd's primary wartime and contingency operations mission is to broadcast radio and television signals to target populations from an airborne transmitter, jamming existing television and radio signals where necessary. Messages are not developed within the wing itself, but are provided by staff of the United States Army's 4th Psychological Operations Group (Airborne), based at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Units 193rd Special Operations Wing 193rd Special Operations Group 193rd Special Operations Squadron 193rd Special Operations Support Squadron 193rd Special Operations Maintenance Group 193rd Special Operations Maintenance Squadron 193rd Special Operations Aircraft Maintenance Squadron 193rd Special Operations Maintenance Operations Flight 193rd Special Operations Mission Support Group 193rd Special Operations Security Forces Squadron 193rd Special Operations Civil Engineering Squadron 193rd Special Operations Communications Squadron 193rd Special Operations Logistics Readiness Squadron 193rd Special Operations Force Support Squadron 193rd Special Operations Medical Group 193rd Air Operations Group 193rd Air Intelligence Squadron 193rd Combat Operations Squadron 193rd Air Communications Squadron 193rd Regional Support Group 148th Air Support Operations Squadron 201st RED HORSE Squadron 211th Engineering Installation Squadron 271st Combat Communications Squadron 203rd Weather Flight History Background In the Spring of 1964, the 140th Aeromedical Transport Squadron's mission and designation changed to 140th Air Transport Squadron and the Air National Guard operation at Olmsted Air Force Base expanded to a group, with the formation of the 168th Air Transport Group. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 168th Material Squadron (later replaced by the 168th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron and 168th Supply Squadron), 168th Support Squadron, and the 168th USAF Dispensary. These units were located at Olmsted Air Force Base and operated the Lockheed C-121 Constellation. In 1966 the group became the 168th Military Airlift Group. Following Operation Power Pack, the United States military intervention during the 1965 crisis in the Dominican Republic, Robert McNamara, the United States Secretary of Defense directed the Air Force to develop a capability tp disrupt civilian broadcasting networks and guerilla command and control networks. In response, Tactical Air Command began to test a tactical electronic warfare support system that would be installed on C-121s, named Coronet Solo. Coronet Solo aircraft would be able to join or disrupt commercial radio and television and to broadcast prerecorded programs, in addition to having an ECM capability. Tactical electronic warfare Group EC-121 Constellation in 1978 Threatened by the closure of Olmsted Air Force Base (now Harrisburg Air National Guard Base) and by the downsizing of all conventionally powered transport aircraft, the National Guard Bureau volunteered the unit for a psychological warfare capability named "Coronet Solo" in 1967. The 168th Military airlift Group and its components were inactivated and its resources were transferred to the new 193rd Tactical Electronic Warfare Group, becoming Tactical Air Command's first tactical electronic warfare unit that was not an active duty unit. Tactical Air Command replaced Military Airlift Command as its mobilization gaining command, although the unit continued to operate the C-121s of the old 168th Group until November 1977, when its last C-121C was flown to the Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona. The first Lockheed EC-121S Coronet Solo was delivered to the unit on 16 July 1968. In July 1970, the Joint Chiefs of Staff directed the deployment of a task force of two EC-121s and supporting personnel to Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base as Operation Coronet Cobra. The task force arrived at Korat on 31 July, where it began Operation Commando Buzz, retransmitting civilian radio broadcasts to outlying areas of Cambodia until improved ground transmitters were available to cover the area. The 193rd deployed guardsmen on temporary duty for periods of thirty to sixty days to support this mission. Although Commando Buzz was intended to last only ninety days, flights continued until 24 December, and the task force returned to the United States in early January 1971. Throughout the 1970s, the wing earned a reputation as being the most deployed Air National Guard unit, sometimes deploying 10 times in a single year. In August 1977, the group received its first Lockheed C-130E Hercules. These aircraft were to be modified to Lockheed EC-130E Volant Solo standard, to perform the unit mission, but the first modified airplane did not arrive until March 1979. In May of that year, the unit's (and the Air Force's) last EC-121 departed for storage. Shortly thereafter, the unit designation became the 193rd Electronic Warfare Group. The 193rd participated in the rescue of American citizens in Operation Urgent Fury in 1983. The aircraft acted as an airborne radio station, keeping the citizens of Grenada informed about the U.S. military action. Special operations Group EC-130E at the 1989 Royal Air International Tattoo Shortly after supporting Urgent Fury, and recognizing the importance of the group's psychological warfare mission when compared to its electronic jamming mission, on 15 November 1983, the group became the 193rd Special Operations Group and, along with all other reserve force special operations units, its gaining command became Military Airlift Command's Twenty-Third Air Force. In 1989, Volant Solo was instrumental in the success of coordinated psychological operations in Operation Just Cause, operating under the control of the Joint Special Operations Task Force. During this mission it broadcast throughout the initial phases of the operation, helping to end the Noriega regime. In 1990, Air Force Special Operations Command became the group's gaining command, and the wing's aircraft were redesignated Commando Solo, with no change in mission. However, the unit's aircraft contained two difference suites of electronics. Four unit aircraft had the Rivet Rider system, which enabled broadcasting of TV, AM or FM radio, and short wave radio. These planes could also conduct limited intelligence gathering and military communications jamming missions. The other four were Comfy Levy aircraft, which flew Senior Scout and Senior Hunter missions, with personnel from Electronic Security Command in the cargo compartment. The Comfy Levy were basically "slick" C-130s with palletized mission systems and clip-on antennas. When these aircraft were not performing "Senior" missions they were used to transport cargo and passengers. Following the agreement of Governor Bob Casey Sr. for the use of members of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, on 23 August 1990, Central Command Air Forces directed the deployment of two Rivet Rider and two Comfy Levy EC-130Es from the group to King Fahd International Airport, Saudi Arabia. The two "slick" EC-130Es made several trips each between the United States and Saudi Arabia, transporting equipment and personnel. The group flew its first communications intelligence mission on 4 September. Because of limitations on the period volunteer guardsmen could serve, personnel were switched out every thirty days, with some group members serving as many as five tours. In November, the group began regular flights broadcasting Voice of America programs to Kuwait and Iraq. Due to the threat of SCUD missile attacks, and the lack of revetments at King Fahd, in January 1992, the group's aircraft relocated to Thumrait Air Base, Oman. When Operation Desert Storm replaced Operation Desert Shield, the squadron provided or supplemented electronic countermeasures nearly every day. Its missions included broadcasting the "Voice of the Gulf" and other highly successful programs intended to convince Iraqi soldiers to surrender. In February, the group was partially mobilized, with 44 officers and 222 enlisted personnel being called to active duty. This enabled the group to deploy an aircraft to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey to support Joint Task Force Proven Force. On 26 March, the unit demobilized and returned to Harrisburg. 560 unit members had participated in the campaign, and flew 845 hours of combat operations. In 1992, the 193rd received its first EC-130E upgraded to Commando Solo II configuration. In 1994, the Commando Solo II aircraft were used to broadcast radio and TV messages to the citizens and leaders of Haiti during Operation Uphold Democracy. President Jean-Bertrand Aristide was featured in these broadcasts, which contributed to the orderly transition from military rule to democracy. The Air National Guard reorganized its units to reflect the Combat Wing Organization in 1995. As a result, the group became the 193rd Special Operations Wing with three subordinate groups. Continuing its tradition, in 1997 the 193rd and Commando Solo supported the United Nations' Operation Joint Guard with radio and TV broadcasts over Bosnia-Herzegovina in support of stabilization force operations. In 1998, the unit and its aircraft participated in Operation Desert Thunder, a deployment to Southwest Asia to convince Iraq to comply with U.N. Security Council resolutions. The Commando Solo II was again sent into action in 1999 in support of Operation Allied Force. The aircraft was tasked to broadcast radio and television into Kosovo to prevent ethnic cleansing and assist in the expulsion of the Serbs from the region. In 2001, the Commando Solo II aircraft broadcast messages to the local Afghan population and Taliban soldiers during Operation Enduring Freedom. In 2002, it was announced that the unit would replace three of its EC-130Es with EC-130Js. The modification of C-130Js would be done in two phases. Phase I added an information warfare station and air refueling capability, while Phase II called for the removal of mission equipment from the EC-130s and its installation in the EC-130Js. Ultimately, while all the unit's aircraft went through Phase I, only five went through Phase II. In 2003, the Commando Solo II was deployed to the Middle East in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2004, the 193rd received newer EC-130J aircraft. These were quickly redeployed to the Middle East in support of the War on Terror. On 17 September 2022, the wing made its last broadcast with an EC-130J during an airshow at Lancaster Airport, Pennsylvania. The unit is expected to transition to the MC-130J Commando II over a period of 2 years. Lineage Constituted as the 193d Tactical Electronic Warfare Group on 1 September 1967 Activated on 17 September 1967 Redesignated 193d Electronic Combat Group on 10 October 1980 Redesignated 193d Special Operations Group on 15 November 1983 Redesignated 193rd Special Operations Wing on 1 October 1995 Assignments Pennsylvania Air National Guard, 16 September 1967 – present Gained by Tactical Air Command, 16 September 1967 Gained by Twenty-Third Air Force, Military Airlift Command, 1 March 1983 Gained by Air Force Special Operations Command, 22 May 1990 – present Operational components 193rd Operations Group, 1 June 1995 – present 193rd Special Operations Squadron, 16 September 1967 – 1 June 1995 Stations Olmsted Air Force Base (later Harrisburg International Airport, Harrisburg Air National Guard Base), Pennsylvania, 16 September 1967 – present Aircraft Lockheed C-121C Constellation, 1967–1977 Lockheed EC-121S Coronet Solo, 1968–1979 Lockheed C-130E Hercules, 1977-1979 Lockheed EC-130E Volant Solo (later Commando Solo), 1979–2004 Lockheed C-130H Hercules, 1991-1995 Lockheed EC-130J Commando Solo, 2001 – present Lockheed MC-130J Commando II, 2023 - present Decorations Award streamer Award Dates Notes Air Force Outstanding Unit Award References Pennsylvania portal Notes Explanatory notes ^ This group and its components are not gained by Air Force Special Operations Command. ^ This group and its components are not gained by Air Force Special Operations Command. ^ The 193rd's web page attributes this interest to the 1967 Arab-Israeli conflict, but the program predates that war. van Geffan, p. 6 ^ van Geffen indicates that the Commando Solo name change occurred later, when the unit's EC-130Es were modified with Worldwide Color Television and Horizontal Trailing Wire Antennas, in 1997. van Gellen, p. 12. Citations ^ Kennedy, Harold (February 2002). "Why Special Ops Prefer C-130s for Many Missions". National Defense Magazine. ^ "193rd Special Operations Wing Units". 193rd Special Operations Wing. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ a b van Geffan, p. 6 ^ a b c d e f Hart, pp. 13-14 ^ "History of the 193rd". 193rd Special Operations Wing. Retrieved 27 September 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j van Geffen, p. 7 ^ Haulman, pp. 135. 141 ^ Allen, p. 171 ^ van Geffen, pp. 7-9 ^ van Geffen, pp.9-10 ^ van Gellen pp.11-12 ^ van Geffen, pp. 12-13. ^ Kaminski, Tom (11 October 2022). "193rd SOW prepares to take on new MC-130J mission". Key.Aero. Retrieved 15 October 2022. ^ Cenciotti, David (19 September 2022). "EC-130J Psychological Warfare Aircraft Performs Final Broadcast". The Aviationist. Retrieved 15 October 2022. ^ AFOMO Letter 777n, 13 September 1967, Subject: Constitution and Allotment of Air National Guard Units. ^ van Geffan, pp. 6-7 ^ van Geffen, p. 11 ^ van Geffen, pp. 12-13 ^ "193rd Special Operations Wing welcomes new aircraft, mission". ^ "Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards". Air Force Personnel Center. Retrieved 9 May 2017. (search) Bibliography This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Allen, William J. (2000). "Intervention in Panama: Operation JUST CAUSE". In Warnock, A. Timothy (ed.). Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997 (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press. ISBN 978-0-16050411-2. Retrieved 19 June 2022. Allen, William J. (2000). "Crisis in Haiti: Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY". In Warnock, A. Timothy (ed.). Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997 (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press. ISBN 978-0-16050411-2. Retrieved 19 June 2022. Hart, Paul (1996). "193rd Special Operations Wing Pennsylvania Air National Guard". The Friends Journal (Summer 1996). Haulman, Daniel L. (2000). "Crisis in Grenada: Operation URGENT FURY". In Warnock, A. Timothy (ed.). Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997 (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press. ISBN 978-0-16050411-2. Retrieved 19 June 2022. van Geffen, Theo (Summer 2022). "Joint Task Force Proven Force and the Gulf War (part 2)" (PDF). Air and Space Power History. 69 (2). Air Force Historical Foundation. Retrieved 17 June 2022. External links 193rd Special Operations Wing site 193rd Special Operations Wing Association vte Air National GuardState andterritorialunits Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virgin Islands Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Centers Air National Guard Readiness ANG AFRC Test ANG Weather Readiness I.G. Brown Air National Guard Training and Education Wings and GroupsWingsComposite 108th 113th 118th 119th 127th 140th 154th 175th 176th 178th 188th Air Control 116th Airlift 103d 105th 107th 109th 120th 123d 130th 133d 136th 139th 143d 145th 146th 152d 153d 156th 164th 165th 166th 167th 172d 179th 182d 189th Air Refueling 101st 117th 121st 126th 128th 134th 137th 141st 151st 155th 157th 161st 168th 171st 185th 186th 190th Attack 110th 174th Bomb 131st Fighter 52d* 53d* 54th* 55th* 60th* 61st* 62d* 63d* 66th* 67th* 71st* 86th* 104th 106th* 111th 114th 115th 122d 124th 125th 132d 138th 142d 144th 148th 149th 150th 159th 162d 169th 173d 177th 180th 183d 187th 192d Intelligence 102d 181st 184th Reconnaissance 147th 163d Regional Support 194th Rescue 106th 129th Special Operations 150th 193d GroupsComposite 170th Airlift 135th* Air Operations 102d 152d 157th Air Refueling 112th* 127th 160th* Combat Communications 162d 163d 201st 226th 252d 254th 281st* Cyberspace Engineering Installation 251st 253d Operations 140th Reconnaissance 214th SquadronsFlyingAir Command and Control 128th Airlift 109th 115th 118th 130th 135th* 137th 139th 142d 143d 144th 155th 156th 158th 164th 165th 167th 169th 180th 181st 183d 186th 187th 189th* 192d 198th* 200th 201st 204th 249th Air Refueling 106th 108th 116th 117th 126th 132d 133d 141st 145th* 146th 147th 151st 153d 166th 168th 171st 173d 174th 191st 197th 203d Attack 103d 105th 111th 124th 136th 138th 160th 162d 172d 178th 184th 196th 214th Bomb 110th Fighter 100th 104th 107th 112th 114th 119th 120th 121st 122d 123d 125th 131st 134th 148th 149th 152d 157th 159th 163d 170th* 175th 176th 179th 182d 190th 194th 195th 199th Rescue 101st 102d 103d 129th 130th 131st 188th 210th 211th 212th Special Operations 150th 185th 193d Training 154th Non-FlyingAir Control 103d 109th 116th 117th 123d 128th 133d 134th 141st 176th 255th Air Operations 112th Air Support 113th ASOS 172d Air Traffic Control 243rd 245th 270th Civil Engineering 285th Civil Engineering Squadron Combat Communications 143d 147th 149th 206th 221st 222d 223d 225th 228th 231st 232d 234th 236th 239th 240th 242d 244th 256th 261st 262d 263d 264th 265th 267th 269th 271st 272d 280th 282d 283d 291st 292d 293d Command and Control 119th 127th 153d 222d Engineering Installation 130th 202d 205th 210th 211th 212th 213th 214th 215th 217th 218th 219th 220th 241st 243d 270th 272d Force Support 187th Information Warfare Aggressor 177th Intelligence 101st 117th 123d 152d 161st 194th 234th Joint Communications Support 224th 290th Logistics Readiness 187th RED HORSE 202d 203d 819th Security Forces 187th Space Control 114th Space Operations 111th 148th Space Warning 137th 213th Special Operations Communications 193d 280th Special Tactics 125th Asterisk (*) denotes an inactive unit vte Air Force Special Operations CommandBases Cannon Hurlburt Field Wings 1st SOW 24th SOW 27th SOW 137th SOW 150th SOW 193rd SOW 352nd SOW 353rd SOW 492nd SOW 919th SOW Groups 720th STG 724th STG SquadronsOperations 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 15th 16th 17th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 33rd 34th 43rd 49th 65th 67th 71st 73rd 193rd 318th 319th 427th 512th 522nd 524th 550th 551st 711th 919th Special Tactics 17th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 26th 123rd 125th 320th 321st other 18th Flight Test 23rd Special Operations Weather	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Air Force Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Storm"}],"text":"Military unitThe 193rd Special Operations Wing is a unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, stationed at Harrisburg Air National Guard Base, Middletown, Pennsylvania. The wing is gained by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania when in a \"state\" status, as well as by the United States Air Force and Air Force Special Operations Command in its Federal capacity as part of the Air National Guard. The wing was organized as a group, the 193rd Tactical Electronic Warfare Group. Although it has never been mobilized as a unit, most of its equipment and personnel have been individually called up to serve in Southeast Asia and in Desert Storm.","title":"193rd Special Operations Wing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"4th Psychological Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Psychological_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"Fort Bragg, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bragg,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 193rd's primary wartime and contingency operations mission is to broadcast radio and television signals to target populations from an airborne transmitter, jamming existing television and radio signals where necessary. Messages are not developed within the wing itself, but are provided by staff of the United States Army's 4th Psychological Operations Group (Airborne), based at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.[1]","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"193rd Special Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/193rd_Special_Operations_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"193rd Special Operations Wing\n193rd Special Operations Group\n193rd Special Operations Squadron\n193rd Special Operations Support Squadron\n193rd Special Operations Maintenance Group\n193rd Special Operations Maintenance Squadron\n193rd Special Operations Aircraft Maintenance Squadron\n193rd Special Operations Maintenance Operations Flight\n193rd Special Operations Mission Support Group\n193rd Special Operations Security Forces Squadron\n193rd Special Operations Civil Engineering Squadron\n193rd Special Operations Communications Squadron\n193rd Special Operations Logistics Readiness Squadron\n193rd Special Operations Force Support Squadron\n193rd Special Operations Medical Group\n193rd Air Operations Group[note 1]\n193rd Air Intelligence Squadron\n193rd Combat Operations Squadron\n193rd Air Communications Squadron\n193rd Regional Support Group[note 2]\n148th Air Support Operations Squadron\n201st RED HORSE Squadron\n211th Engineering Installation Squadron\n271st Combat Communications Squadron\n203rd Weather Flight[2]","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olmsted Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmsted_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"Olmsted Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmsted_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-121 Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-121_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Operation Power Pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Power_Pack"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Robert McNamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McNamara"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"command and control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vangeffan6-6"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"In the Spring of 1964, the 140th Aeromedical Transport Squadron's mission and designation changed to 140th Air Transport Squadron and the Air National Guard operation at Olmsted Air Force Base expanded to a group, with the formation of the 168th Air Transport Group. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 168th Material Squadron (later replaced by the 168th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron and 168th Supply Squadron), 168th Support Squadron, and the 168th USAF Dispensary. These units were located at Olmsted Air Force Base and operated the Lockheed C-121 Constellation. In 1966 the group became the 168th Military Airlift Group.Following Operation Power Pack, the United States military intervention during the 1965 crisis in the Dominican Republic,[note 3] Robert McNamara, the United States Secretary of Defense directed the Air Force to develop a capability tp disrupt civilian broadcasting networks and guerilla command and control networks. In response, Tactical Air Command began to test a tactical electronic warfare support system that would be installed on C-121s, named Coronet Solo. Coronet Solo aircraft would be able to join or disrupt commercial radio and television and to broadcast prerecorded programs, in addition to having an ECM capability.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EC-121_Constellation_-_193d_Tactical_Electric_Warfare_Group_1978.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFJ-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"electronic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"},{"link_name":"Military Airlift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Airlift_Command"},{"link_name":"Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Aircraft_Storage_and_Disposition_Center"},{"link_name":"Davis-Monthan Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis-Monthan_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanGeffen7-9"},{"link_name":"Lockheed EC-121S Coronet Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_EC-121_Warning_Star#Variants"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vangeffan6-6"},{"link_name":"Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korat_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanGeffen7-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFJ-7"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-130E Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130E_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Lockheed EC-130E Volant Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_EC-130#Variants"},{"link_name":"Operation Urgent Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Urgent_Fury"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFJ-7"}],"sub_title":"Tactical electronic warfare","text":"Group EC-121 Constellation in 1978Threatened by the closure of Olmsted Air Force Base (now Harrisburg Air National Guard Base) and by the downsizing of all conventionally powered transport aircraft, the National Guard Bureau volunteered the unit for a psychological warfare capability named \"Coronet Solo\" in 1967.[4][5] The 168th Military airlift Group and its components were inactivated and its resources were transferred to the new 193rd Tactical Electronic Warfare Group, becoming Tactical Air Command's first tactical electronic warfare unit that was not an active duty unit. Tactical Air Command replaced Military Airlift Command as its mobilization gaining command, although the unit continued to operate the C-121s of the old 168th Group until November 1977, when its last C-121C was flown to the Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona.[6]The first Lockheed EC-121S Coronet Solo was delivered to the unit on 16 July 1968.[3] In July 1970, the Joint Chiefs of Staff directed the deployment of a task force of two EC-121s and supporting personnel to Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base as Operation Coronet Cobra. The task force arrived at Korat on 31 July, where it began Operation Commando Buzz, retransmitting civilian radio broadcasts to outlying areas of Cambodia until improved ground transmitters were available to cover the area. The 193rd deployed guardsmen on temporary duty for periods of thirty to sixty days to support this mission. Although Commando Buzz was intended to last only ninety days, flights continued until 24 December, and the task force returned to the United States in early January 1971.[6] Throughout the 1970s, the wing earned a reputation as being the most deployed Air National Guard unit, sometimes deploying 10 times in a single year.[4]In August 1977, the group received its first Lockheed C-130E Hercules. These aircraft were to be modified to Lockheed EC-130E Volant Solo standard, to perform the unit mission, but the first modified airplane did not arrive until March 1979. In May of that year, the unit's (and the Air Force's) last EC-121 departed for storage. Shortly thereafter, the unit designation became the 193rd Electronic Warfare Group.The 193rd participated in the rescue of American citizens in Operation Urgent Fury in 1983.[7] The aircraft acted as an airborne radio station, keeping the citizens of Grenada informed about the U.S. military action.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EC-130E_63-7773_RIAT1989.jpg"},{"link_name":"psychological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"link_name":"special operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_operations"},{"link_name":"Military Airlift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Airlift_Command"},{"link_name":"Twenty-Third Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Third_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanGeffen7-9"},{"link_name":"Operation Just Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFJ-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Air Force Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Electronic Security Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Security_Command"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanGeffen7-9"},{"link_name":"Bob Casey Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Casey_Sr."},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Central Command Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_Central"},{"link_name":"King Fahd International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Fahd_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"communications intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Voice of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"SCUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCUD"},{"link_name":"Thumrait Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumrait_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm"},{"link_name":"electronic countermeasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFJ-7"},{"link_name":"Incirlik Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Operation Uphold Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy"},{"link_name":"Jean-Bertrand Aristide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFJ-7"},{"link_name":"Operation Enduring Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom"},{"link_name":"air refueling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_refueling"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Operation Iraqi Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Lancaster Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_Airport_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"MC-130J Commando II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC-130J_Commando_II"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Special operations","text":"Group EC-130E at the 1989 Royal Air International TattooShortly after supporting Urgent Fury, and recognizing the importance of the group's psychological warfare mission when compared to its electronic jamming mission, on 15 November 1983, the group became the 193rd Special Operations Group and, along with all other reserve force special operations units, its gaining command became Military Airlift Command's Twenty-Third Air Force.[6]In 1989, Volant Solo was instrumental in the success of coordinated psychological operations in Operation Just Cause, operating under the control of the Joint Special Operations Task Force.[4][8] During this mission it broadcast throughout the initial phases of the operation, helping to end the Noriega regime.In 1990, Air Force Special Operations Command became the group's gaining command, and the wing's aircraft were redesignated Commando Solo,[note 4] with no change in mission. However, the unit's aircraft contained two difference suites of electronics. Four unit aircraft had the Rivet Rider system, which enabled broadcasting of TV, AM or FM radio, and short wave radio. These planes could also conduct limited intelligence gathering and military communications jamming missions. The other four were Comfy Levy aircraft, which flew Senior Scout and Senior Hunter missions, with personnel from Electronic Security Command in the cargo compartment. The Comfy Levy were basically \"slick\" C-130s with palletized mission systems and clip-on antennas. When these aircraft were not performing \"Senior\" missions they were used to transport cargo and passengers.[6]Following the agreement of Governor Bob Casey Sr. for the use of members of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, on 23 August 1990, Central Command Air Forces directed the deployment of two Rivet Rider and two Comfy Levy EC-130Es from the group to King Fahd International Airport, Saudi Arabia. The two \"slick\" EC-130Es made several trips each between the United States and Saudi Arabia, transporting equipment and personnel. The group flew its first communications intelligence mission on 4 September. Because of limitations on the period volunteer guardsmen could serve, personnel were switched out every thirty days, with some group members serving as many as five tours. In November, the group began regular flights broadcasting Voice of America programs to Kuwait and Iraq.[9]Due to the threat of SCUD missile attacks, and the lack of revetments at King Fahd, in January 1992, the group's aircraft relocated to Thumrait Air Base, Oman. When Operation Desert Storm replaced Operation Desert Shield, the squadron provided or supplemented electronic countermeasures nearly every day.[10] Its missions included broadcasting the \"Voice of the Gulf\" and other highly successful programs intended to convince Iraqi soldiers to surrender.[4] In February, the group was partially mobilized, with 44 officers and 222 enlisted personnel being called to active duty. This enabled the group to deploy an aircraft to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey to support Joint Task Force Proven Force. On 26 March, the unit demobilized and returned to Harrisburg. 560 unit members had participated in the campaign, and flew 845 hours of combat operations.[11]In 1992, the 193rd received its first EC-130E upgraded to Commando Solo II configuration. In 1994, the Commando Solo II aircraft were used to broadcast radio and TV messages to the citizens and leaders of Haiti during Operation Uphold Democracy. President Jean-Bertrand Aristide was featured in these broadcasts, which contributed to the orderly transition from military rule to democracy.[4]The Air National Guard reorganized its units to reflect the Combat Wing Organization in 1995. As a result, the group became the 193rd Special Operations Wing with three subordinate groups.Continuing its tradition, in 1997 the 193rd and Commando Solo supported the United Nations' Operation Joint Guard with radio and TV broadcasts over Bosnia-Herzegovina in support of stabilization force operations. In 1998, the unit and its aircraft participated in Operation Desert Thunder, a deployment to Southwest Asia to convince Iraq to comply with U.N. Security Council resolutions. The Commando Solo II was again sent into action in 1999 in support of Operation Allied Force. The aircraft was tasked to broadcast radio and television into Kosovo to prevent ethnic cleansing and assist in the expulsion of the Serbs from the region. In 2001, the Commando Solo II aircraft broadcast messages to the local Afghan population and Taliban soldiers during Operation Enduring Freedom.In 2002, it was announced that the unit would replace three of its EC-130Es with EC-130Js. The modification of C-130Js would be done in two phases. Phase I added an information warfare station and air refueling capability, while Phase II called for the removal of mission equipment from the EC-130s and its installation in the EC-130Js. Ultimately, while all the unit's aircraft went through Phase I, only five went through Phase II.[12]In 2003, the Commando Solo II was deployed to the Middle East in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2004, the 193rd received newer EC-130J aircraft. These were quickly redeployed to the Middle East in support of the War on Terror.On 17 September 2022, the wing made its last broadcast with an EC-130J during an airshow at Lancaster Airport, Pennsylvania. The unit is expected to transition to the MC-130J Commando II over a period of 2 years.[13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-777n-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanGeffen7-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanGeffen7-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanGeffen7-9"}],"text":"Constituted as the 193d Tactical Electronic Warfare Group on 1 September 1967[15]Activated on 17 September 1967[6]\nRedesignated 193d Electronic Combat Group on 10 October 1980[6]\nRedesignated 193d Special Operations Group on 15 November 1983[6]\nRedesignated 193rd Special Operations Wing on 1 October 1995","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"Pennsylvania Air National Guard, 16 September 1967 – presentGained by Tactical Air Command, 16 September 1967\nGained by Twenty-Third Air Force, Military Airlift Command, 1 March 1983\nGained by Air Force Special Operations Command, 22 May 1990 – present","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"193rd Special Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/193rd_Special_Operations_Squadron"}],"sub_title":"Operational components","text":"193rd Operations Group, 1 June 1995 – present\n193rd Special Operations Squadron, 16 September 1967 – 1 June 1995","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Olmsted Air Force Base (later Harrisburg International Airport, Harrisburg Air National Guard Base), Pennsylvania, 16 September 1967 – present","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanGeffen7-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanGeffen7-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanGeffen7-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Aircraft","text":"Lockheed C-121C Constellation, 1967–1977[6]\nLockheed EC-121S Coronet Solo, 1968–1979[16]\nLockheed C-130E Hercules, 1977-1979[6]\nLockheed EC-130E Volant Solo (later Commando Solo), 1979–2004[6]\nLockheed C-130H Hercules, 1991-1995[17]\nLockheed EC-130J Commando Solo, 2001 – present[18]\nLockheed MC-130J Commando II, 2023 - present[19]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Decorations"}]	[{"image_text":"Group EC-121 Constellation in 1978","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/EC-121_Constellation_-_193d_Tactical_Electric_Warfare_Group_1978.jpg/220px-EC-121_Constellation_-_193d_Tactical_Electric_Warfare_Group_1978.jpg"},{"image_text":"Group EC-130E at the 1989 Royal Air International Tattoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/EC-130E_63-7773_RIAT1989.jpg/220px-EC-130E_63-7773_RIAT1989.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kennedy, Harold (February 2002). \"Why Special Ops Prefer C-130s for Many Missions\". National Defense Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2002/1/31/2002february-why-special-ops-prefer-c130s-for-many-missions","url_text":"\"Why Special Ops Prefer C-130s for Many Missions\""}]},{"reference":"\"193rd Special Operations Wing Units\". 193rd Special Operations Wing. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.193sow.ang.af.mil/Units/","url_text":"\"193rd Special Operations Wing Units\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the 193rd\". 193rd Special Operations Wing. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.193sow.ang.af.mil/About-Us/History/","url_text":"\"History of the 193rd\""}]},{"reference":"Kaminski, Tom (11 October 2022). \"193rd SOW prepares to take on new MC-130J mission\". Key.Aero. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.key.aero/article/193rd-sow-prepares-take-new-mc-130j-mission","url_text":"\"193rd SOW prepares to take on new MC-130J mission\""}]},{"reference":"Cenciotti, David (19 September 2022). \"EC-130J Psychological Warfare Aircraft Performs Final Broadcast\". The Aviationist. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://theaviationist.com/2022/09/19/ec-130j-final-broadcast/","url_text":"\"EC-130J Psychological Warfare Aircraft Performs Final Broadcast\""}]},{"reference":"\"193rd Special Operations Wing welcomes new aircraft, mission\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dvidshub.net/news/437977/193rd-special-operations-wing-welcomes-new-aircraft-mission","url_text":"\"193rd Special Operations Wing welcomes new aircraft, mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards\". Air Force Personnel Center. Retrieved 9 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://access.afpc.af.mil/AwardsDMZNet40/SearchAwards.aspx","url_text":"\"Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, William J. (2000). \"Intervention in Panama: Operation JUST CAUSE\". In Warnock, A. Timothy (ed.). Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997 (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press. ISBN 978-0-16050411-2. Retrieved 19 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/27/2001330212/-1/-1/0/AFD-101027-044.pdf","url_text":"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16050411-2","url_text":"978-0-16050411-2"}]},{"reference":"Allen, William J. (2000). \"Crisis in Haiti: Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY\". In Warnock, A. Timothy (ed.). Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997 (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press. ISBN 978-0-16050411-2. Retrieved 19 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/27/2001330212/-1/-1/0/AFD-101027-044.pdf","url_text":"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16050411-2","url_text":"978-0-16050411-2"}]},{"reference":"Hart, Paul (1996). \"193rd Special Operations Wing Pennsylvania Air National Guard\". The Friends Journal (Summer 1996).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Haulman, Daniel L. (2000). \"Crisis in Grenada: Operation URGENT FURY\". In Warnock, A. Timothy (ed.). Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997 (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press. ISBN 978-0-16050411-2. Retrieved 19 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/27/2001330212/-1/-1/0/AFD-101027-044.pdf","url_text":"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16050411-2","url_text":"978-0-16050411-2"}]},{"reference":"van Geffen, Theo (Summer 2022). \"Joint Task Force Proven Force and the Gulf War (part 2)\" (PDF). Air and Space Power History. 69 (2). Air Force Historical Foundation. Retrieved 17 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Summer2022Issue.pdf","url_text":"\"Joint Task Force Proven Force and the Gulf War (part 2)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2002/1/31/2002february-why-special-ops-prefer-c130s-for-many-missions","external_links_name":"\"Why Special Ops Prefer C-130s for Many Missions\""},{"Link":"https://www.193sow.ang.af.mil/Units/","external_links_name":"\"193rd Special Operations Wing Units\""},{"Link":"http://www.193sow.ang.af.mil/About-Us/History/","external_links_name":"\"History of the 193rd\""},{"Link":"https://www.key.aero/article/193rd-sow-prepares-take-new-mc-130j-mission","external_links_name":"\"193rd SOW prepares to take on new MC-130J mission\""},{"Link":"https://theaviationist.com/2022/09/19/ec-130j-final-broadcast/","external_links_name":"\"EC-130J Psychological Warfare Aircraft Performs Final Broadcast\""},{"Link":"https://www.dvidshub.net/news/437977/193rd-special-operations-wing-welcomes-new-aircraft-mission","external_links_name":"\"193rd Special Operations Wing welcomes new aircraft, mission\""},{"Link":"http://access.afpc.af.mil/AwardsDMZNet40/SearchAwards.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/","external_links_name":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"},{"Link":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/27/2001330212/-1/-1/0/AFD-101027-044.pdf","external_links_name":"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997"},{"Link":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/27/2001330212/-1/-1/0/AFD-101027-044.pdf","external_links_name":"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997"},{"Link":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/27/2001330212/-1/-1/0/AFD-101027-044.pdf","external_links_name":"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997"},{"Link":"https://www.afhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Summer2022Issue.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Joint Task Force Proven Force and the Gulf War (part 2)\""},{"Link":"http://www.193sow.ang.af.mil/","external_links_name":"193rd Special Operations Wing site"},{"Link":"http://www.193sow.org/","external_links_name":"193rd Special Operations Wing Association"}]

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